tum. aplvbp±o≥ be-phmbv - mohiaddin alwaye...d≈s w h∂mw `mkw {]km[i pdn∏v 11 a¬ _ndq\n 13...

$: tUm. aplvbp±o≥ Be-phmbv - Mohiaddin Alwaye...D≈S w H∂mw `mKw {]km[I pdn∏v 11 A¬ _ndq\n 13 {]kvXm-h\ 21$

hnh¿Ø-I≥:

tUm. aplvbp±o≥ Be-phmbv

A¬-_n-dq\n

sF.]n.F®v. Sh¿

t]mtÃm^okv tdmUv, Xriq¿˛1

t^m¨: 0487˛2426476, 9847367074, 9447201551

AL-BIRUNI KANDA INDIAAL-BIRUNI KANDA INDIAAL-BIRUNI KANDA INDIAAL-BIRUNI KANDA INDIAAL-BIRUNI KANDA INDIA(Malayalam)

Malayalam Translationof Al-biruni’s KITAl-biruni’s KITAl-biruni’s KITAl-biruni’s KITAl-biruni’s KITABABABABAB-UL-UL-UL-UL-UL-HIND-HIND-HIND-HIND-HIND

By DrDrDrDrDr. Mohiaddin Alwaye. Mohiaddin Alwaye. Mohiaddin Alwaye. Mohiaddin Alwaye. Mohiaddin Alwaye

First Edition: 2011

Copies: 1000

Published by:VICHARAM BOOKSVICHARAM BOOKSVICHARAM BOOKSVICHARAM BOOKSVICHARAM BOOKS

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iv

D≈S°w

H∂mw `mKw

{]km[I°pdn∏v ......................................................................... 11

A¬ _ndq\n ............................................................................... 13

{]kvXm-h\ .................................................................................. 21

1 `m-c-Xo-bsc Ipdn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\p hnLm-X-

am-bn- \n¬°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ \ap°p]cn-tim-[n-°mw .. 25

2 ssZh hnizmkw ......................................................................... 30

3 C{μnb tKmN-c-am-bXpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb hkvXp-°

-fn-¬ C¥y-°m-cpsS hnizmkw.............................................. 33

4 {]h¿Ø\ Imc-Whpw Bflmhpw PU-]-Zm¿∞hpw

XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpw ................................................................ 42

5 Ah-Xmc kn≤m¥w ................................................................. 45

6 temI-ßfpw {]Xn-^ew e`n-°p∂ ÿe-ß-fpw ........... 51

7 euInI _‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\hpw

AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-Ifpw .......................................................... 56

8 krjvSn-I-fpsS h¿§hpw t]cpw ............................................ 68

9 h¿§-ßfpw PmXn-Ifpw ............................................................. 75

10 aX-ß-fp-sSbpw \nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw DXv`-hw, {]hm-N-I

-∑m¿, aX-ßƒ Zp¿_-e-s∏-S¬ .............................................. 79

11 _nw_m-cm-[-\bpsS DZv`-hhpw hn{K-l-ß-fpsS

\nebpw .......................................................................................... 83

v

12 thZ-ßfpw ]pcm-W-ßfpw CXc aX {KŸ-ß-fpw ........ 93

13 hrØ-im-kv{X-Ønepw hymI-cW imkv{X-Ønepap

≈ C¥y-°m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ßƒ...................................... 100

14 C¥y-°m-cpsS CXc imkv{X-ß-fn-ep≈ {KŸ-ßƒ.......... 110

15 C¥y-°m-cpsS Af-hp-I-sfbpw Xq°-ß-sfbpw Ipdn

®v Nne hnh-c-ßƒ ................................................................... 115

16 C-¥y-°m-cp-sS F-gp-Øp-I-fpw I-W-°p-I-fpw Nn-e

A-]q¿-Δ B-Nm-c-ß-fpw ........................................................... 121

17 A-⁄m-\ N-{I-hm-f-Øn¬ Nn-d-sIm-Sn-™p In-S-°p-∂

Nn-e im-kv-{X-ßƒ................................................................... 130

18 C-¥y-bn-se hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ßƒ, kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ, A-

h Hm-tcm-∂pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ Zq-cw, \-Zn-Iƒ k-ap-{Z-ß-

ƒ, A-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ .................................................................... 136

19 \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ, cm-in-a-fi-e-w, Rm-‰p-th-

e-Iƒ ap-X-em-b-h ..................................................................... 147

20 {_“mfiw ................................................................................ 153

21 C¥y-°m-cp-sS -a-X-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-

c-ap≈ sFXn-ly-ßfpa\p-k-cn®p `qan-bp-sSbpw B

Im-iØn-s‚bpw h¿Æ-\ ...................................................... 158

22 {[ph-ßfpw A-h-sb kw-_-‘n® sFXo-ly-ßfpw .. 167

23 ]pcm-W-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈

"tacp' ]¿ΔXw ........................................................................... 171

24 Ggp Zzo]p-I-fpsS hniZhnh-c-ßƒ˛]pcm-W-ß-fn-eqsS ..... 178

25 \Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS D¬]-Ønbpw KXn-Ifpw ............... 184

26 C¥y≥ tPymXn imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬

BIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw `qan-bp-sSbpw cq]w .......................... 189

27 tKmf-ß-fpsS c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ne-\-ßƒ

C¥y≥ tPymXn imkv{X-⁄-cp-sSbpw ]pcmW

I¿Øm-°-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ............................... 201

28 ]Øp `mK-ß-fpsS \n¿Æbw ............................................. 209

29 `qan-bnse P\-hmktbmKy-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS

vi

\n¿Æbw C¥y-°m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ ............................. 213

30 e¶m AYhm `qa-fi]w....................................................... 222

c≠mw `mKw

31 cm-Py-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ A¥-cw ({[p-h-Im-¥cw) .......... 226

32 s]mXp-hn¬ temI-Øns‚ XpS¿®bpw Imehpw

AXns‚ D¬]-Ønbpw Ah-km-\hpw ............................. 232

33 hnhn[ Znh-k-ßƒ˛cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ...................................... 238

34 Znh-k-Øns‚ sNdnb hn`m-K-ßƒ ................................... 243

35 amk-ß-fp-sSbpw sIm√-ß-fp-sSbpw KW-ßƒ ............ 250

36 "am\w' F∂-t]-cn¬ C¥y-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂

Ime-Øns‚ \mep-Xcw hn`m-K-ßƒ ................................ 255

37 sIm√-ß-fp-sSbpw amk-ß-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ ............. 257

38 {_“m-hns‚ Bbp-jvIme kam]vXw hsc-bp≈

Znh-k-ß-fpsS LSnXw .......................................................... 260

39 {_“m-hns‚ Bbp- n-t\-°mƒ Zo¿L-amb

Ime-L-´-ßƒ ............................................................................ 262

40 kab hn`m-K-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ k‘n ............................. 265

41 Iev]w, NXp¿bpKw F∂n-h-bpsS hnh-c-Whpw AXn¬

H∂ns\ as‰m-∂p-sIm≠v \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ hn[hpw ............. 268

42 NXp¿bp-K-Øns‚ \mev `mK-ßfpw Ah-sb -Ip-dn-

®p≈ hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw .......................................... 271

43 \mev bpK-ß-fp-sSbpw \memw bpK-Øns‚ A¥y-

Øn¬ {]Xo-£n-°m-hp∂ kw`h hnIm-k-ß-fp-sS

bpw hnh-cWw ........................................................................... 276

44 at∂-{μ-ßƒ............................................................................... 283

45 kv]X¿jn-Isf Ipdn-®p-≈ hnh-cWw ............................. 286

46 "\mcm-b-W\pw' At±-l-Øns‚ \ma-ßfpw, `n∂

Ime-ß-fn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ BK-a-\hpw ....................... 291

47 hmkp-tZ-h\pw `mcX bp≤hpw ........................................... 295

48 A£u-ln-Wn-bpsS {I-ahpw hen-∏hpw .......................... 301

vii

49 C¥y-bpsS CXn-lm-k- Ime-ßƒ .................................... 303

50 Iev]-Ønepw NXp¿bpK-Øn-ep-ap≈ \£{X

afi-e-ßƒ................................................................................ 312

51 BZn-amkw, Du\-cm-{Xn, Al¿K-Ww, apX-emb

hyXykvX amk-ßfpw Znh-k-ßfpw ................................ 317

52 Al¿K-Ww˛sIm√-ß-fpw, amk-ß-fpw, Znh-k-ß-fm

bn ]ncn-°m-\pw Znh-k-ßfpw amk-ßfpw sIm√-ß

-fm°n am‰m-\p-ap≈ am¿§-ßƒ ........................................... 323

53 sIm√-ßsf Nne {]tXyI ka-b-ß-fmbn am‰p∂

am¿§-ßƒ ................................................................................... 337

54 {Kl-ß-fpsS a≤y-ÿm\ \n¿Æbw ................................ 345

55 {Kl-ß-fpsS {Iaw, hep∏w, A¥cw............................... 348

56 N{μs‚ Rm‰p-th-e-Iƒ ......................................................... 363

57 kqcy-c-ivan-I-fpsS \£-{X-ßƒ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂

-Xpw At∏mƒ C¥y-°m¿ \S-Øp∂ BNm-c-ß-fpw

I¿Ω-ßfpw kw_-‘n-® hnh-c-W-w ................................. 371

58 then-tb-‰hpw Cd-°hpw ....................................................... 379

59 kqcy-{K-l-W-hpw N{μ-{K-l-Whpw ..................................... 384

60 ]m¿hWw .................................................................................... 390

61 aX-hn-izm-k-hpw tPymXn-im-kv{Xhp-a-\p-k-cn®p hnhn

[ Ime-L-´-ß-fpsS ]me-I-∑mcpw A-\p-_-‘ hnj-b

-ßfpw ............................................................................................ 393

62 Adp-]Xmw kwh-’cw As√-¶n¬ jjvSy_vZw ........ 397

63 {_m“-W-cpsS {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Ah-cpsS I¿Ø-hy

-ßfpw ............................................................................................ 401

64 {_m“-W-c-√mØ PmXn-Iƒ Pohn-X -Im-eØp sN

tø≠ BNm-c-ap-d-Iƒ............................................................. 406

65 _en-I¿Ω-ßƒ ........................................................................ 409

66 Xo¿∞m-S-\hpw ]pWy-ÿm\ kμ¿i-\-ßfpw ........... 412

67 [¿Ωhpw kzØp hn\n-tbmK {Iahpw ............................ 417

viii

68 A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´Xpw hne-°-s∏-´-Xp-amb `£W

]m\o-b-ßƒ............................................................................... 419

69 hnhm-lw, B¿Ø-hw, {]k-hw, K¿`-]nfiw ............... 422

70 hyh-lmc \nb-a-ßƒ ............................................................. 425

71 in£-Ifpw {]mbv›nØ-ßfpw ........................................... 427

72 kzØp-°-fpsS A\-¥-cm-h-Im-ihpw AXn¬ acn-®-h

¿°p≈ ]¶pw............................................................................ 430

73 A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-Iƒ arX ico-c-Øn\p sNtø≠

Nne IS-a-Iƒ: ih kwkvIm-chpw kXnbpw ............... 432

74 {hXhpw AXns‚ hIp-∏p-Ifpw .......................................... 436

75 {hX-Zn\ \n¿Æbw .................................................................. 439

76 D’-h-ßƒ ................................................................................. 442

77 t{ijvT Znh-k-ßfpw ]pWyw t\Sp-∂-Xn\v ]‰n-bXpw

A√m-Ø-Xp-amb Ime-hpw ..................................................... 448

78 IcWßfpsS hnhcw............................................................. 454

79 tbmK-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw ....................................................... 461

80 C¥y-°m°mcpsS tPymXn-j-K-W-\-am¿§-ßfpw

tPymXn-im-kvX-kw-_-‘-amb Nne {]mY-an-I

-aq-e-X-Xz-ßfpw ........................................................................... 466

ix

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 10

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 11

{]km[I°pdn∏v\chw-i-im-kv-{X- Ip-Xp-Inbm-b H-cp km-aqln-Iim-kv-{X-⁄≥

C-¥y-sbbpw C-hnS-sØ \n-hm-kn-I-sfbpw A-Sp-Ø-dn-bm≥ {i-an-®

A-{im-¥- ]-cn-{i-a-Øn-s‚ t\¿Nn-{X-amWv Cu Ir-Xn. \n-cq-]n-°p-Ib√,

Iu-Xp-I-]q¿-hw \n-co-£n-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-°m≥ {i-an-°p-I-bpw B-hp∂-

{X Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ {i-an°pIbp-am-Wv A-t±-lw sN-bv-XXv. am-{Xa√,

Xm≥ I-≠p-ap´n-b P-\-hp-ambn A-dnhpw A-\p-`-h-ßfpw ]-¶p-sh-

°m\pw A-t±-lw \n-kzm¿-Y-am-bn {i-an-®-Xn-s‚ sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-epIƒ

Cu Ir-Xn-bn-ep≠v. F-∂m¬, C-¥y A-t±-l-Øn-\p k-Ωm-\n®Xv Du-

jv-a-f-am-b kzo-I-c-W-hpw B-bm-k-c-ln-Xamb kzmw-io-I-c-W-hp-a√;

A-Sp-°p-t¥mdpw A-I-em≥ {i-an-°p-∂ H-cp am-bm cq-]-am-bn-cp∂p. C-

¥y≥ kw-kv-Im-cw H-cp h-S-hr-£-a√, N-cn-{X-]-cam-b A-Sn-th-cp-I-

tfm t\-c-dn-hp-Itfm bp‡ntbm {]-am-W-tam X-ßƒ s\-t©‰nb ]p-

cm-hrØ-ß-tfm-fw h-cn-s√-∂p I-cp-Xp-∂ Xo¿Øpw A-t[m-ap-Jam-b

H-cp Z¿-i-\--am-bn-cp∂p. `m-jbpw kw-kv-Im-chpw B-Nm-chpw im-kv-{X-

hp-sa√mw C-Δn-[w ]p-cm-hrØ-ß-tfm-Spw ]pcm-W I-Ym-]m-{X-ß-tfmSpw

C-Xn-hr-Ø-ß-tfmSpw sI-´p-]nW-™pIn-S-°p-∂ H-cp cmPytam k-aq-

ltam th-sd-bn√.

C-Xn-se {]-Xn-]m-Zy-ß-fp-sS h-kv-Xp-X-Iƒ-°mWv, A√msX, kw-

kv-Ir-XØntem {]m-Ir-XØntem A-h Fß-s\ i-–n-°p-sa-∂Xn\√

A-t±lw Du-∂¬ \-ev-In-bXv. AXpt]mse, C-Xn¬ ]-d-bp-∂ ÿ-e-

\ma-ßtfm N-cn-{X-ÿ-en-Itfm {]-Xo-I-ßƒ t]mep-tam knw-l-`m-

Khpw C-∂p \n-e-hn-en√. A-Xn-\m¬, A-h-bp-sS i-cn-bmb i-–-tIm-

iw tX-Sn-∏n-Sn-°p-I £n-{]-km-[y-hpa√. C-¥y-sb kw-_-‘n-®v C-{Xbpw

\n-kzm¿-Yam-b ho£-W-tIm-Wn-eq-sS Ct∂m C-∂setbm CXp-t]m-

sem-cp ]T-\w h-∂n-́ n√ F-∂-Xn-\m¬ Cu Ir-Xn-bp-sS {]-ta-bw C-

\nbpw ]T-\m¿-l-hpw Im-en-I-{]-k-‡-hp-am-sW-∂ D-Øa t_m-[y-

tØmsS Cu Ir-Xn a-e-bm-f hmb-\m k-aq-l-Øn-\p k-a¿-∏n-°p-∂p.

-{]-km-[I¿

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 12

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 13

A¬_n-dq\n`qanimkv{Xw, {]IrXnimkv{Xw, tPymXnimkv{Xw, KWnX

imkv{Xw, I¿Ωimkv{Xw F∂n-hbn¬ hnZ≤\pw XXz-Nn-¥-I-\pw

sshZy]fin-X\pw Ihnbpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-\pw kmlnXy\n]p-W-\p-amb

"A_qdbvlm≥ apl-ΩZv _v\p AlvaZv A¬-˛-_-dq\n' Dkv_-kv°n-

ÿms‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb Johm]´-W-Øns‚ AXn¿Øn-°-∏p-dØp

ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Jhm-d-kvan¬ {In:h: 973˛¬ P\n-®p. Xe-ÿm\ \K-

cn-bpsS AXn¿Øn°p ]pdØv P\n-®-Xp-sIm≠v "hntZin' (\m´pw

]pd-Øp-Im-c≥) Fs∂mcp \mahpw \S-∏m-bn. Ccp-]Xv hb v ]q¿Øn-

bm-b-t∏m-tg°pw am\hnIhn⁄m-\w, aX-ß-fpsS Xmc-X-ay-]-T-\w,

`qanimkv{Xw, KWnXw F∂n-h-bn¬ At±lw ss\]pWyw t\Sn.

A°m-esØ kp{]-kn≤ ]fin-X\pw XXzNn¥-I-\p-amb "Ahn-

k∂' (C_v\pko\)bpambn A¬-˛-_-ndq\n ]e hnj-bß-fnepw

FgpØpIpØp-Iƒ \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. {]Y-a-ambn ]ucm-WnI kap-

Zm-b-ßƒ IW-°m°n t]m∂ h¿j-ß-fp-sSbpw D’-h-ß-fp-sSbpw

hnh-c-Whpw A∂p-≠m-bhbp-ambn Ah-bpsS Xmc-Xay ]T\hpw

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp ]pkvXIw At±lw Fgp-Xn.

11˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Johmbn¬ s]m´n-∏p-d-s∏´ Hcp cmjv{Sob hnπ-

hsØ XpS¿∂v A¬-˛-_n-dq\n kztZiw hn´p. ]Tn°pIbpw temI

k©mcw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNø-W-sa∂ ZrV-\n-›bw At±-lsØ

ÿntcm-’m-lnbpw Kth-j-I-\p -am°n. Hcp Ncn - {X-Im -c\p

`qanimkv{XsØ kw_-‘n®p \√ ]cn-⁄m-\-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°-W-

sa∂pw ̀ qanimkv{X-Im-c-∑m¿°p am{Xta Ncn{X Kth-j-WsØ hnP-

bn-∏n-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp≈q F∂pw A¬-˛-_n-dq\n ZrV-ambn hniz-

kn-®n-cp-∂p. A∫m-knøx ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ Gjym]cym-S-\-Øn-\mbn

Hcp ]finXkwLsØ \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw XXv^-e-ambn Hcp

temINcn-{X {KŸw cq]-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-s{X. "A¬-˛-_n-

dq\n' A°m-esØ Ncn{XIe-bpsS D]-⁄m-Xm-hm-bn-cp -∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 14

t]¿jy≥ kmwkvIm-cnI aqey-ßsf hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-°m≥

At±lw \nc-¥cw ]cn-{i-an-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.

"P¿Pm\n'¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ ImeØv At±lw "{Ko°v' ̀ mj A`y-

kn-®p. KWnXimkv{Xw, cmjv{S-ao-amw-k, Ime-K-W-\m-am¿§w,

Du¿÷X{¥w, ck-X-{¥w, Ncn{XKth-jWw F∂n-h-bn-se√mw

AKm-[-]m-finXyw t\Sm≥ {Ko°v -`m-jm-⁄m\w At±-lsØ IqSp-

X¬ klm-bn-®p. {]mam-Wn-I-ß-fmb ]e {Ko°v {KŸ-ßfpw

At±lw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn. "Kkv\'bn¬ Xma-kn-® ImeØv A¬-˛-

_n-dq\n {_m“W ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬\n∂p kwkvIrXw ]Tn-®p. `mc-

X-Ønse thZ-ß-fpsSbpw ]pcm-W-ß-fpsSbpw AKm-[-X-bn-te°v

]fin-X-\mb At±-l-Øn\v Cd-ßn-sN-√m≥ km[n-®p. "Kkv\'-bnse

A[n -hmk Ime-ØmWv Hcp AJne `mcX]cym -S -\ -Øn\v

A¬˛_ndq\n Hcp-ßn-b-Xv. BZy-ambn ]finXt{ijvT∑mcpsS Bim-

tI-{μ-amb "ap¬Øm≥' ]´-W-Øn¬ At±lw sNs∂-Øn.

kp¬Øm≥ alvaqZn-s‚bpw Nne bmYm-ÿnI ]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw

FXn¿∏p-Ifpw C¥ym bm{X-bn¬ h∂ ]e _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw XcWw

sNbvXv At±lw ̀ mc-Xob Ie-Ifpw imkv{X-ßfpw ]Tn®p. AXns‚

^e-ambn C¥y-bnse aX-ßƒ, imkv{X-ßƒ, `mj, kmln-Xyw,

sshZyw, BNm-c-ap-d-Iƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n®p hnt⁄b-ß-fmb

hnh-c-ßƒ temI Ncn-{X-Øn\p e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Imivao-cn¬ k©-cn-°p∂ ImeØv Xn_ØpImcpsS BNm-c-

ßfpw kz`m-h-ßfpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw B hnj-b-Øn-semcp {KŸw cNn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hSs° C¥y-bnse Dss÷\n \K-c-amWv A¬-

˛-_n-dq\nsb Gsd BI¿jn-®-Xv. C¥ym]cym-S-\-Øn\p ]Xn-aq∂v

h¿jw At±lw sNe-h-gn-®p. A¬˛_ndq-\n-bpsS C¥ymkμ¿i-

\sØ kw_-‘n®v A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v. "^n\ojy'-°mcpsS

Ncn{X{KŸ-Øn¬ A¬-˛-_n-dq-\n-bpsS C¥ymkμ¿i\w F.Un

1017˛1037 Ime--Øm-sW∂p ImWp-∂p. {]bm-Kn¬ 1018˛1019˛¬ Hcp

temI_p≤-aX ktΩ-f\w \S-∂-Xmbpw AXn¬ A¬-̨ -_n-dq\n k∂n-

ln-X-\m-bXmbpw _p≤-a-XsØ ]‰n _©-an≥ Fgp-Xnb {KŸ-Øn¬

]d-bp-∂p. AXp-t]mse, 1023˛¬ A¬-˛-_n-dq\n a[pc kμ¿in-®-

t∏mƒ Hcp ]mfiycmPmhv hne-]n-Sn® cXv\-ßƒ At±-l-Øn\p

kΩm-\n-®-Xmbpw 1025˛¬ At±lw tIcf kμ¿i-\-Øn-\mbn \mK-

]-́ W-Øp\n∂p ]pd-s∏-́ -Xmbpw Ncn{XtcJ-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. tIc-

fØn¬ At±lw Hcp h¿jhpw Ggv amkhpw Xma-kn® tijw

kn‘nte°p aS-ßp-Ibpw ssN\-bn-te-°p≈ bm{Xmat≤y ho≠pw

tIc-f-Øn¬ h∂p Ipd®p Znhkw tImgn-t°m´v Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 15

sNbvX-Xmbn Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

ae-_mdns‚ hym]mcIo¿Øn hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ae-b-Sn-®n-cp∂ 11-

˛mw \q‰m-≠n-em-Wt√m A¬-˛-_n-dq-\n-bpsS tIcfkμ¿i-\w.

"tIcf'Ønse A©v apJy ] -́W-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw Ggv cmPm-

°-∑m-cp-ambn kw`m-jWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sIm√w cmPmhpw

tImgn-t°mSv cmPmhpw hne-]n-Sn® ]e kΩm-\-ßfpw At±-l-Øn\p

\evIn. tIc-f-Ønse Irjnk{º-Zm-b-sØbpw hyh-kmbsØbpw

]‰n A¬-˛-_n-dq\n kkq£vaw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw Xs‚ k©m-c-°p-dn-

∏p-I-fn¬ AXp tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-́ p-≠v. sIm√Øpw Nmen-

bØpw Ad_n sshZy-]-fin-X-∑m¿ NnIn’mtI{μ-ßƒ Xpd-°p-

Ibpw Ad_n sshZyk{º-Zmbw tIc-fo-bsc ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw tIc-

f-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ sshZyk{º-Zm-b-ßƒ Ah¿ ]Tn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. tIc-f-Ønse

hyh-kmb {]ap-J-∑mcn¬ ]e¿°pw aq∂v-˛-\mev `mj-I-f-dn-bm-ambn-

cp-∂p-sh∂pw ]e hntZi ̀ mjm-]-Z-ßfpw Ah-cpsS ̀ mj-bn¬ D]tbm-

Kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±lw tcJs∏SpØn-bn-´p-≠v. `n∂ hnizm-kn-

Ifpw hnhn-[m-Nm-cm-h-ew-_n-Ifpw sFIy-Ønepw kam-[m-\-Ønepw

Pohn-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ Xm≥ I≠sX∂pw ae-_m-dnse

Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ Ad_n tImf-\n-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw Ad_n

hym]m-cn-Isf Xt±i `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw Ahsc

klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXncp-∂p-sh-∂pw- A¬-̨ -_n-dq\n hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

]e hnj-b-ß-fn-embn 180˛¬ ]cw {KŸ-ßƒ A¬-˛-_n-dq\n cNn-

®n-´p-≠v. Ah-bnse D≈-S-°hpw \n¿±njvS ÿe-ßfpw hnh-cn-°p∂

Hcp {KŸw 1995˛¬ {^©v`m-j-bn¬ {]kn-≤-oI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. 1048˛¬

Nc-a-a-S™ A¬_ndq-\n-bpsS Bbncmw P∑hm¿jnIw {]am-Wn®p

djy-bnse "kb≥kv A°m-Z-an-'bpsS ta¬t\m´-Øn¬ "A¬-˛-_n-

dq\n' F∂ t]cn-semcp ]pkvXIw 1950˛¬ "tamkvtIm'-hnepw "se\n≥

{KmUn'epw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. AXp-t]mseØs∂ "A¬-˛-_n-dq\n

A\p-kva-cW hmeyw' F∂ t]cn-semcp ]pkvXIw 1951˛¬ "I¬I-

Ø'-bnepw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn, {^©v, C‰-menb≥, D¿Zp F∂o `mj-

I-fn-¬ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ h∂ {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øn¬ imkv{XtemI-

Øn\v A¬-˛-_n-dq\n \evInb kw`m-h-\-Ifpw At±-l-Øns‚ Poh-

N-cn{X kwt£-]hpw imkv{XtemIØv At±-l-Øn-\p≈ ÿm\-

hpw hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

`mc-Xob kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ G‰hpw henb ktμ-i-hm-l-I-\m-

bmWv A¬-˛-_n-dq\n kztZ-i-tØ°p aS-ßn-b-sX∂v At±-l-Øns‚

Poh-N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mb "tPm¿÷v kmƒ´¿' ]d-bp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS Ncn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 16

{X-Øn-te°pw kwkvIm-c-Øn-te°pw Hcp \njv]-£-hm-Zn-bpsS

\nebn¬ At±lw Npgn™pt\m°n-bn-´p-≠v. C¥y≥ ]pcm-W-ßfpw

sshZy{KŸ-ßfpw At±lw Ad-_n-bn-te°p ]cn`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn.

"Xn_Øn's\ kw_-‘n®pw Imivao-cns\ kw_-‘n®pw {]tXyIw

]pkvX-I-ß-sf-gp-Xn. C¥y≥ kmwkvIm-cnI ]T-\-Øn¬ henb

{]m[m-\yhpw temI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬, hninjym Ad_v-

temI Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬, {]Nm-c-hpap≈ Ncn{X {KŸ-amWv

A¬˛_n-dq-\n-bpsS "InXm-_p¬ lnμv' (A-¬˛-_n-dq\n I≠ C¥y).

{]mNo\ C¥y-bpsS, {]tXy-In®p 11˛mw \q‰m-≠nse C¥y-bpsS Hcp

kºq¿W Nn{X-am-Wv At±lw Cu {KŸ-Øn-eqsS \ΩpsS apºn¬

sh°p-∂Xv.

tUm. aplvbp±o≥ Bep-hmbv

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 17

_p≤n°v kzoIm-cy-am-b-hbpw A√m-Ø-h-bp-amb

C¥y-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

"A_q dbvlm≥ apl-ΩZv _n≥ Al-ΩZv

A¬-̨ -_n-dq\n FgpXnb {KŸw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 18

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 19

H∂mw ̀ mKw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 20

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 21

{]kvXm-h\"tIƒhn ImgvN-t]mse A√' F∂ ]g-samgn F{X ]c-am¿∞w.

ÿe -̨Ime-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-amb Zriyw ZrjvSntKmN-c-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv

ImgvN. ImgvN°v ImWp∂ ka-b-hp-ambn am{Xta _‘-ap-≈q.

tIƒhn-bm-sW-¶n¬ h¿Ø-am\ -̨̀ qX-Imeßfp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-

∂p. D-≈-Xpw C√m-ØXpw A-Xn¬ A-¥¿-eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p∂p. AXns‚

hI-t -̀Z-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv hc-sam-gn. Xqen-I-bpsS imiz-X-ßfpw A£-

b-ß-fp-amb Bhn-jvI-c-W-ß-fn-emWv am\hnI kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw

\mK-cn-I-X-bp-sSbpw Poh-Ømb IY hnebw sIm≈p-∂-Xv.

CjvSm-\n-jvS-ßƒ, `n∂m-`n-cp-Nn-Iƒ kzm¿∞Xmev]-cy-ßƒ,

NnØ-hr-Øn-]-c-amb sshPm-Xy-ßƒ F∂nh {]amZ PSne-am-°m≥

km≤y-X-bp≈ H∂mWv hc-sam-gn. kz¥w hwiamlmflyw ÿm]n-

°m≥ th≠n Xßƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ h¿§sØ ]‰n kvXpXnKoXw ]mSp-

∂-hcpw Ak-Xy-ßƒ ]d-bp-∂-hcpw e£y{]m]vXn ssIh-cm-ØXp

ImcWw Ahsb A`n-i-]n-°p-∂-hcpw A]q¿Δ-a-√. kzm¿∞-X, hnP-

b-tam-lw, F∂n-h-bmWv ChnsS t{]cIi‡n-I-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂-

Xv. \n m-c-Im-cy-ßƒ°p Ifhp ]d-bp-∂-h-cmWv Nne¿. a‰p-Nn-e¿

\mi-Øn¬\n∂pw hnjak‘n-I-fn¬\n∂pw c£-{]m-]n-°p-∂-Xn\p

th≠n Ifhp ]d-bp-∂p. Zpjn® kml-N-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw A\m-im-

ky-t{]-c-W-I-fp-sSbpw ]nSn-bn-e-a¿∂p Ifhp ]d-®n¬ kz`m-h-Øns‚

Xs∂ Hcw-i-am-°p-∂-hcpap-≠v. Nne¿ t_m[-]q¿Δ-a-√msX Xs∂

I≈-hm¿Ø-Iƒ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. ]d-bp∂ Bfp-Isf A∏msS hniz-

kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv CXp kw`-hn-°p-I. BZyw ]d-bp∂ Bfn-

s‚bpw t{imXm-hn-s‚bpw CSbv°v \n¬°p∂ a[y-h¿Øn-bmWv Cu

{]Nm-c-I≥. Cu a[y-h¿Øn-Isf D—m-S-\w sNøm≥ Ign-™m¬

If-hns‚ aqeinev]n am{Xta Ah-ti-jn-°p-I-bp-≈q.

DØa hy‡n-bmWv kXy-\n-jvTbp-≈- a\p-jy≥. Ifhp ]d-bp-

∂-h≥ IqSn Ahs\ _lp-am-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]d-bp-∂-h\p tZmj-am-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 22

sW-¶nepw kXyta ]d-bm-hq F∂m-Wt√m {]am-Ww. ss__n-fn¬

{io tbip-{InkvXp ]d-™Xv ChnsS {]-k-‡-amWv.

""cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS hntcm-[w `b∂v Ah-cpsS apºn¬ kXyw ]d-

bm-Xn-cn-°-cp-Xv. ImcWw, Ah¿°v \nß-fpsS \iz-c-amb ico-csØ

kv]¿in-°mt\ Ignbq. Bflm-hns‚ ta¬ Ah¿°v bmsXmcp A-

[n-Im-chpw sNep-Øm≥ km[y-a-√.'' kXysØ apdpsI ]nSn-°p-∂-

Xn\p hn]Znss[cyw Ah-ew-_n°m-\p-≈ Iev]-\-bm-Wn-Xv.

ac-WsØ hnK-Wn®p cWm-¶-W-Øn-te°p ]m™psN√p-∂-

hscbpw, apºpw ]n≥]pw t\m°msX hoc-km-l-knI {]h¿Ø-\-

ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂-h-scbpw [otcm-Zm-Ø-∑m-sc∂p s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ

sIm´ntLmjn-°p-∂p. [oc-X-bpsS Hcp hI-t -̀Z-amhmw CXv. F∂m¬,

s]mXpth ]d-™m¬ ac-WsØ Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv [oc-X.

Cu hnK-W\ hm°p-sIm-≠m-bmepw {]h¿Øn-sIm-≠m-bmepw [ocX

Xs∂-bm-Wv. \oXnsb t]mse {]IrXym A`n-e-j-Wo-bhpw kwXr-

]vXn-P-\-I-hp-amWv kXyw. AXns‚ am[pcyw A\p-`-hn-°m≥ Ign-

bm-Ø-h\pw kXy-am-sW∂v Adn-b-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw AXn¬\n∂v

Hgn™pamdp-∂-h\pw AXns‚ sshinjvSyw {Kln-°pI km[y-a-√.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, Ifhp ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ Ip{]-kn≤n t\Snb Hcm-tfmSv

Abmƒ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw kXyw ]d-™n-´pt≠m F∂p tNmZn-®m¬

kXyw ]d-bp-∂-Xns\ `b-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ C√ F∂p Xm≥ ]d-bp-

am-bn-cp∂p F∂m-hpw DØ-cw. ImcWw, \oXn ssIsh-Sn™ Bƒ

I≈km£n ]d-b-epw hnizmk h©-\bpw CjvSs∏Sp∂-h-\m-Wv.

IpX-{¥-ßfpw NXnbpw hgn ]c-kzØv A]-l-cn-°m\pw temI¿°pw

temI-Øn\pw \miw sNøm\pw Abmƒ aSn-°n-√.

Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ "apAvXknen'Isf Ipdn®v Bt£-]n®v

FgpXnb Hcm-sf hna¿in-®v "A¬ DkvXmZv A_q k-lv¬

AØn v̂eokn' Ft∂mSv kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. a\p-jysct∏mse

Adn-bm-\p≈ am¿§-ßtfm Ah-b-h-ßtfm Cs√-¶nepw "A√mlp

kzbw Adn-bp-∂-h-\mWv' F∂ Ah-cpsS hmZ-sØ-bmWv Abmƒ

]cn-l-kn-®-Xv. B {KŸ-Im-c≥ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p:

""Ah¿ ]d-bp-I-bmWv A√m-lp-hn\v Adn-hn√ F∂v.'' {KŸ-Im-

c≥ Ah-cpsS hmZsØ Cßs\ Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNbvX-Xv, A√m-

lp-hn\v Adn-hn-s√∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn km[m-c-W-°msc sX‰n-

≤-cn-∏n-°m-\m-Wv. ""A¬ DkvXm-Zv,'' Rm≥ ]d™p: ""CXv FXn-cm-fn-

I-sfbpw A`n-{]mb `n∂Xbp≈-h-scbpw Ipdn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-

tºmƒ an°-hmdpw Ah-ew-_n-°m-dp≈ Hcp am¿K-am-Wv. Htc aX-

Øns‚ Ahm-¥c hn`m-K-ßsf Ipdn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-tºmƒ Cu

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 23

Zp z`mhw IqSpX¬ {]I-S-am-hpw. Ah XΩn-ep≈ kmZriyw Xs∂-

bmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. A\y-a-X-ßsf Ipdn®v, {]tXy-In®pw auen-

I-ambpw imJm-]-c-ambpw _‘-an-√mØ ̀ n∂aX-ßsf Ipdn®p {]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-tºm-ƒ Cu {]h-WX {]I-S-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. ]c-kv]c_‘-

an-√m-bvabpw kmcwiw DƒsIm-≈m-\p≈ {]bm-k-hp-amWv AXn\p

Imc-Ww.''

aX-ßsf Ipdn®pw XXzkwln-X-Isf Ipdn®pw \ap°p Inń-b

]pkvX-I-ßƒ CØ-c-Øn-¬ s] -́hbm-Wv. Ch-bpsS kmcmwiw {Kln-

°pI £n{]-km-≤y-a-√. h√Xpw [cn®psh®m¬ ]cn-WX{]⁄-cmb

]fin-X-∑m-cpsS Ah-tl-f--\-Øn\p Xs∂ CSbm-Ipw. am{X-a-√,

t{ijvT-∑m-c-√m-Ø-hsc X¿°-ß-fn-te°p \bn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Imcyt_m[-ap-≈-h¿ CØcw {KŸ-ßsf sI´p-I-Y-I-fpsS kam-lm-

c-amtb ]cn-K-Wn-°q. Ah¿ Ahsb hniz-kn-°p-Itbm BZ-cn-°p-

Itbm sNøp-I-bn-√. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS aX-ßƒ°pw XXzkwln-X-

Iƒ°pw CØcw A]-I¿jw kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ an°-hbpw

{KŸ-ß-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≠v. ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬\n∂p ]I¿Øn

Fgp-Xnb Ch-bn¬ ]eXnepw {]am-Z-ßƒ IS∂pIqSn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu

hkvXpX Rm≥ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®-Xm-Wv. ÿm]nX Xmev]-cy-ß-sfm∂pw

IqSmsX \njv]£ _p≤n-tbmsS {KŸcN\ \S-Øn-b GI {KŸ-

Im-c≥ "A_p¬ A∫mkv A¬ Cudm≥ilvcn' am{X-am-Wv. F√m

aX-ßsf°pdn®pw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-ń√. Pq-X-∑m-¿, {In-kv-Xym-\n-

I-ƒ F∂nh-sc-°p-dn®pw ]-g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-s‚bpw ]pXn-b \n-b-a-Øn-

s‚bpw D-≈-S-°-sØ-°p-dn®pw A-t±-lw `w-Kn-bm-bn F-gp-Xn-bn-´p≠v.

"am\hn' aXsØ°pdn®pw Ah-cpsS {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ImewsN∂ aX-

ßsf kw_‘n®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xns\ Ipdn®pw tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

At±lw hn´p-t]m-bn-√. F∂m¬, C¥y-bnse hnhn[ I£n-I-sfbpw

kan-Xn-I-sfbpw Ipdn®p {]kvXm-hn-°p∂n-SØv At±lw e£y-

Øn¬\n∂p _lp-Zqcw AI∂pt]mbn. HSp-hn¬ At±lw k¿Jms‚

]pkvXIw {]am-W-am-°p-Ibpw AXp ]I¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu

{KŸ-Øn¬\n∂p ]-I¿Øn-bn-ń-√mØ Imcy-ßƒ Nne {]tXyI

I£n-I-fn¬ s] -́h-cn¬\n∂v At±lw tI -́dn-™-h-bm-sW∂v Duln-

t°-≠n-bn -cn -°p -∂p. A¬DkvXmZv ]pkvX-I-ßƒ k{i≤w

Bh¿Øn®p ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏m-ƒ ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS \ne apºp kqNn-

∏n-®-Xp-t]m-se-bm-sW∂v At±-l-Øn\p t_m[yw h∂n-cn-°-Ww. ̀ mc-

Xo-bsc kw-_-‘n®p Rm≥ t\Snb Adnhv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ At±lw

Fs∂ t{]cn-∏n-®p. CXp sNøp∂ ]£w AXv Ahsc FXn¿°p-

∂-h¿°v klm-bhpw Ah-tcmSv tbmPn-°p-∂-h¿°v Aaqey \n[nbpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 24

Bhp-sa∂pw At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. i{Xp-hns‚ tXm¬hn e£y-

am-°m-sXbpw i{Xp-hns‚ {]kvXm-hy-ßƒ Zp¿hym-Jym-\n-°m-

sXbpw˛AXp kXy-hn-cp-≤-am-bm¬ t]mepw˛{KŸcN\ \n¿Δ-ln-°-

W-sa-∂m-Wv At±lw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´-Xv. AXp- X-s∂-bmWv Rm≥

sNbvX-Xv. GsX-¶nepw Hcm-i-bsØ Jfin-°p-I-b√ Fs‚

e£yw. AXpsIm≠v Rm\-Xn¬ FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS hmZ-ap-J-ßfpw

Ah Jfin-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tcJ-Ifpw sIm≠p-h-∂n-´n-√. `mc-Xo-b-

cpsS \ne bYm¿∞-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-I-bmWv Fs‚ e£yw.

AtXm-sSm∏w Ah-cpsS Ncn-{X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ {Ko°p-Im-cpsS

Imcyhpw Rm≥ hnhcn-°p-∂Xm-Wv. {Ko°v XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m¿

bmYm¿∞y-hp-ambn IqSp-X¬ ASp-°m≥ {ian-®n´ps≠-¶nepw km[m-

c-W-°msc kw_-‘n® {]iv\-ß-fn¬ I£nXz]cn-K-W-\-Iƒ°pw

"Cc-´-Øm∏v'\b-ß-fƒ°pw AXo-X-cmbn h¿Øn-°m≥ Ah¿°p

Ign-™n-´n-√. Ah-cpsS Bi-b-ßfpw hmZ-K-Xn-Ifpw {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-

tºmƒ kq^n-I-fp-sSbpw Nne {InkvXy≥ hn`m-K-°m-cp-sSbpw Bi-

b-ß-f-√msX kzoI-cn-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂n-√. "{XnXzw,' Ah-Xm-c-hmZw

XpS-ßnb hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ah¿°p≈ ASp-∏-am-W-Xn\p Imc-Ww.

c≠v IrXn-Iƒ Rm≥ Ad-_n-bn-te°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

hkvXp-°-fp-sS KpW-ß-sfbpw Imcy-Im-c-W-ßsfbpw hnh-cn-°p∂

"kmwJyw' BWv Ah-bn-sem-∂v. Bflm-hns\ ]©-`q-Xm-fl-I-amb

ico-c-Øn¬\n∂p th¿s]SpØn ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ kw-_-

‘n®mWv "]X-RvPen' {]Xn-]m-Zn-®-Xv. Ah-cpsS hnizm-k-ßƒ°v

B[m-c-amb ASn-ÿm\ Imcy-ßƒ H´p-ap-°mepw Ch c≠n-ep-ap-

≠v. F∂m¬, Ah-cpsS aX-ß-fpsS hnhn[ imJ-Isf ]‰n Cu

]pkvXIw BZyw ]d™ c≠v ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-sSbpw {]tbm-P\w

sNøp-sa∂pw \ΩpsS e£yw ]q¿W-ambpw \nd-th-‰m\p]-I-cn-°p-

sa∂pw Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 25

A[ymbw 1

`m-c-Xo-bsc Ipdn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\phnLm-X-am-bn-\n¬°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ \ap°p

]cn-tim-[n-°mwASpØpsN∂p t\m°p-tºmƒ hy‡-ambn ImWp∂ Imcy-ßƒ

AIepwtXmdpw Ahy-‡-ambn {]Xy-£-s∏-SpI kzm`m-hnIw am{X-

am-Wv. `mc-Xo-b¿°pw \ap°panS-bnse AI¬®bv°v ]e Imc-W-

ß-fp-≠v. B P\k©bw tbmPn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn-se√mw \mw

Ah-cp-ambn hntbm-Pn-°p-∂p.

1. ̀ mj-bmWv CXn¬ G‰hpw {][m\w`mc-Xo-bcpw \map-am-bp≈ `mjm-]-c-amb hyXymkw C√m-Xm-

°pI kpK-a-a-√. Ad_n`mjsbt∏mse AXn-hn-im-ehpw Kl-\-hp-

amWv `mc-Xo-b-cpsS `mj-bpw. `mc-Xo-b-cpsS `mj-bn¬ Hcp hkvXp-

hn\p Xs∂ ]c-kv]c kmZr-iy-ap-≈Xpw ]c-kv]c _‘-an-√m-Ø-

Xp-amb \nc-h[n \ma-t[-b-ßƒ km[m-c-W-bm-Wv. Cu `n∂ \ma-t[-

b-ßƒ hkvXp-hns‚ `n∂ KpW-ß-sfbpw `mh-ß-sfbpw BIpw

Ipdn-°p-∂-Xv. B KpW-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw `mKn-I-ambpw a\- n-em-

°p-∂-Xn\p hmN-I-Øns‚ LS-\bpw Imehpw a\- n-em-t°-≠n-bn-

cn-°p-∂p. CsXmcp A]-I¿j-am-sW-¶nepw A`n-am-\-I-c-amb khn-

ti-j-am-bmWv Ah¿ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂Xv. \nXy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ km[m-

c-W°m¿ hyh-lmcw \S-Øp∂ \mS≥ `mj, {]K-¤-cmb ]fin-X-

∑mcpw kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑mcpw ssIImcyw sNøp∂ {]uV ̀ mj F∂n-

ßs\ c≠v hn`m-K-ß-fp≠v AXn-\v. hymI-cW_lp-e-amWv

{]uV`mj. Cu `mj-bpsS A£-c-ame Ad-_n, t]¿jy≥ F∂o

`mj-I-fpsS A£-c-am-e-I-fn¬\n∂p XnI®pw hyXy-kvX-am-

WpXm\pw. Nne A£-c--ßƒ icn-bmbn D®-cn-°mt\m kv]jvS-ambn

tIƒ°mt\m hy‡-ambn Fgp-Xmt\m hnj-a-amWp Xm\pw. am{X-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 26

Ifpw h≈n ]p≈n-Ifpw ]cn-jv°-cn®v Ad-_n-bn¬ Fgp-Xm\pw km[y-

a-√. Ad_nhymI-c-W-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-Ip-∂-X√ ̀ mjm ssien. Fgp-

Xp-∂-h-cpsS A{i-≤- Im-cWw A£-c-ß-fn¬ kvJen-X-ßƒ kw`-

hn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ B `mj ssIImcyw sNøp-∂-

h¿°pw a‰p-≈-h¿°pw aqecq]w a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bmØ hn[w

Hcp ]pXnb A£-c-ame Xs∂ hcnt√ F∂p kwi-bn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-

°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, \mw Ah-cn¬\n∂p ]Tn® Hcp hm°v \mw

]n∂oSv Ah-tcmSp Xs∂ Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hfsc _p≤n-

ap-t´msS am{Xta Ah¿°Xp a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q.

Ad_n `mj-I-fnse t]mse Xs∂ Ch-cpsS `mj-I-fnepw ct≠m

aqt∂m "eLz-£-c-ßƒ' H∂mbn ktΩ-fn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ B ̀ mj-bnse

A[nIhm°p-Ifpw icn-bmbn D®-cn-°pI \ap°p {]bm-k-am-Wv. a\x-

]m-T-am-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw e£yam°nbpw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ \in-®mepw

D≈-S°w \jvS-∏-́ p-t]m-I-cpsX∂ Dt±-iy-tØmsSbpw A[nI{KŸ-

ßfpw t«mI-ß-fm-bmWv Ah¿ cNn-®-Xv. ]Zy-Øn¬ KZy-sØ-°mƒ

hymI-cW kw_-‘-amb hyXn-bm-\-ßfpw, hrØw, {]mkw apX-emb

\n_-‘-\-Ifpw Ahiyw Zo£n-t°≠n hcp-∂Xp ImcWw Bh-iy-

Øn-e-[nIw hm°p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Knt°≠n hcn-Ibpw X∑qew AXv

icn°p a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\p {]bm-k-am-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

2. aX-]-c-amb AI¬®\ap°v Ah-cp-ambn aX-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ hfsc A[nIw

AI¬®-bp-≠v. \mw hniz-kn-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ahcpw Ah¿ hniz-

kn-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ \mapw At\ym\yw Ahn-iz-kn-°p-∂p. Ah-

cpsS CS-bn¬ aXsØ sNm√n-bp≈ Ie-l-ßfpw am’-cy-ßfpw

\t∂ Ipd-hm-sW-¶nepw ˛ Nne Nn√d X¿°-ßfpw hSwhenbpw

Hgn-®m¬ ˛ ]pdtabp≈-h-tcmSv AhcpsS \ne-]mSv Xptemw hn`n∂-

am-Wv. A\y-a-X-ÿsc Ah¿ shdpw -tam-i-°m-cmbn ho£n-°p-Ibpw

Ahcpambn hnhm-lw, ̀ £-Ww F∂o Imcy-ßƒ t]mepw ]mtS \ntcm-

[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Bsc-¶nepw Ah-cpsS aX-Øn-te°p ]cn-

h¿Ø\w sNø-W-sa∂v B{K-ln-®m¬ IqSn AXp km≤y-a-√. A\y-

scbpw Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn® km[-\-ß-sfbpw ip≤n-sN-bvsX-Sp-°m≥

Ah-cpsS aX-Øn¬ am¿§-an-√m-Ø-XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. CXv Ahcpw

a‰p-≈-h-cp-ambn hfsctbsd AI¬® D≠m-°n-bn-́ p-≠v.

3. BNm-c-ap-d-I-fnse ssh]-coXywAh¿ \sΩ ]nim-Np-°-sf-t∏mse IW-°m-°p-Ibpw \ΩpsS

thj-hpw BIr-Xnbpw Ah-cpsS Ip´n-Isf t]Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ D]m-[n-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 27

I-fmbn kzoI-cn®phcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]´

Fs‚ Hcp ]cn-N-b-°m-c≥ \sΩ Bt£-]n-®p- ]d-™Xp t\m°pI:

""\ΩpsS \m´neqsS IS∂psN∂ Hcm-fpsS ssIsIm≠v Ah-cpsS

Hcp cmPmhp h[n-°-s∏-́ p. A∂v K¿ -̀Øn-ep≈ Abm-fpsS aI≥ {]mb-

]q¿Øn-bm-b-t∏mƒ A—s‚ IYsb Ipdn®p amXm-hn¬ \n∂dn-bp-

Ibpw tcmjm-Ip-e-\mbn ssk\y-k-taXw i{Xp-hns‚ \m´n¬ sN∂p

IÆn¬ I≠-h-sc-sb√mw sIms∂m-Sp-°p-Ibpw tijn-®-hsc \ΩpsS

thjw sI´m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' CXp tI -́t∏mƒ C¥y-

°m-cpsS thjw-sI-́ m\pw BNm-c-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°m\pw \sΩ \n¿_-

‘n-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn\p Rm≥ B cmP-Ip-am-c\p \μn ]d-™p.

4. Ah-cpsS Xs∂ CS-bn-ep≈ sshcp-≤y-ßƒC¥y-bn-ep≈ "{iaW' hn`m-K-°m¿ "{_m“W'cpambn i{Xp-X-

bn-emWp Ign-™n-cp-∂-Xv. "tkmd-mhm-kvX¿' aX-°m¿ (a-Pq-kn-Iƒ)

D¤-hn® Imew hsc Jpdm-km≥, t]¿jy, Cdm-Jv, aukn¬, kndnb

apX-emb AXn¿ØntZi-°m¿ {iaW aX-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv

IivXm-k_-s‚ kmlm-b-tØms-S- AZ¿_o-Pm≥Imc-\mb tkmdm-

hm-kvX¿ _¬J-bn¬ h∂p aX-{]-N-cWw XpS-ßn. IivØm-k-_s‚

]p{X≥ Ckv^≥Zym¿ Ing-°≥ \mSp-I-fnepw _ew {]tbm-Kn®p

aPqkn aXw \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw A·n Bcm-[\m k{º-Zmbw ssN\

apX¬ tdmw hsc-bp≈ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏SpØp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]n¬°m-eØv Ah-cpsS cmPm-°-∑m¿ Cdm-Jpw t]¿jybpw aX-{]-

Nm-cW tI{μ-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØnh∂Xp aqew {iaW aX-

°m¿°p _¬J-bpsS Ing-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p amtd-≠-Xmbpw

h∂p. C∂pw Cu aPq-kn-Iƒ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v. AhnsS Ah-cpsS t]cv

"aL' F∂m-Wv.

CkvemanIcmPy-amb t]¿jy≥ cmjv{Sw ASn-°Sn D≠m-hp∂

bp≤-ßƒ aqew \in®pXpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ad-_n-I-tfmSv s]mXp-hn¬

D≠m-bn-cp∂ shdp∏p h¿≤n-®p. apl-ΩZv _n≥ Jmknw kPn-ÿm-

\neqsS kn‘vtZiØp {]th-in-°p-Ibpw "_wl-X-hw', "tamen-

ÿm≥' F∂o \mSp-Iƒ ]nSn-®-S°n Ahbv°v bYm-{Iaw "a≥kqdm,'

"aAvaqdm' F∂nßs\ \ma-I-cWw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. bp≤-hpw

k‘nbpw amdn-amdn Ahew-_n-®p-w aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v CjvS-s∏-

Sm-Ø-hsc Ah-c-h-cpsS aXØn¬ Xs∂ XpS¿∂pt]mIm\\p-h-Zn-

®pw At±lw C¥y-bpsS D≈n-te°p IS∂v I\qPv ]´-W-Øn¬

FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw "J≥[m¿' (Km-‘mcw, Im-μ-lm¿) {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw

Imivao¿ AXn¿Øn-I-fnepw {]th-in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∂-hsc

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 28

A\y--cmcpw Im_qfpw kn‘p\Zn-bpw IS∂p sN∂n-´n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬

CuZri {]hr-Øn-Iƒ Ah-cpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ apkvenwI-tfmSp IqSp-

X¬ shdp∏pw hntZz-jhpw Df-hm-°n. XpS¿∂v Xp¿°n-I-fpsS "kam-

\ob' `c-W-Im-eØv Ah¿ "Kkv\' ]nSn-°p-Ibpw \mkn-dq-±o≥ k_-

‡-Io≥ F∂ cmPmhv Ahcpambn˛bp-≤-Ønte¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw Xs‚

]n≥Km-an-Iƒ°v C¥y kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°m-\p≈ Bkq-

{XWw sNøp-Ibpap≠m-bn. At±-l-Øns‚ am¿§-ßƒ aq∏-tXmfw

sIm√w D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønb bao-\p-±uem alvaqZv Ah-km\w Ah-

cpsS ]®-]n-Sn® tXm -́ß-fnepw a‰pw ssII-S-Øn-b-Xn-\m¬ Imem-¥-c-

Øn¬ Ah¿ \in-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS \ne\nev]v Ncn-{X-Øns‚ GSp-

I-fn¬ shdpw sFXnly-ambn hnebw {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

apkvenwI-tfmSp \n -l-I-cn®pw Bcp-sSbpw ssIsbØmØ Imivao¿,

_\m-dkv apX-emb ÿe-ß-fn-te°p {]bmWw sNbvXpw Hgn™p

t]mbn Xma-kn-®-Xn-\m-emWv Ahsc Ipdn®v icn-bmb hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-

°pI {]bm-k-am-b-Xv.

\mw Ah-cp-ambn AI-em≥ thsdbpw Imc-W-ß-fp-≠v. AsX√mw

Ah-cpsS kz`m-h-ß-fp-ambn H´n-∏n-Sn® Nne kwK-Xn-I-fmb-Xp-sIm≠v

AXn-hnsS {]kvXm-hn-®m¬ Ahsc Bt£-]n-°p-I-bm-sW∂p

hymJym-\n-°-m≥ CS-bm-Ipw. icn-bmb cmPyw Xß-fp-tS-Xm-sW∂pw

temIt\XrXzw Xßƒ°p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw Xßƒ Adnhns‚ ̀ fimc-

am-sW∂pw bYm¿∞ aXw Xß-fp-tSXp am{X-am-sW∂pw Ah¿ _e-

ambn hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Jpdm-km-\nepw t]¿jy-bnepw ]fin-X-∑m¿

Ds≠∂p ]d-™m¬ t]mepw Ah¿ ipWvTn-sb-Sp-°pw. IqSp-X¬

k©-cn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h-tcmSp Iq-Sn-t®¿∂p IgnbpIbpw sNbvXn-cp-

s∂-¶n¬ ap≥Km-an-Isf t]mse Xs∂ Ahcpw kwkvImc kº-∂cpw

hnZym-t{]-an-Ifpw BIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS ]finXhcy-∑m-cn-sem-

cm-fmb "hcm-l-an-l-c≥' ]cn-ip-≤-∑m-cmb {_m“-W-scbpw hnZym-k-

º-∂-cmb {Ko°p-Im-scbpw Hcp-t]mse BZ-cn-°-W-sa∂v A\p-im-kn-

®n-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ tPmXnjw Adn-bp-∂-h-cp-ambn Rm≥ bp‡n-bp‡w

kwkm-cn-°m-dp-≈-t∏mƒ Rm≥ B hI Imcy-ßƒ GXv C¥y-°m-c-

\n¬\n∂v ]Tn-®-Xm-sW∂p tNmZn--°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Adn-hns‚

]cn-anXn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°m≥ Rm≥ Hcp-sº-Sm-dp-≈-t∏mƒ Ah-

scs∂ hnZ-Kv-≤-\mb tPm’y-\mbn ap{Z-Ip-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-°-s∏´ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Fs‚ Ignhns‚ ]c-am-

h[n D]-tbm-Kn®v In´mhp-∂n-S-tØmfw tcJ-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®n´pw Ah-

cpsS F√m \ne-Isf°pdn®pw ]cn-]q¿W-ambn Adn-bm-\p≈ {ia-

Øn¬ Rm≥ ]cm-P-b-s∏-´p F∂p thWw ]d-bm≥. ssZh-Øns‚

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 29

{]tXyI A\p-{K-lm-in- p-Iƒ°p ]m{Xo-`q-X-\mb Hcm-sf-s°m-≠-

√msX Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Fs∂-t∏mse {ian®v Hcp-Imcyw t\SpI

A{X km[y-a-s√∂v F\n-°-dn-bmw. CXp kw_-‘-ambn C{Xbpw

t\´-ßƒ F\n°v ssIh∂-Xn¬ Rm≥ k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb PK-∂n-b-

¥m-hns\ kvXpXn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

temIw A¥cIme-L-´-Øn-eqsS ]n®-sh®p\S∂v {InkvXp

aX]nd-hn Zo¿LZ¿i\w sNøp-∂-Xn\p apºp hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fn¬

{Ko°p-Im¿°pw C¥y-°m¿°pw CS-bn¬ ]-e km-Zr-iy-ß-fp-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-¬ C-cp-Iq-´-cp-sSbpw Pohn-X k-{º-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ H-cp kw-

bp-‡ ]T-\w Ahcn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw Ipdn-®p≈ hn-hc-

ßfnte°p IqSp-X¬ shfn®w hoim≥ hfsctbsd klm-b-I-amWv.

{Ko°p-Im-cpsS CSbn¬ ⁄m\n-I-fmb Ht´sd XXzNn¥-I-∑m¿

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sc√mw Xs∂ XßfpsS hn⁄m-\sØ _p≤n-

bpsS aqi-bn-en´p hm¿Øv bp‡n-bpsS Nj-I-ß-fn-em°n s]mXp-P-

\-ßƒ°p hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Hu’pIyw {]I-Sn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.

ChnsS kp{]-kn≤ bh\ XXz-Nn-¥-I-\mb tkm{I-´okns‚ kvac-

W-bmWp \Ωn¬ s]m¥nhcp-∂-Xv. A∂sØ kap-Zmb a≤y-Øn¬

\ne\n∂ A‘-hn-izmk PSne-ß-fmb ]e hnizmk {]am-W-ß-

sfbpw s]mfn-s®-gp-Xm≥ {ian-°p-I-bpw, _nw_m-cm-[\ sX‰m-

sW∂pw \£-{X-ßƒ ssZh-ß-f-s√∂pw a‰p≈ {]Jym-]-\-ß-fp-

ambn apt∂m´p hcn-Ibpw sNbvXp. GX-≥knse 12 \ymb-[n-]-∑m-

cn¬ 11 t]cpw B alm≥ Ip‰-°m-c-\m-sW∂p hn[n-®Xp ImcWw

kXy-Øns‚ _en-]o-T-Øn¬ {Iqin-°-s∏-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.-

Fs‚ Adn-hn¬ s]´n-S-tØmfw Cu amXn-cn- im-kv{Xob ho£-W-K-

Xn-bp-≈-h¿ C¥y-°m¿°n-S-bn¬ C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWp {Ko°p-

Imsc t]mse hy‡hpw t{ImUo-I-cn -°-s∏-´ -Xp -amb Hcp

XXzkwlnX Ah¿°n-√msX t]mb-Xv.

C¥y-°msc kw_-‘n®p hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXy-¥m-t]-£n-

X-sa∂p tXm∂p∂ kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ am{Xta Hcp \ncq-]-W-Øns‚

\ne Rm≥ kzoI-cn-°p-∂p-≈q. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ t]cp-Ifpw

kmt¶XnI ]Z-ßfpw AXym-h-iy-sa∂p tXm∂p-∂n-SØp am{Xta

D≤-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q. Ah-bpsS A¿∞w kuI-cy-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-

sØ√mw Ad-_n-bn¬ sImSp-°p-Itbm A√mØ ]£w Ad_n en]n

Ah-ew-_n®v C¥y≥ `mj-bn¬ Xs∂ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-Itbm sNøp-

∂-Xm-Wv. hy‡-amb h√ kmt¶-XnI ]Z-ßfpw GsX-¶nepw A[ym-

b-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠≠n h∂m¬ AXns\ Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-cWw

XpS¿∂phcp∂ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ sImSp-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 30

A[ymbw 2

ssZh hnizmkwF√m kap-Zm-b-ß-fnepw Imcyt_m[-ap-≈-h-cp-sSbpw km[m-c-

W°m-cp-sSbpw hnizm-k-ßƒ hyXy-kvX-ßfm-bn-cn-°pw. Imc-Ww,

t_m[-ap-≈-h¿ Imcy-Im-c-W-k-lnXw N¿® sNbvXp Imcy-ßƒ {Kln-

°p-tºmƒ km[m-c-W°m-cpsS \ne I≠-Xnepw tI´-Xnepw am{Xw

hniz-kn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. C¥y-°m-cpsS hnizmka\p-k-cn®v ssZhw

BZy-¥an-√m-Ø-h\pw k¿Δhym]n-bpw k¿Δi‡\pw F√mw Adn-

bp-∂-h-\pw GI\pw \nkvXp-e-\p-am-Wv. CXp shdpw tIƒhnsb ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n Rm≥ ]d-bpIbs√∂-Xn\v Ah-cpsS Xs∂ "]X-

RvPen' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂v tNmtZym-Øc coXn-bn-ep≈ Hcp

D≤-cWn ChnsS tN°mw:

""tNmZyw: Bcm-[n-®m¬ \ap°v Imcy-ßƒ t\Sn-Ø-cp∂ Cu

Bcm-[y≥ BcmWv?

DØcw: Ah≥ ]cm-{ibw IqSmsX F√mw kzbw Adn-bp-∂-

h\pw Imcy-ßƒ Nn¥n®p {Kln-t°≠n hcm-Ø-h\pw Adn-bmXncp∂

H∂v ]n∂oSdn-bpI F∂ \ne-]mSv Bh-iy-an-√m-Ø-h\pw A⁄X

Xo≠n-bn-´n-√m-Ø-h-\p-am-Wv.

tNmZyw: A\p-`hw sIm≠dn-bm≥ Ign-bmØ H∂ns\ Fßs\

Bcm-[n°pw?

DØcw: ssZh-sa∂ \ma-t[bw Xs∂ Ahs‚ BkvXn-IysØ

hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. Hcp hkvXp-hns\ Ipdn-®-√msX kwkm-cn-°-s∏-

Sm-dn-√. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ Hcp km[-\-Øn-\-√m-sX \ma-I-cWw

sNø-s∏-Sm-dn-√. Ah≥ ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ°p tKmN-c-am-Ip-∂n-s√-¶nepw

hn⁄m\w Ahs\ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Nn¥m-i‡n Ahs‚ KpW-

K-W-ßsf {Kln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXs{X Bcm-[-\-sIm≠v hnh-

£n-°p-∂-Xv. CtX cq]-Øn¬ \nXyhpw Bcm-[\ sNøp-∂-h≥

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 31

hnPbw hcn-°p-∂-h-\m-Wv.''

`mc-X-Ønse lnμp-°-fpsS aX-{K-Ÿ-amb "KoX'bn¬ hmkp-tZ-

h\pw A¿÷p-\\pw \S∂ kw`m-jWw hnh-cn-®v C{]-Imcw D≤-cn-

°-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂p:

""Rm≥ BZnbpw A¥-hp-an-√mØ k¿Δ- -z-hp-amWv. Rm≥

Fs¥-¶nepw {]Xn-^ew B{K-ln-°p-Itbm GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-

K-tØmSp am{Xw {]Xn-]Øn ImWn-°p-Itbm C√. Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw

{]h¿Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Ignhv Rm≥ \evIn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu cq]-Øn¬

Fs∂ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Fs∂t∏mse AXym-{K-lw XyPn-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-h≥ tamN\w {]m]n-°p-∂Xpw ku`m-Ky-hm-\m-

Ip∂Xpam-Wv.'' XXzimkv{X-Øns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-Øn¬, "ssZh-sØ-

t∏mse BIm≥ Ign-bp-∂{X {ian-°Ww' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\p Xpey-

am-Wn-Xv. AtX {KŸ-Øn¬ thsdm-cn--SØp ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv.

""A[-nI-am-fp-Ifpw ssZh-Øn¬\n∂p Imcy-ßƒ t\Sm≥ B¿Øn

ImWn-°p-∂-hcpw AXv Akm-[y-ambn h∂m¬ ssZh-Øn¬\n∂I∂p

Pohn-°m≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cpam-Wv. Imc-Ww, Ah≥ ]t©-{¥n-b-

ßƒ°p tKmN-c-am-°m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ah¿ Ahs\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-

tØmfw ]q¿W--amb A⁄-X-bn-emWv Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-∂-Xv. Nne¿

]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ°[o-\-a-√m-Ø-Xns\ {Kln-°p-∂n-√. a‰p-Nn-e¿ IqSp-

X-embn Adn-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw _mly-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS AXn¿Øn hn´p

aqtºm´p IS-°p-∂n-√. {]Ir-Xn-°-∏p-d-ambn Bcp-sSbpw k¥m-\-ambn

P\n-®n-́ n-√m-Ø-h\pw, k¥m-\-ßƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-®n-́ n-√m-Ø-h\pw Xs‚

kØsb Ipdn-®p≈ Adnhv ]cn-]q¿W-ambn B¿°pw \evIn-bn-́ n-√m-

Ø-h-\p-amb Hcp almi‡n Ds≠∂v Ah¿ a\- n-em-°p-∂n-√.''

{]hr-Øn-bpsS D¤hImc-WsØ Ipdn®pw C¥y-°m¿°n-S-bn¬

hfsc A[nIw A`n-{]mb hyXymkw D≠v. F√m-‰n\pw tlXp-`q-

X≥ ssZh-am-sW∂ hnizm-k-Øn-emWp Nne¿ {]hr-Øn-bpsS D¤hw

ssZh-Øn-¬-\n∂m-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {]hr-Øn-bp-ambn t\cn´p _‘-

s∏-Sp-∂Xp krjvSn-I-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ Ah-cmWp krjvSn-Im-c-W-°m-

sc∂p a‰p Nnecpw A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

"kmwJyw' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ {Inb-bnepw I¿Øm-hnepw h√

A`n-{]mb hnXym-khpw Dt≠m F∂ thZm-¥n-bpsS tNmZy-Øn\p

imkv{X-⁄≥ ]d™ adp-]Sn t\m°p-I:

""Bflmhv {]h¿Ø\i‡n C√m-ØXpw PV-]-Zm¿∞w \n¿-

÷o-h-hp-am-Wv. kzbw-̀ q-hmb Cuiz-c-\s{X Ah c≠pw X-Ωn¬ Iq´n-

bn-W-°p-∂Xpw th¿s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xpw. AXn-\m¬, Ah≥ am{X-am-Wv

I¿Øm-hv. Ah c≠pw-IqSn Nen-°p-tºmƒ Cuiz-c-\n¬\n∂p

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 32

{]h¿Ø\w D≠m-Ip-∂p. CXs{X Hcp hn`m-K-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw.

as‰mcp hn`m-K-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv Ah c≠p-w {]tXyIw ktΩ-fn-°p-

Ibpw XXv^-e-ambn ]Xn-hp-t]mse D¤-hhpw \mihpw D≠m-hp-

Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂m-Wv. aq∂m-asØ Iq´-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬,

bYm¿∞ I¿Ømhv Bflm-hm-Wv. ImcWw, thZm¥ kn≤m¥a\p-

k-cn®v GsXm-cp hkvXp-hn-s‚bpw D¤hw ]pcpj(]-c-am-flm-hv)\mIp-

∂p. \mem-a-sXmcp Iq´¿ C{]-Imcw hmZn-°p-∂p: ""I¿Ømhv Ime-

am-Wv, BSpw Ibdpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w-t]mse Imehpw {]-]-©hpw

_‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.'' A©m-a-sXmcp kwL-Øns‚ hmZw Hmtcm

{]hr-ØnbpsSbpw I¿Ømhv AXn\p sXm´p-ap-ºp≈ {]hr-Øn-bm-

sW-∂m-Wv.

Cu A`n-{]m-b-ß-sf√mw Xs∂ bmYm¿∞y-tØmSv tbmPn-°m-

Ø-h-bm-Wv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ {]hr-Øn-I-sf√mw PV]-Zm¿∞-hp-am-

bm-Wv _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. X±zmcm ]Zm¿∞w I¿Øm-hpw a‰p-≈-

h-sb√mw D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. hnhn[ i‡nIfpsS ]nSn-bn¬\n∂v

Hgn™p\n¬°p∂ Bflmhv I¿ØmhmIp-∂n√.'' Ah-cn¬ Imcy-

t_m-[y-ap-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-Wn-Xv. [¿Ωn-jvT\pw kzbw`qhpw

F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "Cuiz¿' ("Cuizc≥' F-∂p a-e-bmfw) F∂mWv

Ah¿ ssZhsØ hnfn®phcp-∂-Xv. Imc-Ww, Ahs‚ GIXzw

bYm¿∞ GI-Xz-ambpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS GIXzw hnhn[ km[-\-ßƒ

IqSn-t®¿∂p-≠mb GI-Xz-ambpw Ah¿ KWn-°p-∂p. s]mXpP\-ß-

fpsS hnizm-k-ßsf kw_-‘n®p ]cm-a¿in-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n-epw

hnhn[ A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ ImWm≥ Ign-bpw. Ah-bn¬ Nne-sX√mw

a‰p aX-°m¿°n-S-bnep≈-Xp-t]mse ZpjvShpw ASn-ÿm\ cln-X-

hp-am-Wv. ico-c-Øns‚ KpW-ßƒ Ah-\n-s√∂p hcp-Øm≥ th≠n

Nne¿ ssZhsØ Hcp _nμp-hmbn KWn-°p-∂p. AXp tIƒ°p∂

km[-c-W-°m-c\v AXns‚ bYm¿∞ A¿∞w a\- n-em-hmsX

t]mIp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v ssZh-Øn\p alXzw k¶-ev]n-°p-∂-Xn\p

t]mepw Ah≥ apXn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ ]cn-]q¿Æ ⁄m\w

F∂ KpWsØ kw_-‘n®pw Ah¿ sX‰mbn [cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v

AKm[ ⁄m\n-bm-h-W-sa-¶n¬ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p IÆpIƒ thW-

sa∂p hniz-kn-°p-∂p. hnZym-k-º-∂-c-√mØ Iq´-cpsS CS-bn¬ CXp-

t]m-se-bp≈ ASn-ÿm\ cln-X-ß-fmb hnizm-k-ßƒ ]eXpw

ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 33

A[ymbw 3

C{μnb tKmN-c-am-bXpw A√m-Ø-Xp-amb

hkvXp-°-fn-¬ C¥y-°m-cpsS hnizmkw]pcm-X\ {Kokn¬ imkv{X-Øns‚ apt∂m-Sn-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-

´h¿ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Ggv Bfp-I-fmWv:

1. GX≥knse "tkmsem¨' (Solon of Athen)

2. {]o\nse _nbkv (Bias of Priene)

3. tIcn-¥nse s]cn-bp-¥¿ (Periander Of Crinth)

4. anen-‰-knse XmeXv (Thales of Miletus)

5. e°n-U-tam-Wnse Iosem¨ (Chilon of Lacedamon)

6. sekvt_m-knse ]n‰m-°kv (Pittacus of Lesbas)

7. en≥sem-_nse ¢n_m-_p-ekv (Cleoludus of Linlos)

Ch-cpsS Ime-ØmWv {Ko°v XXzimkv{Xw icn-bmb \ne-bn¬

cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. AXn\p apºv C¥y-°m-cpsS \ne-]mSp Xs∂-bm-

bn-cp∂p H´p-an-°Xpw Ah-cp-tS-Xpw. hkvXp-°ƒ F√mw H∂m-sW∂p

hmZn-°p-∂-h¿ Ah-cnepap≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Nne¿ FÆ-Øn¬ H∂m-

sW∂p hniz-kn-°p-tºmƒ thsd Nne--¿ ^e-Øn¬ H∂m-sW∂p I-

cp-Xp∂p F∂p am{Xw. AkvXnXzw hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ F√m-‰n-s‚bpw

Imc-W-̀ qX-\p -am-{X-am-Wp-≈-sX∂pw a‰p-≈-Xn-s‚-sb√mw \ne-\n¬∏v

`mh\ am{X-am-sW-∂p-amWv kq^nI-fn¬ Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. Ah¿

XXz-Nn-¥I-∑m-cm-W-t√m. "kq^v' F∂ hm°n\p {Ko°v `mj-bn¬

imkv{Xw F∂mW¿∞w. AXn-\m-emWv imkv{X-Im-c-∑m¿°v "ss]-

emkq]m' (imkv{X t{]an) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]nev°m-eØp

apkvenwI-fn¬ Nne¿ Cu A`n-{]mbw kzoI-cn-®-t∏mƒ "kq^n'-Iƒ

F∂ t]cv Ah¿°pw ]d-b-p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu t]cns‚ A¿∞w

Adn-bm≥ ]mSn-√mØ Nne¿ "kq^n' F∂Xv "kp^v^Øv' (]q-ap-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 34

Jw) F∂ hm°n¬\n∂pf-hm-b-Xpw, ]n∂oSv D]tbm-K-Øn¬ Zpjn-

®p-t]m-b-Xp-am-sW∂p hmZn-®n-´p--≠v. Imc-Ww, aZo\m]≈n-bpsS ]qap-

JØp Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ a°m A`-bm¿∞n-I-fmb apkvenwIƒ

"kp^v^Øp'Im¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. "A_p¬

^Xvlp¬ _kvXn' F∂ ]fin-X≥ "kq^n' F∂ ]Z-Øns‚ ta¬

{]kvXm-hn-°-s∏´ A¿∞-ßƒ icn-bm-b-h As√∂pw, "lrZbw

ip≤n-h-cp-Øn-b-h≥' F∂mWv icn-bm-bp-≈-sX∂pw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚

H-cp I-hn-X-bn¬ ka¿∞n-®n-´p-≠v.

a\p-jy≥ ùXnItemI-hp-am-bp≈ sI´p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂p

XnI®pw hnap‡n t\Sn-bm¬ ssZh-hp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-°p-∂-

Xm--sW∂p hmZn-°p-∂-hcpw {Ko°p-Im-cn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬ ico-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p apºv kzbw \ne-sIm-

≈p-Ibpw ]c-kv]cw IqSn-t®-cp-Ibpw hn´-I-ep-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp-

Xcw {]tXyIPmXn ÿnXnhnti-j-amWv Bflm-hn-\p-≈-Xv. ico-c-

Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ kºm-Zn-°p∂ k¬{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ aptJ\ ico-

c-hp-ambn th¿s∏´ tijhpw temI-Øn¬ hym]-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈

Ignhv AXp Ic-ÿ-am-°p-∂p. Aßs\ Bflm-°ƒ Bcm-[y-am-hp-

Ibpw Ah¿ Ah-bpsS {]Xn-a-Ifpw a‰pw \n¿Ωn®v Bcm-[n-°p-Ibpw

hgn-]mSv, t\¿® apX-em-bh \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

sXmgn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ t{]m’m-l\w F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬

"Kmeo-\kv' (Galenus) ]d-™-sX-s¥∂p t\m°mw:

""alm-flm-°ƒ Znhy]pcp-j-∑m-cm-hp-∂Xv Ah¿ sXmgn¬ sNbvXp

Pohn-°p-I-bpw -A-Xn\p t{]m’m-l\w \evIp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xp-sIm-

≠m-Wv. A√msX KpkvXn, bp≤w, amc-Im-bp[ {]tbmKw apX-embh

sIm≠-√. "FkvIp-em-∏n-b-kpw, Utbm-\nkpw' (Aesclepius and Dionysos)

BZyw a\p-jy-cmbn ]nd-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ]n∂oSv Ah¿ tZh-∑m-

cm-bn-Øo¿∂p. AYhm, BZyta Xs∂ Ah¿ tZh-∑m-cm-bn-cp∂p

F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xnepw sX‰n-√. Imc-Ww, Hcmƒ P\-ßsf NnIn’m

k{º-Zm-b-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-∏n-®p, as‰m-cmƒ ap¥ncn IrjnsNøp-∂Xpw

]Tn-∏n-®p F∂-Xm-Wv.''

lnt∏m{Im‰-kns‚ (Hyppocrates) D]-tZ-i-ßƒ F∂ {KŸ-Øn\p

Kmen-\kv Fgp-Xnb hymJym-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""IhnXm\n¿ΩmWw kuI-cy-s∏´pIn´mt\m hnjak‘n-I-

fn¬\n∂p tamN\w t\Smt\m Bcpw Xs∂ BSp-Isf "FkvIp-em-

∏n-b--kn'\v _enb¿∏n-®-Xmbn \mw Xotc tIń-ń-√. F∂m¬ lnt∏m-

{Im-‰kv sNbvX-t]mse Bfp-Iƒ "FkvIp-em-∏n-b--kn'\v Ip°pS _en

\S-Ønbn-cp-∂p. Imc-Ww, Cu Znhy]pcp-j-\mWv Bfp-Iƒ°v sshZy-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 35

imkv{Xw t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Ø-Xv. CXv I≈p≠m°m≥ ]Tn-∏n® Utbm-

\n-kkn-s‚bpw sdmń-°p-th≠ hnØp-Iƒ Irjn sNøm≥ A-

`ykn∏n® "Una-‰-dn-s‚bpw' {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-°mƒ al-Ø-c-amb Hcp

tkh-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. I≈n\pw sdmńhnØp-Iƒ°pw Ah-cpsS t]cpw

\evIp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xoam-Dukv (Timacus) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ πmt‰m

]d-™Xv P\-ßƒ amlm-flm-°sf tZh-∑m-sc∂pw km£m¬

ssZhsØ {]Ya ssZh-sa∂pw ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂m-Wv.

ssZhw tZh-∑m-tcmSv Cßs\ ]d-™-Xmbn At±lw XpS¿∂p

{]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: ""\nßƒ acWtlXp-hmbn \in-°p-∂-h-c-√. Rm≥

\nßsf krjvSn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ \mi-Øn\p hnt[-b-am-hmØ

{]Ir-Xn-bn-emWv krjvSn-®-Xv.'' ssZhw GI-Xz-tØmsSbp≈ k¿Δ-

hym-]n-bm-sW∂pw At±lw as‰m-cn-SØp tcJs∏SpØn-.

{Ko°p-ImcpsS Cu hn[-ap≈ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬\n∂p a\- n-

em-Ip-∂Xv Ah¿ al-Ømb F√m-‰n-s\bpw tZh-∑m-cmbn IcpXn

t∏m∂p F∂m-Wv. CtX t]mse D∂-X-ß-fmb ]¿Δ-X-ßƒ, AKm-

[-ß-fmb kap-{Z-ßƒ apX-em-b-h-bn¬ ZnhyXzw k¶-ev]n-°m-dp≈

thsdbpw [mcmfw kap-Zm-b-ß-fp-≠v. F√m-‰n-s‚bpw ImcW`qX-\mb

ssZh-Øn\pw ssZh ZqX-∑m¿°pw Xßƒ°p Xs∂-bpw Ah¿ Nne

kabw Znhy≥ F∂ t]cp ]d™ph∂n-cp-∂p. πmt‰m D≤-cn-°p∂

"sk°o-\mØp' (I-hnXm tZh-∑m¿)Iƒ°pw ssZh-ßƒ F∂p ]d-

bm-dp-≠v. Ah F¥m-sW∂p hnh-cn-°m≥ hnh¿Ø-I-∑m-cpsS

t]\bv°p Ign-™n-ń-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ t]cp-Iƒ am{Xta \ap°dn-bq.

t{]m¢-kns‚ (Procleus) adp-]-Sn-bmbn "blvb∂lvhn' ]d-bp-∂p:

""BIm-i-Øn¬ I≠ hkvXp-°ƒs°√mw {Ko°p-Im¿ ssZh-ßƒ

F∂p ]d-™n-cp-∂p. Aù-XnI aqe]Zm¿∞-ßsf Ipdn®p Nn¥n-

°m≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ Ahbv°pw Ah¿ ssZh-ßƒ F∂p ]d-bm≥

XpS-ßn.'' At∏mƒ, "ssZh-am-hpI' F∂-Xns‚ hnh£ ZqX-∑m-sc-

t∏mse BhpI F∂msW∂p hy‡-am-hp-∂p. "Kmen-\kv' Xs‚

{KŸ-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. "FkvIp-te-]n-bkv

BZyw a\p-jy\pw ]n∂oSv tZh-\p-ambn F∂Xp hmkvX-h-am-sW-

¶n¬ At±-lsØ ]‰n-bp≈ as‰√m {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw sI´p-I-Y-I-

fm-Wv.

ssZhw enIm¿Kkv (Lycargus) t\mSp ]d-™-Xmbn as‰mcp ̀ mKØv

At±lw Fgp-Xn: ""Rm≥ \ns∂ ssZhZqX≥ Ft∂m a\p-jy≥

Ft∂m G-XmWp hnfn-t°-≠-sX∂v Btem-Nn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ZpX-s\∂p

hnfn-°p-∂-Xn-emWv \n\°v IqSp-X¬ XmXv]-cy-sa∂p \ap-°-dnbmw.''

Hcp aX-°m¿°v ]p—-ambn tXm∂p∂ Nne hm°p-IfpsS {]tbm-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 36

K-ßƒ a‰p Nne aX-°m¿°v \∂mbn tXm∂p-∂-h-bm-hpw. DZm-l-c-

W-Øn\v, Ckvemanse, "ssZho-I-cn-°pI' F∂ ]Z-Øn\p `mjm-

¥cw \mw Iev]n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp Nne¿s°m∂pw CjvS-s∏-

s´∂p hcn-√. AXp-t]mse "A√mlp' F∂sXm-gnsI as‰√m t]cp-

Isf ]‰nbpw ]e¿°pw ]eXpw ]d-bm≥ Is≠∂p hcpw. "d∫v'

F∂ ]Zw Xs∂ "kpdnb' `mj-bnepw "ln{_p' `mj-bnepw h∂

"]gb \nb-a-Ønepw' AXn\p tijw h∂ ]e {KŸ-Ønepw

"A√mlp' t]mse-Øs∂ ssZh-Øn\p am{Xw ]d-bm-dp≈ H∂mbn

D]-tbm-Kn-®Xp ImWmw.

Aøq_v \_n°v In´nb {KŸ-Øn¬ ]nimNv "_\q-Dw-epln'

tbmsSm-∂n®v Ah-cpsS kZ- n¬ {]th-in-®n-cp∂p F∂p ]d-™n-´p-

≠v. aqkm \_n (-tam-i)bpsS "Xudm-Øn¬' "Rm≥ \ns∂ "^tdm-

h-'bpsS tZh-\m-°n-bn-cn-°p∂p' F∂p "d∫-v' ]d™p F∂v FgpXn

°mWp-∂p. ZmhqZv \_n (-Zm-ho-Zv) bpsS "k_q¿' F¨]-Øn-c≠mw

A[ym-b-Øn¬ "A√mlp tZh-∑m-cpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ \n∂v' F∂p

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse Xudm-Øn¬ (]-gb \nb-aw)

_nw_-ßƒ "hntZi ssZh-ß-fm-'sW∂p ]d-™n-´p-≠v. AXn¬

Cuizcs\ A√msX a‰m-sc-b-pw Bcm-[n-°p-∂Xv ITn-\-ambn \ntcm-

[n-®n-cp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ {]kvXpX hmN-I-Øn\p hymJym\w sImSp-Øp-

hntZ-in-I-f-√m-Ø-hsc Bcm-[n-°m-sa∂p hIp-∏p-≈-Xmbn I≠p-]n-

Sn-°-p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ^e-kvXo≥ tZi-Øns‚ ]cn-k-c-ß-fn¬ Pohn-®n-

cp∂ kap-Zm-b-°m¿ {Ko°p-Imsct∏mse _nw_-mcm-[-\-bn¬

G¿s∏´p h∂-h-cm-Wv. C{km-bo¬ hwi-P¿ "_Ave' "AkvX-dqkm'

F∂o _nw_-ßsf Bcm-[n-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ Ah-

cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Cemlv (tZ-h≥) F∂Xv ssZhZqX-∑m¿°pw

Ign-hp≈ alm-flm-°ƒ°pw N-a-¬-°m-c-coXym cmPm-°-∑m¿, t\Xm-

°ƒ F∂n-h¿°pw ]d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp-t]mse ]nXmhv, ]p{X≥

F∂o {]tbm-K-ßƒ Ad_n ̀ mj-bnse A¿∞-Øn¬ sX‰m-sW∂p

ImWmw. Fs¥-∂m¬ ]nXmhv F∂ ]Z-hp-ambn Ad-_n-bnse "d∫v'

F∂ hm°n\p bmsXmcp kmay-hp-an-√. a‰p- `m-j-Ifn¬ AØcw

{]tbm-K-ßƒ°p km[pXzap≈-Xmbn ImWmw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v, bP-

am-\≥ F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ ]nXmhv F∂p km[m-cW ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

{InkvXym-\n-I-fn¬ ssZh-Øn\p ]nXm-sh∂pw tbip-hn\p ]p{X-

s\∂pw ]d-bm-Ø-h¿ B aX-Øn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-t]m-b-Xmbn IW-

°m-°p-∂p. "BIm-i-Øp≈ ]nXmth' F∂v {]m¿∞\mka-bØv

hnfn-°m≥ tbip A-h-tcmSv D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂p. "]nXm-hn-¶-te°p

t]mIp∂p' F∂mWv Ah¿ ac-W-Øn\p ]d™ph∂-Xv. PqX-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 37

∑m¿°pw {InkvXym-\n-IfpsS Cu A`n-{]m-b-tØmSp hfsc A[nIw

tbmPn-∏p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. ""Hdnb (Uriah) F∂ kv{Xobn¬ Hcp

]p{X≥ P\n-°pw. Ahs\ Rm≥ aI-\m-°pw'' F∂p ssZhw Zmho-Zn-

t\mSp ]d-™-Xmbn "k^-dp¬ ap¬Iv' (]-em-b\w) F∂ {KŸ-

Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Zmho-Zns‚ ]p{X≥ tkmf-a≥ ssZh-

Øns‚ ]p{X-\m-sW∂p hcp-tºmƒ ssZhw ]nXmhpw BIm-a-t√m.

"ZzntZh hmZn'-I-fmb am\n-Ifpw Cu Imcy-Øn¬ {InkvXym-\n-Isf

t]mse Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ah-cpsS t\Xm-hmb "am\n' At±-l-Øns‚

"I≥kp¬ Alvbm' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-™Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv:

""ssZh ZqX-∑m¿°pw Ahn-hm-ln-X¿, ]nXm-°ƒ, amXm-°ƒ, ktlm-

Z-c-∑m¿, ktlm-Z-cn-Iƒ, k¥m-\-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[ \ma-ßƒ

{]hm-N-I-∑m-cpsS {KŸ-ß-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. tZhtemI-Øn¬

kv{Xo -̨]pcpj hyXym-ktam k¥m-t\m-ev]m-Z-\tam C√. Ah¿ Znhy-

Xzhpw Poh-\pap≈ ico-c-nIfpw i‡n, \ofw, cq]w, ImgvN F∂n-h-

bn¬ ka-∑m-cp-am-Wv. `qtem-Ihpw D]cntemI-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´--Xp-

sIm-≠mWv Cu t]cp-Iƒ°v Ah¿ A¿l-cm-b-Xv. Ccp-f-S™

`qtemIw A[x-]-X-\-Øn¬\n∂v Fgp-t\-ev°p-Ibpw D]-cn-tem-IsØ

tZh-∑m¿ Ahsc kv{Xobpw ]pcp-j-\pw tN¿∂ CW-I-fmbn ImWp-

Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Ah-cpsS k¥m-\-ß-fmb DZv_p≤ P\-ßƒ°v

Xß-fpsS cq]w \evIp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C¥y-°m-cn¬ Imcy-hn-h-cp-ap-≈-h¿ Cu A`n-{]m-bsØ FXn¿°p-

∂p-s≠-¶nepw aX-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn-e-a¿∂ s]mXpP\-w CXpt]m-e-p≈

KpW-ßƒ Btcm-]n-°p-∂-Xn¬ AXn-cp-I-hn™ Hu’pIyw {]I-Sn-

∏n-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. tZh-∑m¿°p-t]mepw `mcy, a°ƒ, k¥m-

t\mev∏m-Z\w apX-emb {]IrXn kz`m-h-ßƒ k¶-ev]n-°p-∂-Xn¬

Ah¿ aSn ImWn-®n-√. C¥y-°m-cpsS ]e A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw aX-hn-

izm-k-ßfpw aX kwc-£-I-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬ AssZzX kn≤m-

¥-ßsf Ah-ew-_n-®p-≈-h-bm-Wv. "KoX'-bn¬ hmkp-tZ-h≥ Cßs\

]d-™p: ""Iqe-¶-j-ambn ]cn-tim[n-®m¬ F√m hkvXp-°-fnepw

ZnhyXzap≈-Xmbn ImWmw. hnjvWp k¿Δ Poh-Pm-e-ßƒ°pw Xma-

kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ `qan, sh≈w, Im‰v apX-em-bh {]Zm\w sNøp-∂-

h\pw F√m-h-cp-sSbpw lrZ-b-Øn¬ kmZm IpSn-sIm-≈p-∂-h\pw

Hm¿Ω-i-‡n, Adnhv Ch-bpsS \nZm-\-hp-am-sW∂p thZ-Øn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.''

"At∏m-tfm-\n-bkv' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Imcy-Im-cW _‘-ßsf

Ipdn®p {KŸ-Im-c≥ sImSpØ hnh-c-Whpw apI-fn¬ D≤-cn®

{]kvXm-h-\-bp-ambn hfsc A[nIw tbmPn-∏p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 38

{]kvXpX {KŸ-Øn¬ Cu hn[w tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""F√m

Bfp-I-fnepw Znhyi‡n-bp-≠v. Cu Imc-W-Øm-emWv t\cn´pw A√m-

sXbpw hkvXp-°sf ]‰n IqSp-X¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.

{]tXyIamb H∂ns\ am{Xw hnh-£n-°msX "D≈-Xv' F∂v

A¿∞w hcp-∂Xpw ssZh-Øn\v D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xp-amb t]¿jy≥

`mj-bn-kse "JpZm' F∂ ]Z-Øn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn® hm°p-Iƒ a\p-

jysc kw_-‘n®pw D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.''

F∂m¬, Iqe-¶-j-ambn ]cn-Nn-¥\w sNømØ Bfp-Iƒ Bflm-

hn\pw "]pcpjv' F∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. CXp-sIm≠v Ah¿ Dt±-in-°p-

∂Xv "Bflmhv' F∂m-Wv. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Adn-hn-√m-

ØXpw Adn-bm-\p≈ Ignhp≈Xpw A≤zm-\n®p hnZy Ic-ÿ-am-°p-

∂-Xp-am-b H∂m-Wn-Xv. Bflm-hns‚ ASpØ Ahÿ "lbqe'

BWv. CXn\v Ahy-‡-am-bXv (-kz-cq]an√m-Ø-Xv) F∂v Ah¿ ]d-

bp-∂p. AXv Poh-\n-√m-ØXpw "kXp' "clp' "Xap' F∂o aq∂p

KpW-ßƒ A¥¿eo-\-am-b--Xp-am-Wv. _p≤-tZ-h≥ At±-l-Øns‚ \ma-

t[-b-Øn-ep≈ Hcp [¿Ω kwL-Øn\p _p≤n, aXw, A⁄X

F∂nh Ign-hp-IfpsS C\-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xmbn Rm≥

tI´n-´p -≠v. Ch-bn¬ H∂m-a-tØXv kuJyhpw \∑-bp-am-Wv.

AXn¬\n∂mWv D¤-hhpw hf¿®bpap≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. c≠m-a-tØXv

hnj-a-am-Wv. AXn¬\n∂p ÿnc-Xbpw \ne-\n¬∏pw D≠m-Ip-∂p.

aq∂m-atØXp _e-lo-\-X-bm-Wv. AXn¬\n∂mWv \miw D¤-hn-

°p-∂-Xv. Ch-bn¬ H∂m-a-tØXv tZh-∑m-cp-ambpw c≠m-a-tØXv a\p-

jy-cp-ambpw aq∂m-a-tØXv P¥p-°-fp-ambpw _‘-s∏-´-Xmbn IW-

°m-°-p-∂p. Cu ]d™ kwK-Xn-I-sf√mw apºnepw ]nºn-ep-ambn

amdn-a-dn™p InS-°p-∂h-bmbn KWn-°m-sa∂p hcn-Inepw kabw

F√m-‰n\pw H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. kzcq-]hpw ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-® aq∂v

KpW-ßfpw {]-tbm-KØnep≈-Xmb PV-]-Zm¿∞-Øn\v hy‡-am-b-

sX∂pw Ch-sb√mw IqSn-t®-cp-∂-Xn\p "{]IrXn' F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

ta∑, \mSyw, Uw_v Fs∂m-s°-bmWv AXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-

Xv. ]Zm¿∞w kzcq-]-hp-ambn tNcp-tºmƒ hkvXp-°ƒ hf-cm\pw

hnI-kn-°m\pw XpS-ßp-Ibpw AtXm-sSm∏w B kz`mhw hf-cp-Ibpw

i‡n {]m]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. GsXmcp kwbp-‡-h-kvXp-hn\pw

Iptd tIhe hkvXp-°-fp-≠m-Ip-at√m. Ah IqSn-t®-cp-tºm-gmWv

kwbp‡ hkvXp-°ƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Ahsb hn`-Pn-®m¬ tIhe

hkvXp-°-fmbn amdp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. ̀ qap-JØp ImWp∂ F√m kwbp‡

hkvXp°fpw BIm-iw, `qan, Im‰v, sh≈w, Xo F∂o "]©`qX-

ßƒ' tN¿∂p-≠mb kwbp-‡-ß-fm-Wv. Ch-bv°h¿ "alm-¤pXw'

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 39

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Xo F∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ah¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv NqSp≈

hmbp-h-√. adn®v IØn-sb-cn-bp∂ Xobm-Wv. hmbq]pcm-W-Øn¬

Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ]≠v `qanbpw sh≈hpw Im‰pw BIm-ihpw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\bncns° "{_“≥' `qan-bpsS D≈n¬ Hcp

Xos]mcn I≠p. At∏mƒ At±lw AXns\ ]pd-sØ-SpØp aq∂mbn

`mKn-®p.

1. "]m¿∞n-hw:' CXp sh≈samgn-®m¬ sI´p-t]m-Ip∂ Xobm-Wv.

2. "Zo]vXn:' CXp kqcy-\m-Wv.

3. "sshZypXw:' CXp an∂-em-Wv.

kqcy≥ sh≈sØ BI¿jn-°p-∂p. sshZypXn sh≈-Øn¬

\n∂p i‡n kºm-Zn-°p-∂p. Pohn-Iƒ A·n, Cu¿∏w Ch-bpsS

kwbp-‡- ^-e-am-Wv. AXp Imc-W-amWv Ah Blmcw hen-s®-Sp-

°p-∂-Xv. Cu A·n sh≈w-sIm≠v sI´p-t]m-Ip-∂n-√. Cu `qX-ß-

sf√mw kwbp-‡-ß-fm-Wv. Ahbv°v tIhe `mK-ß-fp-≠v. Chsb

"]©-amXr' F∂pw ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ°v "tKmN-c-am-bh' F∂pw ]d-

bp-∂p.

BIm-i-Øn\v: "i_vZw'- = tIƒ°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂pw Xobv°v,

"cq]w' = ImW-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂pw, sh≈-Øn\v, "cpNn' = kzmZv Bkz-

Zn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂pw, `qan-bv°v "K‘w' = hmk\ D≈-sX-∂pw

Im‰n\v "kv]¿iw' = A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bp-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

`qansb ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-® A©p am¿§-ß-fn-eqsSbpw Adn-bm≥

Ign-bpw. F∂m¬, sh≈w hmk-\-sIm-≠-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Xo hmk-

\-sIm≠pw cpNn sIm≠pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n√. Im‰v Ch c≠psIm-

≠pw ImgvN-sIm≠pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂n√. BImiw tIƒhn-sIm≠p

am{Xta Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p-≈q. i_vZhpw BIm-ihpw XΩn¬ _‘-

s∏-Sp-Øp∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ch¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂-sX-¥m-sW∂v F\n°p a\-

n-em-Ip-∂n-√. {Ko°v Ihn-bmb "Hman-dqkv' ]d-™Xp Xs∂bmhWw

Ch-cp-sSbpw Dt±-iy-sa∂p Rm≥ Duln-°p∂p. At±lw ]d-bp∂p:

""cmK-ßƒ D≈ Ggv BIm-i-ßƒ i_vZn-°p-Ibpw \√ i_vZ-Øn¬

{]Xn-\m-Z-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.'' At±lw Dt±-in-®Xv Ggv \£-

{X-ßsf Bbn-cp-∂p. a‰p Ihn-Iƒ Cßs\ D≤-cn-®p: ""hnhn[ cmK-

ßƒ D≈ Ggv BIm-i-ßƒ Ah-bpsS {kjvSm-hns\ kvtXm{Xw

sNbvXv Ft∏mgpw Nen-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ah-\s{X B BIm-i-ß-

sfbpw Ahbv°-∏pdsØ \£-{X-ß-fn-√mØ BIm-i-sØbpw IqSn

\S-Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv.'' t]m¿^ncn (Porphyry)

tKmf-ß-fpsS {]Ir-XsØ kw-_-‘n-® alm-∑m-cmb XXzNn¥-I-

∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßsf ]‰n hnh-cn-°p∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 40

bp∂p: ""]nXm-tKm-dkpw (Pythagorous) U-b·-kpw (Diognes) ]d-™-

Xp-t]mse hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb cq]-Ønepw am¿§-Ønepw A¤p-Xm-

h-l-am-b -cm-K-ß-tfm-sSbp≈ D]-cn-tKm-f-ß-fpsS Ne\w \nkv-Xp-e\pw

cq-]-c-ln-X-\pam-b I-¿-Øm-hn-s‚ A-kv-Xn-Xz-sØ sX-fn-bn-°p∂p.''

U-b·-kv hf-sc kq£v-a{i-h-W i-‡n-bp-≈ B-fm-b-Xn-\m-¬ A-

t±-l-Øn-\p tKm-f-ß-fp-sS Ne-\w tIƒ°m≥ km[n-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p

]d-bs∏Sp-∂p. CsX√mw Nne {]tXyI kqN-\-I-fm-Wv. Ahsb

hymJym-\n-°p-tºmƒ Htc \nb-asØ Xs∂ Ah-ew-`n-®-Xmbn

ImWmw. Imcyw icn°p {Kln-°mØ Ah-cpsS ]n≥Km-an-I-fn¬ Nne¿

Cßs\ ]d-bm-dp≠v: ""ImgvN sh≈-tØmSpw hmk\ XotbmSpw

cpNn `qan-tbmSpw kv]¿iw ico-c-Øn-ep≈ Poh-t\mSpw _‘-s∏-´-

Xm-Wv.'' IÆns‚ XWp∏pw \\-hp-ap≈ \ne I≠-Xp-sIm≠v

AXns\ sh≈-ambpw ]pI I≠-Xp-sIm≠v hmk\m-i‡nsb

Xobmbpw Blmcw \evIp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v cpNnsb `qanbmbpw _‘-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bXm-h-Ww. NXp¿`q-X-ßƒ Ah-km-\n-®-Xp-sIm≠v

kv]¿isØ Bflm-hpambn Ch¿ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xm-hmw F∂mWv

Rm≥ Duln-°p-∂-Xv.

Pohn-I-fpsS C{μn-b-ßsf Ipdn-®mWv CXphsc {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.

C¥y-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ kky-h¿§hpw Pnhn-I-fn¬ s]Sp-

∂p. "πmt‰m' ]d-bp-∂Xv kky-ßƒ°p t_m[-hpw Adnhpaps≠-

∂m-Wv. Cu Imc-W-Øm-emWv CXc P¥p-°sf t]mse tbmKyhpw

Atbm-Kyhpamb-hsb th¿Xncn®p kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ignhv

Ahbv°p-≈-Xv.

CXn-\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ A©m-Wv: "C{μn-b-ßƒ' F∂mWv

Ahbv°p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ImXp-sIm-≠p≈ tIƒhn, ImÆp-sIm-≠p≈

ImgvN, aq°p-sIm-≠p≈ hmk-\, \mhp-sIm-≠p≈ cpNn, sXmen-sIm-

≠p≈ kv]¿iw F∂n-h-b-s{X Ah. Cu Adnhv ssIImcyw sNøp-

∂Xv lrZ-b-Ønem-Wv. CXn\p "a\ v' F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. A©v

AXn-{]-[m-\-ß-fmb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒs°m≠p am{Xta Hcp hkvXp

Poh-\p-≈-Xmhp-I-bp≈q. {]h¿Ø-t\m-]-I-c-W-ßƒ°v "I¿tΩ-{μn-

b-ßƒ' F∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒs°m≠v

Adnhpw I¿tΩ-{μn-b-ßƒs°m≠v {]h¿Ø-\hpw e`n-°p-∂p.

{]h¿Ø-t\-{μn-b-ßƒ°v "AXym-h-iy-am-bh' F∂pw \ap°v

t]cpsImSp-°mw. Ah: Bhiyhpw Dt±-iy-hp-a-\p-k-cn®v, i_vZn-°p-

∂-Xn\v hmb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-I, FSp-°m\pw sImSp-°m\pw ssI

D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, HmSm\pw tXSm\pw Imep]-tbm-Kn-°p-I, ae-aq{X

hnk¿÷-\-Øn-\mbn AXn-\p≈ Zzmc-ßƒ D]-tbm-Ks∏Sp-Øp-I

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 41

F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. At∏mƒ F√mw IqSn Ccp-]Ø©v Bbn. AXm-

b-Xv: Bflm-hv, PV-]-Zm¿∞w, kzcq]w \evIp-∂ [mXp, Adnhv

ssIImcyw sNøp∂ a\- v, {]IrXnkz`m-hw, ]©-am-Xr-I-Iƒ,

]©`qX-ßƒ, ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ, -I¿tΩ-{μn-b-ßƒ CXymZnbm-Ip-∂p.

Ch-bvs°-√m-‰n-\pw-IqSn "XXz-ßƒ' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv

"]cmicp'sS ]p{X≥ "hymk≥' Cßs\ ]d-™Xv: ""Cu Ccp-

]Ø©v Imcy-ßƒ hni-Z-ambpw ¢n]vX-ambpw ZrV-ambpw Adn-bp-

I. shdpsX sNm√n ]Tn-°pI am{X-a√ th≠-Xv. ]n∂oSv GXp aXw

kzoI-cn-®mepw \n\°p tamN\w t\Smw.''

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 42

A[ymbw 4

{]h¿Ø\ Imc-Whpw Bflmhpw

PU-]-Zm¿∞hpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘hpwPoh≥ Bhn¿`hn-°p-Ibpw Pohnbpw Poh\pw XΩn-¬ _‘-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-tºm-g-√msX Pohn-I-fn¬\n∂v C—m-\p-k-c-W-ap≈

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-∂X√. {]tbm-K-Øn¬ Bflmhv PU-]-

Zm¿∞sØ kw-_-‘n-® XnI™ A⁄-X-bn¬ Ign-™ph-cn-Ibpw

PUw H∂p-sIm-≠-√msX X\n°p \ne-\n-ev]n-s√∂p IcpXp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ \nXy\ne-\n-ev]n\p Imw£n-°p-Ibpw

ico-c-Øn¬ Hfn-™p-In-S-°p∂ cl-ky-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m\pw AXp-

ambn kwtbm-Pn-°m\pw {ian-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. icocap≈Xpw

icocan√m-Ø-Xp-amb c≠p hkvXp-°ƒ Ah-bpsS {]tXyI KpW-

ß-fpsS D®-tIm-Sn-bn¬ Xs∂ ÿnXnsNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ah

c≠pw XΩn¬ a≤yÿ am¿§-ßƒ IqSmsX ASp-°p-I- km≤y-a-√.

sshcp≤ykz`m-h-ap≈ A·nbpw sh≈hpw XΩn¬ ASp-∏n-°p-∂-

Xn\p hmbp AXym-h-iy-am-b-Xp-t]mse ico-cnbpw Ai-co-cnbpw XΩn-

ep≈ hnShv `b-¶-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬ Bflm-hn\p a[yÿ am¿§-ßƒ

aptJ-\-b-√msX Xs‚ Dt±-iy-ßƒ t\SpI km[y-a-√. "]©amXr-

I'-I-fn¬ \n∂pw "`q¿temKv', "`q_¿ temKv', "k^¿ temKv'

(`qtemIw, =A-SpØ temIw, ̀ qh¿temIw=a≤y-tem-Iw, kz¿temIw-

=AI∂ temIw) F∂o temI-ß-fn¬ D¤-hn-°p∂ ssNX-\y-ß-

fm-Wv {]kvXpX a≤yÿ am¿§-ßƒ. Ahbv°p eLpico-c-ßƒ

F∂p ]d-b-p-∂p. kqcy≥ hnhn[ IÆm--Sn-I-fnepw sh≈-∏m-{X-ß-fnepw

Hmtcm \ne-bn¬ {]Xn-_nw-_n-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse Bflmhv Cu

eLpico-c-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-_nw-_n-°p-Ibpw Ahsb {]Im-in-∏n-°p-I-

bpw sNøp-∂p. ico-c-ßƒ hnhn[ [mXp-°-fm¬ IqSnt®cp-Ibpw

BWpw s]Æp-am-bn- th¿Xncn-™p Po-h-≥ kzo-I-cn-°m-≥ X-øm-dm-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 43

hp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬, B eLpico-c-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Cu

eLpico-c-ßƒ Ahbv°v D]-I-c-W-ß-fmbn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. At∏mƒ A©p Xc-Øn-ep≈ Im‰p-Iƒ ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in-

°p-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ H∂pw c≠pw izmtkm-—zm-k-Øn\v D]-I-cn-°p-

Ibpw aq∂m-a-tØXv Bam-i-b-Øn¬ `£y-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ Zln-∏n-

°p-Ibpw \mem-a-tØXv ico-c-Øn\p N\e kuI-cy-ßƒ D≠m-

°p-Ibpw A©m-a-tØXv ico-c-Øn¬ t_m[i‡n D≠m-°p-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. C¥y-°m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ km[m-cW \ne-bn¬

Bflm-°ƒ XΩn¬ hyXym-k-an-s√-¶nepw, ico-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-

Sp-tºmƒ Ah-bpsS kz`m-h-ß-f--\p-k-cn®p hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.

CXmWv {]hr-Øn-bpsS D¤-h-Øn\p {][m\ Imc-W-w. Ign-hn¬-

\n∂p {]h¿Øn-bn-te°p Nen-°pI F∂Xv ]q¿W\ne ssIh-cp-

Øm-\p≈ PU-]-Zm¿∞-Øns‚ Pn⁄m-k-bmWv. a’c_p≤nbpw

A[n-Im-c-tam-lhpw kzm`m-hn-I-amb-Xn-\m¬ Ah {]I-S-am-°m≥

k¿Δ IgnhpIfpw a\p-jy≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. icoc{]Ir-Xnsb

ka¿∞-amb Hcp \¿Ø-In-tbmSv Ah≥ kmay-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. ImWn-

Isf {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw BI¿jn-°m\pw Ah-fpsS apgp-h≥ Ign-

hp-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn®pIgn-™m¬ ]ns∂ ]g-bXpXs∂ Bh¿Øn-

°p-I-b-√msX Ahƒ°p \nhrØnbn√-t√m. Bflmhpw ico-chpw

IqSn-t®-cp-tºmƒ D¤q-X-am-Ip∂ Ign-hn\v G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-cWw

Iq´p-Im-sc√mw `bm-\-I-amb Hcp `qan-bn¬ Dt]-£n®pt]mb Ipcp-S-

s‚bpw Nen-°m≥ Ign-hn-√mØ _e-lo-\-s‚bpw IY-bm-Wv. _e-

lo\≥ Ipcp-S-t\mSv ""Rm≥ ImgvN-bp≈ _e-lo-\-pw \o ImgvN-bn-

√mØ Btcm-Ky-hm-\p-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬, \o Fs∂ \ns‚ Npa-en¬

Ib-‰p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \ap°v Cu \n -lm-bm-h-ÿ-bn¬\n∂p c£

{]m]n-°m≥ Ign-bpw'' F∂p ]d-bp-Ibpw Aßs\ Ah¿ c£-s∏-

Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

ta¬ hnh-cn-®-Xpt]mse I¿Øm-hns\°pdn®v Ah¿°p `n∂m-

`n-{]m-b-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. hnjvWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p:

""PU-]-Zm¿∞-amWv temI-Øn¬ aqe[mXp. AXns‚ {]h¿Ø\w

{]IrXymbp≈Xpw C—°p hnt[-b-a-√m-Ø-Xp-am-Ip-∂p. hnØp-Iƒ

AXns‚ C—- Iq-SmsX {ItaW apf®p ac-am-Ip-∂p. Im‰v C—-bn-

√msX sh≈sØ XWp-∏n-°p-∂p. C—m{]-h¿Ø\w hnjvWp-hn\p

am{Xtabp≈q. ChnsS "hnjvWp' F∂ ]Zw-sIm≠v hnh£ Bflm-

sh-∂m-Wv. AXp-ap-tJ\ icocw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw kvt\ln-Xs\

t]mse Bflm-hns\ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tbip-{In-kvXp-

hnt\mSv At±-l-Øns‚ Iq´p-Im¿ ih-Øn\p Poh-\p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xns\

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 44

Ipdn®p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ, ""Bflmhv ico-c-hp-ambn ]ncn-™m¬ icocw

ih-ambnØocp-∂p. AXn\p Poh-\p-≠m-hpI km[y-a-√. ico-c-hp-

ambn ]ncn-™m¬ Bflmhv Hcn-°epw acn-°p-∂n-√.'' F∂n-ßs\

adp-]Sn ]d-™Xv Cu bmYm¿∞ysØ sXfn-bn-°p-∂ps≠∂p am\n

]d-bp-∂p. "kmwJyw' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-™Xp t\m°mw:

""{]h¿Ø-\sØ ico-c-Øn-t‚-sX∂p KWn-°p-∂Xv ico-c-Øn-ep≈

Znhy-Xzw, a\p-jy-Xzw, P¥pkz-`mhw F∂nh amdn-amdn hcp-∂Xp-sIm-

≠m-Wv. Cu aq∂p KpW-ßfpw ico-c-Øn-t‚Xp am{X-am-Wv.

Bflmhpw Ch-bp-ambn bmsXmcp _‘-hp-an-√. Hmtcm-cp-Øcw

{]tXyIw {]tXyIw {]hrØn sNøp∂ Hcp \mSv I≠v B›-cy-

tØmsS B \m´p-Imsc ho£n-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS sshcp≤y kz`m-

h-ß-fn¬\n∂pw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]mTw ]Tn-®v H∂nepw ]s¶-

Sp-°msX HcnSØ-v H‰°p\n∂p- hna¿in-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp bm{X-

°m-cs‚ kmZr-iy-amWv Bflm-hn-\p-≈-Xv. Ahn-Nm-cn-X-ambn I≈-

∑m-cpsS IqsS \S-t°≠nhcn-Ibpw t]eokv Ahsc ]nSn®p _‘n-

®-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ s]´p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX Hcm-fns‚

\ne-bm-Wv ico-c-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v Hgn™p\n¬°p∂

Bflm-hn-t‚-Xv. Ah¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""BIm-iØp\n∂v Htc\n-e-bn¬

s]bvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ag-t]m-se-bmWv Bflmhv. ag tiJ-cn-°-

s∏-Sp∂ ÿehpw ]m{Xßfpw A-\p-k-cn-®p sh-≈-Øn-s‚ cp-Nn,

hmk-\, \n-dw F∂nh hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-hpw. Bflmhv ico-c-Øn\p

Poh≥ \evIpI am{Xw sNøp-∂p. imco-cnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬

G¿s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXns‚ aq∂v kz`m-h-ß-f-\p-k-cn®p {]h¿Ø-\-

ßfpw hyXym-k-s∏-́ p-h-cp-∂p. ico-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Bflm-hns‚

\ne Hcp hml-\-Øn¬ khmcn sNøp-∂-h-t\mSp Xp√y-am-Wv. C{μn-

b-ßƒ Bflm-hn\p tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-∂p. ssZhm-\p-{K-l-ambn

e`n-°p∂ _p≤n bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ ImWm\pw ssZhsØ a\- n-em-

°m\pw kZvI¿Ω-ßƒ I≠p ]Tn-°m-\p-ap≈ Hcp D]-I-c-W-am-bmWv

Ah¿ IcpXp∂-Xv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 45

A[ymbw 5

Ah-Xmc kn≤m¥wGIssZh kn≤m¥w apkvenwI-fp-sSbpw {XnssZ-hXz hmZw

{InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sS-bpw i\n-hmcw PqX-∑m-cpsSbpw Nn”-ß-fm-b-Xp-

t]mse Ah-Xmc kn≤m¥w C¥y-°m-cpsS aXNn”-ß-fm-Wv. Ah-

Xmckn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°m-Ø-hs\ aX-Øn¬\n∂p ]pdw-X-

≈-s∏-´-h-\mbn Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

Ah-cpsS hmZ-KXn Cßs\ t]mIp∂p:

""Bflm-hn\p kz¥-ambn {Kmly-i-‡n-bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v apgp-

h≥ Imcy-ßfpw Htc ka-bØp ]q¿W-ambn Adn-bpI km[y-a-√.

Hmtcm hkvXp-hn-s\ kw-_-‘n-®pw {ItaW ]Tn-t°≠nhcn-Ibpw

hkvXp-°ƒ hfscb[nIw D≈-Xp-sIm≠v CXn-\p Zo¿L-Imew Bh-

iy-ambn hcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu Imc-W-Øm¬ hy‡n-Isfbpw

hnhn[ Xc-°m-scbpw Ah-cpsS ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-sfbpw kw-_-‘n-®p

\√-Xp-t]mse ]Tn®pw ]co-£-W-ßƒ \S-Ønbpw \hw \h-ß-fmb

Adn-hp-Iƒ Ic-ÿ-am-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. {]hr-Øn-I-fm-sW-¶n¬

hnhn[ Xc-Øn¬ \S--°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. temIw \nb-{¥n-X-amb

Ft¥m Hcp e£y-Øn-\p-th≠n \oßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bmWpXm\pw.

AXn-\m¬, \nXy-Po-hn-I-fmb Bflm-°ƒ \mtim-∑p-J-am-b ico-c-

ß-fn¬ \√Xpw NoØ-bp-ambn hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-

cmbn k©-cn--°p-I-bm-Wv. Bflmhv A\p-\n-anjw t\Sp∂ ^e-ßƒ

tlXp-hmbn \√Xp sNøm\pw NoØsb ssIsh-Sn-bm\pw \n¿_-

‘-nXam-Ip-∂p. Cu hn[w NoØsb shSn™v \√XpƒsIm-≠v AXv

Db¿®-bn¬\n∂v Db¿®-bn-te°p Kan-°p-I-bm-Wv. icoc{]Ir-Xnb\p-

k-cn®p {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS kz`mhw amdp∂p Ft∂ hyXym-kap≈q.

ico-chpw Bflmhpw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v F√mbvt∏m-gpw

]pXn-bXv ]g-b-Xn-t\-°mƒ sa®-s∏-´-Xm-hpw. Bflmhv ]e Imcy-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 46

ßfpw A\p-`-h-Øn¬\n∂pw a‰pw {Kln-°p-Ibpw kz¥-ambn D∂-

Xn-I-sfbpw Ah-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏n-s\bpw ]‰n a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw

Ah-bn¬ hnizmkw Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah-km\w icocw Bh-iy-an-

s√∂ Hcp \ne-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-Ibpw Aßs\ tamN\w t\Sp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. F≈n≥hnØn¬\n∂p shfn®w \evIp-∂-Xn-\p≈ FÆ

kw`-cn®pIgn™v AXns‚ icocw N≠n-bmbn X≈p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-

bmWv Bflm-hn-s‚bpw \ne. ChnsS Adnhpw Adn-bp-∂Xpw Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Htc hkvXp Xs∂-bmhp∂p.

Cu hnjsØ kw_-‘n®v C¥y-°m-cpsS hy‡-amb {]kvXm-

h-\-Ifpw AXn-t\mSp tbm-Pn-°p∂ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw

\ap-°n-hnsS hnh-cn-°mw. c≠v bp≤\nc-I-fpsS CS-bn¬\n∂p- hmkp-

tZ-h≥ A¿÷p-\s\ bp≤-Øn\p t{]cn-∏n-®v Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-

°p∂p:

""\o hn[n-bn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Cu hn[w a\- n-em-

°Ww. Ahcpw \mapw acn-°p-∂n√; ImcWw, Bflm-°ƒ \-in-°p∂-

htbm ÿnXnamdp-∂-htbm A√. hnhn[ tZi-ß-fn-embn Ah

amdnamdn hcp-∂p. Hcp tZlw \in-®m¬ Bflmhv as‰mcp tZl-Øn-

te°p amdp-∂p.'' Bt±lw XpS-cp∂p: ""Bflmhv F∂pw Ah-ti-jn-

°pw. AXn\p P\-\tam ac-Wtam C√. hmƒ AXns\ apdn-th¬∏n-

°p-Itbm Xo Icn-®p-I-f-bp-Itbm \miw hcp-Øp-Itbm Im‰v AXns\

]d-∏n®pIf-bp-Itbm sNøp-I-bn-√. ]t£, \mw amdn amdn hkv{X-

[m-cWw sNøp-∂-Xp-t]mse AXp ico-c-ßƒ amdn amdn kzoI-cn-

°p-Ibpw ssIhn-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]ns∂ F¥n-\mWv \mi-an-√mØ

Bflm-hns\ sNm√n \o hnj-an-°p-∂-Xv? AY-hm, \mtim-∑p-J-amhp-

∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂ \in-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn\p th≠n hmZn-°p-∂Xv

DØ-a-a-√t√m? icocw \in-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv \o k¶-S-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-

¶n¬ AXp-sIm-≠p ^-e-an√. P\n-®-h¿ acn-°pw. CXv Cuizc \n›-

b-am-Wv. Imcy-ß-fpsS F√mw \nb-¥mhv Ah-\-s{X.''

kw`m-jWat≤y A¿÷p-\≥ At±-l-tØmSv Cßs\ tNmZn®p:

""h¿Ø-am\ Ime-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Aßv temIm-cw-

`-Øn\p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ {_“m-hp-ambn Fßs\ kacw sNbvXp?''

hmkp-tZ-h≥ adp-]Sn \evIn: ""Ime-∏-g°w At±-lsØ t]mse

Xs∂ \ap°pap≠v. GsX√mw {]mhiyw Rm≥ At±-l-tØmSp IqSn

Pohn-®n-´pt≠m B ka-b-ßsf ]‰n Rm≥ ]cn-]q¿W t_m[-hm-

\m-Wv. a\p-jysc kwkvI-cn-°m≥ ]pd-s∏-Sm-\p-t±-in-®n-cp-∂-t∏m-sg√mw

Rm≥ Hmtcm icocw [cn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcn-°¬ Hcp cmPmhv ̨ t]cv Rm≥

Hm¿°p-∂n-√˛Xs‚ P\-X-tbmSv Cßs\ Bh-iy-s∏´p: ""Rm≥ acn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 47

®m¬ Fs‚ icocw Bcp-sSbpw NpSp-e-°-f-am-ImØ Hcp ÿe-

Øpsh°p-I.'' At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tijw Aßs\ Hcp ÿew

In´msX Ah¿ Ipg-ßn. At∏mƒ kap-{ZØn¬ Hcp ]md I≠p.

e£yw k^-e-am-b-Xmbn Ah¿ IcpXn. At∏mƒ hmkp-tZ-h≥

]d™p: Cu cmPmhp Xs∂ ]e {]mhiyw Cu ]md-bn¬ Icn-°-

s∏-ń-´p-≠v. \nßsf Imcyw [cn-∏n-°pI F∂Xmbn-cp∂p At±-l-

Øns‚ e£yw. AXn¬ At±lw hnP-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.'' hmkp-tZ-h≥

XpS¿∂p: tamN\w e£y-am-°n- Hcmƒ ùXnItemIw XyPn-°m≥

Dt±-in-°p-Ibpw Abm-fpsS lrZbw AXn\p hg-ßm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXm¬ {]Xn-êw e`n-°p-∂-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Abmƒ°p {]Xn-

êw e`n-°p-sa-∂-√msX e£yw {]m]n-°p-I-bn-√. AXn-\m¬, Abm-

fpsS Bflmhv Cu temI-tØ°p aSßnh∂p ta¬K-Xn Bh-iy-

s∏-Sp∂ ico-c-Øn¬ IqSp-Ibpw {ItaW e£y-Øn-se-Øp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. Bflmhv ico-c-hp-ambn ]ncn-™m¬ t_m[-hm\pw ico-c-

hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A⁄-\p-am-Wv. {]h¿Øn-t°-≠-h-\m-

sW∂ t_m≤y-tØm-sSbp≈-h\pw Cu temIØp \S-°p∂ F√m

{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw X\n-°p-th-≠n-bmsW∂p a\- n-em-°p-∂-h-\p-am-

Wv. Aßs\ i-co-c-hp-ambn _‘s∏-´m¬ ]t©-{μn-b-ßƒ aptJ\

F√m hkvXp-°fpw Ah\p e`n-°p-∂p. ico-c-hp-ambn ]ncn-™m¬

B hkvXp-°-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ AXn¬ Xßn\n¬°p-∂p.

At∏mƒ Ah\v Adn-bm-\p≈ B{Klw P\n-°p-Ibpw as‰mcp ico-

c-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Cu kμ¿ -̀ß-fn¬ hnhn[ \ne

kzoI-cn-t°≠n hcp-∂Xv AXp kzoI-cn® ico-c-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂

ap≥KpW-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. ico-c-am-Ip∂ NndIv \jvS-s∏´ Bflmhv

ico-c-Øn-te°p Xs∂ aS-ßpIb√msX ]ns∂ F¥p sNøm-\m-

Wv? At±lw ho≠pw XpS¿∂p: ""DØa a\p-jy≥ kºq¿W ]fin-

X-\m-Wv. Ah≥ ssZh-sØbpw ssZhw Ah-s\bpw kvt\ln-°p-

∂p. ]q¿ÆX ssIh-cp-∂-Xn\v F{Xtbm P\-\hpw ac-Whpw Ah≥

kzo-I-cn-t°≠n hcp-∂p.''

hnjvWp[¿Ω-Øn¬ t{]X-ßsf Ipdn®p ]d-bp-∂n-SØv am¿°-

tfi-b-s‚bpw Hcp {]kvXm-h\ D≤-cn-°p-∂p: {_lvamhpw alm-tZ-

hs‚ ]p{X-\mb Im¿Øn-tIb\pw e£va-W\pw kap-{Z-Øn¬ \n∂v

Bio¿hm-Z-ßƒ \evIp∂ tZh-∑m-cs{X. alm-tZ-h\pw At±-l-

Øns‚ ]Xv\n Dam-tZ-hnbpw Cu temI a≤y-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-

∂p. Ah¿ ]e-X-hW Cßs\ hnhn[ ico-c-ß-fn-embn ChnsS D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. "hcml-an-ln-c≥' hm¬ \£{X \nb-a-ßƒ (AlvIm-ap¬

apZ-∂-_mXv) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: ""hm¬

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 48

\£-{X-ß-ƒ DZn-°p-tºmƒ a\p-jy≥ \mSp-hn-Sm\pw a‰pw CS-bm-Ip∂

\mi-ßƒ D≠m-bm¬, ]n©p-ss]-X-ß-fpsS Iøpw ]nSn®p \S--°th

Xß-fpsS cmP-°-∑m¿ sNbvX ]m]-Øn\p Xßƒ in£n-°-s∏-ń-cn-

°p-I-bm-sW∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ]t£, ap≥ P∑-Øn¬ \mw sNbvX

]m]-ß-fmWv \mw Ct∏mƒ A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.'' "am\n' "Cdm≥

ildn'¬\n∂v \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ C¥y-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw

Ah-Xmckn≤m¥w At±-l-Øns‚ aX-Øn-te°p ]I¿Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. "kn¿dp¬ Akvdm¿' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ At±lw Cßs\

]d-bp∂p: ""Bflm-°ƒ \in-°p-I-bn√. ap≥cq]-tØmSp kmay-ap≈

]pXn-b-]p-Xnb cq]-ßfnepw Nne-t∏mƒ Nne P¥p-°-fpsS cq]-ß-

fn-ep-ambn Cu temIØp Xs∂ \n¬°p-I-bm-sW∂p a\- n-em-°nb

"lhm-cn-Iƒ' (tbip-hns‚ {]tXyI kJm-°ƒ) tbip-hn-t\mSv

kXyw kzoI-cn-°mØ Bflm-°sf ]‰n tNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

""sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n´pw kXyw kzoI-cn-°mØ ]m]n-Iƒ \in-®p-

t]m-Ipw. Xosc kpJw e`n-°p-I-bn-√.'' F∂-t±lw adp-]Sn \evIn.

\miw F∂ hm°p-sIm≠v in£-bm-Wp-t±iyw. \in®p \mam-h-ti-

j-am-hp-I-bn-√. am\n XpS¿∂p ]d-bp∂p: ""Bflmhv D]-cn-tem-I-

tØ°v Db¿∂p t]mIp-∂Xv ih ico-c-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNbvXp-sIm-

≠m-sW∂v "ssZ-km-\n-Iƒ' Icp-Xp-∂p. ih-i-cocw Bflm-hns‚

i{Xp-hm-sW∂pw AXn¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂Xv Bflm-hn-\p≈ in£-

bm-sW∂pw Ah¿ a\- n-em-°n-bn-√. a\p-jys‚ Cu cp]w bYm¿∞y-

am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ssZhw AXns\ \in-∏n-°p-Itbm C{μnbw aqew

K¿`m-b-i-Øn¬\n∂p P\n-∏n-°p-I-tbm sNøp-am-bn-cp -∂n-√.''

"]XRvPen' ]d-bp-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""ico-c-Øn¬ A⁄-X-bn¬

\ne-sIm-≈p∂ Bflmhv Rmen-bpsS (D-an-bp-sS) D≈n¬ ÿnXn-sN-

øp∂ Acn-aWn t]mse-bm-Wv. AXn\p sXmen-bn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-

tºmƒ DXv∏m-Z\w \S-Øm\pw ]pdØpt]mIp-tºmƒ kzX-{¥-am-

Im\pw AtX \ne-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°m\pw km[n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬,

hnhn[ am¿§-ß-fnepw cq]-ß-fn-ep-ambn kpJ-Ønepw ZpxJ-Ønepw

Bflmhv Imew Ign-°p-∂Xv AXn\p e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-êw

sIm≠mWv''

At∏mƒ At±-l-tØmSv Btcm Hcmƒ tNmZn® tNmZyhpw A-

Xns‚ DØ-c-hp-amWv NphsS sImSp-°p-∂-Xv.

tNmZyw: Bflmhv c£tbm in£tbm Ic-ÿ-am-°n-°-gn-™m¬

]ns∂ DZv]m-X\ hkvXp-°-fp-ambn F¥n-\mWv tNcp-∂Xv?

DØcw: apºv {]h¿Øn-®-Xns‚ êw kpJ-amtbm ZpxJ-amtbm

A\p-`-hn-®p {]h¿Øn°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bm-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 49

tNmZyw: {]Xn-^ew e`n-°mØ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ Bflmhv Hcn-°¬

sNbvXpIgn-™m¬ ]ns∂ AXn\p adhn kw`-hn-°p-Ibpw as‰mcp

PU-Øn-te°p hcm≥ Ign-bmsX t]mhp-Ibpw Ct√?

DØcw: {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v Hgn™p\n¬°pI Bflm-hn\p

km[y-a-√. {]h¿Øn-°-W-sa-¶n¬ ico-csØ D]-tbm-Knt® Xocq.-

Im-e-Øn-\-Xo-X-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ Bflm-°ƒ°p Ime-ssZ¿Lyw-

sImt≠m at‰m adhn ]‰p-∂-X-√. Ip´n-Ifpw bphm-°-∑mcpw Zo¿Lm-

bp- n-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ tIƒ°p-tºmƒ kt¥m-jn-

°pIbpw hn\m--i-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ tIƒ°p-tºmƒ

ZpxJn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xmbn ImWm-at√m.

ap-÷-≥-a-Øn¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ am[pcyhpw ac-W-Øns‚ Ibv]pw

a\- n-em-°n-bn-s√-¶n¬ Ch¿ F¥n\p ac-W-sØ `b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

Pohn-XsØ CjvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p?

tkm{I-́ okv At±-l-Øns‚ t^tUm (Phaedo) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬

]q¿Δo-I-∑m-cmb XXz-Nn-¥-I¿ ]d-™X\p-kva-cn∏n-®v C{]-Imcw ]d-

™Xp ImWmw:

""Bflm-°ƒ ChnsS\n∂v ]mXmf temI-Øn-te°p t]mhp-Ibpw

]n∂o-Sn-hntS°p Xs∂ aSßnhcn-Ibpw acn-®-h-cn¬\n∂p Pohn-Iƒ

D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''

hkvXp-°-fpsS D¤hw Xs∂ sshcp-≤y-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv. ]cn-

ip-≤m-flm-°ƒ ]mXmftemIØp Xs∂ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. ZpjvSm-

flm-°ƒ°v AhnsS \n-e-sIm-ffp∂-Xn-\p I-gn-bm-sX h-cp-tºm-ƒ Ah

Cl-tem-I-tØ°p Xs∂ Xncn-®p-h∂p hnhn[ ico-c-ß-fn-embn

k©-cn--t°-≠-Xmbn hcp-∂p. CØcw Bflm-°ƒ°p ssZh-hp-ambn

XZmflyw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p Ign-bp-I-bn-√. At±lw XpS¿∂p {]kvXm-

hn-°p-∂p. ""Bflmhv kz¥-am-bm¬ ]Tn-®-tXm¿°p-I-b-√msX ]pXn-

bsXm∂pw ]Tn-°p-∂n-√.''

"t{]m¢kv' {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:

""Hm¿Ωbpw ad-hnbpw Bflm-hns‚ {]tXyI KpW-ß-fm-Wv. ico-

c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXn\v Adnhpw Hm¿Ωbpw D≠m-Ip-

∂p. ico-c-hp-ambn th¿s]-´m¬ F√m-hn[ sI´p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw

AI-ep-∂p. At∏mƒ AXn\v Hm¿Ωbpw Adnhpw tijn-°p-∂p.

ho≠pw ico-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ AXns‚ \ne-hmcw XmWp-

t]m-hp-Ibpw Aßs\ adhn h∂p-tN-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CtX

A¿∞-Øn-emWv Cu temIw Dd-ßp∂ Bflm-°-fp-sSbpw ]c-temIw

DW¿∂ Bflm-°-fp-sSbpw BsW∂p Nne kq^n-Iƒ {]kvXm-hn-

®-Xv. Cu kq^n-I-fn¬ Nne¿ BXvam-°ƒ, BIm-iw, A¿iv, Ip¿kn

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 50

XpS-ßnb ]cn-ip≤ ÿe-ß-fnepw k©-cn®phcp∂p F∂pw a‰p-

Nne¿ Ah-bpsS hnlmccwK-ßƒ F√m Pohn-Ifpw kky-ßfpw

Cu temIw apgp-h\pw Xs∂-bm-sW∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu

]-d-™hbn-¬\n∂v Ah¿ Ah-XmchmZw AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn

Duln-°mw.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 51

A[ymbw 6

temI-ßfpw {]Xn-̂ ew e`n-°p∂ ÿe-ß-fpw1. kq^¿ temIv (D-]-cn-tem-Iw) kz¿§w.

2. \mKv temIw (\m-i-tem-Iw), As√-¶n¬ ]mXmf temIw˛

\cIw.

3. amX-temIv ˛ As√-¶n-¬ a\p-jy-tem-Iv˛ a≤y-temIw F∂n-

ßs\ aq∂v hn`m-K-ß-fm-Wv.

a≤y-temIw {]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\pw D]-cn-temIw {]Xn-^-e-Øn-\pw

]mXmftemIw in£°pw D≈-Xm-Ip-∂p.

Cu c≠v temIØv F√m kZvKp-W-ßƒ°pw Zp¿Kp-W-ßƒ°pw

{]Xn-^ew e`n-°p-∂p. AhnsS Bflmhv am{Xta D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q.

KpWhpw tZmjhpw sNøm-Ø-h¿°v as‰mcp temI-ap-≠v. CXv kkym-

Zn-I-fp-sSbpw P¥p-°-fp-sSbpw temI-am-Wv. AXn\p XrKvtemIv F∂p

]d-bp-∂p. ChnsS Iptd Imew amdn amdn k©-cn-®-Xn\p tij-amWv

Bflmhv {ItaW a\p-jy-cp-]-ß-fn-te°v ho≠pw hcp-∂-Xv. Cu hn-

[-Øn-¬ Nn-e B-flm-°-ƒ-°v Cu tem-I-Øp Xm-a-kn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂Xv

Ahbv°v in£mc£°v A¿lX C√m-Ø-Xp-sImt≠m \c-I-

Øn¬\n∂p c£ t\Sp-∂-Xn\p th≠ntbm Bbn-cn-°pw.

C¥y-°m¿ H´p-h-fsc \c-I-ß-fpsS t]cpw KpW-ßfpw ]d-bp-

∂p. Ip‰-ß-fpsS C\-a-\p-k-cn®p \c-I-ßfpw Ds≠-∂mWv Ah¿

hmZn-°p-∂-Xv. hnjvWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ 88,000 (F¨∏-sØ-Æm-bn-cw)

\c-I-ß-fp-≈-Xmbn ]d-™-Xmbn ImWmw. I≈-hmZn, I≈-km£n

apX-em-b-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-h\pw P\-ßsf ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂-h\pw

"tdmtdm' F∂ \c-I-Ønepw, A[n-Im-c-an-√msX sIme \S-Øp-I,

P\-ß-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ A]-l-cn-°p-I apX-em-bh sNøp-∂-h\pw

Ih¿®-°mc\pw tKmh[w \S-Øp-∂-h\pw "dq[' \c-I-Ønepw {]th-

in-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. {_m“W hntZz-jnbpw {_m“W l¥mhpw kz¿Æw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 52

Ifhp\S-Øp-Itbm AØ-c-w I-≈-∑m-cp-ambn Iq´p-]n-Sn-°p-Itbm

sNøp-∂-h\pw {]Pm-lnXXXv]-c-\-√mØ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cnbpw Kpcp-

hns‚ `mcysb hy`n-N-cn-°p-∂-h\pw ASpØ _‘p-P-\-ß-fmb

kv{XoI-fp-ambn k√-]n-°p-∂-h\pw "k∫-XvKpºv' F∂ \c-I-Øn¬

{]th-in-°p-∂p. `mcy hy`n-Nmc hrØn-bn¬ G-¿-s∏-Sp∂Xv CjvS-

s∏-Sp-∂-h\pw kz¥w aI-sfbpw aIs‚ `mcy-sbbpw hy`n-N-cn-°p-

∂-h\pw k¥m-\-ßsf hnev°p-∂-h\pw kz¥w Bh-iy-ß-fn¬

t]mepw ep_v[X ImWn-°p-∂-h\pw "alm-Pm≥' F∂ \c-I-Øn¬

in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. arK-ßsf t`mKw sNøp-∂-h\pw Kpcp-hns\

Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-h\pw P\-ßsf tami-ambn ho£n-°p-∂-h\pw thZ-

ß-sfbpw ]pcm-W-ß-sfbpw ]p—n-°p-∂-h\pw Ahsb NqjWw

sNbvXp Pohn-°p-∂-h\pw "ih¬' F∂ \c-I-Øn¬ Ign-™p-Iq-

tS≠n hcp-∂p. I≈\pw Ir{Xn-a-°m-c\pw icn-bmb am¿§w sX‰n

\S-°p-∂-h\pw ]nXm-hns\ shdp-°p-∂-h\pw ssZh-sØ-bpw

kakrjvSn-I-sfbpw kvt\-ln-°m-Ø-h-\pw alXzw t\Sn-b-hsc

shdpw \n m-c-∑mcmbn IW-°m-°p-∂-h\pw "Iraniv' F∂ \c-I-

Øn¬ IS-°p-∂p. ]nXm-°-fpsSbpw ]nXm-a-l-∑m-cp-sSbpw Ah-Im-

i-ßƒ am\n-°m-Ø-h-\pw ssZh ZqX-∑msc Ah-K-Wn-°p-∂-h\pw

Aºv, Ip¥w apX-emb \n¿Ωn-°p-∂-h\pw "emd-]-£Øn'¬ in£n-

°-s∏-Sp-∂p. hmfpw IØnbpw D≠m-°p-∂-h\p ÿm\w "_ni-kqXn'

F∂ \c-I-am-Wv. `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬\n∂pw {_m“-W-cn¬\n∂pw

]mcn-tXm-jnIw e`n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n amwkhpw FÆbpw sagpIpw

aZyhpw a‰pw hn‰p kºm-Zn® ]Ww ad®psh°p-∂-h≥ "At[mdpI'-

bn¬ in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]nS-t°mgn, BSv, ]∂n ]q®, ]£n apX-em-

hsb sIm∂p `£n-°p-∂-h≥ "tc[vdm∂m' F∂ \-c-I-Ønepw, Ifn-

°m-c\pw Aßm-Sn-bn¬ ]m´p-]m-Sp-∂-h\pw hntij Znh-k-ß-fn¬

kz¥w ̀ mcy-bp-ambn t`mKw \S-Øp-∂-h\pw Bfp-I-fpsS hoSp-Iƒ°p

Xo sh°p-∂-h\pw kvt\ln-Xs\ h©n-°p-∂-h\pw "tdmZ¿' F∂

\c-I-Ønepw IS-°pw. tXs\-Sp-°p-∂-h≥ "sshXcWn'bnepw kzØp

sIm≈sNøp-Ibpw kv{XoIsf A{I-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h≥ "I¿i-

Wn'epamWv in£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. acw apdn-°p-∂-h≥ "Bkv]n-{X-

_\n'epw thS\pw Pmen-I\pw "_lp-P-\men'epw aX-Nn-”-ßsf Ah-

K-Wn-°p-∂-h≥ "kt¥≥iI'bnepw in£n-°-s∏-Sp -∂-Xm-Wv.

C{Xbpw ChnsS ]d-™Xv Ah-cpsS hnizm-k{]-Im-c-ap≈ Nne Ip‰-

ßƒ Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m\m-Wv. \cIw sIm≠v Ah¿

hnh£n°p-∂Xv a\p-jy-Xz-Øn¬\n∂v Xmgv∂ ]Z-hn-te°v Bflmhv

A[x-]-Xn-°pI F∂Xm-Wv. C{]-Imcw kw`-hn-°p-∂Xp tXSn-b-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 53

c£m-am¿§w Dd-∏p-≈Xpw kwi-bm-XoXa√m-Ø-Xn-\mepw Dulm-Sn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-Wv. {]Xn-̂ ew BZysØ P∑-

Øntem c≠m-asØ P∑-Øntem c-≠n-s‚bpw a-[yØntem Bhpw

e`n-°p-I. C¥y-°m-cpsS thZ-{K-Ÿ-ßsf am{Xw Ah-ew-_n-®m-Wv

Cu hnj-bsØ Ipdn®v Rm≥ ChnsS {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xv. "kmw-Jy-

'bpsS I¿Ømhv kz¿KsØ imizXa√m-Ø-Xn-\mepw Cl-temIw

t]mse Bb-Xn-\mepw Hcp icn-bmb {]Xn-^-e-ambn IW-°m-°p-

∂n√. "kq^n-Iƒ' AXv (kz¿Kw) kzssZh hnNm-c-Øn¬\n∂p hnZq-

c-am-hp-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-]q¿W \njvI-f-¶-X°v lm\n-h-cp-∂Xn\pw tlXp-

hm-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ \√ {]Xn-^-e-ambn Icp-Xp-∂n-√. Bflmhv ico-

c-hp-ambn ]ncn™ tij-amWv c£m-in-£-Iƒ A\p-̀ -hn-°p-∂-sX∂p

]d-™Xv Imcy-hnh-c-ap-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. F∂m¬, ]ma-c-

∑m¿ ico-c-tØm-Sp-IqSnb-√msX c£m-̨ -in-£-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂n-√.

Ah-cn¬ Hcp hn`m-K-°m¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""acn-°p-tºmƒ Bflmhv

BZysØ icocw t]mse-bp≈ as‰m-cp i-co-c-Øn-te-°-√msX ]ncn-

™p-t]m-hp-I-bn-√.'' a‰p-Nn-e-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn-¬ ""BXn-̀ mKv' (thKw

D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv) F∂ t]cn¬ AXv ]©-̀ q-X-ß-fm¬ {]tXyIw \n¿Ωn-

°-s∏´ Hcp ico-c-Øn-te°p amdp-∂-Xm-Wv. \√-h-\m-sW-¶nepw As√-

¶nepw Hcp h¿j-°m-ew B i-co-c-Øn-¬ Xm-a-kn-t°-≠n-h-cpw. C-Xv c-

≠p tem-IßfpsSbpw CS-bn-ep≈ Hcp temI-am-Wv. Cu Imc-W-Øm¬

acn® BfpsS Ah-Im-in-Iƒ H-cp sIm-√w hsc kzØp `mKn-°msX

ImØn-cn-°pw. Cu hnj-bØn¬ Ah-cpsS {K-Ÿßfn¬\n∂p IqSp-

X¬ shfn®w hoip∂ Imcy-ßƒ ChnsS D-≤-cn°mw:

"hnjvWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ "ssa{Xn' ]cmict\mSv \c-I-Øn¬

in£n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Bh-iy-I-Xsb Ipdn®p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw

Cßs\ adp-]Sn ]d™p: ""CXv \√Xpw NoØbpw ⁄m\hpw

A⁄m-\hpw th¿Xncn-°m\pw \oXn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pam-Wv. F√m

Ip‰-hm-fn-Ifpw \c-I-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂n-√. Cu Iq´-Øn¬ ]›m-

Xm]w kzoI-cn-®-hcpw {]mb›nXw sNbvX-hcpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. G‰hpw

\√ am¿§w tam£w kpc-£n-X-am-°n-s°m≠p Xs∂ hnjvWp-`-K-

hms\ kvacn-°-em-Wv. Nne¿ c£ {]m]n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc kky-ß-

fnepw sN≈v, ]pgp, t]≥ XpS-ßnb Nne P¥p-°-fnepw Ign™pIq-

Sp-∂p.'' "kmw-Jy-'bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""tam£w t\Sn-b-h¿ ssZh-Zq-Xs\

t]mse Bflob kZ- p-I-fn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw D]-cn-tem-I-Øn¬

sskzc-ambn hnl-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. tam£m¿l-\m-Ip-∂-

Xp-hsc P¥p-°-fntem kky-ß-fntem Bbn Ign-®p-Iq-´p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p.''

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 54

B≤ym-flnI imkv{X ]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ A{K-K-Wy-∑m-cmb Nne¿

Ah-Xmc kn≤m-¥sØ \membn `mKn-®n-cn-°p∂p:

1. Dev]m-Z\w: Hcmƒ as‰m-cm-fn¬\n∂p ]I¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bm-W-

t√m.

2. cq]w amdpI: a\p-jy≥ Ipc-ß,v ]∂n, B\ Ch-bn¬ GsX-

¶nepw H∂mbn cq]w amdp-∂-Xp-t]m-se.

3. \n›-eX: kky-ßsf t]mse Hcn-SØv Dd®p \n›-e-am-bn-

t∏m-hp-I.

4. ]cn-]q¿Æ \miw: CXp kky-h¿§-ß-fnepw arK-ß-fnepw

D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

"A_q- bAvJ-q-_p- Pvkn' At±-l-Øns‚ "Iiv^p¬ alvPq_v'

F∂ {KŸØn¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p: ""h¿§-ßƒ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-

I-bn-√, hIp-∏p-Iƒ am{Xta amdp-I-bp-≈q.'' CXp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p

{Ko°vIm-cpsSbpw A`n-{]m-bw.

"blvb∂lvhn' "πmt‰m'bn¬ \n∂v Cßs\ D≤-cn-°p∂p:

""hntij_p≤n-bp≈ Bflm-°ƒ P¥p-°-fpsS icocw DS-embn

kzoI-cn-°p-∂p.'' ]nXm-tKm-d- ns‚ sI´p-I-Y-Isf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-

Øn-bmWv At±lw C{]-Imcw ]d-™-Xv. tkm{I-ókv At±-l-

Øns‚ "t^tUm' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: icocw `mc-ap-≈-Xm-

Wv. Bflmhv AXns\ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw AXn-te°v BI¿jn-°-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂p. cq]-an-√mØ B Bflmhv ]mXmf-tem-IØp

IqSp∂ ihIqSoc-ß-fn-ep≈ AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Nne Bflm-°ƒ- Om-

bmcq-]-Øn-¬ Im-W-s∏-ń-´p≠v. A-h i-co-c-Øn-¬\n-∂p ]q-¿-W-am-bn

th-¿-s∏-ń-ń-√. A-h Zp-¿-am-¿-Kn-I-fp-sS B-flm-°-fm-hm-t\ X-c-ap-≈q

F-∂-t±-lw A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Cu Bflm-°ƒ ]n∂oSv Ima-Øn-

s‚tbm at‰m ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ AXp-ambn tbmPn® GsX-¶nepw

ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂p. A{I-anbpw t{Zmlnbpw sN∂mb, ]cp¥v

apX-emb {Iqc P¥p°-fptSXp t]mse-bp≈ ico-c-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw.

tkm{I-ókv At±-l-Øns‚ "aPm-anAv' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-

bp-I-bmWv: ""Rm≥ BZy-ambn am\y-∑mcpw XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cp-amb

tZh-∑m-cpsS IqsSbpw ]n∂oSv acn-®p-t]mb k÷-\-ßfmb alm-

∑m-cpsS IqsSbpw BIp-am-bn-cp-∂n-s√¶n¬ acn-°p-∂-Xns\ Ipdn®v

ZpxJn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI A{I-ahpw A\o-Xnbpw BIp-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' {]Xn-

-̂esØ°pdn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂n-SØv At±lw ]d-™p: ""a\p-jy≥

acn-®m¬ "ssZaq¬' F∂p t]cmb ssZh-Zq-X≥ Ahs\ hn[n {]kvXm-

hn-°p∂ kZ- n-te°p sIm≠p-t]m-hp-Ibpw AhnsS\n∂v thsdmcp

ZqX≥ ]mX-f-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-t]mbn hfsc°mew AhnsS Xma-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 55

kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.'' "Xen-t^mkv' {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p: ""]mXmf

temI-Øn-te-°p≈ hgn hfsc hnim-e-am-b-Xm-Wv.'' At±lw XpS-

cp∂p: ""AXv hnim-e-am-sW-¶nepw CSp-ßn-b-Xm-sW-¶nepw \mb-I≥

Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√. F∂m¬, ico-csØ Imw£n-°p-Itbm

]m]w sNøp-Itbm sNbvX Bflmhv Aßp-an-ßp-ambn HmSn-°-fn-

°p-Ibpw Iptd°mew Ign™v Ah\p ]‰nb ÿeØp Xma-kn-

°p-Ibpw sN-øp∂p.''

ho≠pw A-t±-lw ]-d-bp∂p, ""a-[y-\n-e-°mcm-b B-flm-°-fm-sW-

¶n-¬ A-h-¿ X-ßƒ-°p X-øm-¿ sN-ø-s∏-´ hm-l-\-ß-fn-¬ Ib-dn B-

J-dq-≥ F-∂ Zn-°n-¬ F-Øn-t®-cp-Ibpw A-hn-sSØ-s∂ I-gn-™p-Iq-

Sp-Ibpw sN-øp∂p. in-£ I-gn-™p \-√-h-cm-bm-¬ Ip-fn-®phr-Øn-bm-

bn kp-J-a-\p-̀ -hn-°m≥ A-¿-l-X-bp-≈-h-cm-bn-Øo-cp∂p. F-∂m-¬, tZh-

∑m-¿°v _enb¿∏n-°m-\p≈ km[-\-ßƒ Ifhp \S-ØpI, kzØp-

°ƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-°p-I, sIme-]m-XIw \S-Øp-I, -A-\oXn ImWn-

°pI XpS-ßnb Ip‰w sNbvX-h¿ "Xm¿Øm-d-kn'¬ AS-°-s∏-Sp-∂-

Xm-Wv. AXn¬\n∂p ]pd-Øp-t]m-Im≥ Hcn-°epw Ahbv°p km[n-

°p-∂X-√. ]›m-X-]n-°p-∂-h-scbpw AXn`b-¶-c-a-√mØ ]m]w

sNøp-∂-h-scbpw "Xm¿Øm-d-kn'¬ Hcp h¿j-°mew CSp-Ibpw

]n∂oSv AhnsS\n∂p ]pd-Øp-sIm≠ph∂v Ah-cm¬ a¿±n-°-s∏-´-h-

tcmSv {]Xn-Imcw sNbvXv Ahsc Hgn-hm-°n-s°m-Sp-°m≥ Bh-iy-

s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah¿ AXn\p Iq´m-°n-bn-s√-¶n¬ ]gb ÿe-

Øp Xs∂ Xma-kn-∏n-°pw. ho≠pw C{]-Imcw Xs∂ sNøpw. Ah-

km\w a¿±n-X¿ Xr]vXn-s∏-´m¬ Ah¿ c£-s∏-Spw. "Xm¿Øm-dkv'

hen-sbmcp Kpl-bm-Wv. \Zn-I-sf√mw Atßm-´-mWv Hgp-Ip-I. Hmtcm

a\p-jy\pw Xs‚ kap-Zmb at≤y AXn-̀ -b-¶-c-ambdn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Imcy-

ßsf sIm≠mWv ]c-temIin£sb kw_-‘n®p hnh-cn-°m-dp-≈-

Xv. ]m›m-Xy¿ `qI-ºhpw sh≈-s∏m-°hpw hnh-cn-°p∂ Iq -́Øn¬

A·n Bfn-°-Øp-sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. kap-{Ztam, As√-¶n¬ A-Xn-Zq-

camb alm-k-ap-{Ztam Bhmw Ah¿ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. CsX√mw A°m-

e-Øp-≈-h-cpsS hnizm-k-am-sW-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 56

A[ymbw: 7

euInI _‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\hpw

AXn-\p≈ D]m-[n-IfpwImcy-Im-c-W-ß-fm¬ temI-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-́ Bflm-hn\p hn]-

coX Imc-W-ßƒsIm≠v B _‘w A‰p-t]m-Im\nS-bm-Ip-∂p.

A⁄m\w sIm≠v D≠m-Ip-∂-XmWv Cu _‘-sa-¶n¬ AXv

⁄m\w H∂p-sIm≠p am{Xta th¿s]-Sp-I-bp-≈q. Bflm-hn\p

hkvXp-°sf Ipdn®p auen-Ihpw kwi-b-c-ln-X-hp-amb ]cn-]q¿W

⁄m\w D≠m-hp-Ibpw ico-c-Øns‚ am‰w, \miw XpS-ßnb Aÿn-

cX {Kln-°p-Ibpw \√-Xm-sW∂p Icp-Xn-t∏m-∂Xp sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-

Xm-sW∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ bYm¿∞ ⁄m\w ssIh-

∂-Xmbn IcpXp-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√. ]n∂oSv ico-c-hp-ambn _‘w hnSp-

Ibpw {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. ]X-RvPen ]d-

bp∂p:

""ssZh-Øns‚ GI-XzsØ°pdn®p [ym\n-°p∂ a\p-jy≥ Xm≥

G¿s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Imcy-ßfn¬\n∂p Nn¥sb ssZh-Øn¬

tI{μo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ssZhw Hcm-fpsS e£y-am-bm¬ Ahs‚ Bflo-

b-amb Ignhp i‡n-s∏-Sp-Ibpw A¥ym-{ibw ssIh-cp-Øp∂ F´v

Imcy-ßƒ t\Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ah:

1. ico-csØ Bcpw ImWm-Xn-cn-°-Ø° hn[w eLq-I-cn-°p-I.

2. ap≈pw aÆpw Nfn-bp-sa√mw sXmSp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v bmsXmcp

D]-{Z-h-hp-an-√mØ hn[w kq£va-am-Ip-I.

3. alXzw sIm≠v ico-csØ `b-¶ccq]-Øn¬ ImWn-°m≥

Ign-bp-I.

4. AXym-h-iy-amb Imcy-ßƒ At∏m-g-t∏mƒ tXm∂p-I.

5. Dt±-in-°p∂ Imcy-ßsf°pdn®p icn-bmb Adnhv kºm-Zn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 57

°p-I.

6. F√m I£n-Iƒ°pw t\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ Ign-bp-I.

7. A\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS A\p-k-cWw t\Sp-I.

8. AI∂ Imcy-ßsf°pdn®v Adnhv e`n°p-I.''

CtX A¿∞-Øn¬ kq^n-Iƒ Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v:

""bYm¿∞ ⁄m\w ssIh-∂m¬ kqô-h-cy\p c≠v Bflm-

°ƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. H∂v am‰-Øn\p hnt[-b-a-√m-ØXpw AZr-

iy-Im-cy-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xpw hfsc ]g°w sN∂-Xp-am-sW-¶n¬

c≠m-a-tØXp am‰-ßƒ°v A[o-\-am-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.''

{InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw CXn¬\n∂p hyXykvX-

a√.

C¥y-°m-cpsS Hcp {]kvXm-h\ Cßs\ ImWp∂p:

""Bflmhv ico-c-hp-ambn ]ncn-™m¬ ]e ]Sn-I-fn-embn kzbw

e£yw {]m]n-°p-∂p.

1. hkvXp-°-fpsS t]cpw KpW-ßfpw hni-Z-ambn Adn-bp-I.

2. Ahsb samØ-Øn¬ XmXzn-I-ambpw hni-Z-ambpw Adn-bpI.

3. Ime-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Xc-Øn¬ Adn-hns\ Adn-b-s∏-´- h-

kvXp-hp-ambn IqńbnW-°p-I.

4. ka-b-hp-ambn _‘-an-√mØ \ne-bn¬ H∂n-°p-I. At∏mƒ

Adn-bp∂ Bflmhpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hkvXphpw H∂m-hp-∂p.''

C{]-Im-c-amWv ]X-RvPen {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. Cu hntam-N-\m-h-

ÿ°v "tam£w' F∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {KlWtamN-\-

Øn\pw Cu t]cp Xs∂-bmWv Ah¿ sImSp-Ø-Xv.

`£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{Klw Blmcw Ign-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xp-t]m-sebpw t`mKm-k‡n DXv∏m-Z-\-{In-b-°p t{]cW \evIp-

∂-Xp-t]m-sebpw Adn-bm-\p≈ Bk‡n C{μn-b-ßsf {]h¿Øn-

°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

KoX-bn¬ Cßs\ ]d-™p: ""Adn-bm-\m-bmWv a\p-jys\

krjvSn-®Xv.''

Adn-hp-≈-hsc√mw Hcp-t]mse Bb-Xn-\m¬ B \ne-bn¬ AXp

ka-am-Wv. AXp-sIm≠v AXp t\Sp-∂-Xn\p≈ D]-I-c-W-ßfpw ka-

ambn \evI-s∏-´p. {]h¿Ø-\sØ Dt±-in®p krjvSn-®-Xm-bn-cp-s∂-

¶n¬ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-b-Xp-t]mse D]-I-c-W-ßfpw

hyXy-kvX-ß-fm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£, Adn-hns‚ i{Xp-hmb icocw

{]Ir-Xy-m Xs∂ {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. Adnhv

CXns\ Hcp `mK-tØ°p X≈n\o°n-s°m≠v Bflm-hns\ Ccp-

ń¬\n∂p c£n-°p-∂p. CXv tkm{I-ókv ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv:

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 58

""Bflmhv ico-c-Øn-em-Ip-tºmƒ F¥n-s\-sb-¶nepw kw-_-‘n-®p

N¿® \S-Øm≥ Dt±-in-®m¬ icocw AXns\ h©n-°p-∂p. Nn¥n-

°p-tºm-gmWv hy‡n-XzsØ ]‰n AXp a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. hnj-a-

ßfpw Ah-b-h-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p-≈ `mchpw Hgn-™m¬ XXz-

Nn-¥-Is‚ Bflmhv ico-csØ Dt]-£n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Pohn-X-

Øn¬ Xs∂ ico-csØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

\mw A‘-Im-c-Øn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv.'' Cu ]d™ A`n-

{]m-b-Øn\p bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ ]n¥pW Ds≠-∂mWv tXm∂p-

∂-Xv.

C\nbpw \ap°v hnj-b-Øn-te°p Xs∂ aSßmw: _mlyhpw

B¥-cn-I-hp-amb C{μn-b-ßƒ Adnhp kºm-Zn-°m\p≈-h-bm-Wv.

Ahsb ZqX-∑m-cmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn¬ ]fin-X\v A`n-cp-Nn-bp-

≠m-hp-∂p. {Kln-°p-∂-Xn¬ ka-b-hn-Xymkw t\cn-Spw-. ]t©-{μn-b-

ßƒ h¿Ø-am\ Ime-tØ-Xp am{Xw Adn-bp-tºmƒ lrZbw h¿Ø-

am-\-Im-e-sØbpw `qX-Im-e-sØbpw Ipdn®p Nn¥n-°p-∂p. _p≤n

ka-b-hn-Xymkw IqSmØ hkvXp-°sf bYm¿∞ \ne-bn¬ {K-ln-

°p-∂p. _p≤n-bpsS G‰hpw ASp-Øp-≈Xv Nn¥m-i-‡nbpw

A¥cn{μn-b-ß-fp-am-Wv. G‰hpw AI∂Xv ]t©-{μn-b-ß-fp-a-s{X.

ChbneqsS e`n-°p∂ Adn-hns\ Nn¥m-i‡n ssIImcyw sNbvXv

Ch-bn¬\n∂p th¿s∏-SpØn _p≤nsb Gev]n-°p-∂p. C¥y-°m-

cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ _p≤n Adn-hns\ auen-I-ambn {Kln-°p-∂Xv

aq∂v am¿§-ßƒ aptJ-\-bm-Wv.

1. Ime-\n¿Wbw C√msX Xs∂ Znhyktμiw e`n-°p-I. CXv

P\-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. I]n-e≥ F∂ XXz-Nn-¥-I≥

Cu Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

2. {]mb-]q¿Øn h∂-tijw e`n-°p-I. {_m“-W-cpsS k¥m-\-

ßƒ Cu Iq´-ØnemWv Dƒs∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

3. ]Tn®p ]fin-X-\m-b-Xn\p tijw e`n-°p-I. ⁄m\n-I-fmb

]fin-X-∑m-sc√mw Cu Xc-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

Zp¿Kp-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p amdn\n¬°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠-√msX Adn-hp-

sIm≠v c£- t\-Sm-\m-hp-I-bn-√. auen-I-ambpw XmXzn-I-ambpw Adn-

bmsX imJ-Iƒ am{Xw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Zp¿Kp-W-ßƒ hf-cp-

Itb D≈q. XmXzn-I-ambn Adn-bp-∂n-s√-¶n¬ imJm-]-c-amb Adnhpw

Zpcp-]-tbm-Ky-am-Wv. Imc-Ww, Imaw t{Im[w F∂o c≠v Zp¿KpW-

ßƒ Ah-\n¬ A[n-Imcw sNep-Øp-∂p. Ch c≠pw Ah-s‚- P-∑-

ssh-cn-I-fm-Wv. Ch a\p-jys\ P¥p-°-fpsS \ne-bn-te°[-x]-Xn-

∏n-°p-∂p. XmXzn-I-ambn Imcy-ßƒ Nn¥n®p {Kln-°p-tºmƒ a\p-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 59

jy≥ ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cpsS ]Z-hn-bn-te°pb-cp-∂p. B¿Øn, A[n-

Imctamlw XpS-ßnb Zp¿Kp-W-ß-ƒ ssIhn-SmsX Cu ÿm\sØ-

Øp-I-bn-√. At∏mƒ ico-c-Øns‚ aq∂n¬ c≠ma-tØXp \in-°p-

∂p. {]hrØnbn¬ \n∂p≈ hnc-an-°¬ c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≠v:

1. aSnbpw aμ-Xbpw Imc-W-am-bn. CXp aq∂m-a-sXmcp i‡n-bpsS

t{]c-W-bm-emWp≠m-hp-I. Cu \ne Xptemw tami-am-Wv.

2. \√ Imcy-ßƒ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXn\p hnLv\w hcp-

Øp∂ Imcy-ßƒ shSn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I.

CXp tam£-Øn-\p≈ am¿K-am-Wv. {]h¿Ø\ cwKØp\n∂p

]n∑mdn ]t©-{μn-b-ßsf \n›-e-am°n GIm¥PohnXw ssIh-cp-

Øp-tºmƒ am{Xta Cu \ne-]mSp e`n-°p-I-bp-≈q. B¿Øn-bpsS

k¥m-\-amb hym]mcw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠p am{Xta lrZbw

GINn¥-bn¬ \ne\n¬°p-I-bp-≈q. KoX-bn¬ Cßs\ ]d-™p:

""hnhn[ Imcy-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-\mbn Ign-bp-Ibpw ssZhNn¥

ssIsh-Sn-bp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcmƒ Fßs\ tam£w t\Spw? a‰p

hnIm-c-Nn-¥-I-fn¬ \n∂p \o lrZ-bsØ tamNn-∏n®p ssZhnI Nn¥-

bn¬ ebn-°p-tºmƒ ssZha√m-Ø-sX√mw Ak-Xy-ßfpw Dulm-

t]m-l-ß-fp-am-sW∂p ImWmw.'' ho≠pw XpS-cp∂p: ""\Zo-Pew kap-

{Z-Øn\p bmsXmcp {]-tbm-P-\hpw sNøm-Ø-Xp-t]mse Xs∂

bYm¿∞ ]fin-X-\n¬ kpJhpw thZ-\bpw {]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ H∂pw

Df-hm-°p-Ibn-√. AXn-\m¬, Nn¥m-]-c-ºc A‰p-t]m-hm-Xn-cn-°pI

AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. FÆn-°-W-°m-°m-hp∂ Hcp \ne Nn¥°p

h∂p-Iq-Sm. CS-bv°nsS adhn D≠m-Ip-tºm-gmWv AXn\v FÆm-hp∂

\ne D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. Nn¥m-]-c-º-csb GIo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWp ]ca

e£yw. Cu e£y-Øn-te°p ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn Ht∂m A-Xn-e-[n-Itam

kZvI¿Ω-ß-fn-eqsS \mw ]ptcm-K-an-°p-∂p. {ItaW Cu ]cn-]m-Sn-

Iƒ kz`m-h-Øns‚ Hcp Awi-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. CXp Xs∂-bmWv

F√m aX-ßfpw \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂-Xv. kZvI¿Ω-ß-fpsS imJ-Iƒ H´p-

h-fsc Ds≠-¶nepw aqe I¿Ω-ßƒ Ch-sbm-s°-bm-Wv. ˛sIme \S-

Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I, Ifhp ]d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I, tamjvSn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I, hy-

`n-N-cn-°m-Xn-cn-°pI, Ah-iy-km-[-\-ßƒ ]qgvØn-sh-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I˛

CtXm-sSm∏w {hXhpw ]cn-ip-≤n-bpw A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw Ffnb

PohnXw \bn-°p-Ibpw ssZh-Øn\p kvtXm{Xw sNøp-Ibpw F√m-

bvt∏mgpw ""Hmw'' (ssZ-h-t_m-[w) F∂-Xns\ lrZ-b-Øn¬ IpSn-bn-

cp-Øp-Ibpw thWw. CXp P¥plnwk-bn¬ \n∂v Ahs\ ]n¥n-cn-

∏n-°p-∂p. Ifhp ]d-bpI, kzØv sIm≈sNøpI XpS-ßn-bh

P¥plnwk t]mse Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]qgvØn-sh∏v \S-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I,

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 60

hniz-kvX-X, kzmX{¥yt_m[w XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v tlXp-hm-Ip∂ ]cn-

ip-≤-X-sIm≠v ico-c-Øns‚ Zp¿Kp-W-ßsf a\- n-em-°m\pw ]cn-

ip-≤m-flm-°sf kvt\ln-°m\pw km[n-°p-∂p. Ffnb PohnXw

kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xp sIm≠v ico-c-Ønse Zpxkz-`mhw \in-∏n-°m\pw

C{μn-b-ßsf ]cn-ip-≤-am-°m\pw Ign-bpw. ico-c-kp-J-ß-fn¬ {i≤n-

®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Hcm-tfmSv ""\o \ns‚ Pbn-en\p i‡n D≠m-°p-Ibpw

_‘\w Dd-∏n-°p-I-bp-amWp sNøp-∂-Xv.'' F∂p ]nXm-tKm-dkv ]d-

™Xv Cu ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv.

KoX-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""a\pjy≥ H∂n-s\- Ip-dn-®p-Xs∂ Ft∏mgpw Nn¥n-®p-sIm-t≠bn-

cp-∂m¬ Ah≥ AXn¬ ebn-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p. AXp-ap-tJ\ Ahs\

\nb-{¥n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ft∏mgpw kvt\ln-®ncp∂ H∂n-s\- Ip-dn-

®mhpw acWka-bØv Ah≥ Nn¥n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I. Bflmhv

]ncn-™m¬ AXv B kvt\ln-®n-cp∂ hkvXp-hn-te°p amdp-∂-Xm-

Wv. ssZh-amWv F√m-‰n\pw Imc-W-`q-X≥ F∂ hnNmcw acn-°p-

tºmƒ Hcm-fn-ep-≠m-bm¬ Ah\p tam£w e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.''

KoX-bn¬ Cßs\ ImWm≥ Ignbpw:

""A⁄m-\-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w apdn®pw {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS

Dt±iyw \∂m-°nbpw {]Xn-̂ -te— IqSmsX ssZh-Øn\v A·n _en-

b¿∏n®pw kvt\ln-°m≥ sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cp-ambn AI∂p Pohn-

®pw Bfp-Iƒ Dd-ßm-Ø-t∏mƒ Dd°w ]q≠pw Ah¿ Dd-ßp-tºmƒ

Dd°w Hgn-®n-cp∂pw \o tam£w t\Sp-I. ico-csØ kq£n-°p-I.

\n\°v AXn-te°m{K-l-ap-s≠-¶n¬ AXp \ns‚ i{Xphpw As√-

¶n¬ an{X-hp-am-Wv.''

h[in£sb Ah-K-Wn-®p-w ssZh-hp-ambn tNcm≥ B{Klw

{]I-Sn-∏n-®p-w tkm{I-´okv ]d-™Xn{]-Im-c-amWv:

""\nß-fpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ "B_n-eq¨ iw n's‚ ]£n F∂-

dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ "tIm°≥kn's‚Xn-t\-°mƒ F\n-°p≈ ]Zhn Ipd-bm-

Xn-cn-°s´. At±lw AZriyImcy-ßƒ Adn-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. acn-

°p-sa∂dn™-t∏mƒ At±lw ]m´p-]mSn \rØw Nhn-´p-I-bm-Wp-

≠m-b-Xv. Fs‚ Bcm-[y-]p-cp-j-\p-ambn tNcp-∂-Xn¬ F\n-°p≈

kt¥mjw At±-l-Øn-t‚Xp t]mse-sb-¶n-ep-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.'' Cu

Imc-W-Øm-emWv t{]a-sa-∂m¬ P\-ß-fp-am-b-I∂v bYm¿∞ \mY-

\p-ambn _‘-s∏-SpI F∂-Xm-sW∂p kq^n-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv "]X-

RvPen' ]d-bp∂p: ""c£m-am¿§-ßsf aq∂mbn `mKn°mw:

1. I¿Ω\nc-X-\mbn \S∂p ]t©-{μn-b-ßsf D≈n-te°p hen-

°p-Ibpw XZzmcm Ah \n\°p am{Xw tPmensNøp∂ \ne hcp-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 61

Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I. "hnjvWp[¿ΩØn¬ ]d-bp-∂p: "]n¿Kzc's‚

k¥m-\-ß-fn¬ s]´ t{]£ F∂ cmPmhv Xs‚ apºn¬ lmP-

cmb XXz-Nn-¥-I-∑m-cpsS t\Xm-hmb "iXm-t\I't\mSv ssZh-Øns‚

Ft¥m Hcp hnti-j-WsØ Iqdn®t\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Cßs\

adp-]Sn \evIn: ""ssZhsØ Ipdn®p kmwJybn¬ \n∂pw kmwJyw

Hmj-\n¬ \n∂pw Hmj≥ {_lvamhn¬ \n∂pw tI´-X-√msX

thsdm∂pw Rm≥ D≤-cn-°p-I-bn-√. ""ssZhw A\m-Znbpw A\-iz-c\pw

BcpsSbpw k¥m-\hpw P\-bn-Xmhpa√m-Ø-h\pw BIp-∂p. Ah≥

kzbw`qhm-Wv. Ah-\n-jvS-ap≈ XnI®pw \√- Im-cy-ß-sf-s¥-√m-am-

sW∂pw CjvS-an-√m-Øh Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂pw F\n-s°-ßs\

]d-bm≥ km[n°pw? Cu temI-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w apgp-h≥ apdn®v

Ahs\ Ipdn®p am{Xw Nn¥n-°p-Ibpw Ahs\ th≠-t]mse Bcm-

[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xphsc Ahs\ Ipdn®p a\- n-em-°m≥ km[y-

amtWm?'' At∏mƒ C{]-Imcw At±-ltØmSp tNmZn-°-s∏-´p: ""a\p-

jy≥ Ai-‡\pw Aev]m-bp pw BWt√m. ico-c-Øns‚ AXn-

{]-[m-\amb Imcy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°m-Xn-cn-°pI km[y-a-√. At∏mƒ

Cu \ne Ahs\ c£m-am¿§-Øn¬\n∂v AI‰n \n¿Øp-∂p. a\p-

jy≥ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p h¿j-ßƒ Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]≠sØ Ime-

am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ {]h¿Øn®p tam£w t\Sm-am-bn-cp-∂p. C∂m-sW-

¶n¬ \m\m-̀ m-KØp\n∂pw \miw Ah-s\ hebw sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.''

{_“mhv adp-]Sn ]d™p: ""a\p-jy\v Blmcw, Xma-kÿew,

hkv{Xw F∂nh Bh-iy-am-Wv. ]t£, \∑ a‰p≈ F√m A\m-h-

iy-ß-sfbpw hnj-aß-sfbpw XyPn-°p-∂Xn¬ am{XamIp-∂p. AXn-

\m¬, ssZhsØ \nkzm¿∞-ambn Bcm-[n-°p-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-°p-

Ibpw Bcm-[-\m-ÿ-eØp kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßfpw ]q°fpw hnX-cWw

sNbvXv Ah-\n-te°v ASp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. F√m-bvt∏mgpw

ssZhsØ Xs∂ [ym\n-°p-Ibpw {_m“-W¿°pw A√m-Ø-h¿°pw

Zm\w sNøp-Ibpw thWw. Ahs‚ {]oXn-°mbn amwk-h¿÷\w,

{hXm-\p-jvTm\w apX-em-bh sNøp-I. Pohn-Isf Ah\v CjvS-am-b-

X-n-\m¬ Ahsb \n m-c-am°n sImesNøm≥ ]mSn-√. Ah≥ F√m-

amsW∂p a\- n-em-°p-I. \nßƒ sNøp-∂-sXms° Ah\p th≠n

Bbn-cn-°-Ww. \nßƒ kpJn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Ahs\ ad-°-cp-Xv.

\nß-fpsS e£yw `b-`-‡nbpw Bcm-[-\-°p≈ Ign-hp-am-Wv. Cu

\ne-sIm≠p am{X-ta, \nßƒ tam£w t\Sp-I-bp-≈q.''

KoX-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Hcmƒ Xs‚ ImasØ \in-∏n-®m¬ AXym-

h-iy-Im-cy-ßƒ t\Sm-\m-hp-I-bn-√. anX-amb \ne ssIsIm-≠m¬

\nXy-\m-hp-I-bn-√. {]IrXn Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hni-∏-S-°m-\p≈

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 62

Blmcw, hn{i-a-Øn-\p≈ Dd°w, kam-[m-\-am-bn-cn-°m-\p≈ kZ-

v apX-emb Imcy-ß-fn¬\n∂p a\p-jy\p ]n∑m-dpI km[y-a-√.

t\sc adn®v Cu Ahÿ Ah\v GIm-¥-ambn Nn¥n-°m≥ D-]-I-cn-

°p∂p. F∂m¬ Imaw, t{Im[w F∂o `b-¶c i‡n-Isf \in-

∏n® Hcmƒ°p am{Xta kpJw D≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q.''

hmkp-tZ-h≥ A¿÷p-\s\ Cßs\ D]-tZ-in®p: ""\o tIh-e

KpW-ßƒ t\Sm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ ico-c-Øns‚ HºXv

hmXn-ep-I-fS-bv°p-I. ico-c-Øn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-h-sbbpw ]pdØp

t]mIp-∂-h-sbbpw a\- n-em-°p-I. Nn¥ ]X-dn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂p

lrZ-bsØ c£n-°p-I. \ns‚ aq¿≤m-hn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xpw Ct∏mƒ

AS-™p-t]m-b-Xp-amb B ZzmcsØ Hm¿Øv lrZ-bsØ kam-[m-\-

s∏-Sp-Øp-I.'' c£-°p≈ c≠mw `mKw, ""\mi-ßfpw ]cn-h¿Ø-\-

ßfpw ImWp-tºmƒ Cu temIØp Xs‚ \ne-]mSv a\- n-em°n

AXn-ep≈ B{Klw \n¿Øp-Ibpw lrZ-bsØ Cu \izc temI-

Øp\n∂v AI-‰p-Ibpw sNøp-I F∂-Xm-Wv. Aßs\ ico-c-Ø-ep≈

hnhn[ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p t{]cW \evIp∂ KpW-ßsf Pbn®S-

°p-I.''

KoX-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""P\-ßƒ hn[n hne-°p-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-

∂-Xn¬ ]ng-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \√Xpw NoØbpw Ah¿ th¿Xn-cn®p a\-

n-em-°p-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬, {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]mtS XyPn-°p-I-

bmWpØ-aw. Adn-hns‚ ]cn-ip-≤X at‰-Xn-Xn-s‚ ]-cn-ip-≤-X-sb-

°mfpw al-Ø-m-Wv. ImcWw, AdnhpsIm≠v A⁄X \nt»jw

\in-°p-Ibpw in£°p hnt[-b-am-Ip∂ kwibw C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. kwi-bn-°p-∂-h\p kpJap≠m-Ip-∂-X-√. H∂mw -`mKw

c≠mw- `m-K-Øns‚ D]-I-c-W-am-sW∂mWv CXn¬\n∂p hy‡-am-

Ip-∂Xv.

3. aq∂mw `mKw H∂pw c≠pw `mK-ßƒ°p≈ am¿§-am-Wv. AXp

tam£w t\Sm\pw hnP-b-Øn-te°v FØm-\p≈ Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ

\evIm\pambn ssZhsØ Bcm-[n-°p-I F∂-Xm-Wv. KoX-bn¬

icocw, i_vZw-, lr-Zbw F∂n-ßs\ Bcm-[\ aq∂mbn `mKn-°-s∏-

´n-́ p-≠v. ico-cw-sIm≠v {hXw, \a-kvIm-cw, a‰p icoc\nb-a-ßƒ A\p-

jvTn-°p-I, tZh-Zq-X-∑m-scbpw {_m“-W-scbpw tkhn-°p-I. ico-

csØ ip≤o-I-cn-°p-I. sIme-]m-X-I-Øn¬\n∂pw A\y-kv{Xo-I-

sfbpw a‰pw c£n-°p-I. i_vZwsIm≠v thZw hmbn-°p-I. ssZh-

kvtXm{Xw sNøp-I. kXyw ]d-bp-I. P\-ßƒ°v Bh-iy-amb \n¿t±-

i-ßƒ \evIp-I. lrZ-bw-sIm≠v e£yw ip≤n-bm-°p-I. kXyw

{Kln-°pI F∂n-ßs\ Cu aq∂pw hni-Zo-I-cn-°mw.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 63

]n∂oSv kp{Km-ly-a-√mØ \mem-a-sXmcp `mK-hpw Iqń-t®¿Øp.

CXp ck-X{¥w t]mse acp-∂p-Iƒs°m-≠p≈ {]tbm-K-am-Wv. CtX-

∏-‰n-bp≈ hnh-cWw ]n∂mse hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. Dt±iy ip≤nbpw ZrV-

\n-›bhpw Bh-iy-am-sW∂ \ne-bv°-√msX CXn\v Cu hnj-b-

hp-ambn _‘-an-√.

ssZhw as‰m-∂ns\ B{i-bn-°m-Ø-h\pw {]-Xn-^-e-Øn¬ tam-

ltam F-Xn-¿-∏n-¬ ̀ -btam C-√m-Ø-h\pw kzbw Adn-bp-∂-h\pw Bb-

Xn-\m-emWp tam£w t\S-W-sa-¶n¬ ssZh-tØmSp tNc-W-sa∂v

Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv. A\m-Zn-bm-hpI F∂-sXm-gn-sIbp≈ KpW-ß-

fnse√mw tam£w kn≤n-®-h¿°v Ah-\p-ambn hnXymkw D≠m-hp-

∂-X-√. Bflm-°ƒ BZn-bn¬ kwi-b-{K-kvXcpw A≤zm-\n®v Adnhp

kºm-Zn-®-hcpw a‰p-am-sW-¶nepw tam£w e`n-°p-tºmƒ ad-Iƒ

\oßp-Ibpw XS- -ßƒ C√m-Xm-hp-Ibpw kzbw Adn-bp-Ibpw bm-

sXm∂pw Ah-cpsS apºn¬ Ahy-‡-am-Im-Xn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

AXp-sIm-≠mWv "]X-RvPen' F∂ {KŸ-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn¬

tam£sØ Ipdn®p tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ Cßs\ adp-]Sn \evIn-b-Xv:

""tam£w t\Sm-\p≈ a\p-jys‚ aq∂p i‡n-I-fp-sS {]h¿Ø\w

ac-hn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Ah≥ ssZhk∂n-[n-bn-te°p Xs∂ aS-ßp-Ibpw

sNøp-I F∂-Xm-sW∂v thW-sa-¶n¬ ]d-bmw. AXm-bXv, Bflmhv

⁄m\w kºm-Zn-®p {]IrXnkz`m-h-Øn-te°p aSßpI F∂¿∞w.

"kmwJy'bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: k-\ym-kn ("\mknIv') X-Xz-Nn-¥-I-t\m-

Sv (lIow) {]h¿Ø\w Ah-km-\n-°p-tºmƒ acn-°m-Ø-sX-¥m-

sW∂p tNmZn-®-Xn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn-bmWv Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂Xv:

""th¿s]-Sm-\p≈ ImcWw Bflo-b-amb Hcp \ne]mSm-Wv. Poh≥

ico-c-hp-ambn th¿s]-S-W-sa-¶n¬ {]IrXym Xs∂ ico-c-Øn¬

Poh\p \n¬°m≥ Ign-hn-√mØ \ne h∂ptNtc-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Nne-

t∏mƒ Bflm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø\w \ne-®mepw AXns‚ ê-ßƒ

ico-c-Øn¬ ]ns∂bpw Aev]-Imew tijn-s®∂phcpw. ]ºcw Xncn-

®p-hn-´m¬ ]ns∂bpw Aev]-t\cw AXns‚ Id°w Ah-ti-jn-°p-

∂Xp ImWp-∂p. {Ita-W-bmWv AXns‚ A\°w \n¬°p-∂-Xv.

CXp-t]mse Bflm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø\w \ne-®mepw Nne-t∏mƒ

AXns‚ êw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ icocw AXns‚ i‡n

{ItaW \ne-bv°p-∂-Xp-hsc ]ns∂bpw ]eXpw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-

°p-∂-Xm-Wv.''

Cu hnjbw "]X-RvPen'bn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:

""`b-hn-lz-e-\mbn Ah-b-h-ßƒ Xf¿∂ Hcp-h\v B kabw

Bflm-hp-am-bp≈ _‘w kpi-‡-a-√. F∂mepw ]q¿W-amb \ne-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 64

bn¬ _‘w apdn-™n-´p-an-√.''

CtX A`n-{]m-b-Øn\p hncp-≤-ambn {]kvXpX {KŸ-Øn¬ Xs∂

as‰mcp ÿeØv Cßs\ ]d-™Xp ImWmw: ""icocw Bflm-hp-

ambn sI´p-]n-W™ncn°p-I-bm-sW-¶n-epw, Aflm-hn\v AXn-\m-h-

iyamb F√m t\ -́ßfpw t\Sn-°-gn-™m¬ kzbw ]ncn™pt]mIm≥

Ign-bp-w.'' GXm≠v CtX A`n-{]mbw Xs∂-bmWv kq^n-I-fp-tS-Xpw.

Ah-cpsS {KŸ-ß-fn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-™n-´p-≠v. ""Hcn-°¬ Iptd

kqô-h-cy-∑m¿ ChnsS h∂v \Ω-fn¬\n∂p Iqtd AIse amdn

Ccp∂p. Ah-cn-sem-cmƒ Fgp-t∂‰v \a-kvI-cn-®-Xn\p tijw Xncn™p

\n∂-h-tcmSv Cßs\ tNmZn®p: ""am\ytc, ChnsS \ap°p acn-°m≥

kuI-cy-ap≈ h√ ÿe-hp-apt≠m?'' Dd-ßm≥ ]‰nb ÿe-amWv

At±lw Dt±-in-°p-∂-sX∂p IcpXn Rm≥ Hcp ÿew Nq≠n-°m-

Wn-®p. At±lw At∏mƒ AhnsS sN∂pInS∂p acn-®p. Rm≥ sN∂v

A\°nt\m°n, A\-ßn-bn-√. XWp-Øn-cn-°p-I-bmWv.''

"\mw Ah¿°v ̀ qan-bn¬ kuI-cy-ßƒ sNbvXp sImSp-Øp' F∂

Jp¿-B≥ hm-Iy-Øns‚ hymJym\-Øn¬ hymJym-Xm-°-fn¬ Nne¿

hnh-cn-°p-I-bmWv: ""a\p-jy≥ Dt±-in-®m¬ ̀ qan-bpsS Zqcw Ipd-°m\pw

sh≈-ØneqsSbpw hmbp-hneqsSbpw k©-cn-°m\pw Ignbpw.

F∂m¬, tam£w t\Sm-hp∂ ]Z-hn-bn¬ FØm-Ø-h-sc√mw Htc

\ne-bne√ ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv.''

"kmwJy'bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""Cu temI t\ -́ßƒ°p th≠n am{Xw

Pohn-°p-∂-h¿ k¬kz`mhw, [¿Ωw XpS-ßnb \√ KpW-ßƒ D≈-

h-cm-sW-¶n¬ AXn-\p≈ {]Xn-̂ -e-ßƒ Cl-tem-IØp\n∂p Xs∂

Ah¿°p e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Dt±-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-dpI, hnPbw ssIh-

cn-°p-I, BtcmKyw t\SpI XpSßn-bh Bbn-cn°pw B {]Xn-^-e-

ßƒ. cmjv{Sw ssIh-cnI F∂Xp Xs∂ apºp sNbvX kZv{]-h¿Øn-

I-fpsS ̂ e-am-bn-cn-°pw. Adn-hn-√mØ k\y-kn°v D-b¿∂ ]Z-hnbpw

t]cpw Cu temIØpw e`n-°p-∂p. Adn-hn¬ G‰-°p-d-hp-≠m-Ip-∂-

Xn\v Hcp DZm-l-cWw ]dbmw:

Hcp BNm-cy≥ Xs‚ hnZym¿∞n-I-tfm-sSm∏w AXym-h-iy-Im-cy-

Øn\v Hcn-SØp t]mbn. cm{Xn-bm-b-t∏mƒ Ccp-ń¬ Ah¿ Hcp

kXzsØ I≠p-ap-ń. Kpcp injy-∑m-tcmSv AXns\ Ipdn®p tNmZn-

®p. H∂m-a≥ F\n°p a\- n-em-Ip-∂n√ F∂p ]d-™p.

c≠m-a≥: Adn-™p-IqSm, F\n°v Adn-bm-\p≈ hgn-bn√.

aq∂m-a≥: AX-dn-bp-∂-Xn¬ {]tbm-P-\-an-√. AXn-`-bm-\-I-amb

h√ P¥p-hp-am-sW-¶n¬ t\cw ]pe¿∂m¬ t]mbn-s°m≈pw, As√-

¶n¬ \ap°p a\- n-em-Ipw.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 65

Cu aq∂m-fp-Iƒ°pw Imcyw a\- n-em-bn-√. H∂m-a≥ A⁄-

\mWv. c≠m-a\p Ign-hn√. aq∂m-a\p ]n∂otS a\- m-em-Iq. \mem-

a≥ H∂pw ]d-™n-√.

HSp-hn¬ Ccp-ń¬ I≠p-ap-ńb cq]-hp-ambn ASp-Ø-t∏mƒ AXp

Irjn-bpsS Imh-en\p \mńb s]mbvtIm-e-am-sW∂p a\- n-em-bn.

C\n Cu hnj-b-ß-fn¬ {Ko°p-Im-cpsS kmay-ap≈ {]kvXm-h-

\-Iƒ ]cn-tim[n°mw: ]nXm-tKm-d- ns‚ {KŸ-Øn¬\n∂v: Atam-

Wykv C{]-Imcw FSpØphnh-cn-°p∂p: ""\nßƒ \in-°m-Xn-cn-

°m\pw F∂pw kpJm-\p-`qXn ssIh-cm\pambn Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cpsSbpw

]cn-{i-ahpw B{K-lhpw Imc-W-ßfpsS F√mw Imc-W-`q-X-cp-ambn

tNcm\mbn am{X-am-hWw.''

ico-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-Xs∂ Fßs\ kzbw Ign-hp≈hcm-

hm≥ Ignbpw F∂-Xn\p ]nXm-tKm-d v ]d-™Xp t\m°pI:

""\oN-cpsS Bflm-°ƒ temIØpXs∂ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p. ]c-

am-flmhv hgn-bmbn At]-£n-®m¬ ssZhw Ah\p {]Im-ihpw

_p≤nbpw \evIp-∂p. B _p≤n-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS Cu

temIØv ]ns∂bpw Iptd Imew Pohn® tijw ÿe-Im-e-Øn\v

AXo-X-\m-hp-Ibpw Cu temI-Ønse \iz-c-amb kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-fn¬

\ns∂√mw AI-ep-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''

CXp Xs∂-bmWv "Fw]-tSm-¢kv' apX¬ "sldm-¢kv' hsc-bp≈

]fin-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-bw.

tkm{I-ókv ]d-bp-∂Xv Bflmhv ico-c-hp-ambn ]ncn-™m¬

ssZh-sØ-t]mse Bhp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v kzbw A\-iz-c-amb ]cn-ip≤

Pohn-X-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp∂p F∂-m-Wv.

At±lw ]ns∂bpw XpS-cp-∂p:

""Bflmhv ssZhkXz-tØmSp kmay-ap-≈Xpw \in-°m-ØXpw

A\m-Zn-bmbn ÿnXnsNøp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. ico-c-hp-ambn tN¿∂m¬

AXpambn {]h¿Øn-°m\pw AXns‚ t\XrXzw hln-°m\pw Bflm-

hn-t\mSp {]IrXn Iev]n-°p-∂p.''

ico-c-hp-ambn ]ncn-™m¬ Bflmhv Ai-cocn Bbn-Øo-cp-∂Xpw

AX¿ln-°p∂ hnPbw t\Sp-∂Xpw ÿew, GIm-¥X, hnÕnØw,

ZpxJw, Imaw XpS-ßnb \oN hnIm-c-ß-fn¬\n∂p c£-s∏-Sp-∂XpamIp-

∂p. ico-c-Øns‚ Zp¿Kp-W-ß-tfmSp shdp-∏p-s≠-¶n¬ am{X-amWv

Cu \ne ssIh-cp-∂-Xv. adn®v Ah CjvS-s∏´ \ne-bmWv Bflm-hn-

\p-≈-sX-¶n¬ ico-c-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ign™pIqSp-

I-bm-hpw AXns‚ êw.

t{]m¢kv ]d-bp∂p: ""Nn¥m-i-‡n-bp≈ Bflm-°ƒ t\sc-bp≈

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 66

ico-c-Ønepw a‰p-Xcw Bflm-°ƒ hf™pIp\n™ ico-c-Ønepw

Bflm-°-fn-√mØ shdpw Blmcw t\Sm\p-≈ I-gnhp am{X-ap-≈h

Poh≥ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Xe-Ip-Øs\ D≈ kky-ß-fn-ep-amWv. a\p-

jys‚ D¤hw D]-cn-̀ m-KØp\n∂m-b-Xn-\m¬ Xe ta¬t∏m´pw kky-

ß-fpsS D¤hw `qan-bn¬ \n∂m-b-Xn-\m¬ Xe Iogvt∏m´pw Ch-

bv°n-S-bv°p≈ P¥p-°-fpsS Xe c≠n\pw a≤y-Øn-ep-ambn ÿnXn

sNøp-∂p. CtX A`n-{]mbw Xs∂ C¥y-°m¿°pw D≈-Xmbn

ImWmw. temIØv {_m“-Ws‚ \ne F¥m-sW∂v A¿÷p-\≥

tNmZn-°p∂ tNmZy-Øn\p hmkp-tZ-h≥ ]d-™ adp-]Sn t\m°pI:

""Aiz-∞-acw (A-c-bm¬) t]mse-bm-W-Xv. km[m-cW ac-ß-fpsS

FXn-cm-bmWv AXns‚ InS-∏v. thcv apI-fnepw sImºv ASn-bn-ep-am-

bmWv. A[nIw Blmcw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ IqSpX¬ imJ-ItfmSpw

thcp-I-tfmSpw IqSn hfsc A[nIw hep-Xm-Ip-∂p. {_m“-W≥ Cu

ac-Øns‚ apI-fn-ep≈ thcp t]msebpw thZm¥w AXns‚ XSn-

t]m-sebpw a‰p≈ aX-ßfpw A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw hymJym-\-ßfpw

\ymbo-I-c-W-ßfpw sImºp-Ifpw Ce-Ifpw t]mse-bpamWv. ico-c-

Øns‚ aq∂v Ign-hp-Iƒ Blmcw t]msebpw AXns‚ hen∏w,

Dd∏v XpSßnbh ]t©-{¥n-b-ßƒ t]msebpas{X. _p≤n-bp≈ a\p-

jy≥ B acw apdn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ I¿Øm-hn-t\mSv Hcn-°epw

Dt]-£n-t°-≠n-h-cmØ Hcp imizX `h\w Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ B `h\w e`n-®m¬ NqSpw XWp-∏p-an-√msX

ssZhnI {]Im-i-Øns‚ shfn-®-Øn¬ Ah≥ \ne-sIm-≈pw.''

"]X-RvPen'bn¬ ]d-™-Xp-t]m-se Xs∂-bmWv kq^n-Iƒ

km£m¬ ssZh-hp-ambn tNcp-∂-Xns\ Ipdn®pw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ""\o

ssZh-Øn-te°p Nq≠p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ GI-ssZh hnizmkn BIp-

∂n-√. \obpw ssZhhpw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ hn[w H∂m-

tI-≠-Xm-Wv.''

as‰mcp kq^o-h-cy≥ ]d-bp-I-bmWv: ""Rm\p-ambn ^e-Øn¬

H∂pw {]tbm-K-Øn¬ c≠p-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p∂ ssZhsØ Rm\-

ßs\ Zr-V-ambn a\- n-em-°m-Xn-cn-°pw?''

A_q-_-I-dp-»n_ven C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""\o F√mw Agn-®p-

sh-°pI. F∂m¬, \map-ambn ]q¿W-ambn tNcmw. At∏mƒ Rm\pw

\obpw H∂mbnØocp-Ibpw \ns‚ {]hr-Ønbpw Fs‚ {]hr-Ønbpw

X-Ωn¬ s]mcp-Øs∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.''

Cu \ne-]mSv ssIh-cp-∂-sX-ßs\ F∂v A_q-b-ko-Zp¬ _kv-

Xm-an-tbmSv tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw adp-]Sn \¬In: ""]mºv AXns‚

Dd Ducp-∂-Xp-t]mse Rm≥ Fs‚ ico-c-Øn¬\n∂p th¿s] v́ Fs‚

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 67

kXzsØ Ipdn®p Nn¥n®pXpS-ßn-bXp apX¬ Rm≥ ssZh-am-bn-

Øo-cp-∂p.''

C{km-bo-ey-tcmSv sIme°p‰w sXfn-bn-°m≥ th≠n ]ip-hns\

AdpØv AXns‚ Ah-b-hw-sIm≠v arX-tZ-lsØ ASn-°pI F∂p

kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Jp¿-B≥ hN-\-Øns‚ hymJym-\-Øn¬ Nne¿ ]d-

bp∂p: ""ihsØ Pohn-∏n-°m≥ ihw-sIm≠v ASn-°m≥ Iev]n-®Xv

icocw \in-°p-tºm-g-√msX lrZbw Poh-\p-≈-Xm-bn-Øo-cp-I-bn√

F∂ XXz-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.''

a‰p Nne kq^o-h-cy-∑m¿ ]d-bp∂p: ""ssZh-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-a-

bp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ Ccp´pw {]Im-i-hp-ap≈ Bbncw ÿm\-ß-fp-≠v.

ASn-a-Iƒ ]cn-{i-an®v B ÿm\-ß-sf√mw XcWwsNbvXp ssZh

{]Im-i-Øn-¶-se-Øn-t®¿∂m¬ Ah¿°p ]n∂oSv aSßnhtc-≠n

hcn√.''

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 68

A[ymbw: 8

krjvSn-I-fpsS h¿§hpw t]cpwJfin-X-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥ hnj-a-ap≈ Hcp A[ym-b-am-Wn-

Xv. C¥y-°m¿ hy‡-ambn hnh-cn-®n-´n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ ]pdØp\n∂p

\mw hnh-c-ßƒ a\- n-em-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ]n∂mse hcp∂ A[ym-

b-ßƒ \mw Ffp-∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xn\v Cu hnj-bsØ

Ipdn®p hy‡-amb Adnhv Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°bm¬ AtX ]‰n CXp-

hsc tI´-Xn¬ \ns∂√mambn GXm≠v icn-bm-sW∂p \mw a\- n-

em-°n-bXv ChnsS Ipdn-°p-∂p.

BZy-ambn kmwJyw F∂ {KŸ-Ønep≈Xp hnh-cn°mw. Pohn-

I-fpsS h¿§-ßfpw hIp-∏p-Ifpw F{X-bm-sW∂p k\ykn tNmZn®

tNmZy-Øn\p imkv{X-⁄≥ \evInb DØcw ChnsS tN¿°p∂p:

h¿§-ßƒ aq∂v:

1. Bflm-°ƒ ˛ Ch D]-cn-tem-IØp ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

2. a\p-jy¿ ˛ Ch¿ a≤y-tem-IØp ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

3. P¥p-°ƒ ˛ Ch At[m-tem-IØp ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

hIp-∏p-Iƒ BsI ]Xn-\m-em-Wv. Ch-bn¬ F´v hIp∏v Bflm-

°-fm-Wv: {_“m-hv, C{μ≥, {]Pm-]-Xn, tkman, K‘¿Δ≥, b£≥,

cm£-k≥, ]nim-Nv.

Pohn-Iƒ A©v hIp-∏mWv: Imen-Iƒ, {Iqc-P-¥p-°ƒ, ]£n-

Iƒ, CgP¥p-°ƒ, kky-ßƒ.

a\p-jy≥: BsI HtcHcp hIpt∏bp≈q.

Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ as‰m-cn-SØp thsd t]cp-Ifpw ]d™p

ImWp∂p: {_“m-hv, C{μ≥, {]Pm-]-Xn, K‘¿Δ≥, b£≥, cm£-

k≥, ]nXr, ]nim-Nv, apX-em-b-h-bm-W-h.- Ch¿ icn-bmb hy-h-ÿ-

Ifpw a‰pw kq£n-°m-dn-√; FÆp-∂-Xn¬ IrXy-hp-an-√.

hmkp-tZ-h≥ KoX-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""a\p-jys‚ aq∂v I-gn-hp-I-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 69

fn¬ H∂m-a-tØ-Xn\p i‡n IqSn-bm¬ _p≤n°p i‡n-Iq-Sp-Ibpw

C{μn-b-ßƒ sXfn-bp-Ibpw ssZh-Zq-X-∑m-cpsS \ne-bn-ep≈ {]hr-

Øn-Iƒ {]hr-Øn°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. c≠m-a-tØ-Xn\p i‡n IqSn-

bm¬ B¿Øn IqSp-Ibpw b£≥, cm£-k≥ F∂n-h-bv°p-th≠n

{]h¿Øn-t°-≠n-h-cn-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ {]Xn-^ew t\Sp-Ibpw

sNøpw. aq∂m-a-tØXv IqSpX-em-bm¬ A⁄-X, h©n-X-\m-hp-I,

A‘-X, aSn, I¿Ø-hy-ß-fn¬ Ae-k-X, \nXyhpw Dd-ßn-s°m-≠n-

cn-°p-I- F∂o Zp¿Kp-W-ßƒ h∂p-Iq-Spw. {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw

`qX˛t{]X˛]nim-Np-°ƒ°p th≠n Bhp-Ibpw Aß-s\-bp-≈-hs‚

`mhn A[x-]-X-\-Øn¬ Iem-in-°p-Ibpw XpS¿∂v Ah≥ in£m¿l-

\m-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''

Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ as‰m-cn-SØp ]d-bp∂p: ""ZrV-Xbpw kZvKp-W-

ßfpw ssZh-Øn-s‚Xpw [n°m-chpw Zp¿Kp-W-ßfpw Akpc˛cm£-

k≥am-¿ XpS-ßnb ]nim-Np-°fpsS-Xp-am-Wv. ssZhKpW-ap-≈-h≥

ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw Ah-\n-te°Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]nim-Nns‚ kz`m-h-ap-≈-h≥ [n°-cn-°p-Ibpw c≠v Pohn-X-Ønepw

\mi-ap-≠m-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.''

Cu A`n-{]m-b-ß-sf√mw H∂n®p ]cn-tim-[n®m¬ t]cn¬ Nne

hyXym-k-ßfpw a‰pw D≈-Xmbn ImWmw. F∂m¬, `qcn-]£m`n-

{]mbw Cß-s\-bmWv: ""Bflm-°-fpsS h¿§w ChbmWv:

1. tZh-∑m¿ ˛ C¥y-bpsS hS°p `mKw Ch¿°m-Wv.

2. ssZtX-b-∑m¿ ̨ Ch¿ Pn∂p-Ifpw C¥y-bpsS sX°p ̀ mKØp

ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. C¥y-bnse aX-ßƒ°v FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw

]ip-hns‚ i{Xp-°fpw Ch-cn¬ s] -́h-cm-Wv. tZh-∑mcpw Chcpw XΩn-

ep≈ kmao]yw Imc-W-ambn Ch¿ CcpIq -́cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ F∂pw

Ie-l-am-bn-cn-°pw.

3. K‘¿Δ≥ ˛ Ah¿ tZh-∑m-cpsS apºn¬ ]m´p-]m-Sp∂ Kmb-I-

∑m-cmWv. Ch-cpsS t\Xm-hns\ A]v -c v F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

4. b£-∑m¿ ˛ tZh-∑msc Im°p-∂-h¿.

5. cm£-k-∑m¿ ˛ hncq-]-∑m-cmb ]nim-Np-°-fmWv Ch¿.

6. In∂¿ ˛ Ch-cpsS DS¬ a\p-jy-cp-tSXpw Xe IpXn-c-bp-tS-Xp-

t]msebpat{X. {Ko°p-Im¿ Xe a\p-jy\pw DS¬ IpXn-I-bp-amb

"J¥-Z-kmØ' F∂p t]cp ]d-bp-∂-hbpsS hn]-co-X-am-Wn-Xv. "[\p-

imcn' Cu cq]-Øn-em-Wv.

7. \mKv ˛ k¿∏-Øns‚ cq]-Øn-ep-≈hcmWn-h¿

8. _nXm-Z¿ ˛ amc-W-°m-cmb P¥p-°-fm-Wn-h¿

BZysØ ̀ mKw tZh-∑mcpw Ah-km-\sØ ̀ mKw ]nim-Np-°fpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 70

a≤y-Øn¬ c≠v KpW-ß-fp-ap≈-h-cp-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS KpW-ßƒ

hnhn[-ß-fm-bXp {]hr-Øn-Iƒ ico-c-Øns‚ Ign-hp-I-f-\p-k-cn®p

hnhn-[-ß-fm-bXp-sIm-≠-s{X. Aßs\ ico-c-hp-ambn ]ncn™

tijw Ch¿ X\ntb hfsc°mew Ign™pIqSp-Ibpw DØ-c-hm-

ZnXzap≈-h-cm-hp-Ibpw a\p-jys‚ Ign-hn¬ s]SmØ kn≤n-Iƒ

Ch¿°p ssIh-cn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXn-\m¬, a\p-jy¿ Nne Bh-

iy-ßƒ°mbn Ch-cpsS tkh ]nSn-°p-∂p. kwJybn¬\n∂p \mw

D≤-cn® hcn-Iƒ Ch \n¿Æm-b-I-a-s√∂p Ipdn-°p-∂p. {_“mhv,

C{μ≥, {]Pm-]Xn Ch hIp-∏p-I-fpsS t]cp-I-f-√. {_“mhpw {]Pm-

]-Xnbpw GXm≠v H∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

C{μ≥, k¿Δ-tem-I-ß-fp-sSbpw t\Xm-hm-Wv. b£≥, cm£≥

F∂n-hsc hmkp-tZ-h≥ Htc ]Z-hn-bn-ep≈ ]nim-Np-°-fm-bmWv

IW°m-°p∂-Xv. ]pcm-W-Øn¬ P£p-°ƒ Ah-cpsS Imh¬-°mcpw

the-°m-cp-am-sW∂p hy‡-am-°p-∂p. CXp kw_-‘-ambn \ap°v

]d-bm-\p-≈Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv: Cu Bflm-°ƒ a\p-jy-cm-bn-cp-∂-

t∏mƒ Htc ]Z-hnbn¬ {]h¿Øn-®-Xns‚ ^e-am-bmWv {]kvXpX

ÿm\w t\Sm≥ CS-bm-b-Xv. icocw `mc-ambn tXm∂n-Øp-S-ßn-b-Xn-

\m¬ Ah¿ AXv Dt]-£n-®p. {Xnkn-≤n-I-fpsS ^e-ambn Ah-cpsS

ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-ßfm-bn. Ch-bn¬ H∂m-a-tØXpsIm≠v

tZh∑m¿ {]tXyI kpJhpw kt¥m-jhpw t\Sn. ]nimNpw `qXhpw

aq∂m-a-tØXp sIm≠v Xmgv∂ ÿm\w Ic-ÿ-am-t°≠n h∂p. CS-

bv°p≈ Bflm-°ƒ a≤y-Øn-ep≈ ÿm\w ssIh-i-am-°n.

Ah¿ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv: tZh-∑m-cpsS FÆw ap∏-Øn-aq∂v BWv.

Ch-bn¬ alm-tZ-h-∑m¿ ]Xn-s\m∂v BWv. BsI tZh-X-Iƒ ap∏-

Øn-aq∂v tImSn -B-Ip∂p. Chbv°v `£Ww, ]m\obw, t`mKw,

P\\w, acWw apX-em-b-h-bp-s≠∂v Ah¿ ]dbp-∂p. ImcWw,

Ch¿ eLp-cq-]n-I-fm-sW-¶nepw ico-c-hp-ambn Nne sI´p-]m-Sp-I-fp-

≈-h-cm-Wv. Ch¿ B ]Zhn t\Sn-bXp {]h¿Ø-\w-sIm≠p am{X-am-

Wv; Adn-hp-sIm-≠-√.

]X-RvPen ]d-bp∂p: "\¥vIntim¿' alm-tZ-h\p hfsc

A[nIw _en A¿∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn-\m¬ ico-c-tØmsS

At±lw kz¿§-Øn¬ {]th-in-®p. t\Xm-hmb C{μ≥, \lpjv F∂

{_m“-Ws‚ `mcysb hy`n-N-cn-®p. AXns‚ in£-bmbn At±-

lsØ cq]w am‰n. Cu Bflm-°-fpsS IognemWv ]n{Xo≥ (a-cn-®p-

t]mb ]nXm-°ƒ). ChcpsS IosgbmWv `qXß-ƒ tZ-h-∑m-cp-ambn-

tN¿∂p≠mb Hcp Xcw a\p-jy-∑m¿. F∂m¬, ico-c-tØmSp IqSn-

Øs∂ Db¿∂ ÿm\-ßƒ t\Sn-b-h-cpsS t]cv Ejn, kn≤≥, ap\n

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 71

Fs∂m-s°-bm-Wv. Ch¿ XΩn¬ Nne ÿm\ hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠v.

kn≤≥ Xs‚ {]hrØn--sIm≠v Cu temIØv Dt±-in® GXp

Imcyhpw \SØp-∂p. Cl-temI Imcy-a-√msX ]c-temItam£w

Abm-fpsS e£ya√. Ct±-l-Øn\v Ejn-bpsS ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db-

cmw. {_m“-W¿ Cu ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿∂m¬ {_“¿jn F∂p]d-

bp-∂p. £{Xnb∑m¿ Cu ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿∂m¬ cmP¿jn

F∂mWp ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu c≠v hn`m-K-°m-cp-sSbpw Iogn-ep-≈-h¿

Cu hn[w Db-cp-I-bn-√. Ejn-am¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ Adn-hp-≈-h-cm-

b-Xn-\m¬ a\p-jy-cm-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ tZh-∑m-sc-°mƒ Db¿∂

]Z-hn-bp-≈-h-cm-Wv. Ah-cn¬\n∂mWv tZh-∑m¿ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xv. {_“m-

h-√msX Ah-sc-°mƒ Db¿∂-hcn√. \ΩpsS CS-bn-ep-≈-h¿ Ah-

sc-°mƒ ]Zhn Xmgv∂-h-cm-Wv. Chsc Ipdn®v {]tXyI A[ym-b-

Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-sc-√mw-Xs∂ ico-c-tØmSp IqSn-b-

h-cm-Wv. PU-]-Zm¿∞w Bflm-hn-s‚bpw ico-c-Øn-s‚bpw CS-bn-

ep≈ a[y-h¿Øn-bm-sW∂p ]d-™p-h-t√m. ico-c-Øn-ep≈ aq∂v

Ign-hpIƒ ̂ e-Øn¬ Cu ico-c-Øn-emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. a≤y-

h¿Øn-bmbn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Cu ]Zm¿∞w A\p-k-cn®p am{Xw

Pohn-°p-∂-h\p {_“mhv, {]Pm-]Xn F∂pw a‰pw ]d-bp-∂p. {]hr-

ØnbpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ {]IrXn\nbaw A\p-k-cn®p Pohn-°p-∂-h≥

F∂mWv AXns‚ A¿∞w. ImcWw, F√m-‰n-s‚bpw D¤hw˛tem-

Iw Dƒs∏-sS˛{_“mhp aqe-am-sW∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Cu

temIØp {]h¿Øn-°p∂ as‰mcp i‡n "\mcm-b-W≥' BsW∂p

Nne {KŸ-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. temIw \in-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ \mcm-b-

W≥ AXn¬ kwkvIm-c-ßfp≠m-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂p. aq∂m-asØ

\ne-bn¬ temIØp Nen-°p∂ i‡n°p "alm-tZ-h≥' F∂pw

"i¶¿' F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ {]kn-≤-amb t]cv \in-

∏n°pI F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "cp-{Z≥' F∂m-Wv. CØcw kμ¿`-ß-

fn¬ Ah¿ \evIp-∂ -t]cv hnhn[ßfm-Wv. Nne-t∏mƒ ]e i‡n-

Iƒ°pw hnjvWp F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp ImWmw. {InkvXym-\n-

Isf t]mse ]nXmhv, ]p{X≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F∂n-ßs\

ssZhsØ Ipdn®v Chcpw ]d-bp-∂p≠v.

Nn¥n®p {Knln-®-h-bm-Wo-∏-d-™-sX-√mw. F∂m¬, sFXn-ly-

ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-sX√mw hnh-c-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬

h∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. {Ko°p-Im-cpsS \ne t\m°p-tºmƒ ssZh-Øn\p

\nc-°mØ [mcmfw KpW-ßƒ Ch¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ B›-cy-s∏-Sm-

\n-√. Ah¿ ssZh-Zq-X-∑m¿°p tZh∑m¿ F∂p ]d-™-Xmbn \mw

D≤-cn-®p-ht√m. kyqkns\ Ipdn®v Ah¿ ]d-™Xv a\- n-em-°n-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 72

bm¬ Rm≥ ]d-™-Xns‚ A¿∞w {Kln-°mw. F∂m¬, kyqkns\

Ipdn®p h∂ a\p-jy-k-l-P-ambpw P¥p-k-l-P-ambpap≈ \ne

t\m°p-tºmƒ Cßs\ ImWmw: At±lw P\n-®-t∏mƒ ]nXmhv At±-

lsØ (a-I-s\) Xn∂-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏´p. At±-l-Øns‚ amXmhv

Hcp I√v Iod-Øq-Wn-bn¬ s]mXn™p apºn¬ sh®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

At∏mƒ ]nXmhv AXp hngp-ßn.

Kme≥kv Xs‚ "abm-an¿' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-

bp∂p: "^ntem ^neq-\nb' F∂ Hcp Xcw temlsØ ISwIY-

bpsS cq]-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®v Cßs\ ]mSp-∂p: ""kpK‘w hoip∂

apSn-I-fn¬\n∂p NpI∏papSn-Iƒ FSp-°p-I.'' (_-en-ar-Khpw AXns‚

tNmc-bp-amWpt±-iyw) A©p-]-h≥ Xq°w a\p-jy-cpsS _p≤nbpw

(Ip-¶p-aw) tN¿°p-I. Nph∂ apSn-I-fpsS Xq°hpw C{XXs∂ thWw.

A©v F∂psh®Xv C{μn-bßƒ A©m-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Aßs\

At±lw tN¿°m-\p≈ as‰√m km[-\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS Xq°-ßfpw

CØ-c-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®p.

CtX {KŸ-Øn¬ XpS-cp∂p: kyqkv P\n® \m´n¬ Xs∂ Ipdn-

®p≈ sI´p-I-Y-I-fn¬ H∂mWv At±-lsØ "kpkp¬' (-Ip-e) F∂p

hnfn®phcp-∂-Xv. At±lw kpkp¬ A√. ]t£, "Ak¬' (aq-ew)

Xs∂-bm-Wv. Xs∂ "AJvcoXn' BsW∂p KWn-°m≥ At±lw

Iev]n-®p. ImcWw, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ tiJ-cn-®-h¿ ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®v

At±lw P\n-®Xp Jco-Xn-bn-ep≈ "ZnJvXm-hq¿' F∂ ]¿Δ-X-Øn-

em-Wv. AhnsSbmWv amXmhv ]nXm-hmb t{Im\kv Xn∂p--∂-Xn¬\n∂v

At±-lsØ c£n-®-Xv. {]kn≤kv{XoIsf sIm≈ sNbvsX-SpØv

Ah-cp-ambn kwk¿Kw sNbvXp K¿`-h-Xn-I-fm-°n-am-‰nb kyqkns‚

IY Ncn{X {]kn-≤-am-Wv. Cu kv{XoI-fn-sem-cm-fmb t^m\n-°q-

kns‚ aIƒ Hud-J-Øns\ AJvcoXn cmPm-hmb AkvXm-dkv Ct±-

l-Øn¬\n∂p ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw cmPm-hn\v Ah-fn¬ abv\qkv, dZva-

Øqkv F∂o c≠v ]p{Xn-am¿ P\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xmbn IY-bp-

≠v. Cu kw`hw \S-∂Xv C{km-bo-ey¿ Xoln¬\n∂p ]me-kvXo-

\n-te°p ]pd-s∏´ tij-am-Wv. Ct±lw C{km-tb¬°m-c-\mb

iwkqs‚ Ime-Øv AJvcoXn¬ acn-°p-Ibpw AhnsS Xs∂ kwkvI-

cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-sh∂pw ac-n-°p-tºmƒ At±-l-Øn\v 78 hb-

p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw Syqkv F∂ t]cv \evI-s∏´ Ct±lw {]mbw

Iptd sN∂-t∏mƒ kyqkv F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpSßn

F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. At±-l-Øn\v Cu t]cv BZy-ambn \evIn-bXv

AYo-\-bn-se(-G-X-≥kv) H∂m-asØ cmPmhv _J-c-^kv Bbn-cp-

∂p. apSn CS-tØm´pw he-tØm´pw hm¿∂p-sh-°p-∂-Xnepw t\XrcoXn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 73

bnepw Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw Hcp-t]mse Bbn-cp-∂p. AXm-bXv,

`cWhnj-b-Øn¬ -kdZkvXpw (tkm-d-Ã¿) IivXm-k_pw tbmPn-

®-t]m-se. \mi-ßfpw Zp¿\-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sa√mw D≠m-bXv _J-d-^kpw

Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-fmb cmPm-°-∑mcpw hgn-bm-bm-sW∂p Ncn-{X-Im-c-

∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Ckv°-¥¿ IY-I-fn-se-t∏mse Xs∂ kw`-h-ß-

fmWv CXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. "\JvXo-\m-_qkv' F∂ CuPn-

]vjy≥ cmPmhv "A¿Z-indn'¬\n∂v HmSnt∏mbn "aJvZp-\nb' F∂

] -́W-Øn¬ tPmXnj{]hrØn \S-Øn- Hfn-®n-cp-∂p. B ] -́W-Ønse

cmPm-hmb _neq_vkns‚ `mcy Deq-am- ^n-Z-mbp-ambn `¿Øm-hns‚

A`m-h-Øn¬ X{¥w {]tbm-Kn®v Bń≥ sImºp-I-fp≈ "Ba≥'

F∂ ssZh-amWv Xms\∂p \Sn® Abmƒ \S-Ønb kwtbm-K-Øn¬

Ckv°-¥-dns\ Ahƒ K¿`w [cn -®p. `¿Ømhv _neq_vkv

aSßnh∂-t∏mƒ Ipńsb `b-s∏-Sp-Øn. At∏mƒ Ckv°-¥¿

ssZh]p{X-\m-sW∂v Abmƒ kz]v\w I≠p. ssZh-hp-ambn a’-cn-

°pI km[y-a-√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ HSp-hn¬ Abmƒ Ipńsb kzoI-cn-

®p. Cu s\JvXo-\m-_p-kns\ Ckv°-¥-dmWp h[n-®-Xv. h[n® tij-

amWp Xs‚ ]nXm-hm-bn-cp∂p F∂ IY a\- n-em-b-Xv. CXp-am-Xn-cn-

bp≈ IY [mcmfw {Ko°p-Im-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠v. NneXv C¥y-°m-

cpsS hnhm-lsØ Ipdn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ hnh-cn-°p∂XmWv. F∂m¬,

kyqkns\ Ipdn®p a\p-jy-cp-ambn _‘-an-√mØXmbn ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂

Nne IY-I-fp-≠v. kyqkv kplvens‚ (-i\n) ]p{X≥ apivX-cn (-hym-

gw) BsW-∂-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Kme≥kv Xs‚ _p¿lm≥ ({]-amWw)

F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®p "ank√' hn`m-K-°m¿ ]d-bp-

∂Xv (kplv¬) kzbw A\m-Znbpw AP-ø\p-am-W-s{X. Adm-´kv

Xs‚ Hcp ]pkvXIw Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv kyqkns\ kvXpXn-®m-sW-∂-

Xp-Xs∂ CXn-\p≈ DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. At±lw ]d-bp∂p: \mw At±-

lsØ ssIhn-Sp-I-bn-√. At±lw hgn-Iƒ \nd®pw kZ- p-Iƒ

\nd®pw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. At±lw a\p-jy¿°p KpWhpw {]h¿Ø-

t\m-t∑-jhpw Pohn-Xm-h-iy-ßƒ°p kuI-cy-ßfpw {]Zm\w sNøp-

∂p. InW¿ Ipgn-°m\pw Irjn sNøm\pw a‰p≈ kabw ]d-™p-

sIm-Sp-°p-∂p. CXn-\m¬ \mw At±-lsØ BZyhpw Ah-km-\hpw

Io¿Ø\w sNøp-∂p.'' C¥y-°m-cp-sSbpw {Ko°p-Im-cp-sSbpw \ne

Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn t\m°n-bm¬ CsXms° Xs∂-bmWv {_“m-hn-

s‚bpw KpW-ßƒ F∂p ImWmw. AJvdm-Økv F∂ Ihn BIm-

i-Øn\p kyqkv F∂p t]cp hnfn-°p-∂p. kyqkn¬\n∂p a™p-I-

-́Iƒ apdn-s®-Sp-°m-sa∂v Hman-tdmkv (tlm-a¿) ]d-bp-∂p. hmbp-hns‚

`mK-ßƒ°pw Im‰n\pw kyqkv F∂v Adm-´kv ]d-bp-∂p. AXn-\m-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 74

es{X kyqkv \ΩpsS PU-]-Zm¿Ø-Øn¬ ]c∂p InS-°p∂ Hcp

ssNX-\y-am-sW∂v "tÃm hn`m-K-°m¿-' ]d-bp-∂-Xv. kyqkv P\-ß-

fpsS \n¿Ωm-Xmhv am{X-a-√, ssZhhpw IqSn-bm-sW∂v Ah¿°v A`n-

{]m-b-ap-≠v.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 75

A[ymbw 9

h¿§-ßfpw PmXn-Ifpwcm-jv-{So-b hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ ap-gp-In-b-h-\pw t\-Xr-Xz-Øn-\p tbm-Ky-

\pw ]m-c-º-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®p `-cn-°p-∂-h-\p-am-b H-cp `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-

sS G-Xp I-ev-]-\-bpw {]-P-I-fn¬ ]¿-Δ-Xw t]m-se am-‰-an-√m-Ø-Xm-

bn-cn-°pw. Cu ÿn-Xn-bn¬ H-cp a-X-hpw-Iq-Sn D-s≠-¶n¬ Im-cyw ]q¿-

Øn-bm-bn. `-c-W-hpw a-X-hpw Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂m¬ ]-c-a-e-£yw ssI-h-∂p-

I-gn-™p. sXm-gn-ep-I-fp-sS A-`n-hr-≤n-°p-th-≠n {i-≤n-®n-cp-∂ cm-Pm-

°-∑m-cp-sS {]-[m-\-{i-≤ B-fp-I-sf ]-e h¿-§-ß-fpw Pm-Xn-I-fp-am-

°n-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-em-bn-cp-∂p. A-h¿-°v A-t\ym-\yw Iq-Sn-°-e-cm≥

]m-Sp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Hm-tcm hn-̀ m-K-°m¿-°pw {]-tXy-Iw {]-tXy-Iw tPm-

en-Iƒ \n-›-bn-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. A-Xn-cp-I-hn-™p a-t‰-sX-¶n-epw hn-`m-

K-Øn¬ tN-cp-∂-h-sc in-£n-®n-cp-∂p.

C-Xp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p ]q¿-Δn-I-∑m-cm-b t]¿-jy≥ cm-Pm-°-∑m-

cp-sS-bpw \n-e. tk-h-\w sIm-≠p-≈ A-Sp-∏-hpw ssI-°q-en-sIm-≠p-

≈ ip-]m¿-i-I-fpw A-h-cn¬ km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. _m-_-°v a-I≥

A¿-Z-io¿ t]¿-jy≥`-c-Ww ]p-Xp-°n ]-cn-jv-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ B-fp-I-sf

h¿-§-ß-fm-bn Xn-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. cm-P-]p-{X-∑m-sc-bpw cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-

ß-sf-bpw D-b¿-∂-h-cm-bpw k-\ym-kn-Iƒ, A-·n-]q-Pm-cn-Iƒ, a-X-t\-

Xm-°ƒ F-∂n-h-sc c-≠mw X-c-°m-cm-bpw tPm-’y¿, ]-fin-X¿, ssh-

Zy¿ F-∂n-h-sc aq-∂mw X-c-°m-cm-bpw sXm-gn-em-fn-Iƒ, I¿-j-I¿ F-

∂n-h-sc \m-emw X-c-°m-cm-bpw X-cwXn-cn-®p. Hm-tcm X-c-°m-cn-epw hn-

hn-[ h-Ip-∏p-Iƒ kr-jv-Sn-®n-cp-∂p.

\-Ωp-sS Im-e-Øp-≈ C-¥ym-°m¿ C-tX co-Xn-bn¬ hn-hn-[ h¿-§-

ß-fpw Pm-Xn-I-fp-am-bn Xn-cn-™n-cn-°-bm-Wv. F-√m-h-cpw a-\p-jy-cm-

Wv. Pm-Xn-bp-sS-bpw h¿-§-Øn-s‚-bpw A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ a-\p-jy-sc

th¿-Xn-cn-°m≥ ]m-Sn-√. G-I-ssZ-h `-‡n H-∂p am-{X-am-Wv a-\p-jy-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 76

s\ a-\p-jy-\m-°n-Øo¿-°p-∂-Xv F-∂p kn-≤m-¥n-°p-∂ C-kv-em-apw,

A-h-cp-am-bpw A-I-em-\p-≠m-b Im-c-Ww C-Xm-Wv. A-h¿ hn-`m-K-ßƒ-

°v "h¿-Æw' (-h¿-§w) F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. X-d-hm-S-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ "Pm-

Xn' F-∂m-Wp ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu hn-`m-K-ßƒ B-Zyw \m-em-bn-cp-∂p.

1. {_m-“-W¿-˛ {_-“m-hn-s‚ X-e-bn¬ \n-∂m-Wv A-h¿ kr-jv-Sn-

°-s∏-´-sX-∂p ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu t]-cv {]-Ir-Xn F-∂ A¿-∞-sØ

Ip-dn-°p-∂p. X-e Po-hn-bp-sS {]-[m-\ `m-K-am-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v {_m-

“-W¿ F-√m-h-cp-sS-bpw X-e-h-∑m-cm-Wv F-∂p h-∂p.

2. £-{Xn-b¿ ˛ C-h¿ {_-“m-hn-s‚ tXm-fv, ssI C-h-bn¬-\n-∂p

kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-´-h-c-s{X. {_m-“-W-cp-sS A-Sp-Ø ÿm-\-am-Wv C-h¿-

°p-≈-Xv.

3. ssh-iy¿ ˛ {_-“m-hn-s‚ Im-en¬ \n-∂m-Wv C-h-sc kr-jv-Sn-®-

Xv.

A-h-km-\-sØ c-≠v hn-`m-K-°m-cpw A-Sp-Øp-≈-h-cm-Wv. C-X-\p-

k-cn-®p \m-Sp-I-fpw ho-Sp-I-fpw ]-´-W-ß-fpw {Km-a-ß-fpw \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-

Sp-∂p.

4. C-h-cp-sS-sb-√mw Xm-sg-bm-Wv sXm-gn¬ Po-h-\-°m¿. sXm-gn-em-

fn-Iƒ F-∂-√m-sX a-s‰m-cp hn-`m-K-Øn-epw C-h¿ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂n-

√. A≥-X-kp (-iq-{Z¿)- F-∂m-Wv C-h¿-°p ]-d-™p-h-cp-∂-Xv. C-h¿

sXm-gn-e-\p-k-cn-®v F-´v hn-`m-K-°m-cm-Wv. km-ay-ap-≈ sXm-gn¬-°m¿

X-Ωn¬ Iq-´m-b Po-hn-Xw \-bn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-e-°p-Im-c≥, sN-

cp-∏p-Ip-Øn, s\-bv-Øp-Im-c≥ ap-X-em-b-h-sc G-‰-hpw Xm-gv-∂ tPm-en-

°m-cm-bn K-Wn-®n-cp-∂p.

1. A-e-°p-Im-c≥

2. sN-cp-∏p-Ip-Øn

3. I-fn-°m-c≥

4. h-´n, Ip-´ ap-X-em-b-h D-≠m-°p-∂-h¿

5. I-∏¬ ap-X-em-b-h \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-h¿

6. ao≥ ]n-Sp-Ø-°m¿

7. ]-£n-˛-ar-Km-Zn-I-sf th-´-bm-Sp-∂-h¿

8. s\-bv-Øp-Im-c≥

ta¬ {]-kv-Xm-hn-® \m-ev Iq-´¿ a-‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bn H-cp ÿ-e-Øp

Iq-Sn-t®¿-∂p Xm-a-kn-°p-I-bn-√.

lm-Zn, Zqw, O-fim¬, _-[p-Xz C-h¿ H-∂n-epw F-Æ-s∏-´-h-c-√.

{Km-a-ßƒ hr-Øn-bm-°p-I, Iq-en-th-e sN-øp-I ap-X-em-b-h-bm-Wv C-

h-cp-sS sXm-gn¬. C-h-sc-√mw H-tc h-Ip-∏p-Im-cm-Wv. sXm-gn¬-sIm-≠m-

Wn-h¿ th¿-Xn-cn-bp-∂-Xv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 77

iq-{Z-\m-b A-—-\p {_m-“-W h-¿-K-Øn¬-s]-´ A-Ω-bn¬-\n-∂p

hy-`n-Nm-c k-¥m-\-ambp-≠m-b-h¿ C-Ø-c-Øn¬-s]-´ Xm-gv-∂-h-cm-Wv.

Hm-tcm hn-`m-K-°m¿-°pw X-ß-fp-sS {]-hr-Øn A-\p-k-cn-®p t]-cp-I-

fpw A-S-bm-f-ß-fpw D-≠m-Ipw. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn, {_m-“-W¿-°p Kr-

l-I¿-Ω-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®p `n-∂- \m-a-ß-fp-≠v. A-·n-sb B-cm-[n-°p-∂p-

s≠-¶n¬ B-b-iv-Yn F-∂pw aq-∂v A-·n-sb B-cm-[n-°p-tºmƒ- A-

·n-tlm-{Xn F-∂pw A-Xn-\pw ]p-d-sa A-·n-_-en sN-øp-∂p-s≠-¶n¬

Zo-£n-Xv F-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p. "lm-Zn' C-h-cn-se ip-≤-∑m-cm-Wv. C-h¿-°-

Sp-Ø-Xv ]m-´p-]m-Sp-∂ "Zpw' h¿-§-am-Wv. C-h c-≠n-\pw ti-j-ap-≈-h¿

sIm-e \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw ]m-]w sN-øp-∂-Xn-\pw B-{K-l-ap-≈-h-cm-Wv.

C-h-cn¬ G-‰-hpw \o-N¿ _-[p-Xz-cm-Wv. Im-c-Ww, C-h¿ km-[m-c-W

i-hw am-{X-a-√ Xn-∂p-I, -\m-b-bp-sS-bpw- a-‰pw C-d-®n-Iq-Sn `-£n-°pw.

B-lm-cw I-gn-°p-tºmƒ C-h-cn¬ c-≠v X-c-°m¿ H-∂n-®n-cn-°p-I-bn-

√. c-≠v X-c-Øn-ep-≈ {_m-“-W¿ X-s∂-bm-bm-epw `-£-W k-a-b-

Øv H-cp ]-e-I-sIm-t≠m H-cp h-kv-{Xw-sIm-t≠m H-cp h-c-sIm-s≠-¶n-

ep-tam X-Ωn¬ th¿-Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Im-c-Ww, H-cmƒ Xn-∂ _m-°n

a-s‰m-cmƒ Xn-∂m≥ ]m-Sn-√. C-Xm-Wv Cu \m-ev hn-`m-K-°m-cp-sS-bpw

\n-e-]m-Sv.

Cu \m-ev hn-̀ m-K-°m-cp-sS-bpw kz-̀ m-h-sØ ]-‰n A¿-÷p-\≥ tNm-

Zn-®-t∏mƒ hm-kp-tZ-h≥ C-ß-s\ a-dp-]-Sn \-ev-In: ""{_m-“-W≥: ]-cn-

]-Iz _p-≤n-bpw im-¥-lr-Z-b-\pw k-Xy-k-‘-\pw £-am-io-e-\pw Pn-

tX-{μn-b-\pw \o-Xn-\n-jvT-\pw ]-cn-ip-≤-\pw B-cm-[-I-\pw a-X-Im-cy-

ß-fn¬ {i-≤m-ep-hpw B-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p \n¿-_-‘-ap-≠v.

£-{Xn-b≥: Kmw-`o-cyw, ss[-cyw, hm-Iv-Nm-Xp-cyw, [¿-Ω-t_m-[w,

\n¿-`-b-Xzw, hn-j-a-ßƒ X-c-Ww sN-øm-\p-≈ i-‡n Xp-S-ßn-b Kp-W-

ßƒ D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

ssh-iy¿: Ir-jn-bn¬ hym-]r-X-\m-hp-I-bpw Im-en-I-sf kw-c-£n-

°p-I-bpw I-®-h-Sw \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-tø-≠-Xm-Wv.

iq-{Z¿-: th-e-I-fpw tk-h-\-ß-fpw \-S-Øn F-√m-h¿-°pw C-jv-S-ap-

≈ \n-e-bn¬ Po-hn-°-Ww. Cu hn-`m-K-°m¿ X-ß-fp-sS \n-e-s°m-

Øp Po-hn-®m¬ tam-£w t\-Spw.'' H-cp Iq-´¿ a-s‰m-cp hn-`m-K-sØ

t]m-se ˛ A-h¿ D-b¿-∂ hn-`m-K-Øn¬-s]-´-h¿ B-bm¬ X-s∂-bpw-˛

Po-hn-®m¬ A-Xn-cp-I-S-∂p F-∂ Ip-‰-Øn-\v A-h¿ in-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

A¿-÷p-\-s\ i-{Xp-hn-s\-Xn-tc t]m-cm-Sm≥ ss[-cy-s∏-Sp-Øn- hm-

kp-tZ-h≥ ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv: ""i-‡-\m-b a-\p-jym, \o £-{Xn-b-\m-sW-

∂p a-\- n-em-°p-∂n-t√? [o-c-X, ap-t∂-‰w, hn-j-am-h-ÿ X-c-Ww sN-

øm-\p-≈ I-gn-hv F-∂n-h-bn¬ th-cp-d-®-h-cm-W-t√m \n-s‚ h¿-§w. C-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 78

Ø-cw Im-cy-ßƒ sIm-≠-√m-sX {]-Xn-^-ew e-`n-°p-I-bn-√. hn-P-bn-

®m¬ `-c-W-hpw ku-Jy-hpw ]-cm-P-b-s∏-´m¬ kz¿-§-hpw- A-\p-{K-l-

hpw e-`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. i-{Xp-hn-s\ ̀ -b-s∏-Sp-I-bpw bp-≤-Øn¬ A-ss[-

cyw Im-Wn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xm¬ \o `o-cp-hm-sW-∂p {]-N-cn-°-s∏-Sp-

I-bpw [o-c-∑m-cp-sS ]-´n-I-bn¬-\n-∂p am-bv-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-øpw. Cu

Zp-ÿn-Xn-tb-°mƒ `-b-¶-c-am-b in-£ Rm≥ th-sdm-∂pw Im-Wp-∂n-

√. Zp-jv-t∏-cp k-ºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ sa-®w am-\-am-bn a-cn-°p-I-

bm-Wv. ssZ-hw \n-t∂m-Sp ss[-cy-am-bn Po-hn-°m≥ I-ev-]n-°p-∂p-s≠-

¶n¬ B I-ev-]-\ \o A-\p-k-cn-t® a-Xn-bm-hq.''

tam-£w Cu \m-ep hn-`m-K-°m-cn¬ {_m-“-W¿-°pw £-{Xn-b¿-

°pw am-{X-ta D-≈q F-∂m-Wv H-cp Iq-´-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw. F-∂m-¬

Im-cy-t_m-[-ap-≈ a-s‰m-cp Iq-´-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw F-√m hn-`m-K-°m¿-

°pw D-t±-iy-ip-≤n-tbm-sS {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂ ]-£w tam-£w t\-Sm-sa-

∂m-Wv.

C-cp-]-Ø-©v Im-cy-ßƒ \-√-Xp-t]m-se a-\- n-em-°n-bm¬ ]n-s∂

G-Xp a-Xw kzo-I-cn-®m-epw tam-£w t\-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv F-∂v hym-k≥

{]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xv C-Xn-s\m-cp sX-fn-hm-Ip-∂p. hm-kp-tZ-h≥ iq-{Z-h¿-§-

Øn¬ s]-´ B-fm-sW-∂-Xpw Kp-Ww sN-bv-X-Xp ssh-iy-t\m iq-{Z-

t\m kv-{Xo-tbm £-{Xn-b-t\m {_m-“-W-t\m B-cm-bm-epw a-d-∂p-t]m-

Im-sX ssZ-hw A-Xn-\p {]-Xn-^-ew \-ev-Ipw F-∂v A-t±-lw A¿-÷p-

\-t\m-Sv ]-d-™-Xpw Cu hm-Z-K-Xn-bp-sS sX-fn-hp-I-fn¬ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 79

A[ymbw 10

aX-ß-fp-sSbpw \nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw DXv -̀hw,

{]hm-N-I-∑m¿, aX-ßƒ Zp¿_-e-s∏-S¬ssZhnIi‡n e`n-® tkmtem≥, {Umt°m, ]nXm-tKm-d-kv,

ant\mkv XpS-ßnb aX-]-fin-X-∑m-cn¬ \n∂m-Wv {Ko°p-Im¿ aXhpw

\nb-a-ßfpw ]Tn-®-Xv. CXp-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS cmPm-°-∑m-

cpsS \ne-bpw. aqk-bpsS Ime-Øn\v Ccp-∂qdv h¿j-Øn\p tijw

anbm-\qkv Zzo]p-Ifpw {Iot‰mhpw ]nSn-®-S-°n-b-t∏mƒ kypkn¬\n∂p

e`n® Nne \nb-a-ßƒ B \mSp-I-fn¬ At±lw \S-∏m-°n.

B Ime-ØmWv antkmkv \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-®-Xv. sskd-kns‚

tijw h∂ H∂m-asØ Zmcn-bqkv F∂ cmPmhv tdma-°msc AYo-

\n-bm-bn(-G-Y≥kv)-te°v Ab-®p. Ah¿ GY≥kp-Im-cn¬ \n∂v

]{¥≠v \nba ]pkvX-I-ßƒ sIm≠p-h-∂p. t]mw]neyq-kns‚

Imew h∂-t∏mƒ At±lw Ah¿°v aX-Im-cy-ßƒ \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw

apºv sIm√-Øn¬ ]Øpamkw F∂p IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂Xv ]{¥-

≠mbn ]pXp°n Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sh≈n°p ]Icw aÆp-

sIm≠pw tXmepsIm≠pw a‰pw ]m{Xw \n¿Ωn-°m≥ At±lw Bfp-

Isf \n¿_-‘n-°p-Ibpw AXn-\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw

sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. X∂n-anØw hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ sh≈n D]-tbm-Kn-

°pI F∂Xp km[m-cW°mcmb P\-ßƒ°p hnjaw hcp-Øn-.

πmt‰mbpsS "\n-b-a-ß-fpsS ]pkvX-Iw' F∂-Xn¬ {]Yam[ym-b-

Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ImWmw. aX-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-®Xp tZh-∑mtcm a\p-

jytcm F∂ GY≥kp-Im-c-\mb Hcm-fpsS tNmZy-Øn\p tZh-∑m-cm-

sW∂p "It\m-jy≥' adp-]Sn ]d-™p. F∂m¬, Xßƒ°p aX-\n-

b-a-ßƒ D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-ØXv "At∏m-tfm≥' Bbn-cp∂p F∂v "eJv-

Z-tam-Wnb'°m¿ hmZn-°p-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 80

]n∂oSv AtX A[ym-b-Øn¬ Xs∂ At±lw ]d-bp∂p: \n›-

bn-°-s∏´ \nbaßƒ A√m-lp-hn-¶¬(ssZ-hw)\n∂p e`n-®-Xm-sW-

¶n¬ Ah-bpsS e£yw KpW-ßƒ kºm-Zn°p-I-bp-w ]cn-]q¿W

\oXn \S-∏m-°p-I-bp-am-Ipw. {Iot‰m-°m-cpsS \nbaw CØ-c-Øn-ep-

≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw icn°v Ah A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-h≥ hnP-bn-°p-

sa∂pw At±-lw ]d-bp-∂p. ImcWw, ssZhnI KpW-ßfpw am\p-

jnIKpW-ßfpw Ahbn¬ hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

AtX ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ c≠mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Cßs\ ImWmw:

kzm`m-hn-I-ambn a\p-jy¿ hnj-an®p Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-I-bm¬ tZh-∑m¿

Ahsc A\p-{K-ln-®p. At∏mƒ Ah¿ tZh-∑m-cp-sSbpw kckz-Xn-

bp-sSbpw At∏m-tfm-hn-s‚bpw ZyqHm-\n-kkn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ BtLm-

j-ßƒ \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. hr≤-∑msc bphm-°-fm-°m-\p-X-Ip∂

aZyw \evIn-bXv ZypHm-\n-kkv BW-s{X.

At±lw Xp¿∂p]d-bp∂p: Bfp-I-fpsS hnj-a-ßƒ°p {]Xn-

^-e-ambn {]kvXpX tZh-∑m¿ Ah¿°v BtLm-j-ß-fnepw

I√ymW®S-ßp-I-fnepw -\-S-Øm-\p≈ \rØhpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn®v icn-

bmb hrØ-ß-fn-ep≈ ]m´p-Ifpw \¬In. AXn-\m-es{X tZh-∑msc

]qPn-°p-tºmƒ \S-Øm-dp≈ ]m´p-Iƒ°pw hmZy-ßƒ°pw {]m¿∞-

\-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p C¥y-°m-cp-sSbpw ÿnXn. aX-]-

fin-X-∑mcmb Ejn-I-fn¬\n∂mWv aX-\n-b-a-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-sX∂v

Ah¿ a\- n-em-°p-∂p. "\mcm-b-W≥' F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw a\p-jy-

cq-]-Øn¬ h∂-Xp-amb {]hm-N-I-\n¬ \n∂√ Ah-bpsS D¤-hw.

temIsØ ò£-Wn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ \mi-_o-P-ßƒ XS-bm\pw X’w-

_-‘-amb hnj-a-ßƒ C√m-Xm-°m-\p-amWv Ct±lw hcp-∂-Xv.

aX\nb-a-ßƒ Ct±lw am‰p-I-bn-√. Ah A\p-k-cn®p Pohn--°pI

am{X-amWp sNøp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v aX-Im-cy-ßƒ°v Ch¿°p

{]hm-N-I-∑m¿ Bh-iy-an-√msX h∂n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. sFlnIImcy-

ß-fn¬ am{X-amWv Ah¿°p {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂-Xv.

aX-ßsf Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp-ØpI F∂Xv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-ambn Ah¿

IW-°m-°p-∂p. hmkp-tZ-h≥ hcp-∂-Xn\p apºv A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-

cp∂ hfsc Imcy-ßƒ h∂-Xn\p tijw \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-ń-´p-≠v. P\-

ß-fpsS kz`mhw Zpjn-°p-Ibpw I¿Ø-hy-\n-¿Δl-W-Øn\p Ign-

bmsX hcn-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ apºv A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂

tKmamwk`£Ww \ntcm-[n-°-s∏-´Xv CXn-\pZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. IpSpw-

_-_‘w ap∂p hn[-Øn-em-Im-am-bn-cp-∂p.

1. F√m-h-scbpw t]mse hnhmlw Ign®p ZmºXy_‘-Øn¬

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 81

Ign-™p-h-cp∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ k¥m-\w.

2. aIƒ°v Ah-fpsS `¿Øm-hn¬\n∂p≠m-Ip∂ k¥m-\w, ap≥

\n_-‘-\-b-\p-k-cn®v Ah-fpsS ]nXm-hn\mWp e`n-°p-I.

3. `¿Øm-hns‚ A\p-hm-Z-{]-Imcw A\y-]p-cp-j-\n¬ Abm-fpsS

`mcy-°p-≠m-b k¥m-\w.

Cu aq∂m-asØ \ne-bn-emWv "i¥\p' "]mfip-'hns‚ ]nXm-

hm-b-Xv. GtXm Hcp k\ym-kn-bpsS {]m¿∞\mê-ambn i¥-\p-

hn\p Xs‚ `mcy-am-cp-ambn ASp-°m≥ km[n-°msX h∂p. X\n°v

k¥m-\-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-an-√. Aßs\ "]cmi-cp'sS aI≥

"hymk't\mSv At±lw Hcp k¥m-\-sØ Xs‚ ̀ mcy-bn¬\n∂v DZv∏m-

Zn-∏n-®psIm-Sp-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´v Hcp `mcysb Atßm-´-b-®p.

hymks\ I≠-t∏mƒ Ahƒ `b-s∏-´p. Aßs\ NnØ-tcm-Kn-bmb

Hcp Ipń-bp-≠m-bn. ]n∂oSv c≠m-asØ `mcysb Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.

Ah-f-bmsf I≠-t∏mƒ \mWw IpWpßn apJw ad®p. Aßs\

Ahƒ Ipcp-S-\mb [rX-cm-jv{Ssc {]k-hn-®p. AXn\p tijw aq∂m-

asØ `mcy-sbbpw Ab-®p. `bhpw \mWhpw Acp-sX∂v Ahsf

D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂p. Ahƒ Nncn-®p-sIm≠v At±-l-Øn\p apºn¬ {]Xy-

£-bm-bn. Aßs\ sXΩm-Snbpw tImam-fn-bp-amb hniz-`-{Z≥ Ah-

fn¬ P\n-®p. ]mfip-hns‚ \mev a°ƒ-°pambn Hcp `mcy-bm-Wp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ahƒ Hmtcm amkhpw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-s‚ IqsS Xma-

kn-°pI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ah-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ Cßs\ ImWmw: XymKn-bmb

]cmi¿ Hcn-°¬ I∏¬bm{X sNbvX-t∏mƒ I∏n-Øms‚ aIsf

ImWp-Ibpw Ah-fn¬ A\p-c-‡-\m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øn\v

Ahƒ hg-ßn-sb-¶nepw ad-hp≈ Hcp ÿew e`n-®n-√. At∏mƒ

[mcmfw imtJm-]-im-J-I-tfmSp IqSnb Hcp acw s]s´∂p apfbv-°p-

Ibpw Imcyw kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ Ah-fn-ep-≠mb

]p{X-\mWv alm-\mb Cu hymk≥. Cu \nb-a-ß-sf√mw Ct∏mƒ

Zp¿_-e-s∏-́ p-t]m-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. aX-\n-b-a-ßƒ Aÿn-c-s∏-Sp-Ø¬

A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-sW∂v Ah-cpsS {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬\n∂p sXfn-bp-

∂p. F∂m¬, hnhm-lm-Zn-I-fn-ep≈ CØcw Zpcm-Nm-c-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw

Nne-cpsS CS-bn¬ \S-∏p-≈-Xmbn ImWmw. Imivao-cn-\-SpØv ]©io-

¿ ]¿Δ-]w-‡n-I-fpsS Xmgvh-mc-ß-fnse \nhm-kn-Iƒ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-

sc√mw IqSn Hcp kv{Xosb hnhmlw sNøm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-sW∂p

hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Ckveman\p apºv Ad-_n-I-fpsS hnhml\ne ]e-

hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p.

1. Nne¿ Xs‚ ]Xv\nsb ap≥Iqń \n›-bn® BfpsS ASp-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 82

tØ°b-°p-∂p. Ahƒ Abm-fn¬\n∂p K¿`w [cn®m¬ `¿Ømhv

K¿`-Imew apgp-h≥ Ah-fn¬\n∂v AI∂p Pohn-°p-∂p. k¥m\w

\∂m-bn-cn-°m≥ th≠n-bmWv Ah¿ Cßs\ sNøp-∂-Xv.

2. Hcmƒ as‰m-cm-tfmSp \o \ns‚ `mcysb F\n°v Hgn™p

Xcn-I. Rm≥ Fs‚ `mcysb \n\°pw Hgn™pXcm-sa∂p ]d-bp-

Ibpw XpS¿∂v B hn[w {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

3. Iptd ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Hcp kv{Xosb kzoI-cn®v Ah-fn¬ P\n-

°p∂ k¥m\w Ah-cn¬ Hcmfp-tS-Xm-sW∂v Ahƒ \n›-bn-°p-∂-

ht\m Ahƒ°-dn-bn-s√-¶n¬ Ah-cn¬ e£-Ww-sIm≠p ]d-bp-∂-

ht\m Ah-sfbpw Ipń-I-sfbpw hn´p-sIm-Sp-∂p.

4. ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw aI-s‚bpw ̀ mcy-amsc hnhmlw sNømw. CXn¬

P\n-°p∂ Ipń°v "sskk≥' (an-Sp-°≥) F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p.

PqX-∑m-cpsS hnizmkw CXn-t\mSp tbmPn-°p-∂p-≠v.

Hcmƒ Xs‚ acn® ktlm-Z-cs‚ `mcysb ˛ Ahƒ°v Abm-

fn¬\n∂p k¥m-\-ß-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-ń-s√¶n¬ hnhmlw sNøpI

\n¿_-‘-am-sW∂pw ]pXp-Xmbn Ah¿°p P\n-°p∂ k¥m-\sØ

acn® ktlm-Z-cs‚ k¥m-\-ambn IW-°m-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂pw PqX¿

hniz-kn-°p-∂p. Cßs\ sNøq-∂-h\p lo{_q `mj-bn¬ "b_pΩ'

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. aPqkn(A·n Bcm-[-I¿)Ifp-sSXpw CtX \ne

Xs∂-bm-Ip-∂p.

"]tX-iz¿ K¿imlv'\v _m_°v aI≥ A¿Z-io-dns\ B{I-an-®-

Xns\ Ipdn®v A·nBcm-[-I-cpsS t\Xm-hmb "tXmk¿' FgpXn

adp-]-Sn-°-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: Hcmƒ acn-®m¬ Abmƒ°p

k¥m-\-an-s√-¶n¬ Abm-fpsS `mcysb Abm-fpsS t]cn-ep≈

ASpØ _‘p-hn\p hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp°pI. At±-l-Øn\p

`mcy Cs√-¶n¬ Abm-fpsS aIsf hnhmlw sNbvXpsImSp-°p-I.

aI-fp-an-s√-¶n¬ Abm-fpsS kzØns‚ Ah-Im-in-I-fn¬ s]´ Hcp

kv{Xosb Cßs\ hnhmlw sNbvXp sImSp-°p-I. C{]-Imcw P\n®

Ipń acn® Bfn-t‚-Xm-bn-cn-°pw. Cu kwKXn {i≤n-°m-Ø-h≥ \nc-

h[n Bfp-Isf sIm∂-h-\mbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ImcWw,

Aßs\ D≈ Hcp-h≥ acn® Bf-n-s‚ k¥m\ ]c-º-c-sbbpw t]cn-

s\bpw Ah-K-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Imcy-ßƒ Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn a\- n-

em-°m-\p-X-Ip-sa∂p Icp-Xn-bmWv Rm\o IY-Iƒ ChnsS D-≤-cn®Xv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 83

A[ymbw 11

_nw_m-cm-[-\bpsS DZv -̀hhpw

hn{K-l-ß-fpsS \nebpwC-{μn-b-ßƒ-°p tKm-N-c-am-b-h-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ Xm-e-]-cy-hpw A-

≤ym-fln-I Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xo-tc B-{i-≤-bpw ]p-e¿-Øn-h-cn-I F-∂-

Xp ]m-a-c-∑m-cp-sS kz-`m-h-am-Wv.- B-≤ym-fln-I Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xm-Xv-]-

cy-ap-≈ ]-fin-X-∑m¿ F-√m-bn-S-Øpw F-°m-e-Øpw \-t∂ Ip-d-hm-

bn-cn-°pw. A-Xn-\m¬, a-X-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-bn A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Pq-X-∑m¿,

{In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ, {]-tXy-Iw am-\n-Iƒ Xp-S-ßn-b an-° B-fp-I-fpw X-

ß-fp-sS {K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Nn-{Xw \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn

ap-l-Ω-Zv \-_n-bp-sS-tbm I-Av-_ a-μn-c-Øn-s‚-tbm Nn-{Xw H-cp ]m-a-

c-t\m kv-{Xo-t°m Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ k-t¥m-jm-[n-

Iy-Øm¬ A-Xn-s\ Npw-_n-°p-∂-Xp Im-Wmw. l-÷v Xo¿-∞m-S-\w

\n¿-h-ln-® H-cm-fp-sS k-t¥m-j-am-Wv A-h¿-°p-≠m-hp-I. C-tX Im-c-

W-am-Wv tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS-bpw {]-hm-N-I-∑-\m-cp-sS-bpw a-lm-flm-°-fp-sS-

bpw hn-{K-l-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°m≥ B-fp-I-sf t{]-cn-∏n-®-Xv. ap-ºv I¨-

ap-ºn¬-\n-∂p Zo¿-L-Im-e-am-bn A-I-∂p-t]m-b X-ß-fp-sS B-cm-[y-

∑m-cp-sS kv-a-c-W ]p-Xp-°m-\pw t\-cn¬ A-h-sc B-cm-[n-°m-\p-am-bn

]n-∂o-Sp-h-∂ a-X-t\-Xm-°ƒ C-Xp-t]m-se sN-øm≥ A-h-sc \n¿-_-

‘n-®p-Xp-S-ßn. "Xq-^m≥' F-∂ t]-cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-´ sh-≈-s∏m-°-

Øn-\p ap-ºpw ]n-ºpw _nw-_-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-® I-Y N-cn-{X-Øn¬ D-≠v.

{]-hm-N-I≥ h-cp-∂-Xn-\p ap-ºv P-\-ß-sf-√mw H-cp k-ap-Zm-b-am-bn-cp-

∂p-sh-∂pw H-tc _nw-_-sØ X-s∂ B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw Nn-e¿

A-`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. ]-g-b \n-b-a-°m¿ _nw-_m-cm-[-\ Xp-S-ßn-b-Xv

C-_v-dm-low \-_n-bp-sS ]q¿-Δ-]n-Xm-a-l≥ km-dq-Kn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-sW-

∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. {^-©p-Im-cm-b "tdm-ap-e-kv', "tdm-am-\-kv' F-∂o k-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 84

tlm-Z-c-∑m¿ A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂-t∏mƒ A-h¿ tdm-am ]-´-Ww \n¿-

Ωn-®p. ]n-∂o-Sv tdm-ap-e-kv X-s‚ k-tlm-Z-c-s\ h-[n-®p. A-t∏mƒ bp-

≤-ß-fpw `q-I-º-ß-fpw A-[n-I-am-Im≥ Xp-S-ßn. tdm-ap-e-kn-\p hn-\-

b-kz-`m-hw ssI-h-∂-t∏mƒ k-tlm-Z-c-s\ knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬ C-cp-

Øp-∂-Xp-h-sc hn-j-am-h-ÿ Xo-cp-I-bn-s√-∂p kz-]v-\w Im-Wp-I-bm¬

A-bmƒ kz¿-Æw sIm-≠v k-tlm-Z-c-s‚ {]-Xn-a \n¿-Ωn-®p Iq-sS C-

cp-Øn. X-\n-°v Cu hn-[-Øn-ep-≈ H-cp I-ev-]-\ e-`n-®-Xm-bn A-t±-

lw P-\-ß-sf A-dn-bn-®p. ]n-∂o-Sv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]n≥-Km-an-I-fpw C-

ß-s\ sN-bv-Xp-h-∂p. `q-I-º-Øn-\p ti-jw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]m¿-´n-I-

sf k-t¥m-jn-∏n-°m-\m-bn A-t±-lw H-cp B-tLm-jw \-S-Øn. C-t±-

lw kq-cy-tZ-h-s‚ \m-ev cq-]-ßƒ \m-ev Ip-Xn-c-∏p-d-Øm-bn D-≠m-°n.

C-h-bn¬ ]-®-°p-Xn-c `q-an-sb-bpw, Np-h-∂-Xv A-·n-sb-bpw, sh-fp-Ø-

Xv hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw, \o-e\n-d-Øn-ep-≈Xp sh-≈-sØ-bpw {]-Xn-\n-[m-

\w sN-øp-∂p. C-h-sb-√mw C-t∏m-gpw tdm-am-bn¬ Im-Wmw.

C-¥y-°m-cp-sS A-‘-hn-izm-k-ß-sf kw-_-‘n®p ]-d-bp-tºmƒ

A-h-cn-ep-≈ ]m-a-c-∑m-cp-sS \n-e-bm-Wv \mw D-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬,

c-£m-am¿-§w A-t\z-jn-°p-I-bpw X¿-°-Øn-s‚-bpw Nn-¥-bp-sS-bpw am¿-

§w ssI-sIm-≈p-I-bpw A-ß-s\ "km-cw' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂ k-Xy-Øn¬

A-h¿ F-Øn-t®-cp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-h¿ G-I-ssZ-h-sØ A-√m-

sX a-s‰m-∂n-s\-bpw {]-Xn-a-I-sf-Iq-Sn-bpw Xo-sc B-cm-[n-®n-cp-∂n-√.

C-Xn-\p-≈ D-Zm-l-c-W-ß-fn¬ Nn-e-Xv C-hn-sS Ip-dn-°mw. "kmwJy' D-

≤-cn-°p-∂p. ap-ºv "C-{º-i' F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp cm-Pm-hv h-f-sc \-√

\n-e-bn¬ cm-Pyw `-cn-®p. B-{K-l-ßƒ \n-d-th-dn-b A-t±-lw H-Sp-hn¬

cm-Py-`-c-Ww ssI-hn-´v Xym-Kn-bm-bn k-\y-kn-®p. B-cm-[-\-bpw {]m-

∞-\-bpambn G-Im-¥-X-bn¬ Ip-td-°m-ew I-gn-™p-Iq-Sn. H-cn-°¬ B-

cm-[y≥ tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS t\-Xm-hm-b C-{μ-s‚ cq-]-Øn¬ B-\-∏p-d-Øp

{]-Xy-£-s∏-Sp-I-bpw B-h-iy-ap-≈-Xp ]-d-™m¬ A-Xp \n-d-th-‰n-sIm-

Sp-°m-sa-∂v G-ev-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-t∏mƒ Xym-Kn C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-

™p: \n-ß-sf I-≠-Xn¬ F-\n-°-Xn-bm-b k-t¥m-j-ap-≠v. \n-ßƒ

sN-bv-X k-lm-b-ßƒ-°pw Hu-Zm-cy-ßƒ-°pw \-μn ]-d-bp-∂p. ]-t£,

F-\n-°p \n-ß-tfm-Sv H-∂pw A-t]-£n-°m-\n-√. \n-ß-fp-sS I¿-Øm-hm-

b tem-I-\m-Y-t\m-Sm-Wv F-\n-°v A-t]-£n-°m-\p-≈-Xv.

C-{μ≥: B-cm-[-\-bp-sS e-£yw A-Xn-\p-≈ {]-Xn-^-ew t\-S-em-

W-t√m? I-≠p-ap-´n-b B-fn¬-\n-∂v A-Xp hm-ßn-s°m-≈q. hn-a¿-in-

°m≥ Xp-\n-b-cp-Xv.

Xym-Kn: F-∂m¬, C-l-tem-I kp-Jw F-\n-°p e-`n-®p-I-gn-™p.

Rm≥ AXp Xy-Pn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. B-cm-[-\-sIm-≠p-≈ F-s‚ e-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 85

£yw tem-I-\m-Y-s\ Im-Wp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv. \n-ß-sf A-√. ]n-s∂

Rm≥ F-ß-s\ F-s‚ B-h-iyw \n-ß-tfm-Sp ]-d-bpw?

C-{μ≥: k¿-Δ-tem-I-hpw F-s∂ A-\p-k-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-th F-

s∂ F-Xn¿-°m≥ \o B-cm-Wv?

Xym-Kn: Rm-\pw A-Xp-t]m-se A-\p-k-c-W-bp-≈-h-\m-Wv. ]-t£,

Xm-¶ƒ-°v Cu I-gn-hp \-ev-In-b-h-s\-bm-Wv Rm≥ B-cm-[n-°p-∂-Xv.

A-h≥ Xm-¶-sf "_¬' "ln-c-Wym-£v' F-∂o c-≠p tZ-h-∑m-cn¬ \n-

∂pw c-£n-® k¿-Δm-[n-\m-Y-\m-Wv. A-Xn-\m¬ Xm-¶ƒ F-s∂-bpw F-

s‚ am¿-§-sØ-bpw hn-Sp-I. F-∂n¬-\n-∂v b-Ym-kp-Jw a-S-ßn-t∏m-bv-

s°m-≈p-I.

C-{μ≥: \o F-Xn¿-°p-∂-Xn¬-\n-∂p hn-c-an-°p-I-bn-s√-¶n¬ Rm≥

\n-s∂ h-[n-°pw.

Xym-Kn: k-Zv-Kp-Ww A-kq-bm-h-l-am-Wv. Zp¿-K-W-Øn-\v A-Xn-t\m-

sS-Xn-cp-≠m-hpw. C-l-tem-I-hp-am-bn _-‘w ap-dn-®-h-t\m-Sp tZ-h-∑m¿-

°v A-kq-b tXm-∂pw. A-h¿ A-bm-sf h-gn-sX-‰n-°m≥ {i-an-°pw F-

s∂-√mw ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. Rm≥ C-l-tem-I _-‘w ap-dn-®v B-cm-[-\-

bn¬ ap-gp-In-b H-cm-fm-Wv. Rm≥ Cu \n-e ssI-hn-Sp-I-bn-√. \n-ß-

fm¬ h-[n-°-s∏-Sm≥ Rm≥ H-cp Ip-‰-hpw sN-bv-Xn-́ n-√. C-\n \n¿-t±m-jn-

bm-b F-s∂ sIm-√-W-sa-¶n¬ Xm-¶ƒ A-Xn-\p ap-Xn¿-t∂m-fq. D-t±-iy-

hpw e-£y-hpw ssZ-h-Øn-\p th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬-̨ -\n-jv-I-f-¶-am-

bn ssZ-h-Øn¬ hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ Xm-¶ƒ-°v F-s∂ D-]-{Z-hn-

°m≥ km-[n-°p-I-bn-√. C-{X-bpw k-a-bw Xm-¶ƒ F-s∂ [ym-\-Øn¬-

\n-∂p X-S-™p. Rm-\n-Xm A-Xn-te-°p X-s∂ a-S-ßp-I-bm-Wv.

A-{]-Im-cw Xym-Kn [ym-\n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-th, a-™ h-kv-{Xw [-

cn-® (Xm-a-c-∏q-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ h-kv-{Xw [-cn-®) H-cp a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn¬

"K-cp-V' F-∂ t]-cp-≈ H-cp ]-£n-bp-sS ]p-d-Øp-I-b-dn -ssZ-hw A-

bm-fp-sS ap-ºn¬ {]-Xy-£-s∏-´p. H-cp I-øn¬ iw-Jpw a-dp-I-øn¬ h-´-

Øn¬ aq¿-®-bp-≈ H-cm-bp-[-hpw aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xn¬ H-cp ]-cn-N-bpw \m-

em-a-tØ-Xn¬ H-cp ]-fl-hpw, (Np-h-∂ Xm-a-c) D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Xym-Kn

C-Xp-I-≠-t∏mƒ t]-Sn-®p hn-d-®p-t]m-bn. A-t±-lw h-f-sc k-a-bw km-

jv-Smw-K {]-Wm-a-hpw {]m¿-∞-\-bp-am-bn I-gn-®p-Iq-´n. A-t∏mƒ ssZ-

hw A-t±-l-sØ A-\p-{K-ln-°p-I-bpw e-£y-Øn¬ F-Øn-t®¿-∂n-´p-

s≠-∂p k-t¥m-j-hm¿-Ø A-dn-bn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

Xym-Kn C-{]-Im-cw sam-gn-™p: F-Xn-cn-√m-Ø \n-e-bn¬X-s∂ kp-

J-am-bn Rm≥ cm-Pyw `-cn-®p. Zpx-J-sa-s¥-∂-dn-bm-sX Po-hn-®p. C-l-

tem-I kp-J-ßƒ ap-gp-h-\pw B-kz-Zn-®p. i-cn-°p Nn-¥n-®-t∏mƒ, Cu

kp-J-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ `m-hn A-]-I-S-am-sW-∂p a-\- n-em-°m-≥ km-[n-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 86

®-Xn-s‚ ^-e-am-bn, C-t∏mƒ ssI-h-∂ hn-P-bw am-{X-am-bn F-s‚ Po-

hn-X e-£yw. C-\n-b-sØ B-{K-lw Cu i-co-c-_-‘-Øn¬\n-∂p

tam-N-\w t\-Sp-I F-∂-Xm-Wv.

A-t∏mƒ ssZ-hw C-ß-s\ ]-d-™p: C-l-tem-I-hp-am-bn F-√m

_-‘-ß-fpw th¿-s∏-Sp-Øn G-Im-¥-\m-bn Pn-hn-°p-I-bpw Nn-¥n-®p-

sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw C-{μn-b-ß-sf _m-ly-tem-I-Øp-\n-∂p ]n≥-h-en-

®v A-¥¿-ap-J-am-°n N-en-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-I. C-Xn-\p e-`n-® a-dp-]-

Sn-bm-Wp Np-h-sS tN¿-°p-∂-Xv.

""i-cn, C-hn-Sp-∂v \-ev-In-b A-\p-{K-l-Øn¬ F-\n-°-Xp km-[n-®p.

a-‰p-≈-h F-ß-s\ \n¿-Δ-ln-°pw? a-\p-jy-s\ tem-I-hp-am-bn _-‘n-

∏n-°p-∂ ̀ -£-Ww, h-kv-{Xw Xp-S-ßn-b-h a-\p-jy-\v B-h-iy-am-W-t√m?

\o \n-s‚ `-c-W-Øn-epw tem-I-Øp-≈ F-√m Im-cy-ß-fn-epw F-s‚

am¿-§-Øn¬ F-s∂ e-£y-am-°n {]-h¿-Øn-°p-I. h-√-t∏m-gpw F-s∂

a-d-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ F-s‚ {]-Xn-a D-≠m-°n kq-£n-°p-I. kp-

K-‘-{Z-hyw, {]-Im-iw F-∂n-h-sIm-≠v h-gn-]m-Sv I-gn-°p-I. A-Xn-s\

F-s∂ kv-a-cn-°m-\p-≈ am¿-§-am-°p-I. F-¥p sN-bv-Xm-epw A-Xv F-

s‚ t]-cn-em-bn-cn-°-Ww.

A-t∏mƒ Xym-Kn C-ß-s\ ]-d-™p: ""Np-cp-°-Øn¬ Im-cyw F-\n-

°p a-\- n-em-bn A-ßv A-Xn-s‚ hn-h-c-Ww-sIm-≠v F-s∂ A-\p-{K-

ln-®m-epw.''

ssZ-hw a-dp-]-Sn \-ev-In: ""i-cn, Rm-\-Xp sN-bv-Xp-I-gn-™p. \n-s‚

]p-tcm-ln-X-\m-b h-kn-jvT-\v B-h-iy-am-b F-√m Im-cy-ß-fpw \mw

tXm-∂n-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. {]-iv-\-ß-fn¬ A-bmƒ ]-d-bp-∂-Xp-t]m-se sN-

bv-Xp-sIm-≈p-I.''

A-ß-s\ ssZ-hw A-{]-Xy-£-am-hp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-∂p-ap-X¬

hn-{K-l-ßƒ D-≠m-bn F-∂m-Wp ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Nn-e-Xn-\p \m-ev

ssI-I-fpw Nn-e-Xn-\p c-≠v ssI-I-fp-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

{_-“m-hn-\p \m-c-Z≥ F-∂ H-cp ]p-{X-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZ-h-sØ

Im-Wp-I-b-√m-sX A-t±-l-Øn-\p e-£y-ßƒ th-sdm-∂pw D-≠m-bn-cp-

∂n-√. A-t±-lw F-t∏m-gpw H-cp h-Sn-bp-am-bn \-S-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

A-Xp \n-e-Øn-´m-¬ H-cp ]m-ºm-bn am-dpw. A-ß-s\ ]-e A-¤p-X Im-

cy-ß-fpw A-t±-lw Im-Wn-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- H-cn-°¬ A-t±-lw Nn-

¥n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°-th Zq-c-Øv H-cp {]-Im-iw I-≠p. A-t±-lw A-Xn-

s‚ A-Sp-tØ-°p sN-∂p. A-t∏mƒ C-ß-s\ ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn tI-´p.

""\o B-{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv A-km-[y-am-Wv. F-s∂ C-ß-s\-b-√m-sX Im-

Wm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√'' A-t±-lw t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ a-\p-jy-cq-]-Øn-ep-

≈ H-cp {]-Im-iw \n¬-°p-∂-Xp I-≠p. B Im-ew ap-X-¬ hn-{K-l-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 87

\n¿-Ωm-Ww Xp-S-ßn. kq-cy-s‚ t]-cn¬ \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´ ap¬-Xm≥ _nw-

_w {]-kn-≤-am-Wv. B-Zn-Xy≥ F-s∂m-cp t]-cp-Iq-Sn A-Xn-\p-≠v. A-

Xv a-cw-sIm-≠m-Wv D-≠m-°n-b-Xv. A-Xn-s‚ I-Æp-I-fn¬ c-≠v Np-h-

∂ am-Wn-I-y-°-√p-Iƒ D-≠v. "I¿-Øm-Pq-°v D-≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv Cu

_nw-_w F-∂v A-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. A-Xn-\pti-jw C-t∂-°v 2,16,432

sIm-√-ß-fm-bn. ap-l-Ω-Zv-_n≥ Jm-knw ap¬-Øm≥ P-bn-®-S-°n-b Im-

e-Øv A-t±-lw Cu hn-{K-l-hpw A-Xn-s‚ t]-cn-ep-≈ kz-Øp-°-fpw

Im-Wp-I-bp-≠m-bn. C-Xn-s‚ Z¿-i-\-Øn-\p th-≠n Iq-´w Iq-´-am-bn

B-fp-Iƒ h-∂p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. A-t∏mƒ A-Xn-s\ \-in-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-

I-bm-Wv \-√-sX-∂v A-bmƒ a-\- n-em-°p-I-bpw A-Xn-s\ \n- m-c-am-

°n Im-Wn-°m≥ A-Xn-s‚ I-gp-Øn¬ H-cp I-jv-Ww ]-ip-amw-k-w Xq-

°n-bn-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-Sp-Øm-bn H-cp ]-≈n \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-bpw sN-

bv-Xp. ]n-∂o-Sv J-dm-a-Xn-I-ƒ A-hn-sS A-[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂-t∏mƒ A-

h-cn¬-s]-´ P-e-ap-_n≥ ssi-_m≥ F-∂ Bƒ B hn-{K-lw D-S-°p-

I-bpw A-Xn-s‚ ]q-Pm-cn-I-sf sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw B ÿ-e-Øp

ap-ºp-≈-Xn-\p ]-I-cw h-en-b H-cp ]-≈n ]-Wn-bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-a-

ho J-eo-^-am-tcm-Sp-≈ sh-dp-∏p Im-c-W-am-bn B-Zy-sØ ]-≈n A-t±-

lw A-S-®p-I-f-™p. A-ao¿ a-lv-aq-Zv B ÿ-e-Øp\n-∂v A-h-sc ]-

cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn Hm-Sn-® ti-jw B-Zy-sØ ]-≈n X-s∂ D-]-tbm-K-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I-bpw ]p-Xn-b ]-≈n-bp-sS ÿ-ew am-{Xw _m-°n-bm-°p-I-bpw

sN-bv-Xp. A-hn-sS C-t∏mƒ H-cp Ip-fw am-{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv. ta¬ Im-Wn-

® sIm-√-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v J-dm-a-Xn-I-fp-sS `-c-W-Im-e-am-b \q-dv sIm-√w

am-{X-a-√ \m-\p-‰n-®n-√m-\w sIm-√w I-gn-®m-epw B hn-{K-lw \n¿-Ωn-®-

Xp ap-X¬ ln-Pv-dx h-sc 2,16,000 h¿-j-ßƒ B-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. C-{X-

bpw Im-ew B hn-{K-lw \n¿-Ωn-® a-cw X-Wp-Ø `q-an-bn-epw hm-bp-hn-

epw ÿn-XnsN-bv-Xn-´pw H-cp tI-Spw Iq-Sm-sX ti-jn-®-sX-ß-s\ F-∂v

F-\n-°p a-\- n-em-Ip-∂n-√.

"Xm-t\-iz¿' ]-´-W-sØ A-h¿ h-f-sc A-[n-Iw _-lp-am-\n-°p-

∂p. A-hn-sS "N-{Ikzm-an' (B-bp-[-ap-≈ Bƒ) F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp

_nw-_-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. G-Xm-≠v H-cp a-\p-jy-s‚ A-{X-X-s∂ \o-f-

Øn¬ ]n-®-f-sIm-≠v \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wo hn-{K-lw. A-Xn-t∏mƒ "K-

kv-\n'bn-se H-cp ssa-Xm-\-Øn¬ a-lm-tZ-h-s‚ enw-K-{]-Xn-a-bm-b tkm-

a-\m-Y t£-{X-Øn-s‚ tKm-]-p-c-tØm-sSm-∏w In-S-∏p-≠v. Cu {]-Xn-a-

°v "enw-Kv' F-∂m-Wv t]-cv. tkm-a-\m-Y-Øn-s‚ I-Y ]n-∂o-Sp h-cp-∂-

Xm-Wv. N-{Ikzm-an hn-{K-lw "`-c-X's‚ Im-e-Øv A-∂-sØ bp-≤-

Øn-s‚ Hm¿-Ω-°m-bn \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wv. Im-iv-ao-cn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-

Øp-\n-∂p c-t≠m aq-t∂m ssa¬ Zq-c-Øn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ "_n-s√-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 88

\m¿' ]¿-Δ-X-Øn-\p k-ao-]w "im-c-Xw' F-∂ H-cp X-cw a-cw-sIm-≠v

\n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-´ H-cp hn-{K-l tI-{μ-ap-≠v. B-fp-Iƒ Cu hn-{K-l-sØ

_-lp-am-\n-°p-I-bpw B ÿ-e-tØ-°p Xo¿-∞-bm-{X \-S-Øp-I-bpw

sN-øm-dp-≠v.

"kw-ln-X' F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬-\n-∂p _nw-_-\n¿-Ωm-W hn-j-b-sØ

Ip-dn-®p km-am-\y-am-b A-dn-hp \-ev-Ip-∂ H-cp A-≤ym-bw C-hn-sS ]-

I¿-Ømw.

h-cm-l-an-ln-c≥ ]-d-bp-∂p:

\n¿-Ωn-°p-∂ hn-{K-lw Z-i-c-Y ]p-{X≥ "cm-a-s‚'tbm hn-tcm-N-\-

s‚ a-I≥ "_-en'bp-sSm-tbm B-sW-¶n¬ B hn-{K-l-Øn-s‚ hn-c¬

sIm-≠v A-f-∂m¬ 120 hn-c¬ B-sI Iq-Sn D-≠m-h-Ww. a-‰p _nw-_-

ßƒ C-h-bp-sS ]-Øn-sem-cp `m-Kw Ip-d-™n-cn-°p-I-bpw th-Ww. A-

t∏mƒ 108 hn-c¬ \o-f-Øn-em-Wp \n¿-Ωn-t°-≠-Xv. hn-jv-Wp-hn-s‚ hn-

{K-l-Øn-\v F-t´m, \m-tem, c-t≠m ssI-Iƒ \n¿-Ωn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

A-Xn-s‚ C-S-Øp-`m-K-sØ `p-P-Øn-\p Xm-sg-bm-bn "{io' F-∂ kv-

{Xo-bp-sS cq-]w D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. F-´p ssI-Iƒ D-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬

h-e-Xp-`m-K-Øv H-∂n¬ hm-fpw, c-≠m-a-tØ-Xn¬ kz¿-Æ K-Z-bpw, aq-

∂m-a-tØ-Xn¬ A-ºpw, \m-em-a-tØ-Xn¬ tIm-cn-bpw, C-S-Xp ssI-I-

fn¬ ]-cn-N, hn-√v, N-{Iw, iw-Jv F-∂n-h-bpw D-≠m-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

\m-ev ssI-Iƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-ºpw hn-√pw H-gn-hm-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv. c-≠p ssI-bp-≈ cq-]-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ h-e-tØ-Xv tIm-cn

F-Sp-°p-∂ cq-]-Øn-epw C-S-tØ-Xv iw-Jv ]n-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂ cq-]-Øn-epw

\n¿-Ωn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. cq-]w \m-cm-W-s‚ k-tlm-Z-c≥ _-e-tZ-h-t‚-Xm-

sW-¶n¬ Im-Xn¬ kz¿-Æ-tØm-S Xq-°n A-e-¶-cn-°p-I-bpw I-Æp-aq-

Sp-I-bpw th-Ww. c-≠v k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cp-sS-bpw {]-Xn-a \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-bm-

sW-¶n¬ A-h-cp-sS k-tlm-Z-cn "`-K--h-Xn'bp-sS {]-Xn-a-bpw Iq-sS tN¿-

°-Ww. C-S-sØ ssI A-c-s°-´n¬ sh-®v H-cp `m-K-tØ-°p N-cn-™

\n-e-bn-epw h-e-sØ ssI-bn¬ Xm-a-c ]n-Sn-®p-sIm-≠pw B-bn-cn-°-

Ww A-h-cp-sS cq-]w. `-K-h-Xn-bp-sS cq-]w \m-ev I-tøm-Sp-Iq-Sn \n¿-Ωn-

°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ h-e-Øv H-cp ssI-øn¬ am-e-bpw, a-t‰-Xn¬ tIm-cn-

I-bpw C-S-tØ ssI-I-fn¬ H-cp G-Spw, Xm-a-c-∏q-hpw D-≠m-bn-cn-t°-

≠-Xm-Wv. `-K-h-Xo-hn-{K-l-sØ F-´v ssI-I-tfm-Sp Iq-Sn-bm-Wv \n¿-Ωn-

°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ C-S-sØ ssI-I-fn¬ Xm-a-c-∏q-hpw ]m-{X-hpw -hn-√pw H-

tc-Spw h-e-Xp`m-K-Øv am-e-bpw I-Æm-Sn-bpw A-ºpw tIm-cn-sb-Sp-°p-

∂ cq-]-hpw D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. C-\n hn-{K-lw hn-jv-Wp-hn-s‚ a-I≥

km-ºnt‚-Xm-sW-¶n¬ h-e-Xp ssI-øn¬ H-cp iq-ew am-{Xw D-≠m-

bm¬ a-Xn. hn-jv-Wp]p-{X≥ {]-Zypw\-t‚-Xm-sW-¶n¬ h-e-tØ-Xn¬

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 89

A-ºpw C-S-tØ-Xn¬ hn-√pw D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. C-h¿ c-≠p-t]-cp-tS-

bpw `m-cy-am-cp-sS hn-{K-l-am-sW-¶n¬ h-e-tØ-Xn¬ hm-fpw C-S-tØ-

Xn¬ ]-cn-N-bpw D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww.

{_-“m-hn-s‚ {]-Xn-a \m-ep `m-K-tØ-°m-bn \m-ep ap-J-tØm-Sp

Iq-Sn-bpw I-øn¬ ]-{X-hp-am-bn Xm-a-c-∏q-hn¬ \n¬-°p-∂ \n-e-bn-epw

\n¿-Ωn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. a-lm-tZ-h-s‚ ]p-{X≥ kv-I-¥-s‚ cq-]w c-≠v

`m-Kw aq¿-®-bp-≈-Xpw \-Sp-°p ]n-Sn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-b ITm-cn ]n-Sn-

®p- a-bn-en-s‚ ]p-d-ØpI-b-dn-b Ip-ń-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. C-{μ-

s‚ hn-{K-l-Øn-\p aq-∂pw I-øn¬ h-{Pw F-∂p t]-cp-≈, \-Sp-hn¬ ]n-

Sn-bpw c-≠p-`m-K-Øv hmƒ t]m-se-bp-≈ c-≠v I-Øn-bpw D-≠m-bn-cn-

°-Ww. \m-ev sIm-ºp-≈ sh-≈m-\-∏p-d-Øp I-b-dn C-cn-°p-∂ cq-]-

Øn-ep-am-I-Ww. C-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ a-lm-tZ-h-s‚ hn-{K-l-Øn-\p aq-

∂m-a-sXm-cp I-Æpw X-e-bn¬ N-{μ-°-e-bpw I-øn¬ iq-ew F-∂p ]-d-

bp-∂ aq-∂v im-J-I-fp-≈ B-bp-[-hpw hm-fpw D-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. C-S-

sØ ssI X-s‚ `m-cy tl-a-¥n-s‚ a-Iƒ Ku-cn-sb s\-©n-te-°v

A-W-®p-Iq-ń-bp-am-I--Ww.

F-∂m¬, "Pn-\' F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ _p-≤-hn-{K-lw `w-Kn-

bp-≈ ap-J-tØm-Sp Iq-Sn-b-Xpw ssI-∏-S-hpw D-≈-w-Im-epw Xm-a-c-∏q-hn-

s‚ cq-]-Øn-ep-≈-Xpw Xm-a-c-bn¬ C-cn-°p-∂ \n-e-bn¬ I-dp-Ø ap-Sn--

tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn F-√m kr-jv-Sn-I-fp-sS-bpw ]n-Xm-sh-t∂m-Ww ]p-©n-cn Xq-

In-s°m-≠p-am-I-Ww. _p-≤-s‚ a-s‰m-cp hn-{K-l-am-b "A¿-l-¥' D-

≠m-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]-k-∂ ap-J-tØm-sS \-·-\m-b H-cp bp-hm-hn-

s\-t∏m-se ssI-Iƒ c-≠pw Im¬ ap-´p-Iƒ h-sc F-Øp-∂ \n-e-bn-

epw {io F-∂ kv-{Xo C-S-sØ `p-P-Øn-\p Xm-sg \n¬-°p-∂ \n-e-bn-

epw kq-cyk-¥m-\-am-b "c-hn-Z-Øn't‚-Xm-sW-¶n¬ th-́ -°m-sc-t∏m-se

Ip-Xn-c-∏p-d-Øp I-b-dn-b \n-e-bn-epw \n¿-Ωn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. a-c-W-Øn-

s‚ Zq-X-\m-b "b-a≥' F-∂ hn-{K-l-Øn-s‚ I-øn¬ K-Z ]n-Sn-®p-t]m-

Øn-s‚ ]p-d-Øn-cn-°p-∂ \n-e-bn¬ D-≠m-°-Ww. Im-h¬-°m-c-\m-b

Ip-t_-c-s‚ hn-{K-lw In-co-Sw [-cn-® h-en-b i-co-c-tØm-SpIq-Sn-bpw H-

cp a-\p-jy-s‚ ap-I-fn¬ I-b-dn-b a-ń-ep-am-I-Ww. kq-cy-_nw-_w Xm-a-

c-°m-ºp-t]m-se Np-h-∂ ap-J-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bpw c-Xv-\-ßƒ t]m-se {]-

Im-i-ap-≈-Xm-bpw A-h-b-h-ßƒ {]-Xy-£-am-bpw Im-Xn¬ tXm-S-tbm-

Sp-w s\-©n¬ Xm-Wp-In-S-°p-∂ ap-Øp-am-e-Iƒ I-gp-Øn¬ sI-ń-b

\n-e-bn-epw sIm-Øp-]-Wn-I-fp-≈ In-co-S-tØm-Spw c-≠v I-øn-epw c-≠v

Xm-a-c-∏q-°-tfm-Spw Iq-Sn-bpw h-S-°-sc t]m-se s\-cn-bm-Wn-h-sc h-kv-

{Xw [-cn-® \n-e-bn-epw \n¿-Ωn-°-Ww. {_-“m-hn-s\ \m-ep `m-K-tØ-

°m-bn \m-epap-J-ap-≈ cq-]-Øn¬ D-≠m-°-Ww. F-∂m¬, Ip-am-c-t‚-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 90

Xv B-dv ap-J-ap-≈-Xm-h-Ww. "ssh-i-\o-hn-\v' \m-ev ssI-Iƒ D-≠m-I-

Ww. h-cm-l-sØ a-\p-jyi-co-c-Øn¬ ]-∂n-Ø-e-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv \n¿-

Ωn-t°-≠-Xv. C-{μm-Wn h-f-sc A-[n-Iw I-Æp-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn K-Z ]n-Sn-

®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°-Ww. `-K-h-Xn C-cn-°p-∂ \n-e-bn¬ B-bn-cn-t°-≠-

Xm-Wv. Nm-ap-fin hn-cq-]n-bpw Zw-jv-{S-ßƒ ]p-d-Øp-Im-Wn-®p- h-b-sdm-

ń-b \n-e-bn-epw B-I-Ww. t£-{X-]m-e≥ ap-Sn P-U-]n-Sn-®pw ap-Jw Np-

fn-™pw hn-cq-] \n-e-bn-ep-am-I-Ww. hn-\m-b-I≥ a-\p-jy-s‚ D-S-en¬

B-\-Ø-e-tbm-Spw \m-ep ssI-I-tfm-Spw Iq-Sn B-h-Ww. Nn-e-cp-sS A-

`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ Cu hn-{K-l-ßƒ B-Sp-I-sf-bpw F-cp-a-I-sf-bpw sIm-

∂p tNm-c Ip-Sn-°p-∂-h-b-s{X. F-√m _nw-_-ß-fp-sS-bpw A-h-b-h-

ßƒ A-h-bp-sS hn-c¬ sIm-≠v I-W-°m-°-s∏-´-cn-°p-∂p. Nn-e-Xn¬

hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p am-{Xw. \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hp kq-£n-®p Ir-

Xy-am-bn \n¿-Ωn-®m¬ hn-{K-l-Øn¬-\n-∂p in-£ e-`n-°p-I-bn-√. Iq-

Sm-sX A-bm-sf Im-Øp-kq-£n-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. H-cp ap-g-Øn-ep-≠m-

°n-b hn-{K-lw I-tk-c-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn c-≠v ap-gw D-≠m-bm¬ A-h-\p c-

£-bpw t£-a-hpw ssI-h-cpw. Iq-Sp-X-em-bm¬ A-{X-bpw \-√-Xp X-

s∂. _nw-_-ß-sf, hn-in-jym kq-cy-_nw-_-sØ I-W-°n-te-sd h-ep-

Xm-°p-∂-Xv D-S-a-ÿ-s\-bpw sN-dp-Xm-°p-∂-Xp \n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s\-bpw

\m-i-Øn-se-Øn-°p-sa-∂v Hm¿-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. A-h-bp-sS h-b¿ H-ń-b

\n-e-bn-¬ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xp \m-Sn-s\ ]-ń-Wn-bn-em-gv-Øm-\pw sa-en-™

\n-e-bn¬ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xp km-º-Øn-I X-I¿-®-°pw Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂p.

\n¿-Ωm-Xm-hn-s‚ ssI ]n-g-® \n-e-bn¬ ho-Wp _nw-_-Øn¬ A-S-bm-

f-ap-≠m-bm¬ A-Sn-In-ń a-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. A-h-b-h-ß-sf i-cn-bm-b co-

Xn-bn¬ \n¿-Ωn-®n-s√-¶n¬ A-h-s‚ `m-cy \-in-°pw. I-Æp ta¬-t∏m-

´m-°n-bm¬ A-h≥ I-cp-S-\m-bn-Øo-cpw. Io-gv-t]m-´m-°n-bm¬ A-h≥

Zpx-Jn-X-\m-Øo-cpw. _nw-_-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-∂-Xp hn-ti-j-s∏-´ c-Xv-\-

ßƒ-s°m-≠m-Wv. a-c-ß-fpw a-Æpw Nn-e k-a-bw D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-

dp-≠v, c-Xv-\w-sIm-≠v D-≠m-°n-bm¬ cm-jv-{S-Øn-se ]p-cp-j-∑m¿-°pw

kv-{Xo-Iƒ-°pw s]m-Xp-hn¬ \-√ ^-ew e-`n-°pw. kz¿-Æw sIm-≠m-

sW-¶n¬ Io¿-Øn-bpw sN-ºp-sIm-≠m-sW-¶n¬ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-c ssh-

]p-ey-hpw, I-√p-sIm-≠m-sW-¶n¬ `q k-º-Øpw e-`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. hn-

{K-l-ßƒ-°p ta-∑-bp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv A-h {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ a-

lm-flm-°-sf-sIm-≠m-Wv. A-√m-sX A-h-bp-sS i-co-cw sIm-≠-√. ap¬-

Xm≥ _nw-_w a-cw-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂p ]-d-™t√m. A-Xp-t]m-

se X-s∂ ]n-im-Np-°-fp-am-bp-≈ bp-≤-Øn¬-\n-∂v H-gn-hm-b-t∏mƒ cm-

a≥ ÿm-]n-® enw-K _nw-_w kz-¥w ssI-sIm-≠p-X-s∂ a-W¬ Ip-

g-®p ]m-I-s∏-Sp-Øn \n¿-Ωn-®-Xm-Wv. Im-c-Ww, A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-ev-]-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 91

\ {]-Im-cw in-ev-]n-Iƒ I-√p-sIm-≠v \n¿-Ωn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂ _nw-_w

\n-›n-X k-a-b-Øp ]q¿-Øn-bm-bn-√. B _nw-_-Øn-s‚ a-fi-e-hpw

A-Xn-s‚ Np-‰-º-e-hpw a-‰pw \n¿-Ωn-®-Xn-s\ ]-‰n C-hn-sS hn-h-cn-°m≥

Xp-S-ßn-bm¬ hn-j-bw \o-≠p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂p `-b-∂v A-Xn-te-°p {]-

th-in-°p-∂n-√. hn-hn-[ h-Ip-∏p-I-fn¬-\n-∂p ]q-Pm-cn-I-sf-bpw th-e-

°m-cn-I-sf-bpw A-hn-sS \n-›-bn-°m-\m-bn cm-a≥ I-ev-]n-®p. hn-jv-Wp-

hn-s‚ A-Sp-Øv `-K-h-Xn-bp-sS ]m¿-ń-°pw kq-cy-_nw-_-Øn-s‚ A-cn-

sI aw-K-°pw (A-·n-B-cm-[-I¿) a-lm-tZ-h-s‚ A-cn-sI tXm¬ [-cn-

®p I-gp-Øn¬ a-\p-jym-ÿnam-e Xq-°n Im-ń¬ sh-®m-cm-[n-°p-∂ k-

\ym-kn-Iƒ-°pw l-iv-X-s‚ A-cn-sI {_m-“-W-∑m¿-°pw, _p-≤-s‚

A-cn-sI i-a-W-∑m¿-°pw A-t±-lw ku-I-cyw sN-bv-Xp-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-

∂p. _nw-_-ß-fp-sS cq-]w a-\- n-em-°m-\pw C-h-sbm-s° A-dn-hn-√m-

Ø-h¿-°p th-≠n-bm-sW-∂pw hn-th-I-an-√m-Ø P-\-ß-sf C-h F-ß-

s\ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw [-cn-∏n°m-\p-am-Wv Rm-\o sI-́ p-I-Y-Iƒ

C-hn-sS D-≤-cn-®-Xv.

i-co-c-an-√m-Ø G-I-\m-b ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ _nw-_w C-Xp-h-sc B-

cpw D-≠m-°n-bn-ń-√. A-Xn-\m¬, Ko-X-bn¬ C-ß-s\ ]-d-bp-∂p: ""A-

[n-I-am-fp-I-fpw X-s‚ B-h-iyw \n¿-Δ-ln-°m-\m-bn A-\y¿ ap-tJ-\-

F-t∂m-Sv A-`y¿-∞n-°p-∂p. A-\y¿-°v A-h¿ h-gn-]m-Sp-Iƒ sN-øp-

∂p. F-∂n-´pw Rm≥ A-h¿-°p i-‡n-bpw ku-I-cy-hpw sN-øp-∂-Xv

Rm≥ B-{in-X h-’-e-\m-b-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.''

A¿-÷p-\-t\m-Sv hm-kp-tZ-h≥ C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-™-Xm-bn Ko-X-bn¬

Im-Wmw: A-Xym-{K-ln-I-fm-b Nn-e¿ h-gn-]m-Sp-Iƒ sN-øp-∂-Xv B-flm-

°ƒ-t°m kq-cy-˛-N-{μ˛\-£-{Xm-Zn-Iƒ-t°m A-t√? ssZ-hw B-{in-X-

h-’-e-\m-b-Xn-\m¬ A-h¿-°v c-£-bpw ku-I-cy-hpw sN-bv-Xp--sIm-Sp-

°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v A-h¿ X-ß-fp-sS hn-Õn-Xzw a-\- n-em-°p-∂n-√. A-

Xym-{K-lw ap-ew A-h¿ a-[y-h¿-Øn-I-tfm-Sp tX-Sp-∂ sa-®w \n-e-\n¬-

°p-I-bn-√. ssZ-h-Øn-¶¬-\n-∂p t\-cn-´p e-`n-°p-∂-Xp am-{X-ta im-iz-

X-am-hp-I-bp-≈q.'' Cu h-gn-]n-g-® am¿-§-Øn¬ Iq-Sn A-h¿ N-cn-°p-

tºmƒ F-s¥-¶n-epw Kp-W-ßƒ e-`n-®m¬ A-h B tZ-h-∑m-cn¬-\n-

∂p e-`n-°p-I-bm-sW-∂v B ]m-h-ßƒ [-cn-°p-I-bpw Iq-S-p-X-em-bn h-

gn-]n-g-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-ß-s\- hn-{K-l-Øn-s‚ ap-ºn¬ F-¥pw

_-lp-am-\-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ A-h¿ sN-øp-∂p. Nn-e¿ hn-Ir-X-cq-]w sI-

´p-∂p. a-‰p Nn-e¿ A-h-cp-sS c-‡w _-en-bm-bn A¿-∏n-°p-∂p.

{Ko-°p-Im¿ Im-c-W-ß-fp-sS F-√m Im-c-W-`q-X-\m-b A-i-co-cn-bm-

b ssZ-h-Øn¬ hn-iz-kn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v B-cm-[n-°p-tºmƒ Im-Wm≥

th-≠n \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS-bpw a-‰pw t]-cn¬ hn-{K-l-ßƒ D-≠m-°n B-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 92

cm-[n-°p-I ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

A-d-_n-Iƒ kn-dn-b-bn¬-\n-∂p X-ß-fp-sS \m-́ n-te-°p _nw-_-ßƒ

sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw ssZ-h-Øn-te-°v A-Sp-∏n-°p-sa-∂ hn-izm-k-Øn¬

A-h-sb B-cm-[n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. πm-t‰m X-s‚ \-hm-ao-kv

F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-∂p: ˛-]q¿-Æ _-lp-a-Xn-Iƒ e-`n-®-h¿ kv-a-

c-W-°m-bn ]n-Xm-°-fm-b ]q¿-Δn-I-∑m-cm-b tZ-h-∑m-cp-sS {]-Xn-a-Iƒ

ÿm-]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. Pm-en-\q-kv (Km-e-≥-kv) A-Jv-em-Jp-∂-^v-kv (A-

flm-hn-s‚ kz-`m-h Kp-W-ßƒ) F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ C-{]-Im-cw ]-d-

™--Xm-bn Im-Wmw: C-kv-I-¥-dn(-A-e-Iv-km-≠¿)s‚ Im-e-Øn-\v A-

™p-dp h¿-j-Øn-\p ti-jw cm-Pyw `-cn-® ssJ-k¿ Jpw-X-kn(tJm-

tam-U-kv)s‚ Im-e-Øv H-cp hn-{K-l I-®-h-S-°m-c-t\m-Sv c-≠p-t]¿ l¿-

a-kv hn-{K-l-Øn-\p hn-e ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. H-cmƒ l¿-a-kn-s‚ kv-a-

c-W-°m-bn X-s‚ tZ-hm-e-b-Øn¬ ÿm-]n-°m-\pw i-h-sØ Hm¿-Ωn-

°m≥ th-≠n i-h-Iq-So-c-Øn¬ ÿm-]n-°m-\p-am-bm-Wp hn-e ]-d-™-

Xv. A-∂v I-®-h-Sw \-S-∂n-√. ]n-t‰ Zn-h-k-tØ-°p \o-ń-sh-®p. ""\-√ a-

\p-jym, \o F-\n-°p \-£-{X-sØ {]-Zn-\n-[m-\w sN-øp-∂ \-√ cq-]w

\n¿-Ωn-®p. C-t∏mƒ I-√v F-∂ \n-e am-dn-°-gn-™p. _p-[≥ \-£-

{Xw F-∂ t]-cn¬ Rm≥ A-dn-b-s∏-´p. F-∂m¬, \-in-°m-Ø H-∂n-

t\m \-in-® H-∂n-t\m \o F-s∂ sIm-Sp-°p-∂-sX-∂p \o Nn-¥n-®p {]-

h¿-Øn-°p-I.''

A-e-Iv-km-fi¿ ap-tJ-\ {_m-“-W≥ sIm-Sp-Ø tNm-Zy-ßƒ-°v

A-cn-tÃm-ń¬ \-ev-In-b a-dp-]-Sn-°-Øp e-`n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. _nw-_-

ßƒ kw-km-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂pw A-h-bn¬ B-flo-b ssN-X-\y-ap-≈-Xm-

bpw A-h-bv-°v A-h-¿ h-gn-]m-Sp-I-ƒ sN-øp-∂-Xm-bpw \n-ßƒ {]-kv-

Xm-hn-®-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v \-ap-°v H-c-dn-hpw e-`n-®n-ń-√. A-dn-bm-Ø hn-j-

b-sØ ssI-Im-cyw sN-øp-∂-Xp hn-Õn-Ø-am-W-t√m? _nw-_m-cm-[-\-

bv-°v t{]m-’m-l-\w \-ev-Ip-∂ C-Ø-cw sI-´p-I-Y-Iƒ-°v t{]m-’m-

l-\w \-ev-Im≥ A-t±-lw C-jv-S-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-√.

ln-Pv-dx h¿-jw A≥-]-Øn-aq-∂n¬ aq-B-hn-ø-bp-sS Im-e-Øv kn-

kn-en Zzo-]v ap-kv-enw-Iƒ-°v A-[o-\-am-b-t∏mƒ A-hn-sS-\n-∂p sIm-

≠p-h-∂ kz¿-Æ _nw-_-ßƒ kn-‘v cm-P-°-∑m¿-°p kz¿-W-Øn-

s‚ hn-e-°p hn-ev-°m≥ ap-B-hn-b I-ev-]n-®p. _nw-_w F-∂ \n-e-

bn¬ A-h-bv-°p hn-e hm-ßn-bn-√. C-Xp `-c-W-]-c-am-b H-cp I-ev-]-\-

bm-Wv; a-X-]-c-am-b- H-∂-√.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 93

A[ymbw 12

thZ-ßfpw ]pcm-W-ßfpw

CXc aX {KŸ-ß-fpwA-dn-bm-Ø Im-cy-ßƒ A-dn-bn-°p-I-bm-Wp th-Zw sIm-≠p-≈

hn-h-£. ssZ-h-Øn-t‚-Xm-sW-∂ \n-e-bn¬ {_-“m-hn-s‚ hm-bn¬-\n-

∂p tI-´-t]m-se {_m-“-W¿ A¿-∞w A-dn-bm-sX ]Tn-°p-I-bpw {K-

ln-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂ hm-Iy-ß-fm-Wp th-Zw. Np-cp-°w Nn-e-c-√m-sX

A-Xn-s‚ hym-Jym-\w a-\- n-em-°m-dn-√. \n-cq-]-WZr-jv-Sym A-Xn-s\

ssI-Im-cyw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂-h¿ h-f-sc Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p. £-{Xn-b-∑m¿-

°v A¿-∞w A-dn-bm-sX ]Tn-°m-am-bn-cp-s-∂-¶n-epw ssh-iy¿-°pw iq-

{Z¿-°pw tIƒ-°p-I t]m-epw A-\p-h-Z-\o-b-a-√m-bn-cp-∂p. A-Y-hm A-

h-cn-em-sc-¶n-epw tIƒ-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS -ssI-

sIm-≠p X-s∂ A-h-s‚ \m-°v ap-dn-®p in-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. th-Z-

Øn¬ hn-[n-hn-e-°p-Iƒ, t{]m-’m-l-\-ßƒ, \n-cp-’m-l-s∏-Sp-Ø¬,

in-£m-˛-c-£m-\n¿-Æ-bw ap-X-em-b Im-cy-ßƒ Dƒ-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-Xn¬

knw-l-`m-K-hpw Io¿-Ø-\-ß-fpw hn-j-a-I-c-am-b A-·n-bm-cm-[-\m co-

Xn-I-fp-sS hn-h-c-W-hp-am-Wv. th-Zw hn-hn-[ cm-K-ß-fn-ep-≈ Km-\-ß-fm-

b-Xp-sIm-≠pw A-h F-gp-Xn-bm¬ Iq-Sp-I-bpw Ip-d-bp-I-bpw sN-øm≥

km-[y-X-bp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠pw A-h tc-J-s∏-Sp-Øm\-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. A-

Xn-\m¬ ]-e {]m-h-iyw th-Zw A-h¿-°p \-jv-S-s∏-´p-t]m-bn. ssZ-h-

hpw {_-“m-hp-am-bn B-Zyw \-S-Øn-b kw-`m-j-W-Øn¬ kmwJyw D-

≤-cn-®-X-\p-k-cn-®v C-{]-Im-cw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂v A-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p:

""`q-an sh-≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬ B-≠p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ \o th-Zw a-d-∂p-t]m-

Ipw. A-Xn-s\ ]p-d-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ a-’y-Øn-\-√m-sX I-gn-bn-√.

Rm-s\m-cp a-’y-sØ G-ev-]n-°p-I-bpw A-Xv th-Z-sa-Sp-Øp \n-s∂

G-ev-]n-°p-I-bpw sN-øpw. `q-an-sb sh-≈-Øn-\-S-n-bn¬\n-∂p s]m-°n-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 94

sb-Sp-°m≥ Rm-s\m-cp ]-∂n-sb \n-tbm-Kn-°pw.''

Zzm-]¿ Im-e-Øv (A-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v ]n-∂o-Sv {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv)

A-h-cp-sS a-X-]-c-hpw eu-In-I-hp-am-b F-√mw \-in-® Iq-´-Øn¬ th-Z-

hpw \-in-®p-t]m-bn. ]-cm-i-cp-sS a-I≥ hym-k-\m-Wv ]n-∂o-S-Xn-s\ ]p-

\-cp-≤-cn-®-Xv. hn-jv-Wp-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv: ""F-√m a-\z-¥-

c Im-e-Øn-s‚-bpw B-Zy-L-´-ß-fn¬ X-s‚ a-°-fn¬ H-cp-h≥ tem-I-

am-k-I-ew `-cn-°p-∂ H-cp `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bpw tem-It\-Xm-hpw P-\-ß-

fm¬ A-·n-_-en-Iƒ A¿-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-∂ tZ-h-ÿm-\w e-`n-°p-∂ B-

fp-am-Ip-∂-Xpw A-h≥ \-in-® th-Z-ß-sf ]p-\-cp-≤-cn-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv.''

A-X-\p-k-cn-®p \-Ωp-sS A-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øv H-cp D-Ø-a {_m-“-W-\m-

b Im-iv-ao-cn-se h-iv-°¿ th-Zw hym-Jym-\n-°m-\pw F-gp-Xn tc-J-s∏-

Sp-Øm-\pw ap-t∂m-´ph-∂ th-f-bn¬ ]-e I-jv-S\-jv-S-ß-fpw k-ln-®p.

P-\-ß-fp-sS hn-izm-k-ßƒ ]n-g-°p-I-bpw A-h¿ I¿-Ø-hy-ß-fn¬-\n-

∂p ]n-∑m-dp-∂-Xm-bn Im-Wp-I-bpw sN-bv-X-t∏m-gm-Wv A-t±-lw C-{]-

Im-cw sN-bv-X-Xv.- K¿-̀ n-Wn-Iƒ-°v A-Im-e {]-k-hw D-≠m-Ip-∂-Xpw ar-

K-ßƒ-°v \m-iw kw-̀ -hn-°p-∂-Xpw -̀b-∂p P-\-hm-k-ap-≈n-S-Øp hm-bn-

°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø Nn-e `m-K-ßƒ th-Z-Øn-ep-s≠-∂v A-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p.

A-h-cp-sS {K-Ÿ-ßƒ hr-Ø-cq-]-Øn-ep-≈ -t«m-I-ß-fm-sW-∂pw A-ß-

s\ A-Xv F-¥p-sIm-≠m-sW-∂pw ap-ºv {]-kv-Xm-hn-®p-h-t√m.

Pm-en-\q-kv (Km-e≥-kv) Cu k-{º-Zm-bw C-jv-S-s∏-Sp-I-bpw X-s‚

"J-Øm-bm≥' F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ C-{]-Im-cw {]-kv-Xm-hn-°p-I-bpw sN-

øp-∂p: a-cp-∂p-I-fp-sS t]-cn-epw A-h-bp-sS am-{X-I-fn-epw ]-I¿-Øn

F-gp-Xp-tºmƒ kzm-`m-hn-I-am-bpw Nn-e A-kq-bm-ep-°-fp-sS Ip-X-{¥-

ßƒ Im-c-W-am-bn sX-‰p-Iƒ h-t∂-°p-sa-∂p `-b-∂m-Wv "sU-tam-

t{I-‰-kv' X-s‚ {K-Ÿ-ß-sf-√mw {Ko-°p-`m-j-bn¬ ]-Zy-ß-fm-°n F-gp-

Xn-b-Xv. Im-c-Ww, K-Zyw ]-Zy-sØ A-t]-£n-®p h-f-sc th-Kw \-in-®p-

t]m-Im≥ C-S-bp-≠v. H-cp {]-tXy-I K-Zy-co-Xn-bm-Wv th-Z-Øn-\p-≈-Xv.

a-‰m¿-°pw A-\p-I-cn-°m≥ I-gn-bm-Ø hn-[w A-am-\p-jn-I-am-Wv B

co-Xn-sb-∂p Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. F-∂m¬, Im-cy-hn-h-c-ap-≈-h¿ ]-d-bp-

∂-Xv A-Xv A-\p-I-c-W-km-≤y-am-sW-¶n-epw th-Z-tØm-Sp-≈ _-lp-

am-\w Im-c-Ww A-Xp X-S-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-s{X. A-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p:

hym-k≥ th-Z-sØ E-tKz-Zw, b-Pq¿-th-Zw, km-a-th-Zw, A-Y¿-Δ-th-Zw

F-∂n-ß-s\ \m-em-bn `m-Kn-®p. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \m-ep in-jy-∑m-cn¬

H-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw A-Xn¬ Hm-tcm `m-Kw ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-X-h-sc

G-ev-]n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-h¿ b-Ym-{I-aw ]-b-dp, hn-jv-Wp-]m-b≥,

ssN-a≥, km-a-¥v F-∂n-h-c-s{X. A-h-bn¬ Hm-tcm `m-K-Øn-\pw {]-

tXy-I X-c-Øn-ep-≈ hm-b-\m-co-Xn-bp-≠v. E-tKz-Zw cn-Nv co-Xn-bn-ep-≈

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 95

t«m-I-ß-fm-Wv. A-Xn¬ A-·n-_-en-I-sf Ip-dn-®p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v.

aq-∂v cq-]-Øn¬ A-Xp hm-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

H-∂v: F-gp--b-Xn-b-Xp-t]m-se Ir-Xy-am-bn hm-bn-°p-I.

c-≠v: Hm-tcm hm-N-I-hpw izm-kw \n¿-Øn- hm-bn-°p-I.

aq-∂v: (C-Xv G-‰-hpw t{i-jvT-hpw {]-Xn-^-em¿-l-hp-am-Wv) sN-dn-

b hm-N-Iw B-Zyw hm-bn-°p-I-bpw c-≠mw {]m-h-iyw hm-bn-°m-Ø-

Xn¬\n-∂v A-ev-]w Iq-́ n-tN¿-Øv A-Xp-X-s∂ B-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw aq-

∂m-a-sØ {]m-h-iyw Cu Iq-́ n-t®¿-Ø-Xp am-{Xw hm-bn-°p-I-bpw A-\-

\-¥-cw A-Xn-te-°v A-Sp-Ø h-cn tN¿-Øphm-bn-°p-I-bpw C-X-\p-k-cn-

®v Hm-tcm hm-N-I-hpw hm-b-\-bn¬ B-h¿-Øn-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

F-∂m¬, "b-Pp¿-th-Zw' I¿-Æm-S-I co-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. "E-tKz-

Z'hp-am-bn C-Xn-\p-≈ hy-Xym-kw C-Xp tN¿-Øp-hm-bn-°m≥ km-[n-

°p-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv. A-·n-_-en-sb-°p-dn-®pw a-‰pw C-Xn-epw ]-d-™n-

´p-≠v. "E-tKz-Zw' tN¿-Øphm-bn-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p-≈ Im-c-Ww Rm-\n-ß-

s\ tI-´n-´p-≠v. "Pm-‹n¬-°v' X-s‚ Kp-cp-hn-s‚ Iq-sS Xm-a-kn-®p ]Tn-

°p-I-bm--bn-cp-∂p. Kp-cp-hn-s‚ kv-t\-ln-X-\m-b H-cp- {_m-“-W≥ bm-

{X-°p ]p-d-s∏-´-t∏mƒ "tlm-a'Im-cyw {i-≤n-°p-∂ H-cm-sf X-s‚ {]-

Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn \n-b-an-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-≥ A-t±-l-tØm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-´p. A-

t∏mƒ X-s‚ in-jy-∑m-cn¬ Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc Du-g-am-bn A-Xn-\v A-b-

°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. A-ß-s\ "Pm-‹n¬-°n's‚ Du-gw h-∂p. A-t±-lw

Im-gv-N-bn¬ ku-μ-cy-hpw ip-≤n-bp-ap-≈ B-fm-bn-cp-∂p. A-t±-lw {]-

kv-Xp-X tlm-a-I¿-Ωw {_m-“-W-s‚ `m-cy-bp-sS ap-ºn¬ \n¿-Δ-ln-

°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ A-hƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ku-μ-cy-Øn¬ sh-dp-

Øp. A-Xp "Pm-Kv-an¬-°v' -a-\- n-em-°n. Ir-Xy-\n¿-Δ-l-W-Øn-\p ti-

jw B kv-{Xo-bp-sS X-e-bn¬ t{]-j-W-Øn-\m-bn A-t±-lw sh-≈w

F-Sp-Øp. C-Xp {]m¿-∞n-®v Du-Xp-∂-Xn-\p Xp-√y-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Du-

X-em-sW-¶n¬ A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ A-ip-≤-am-b {]-hr-Øn-

bm-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-≠v "B Xq-Wn-t∑¬ sX-dn-∏n-®p-sIm-≈q' F-∂v B

kv-{Xo ]-d-™p. A-bmƒ A-ß-s\ sN-bv-X-t∏mƒ B Xq-Wn-\p s]-

s´-∂p ]-®-\n-dw ssI-h-∂p. A-Xn-cp-I-hn-™p ]-d-™p-t]m-b-Xn¬ A-

hƒ tJ-Zn-®p. ]n-t‰ Zn-h-kw Kp-cp-hn-s‚ A-Sp-°¬ h-∂v C-∂-se A-

b-® B-sf X-s∂ C-∂pw A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ A-hƒ B-h-iy-s∏-´p.

]-t£, X-s‚ Du-g-Øn-e-√m-sX Xm≥ t]m-Ip-I-bn-s√-∂p Pm-Kv-an¬-

°v iTn-®p. Kp-cp-hn-s‚ t{Im-[w-t]m-epw A-t±-lw h-I-sh-®n-√. X-s∂

]Tn-∏n-®-Xp Xn-cn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm-≈m≥ A-t±-lw Kp-cp-hn-t\m-Sp ]-d-bp-

I-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. A-t∏mƒ Kp-cp ]Tn-∏n-®-sXm-s° A-t±-lw a-d-∂p-

t]m-bn. ]n-∂o-Sv A-t±-lw kq-cy-t\m-Sp th-Zw ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 96

B-h-iy-s∏-´p. ""h-f-sc th-K-Øn¬ N-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ Rm≥ \n-

s∂ F-ß-s\ th-Zw ]Tn-∏n-°pw? \n-\-°m-sW-¶n¬ F-s‚ Iq-sS h-

cm≥ I-gn-bp-I-bn-√-t√m?'' F-∂p kq-cy≥ ]-d-™p. "Pm-Kv-an¬-°v' kq-

cy-s‚ N-{I-Øn-t∑¬ ]-‰n-∏n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p-sIm-≠v th-Zw ]Tn-°m≥ Xp-S-

ßn. N-{I-Øn-s‚ th-K-X-bpw A-\-°-hpw \n-an-Øw ap-dn-®p ap-dn-®p

hm-bn-t°-≠n h-∂p...''

F-∂m¬, kw-Jym-b-\-Øn¬ h-gn-]m-Sp-I-fpw hn-[n-hn-e-°p-I-fpw D-

≠v. cm-K-tØm-sS-bm-Wv A-Xp hm-bn-°p-∂-Xv. A-Xp cm-K-Øn¬ hm-

bn-°m-\p-≈ Im-c-W-sØ ]-‰n C-ß-s\ ]-d-bp-∂p: "\m-cm-b-W≥' hm-

a-\-s‚ cq-]-Øn¬ _-en cm-Pm-hn-s‚ A-Sp-Øp h-∂-t∏mƒ Xm≥ {_m-

“-W-s\-∂p \-Sn-°p-I-bpw "km-a-th-Zw' B-I¿-j-I-am-b co-Xn-b¬ hm-

bn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. F-∂m¬, "A-Y¿-Δ th-Zw' hm-Iyw ap-dn-°m-sX

H-∂n-®m-Wp hm-bn-°p-∂-Xv.- ta¬ {]-kv-Xm-hn-® c-≠p-am-bpw co-Xn-bn¬

hy-Xym-k-ap-≠v. "_-lv-d' F-s∂m-cp co-Xn-bn-em-Wv C-Xp hm-bn-°p-∂-

Xv. B-fp-Iƒ-°v A-Xn¬ h-en-b k-t¥m-jw Im-Wp-I-bn-√. C-Xn-epw

A-·n-tlm-a-ß-fpw a-cn-®-h-sc-°p-dn-®p-≈ hn-[n-I-fpw D-≠v.

]p-cm-W-ß-fpw A-h-bp-sS ]-g-b hym-Jym-\-ß-fpw ]-Xn-s\-´v B-

Ip-∂p. A-[n-I-hpw a-\p-jy-sc-bpw P-¥p-°-sf-bpw tZ-h-∑m-sc-bpw Ip-

dn-®p hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xp Im-c-Ww X-∂m-a-ß-fn-em-Wv A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

A-h-sb-√mw E-jn-am-cm-Wv \n¿-Ωn-®-Xv. A-h-bn¬ \n-∂v F-\n-°v tIƒ-

hn h-gn-bm-bn a-\- n-em-°m≥ km-[n-®-Xv Xm-sg tN¿-°mw:

1. B-Zn]p-cm-Ww

2. a-’y-]p-cm-Ww

3. Iq¿-Ω]p-cm-Ww

4. h-cm-l-]p-cm-Ww

5. \-c-knw-l]p-cm-Ww.

6. hm-a-\]p-cm-Ww

7. hm-bp]p-cm-Ww

8. \-¥]p-cm-Ww

9. kv-I-¥]p-cm-Ww

10. B-Zn-Xy]p-cm-Ww

11. tkm-a]p-cm-Ww

12. km-ºp]p-cm-Ww

13. {_-“m-fi]p-cm-Ww.

14. am¿-°-fi]p-cm-Ww

15. Xm-cn-£]p-cm-Ww

16. hn-jv-Wp]p-cm-Ww

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 97

17. {_-“]p-cm-Ww.

18. `-hn-jy¬]p-cm-Ww.

C-h-bn¬ a-’y]p-cm-Ww, B-Zn-Xy-]p-cm-Ww, hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww F-

∂n-h-bp-sS Nn-e `m-K-ß-f-√m-sX Rm≥ I-≠n-´n-√. ]n-∂o-Sv hn-jv-Wp

]p-cm-W-Øn¬-\n-∂p th-sdm-cp cq-]-Øn¬ hm-bn-®p tI-´-Xv Rm≥ tc-

J-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p: "{_-“m-hv', "]-flw' (Np-h-∂ Xm-a-c), "hn-jv-Wp', "in-

h≥' (a-lm-tZ-h≥), "`-K-h-Xv' (hm-kp-tZ-h≥), "\m-c-Z≥' ({_-“m-hn-

s‚ ]p-{X≥), "am¿-°-tfi-b≥' (A-·n), "`-hn-jy' (`m-hn-bn-ep-≠m-

Ip-∂-h, "{_-“ th-h¿-Xv' (Im-‰v), "enw-Kw' (a-lm-tZ-h-s‚ Kp-lyw),

"hcm-lv', "kv-I-¥v', hm-a-\≥', "Iq¿-Ω', "a-’yw', "K-cp-U≥', "hn-jv-

Wp', "{_-“m-fiw' F-∂n-h-sb-√mw ˛ hn-jv-Wp ]p-cm-W-Øn¬ \n-∂v

D-¤-hn-® ]p-cm-W-ß-fp-sS t]-cp-I-fm-W-s{X. F-∂m¬ "kv-ar-Xn' F-

∂ ]p-kv-X-Iw th-Z-Øn¬ \n-∂p-¤-hn-®-Xm-Wv. hn-[n-hn-e-°p-I-sf Ip-

dn-®v C-Xn¬ hn-h-cn-°p-∂p. {_m-“-s‚ C-cp-]-Xv k-¥m-\-ß-fm-Wv C-

Xp \n¿-Ωn-®-Xv:

1. B-]-kv-X-¥v

2. im-Xm-\-_v

3. ]-cm-i¿

4. kw-h-c-Xv

5. `-£v

6. h-kn-jv-T≥

7. C≥-K¿

8. P-aw

9. hn-jv-Wp

10. a-\p

11. Pm-Kv-an¬-°v

12. A-{Xn

13. l-cn-Xv

14. en-In-Xv

15. i-¶v

16. K--u-Xw

17. {_-l-kv-]-Xn

18. Im-Xm-b≥

19. hym-k≥

20. D-jv-Wp.

C-¥y-°m¿-°v I¿-Ω-im-kv-{Xw, B-≤ym-fln-Iw, X-Xzw, Xym-Kw, Zn-

hy-Xzw, C-l-tem-I-tam-N-\w Xp-S-ßn-b hn-j-b-ß-fn¬ ]p-kv-X-I-ß-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 98

fp-≠v. "sKu¿' F-gp-Xn A-bm-fp-sS t]-cn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-b Ir-

Xn, "I-]n-e≥' F-∂ a-lm≥ B-≤ym-fln-I X-Xz-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p c-Nn-®

"kw-Jym-b-\w', tam-£w t\-tS-≠ am¿-§-ß-sf Ip-dn-®pw a-‰pw {]-Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-∂ "]-X-Rv-P-en', th-Z-sØ Ip-dn-®pw \n¿-_-‘-Im-cy-ß-sf

Ip-dn-®pw A-√m-Ø-h-sb Ip-dn-®pw hn-h-cn-°p-∂ I-]n-e-bp-sS "\ym-bv

lm-jv', C-tX hn-j-b-Øn¬ "ssN-a≥' c-Nn-® "ao-am-\-k', K-th-j-W-

ß-fn¬ ]-t©-{¥n-b-ß-sf am-{Xw D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-®v ap-

im-X-cn c-Nn-® "tem-Im-b-¥v,' C-{μn-b-ß-sf-bpw N-cn-{X-ß-sf-bpw Iq-

sS D-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn-®v "kp-ssl≥' c-Nn-® "B-K-kv-

Xy-a-Xv', \m-cm-b-W-t‚-sXm-∂p I-cp-Xm-hp-∂ "hn-jv-Wp[¿-Ωw', hym-

k-s‚ in-jy-∑m-cp-sS "Zo-_p¬', "i-°n¿', "`m¿-K-hv', "{_-l-kv-]-Xn',

"Pm-Kv-an¬-°v', "a-\p' F-∂o ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xp am-{X-

am-Wv. F-√m im-kv-{X-ß-fn-epw A-h¿-°p ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fp-≠v. A-h-

sb-√m-Øn-s‚-bpw t]-cp-I-ƒ ]-Tn-°p-I H-c-p hn-tZ-in-sb kw-_-‘n-®n-

S-tØm-fw hn-j-a-I-cw X-s∂.

"]-cm-i-cp'sS a-I≥ "hym-k≥' c-Nn-® "`m-c-Xw' (a-lm-`m-c-Xw) F-

∂ {K-Ÿw A-h¿ h-f-sc _-lp-am-\n-°p-I-bpw B-Z-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-

øp-∂ a-lm-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. a-‰p ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn-ep-≈-sX-√mw C-Xn-ep-s≠-

∂pw C-Xn-ep-≈ F-√m hn-j-b-ß-fpw a-‰p {K-Ÿ-ß-fn¬ Im-Wp-I-bn-

s√-∂pw k-_-lp-am-\w A-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. ."]m-fip'hn-s‚ k-¥m-\-

ß-fp-sS-bpw "Iu-c-h-cp'sS-bpw C-S-bn¬ \-S-∂ bp-≤-Øn-s‚ Im-e-Øm-

Wv Cu ]p-kv-X-Iw c-Nn-®-Xv. ]-Xn-s\-´v A-[ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn H-cp e-

£w t«m-I-ß-fp-≠v Cu ]p-kv-X-I-Øn¬. Hm-tcm A-[ym-b-Øn-\pw

"{]-`p' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p.

1. k-`m {]-`p

2. B-cy≥ (]m-fip-hn-s‚ a-°ƒ)

3. ho-c-Xv (H-cp cm-Pm-hn-s‚ t]-cv)

4. Hu-tZym-Kv (bp-≤-Øn-\p X-øm-dm-hp-I)

5. `o-jv-a≥

6. t{Zm-W≥ ({_m-“-W≥)

7. kq-cy-s‚ ]p-{X≥ I¿-Æ≥.

8. im-e (Z¿-Pp-X-s‚ k-tlm-Z-c≥) C-h¿ Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cp-sS-bpw ]n-

∂m-se Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cm-bn t]m¿-°-f-Øn¬ cw-K-{]-th-iw sN-bv-X-h¿)

9. K-Zw

10. kz-]v-X-Iv (t{Zm-W-s‚ a-I≥ "D-iv-X-a≥' ]m-©m¬ ]-´-W-Øn¬

cm-{Xn {]-th-in-®v D-d-ßp-∂-h-sc h-[n-® I-Y)

11. P-e-{]-Zm-\n-Iv (a-cn-®-h-cp-sS t]-cn¬ ]p-Wy-P-ew [¿-Ω-am-bn \-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 99

ev-Ip-I. Ip-fn-®p ip-≤n-h-cp-Øn-b ti-j-am-Wv C-Xp \¬-Ip-∂-Xv)

12. kv-{Xo (kv-{Xo-I-fp-sS ap-d-hn-fn)

13. im-¥v (C-Xn¬ A-kq-b, ssh-cm-Kyw Xp-S-ßn-b Zp¿-Kp-W-ß-

fn¬-\n-∂p lr-Z-b-sØ ip-≤o-I-cn-t°-≠ B-h-iy-I-X hn-h-cn-°p-∂

C-cp-]-Øn \m-em-bn-cw t«m-I-ß-fp-≠v. C-Xp \m-ev `m-K-ß-fm-Wv:

H-∂v: cm-P-[¿-Ωw (cm-Pm-°-∑m¿-°p-≈ {]-Xn-^-ew)

c-≠v: Zm-\-[¿-Ωw

aq-∂v: B-]-≤¿-Ωw (I-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-sS {]-Xn-^-ew)

\m-ev: tam-£ [¿-Ωw (C-l-tem-I _-‘-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p tam-Nn-X-

cm-b-h¿)

14. A-iv-ao-X (Aizta[: ssk-\y-ß-tfm-Sp Iq-Sn tem-I-sØ-√mw

Np-‰n-Øn-cn-bp-∂ \n-e-bn¬ Im-en-I-sf t\¿-®-bm-°n A-gn-®p-hn-Sp-∂p.

C-Xp tem-I cm-Pm-hn-t‚-Xm-sW-∂pw F-Xn¿-°p-∂-h¿ bp-≤-Øn-\v H-

cp-ßn-s°m-≈p-I F-∂pw {]-Jym-]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu ar-K-ßƒ a-e-˛-aq-

{Xhn-k¿-÷-\w sN-øp-∂ ÿ-e-Øv tlm-a-ßƒ \-S-Øm≥ {_m-“-

W¿ C-h-sb ]n-¥p-S-cp-∂p)

15. a-h-k¬ (C-Xv hm-kp-tZ-h-s‚ "Pm-Zh'/bmZh tKm-{X-°m-cp-am-

bn sN-bv-X bp-≤-am-Wv)

16. B-{i-a hm-kw (kz-tZ-iw hn-Sp-I)

17. {]-ÿm-\w (c-£t\-Sm≥ `-c-Ww ssI-hn-Sp-I)

18. kz¿-§m-tcm-l-Ww (kz¿-§-Øn-\p t\-sc \n¬-°p-I)

Cu ]-Xn-s\-´v A-[ym-b-ß-fp-sS ti-jw "l¿-_≥-iv {]-`p' F-∂

t]-cn¬ H-cp sN-dn-b A-[ym-b-ap-≠v. C-Xn¬ hm-kp-tZ-h-s‚ hm¿-Ø-

I-fm-Wv hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

"a-lm-`m-c-X'Øn¬ A-hy-‡-hpw \m-\m¿-∞-ßƒ-°p hn-t[-b-hp-

am-b ]-e `m-K-ß-fp-ap-≠v. A-Xn-\p-≈ Im-c-Ww A-h¿ C-ß-s\ hn-h-

cn-°p-∂p: "hym-k≥' {_-“m-hn-t\m-Sp a-lm-`m-c-Xw B-cm-Wv F-gp-Xp-

I F-∂p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ B tPm-en-°v K-P-ap-J-\m-b X-s‚ ]p-{X≥

"hn-\m-b-I's\ A-t±-lw \n-›-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. F-gp-Xp-∂-h-sc hn-j-

an-∏n-°-cp-sX-∂p hym-k-t\m-Spw a-\- n-em-Im-Ø-Xv F-gp-X-cp-sX-∂p hn-

\m-b-I-t\m-Spw ]-d-™p. A-ß-s\ C-S-bv-°n-sS F-gp-Øp-Im-c-\p Nn-

¥n-t°-≠n h-cp-∂ Nn-e hn-j-b-ßƒ ]-d-™p-sIm-Sp-°pw. A-Xn-\m¬

]-d-™p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂ Bƒ-°p Ip-d-®p k-a-bw hn-{i-an-°m≥ A-h-k-

cw e-`n-®n-cp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 100

A[ymbw: 13

hrØ-im-kv{X-Ønepw hymI-cW

imkv{X-Ønepap≈ C¥y-°m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ßƒCu c≠v imkv{X-ßfpw a‰p -imkv{X-ßfpsS D]-I-c-W-am-Wv.

Ch-bn¬ Ah¿ {]m[m\yw Iev]n-°-p-∂Xv "hymI-cWw' F∂-dn-b-

s∏-Sp∂ i_vZ-im-kv{X-Øn-\m-Wv. AXv Ah-cpsS `mj-bn-ep≈ sX‰p-

Iƒ Xo¿-°p-∂-Xn\pw FgpØpw {]kw-Khpw kmln-Xy-h-Xv°-cn-°p∂

cq]-t -̀Z-ßsf hyh-ÿ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw D≈ imkv{X-am-Ip-∂p. \ap°v

CXn¬\n∂v H∂pw Xs∂ e`n-®n-́ n-√. ImcWw, CXp \ap°p e`n-°mØ

Hcp `mjmimJ-bm-Wv. Cu hnj-b-I-ambn Rm≥ Adn-™ Ah-cpsS

{KŸ-ßƒ tZh-∑m-cpsS t\Xm-hmb C{μs‚ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ "sF{μ-

hym-I-cWw', Imjmb hkv{X-[m-cn-I-fmb _u≤-∑m-cn¬ s]´ N{μ≥

cNn® "Nm{μw' (]m-Wn-\n°p apºp Pohn-®n-cp∂ Hcp sshbm-I-c-W≥),

"imI-vXmb-\≥' cNn® "im‡w', "]mWn\n' (kw-kvIrX sshbmIc-

W-∑m-cn¬ A{K-K-Wy≥) cNn® "]mWn-\ob kq{Xw', "i¿_{_w' cNn®

"ImX{¥w', "ii-tZhv' cNn® "ii-tZhv _cXv', "Zp¿L-h-̀ -cXv', "D{K`qXv'

cNn® "inJn-XhcXv' F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

D{K`qXv \ΩpsS Ime-Øp≈ Pb-]m-es‚ aI≥ B\-μ-]m-e≥

F∂ cmPm-hns‚ Kpcp-\m-Y\pw am¿§-Z¿in-bp-am-bn-cp-s∂∂v Ft∂mSp

Nne¿ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Cu ]pkvXIw cNn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw AXp

Iivao-cn-te°v Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠mbn. Al-¶m-c-Øm¬ Ah-

cXv A{X Ku\n-®n-√. AXn-\m¬ C°mcysØ°pdn®v At±lw cmPm-

hn-t\mSv Bh-em-Xn-s∏-´p. DS≥ Xs∂ Hcp injy-s\∂ \nebv°v

Xm≥ At±-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln®psImSp-°p-sa∂v

Gev°p-Ibpw {]kvXpX ]pkvXIw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-h¿°v hnX-cWw

sNøm-\mbn 2 e£w Zn¿lw (-kp-am¿ 50,000I)Dw XØp-√y-amb

kΩm-\-ßfpw Imivao-cn-te°v sImSp-Ø-b-°m\pw cmPmhv Iev]n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ B \m´p-Im¿ B ]pkvXIw hmßm\pw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 101

]Tn-°m-\p-ambn apt∂m´phcn-Ibpw [mcmfw tIm∏n-Iƒ ]I¿Øn-

sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]Whpw kΩm-\hpw tamln-®-h¿ Cu

]pkvXIw hmßp-∂-Xn¬ {]Xn-]Øn ImWn-®p. Aßs\ B

]pkvXIw {]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ \ne-hmcw Db-cp-

Ibpw sNbvXp.

Cu imkv{X-Øns‚ D¤-hsØ°pdn®v Cßs\ ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂p:

`mc-Xob cmP-°-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fmb "ka¬hm-l≥' AYhm "iX-hm-

l\≥' Hcp Znhkw kv{XoI-fp-ambn Pe-{Io-U-bn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p-

I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp kv{XotbmSv At±lw "amh-Z-I¥n' (Fs‚ ta¬

sh≈w sXdn-∏-n°-t√)- F∂p ]d-™p. ]t£, kv{Xo "aqZ-I¥n'

(l¬h sIm≠p hm) F∂p [cn-®p. Aßs\ Ahƒ t]mbn l¬h

sIm≠ph∂p. cmPmhv CXn¬ shdp∏p {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. At∏mƒ Ahƒ

]cp-j-amb `mj-bn¬ adp-]Sn ]d™p: A°m-c-W-Øm¬ cmPmhv

]nW-ßp-Ibpw `£Ww Ign-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂sØ

]fin-X-∑m-cn¬ Hcmƒ hcp-∂Xp hsc At±lw GIm-¥-\mbn Xs∂

Ign-®p-Iq-´n. B ]fin-X≥ At±-lsØ km¥z-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw

hymI-cWw ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-sa∂p hmKvZm\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

{]kvXpX ]fin-X≥ X] v sNbvXp "alm-tZ-h-t\mSv' khn-\bw

{]m¿∞n-®p. At∏mƒ alm-tZ-h≥ {]Xy-£-s∏´v Nne D]-tZ-i-ßƒ

\evIn. "A_p¬ Akv-h-Zp¬ ZpAven' Ad_n `mj-bnse hymI-

cWw Fgp-Xn-bXp t]mse alm-tZ-h≥ Nne hymI-cW \n-b-aßƒ

At±-lsØ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw hniZ `mK-ßƒ ]n∂oSp \evIm-sa∂p

hmKvZm\w \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]n∂oSv B ]fin-X≥ cmPm-hns‚

ASp-°¬ h∂v {]kvXpX \nb-a-ßƒ At±-ls-Ø ]Tn-∏n-®p-. Aß-

s\-bmWv Cu imkv{X-Øns‚ D¤-hw.

ASp-ØXv "Oμ v' (hr-Ø-im-kv{Xw): Ad-_n-bnse hrØ-im-

kv{X-Øn\p Xp√y-amb H∂m-Wn-Xv. Ah-cpsS ]pk-XvI-ßƒ ]Zy-ß-

fm-I-bm¬ Ah¿°v Cu imkv{Xw A\p-t]-£-Wo-b-am-Wv. Imcyw

thK-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m\pw Hm¿°m\pw kuIcyw ]Zy-ß-fm-Wt√m.

AXym-hiy kμ¿ -̀ß-fn-e-√msX Ah¿ ]pkvX-I-ßsf B{i-bn-°m-

dn -√. ImcWw, lrZbw hyh-ÿbpw LS-\-bp-ap -≈-Xn-te°p

thKØn¬ BIr-jvS-am-Ip-∂Xpw Ah-sbm∂pw C√m-Øn-SØv \ncp-

’m-l-am-Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠m-hmw A[nIw C¥y-°mcpw ]Zy-

Øn¬ Bk-‡cpw A¿∞w Adn-™p-Iq-sS-¶n¬ Xs∂ AXp hmbn-

°p-∂-Xn¬ {i≤m-ep-°fpamIp-∂-Xv. hmbn-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿ kt¥m-

jm-[n-Iy-Øm¬ ssII-fn¬ Xmfw ]nSn-°p-∂Xp ImWmw. t\sc adn®p

\njv{]-bmkw a\- n-em-Ip-sa-¶nepw KZy-Øn¬ Ah¿°p XmXv]-cy-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 102

an-√. Ah-cpsS {KŸ-ßƒ A[n-Ihpw ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv.

"DJvsse-Znkv' (bq-¢n-Uv), "anPkvXn' F∂o ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]cn-

`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xnepw "DkvXp¿em_n's‚ \n¿ΩmWw Ah¿°v ]Tn-

∏n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xnepw Nne _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ tXm∂p-∂p. Im-cWw,

A-sX√mw X-s∂ A-h-¿ ]-Zy-ß-fm-°pw. At∏mƒ P\-ßƒ°v AXp

a\- n-em-hp-I-bn-√. Fs‚ Dt±-iy-am-Is´ Ah¿°dn-™p-Iq-SmØ

CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWp Xm\pw.

hrØ imkv{X-Øns‚ P\-bn-Xm-°ƒ "]nwK-e≥, NenXv' F∂n-h-cm-

Wv. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ \nc-h[n ]pkvX-I-ßƒ cNn-°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≠v. Ch-

bn¬ hnkvXr-X-am-bXv AK-kvXy≥ Fgp-Xnb ]pkvX-I-am-Wv. AXn\pw

hrØ-im-kv{X-Øn\p Xs∂bpw At±-l-Øns‚ t]cv ]d-bm-dp-≠v. "arK-

em-©m-\≥' "]nwK-e≥' "Hmenbmμv' F∂o ]pkv-XIßfpw {]kn-≤-ßfm-

Wv. Chbpw {_“-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-ep≈ A[n-I teJ-\-ßfpw hrØ-\n-b-

a-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬ Rm≥ ]Tn-®n-́ n-√. ]cn-]q¿Æ-

ambn ]Tn®pIgn-bp-∂-Xp-hsc Cu {]hrØn \o´n-sh-°-W-sa∂p Rm≥

hnNm-cn-°p-∂p-an-√. kwhr-X-Øn\pw hnhr-X-Øn\pw "Jeoepw' a‰v Ad_n

hrØ-im-kv{X-⁄-∑mcpw Ab-Smfw \evIp-∂-Xp-t]mse Chcpw A£-

c-ßƒ FÆp-tºm-ƒ Nne AS-bm-f-ßƒ Cß-s\-bm-Wv. -̨ ˛̨ (|<) BZy-

tØXv "e-Lp' (A) F∂pw c≠m-a-tØXv "Kpcp' (B) F∂pw Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. Kpcp-hns\ eLp-hns‚ Cc-́ n-bmbn IW-°m-°-p-∂p. c≠v eLp

IqSn-bmte Hcp Kpcp-hm-Ip-I-bp-≈q (A+A=B). Zo¿Lm-£-c-ßsf Kpcp-

hmbn IW-°m-°p-∂p. Ah-km\w kwhrXw hcp∂ A£-c-ß-fmWv

CXp-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-sX∂p Rm≥ Duln°p-∂p. ]t£, Ad_n ̀ mj-

bn¬ DZm-l-cW klnXw hnh-cn-°-Ø° \nebn¬ Kpcp, eLp-Isf

Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-bn-́ n-√. F¶nepw F\n°p tXm∂p-∂Xv eLp kwhr-

X-a-√; Kpcp hnhr-X-hp-a-√. ]t£, eLp kwhr-Xhpw Kpcp

hnhrXfikwhr-Xßƒ- IqSnbXpamWv F∂mWv. \ΩpsS hrØ-Øn-

ep≈ "k__v' t]mse eLp-°ƒ XpS¿®-bmbn hcp-∂-Xn-emWv F\n°p

kwi-bw. Ad-_n-Iƒ c≠v kwhrXw H∂mbn ]d-bm-dn-√. as‰√m `mj-

bnepw AXv A\p-h-Z-\o-b-amWv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ eLp-°ƒ°p

t]¿jy≥ hrØ imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ "eLp-hn-hrXw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ aq∂n-e-[nIw eLp-°ƒ IqSp-tºmƒ Ah D®-

cn-°pI hnjaamsW∂p am{X-a-√, Akm-≤y-hp-am-Wv. Xmsg-sIm-Sp-

°p∂ hmN-I-ß-fn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn hcp∂ hnhr-X-ßƒ D®cn-°m≥

Ign-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse AXp km[y-a-√. "_Z-\p-°, Ia-k-en, kn^-

Øn-°, h^-ap-°. _nk-A-Øn, i^-Øn°.' kwhr-Xw-sIm-≠m-cw-

`n-°pI hnj-a-am-b-Xn-\m¬ `mc-Xob \ma-ßƒ A[n-Ihpw kwhr-X-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 103

a-√mØ A£-c-ßƒs°m-≠mWv Bcw-`n-°mdp≈-Xv. At∏mƒ Ah-

bpsS hnhrXw t\cn-b-Xm-hpw. ]Zy-Øns‚ BZy-Øn¬ kwhrXw

h∂m¬ AX-h¿ FÆm-dn-√. ImcWw, Kpcp-hns‚ \n_-‘\

kwhrXw Ah-km\w hcWw F∂-Xm-Wv; BZy-Øn-e-√.

\ΩpsS hrØ-im-kv{X-⁄¿ ]Zy-ßƒ°p Nne KW-ßfpw

kwhr-X˛--hn-hr-X-ßƒ°p Nne AS-bm-f-ßfpw \n›-bn-®-Xp-t]mse

C¥y-°mcpw \n›-bn-®n-´p-≠v. KWw IW-°m-°p-∂Xv "k¶-ev]w-'

sIm-≠m-Wv. A£-c-ß-fpsS FÆ-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®-√. Cß-s\-bp≈

KW-ßƒ tN¿∂mWv hrØ-am-Ip-∂-Xv. "k¶-ev]w-' F∂-Xp-sIm-

≠p≈ hnh£ eLp Hcp am{Xbpw Kpcp c≠v am{X-bp-ambn IW-

°m-°p∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. At∏mƒ Fgp-Øn-ep≈ A£-c-ß-fpsS

FÆ-a√ t\mt°-≠-Xv. Cc´ A£-c-ßsf Hcp kwhr-Xhpw Hcp

hnhr-Xhp-am-bpw, Nn√-£-c-ßsf Hcp hnhr-Xhpw Hcp kwhr-X-hp-

ambpw IW-°m-°p-∂p. Ch Hmtcm∂pw Fgp-Øn¬ H‰-£-c-am-W-

t√m. eLphpw Kpcphpw shtΔsd hcp-tºmƒ eLp-hn\v "e, Ie,

cq], Nm{a, Lc' F∂pw Kpcp-hn\v "K, \yqd, \ow A≥iIv' F∂pw

]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At∏mƒ Hcp ]q¿Æ A≥iIv c≠v Kqcpthm As√-

¶n¬ AXn-t\mSp Xp√y-am-btXm BWv. Cu t]cp-Iƒ ]Zy-Øns‚

Bh-iy-Øn\p hrØ-im-kv{X-Øn¬ am{Xw D≈-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬,

H∂-s√-¶n¬ as‰m-∂n-t\mSp tbmPn-°m≥ th≠n Ah¿ t]cp-Iƒ

h¿≤n-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Kpcphpw eLphpw IqSn-t®¿∂-h-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp

Kpcphpw Hcp eLphpw IqSn-bXv ]cn-K-W-\-bnepw FÆ-Ønepw

Cßs\ hcpw. "˛̨ ˛,˛̨ ˛' (|, |) FÆ-Øn¬ "˛̨ ˛ ' " ˛̨ ˛' (|<, <|) C{]-Imcw

c≠v cq]-Ønepw hcpw. Cu c≠m-asØ cq]-Øn\v ( ˛̨ ˛) "Io¿XIv'

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXv c≠pw k¶-ev]-Øn¬ "˛̨ ˛,-̨ ˛̨ ,˛̨ ˛' Cßs\ aq∂v

am{X-bp-≈-Xmbn hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬, \mev am{X-bp-≈-Xn¬ Fgp-

Øn-ep≈ hyXym-k-a-\p-k-cn®v " , ' Cß-s\-bp-≈Xn\v "]£w'

F∂pw "˛̨ ˛,-̨ ˛̨ ' Cß-s\-bp-≈-Xn\v "Ne≥' F∂pw "˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛' Cß-s\-

bp-≈-Xn\v "aZv' F∂pw " ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛' Cß-s\-bp-≈-Xn\v "]¿ΔXv', lmdv,

d v' F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. "˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛' Cß-s\-bp-≈-Xn\v "L\p'

(NXp-cw) F∂mWp t]cv. A©v am{X-bp≈h ]e cq]-ß-fnepw hcm-

sa-¶nepw Ah-bn¬ t]cp-≈Xv "˛̨ ˛ ' "lkvXn' (B-\), " ˛̨ ˛ ' "Imw'

(B-{K-lw) " . ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ' "Ipkpaw' F∂n-h-b-s{X.

Bdv am{X-bp≈hbv°v ( . . ) "Ne≥' (^oem) aZv (dp-J)

]¿ΔXv (ss_-Z-Jv) L\p (^¿kv) F∂n-ßs\ ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

"lcn-hrZv' Xs‚ t]cp shs®-gp-Xnb Hcp ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ Cu

aq∂v A£-c-ap≈ kΩn{i cq]-ßƒ°v H‰ A£cw sIm≠v t]cv

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 104

sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. Ah t]cv klnXw Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

a (-a-K-Ww) . . Bdv am{X-bp-≈Xv

b (bK-Ww) ˛̨ ˛ .. lkvXn

c (c-K-Ww) ˛̨ ˛ Imw

X (X-K-Ww) . ˛̨ ˛ ....

k (kKWw) ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ Ne≥

P (P-K-Ww) ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ aZ

` (`-K-Ww) ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ]¿ΔXv

\ (\-K-Ww) ˛̨ ˛ ̨ ˛̨ ̨ ˛̨ aq∂v am{X-bp-≈Xv

CØcw hnj-b-ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®p a\- n-em-°n-b-X-\p-k-cn®v

kΩn-{i-K-W-ßsf At±lw Cßs\ hnh-cn-®p. Kpcp-˛e-Lp-I-fn¬

GsX-¶nepw Hcn\w am{Xw BZy-sØ KWØnsegp-Xp-I.] n∂ o S v

c≠mw KW-Øns‚ BZy-Ønepw aq∂mw KW-Øns‚ a≤y-Ønepw

\memw KW-Øns‚ A¥y-Ønepw H∂m-asØ C\w tN¿sØ-gp-Xp-

I. Ct∏mƒ DØ-cm¿≤hpw Ah-km-\n-®p. aq∂v A£-c-ß-fp≈ an{i-

K-W-ß-fn¬\n∂v C\n H∂pw Xs∂ _m°n-bn-√.

LS\ hyh-ÿo-Ir-X-am-sW-¶nepw At±lw D≤-cn® KW-ß-fpsS

IW°v k¿Δ{X tbmPn-°p-I-bn-√. At±lw ]d-™-Xn-{]-Im-c-am-

Wv: KW-ß-fpsS Hmtcm A£-c-Øn\pw ASn-ÿm-\-ambn F√m-

bvt∏mgpw c≠v F∂p Icp-Xp-I. At∏mƒ Cßs\ hcpw: 2 2 2 CS-

tØXpw he-tØXpw XΩn¬ s]cp°n In´p∂ kJysb he-Xp-`m-

K-Øp≈ XpI- sIm-≠p s]cp-°p-I. Cu s]cp-°p-∂Xv eLp-hmbn

hcp-∂nSØmsW-¶n¬ DØ-csØ AXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ \n¿Øp-I.

C\n s]cp-°p-∂Xv Kpcp-hmbn hcp-∂n-S-Øm-sW-¶n¬ s]cp°n

In´n-b-Xn¬\n∂v H∂v Ingn-°p-I. Bdmw KW-Øn\v At±lw Cßs\

DZm-l-cWw ImWn-®p. "˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛' AXm-bXv 2 x 2 In´p∂ DØ-c-Øn¬

\n∂v H∂v Ingn-°p-I. ]n∂oSv aq∂pw _m°n-bp≈ c≠pw XΩn¬

s]cp-°p-I. F∂m¬, Bdv In´pw. ]t£, CXv A[nIw KW-ß-

fnepw icn-bm-hp-∂n-√. ]I¿∏n¬ Fs¥-¶nepw XI-cmdv kw`-hn-®n-cn-

°Ww. CX-\p-k-cn®p KW-ß-fpsS InS∏v C{]-Im-c-am-Ipw.

1. . .

2. . ˛̨ ˛

3. ˛̨ ˛

4. ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛

5. ˛̨ ˛

6. ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛

7. ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 105

8. ˛̨ ˛ ̨ ˛̨ ̨ ˛̨

AXm-bXv, hesØ hcn-bpsS \ne H∂n-S-hn-´pw a≤y-h-cn-bpsS

\ne Hmtcm hIp-∏n-ep≈ cs≠Æw hoXw CS-hn-´p-w CSsØ hcn-

bpsS \ne Hcp hIp-∏n¬\n∂p \mepw at‰-Xn¬\n∂p \mev XpS¿®-

bm-bp-am-Wv. an{i-h-cn-I-fn¬ CW-Iƒ Iq´n-t®¿°p∂ \ne-b-\p-k-

cn®v C-ß-s\-bmhpw h-cnI: ]n-∂o-Sp ap-I-fn-¬ ]-d-™ I-W-°-\p-k-cn-

®p KW-ß-fpsS Bcw`w Kpcp-sIm-≠m-sW-¶n¬ s]-cp-°p-∂-Xn-\p ap-

ºv H-∂p Ip-d-°p-Ibpw, s]-cp-°p∂-Xv Kp-cp-hn-em-sW-¶n¬ DØ-c-Øn¬

\n∂v H∂v Ingn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ KW-ß-fpsS \ne hy‡-am-bn.

Ad_n]Zy-ßƒ°v "Adq-kv, k¿_v' F∂n-ßs\ c≠v `mK-ß-

fp-≈-Xp-t]mse Ah-cpsS ]Zy-ßƒ°pw c≠v `mKß-fp≠v. Hmtcm-

∂n\pw "]mZw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ {Ko°p-Im¿ Ah-

cpsS ]Zy-ß-fpsS Awi-Øn\pw ]mZw F∂p ]d-bm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

AXm-b-Xv, hm°p-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿∂p-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v "kem_n' F∂pw

A£-c-ßƒ°v "i_vZ-ap-≈-Xv, i_vZ-an-√m-Ø-Xv, Zo¿Lw, {lkzw,

a≤yw' F∂pw. Hcp ]Zyw Xs∂ Nne-t∏mƒ aq∂pw Nne-t∏mƒ \mepw

˛ A[nIw ]mZ-ß-fm-bmWv hcm-dp≈-Xv˛ Nne-t∏mƒ A©m-aXv Hcp

]mZw IqSn D≠m-sb∂p hcmw. F∂m¬, Cu A©mw ]mZ-Øn¬

{]mkw Zo£n-°p-I-bn-√. ]t£, H∂pw c≠pw ]mZ-ßfpw aq∂pw

\mepw ]mZ-ßfpw A¥ym-£c {]mk-ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ AXn\v

"Ad¬' F∂p ]d-b-p-∂p. Hcp ]Zy-Øns‚ A¥ym-£cw eLp-hm-

sW-¶n¬ Xs∂ Nne ]mZ-ß-fpsS A¥y-Øn¬ Kpcp- h-cm-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. Ah-cpsS Hcp ]Zym-hen Xs∂ \nc-h[n hrØ-ß-fn¬ hcm-hp-

∂-Xm-Wv. A©v ]mZ-ap-≈-Xn¬ A©mw ]mZw BZysØ c≠v ]mZ-

ß-fp-sSbpw A-hkm\sØ c≠v ]mZ-ß-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ hcpw.

]mZ-ß-fn-ep≈ A£-c-ß-fpsS FÆa\p-k-cn®pw B ]Zy-ß-fpsS

tijw hcp-∂-h-bpsS \neb\p-k-cn®pw AXns‚ t]cp-Ifpw hyXy-

kvX-ß-fm-hpw. Imc-Ww, Ah-bpsS ]Zym-hen Htc coXnbn-em-hp-∂Xv

Ah¿°n-jvS-a-√. Cßs\ hnhn[ coXn-bn-ep≈ ]Zy-ß-fmWv Ah¿

BI¿j-I-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

\mev ]mZ-ß-fp-≈-Xns‚ InS∏v Cß-s\-bm-Wv:

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 106

CØcw hrØ-ßƒ°v Ah¿ \mev ]mZ-ß-fp≈ "kvIμv' (B-

cymKo-Xn) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXv c≠v A¿≤-ß-fm-Wv. Hmtcm A¿≤-

Ønepw ap∏Øn c≠v am{X-I-fp≈ F´v KW-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.

H∂pw aq∂pw A©pw KW-ß-fn¬ "aZ' (˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛) D≠m-Im≥ ]mSn-√.

Bdm-a-sØ-Xn¬ H∂p-In¬ "aZ' As√-¶n¬ "L\p' am{Xta hcm≥

]mSp-≈q. a‰p KW-ß-fn¬ CXpw hcmw. ]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ A[n-I-am-

Imt\m Npcp-ßmt\m ]mSn-s√∂p am{Xw. ]mZ-ß-fpsS LS\

"A≥i°p'Iƒ A\p-k-cn®p icn-bmbn Ign-™m¬ \mev ]mZ-ß-ƒ

Cßs\ Fgp-Xmw:

1. . ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛

2. . ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ .

3. . ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ .

4. . ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛

]n∂oSv CX-\p-k-cn®p ]Zy-ß-fp-≠m-°mw. Ad_nhrØ-ß-fpsS

\ne Cu AS-bm-f-a-\p-k-cn®p "kwhr-X˛-hn-hr-X-ßƒ'°p hn]-co-X-

am-bn-cn-°pw. DZm: "J^o^v' hrØ-Øns‚ ]q¿Æcq]-Øn\p KW-

ßƒ tN¿Øv AXns‚ BZysØ A¿≤w \ap°v Cßs\

ImWn°mw:

(1) Bcym-KoXn hrØ-Øns‚ DZm-l-cWw

. . ˛̨ .˛̨ ˛̨ .˛̨

Xt°mw tXmwXnan XIntkmw

. ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ .

Xt°mw XIntkmw Xan° tXmwXnan Xt°mw

. ˛̨ ˛̨

Xt°mw tXmwXnan Xt°mw

. ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ .˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛̨

Xt°mw XIntkmw Xan° tXmwXnan XIntkmw

C¥y-°m-cpsS Cu imkv{X ]cn-⁄m-\sØ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥

Ign-bØ° Hcp \ne F\n°v C\nbpw ssIh-∂n-´n-√ F∂ kwKXn

Rm≥ Bh¿Øn®p ]d-™-Xm-Wv. F∂mepw Fs‚ apgp-h≥ Ignhpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 107

Dt]m-Kn®v Bhpw hn[w hnh-cn-°mw.

\mep ]mZ-ß-fn-ep≈Xns‚ Hmtcm ]mZhpw ASp-Øp-≈-Xns\

At]-£n®p ]cn-K-W-\-bnepw FÆ-Ønepw Xp√y-am-Ipw. AXp-

sIm≠v Hcp ]mZw a\- n-em-°n-bm¬ as‰√m ]mZ-ßfpw a\- n-em-

°mw. CXn\p "hrØw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬

Hcp ]mZ-Øns‚ A£cßƒ \men¬ Ipd-bm≥ ]mSn-√. Imc-Ww,

thZ-Øn¬ A{]-Imca√msX ImWp-I-bn-√. CXp-{]-Imcw ]mZ-ß-

fpsS A£-c-ßƒ Npcp-ßn-bm¬ \mepw IqSn-bm¬ Ccp-]Øn Bdpw

BIpw. hrØ-Øns‚ FÆw Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂v BWv. H∂m-a-tØXv

\mev Kpcp-°ƒ D≈-Xm-Ipw. Ah-bn¬ H∂n\p ]Icw c≠v eLp-

°ƒ aXn-bm-hp-I-bn-√. c≠m-a-tØ-Xns‚ \ne a\- n-em-bn-´n-√.

F∂m¬ aq∂m-a-tØXv "L\p, ]£w' IqSn-bm-Wv. DZm: "˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛

˛̨ ˛, . ' \mem-a-tØXv c≠v Kpcp-hpw, c≠v eLp-hpw, aq∂v Kpcp-hp-

am-Ipw. DZm: . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, . .

"]£w', "Ne≥', "]£w' F∂p ]d-bp-I-bmWv DØ-aw. A©m-

a-tØXv "IrXIv', "Ne≥', "]£w' DZm: ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, . . Bdm-

a-tØXv: "L\p, aZ, ]£w' DZm: "˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, . . Ggm-a-

tØXv: "L\p, ]¿Δ-Xv, Ne≥' DZm:"˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, .˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ '

F´m-a-tØXv: "Imw, Ipkp-aw, Ne≥, Kpcp' DZm: .˛̨ ˛ ,.˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ,

˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , . Hº-Xm-a-tØXv: "]£w, lkvX, Ne≥, aZ, Kpcp' DZm:

" . , ˛̨ ˛ . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛. , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, . ]Øm-a-tØXv: "]£w, ]¿Δ-Xv,

aZ, ]£w' DZm: . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, . . ]Xn-s\m-∂m-a-

tØXv: "]£w, aZ, c≠v Ne≥, lkvX' DZm: . , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ,

˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ . . ]{¥-≠m-a-tØXv: "L\p, Ne≥, ]£w c≠v

lkvX' DZm: "˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ . , ˛̨ ˛ . . ]Xn-aq-∂m-a-

tØXv: "]¿ΔXv, Imw, Ipkp-aw, aZ, Ne≥' DZm: ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, .˛̨ ˛ ,.˛̨ ˛

˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ . ]Xn-\m-em-a-tØXv: "lkvXw, ]£w,

]¿Δ-Xv, Ipkp-aw, ]¿ΔXv, eLp, Kpcp' DZm: ˛̨ ˛ . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨

˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛, . ]Xn-\-©m-a-tØXv: "c≠v ]£w, ]¿Δ-Xv,

Ipkp-aw, c≠v Imw, Kpcp' DZm: . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ ,

˛̨ ˛ , . ]Xn-\m-dm-a-tØXv: "]£w, ]¿Δ-Xv, Imw, Ipkp-aw, ]£w,

eLp, Kpcp' DZm: . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , . , ˛̨ ˛, . ]Xn-t\-

gm-a-tØXv: "c≠v ]£w, ]¿Δ-Xv, L\p, Ne≥, ]£w, Ipkpaw'.

DZm: . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ . ]Xn-

s\-´m-a-tØXv: "c≠v ]£w, ]¿Δ-Xv, L\p, Ne≥, c≠v Imw, Kpcp'

DZm: . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ , . ]sØm-º-Xm-

a-tØXv: "Kpcp, c≠v ]£w, ]¿Δ-Xv, L\p, Ne≥, c≠v Imw, Kpcp'

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 108

DZm: , . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ , . Ccp-

]-Xm-a-tØXv: "\mev ]£w, Ne≥ , aZ, ]£w, c≠v aZ, Kpcp' DZm:

. , . , . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, . , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, . Ccp-

]Øn H∂m-a-tØXv: "\mev ]£w, aq∂v Ne≥, c≠v aZ, Kpcp' DZm:

. , . , . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, . Ccp-]Øn

c≠m-a-tØXv: "\mev ]£w, Ipkp-aw, aZ, Ne≥ c≠v aZ, Kpcp.

DZm: . , . , . , . , ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛,

˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, . Ccp-]Øn aq∂m-a-tØXv: "F´v Kpcp, ]Øv eLp, Imw,

Ne≥, eLp, Kpcp': , , , , , , , , ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛,

˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛. .˛̨ ˛, ˛̨ ˛ ˛̨ ˛ , ˛̨ ˛, .

Cu hnj-b-Øn\v Rm\n-{Xbpw \o≠ hnh-cWw \evIn-bXv

kwhr-X-ßƒ ktΩ-fn-°p-∂Xv Hcp-Xcw hnhr-X-ß-fm-bm-sW∂pw

Ah-cpsS hrØ-ßfpw KW-ßfpw ]Zy-ß-fmbn Xncn-bp-∂-sX-ß-s\-

sb∂pw a\- n-em-°m\m-Wv. "Jeo¬ _n≥ AlvaZv' ˛Nn-e¿ ]d-bp-

∂Xp t]mse˛ C¥y-°m-cpsS hrØ-ßƒ {Kln-°m≥ km[y-X-bp-

≠m-bn-´pw Aßs\ sNbvXn√. F∂mepw Hc-\p-Kr-loX ]fin-X-

\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw F∂p \ap°p a-\- n-em-°m≥ Ignbpw. Ah-

cpsS BZn-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ cNn-®Xv t«mI-ß-fn-em-I-bm¬ AXp \√-

t]mse {Kln-°m\mWp \mw hnj-an®v Cu Imcyw ssIImcyw Nøp-

∂-Xv. \mev ]mZ-ß-fp-≈-Xn¬ Hmtcm ]mZhpw F v́ A£-c-ß-fp-≈Xpw

]mZ-ßƒ XΩn¬ Xp√y-\ne C√m-Ø-Xp-am-Ipw. F√m ]mZ-ß-fnepw

A©m-a-sØXv eLphpw Adm-a-sØXv Kpcp-hp-am-I-pw, c≠pw aq∂pw

]mZ-ß-fn-¬ Fgm-a-tØXp eLphpw _m°n-bp-≈Xv Kpcp-hp-am-Ipw.

tij-ap≈ A£-c-ßƒ Fß-s\-bp-hm-hmw. CXn¬ IW-°p-Iq-´p∂

coXn "{_“Kp]vX\n'¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°mw.

Ihn-X-I-fpsS H∂m-asØ h¿§w c≠v ]mZ-ß-fp≈ "Imb{Xv'

BWv. Hmtcm ]mZ-Ønepw Npcp-ßn-bm¬ \mev F∂ \ne-bn¬. Cu

h¿§-Øn-ep≈ A£-c-ßƒ Ccp-]Øn \membn IW-°m-°n-bm¬

\mev, \mev F∂p hcpw, CXn\p \n›-bn-®Xv Ccp-]Øn \mev BIp-

tºmƒ _m°n ]Xn-\mdv BIpw. AXns\ hesØ ]mZ-Øn¬

tN¿Øv Cßs\ IW-°m-°pI: 4˛20 C\n aq∂v ]mZ-ß-fp-≈-h-bm-

sW-¶n¬ Cßs\ \mev, \mev, ]Xn-\mdv hesØ `mKw Ct∏mgpw

hyXykvX-hpw {]tXy-I t]cp-≈Xp-am-Ipw. _m°n-bp-≈h Hcp Iq´-

ambn IW-°m-°-p-∂p. \mev ]mZ-ß-fp-≈h C{]-Imcw hcp-∂-Xm-Wv.

\mev, \mev, \mev, ]{¥≠v.

F‰hpw Npcp-ßnb A£-c-ß-fmb \men¬ \mw Ir{Xn-a-ß-

sfm∂pw sNømsX c≠v ]mZ-ß-fp≈ hrØ-Øn¬ Iq´n-°-e¿Øm≥

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 109

Dt±-in-®m¬ CSsØ ]mZ-Øn¬ Hc-£cw tN¿°p-Ibpw he-tØ-

Xn¬\n∂v AXns\ Ingn-°p-Ibpw thWw. Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw DØcw

AXm-Xns‚ Xmsg tN¿Øv c≠v hcn-bpsS kwJy-Iƒ Bcw-`hpw

Ah-km-\hpw Xp√y-am-Ip-∂Xp hsc C{]-Imcw sNø-Ww. AXns‚

cq]w CXmWv:

Cu an{ihcn-I-fn¬\n∂v BZysØ c≠v kwJy-bn¬\n∂p

sNdnb XpIsb hep-Xn¬\n∂p Iogn®pIn´nb DØ-c-Øn-te°v H∂v

Iq´nt®¿Øm¬ In´p∂ A{X-bmWv D≈-Xv. (A-Xm-bXv: 17) F∂m¬,

aq∂p ]mZ-ß-fp≈ hrØw BsI Ccp-]-Øn-\mev A£-c-ßtf D≠m-

hp-I-bp-≈q F∂ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. At∏mƒ

hesØ kwJy-I-sfbpw a≤y-Øn-ep≈ kwJy-I-sfbpw ]mZ-ß-fp-

≈-h-sb-t∏mse IW-°m-°p-Ibpw he-tØ-Xn¬ \n∂v H∂p Ign®v

a≤y kwJy-bn-te°v tN¿°p-Ibpw sNøp-I. CSsØ kwJy-bn¬

Bh¿Ø\w sNbvXv C{]-Imcw an{i kwJy-I-fmbn ]qcn-∏n-°p-I.

Ch ÿe-am‰w sNbvXv Fgp-Xp-tºmƒ Bdv cq]w hcm-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. Nne-t∏mƒ CSsØ kwJybpw a‰p Nne-t∏mƒ a≤y-kw-Jybpw

am‰-an-√msX hcn-Ibpw _m°n-bp≈ kwJy-Iƒ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNøp-tºm-gmWv Bdv cq]w hcp-∂-Xv. \mev ]mZ-ß-fp-≈-h-bpsS

ÿnXn taep-≤-cn-®-Xn¬\n∂p {Kln-°m-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m. Cu A[ym-

b-Øn¬ B `mKw am{Xta F\n°v ImWm≥ Ign-™p-≈q. AXv

]mZ-ß-fpsS kwJy-sIm-≠v \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ {Ko°p-Imcpw C¥y-

°msc t]mse Xs∂-bm-Wv. "Pmen-\qkv' (Km-e≥kv) Xs‚ "JØm-

bq≥' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: "sat\m-t{I‰vkv' {Zmh-I-

ßƒsIm≠p≠m-°nb Hcu-j-[sØ "sUtam-t{I‰vkv' aq∂v ]mZ-

ß-fp≈ ]Zy-ß-fn-emWv hnh-cn-®-Xv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 110

A[ymbw: 14

C¥y-°m-cpsS CXc imkv{X-ß-fn-ep≈

{KŸ-ßƒimkv{X-ßƒ Akw-Jy-am-Wv. kμ¿`-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-Ip-Ibpw

Nn¥-Iƒ Ahsb ssIImcyw sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ Ah A`n-

hr-≤ns∏Spw. P\-ßƒ°p imkv{X-ß-fn¬ Xmev-]-cy-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw

Ahsbbpw imkv{X-⁄-∑m-scbpw Ah¿ _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp-Im-Wp-I-bmWv AXns‚ e£-Ww. imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿°v Ah-

cpsS apgp-h≥ Ignhpw ka-bhpw Cu hnj-b-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

km[n-°-Ø-°-hn[w Ah¿°p kap-Zm-b-Øn¬\n∂p klm-b-ßfpw

t{]m’m-l-\-ßfpw e`n-t°-≠-XmWv. F∂m¬, C°m-eØp t{]m’m-

l-\-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂n-s√∂p am{X-a-√, \ncp-’m-l-amb \ne-bmWp

ImWp-∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ \mw ImWp-∂Xp t{]m-’m-l\w e`n-®n-cp∂

Ime-ß-fnse Nne Ah-in-jvS-ß-fm-Wv. temIsØ BI-am\w Hcp

\ne]mSv Bh-cWw sNøp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ F√m kap-Zm-bhpw Xm¥m-

ß-fpsS ]¶v AXn¬ \ns∂-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. C¥y-°mcpw AXn¬\n∂v

Hgn-hm-Ip-∂-X-√-t√m. tPymXn-j-amWv Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ {]kn-

≤n-bm¿÷n® imkv{Xw. Ah-cpsS aX-hp-ambn AXn\p IqSp-X¬ _‘-

ap-≈-XmWv AXn\p Imc-Ww. B imkv{X-Øns‚ \nb-a-ßsf icn°v

Adn-bm-Ø-hsc tPymXnj ]fin-X-∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-°p-I-bn-√. "knμv

lnμv' F∂p \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ ]d™phcp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS kn≤m-

¥sØ Ipdn-®m-Wv. Xotc ]ng-°p-Itbm amdp-Itbm sNøm-ØXv

F∂mWv Ah¿ AXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. Db¿∂ \ne-hm-c-Øn-

ep≈ tPymXn-im-kv{X-Øn\p "kn≤m¥w' F∂mWv Ah¿ ]d-bp-I.

B imkv{Xw A©v Xc-a-s{X:

1. kqcy-\n¬\n∂p e`n-®-sX∂v A¿∞w hcp∂ "kqcy

kn≤m¥w'

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 111

2. hknjvT kn≤m-¥w ˛ {[ph \£-{X-ß-fn¬ H∂n-s\-bmWv

ChnsS Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. hnjvWpN{μ-\mWv CXp-≠m-°n-b-Xv.

3. ]p¬kv kn≤m¥w ˛ CXv kb{¥ ]´-W-Ønse {Ko°p-Im-c-

\mb t]mƒkn-t‚-Xm-sW-∂mWv Dulw.

4. dqaIv kn≤m¥w˛tdma-°m-c-\mb "Ct{i-Jn\m'Wv CXp-≠m-

°n-b-Xv.

5. {_“ kn≤m¥w˛{_“-t‚-sX∂ A¿∞-Øn¬. "{_“

Kp]vX-\m'Wv CXp \n¿Ωn-®-Xv.

BZn-]n-Xm-hmb {_“m-hns‚ "ss]Xma' F∂ {KŸ-amWv F√m-

h-cp-sSbpw B[m-cw. hcm-l-an-lnc≥ "]©kn≤m¥w' F∂ t]cn¬

Hcp sNdnb ]ńI D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. t]cn-\-\p-k-cn-®p-≈ sa®w CXn-

\n-√. {_“-Kp-]vX≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""kn≤m-¥-ßƒ [mcmfw D≠v.

""kqcy≥, Cμp, ]p¬kv, hkn-jvTv, dqa-Iv, P_¬'' (CXp {Ko°p-Im-

cp-tS-XmWv) Ch t]cn¬ A[nIw Ds≠-¶nepw Nn¥n-°p-∂-h¿s°√mw

ê-Øn¬ H∂m-sW∂p a\- n-em-°mw. Ch-bn¬ ]p¬kn-s‚Xpw

{_“-Kp-]vX-s‚-Xp-a-√msX as‰m∂pw F\n°p Inń-bn-´-n√. {_“

kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ hnjbhnhc ]ńI Rm≥ ChnsS Ipdn°mw:

1. tKmfß-fpsS ÿnXn-Ifpw BIm-iw, `qan Ch-bpsS cq]hpw.

2. \£-{X-ß-fpsS k©mc]Y-ßƒ, Ime-\n¿Æ-bw, \£-{X-

ßfpsS a≤yw Is≠-Ø¬, hrØ-`m-K-ß-fpsS "ssP_v' (hr-

Ø-Øn¬ Un{Kn-bpsS Xp√y-\n-e-bn¬ A¿≤hymksØ IW-

°m-°p-I) IW-°m-°¬.

3. \£-{X-ß-fpsS k©mcw Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

4. \ng¬, ]I-en¬ Ign-™-`m-Kw, DZbw F∂o hnj-b-ßƒ

Hmtcm∂pw at‰m-tcm-∂n¬\n∂v Adn-bp-I.

5. \£-{X-ßƒ kqcy-c-ivan-bn¬ {]Xy-£-am-Iepw A{]-Xy-£-

am-Iepw.

6. amk-∏n-dhn

7. N{μ-{K-lWw

8. kqcy-{K-lWw

9. N{μs‚ \ng¬

10. \£-{X-ßƒ ktΩ-fn-°p-Ibpw ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xv.

11. \£-{X-ß-fpsS a≤y-tc-J-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Zqcw.

12. tPymXnimkv{X-ß-fnse ]pkvX-I-ß-sfbpw ]©mw-K-ß-

sfbpw \ncq]Ww sNbvXp icnbpw sX‰pw th¿Xn-cn-°p-I.

13. IW°pw imkv{Xhpw AXp-]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ Afhpw a‰pw hnh-

cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 112

14. \£-{X-ß-fpsS a≤yw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I.

15. \£-{X-ß-fpsS k©mcw Xmc-XaywsNbvXp \n¿Æ-bn-°p-I.

16. \ng¬, ]I-en¬\n∂p Ign™ `mKw, DZbw.

17. `mKn-I-amb kqcy{KlWw

18. amk-∏n-dhn \n¿Æbw

19. "JX-'°nepw (BƒPn-{_-bn-epw) a‰pw DØcw Is≠-Øm≥

ssIsIm-≈p∂ am¿§w.

20.\ng-ep-I-fpsS ÿnXnKXn-Iƒ.

21. ]Zy-ß-fpsS hrØ-ßfpw ]mZ-ßfpw.

22.hrØ-ßfpw Nne D]-I-c-W-ßfpw

23.kqcy≥, DZ-bw, N{μ≥, Rm‰p-the F∂n-h aptJ\ kabw

\n¿Æ-bn-°p-I.

24.A°-ß-fp-sSbpw Xq°-ß-fp-sSbpw AS-bm-f-ßƒ.

Cßs\ Ccp-]-Øn-\mev A[ym-b-ß-fmWv Ah. Ccp]Øn

A©mw A[ym-b-amb "[ym\-{K-lXv' F∂-Xn¬ Nn¥n®v DØcw

Is≠-Øp-∂-Xns‚ hnh-c-W-ß-fm-Wv; IW-°p--h-gn-bmbn I≠p]nSn-

°p-I-b-√. AXn-\m-emWv B A[ymbw Rm\n-hnsS D≤-cn-°m-Ø-Xv.

kn≤m-¥-Øns‚ \ne-hm-c-ØnseØm-Ø-hbv°v "X{¥w' (bp‡n

A\p-k-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°p-I) Ft∂m, "ImcWw' (kn-≤m-¥sØ A\p-

k-cn-°p-∂-h) Ft∂m ]d-b-p-∂p. Ah-b-\p-k-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿°v

"BNmcy' ({_-“mhns‚ A\p-bm-bn) F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. "Bcy-`-´≥',

"_e-`-{Z≥' F∂n-h¿°p shtΔsd X{¥-ß-fp-≠v. "hml-\¿' F∂-

bmƒ°p ckm-b-\-X{¥w Fs∂mcp {KŸhpw {_“-Kp-]vX\p "I¿Æ-

I-fi-Im-XnI' Fs∂m∂pw D≠v. Cu hm°v Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ {]Nm-

c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ]e-lm-c-Øns‚ t]cm-W-t{X. Cßs\ t]cpsh°m-

\p≈ Imc-WsØ kw_-‘n®p Rm\n-{]-Imcw tI´n-´p-≠v:

_p≤-a-X-°m-c\mb "kpt{K-a' "Z±-km-K¿' (am- ns‚ kap-{Zw)

F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp sNdp-]p-kvXIw cNn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp

injy≥ "Ipd-shhy' (A-cn-a-e) Fs∂mcp {KŸhpw cNn-®p. ]n∂oSv

"C¥≥' "eq\-aivXv' (H-cp-]nSn D∏v) F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]pkvXIw

cNn-®-t∏mƒ {_“-Kp-]-X≥ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn\v, ̀ £-W-ß-fpsS F√m

C\-ßfpw ]q¿Øn-bm-hm≥ th≠n, "I¿Æ-I-fi-Im-XnI' (lephm

]e-lm-cw) F∂p t]cp\evIn. Cu ]pkvXIw Bcy-`-´s‚ A`n-{]m-

b-a-\p-k-cn®v Fgp-Xn-bXmWv. CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn "D{X-I-fi-Im-

XnI' (tcJm-aqew sXfn-bn-°p-I) F∂ t]cn¬ At±-l-Øns‚

as‰mcp {KŸ-hp-w Iq-Sn-bp-≠v. IqSmsX, "Ifi-Im-Xn-I-X∏' Fs∂mcp

{KŸ-hpw- IqSn ImWp-∂p-≠v. AXns‚ I¿Ømhv Bcm-sW∂p a\-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 113

n-em-bn-´n-√. AXn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn® kwJyIfpw Ah-bn¬ h∂p-t]m-

b ]ni-Ip-Ifpw hnh-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. _e-̀ -{Z-t‚-XmWv Cu ]pkvX-I-sa∂p

Rm\q-ln-°p-∂p. hnP-bm-\-μn\v (a-‰p-≈-hsb ]n¥p-S-cp∂ \£-{Xß-

fpsS DZ-bw) F∂ A¿∞-Øn¬ "I¿Æ XneIw' F∂ Hcp sNdp

{KŸ-ap-≠v. \mK-∏q-cnse "anlØv' aI≥ "hntZz-i-c≥' F∂-bmƒ°v

"I¿Æ-kmcw' Fs∂mcp IrXn-bp-≠v. "I¿Æ ]¿Øn-eIv' (A-

t\ym\yw i‡n {]Zm\w sNøp∂ \£-{X-ßƒ) Fs∂mcp

]pkvXIw "hml-\dn's‚ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imivao¿Im-c\mb

"D∏¬' F∂bmƒ°v "cm”-cm-K-c≥' (]n-¥p-S¿∂p Nen-°p∂ \£-

{X-ßsf FXn¿°p-∂-h) F∂ as‰mcp IrXn-bp-≠v. "I-¿-Æ ]-Xw'

(Ah-sb \-in-∏n-°p∂h) F∂ as‰mcp IrXn-bp-ap≠v. "I¿Æ Nuc-

a≥' Fs∂mcp {KŸw ImWp-∂p-≠v. I¿Øm-hns\ Adn-bp-∂n-√.

]ns∂bpw GX-Zzn-j-b-I-ambn [mcmfw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ D≠v. a\p-hns‚

"am\kpw' AXn\v "D∏¬' \evIn-b hymJym-\hpw "]p©¬' Npcp°n

Fgp-Xnb "sNdnb am\kpw' Bcy-`-´s‚ "Zi-KoXIpw' Bcy-jjvTw,

temIm-\-μs‚ "temIm-\μw' F∂ {KŸhpw `´-e-bpsS "`´e' F∂

{KŸhpw DZm-l-c-W-Øn-\mbn \ap-s°-Sp-°mw.

F∂m¬, \£{X\nb-a-ßsf ]‰n "am[hy', "]cmi¿', "K¿Kv',

"hcm-l-an-ln-c≥', "_e-̀ -{Z≥' "Znhy-ZØv', "{_“≥' F∂n-h¿s°√mw

"kwlnX' F∂ t]cn¬ ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≠v. F√m Imcy-ßfpw Ch-

bn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn®p ImWmw. bm{XmIpdn-∏p-Iƒ, A¥-co£ kw`-h-

ßƒ, cmjv{Sob Imcy-ßƒ e£-W-ßƒs°m-≠p≈ Imcy-{K-lWw,

]£ne£-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh AXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Ahn-SsØ

]fin-X-∑m¿ ]q¿Æ-ambpw Ah-bn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. temIImcy-

ßƒ \£-{X-ßƒ hgn Adn-bp-∂-Xn\p "kwlnX' F∂v Ah¿ ]d-

bp-∂p. ]cmi¿, kØv, a\n-Øv, Pw_{iw' {Ko°p-Im-c-\mb "au'

F∂n-h¿s°√mw PmXI {KŸ-ß-fp-≠v. hcm-l-an-ln-c\p sNdpXpw

hep-Xp-amb c≠v {KŸ-ß-fp-≠v. _e-`-{Z≥ AXn\v Hcp hymJym\w

Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ sNdpXv Rm≥ Ad-_n-bn-te°p ]cn-`m-j-

s∏-Sp-Øn. PmXI imkv{X-Øn¬ Ah¿°p hensbm-cp {K-Ÿap-≠v.

"kmcm-hen' (Xn-c-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-h) F∂m-W-Xns‚ t]cv. "IeymW

h¿Ω'bpsS "]ko-ZKv' t]mse-bm-W-Xv. "Ph≥' F∂ t]cn¬ F√m

Imcy-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp alm{KŸw {Ko°p-Im¿°p-≠v.

"hcml-an-ln-c'\p ]e sNdnb ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≈-Xn¬ 55 A[ym-b-

ß-fp≈ "IY]-©m-iIv' F∂ ]pkvX-I-hpw, "tlmc-h-©-l{Io'

F∂ ]pkvX-Ihpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. bm{X-Isf Ipdn®v "bpKvbm{X'

"Xn·n-bm{Xm' F∂o {KŸ-ßfpw sshhm-lnI hnj-b-Øn¬ "hnhm-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 114

lm-]vX¬' F∂ ]pkvX-Ihpw FSp-∏p-Isf Ipdn®p hnh-cn-°p∂ Nne

{KŸ-ßfpw Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. ]£n-e-£-Ww, ip` e£Ww

F∂n-h-bn¬ "k¿Δ-tZhv' Fs∂mcp {KŸ-ap-≠v. CXn\p aq∂p hIp-

∏p-I-fp-≈-Xn¬ H∂v alm-tZ-h-t‚Xpw c≠m-a-tØXv "hnae_p≤'-

t‚Xpw aq∂m-a-tØXv "_≥Ken'bptS-Xp-am-Wv. _p≤≥ AZr-iy-Im-

cy-ßƒ Adn-bp-∂-Xns\ Ipdn®v "Nqa≥' Fs∂mcp {KŸw cNn-®n-´p-

≠v. D∏¬ AZr-iy-{]-iv\-ßƒ F∂ t]cn¬ "{]iv\ Nqc-a≥'

Fs∂mcp {KŸhpw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. "]ptcm-≤-a≥', "k¶¬', "Znhm-

I-c≥', "]cm-i¿', "kc-kzXn', "]ndp-hm\', "tZh-Io¿Øv', "XXz-I-

kzman' F∂o ]qkvX-I-ßƒ a‰p Nne ]fin-X-∑m-cp-tS-Xm-Wv.

aX-hp-ambn _‘-an-s√-¶nepw sshZy-imkv{Xw tPymXn-j-tØm-

Sp-IqSn Hcp \q‰m-≠n¬ Xs∂-bmWv Ah¿°n-S-bn¬ {]kn-≤-am-b-Xv.

sshZy-Øn¬ G‰hpw {]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n® {KŸ-am-Wv, "NcI' F∂

Bƒ \n¿Ωn® AtX t]cn-e-d-bn-s∏-Sp∂ ]pkvX-Iw. "Zzm]dn'ep≈

Hcp Ejn-bm-bn-cp-∂p Ct±lw. "A·n-th-i≥' F∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-

l-Øns‚ t]cv, ]n∂oSv sshZy-Øn¬ {]kn≤n t\Sn-b-t∏mƒ "N¿Iv'

(NcI≥, _p-≤n-am≥) F∂ -t]cv kn≤n-®p. "kq{X' k¥m-\-ß-fmb

Ejn-am-cn¬\n∂mWv At±lw sshZyw ]Tn-®-Xv. Ah¿ C{μ-

\n¬\n∂pw At±lw tZh-∑m-cpsS c≠v sshZy-∑mcn-sem-cm-fmb

"Aiz\n\n'¬ \n∂pw ]Tn-®p. "{]Pm-]Xn'bn¬ (BZy ]nXm-hmb

{_“m-hv)\n∂mWv "Aiz-\n≥' ]Tn-®-Xv. {]kvXpX ]pkvXIw

"_¿a°n'Iƒ-°pth≠n Ad-_n-bn-te°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-®h IqSmsX imkv{X-]-c-ambpw Iem-]-c-ambpw

AkwJyw {KŸ-ßƒ C¥y-°m¿°p-≠v. ]t£, F\n°v Ah-

sb√mw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. \ΩpsS CS-bn¬ "Ieoe h Znw\'

F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ "]©-X{¥w' Ad-_n-bn-te°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øm-

≥ F\n°p Ign-s™-¶n¬ F∂p Rm≥ Bin-°p-I-bm-Wv. ImcWw,

B IrXn t]¿jy≥ `mj-bp-sSbpw C¥y≥ `mj-bp-sSbpw, AXn\p

tijw Ad_n ̀ mj-bp-sSbpw t]¿jy≥ ̀ mj-bp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ IpSp-

ßn-°n-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu ]cn-`m-j-Iƒ hnizmktbmKy-a√. ImcWw,

Ad-_n-`m-j-bn-te°p ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb "C_v\p¬ apJ-^v--^--Av'

hnizm-k_e-an-√m-Ø-hsc kwi-bn-∏n-°m\pw "am\n' {]ÿm-\-Øn\p

{]Nm\ the sNøm-\p-ambn "s_¿k-sshln' Fs∂mcp A≤ymbw

CXn¬ Iq´n-t®¿Øn-´p-≠v. {]£n]vXw F∂ Ip‰-Øn\p ]m{X-am-bn-

cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ hnh¿Ø\w kwi-b-c-ln-X-a√.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 115

A[ymbw 15

C¥y-°m-cpsS Af-hp-I-sfbpw

Xq°-ß-sfbpw Ipdn®v Nne hnh-c-ßƒ\n¿Æ-bn-°pI F∂Xp {]IrXym Xs∂ a\p-jy-\p-≈- Hcp KpW-

am-Wv. Hcp hkvXp as‰m-∂ns\ At]-£n®p \n¿Æ-bn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Xq°w-sIm≠v hkvXp-°-fpsS I\w IW-°m-°-p-∂p. \mW-b-ßfpw

Nn√-d-Ifpw FÆn-°-W-°m-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ahbv°v C¥y-°m¿

Xq°w D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dn-√. s]m∂v IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xq°n-bm-Wv. Hcp

{]tXyI Xq°-Øn\v Ah¿ "kz¿Ww' F∂pw AXns‚ \men¬

aq∂v `mK-Øn\v (¾) "tXme' F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. \mw "ankvJm¬' D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv Ah¿ "tXme' D]-tbm-Kn®p hcp-∂-Xv.

Hcp tXme \ΩpsS c≠v ankvJmepw AXns‚ ]Øn-sem∂pw

("ankvJm¬'= 2"tXme'+ "tXme') BWv. Hcp tXme-bpsS ]{¥-

≠n-sem-∂n\v ( ) "amjv' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Hcp kz¿Æw ]Xn-\mdv

amjn\p Xp√y-am-Wv. Hcp "amjv' \mev "A‘n'bs{X. "K¿hv' ac-

Øns‚ hnØn-\mWv "A‘n' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hcp A‘n \mev

"Ph'bpw Hcp Ph Btd-Im¬ (6¼) "Ie'bpw Hcp Ie \mev "]mZ'bpw

Hcp ]mZ \mev "a{Zn'bpamWv. At∏mƒ Hcp kz¿Æw = 16 amjv/

1600Ie; 64 A‘n/6400 ]mZ; 256 Ph/25600 a{Z; BIp-∂p. ]Xn-

\mdv amjn\v "Zr£w' F∂mWp t]cv. "Zr£w' F¥m-sW∂p tNmZn-

®-t∏mƒ c≠v Zr£w IqSn-bm¬ Hcp "ankvJm¬' F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-

I-bp-≠m-bn. ]t£, AXp icn-b-√. ImcWw, Hcp ankvJm¬ 5amjmWv. Zr£-Øn-s‚bpw ankvJm-ens‚bpw CS-bn-ep≈ _‘w

Ccp-]Xpw Ccp-]Øn H∂pw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w t]mse-bm-Wv.

At∏mƒ Hcp Zr£w 1 ankvJm-em-Wv. AXm-bXv, {]kvXpX adp-]Sn

X∂bmƒ kpam¿ IW-°m-°n-b-Xm-h-Ww. Hcp \m´nse Hcp Xq°w

AtX-t]-cn-ep≈ as‰mcp \m´n-ep≈ Xq°-hp-ambn t]cn-sem-Ømepw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 116

ê-Øn-sem-°-W-sa-∂n-√. tkma-\mY \nhm-kn-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ C{]-

Imcw ]d-bp-I-bp-≠mbn: ""Ah-cpsS ankvJmepw \ΩpsS ankvJmepw

H∂m-sW∂pw Ah-cpsS ankvJm¬ 8 cq]bpw Hcp cq] = 2 "]me'bpw

Hcp ]me = 16 "Ph'bpw BsW-∂pw. Cu IW-°n¬\n∂v At±-l-

Øns‚ A`n-{]mbw sX‰m-sW∂pw Ah-cp-tSXv "tXme'bmsW∂pw

ankvJm-e-s√∂pw hy‡-am-W-t√m. "amj'bv°v cq] F∂mWv At±lw

D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

Xq°-Øn¬ IqSp-X¬ sNdnb `mK-ßƒ t]mepw IW-°m-°p-

∂Xn\p Nne Bfp-Iƒ {i≤n-°m-dp-≠v. "hcmlan-ln-c≥' _nw_-

ßsf \n¿Ωn-°p∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Cßs\ KWn-°p∂p: 10 "[qfn' =

1 "dPq' , "8 dPq = 1 _me{Kv' (ap-Sn-bpsS A‰w), "8 _me{Kv = 1 enwKv'

(t]≥ap´), "8 enwKv = 1 "bqIw' , "8 bqIw = 1 Phw' Af-hns‚ amXr-

I-I-fpsS IW°v Aßs\ t]mhpw. Xq°-ß-fn¬ ta¬ D≤-cn-®-Xn-

t\mSv At±lw tbmPn-°p-∂p. DW° km[-\-ß-fpsS Xq°sØ

Ipdn®v At±lw C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p: "4 ̂ ew = 1 Ipd_v', "4 Ipd_v

= 1 {]kvXp' , "4 {]kvXp = 1 B¿lm', 4 ]-®-bm-sW-¶n-¬ 8 êw =

-Ipd_v. -Ipd_v = H-cp {]-kvXp."4 {]kvXp = 1 B¿lm' "4 B¿lm =

1 {Zq¨'.

"NcI' F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ hnh-cn® Nne Xq°ßƒ Xmsg

tN¿°mw: (A-d_n tIm∏n-bn¬\n∂mWv F\n°Xp Inń-b-Xv) Ah

icn-b-s√-∂mWv Fs‚ A`n-{]m-bw. \ΩpsS ka-Im-en-I-∑m-cn¬

Nne¿ Ah¿ D≤-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ icnbpw sX‰pw A{X Ku\n-

°m-dn-√. "AØcn' ]d-bp∂p: "6 AWp = ([q-fn) 1 ao¿®', "6 ao¿® =

1 ISp-aWn', "8 ISp-aWn= 1 Acn--aWn', "2 Acn-aWn = 1 ]b¿', "2

]b¿ = 1 A-‘n', "1 A‘n = Hcp Zm\o-°ns‚ 1/8', "Hcp Zn¿lw = 7

Zm\o°v', 4 A‘n = Hcp amjv', 8 amjv = Hcp Pm≥', 2 Pm≥ = Hcp

Irjv' (kz¿Æw), \mev kz¿Æhpw c≠v Zn¿lapw IqSn-bm¬ Hcp

êw: 4 êw = 1 Ipd_v', 4 Ipd_v = Hcp {]kvXp, 4 {]kvXp = Hcp

B¿l, 4 A¿l = Hcp t{Zm¨, 2 t{Zm¨ = Hcp i¿hv, 2 i¿h v= Hcp

P∂. "êw' C¥y-bnse hym]m-c-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v.

AXns‚ Xq°-ßƒ ]e hn[-Øn-em-Wv. Nne¿ AXv (^-ew) "a\'-

bpsS BsW-∂pw, a‰p-Nn-e¿ 14 ankvJm-em-sW-∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

F∂m¬, Hcp a\ 210 ankvJm¬ A√. thsd Nne¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv 16

ankvJm-em-sW-∂m-Wv. Hcp a\ 240 ankvJm-e-√. \mem-asØ Hcp

Iq´¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv Hcp êw 15 Zn¿l-am-sW∂pw Hcp a\ 225 Zn¿l-a-

s√-∂p-am-Wv. AØ-cn-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-a-\p-k-cn®v A¿l 64 êw

BIp-∂p. (A-Xm-bXv 128 Zn¿lw); CXv Hcp dmØ-en\v Xp√y-am-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 117

]t£, Hcp A‘n Hcp Zm\o-°ns‚ 8 BIp-tºmƒ H-cp kz-¿-Ww

64 A-‘n-bmhpw. A-t∏m-ƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-`n-{]m-b-Øn-¬ H-cp Zn-

¿-lw 32 A-‘n-bm-hpw. Hcp A‘n Hcp Zm\o-°ns‚ 8 BIp-tºmƒ,

32 A‘n 4 Zm\o-°m-sW∂p hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXns‚ Cc-ń-bmbn 13Zn¿lw. 2 Zn¿l-an-t\-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-sW∂p ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m?

(CXp ]cn-`m-j-bn¬ h∂ A{i-≤-sIm≠pw hnhn-[ A-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ

Iqń-°-e¿Øn-b-Xp-sIm≠pw D≠mb A_-≤-am-Ip-∂p) F∂m¬,

kz¿Æw \ΩpsS aq∂v Zn¿l-an-t\mSp Xp√y-am-sW-∂ A`n-{]m-b{]Im-

chpw kz¿Æw ê-Øns‚ 4 BsW-∂-Xn¬ C¥y-°m¿°v A`n-

{]mb hyXym-k-an-s√∂ \ne-bv°pw Hcp êw ]{¥≠v Zn¿-l-am-

sW∂p hcpw. C\n êw a\-bpsS BsW∂p hcp-tºmƒ Hcp

a\ 180 Zn¿l-a-s{X. CXn¬\n∂v Duln-°mhp-∂Xv Hcp kz¿Æw

\ΩpsS aq∂v ankvJm-em-sW∂pw Zn¿l-a-s√-∂p-am-Wv. "kwlnX'bn¬

thsdm-cn-SØv "hcm-l-an-l-nc≥' C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: "hymkhpw'

"Db-chpw' Hmtcm apgw hcp∂ h´-Øn-ep≈ Hcp ]m{Xw ag-bØp-

sh®p sh≈w \nd-®-Xns‚ tijw FSpØv 200 Zn¿lw am{Xw sIm-

≈p-∂ thsdmcp Afhp ]m{Xw sIm≠v Af-°p-I. Cßs\ \mev

{]mh-iyw Af-°p-tºmƒ B¿lv Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. CsXmcp GI-

tZi IW°p ]d-™-Xm-hmw. ImcWw, Hcp B¿lv 768 Zn¿ltam

As√-¶n¬ an-kvJmtem (Rm≥ a\- n-em-°n-b-X-\p-k-cn-®v) BsW-

∂mWv ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.

"{iohm≥' "hcm-l-an-ln-c\n'¬\n∂v C{]-Imcw D≤-cn-°p∂p: 50

êw 256 Zn¿l-am-Wv. AsXmcp B¿lbmIp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚

Cu D≤-cWw icn-b-√. Cu XpI B¿l-°p≈ kz¿Æ-Øns‚ Xq°-

am-Wv. AXns‚ êw 64 BWv; 50 A√. "Poth-iz-c≥' Cu XpI-

Iƒ°v \evInb hni-Zo-I-cWw (Rm≥ tI´-X-\p-k-cn®v) C{]-Im-c-

amWv: "4 êw = Hcp Ipd-_v, 4 Ipd_v = Hcp {]kvXp, 4 {]kvXp =

Hcp B¿lv, 4 B¿lv = Hcp t{Zm¨, 20 t{Zm¨= Hcp Jm¿. Hcp

kz¿Æw ]Xn-\mdv amjm-sW∂p \mw BZy-ambn Adn-™n-cn-t°-

≠m-Xm-Wv. tKmXºv apX-emb [m\y-ß-fpsS Xq°-am-sW-¶n¬ 4

kz¿Æw Hcp ê-am-Ip-∂p. sh≈w, FÆ apX-em-b-h-bpsS Xq°-

am-sW-¶n¬ 8 kz¿Æw Hcp ê-am-bn-cn-°pw. C¥y-°m¿ Nc-°p-Iƒ

Xq°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈Xv "Jd-kvXq-\mØv' (sh-≈n-t°m¬)

sIm≠m-Wv. Hcp Xpemw hsc AXn-¬ Xq°mw. AXn-t∑¬ H∂p-ap-

X¬ A©v hsc XpS¿®-bmbpw ]ns∂ ]Øpw AXn\p tijw ]Øv

hoXw Iqń \qdv hscbpw A°-ß-fp-≠v. Cßs\ ]Øv hoXw \qdv

hsc Iq´m-\p≈ ImcWw "hmkp-tZ-h≥' Xs‚ amXr ktlm-Z-cn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 118

bpsS ]p{X≥ "inip-]m-e\v' ]Øv {]mhiyw am∏p \evIp-sa∂pw

AXn\ptijw sX‰psNbvXm¬ in£ \evIp-sa∂pw ]d-™-

XmsW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. (hm-kp-tZ-hs‚ kw`hw ]n∂oSp

hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv) "^nkmcn' Xs‚ sNdp {KŸ-Øn¬ "^¬' (êw)

an-\p-ń-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®-p Im-Wp-∂p≠v. C¥y-°m-cpsS Hcp ]pkvX-I-

Ønepw Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ "^¬' D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xmbn Rm≥ tIń-ń-

√. ]t£, ]q¿Δ amk-ßƒ°p≈ G‰°pd-®n-ep-Iƒ°v Cu hm°v

Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. "`m¿' Fs∂mcp Afhpw C¥y-°m¿°p-

≠v. AXns\ Ipdn®p ]n∂oSv "knμv' hnP-bsØ ]‰n {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-

tºmƒ ]d-bp-∂-Xm-Wv. 2,000 êw (^¬) Xq°-Øn\p Xp√y-am-Wn-

Xv. 20 \qdv ^¬ (^-ew) F∂m-W-h¿ AXn\p ]d-™-Xv. CsXmcp

Imf-bpsS Xq°-am-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p.

F∂m¬, Afhv F∂Xv hkvXp-°-fpsS ico-chpw L\hpw IW-

°m-°m-\p≈ am¿§-am-Wv. Htc PmXn-bn-ep≈ hkvXp-°-fpsS Htc

C\-Øn-ep≈ cs≠Æw Xq°-Øn¬ ka-am-Ip-∂-XmWv. PmXn amdn-

bm¬ Afhpw Xq°hpw hyXy-kvX-amIpw. "k_n' F∂ t]cn¬

Ah¿s°mcp Afhp]m{X-ap-≠v. "I\qPn'Ifpw "tkma-\mY'°mcpw

CXns\ kw_-‘n®p ]d-™n-´p-≠v. I\q-Pn-Iƒ Cßs\ {]kvXm-

hn-°p-∂p: "k_n-bpsS \men-cń Hcp {]kvXp BsW∂pw AXns‚

4 \p "t{Im' F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. tkma-\m-Y-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-

bm-Wv: k_n-bpsS ]X-n\mdv Ccń Hcp "]Xp' 12 ]Xp = Hcp "tamd.'

as‰mcp \ne-bn¬ Ah¿ ]d-bp-I-bmWv: 12 k_n = Hcp Ie-k,

AXns‚ 4 Hcp a\. tKmXºpw a‰pw Af-°ptºmƒ Hcp k_n 5

a\-b-s{X. At∏mƒ Hcp k_n 20 a\-bm-hpw. AXn-t∏mƒ "Jhm-

dkvan'se "kpJv' F∂-Xn-t\mSp Xp√y-am-Ip-∂p. "Iek' F∂Xv

"Kpd' F∂-Xn-t\mSp Xp√y-am-Wv. (kp-Jns‚ 12 Cc-ń)

km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ̀ qan-bp-sSbpw hoXn, L\w F∂nh Adn-bm≥

tIme-fhv D]-tbm-Kn-°-p-∂p. \mw hcm-l-an-ln-c‚ D≤-c-W-Øn¬ tKmX-

ºpaWn-bpsS XpI hnh-cn® tijw L\w hnh-cn-®p. Ct∏mƒ hnj-

b-Øn-te°p Xs∂ aS-ßmw. 8 tKmXºpaWn \ncØnsh®m¬ Hcw-

Kp-e-hpw, \mev AwKpew = Hcp dmw (]n-Sn-bpw) 24 hnc¬ = (Aw-Kp-ew)

Hcp lØ(-ap-gw)bpw 4 apgw (-lm-Ø)= Hcp [\p(hn-√v)hpw BIp-

∂p. (C-Xn\p hmc F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p) \m¬]Xv hn√v = Hcp \√, Ccp-

]Øn A©v \√= Hc {Kqlv, BIp-∂p. Hcp {Kqlv = 4,000 apg-am-Wv.

\ΩpsS Hcp ssa¬ 4,000 apg-am-sW∂p hcp-tºmƒ Hcp ssaepw Hcp

{Kqlpw ka-am-Ipw. CXp-t]m-se-Øs∂ {Ko°p-Im-c-\mb t]mƒkv

Xs‚ kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ Hcp {Kqlv 4,000 apg-am-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 119

Hcp apgw c≠v anJvbmkv BWv. (24 hnc¬) C¥y-°m¿ iwJns\

_p≤s‚ hnc¬ sIm≠v anJvbmkmbn IW-°m-°p -∂p.

anJvbmkns‚ \v \sΩ-t∏mse Xs∂ Ahcpw hnc¬ F∂p ]d-

bp-∂p. ]t£, Ah-cpsS anJvbmkv Hcp NmWn\p Xp√y-am-Wv. NmWn-

\-h¿ "hXkvX' F∂pw "Ini°v' F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. sNdp-hn-c-ens‚

A{Kw hsc-bp≈ Zqcw tKm{K≥, Nq≠phnc-ens‚ A{Kw apX¬ X≈

hnc-ens‚ A{Kw hsc-bp≈ Zqc-Øn\v "^nXr' As√-¶n¬ "Ipd_v'

F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. 2/3 Nm¨ F∂pw IW-°m-°m-dp-≠v. F∂m¬,

\Sp-hn-c-ens‚ A‰w apX¬ X≈hnc-ens‚ A‰-w h-sc-bp≈ Zqc-Øn\p

"Xmen' F∂m-W-h¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hcp icocw F{X hep-Xm-sW-¶nepw

F{X sNdp-Xm-sW-¶nepw B ico-c-Øns‚ Afhv CXp-sIm≠v Af-

∂m¬ 8 Ccń BIpw. CXp-t]mse Xs∂ Hcp ImeSn ico-c-Øns‚

7 Bbn-cn-°p-sa∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. kwln-X-bn¬ _nw_ \n¿Ωm-

WsØ kw_-‘n®p ]d-™n-SØv D≈wssIbpsS hnImkw 7 \of-

Øn¬ Bdpw, \Sp-hn-cepw tamXnchncepw A©pw, Nq≠phnc¬ \Sp-

hn-c-en-t\-°mƒ 6 Ipd-hpw, sNdp-hn-c¬ \Sp-hn-c-ens‚ 3 Ipd-hpw,

X≈hnc¬ \Sp-hn-c-ens‚ 2/3 Dw BIp-sa∂p IW-°m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.

Cu IW-°p-Iƒ _nw_-Øns‚ hnc¬ sIm≠mWv Af-°p-∂-Xv.

{Kqkv ({Kq-lv) Hcp ssaem-sW∂p I≠p-h-t√m. F∂m¬, "tbmP\'

Fs∂mcp Afhpw Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. CXv F´v ssaem-Wv.

At∏mƒ CXv 3,002 apg-a-mIpw. Nne¿ Hcp {Kqlv HcpImX-Øns‚

]Ip-Xn-bm-sW∂p sX‰p-[-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ Hcn-¥y≥ ImXw 1,600 apg-am-

sW∂p ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. F∂m-eXp sX‰m-Wv. ImXw tbmP-\-bpsS

]Ip-Xn-bm-Wv. "^nkm-cn'bpsS sNdp]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-™ Pq\-

Iƒ F´v ssaep-Iƒ ASßnb "tbm-P\-'-bmWv. Ah-cpsS ap≥Km-an-

Iƒ hrØ-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv hymk-Øns‚ aq∂n-c-ń-bm-sW∂p ]d-

bp-∂p. "a’y]pcmW'Øn¬ kqcy-s‚bpw N{μ-s‚bpw tbmP\ KWn-

°p-tºmƒ Hcp hrØw hymk-Øns‚ aq∂n-c-ń-bm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p-

≠v. "BZnXy]pcm-W'-Ønepw Zzo]p-I-fpsS Np‰-fhv hnh-cn-°p-∂n-SØv

Hcp hrØ-Øns‚ Np‰-fhv hymk-Øns‚ aq∂n-c-ń-bm-sW∂p ]d-

™n-cn-°p-∂p. hmbp]pcm-W-Ønepw Cßs\ ImWmw. F¶nepw

]n≥Km-an -Iƒ AXn-ep≈ `n∂kwJy a\- n-em-°n-bn -´p -≠v.

{_“Kp]vXs‚ A`n-{]mbw B kwJy 7 BsW-∂m-Ip-∂p. AXn\p

]pXn-sbmcp am¿§-amWv At±lw kzoI-cn-®-Xv. AXm-bXv, ]Øns‚

h¿§-aqew GI-tZiw 3 7 BI-bm¬ Hcp hrØ-Øns‚ hymk-

Øn\v AXns‚ Np‰-fhpam-bp≈ _‘w H∂n\p ]Øns‚ h¿§aqe-

hp-am-bp≈ _‘-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ hymksØ AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 120

s]cp-°n-°n-´nb DØ-csØ ]Øp-sIm≠v s]cp-°p-Ibpw In´p∂

DØ-c-Øns‚ h¿§-aqew ImWp-Ibpw sNøp-I. AXm-hpw Np‰-f-hv.

Np‰-fhv Ft∏mgpw icn-bmb h¿§-aqew C√m-Ø-Xm-hpw. AXn-\m¬

_m°n hcp∂ kwJy ]Ip-Xnbpw IqSp-Xepw BsW-¶n¬ FSp-°p-

Ibpw Ipd-hm-sW-¶n¬ hn´p-I-fp-bp-Ibpw sNøp-I-bmWp ]Xn-hv. hymk-

Øns‚ Np‰-fhv 10/70 s‚bpw 11/70 s‚bpw CS-bn-em-Wv ÿnXn sNøp-

∂-sX-∂mWv A¿i-ao-Xkv ]d-™-Xv. {_“-Kp-]vX≥ Bcy-`-´s\

hna¿in-®v Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: At±lw Np‰-fhv 3393 F∂v A\p-am-

\n-°p-Ibpw hymkw 1080 BsW∂v Hcn-SØpw 1050 BsW∂v as‰m-

cn-SØpw ]d-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. BZysØ hm°-\p-k-cn®v hymkhpw

Np‰-fhpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w 1˛3 17/120 BsW∂p hcp-∂p. CXv 1˛3

7 F∂-Xn-s\-°mƒ 1/119 `mKw Ipd-hm-Wv. F∂m¬, c≠m-aXp ]d-

™Xp sX‰pXs∂-bm-Wv. Imc-Ww, H∂n¬ 3 4 F∂-Xn¬ IqSp-

X¬ hcp-∂p. CXp sX‰m-sW∂p hy‡-am-Wv. F∂m¬, t]mƒkns‚

A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ 1˛3 177/1250 BWv {]kvXpX _‘w. CXv Bcy-`-

´s‚ A`n-{]m-b-sØ-°mƒ 7 Ipd-hm-Wv. CXv "bAvJq_v _n≥

XzmcoJv' C¥y-°m-cn¬ \n∂p-≤-cn® ]pcmX\ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬

\ns∂-Sp-Ø-Xm-Wv. bAvJq_v, "X¿Io-_p¬A-^vem-In'¬ C¥y-°m-

cn¬\n∂v Cßs\ D≤-cn-°p-∂p: N\-e-an-√mØ \£-{X-ßƒ

ÿnXnsNøp∂ BImiw 1,25,66,40,000 tbmP-\bpw AXns‚ hymkw

4000,000,00 tbmP-\-bp-am-Wv. ImcWw, Cu _‘w: 1-˛3 F∂-Xp-t]m-

sebpw 5,66,40,000˛ 40,00,00,000 F∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp-am-Wv. 3,60,000˛Øn¬

c≠pw tbmPn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ `n∂ kwJy 177/1250 Bbn-cn-°pw.

AXmWv t]mƒkv ÿnco-I-cn-®-Xv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 121

A-[ym-bw 16

C-¥y-°m-cp-sS F-gp-Øp-I-fpw I-W-°p-I-fpw

Nn-e A-]q¿-Δ B-Nm-c-ß-fpw\m-hv a-\- n-ep-≈ B-i-b-ßƒ a-s‰m-cm-fn-te-°p ]-I¿-Øp-∂ ]-

cn-`m-j-I≥ am-{X-am-Wv. a-\p-jy-\p hn-ti-j_p-≤n {]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xn-

´p-s≠-¶n-epw F-gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ I-gn-hn-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ̀ q-X-Im-e hn-

h-c-ßƒ `m-hn-X-e-ap-d-bnte°p ]-Icm≥ km-[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. C-

¥y-°m¿-°v {Ko-°p-Im-sc t]m-se tXm-en¬ F-gp-Xp-∂ k-{º-Zm-bw

C-√m-bn-cp-∂p. tkm-{I-´o-kn-t\m-Sv A-t±-lw F-gp-Øv ssI-hn-Sm-\p-≈

Im-c-Ww F-¥m-sW-∂p tNm-Zn-®-t∏mƒ, "Po-h-t\m-Sp Iq-Sn-b a-\p-jy-

s‚ lr-Z-b-Øn-se B-i-b-ßƒ i-h-Øn-s‚ tXm-en-te-°p ]-I¿-Øm≥

Rm≥ B-{K-ln-°p-∂n-√' F-∂m-Wv A-t±-lw a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-™-Xv. C-

kv-em-an-s‚ B-cw-`-Z-i-bn¬ A-h¿ tXm-en¬ F-gp-Xm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

"ssJ-_-dn'se b-lq-Z-∑m-cp-am-bn \-S-∂ I-cm-dpw "In-kv-dm N-{I-h¿-

Øn'°v {]-hm-N-I≥ A-b-® I-Øpw F-gp-Xn-b-Xv tXm-en-em-bn-cp-∂p.

Jp¿-B-s‚ G-Sp-Iƒ am≥tXm-en¬ A-h¿ F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. "tXm-d'(]-

g-b \n-b-aw)bpw C-{]-Im-cw F-gp-X-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. ]u-cm-Wn-I Cu-Pn-]v-

Xp-Im¿ sRm-ß-W-∏p-√p-sIm-≠v H-cp-X-cw I-S-em-kv D-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

A-Xn-ep-≈ F-gp-Øv am-bv-°p-I-tbm am-‰p-I-tbm sN-øm≥ km-[y-a-√.

A-Xn-\m-em-Wv A-Sp-Ø Im-ew h-sc J-eo-^-am¿ F-gp-Xm-\m-bn Cu

I-S-em-kv D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. ssN-\-°m-cp-sS Im-K-kv (I-S-em-kv) \n¿-

Ωn-®-Xv k-a¿-J-‘n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ H-cp ssN-\m X-S-hp-Im-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

]n-∂o-Sv ]-e \m-Sp-I-fn-epw A-Xp-≠m-°p-I-bpw X-Xv-^-e-am-bn F-gp-

Øn-s‚ hn-j-a-ßƒ Xo-cp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. sX-t° C-¥y-bn¬ I-cn-º-

\-tbm-e-I-fn-epw h-S-t° C-¥y-bn-epw "tXm-kv' a-c-Øn-s‚ "`q-Nv' F-

∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ]-´-bn-epw A-h¿ F-gp-Xm-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 122

Cu ]-´ F-Æ ]p-c-ń sX-fn-bn-®p an-\p-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-b ti-j-am-Wv

A-Xn¬ F-gp-Xm-dp-≈-Xv. sX-t° C-¥y-°m¿ F-gp-Xn-b I-cn-º-\-tbm-

e-Iƒ \q-en¬ tIm¿-Øp kq-£n-°m-dp-≈-Xp-t]m-se h-S-t°- C-¥y-

°m-cpw a-t[y-¥y-°m-cpw F-gp-Xn-b a-c-tØm¬-Io-dp-Iƒ {I-a-s∏-Sp-Øn

F-Æ h-kv-{X-Øn¬ s]m-Xn-™p c-≠p ]-e-I-°-jv-W-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬

sI-ń kq-£n-®n-cp-∂p. A-Xn-\v A-h¿ "s]m-Xn' F-∂p t]-cp ]-d-™n-

cp-∂p. I-Øn-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\v Cu ]-´-X-s∂-bm-Wv A-h¿ D-

t]m-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

]-t£, A-h-cp-sS F-gp-Øp am-™p-t]m-Ip-I-bpw B-cpw A-Xn¬

{i-≤ -sN-ep-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-X-Xn-\m¬ A-h¿ \n-c-£-c-Ip-

£n-I-fm-bn `-hn-®p. ]n-∂o-Sv ]-cm-i-cp-sS ]p-{X≥ hym-k≥ X-\n-°v

sh-fn-]m-Sp e-`n-®-X-\p-k-cn-®v A-º-Xv A-£-c-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-°p-I-bp-

≠m-bn. B-cw-`-Øn¬ Ip-d-®v A-£--c-ß-tf D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p-sh-∂pw

]n-∂o-Sv A-Xp h¿-≤n-®-Xm-sW-∂pw Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. Cu A-`n-{]m-

bw i-cn-bm-hmw.

hn-⁄m-\-sØ im-iz-Xo-I-cn-°m≥ th-≠n ]-Xn-\m-dv A-£-c-ßƒ

"B-kn-Zm-kv' I-≠p-]n-Sn-®p. A-Xv C-{km-bo-ey¿ Cu-Pn-]v-Xv ssI-h-i-

s∏-Sp-Øn-b Im-e-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-∂o-Sv "Jo-a-iv' "B-·q≥' F-∂n-h¿

{]-kv-Xp-Xm-£-c-ßƒ {Ko-°n-te-°p sIm-≠p-t]m-hp-I-bpw A-Xn¬ \m-

ev A-£-c-ßƒ Iq-ń-t®¿-Øv C-cp-]-Xm-°n h¿-≤n-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-

Xp. tkm-{I-ó-kn-\p hn-jw-sIm-Sp-Ø Im-e-Øv "ssk-tam-Wn-Z-kv' A-

h-tbm-Sp \m-ev A-£-cw-Iq-Sn Iq-ń-t®¿-Øp. A-ß-s\ G-Y-≥-kp-Im¿-

°v C-cp-]-Øn-\m-ev A-£-c-ßƒ e-`n-®p. ]m-›m-Xy N-cn-{X-Im-c-∑m-cp-

sS A-`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ "ssI-d-kn's‚ ]u-{X-\m-b "A¿-Z-io-dn's‚ Im-

e-Øm-Wv C-Xp-≠m-b-Xv.

C-¥y-°m-cp-sS A-£-c-ßƒ h¿-≤n-°m-\p-≈ Im-c-Ww H-c-£-c-

Øn-s‚ A-Im-cm-Zn hn-Xym-k-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pw Nn-e-Xn-\p L-\w

Iq-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠pw Nn-e A-£-c-ßƒ \o-ń D-®-cn-°p-∂-Xp--sIm-≠pw

a-‰p-am-Wv. A-h-bn¬ Nn-e-Xv ]-cn-N-b-an-√m-Ø \-ap-°v D-®-cn-°p-I {]-

bm-k-am-Wv. am-{X-a-√, Nn-e-t∏mƒ \-ap-°v c-≠v A-£-c-ßƒ X-Ωn¬

Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ t]m-epw km-[y-a-√. {Ko-°p-Im-sc-t∏m-se X-s∂ C-¥y-

°m-cpw C-S-Øp-\n-∂p h-e-tØm-´m-Wv F-gp-Xm-dv. A-h-cp-sS A-£-c-

ßƒ s]m-Xp-hn¬ \-Ωp-sS A-£-cw-t]m-se- A-√. A-h-bp-sS A-kv-

Xn-hm-cw h-cn-°p t\-sc ap-I-fn-epw K-Xn-°p t\-sc Xm-tgm-´p-am-Wv. A-

h-cp-sS {]-kn-≤-am-b F-gp-Øn-\v "kn-≤-am-Xr-I' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. Nn-

e-t∏mƒ C-Xn-\p Im-iv-ao¿ F-gp-sØ-∂pw ]-d-bm-dp-≠v. Im-c-Ww, C-

Xn-s‚ D-¤-hw Im-iv-ao-cn¬-\n-∂m-Wv. _-\m-d-kp-Im-cpw A-h-sc ]n-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 123

¥p-S¿-∂p. X-Zzm-cm Im-iv-ao-cpw _-\m-d-kpw A-h-cp-sS hn-⁄m-\ tI-

{μ-ß-fm-bn- `-hn-®p. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw a-≤y-{]-tZ-i-Øpw B F-gp-Øv D-

]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p.

"aƒ-hm' {]-tZ-i-Øv "\m-K¿' en-]n F-∂-t]-cn¬ H-sc-gp-Øp-co-Xn

\-S-∏n¬ h-∂p. C-h c-≠pw en-]n-bn¬ am-{X-ta hn-Xym-k-ap-≈q. Cu c-

≠v en-]n-bn¬ \n-∂pw "A¿-≤-\m-K¿' en-]n F-∂-t]-cn¬ H-sc-gp-Øv D-

¤q-X-am-bn. C-tX en-]n-bn-em-Wv `m-´ym-bn-epw Nn-e kn-‘p-{]-tZ-i-ß-

fn-epw F-gp-Xm-dp-≈-Xv. C-h Iq-Sm-sX th-sd-bpw Nn-e co-Xn-I-fp-≠v.

kn-‘n-s‚ sX-°p-`m-K-Øp I-S¬-°-c-°m-bn "a¬-hm-cn'bpw a≥-kq-dx

F-∂-t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂ "hw-l≥-hm-bn¬' "ssk¬-_pw' I¿-Æm-S-

I {]-tZ-i-Øv "I¿-Æm-S-I'hpw B-{‘m {]-tZ-i-Øv "B-{‘n'bpw {Zm-

hn-U {]-tZ-i-Øv "{Zm-hn-Un'bpw em-dn tZ-i-Øv "em-dn'bpw ]q¿-Δ {]-

tZ-i-Øv "tKm-cn'bpw \-S-∏m-bn-cp-∂p.

F-gp-Øp-Iƒ \mw "_n-kv-an-√m-ln' (ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ \m-a-Øn¬) F-

∂-v B-cw-`n-°m-dp-≈-Xp-t]m-se "Hmw' F-∂ ]-Zw- sIm-≠m-Wv A-h¿

B-cw-`n-°m-dv. "Hmw' F-∂-Xn-\v F-gp-Xm-dp-≈-Xv C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv ///"'

//C-X-h-cp-sS A-£-c-ß-fn¬ s]-´-X-√. A-\p-{K-l-Øn-\m-bn A-h¿

D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈ H-cp {]-tXy-I cq-]-am-Wn-Xv. Cu k-{º-Zm-bw b-

lq-Z-∑m¿ "lo-{_p' `m-j-bn¬ ssZ-h-Øn-s‚ t]-cv aq-∂v "b' sIm-

≠pw ]-g-b \n-b-a-Øn¬ "b-tlm-h' F-∂ hm-°p-sIm-≠pw F-gp-Xp-

∂-Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv. Nn-e-t∏mƒ "b-l' F-∂p am-{X-hpw A-h¿ F-gp-

Xm-dp-≠v.

\-Ωp-sS-Xp-t]m-se A-£-c-ß-sf A-°-ß-fp-sS ÿm-\-Øv D-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂ ]-Xn-hv A-h¿-°n-√. C-¥y-bp-sS hn-hn-[ `m-K-ß-fn¬ A-

£-c-ß-fp-sS A-°-ß-fp-sS-bpw cq-]-ßƒ hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn¬ Im-Wmw.

A-°-ßƒ-°v "A-¶w' F-∂-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. A-h-cp-sS A-°-ß-fn¬

G-‰-hpw \-√-Xm-Wv \mw C-∂p-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Im-iv-ao-cn-Iƒ C-e-I-

fp-sS Nn-{Xw-t]m-se-tbm, A-s√-¶n¬ ssN-\-°m-cp-sS A-£-c-ßƒ-

t]m-se-tbm D-≈ A-°-ßƒ D-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. h-f-sc A-[n-Iw D-]-

tbm-K-hpw ]-cn-N-b-hpw-sIm-≠-√m-sX A-h a-\- n-em-°p-I km-[y-a-

√. a-Æn¬ F-gp-Xp-tºmƒ A-h-c-Xv D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dn-√. H-∂pw ]-Øpw

X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘w t]m-se-X-s∂-bm-Wv Xp-I-Iƒ X-Ωn-ep-≈ _-‘-

hpw F-∂-Xn¬ B¿-°pw X¿-°-an-√. Rm≥ I-≠ hn-hn-[ `m-j-°m-cm-

b k-ap-Zm-b-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v A-d-_n-I-sf-t∏m-se-Ø-s∂ B-bn-cw h-sc-

bp-≈ ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ am-{X-ta F-\n-°-dn-bm≥ I-gn-™p-

≈q. A-Xp kzm-̀ m-hn-I-hpw bm-Ym¿-∞y-tØm-Sp tbm-Pn-®-Xp-am-Wv. Cu

hn-j-b-Øn¬ H-cp {]-tXy-I {]-_-‘w Rm≥ F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. F-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 124

∂m¬, C-¥y-°m¿ B-bn-c-Øn-\-∏p-d-Øp-≈ ÿm-\-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-®v

A-h-bv-°v ]p-Xn-b-tXm A-s√-¶n¬ ]-g-b-Xn¬-\n-∂v I-≠p-]n-Sn-®-tXm

B-b t]-cp-Iƒ \¬-Ip-I-tbm A-s√-¶n¬ t]-cp-Iƒ X-Ωn¬ Iq-ń-

t®¿-Øp ]-d-bp-I-tbm sN-øp-∂p. A-h-cp-sS ÿm-\-ßƒ ]-Xn-s\-´v h-

sc F-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ]-Xn-s\-´mw ÿm-\-Øn-\v "]-cm¿-≤w' (A¿-≤m-Im-

iw) F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p.

B ]-Xn-s\-´v ÿm-\-ßƒ:

1. G-Iw 7. {]bp-X 13. a-lm-]-flx

2. Z-iw 8. tIm-Sn 14. i-¶px

3. i-Xw 9. A¿-_pZ 15. k-ap-Z¿

4. k-l-{kw 10. ]--flx 16. a-[p

5. A-bp-X 11. J¿h 17. A-¥yx

6. e-£w 12. \-nJ¿-h 18. ]-cm¿-[x

A-h-cp-sS Nn-e `n-∂m-`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Rm≥ D-≤-cn-°mw:

1. "`q-cn' F-∂ t]-cn¬ ]-sØm-ºm-Xm-a-Xv H-cp ÿm-\w Iq-Sn D-

s≠-∂pw A-Xn-\p {]-ÿm-\w C-s√-∂pw Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. A-Xn-s‚

A¿-∞w ÿm-\-ßƒ-s°m-≠v D-]-tbm-K-an-s√-∂p am-{X-am-Wv. Im-c-

Ww, F-Æ-ßƒ-°pw A-h-km-\-an-√-t√m.

2. A-h-km-\ ÿm-\w "tIm-Sn' B-sW-∂pw ]n-∂o-Sv ]-Øv, \q-dv,

B-bn-cw ap-X-em-b- Xp-I-I-fn-te-°v A-h-sb tN¿-Øp-]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv

]-Xn-sh-∂pw A-ß-s\-bm-Wv tZ-h-∑m-sc F-Æn-bn-cp-∂-sX-∂pw a-s‰m-

cp Iq-´¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. {_-“≥, a-lm-tZ-h≥, \m-cm-b-W≥ A-h-cn¬ H-

tcm¿-Ø¿-°pw ]-Xn-s\m-∂v tIm-Sn tZ-h-∑m¿ D-≠m-bn-cp-∂-t{X. A-ß-

s\ ap-∏-Øn-aq-∂v tIm-Sn tZ-h-∑m-cm-Wv B-sI-bp-≈-Xv F-∂pw A-h¿

]-d-bp-∂p. F-ń-\p ti-j-ap-≈ ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS t]-cv hym-I-c-W ]-fin-

X-∑m¿ \n¿-Ωn-®-Xm-Wv.

3. A-©m-a-sØ ÿm-\-Øn-\v A-h¿-°n-S-bn¬ {]-kn-≤-s∏-´ t]-

cv "Z-i-k-l-{kw' B-sW-∂pw "Z-i-e-£w' B-sW-∂pw th-sdm-cp Iq-

´¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. Ip-kv-a-]q¿-Im-c-\m-b B-cy-`-´-s‚ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ ÿm-\-

Øn-s‚ t]-cp-Iƒ ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw ap-X¬ ]-Øp-tIm-Sn h-sc C-{]-Im-cw

B-Ip-∂p:

A-Pq-Xw, \-Pq-Xw, ]¿-Pq-Xw, tIm-Sn]-Zw, ]¿-Δ-Xw.

4. a-s‰m-cp hn-`m-Kw B-fp-Iƒ kw-Jym-ÿm-\-ß-fp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ

Iq-ń-°-e¿-Øn- B-dm-a-sØ ÿm-\-Øn-\v "\-Pq-Xv' F-∂pw F-´m-a-tØ-

Xn-\v "A¿-_p-[x' F-∂pw ]-Xn-aq-∂m-a-tØ-Xn-\v "i-¶px' F-∂pw ]-Xn-

\m-em-a-tØ-Xn-\v "a-lm-i-¶px' F-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p.

ta-ep-≤-cn-®-h a¿-Ω-{]-[m-\-am-b -Nn-e A-`n-{]m-b- hn-Xym-k-ß-fm-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 125

Wv. A-{]-[m-\-am-b a-‰p ]-e A-`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-ap-≠v. ]-t£, A-Xn-hn-

sS hn-h-cn-°p-∂n-√. "]p¬-kv' kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬-\n-∂p \-ap-°v e-`n-®-Xv

\m-em-a-sØ ÿm-\-am-b k-l-{k-Øn-\p ti-jw A-©v: A-bq-Xw,

B-dv: \yq-[, G-gv: {]-bp-Xw, F-´v: Iq-X≥, H-º-Xv: A¿-_p-[≥, ]-Øv:

J¿-_v F-∂n-{]-Im-c-am-Wv. C-Xn-\p ti-j-ap-≈-Xv ta-ep-≤-cn-®-Xp-t]m-

se-Ø-s∂-bm-Ip-∂p. A-h¿ A-°-ßƒ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv \mw D-]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp {]-Im-cw X-s∂-bm-Wv. A-h-cp-sS A-°-ß-fn¬ h-cp-

∂ hy-Xym-k-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p Rm-s\m-cp ]p-kv-X-Iw F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

]-©mw-K-ß-fn¬ A-h¿ ÿm-\-ßƒ-°m-bn \n-›-bn-® Nn-e {]-

tXy-I hm-°p-Iƒ F-gp-Xm-dp-≠v. ]-t£, Nn-e-t∏mƒ H-∂n-e-[n-Iw t]-

cp-Iƒ F-gp-Xn F-∂pw h-cmw. {_-“-Kp-]v-X≥ C-{]-Im-cw {]-kv-Xm-hn-

°p-∂p: ""H-∂v F-s∂-gp-Xm-\p-t±-in-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ H-‰-I-fm-b `q-an,

N-{μ≥ ap-X-em-b t]-cp-Iƒ-s°m-≠pw c-≠v F-s∂-gp-Xm≥ D-t±-in-°p-

I-bm-sW-¶n¬ I-dp-∏v, sh-fp-∏v ap-X-em-b t]-cp-Iƒ-s°m-≠pw aq-∂m-

sW-¶n¬ ap-°q-´v km-[-\ \m-a-ßƒ-s°m-≠pw ]q-Py-am-sW-¶n¬ B-

Im-i-Øn-s‚ t]-cp-sIm-≠pw "1' B-sW-¶n¬ kq-cy-s‚ t]-cpsIm-≠pw

\n-ßƒ F-gp-Xp-I.''

A-h-cn¬-\n-∂v Cu hn-j-Øn¬ F-\n-°p In-´n-b hn-h-c-ßƒ ti-

J-cn-®v H-cp ]-´n-I Rm-\n-hn-sS tN¿-°p-∂p:

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 126

Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠v, Ccp-]Øn aq∂v, Ccp-]Øn \mev F∂n-hbv°v

D]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈-h-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ "_ndq\n' ImWn-®n-´n√ (hnh:)

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 127

C¥y-°m-cpsS ]q¿Δm-Nm-c-ßƒAkm-[m-c-W-Xz-Øn¬ \n∂v A¤pXw Df-hm-°p-∂p. Nne-t∏mƒ

Akm-≤y-sa∂p tXm∂n-b Imcy-ßƒ kw -̀hn®pImWp-tºmƒ \ap°v

A¤pXw tXm∂m-dp-≠v. AXp-t]mse Xs∂ \sΩ kw_-‘n®v

Ah¿°pw A¤pXw tXm∂p-∂p-≠m-hmw. Ah-cpsS Nne k{º-Zm-b-

ßƒ ChnsS Ipdn-°p-∂p. ̀ mc-Xo-b-cn¬ Nne¿ apSn apgp-h≥ hf¿Øp-

Ibpw DjvWm-[n-Iyw-sIm≠v A¿≤\·-cmbn Ign-™p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw

sNøp-∂p. AXp-t]m-se Xm-Sn-tcm-aw ]n-cn-®psI-ń-sh-°p-Ibpw sN-

øp∂p. tPmen sNøm-Ø-h-cm-sW∂v A`n-am\w sIm≈m≥ \Jw

hf¿Øp-∂p. Xe sNmdn-bp-∂-Xn\pw t]≥ t\m°p-∂-Xn-\pw AXp]-

tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. NmWIw-tX® XSp-°n¬ H‰sbm‰-bmbn Ccp∂p

`£Ww Ign-°p-∂p. _m°n hcp∂ `£Ww Ah¿ ]n∂oSp Ign-

°p-I-bn-√. a¨]m-{X-Øn-em-sW-¶n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®-tijw ]m{Xw-Xs∂

Ah¿ Fdn™pIf-bp-∂p.- A-S-bv°bpw sh‰n-e-bpw NpÆm-ºpw Iqń-

t®¿Øp Nh-®-c®p hmb Nph-∏n-°p-∂p. Ah¿ {]`m-X-Øn¬ Xs∂

I≈pIpSn-°p-Ibpw AXn\ptijw Blmcw Ign-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. tKmamwkw h¿÷n-°p-∂p-sh-¶nepw Ah¿ tKmaq{Xw IpSn-°m-

dp-≠v. Ah¿ ]e Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw "InÆmcw' ]d-bm-dp-≠v. \of-

Øn¬ hmep-Iƒ Xq°n-bn-´p Xe-∏m-hp-Iƒ sI´p-∂p. Nne¿ c≠v

Nm¨ am{Xw hoXn-bp≈ hkv{Xw-sIm≠v \·X ad-°p-tºmƒ a‰p-

Nn-e¿ ]™n-\n-d-®Xpw Imev]mZw aqSp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp-Xcw Imep-d-

Iƒ [cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse ]™n\nd® kn{Zn-Ifpw [cn-°m-dp-

≠v. AXn-s‚bpw sI´p-Iƒ ]n≥hi-tØ-°m-Wv. CSØpw heØpw

Iodnb Ip¿Ø-I-fmWv Ah¿ [cn-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS Imep-d-Iƒ

hfsc CSp-ßn-b-Xm-Wv. Ipfn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv ImepIgp-Ip∂ ]Xnhv

Ah¿°p-≠v. Ipfn Ign-™mWv Ah¿ kwtbmKw sNøm-dv. s]cp-

∂mƒ apX-emb BtLm-j-ßƒ°p kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßƒ°p ]Icw

Ah¿ ssaem©n D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. Nne ]pcp-j-∑m¿ kv{XoIsf

Nmbw ap°nb hkv{X-ßfpw hf-Ifpw kz¿ÆtamXn-c-ßfpw ssII-

fnepw Imep-I-fnepw [cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AwK-`wKw ]‰n-b-h-tcmSpw

s]Ïq-k-∑mtcmSpw (A-h¿°p ]qi-‘¬ F∂p ]d-b-p-∂p) Ah¿

Zb ImWn-®n-cp-∂p. alm-tZ-hs‚ enwKsØ Ah¿ ]qPn-°m-dp-≠v.

"Po\n' C√msX arK-ß-fpsS ]pdØv Ah¿ k©-cn-°pw. Po\n-bp-

s≠-¶n¬ arK-Øns‚ heXp`mK-Øp-IqSn Ah¿ ]pdØpIb-dpw.

Nne¿ Ac-bn¬ heXp`mK-Ømbn ITmc [cn-°p-∂p. CSsØ Npa-

en¬ IqSn ]qWqev [cn-°p-∂-hcpw D≠v. A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ Bcm-bp-

∂-Xn\pw a‰v Bh-iy-ßƒ°p th≠nbpw kv{XoI-fp-ambn Ah¿ IqSn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 128

bm-tem-N\ \SØnbncp∂p. Ipń-Iƒ P\n-°p-tºmƒ kv{XoIƒ°√

]pcp-j-∑m¿°mWv Ah¿ kΩm-\-ßƒ \evImdv. c≠v ]p{X-∑m-cp-

s≠-¶n¬ c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-t\m-SmWv Ah¿˛hn-injy Ing-°¿˛IqSp-X¬

hm’eyw ImWn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. aqØ Ipń Imam-[n-Iy-Øn¬ \n∂v DS-

se-Sp-ØXpw c≠m-a-tØXp Nn¥bpw ]cn-]m-Snbpw A\p-k-cn®p≠m-

b-Xp-am-sW-∂ hnizm-k-am-Wp ImcWw. lkvX-Zm-\m-h-k-c-ß-fn¬

ap≥I-øns‚ ]pd-am-W-h¿ ]nSn-°m-dp-≈-Xv. A\p-hmZw tNmZn-°msX

Ah¿ hoSp-I-fn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw A\p-hm-Z-tØmsS hoń¬-\n∂p

]pdØpt]mhp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kZ- p-I-fn¬ Ah¿ ]Sn-™n-cn-°pI

]Xn-hm-Wv. henb Bfp-Iƒ Ds≠-¶n¬ t]mepw Imdn-°p-c®v Dds°

Xp∏m≥ Ah¿ aSn-°m-dn-√. s\bvØp-Imsc Ah¿ shdp-°p-Ibpw

sImºp-sh-°p∂ tPmen-°msc kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Ipń-

I-fpsS Fgp-Øp-]-eI Ah¿ Idp-∏n-°p-Ibpw AXn¬ \of-Øn¬

sh≈-a-jn-bn¬ CSØp\n∂p hetØm´mbn Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. Nne Fgp-Øp-Im¿ IS-em-kn¬ sh≈ ajn-sIm≠v Fgp-Xp-∂p.

"cm{Xn-bn¬ {]Im-in-°p∂ ]I¬ hc-°p-I-bmWv At±lw sNøp-

∂Xv' F∂p ]m-Snb Ihn Ch-cpsS k{º-Zmbw I≠n-´p-≠m-h-Ww.

Ah-km-\-Øn-emWv Ah¿ ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ t]cv Fgp-Xm-dp≈-Xv.

Ah¿°p \evI-p∂ hkvXp-°ƒ Fdn-™p-sIm-Sp-°m-\mWv Ah¿

CjvS-s∏-Sp-I. Ima-{`m-¥n-f-Inb B\-bpsS Ihn-fn¬ IqSn Hen-°p∂

Zp¿K-‘-ap≈ {ZmhIw Ah¿ ]cn-ip-≤-ambn IcpXp-∂p. NXp-cw-K-

Øn¬ B\sb Bsf-t∏mse Xs∂ aptºm´pw H‰-°-≈n-I-fn-te°pw

cm⁄n-sb-s∏se \mev H‰ aqe-I-fn-te°pw Ah¿ \o°p-∂p. Cu

`mK-ß-fn-se√mw B\bpsS \mev Imen\pw Xpºn-ss°bpw t\scbm-

b-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cßs\ \n›-bn-®-sX∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 129

\mev Bfp-IƒIqSn H∂mbn Hcp ka-bØv NXp-cwKw Ifn-°pI

Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]Xn-hm-Wv. At∏mƒ Icp-°ƒ \nc-Øp-∂Xv Cß-

s\-bm-Wv: (t]Pv 128)

N-Xp-cw-K-Øn-s‚ Cu k-{º-Zm-bw \-Ωp-sS C-S-bn¬ \-S-∏n-√m-Ø-

Xp-sIm-≠m-Wn-Xp hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \m-ev t]¿ N-Xp-cw-K ]-e-I-bp-sS

Np-‰pw N-{aw ]-S-™n-cn-°p-∂p. km-[m-c-W-t∏m-se X-s∂ cm-Pm-hpw

B-fpw H-‰-°-f-Øn-te-°p Nm-Sp-∂p. cm-Pm-hv a-‰p-≈-h-sc sh-´p-∂p. A-

t±-l-sØ B-cpw sh-´p-∂n-√. tX-cv aq-∂mw I-≈n-bn-te-°v tIm-Wn¬-

Iq-Sn \o-ßp-∂p. Ip-Xn-c aq-∂v I-fw Nm-Sp-∂p. B-\ \m-ev I-f-hpw t\-

sc \o-ßp-∂p. Cu I-cp-°ƒ-s°-√mw H-tcm-∂n-\pw {]-tXy-I hn-e A-

h¿ \n-›-bn-°p-∂p. tXm-‰m¬ B hn-e tXm-‰-h-t\m-Sp h-kq-em-°p-

∂p. cm-Pm-hn-\v A-©pw, B-\-bv-°v \m-epw, Ip-Xn-c-°v aq-∂pw, tX-cn-

\p c-≠pw, B-fn-\v H-∂pw B-Ip-∂p hn-e. {]-Ir-Xn-°v hn-]-co-X-am-b

A-h-cp-sS C-Ø-cw {]-hr-Øn-Iƒ-°p-≈ hm-k-\ A-h-cp-sS Ip-ń-I-

fn¬ th-cp-d-°p-∂p.

H-cp C-¥y≥ Ip-ń-sb C-kv-em-an-s‚ \m-ń¬ sIm-≠p-h-∂m¬ C-

kv-em-an-s‚ H-cm-Nm-c-hpw io-en-®n-ń-√m-Ø B Ip-ń C-S-sØ Im-en-\v

C-Sp-∂ sN-cn-∏v h-e-sØ-Xn-\pw h-e-sØ-Xn-\v C-Sp-∂-Xv C-S-sØ-Xn-

\pw sh-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xm-bpw h-kv-{X-ß-fpw hn-cn-∏p-I-fpw X-e-Xn-cn-

®p a-S-°p-I-bpw a-‰pw sN-øp-∂-Xm-bp-a-√m-sX F-\n-°p Im-Wm≥ I-gn-

™n-ń-√. A-sX-√mw {]-Ir-Xn-°p hn-]-co-X-am-bn Cu Ip-ń h-f¿-∂-Xn-

s‚ ^-e-am-bn am-{X-am-Wv.

{]-kv-Xp-X A-\m-Nm-c-ß-fpw A-‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fpw -C-¥y-°m¿-°p

am-{X-ta D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q F-∂p Rm≥ hm-Zn-°p-∂n-√. Im-c-Ww, C-

kv-em-an-\p ap-ºp-≈ Im-S≥ A-d-_n-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-epw C-Ø-cw A-\m-Nm-

c-ß-fpw A-‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fpw [m-cm-fw D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. c-P-kz-e-I-sf-

bpw K¿-`n-Wn-I-sf-bpw A-h¿ k-ao-]n-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xn-Yn-I-

fp-sS-bpw a-‰pw k-¥m-\-ßƒ X-ß-fp-tS-Xm-sW-∂v A-h¿ hm-Zn-®n-cp-

∂p. s]¨-Ip-ń-I-sf Nn-e¿ Ip-gn-®p-aq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. ]m-´pw ap-´p-am-bn B-

cm-[-\ \-S-Øp-I-bpw N-Ø-Xn-s\ Xn-∂p-I-bpw a-‰pw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. C-

kv-emw h-∂-t∏mƒ A-sX-√mw \-in-∏n-°p-I-bpw A-h-sc a-\p-jy-Xzw

]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-Xp-t]m-se X-s∂ C-¥y≥ ap-kv-enw-I-fp-

sS A-\m-Nm-c-ß-fpw A-‘-hn-izm-k-ß-fpw G-sd-°p-td \-in-∏n-°p-I-

bpw kz-`m-h-Øn-epw Nn-¥m-K-Xn-bn-epw am-‰w h-cp-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 130

A-[ym-bw 17

A-⁄m-\ N-{I-hm-f-Øn¬

Nn-d-sIm-Sn-™p In-S-°p-∂ Nn-e im-kv-{X-ßƒbm-Ym¿-∞-y-Øn-\p hn-cp-≤-am-b \n-e-bn¬ h-kv-Xp-hn-s\ Im-Wn-I-

sf [-cn-∏n-°p-I-b-s{X "C-{μ-Pm-ew.' Cu A¿-∞-Øn¬ t\m-°p-tºmƒ

A-Xp P-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ h-f-sc-tb-sd {]-N-cn-®n-´p-s≠-∂p Im-Wmw.

A-X-√, ]m-a-c-∑m-sc t]m-se A-km-[y-am-b-Xp km-[y-am-°p-I-bm-Wv

A-sX-∂p hn-iz-kn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ A-Xv bm-Ym¿-∞y-hn-cp-≤-am-Wv.

A-Xn-\m-e-Xv im-kv-{X-ß-fp-sS h-Ip-∏n¬ s]-´-tX A-√. "c-km-b-\ hn-

Zy' C-{μ-Pm-e-Øn-s‚ H-cp h-Ip-∏m-Wv. H-cmƒ H-cp ]-™n-°-jv-Ww

kz¿-Æ-I-jv-W-am-sW-∂v B-f-p-I-sf [-cn-∏n-®m¬ A-Xv C-{μ-Pm-e-am-

sW-t∂ B-fp-Iƒ ]-d-bq. t\-sc a-dn-®v H-cp I-jv-Ww sh-≈n kz¿-Æ-

am-sW-∂p [-cn-∏n-®m¬ A-X-{X h-en-sbm-cp Im-cy-am-bn I-W-°m-°p-

I-bp-an-√.

c-km-b-\hn-Zy-bn¬ C-¥y-°m-sc-t∏m-se X-s∂ ]-e k-ap-Zm-b-°m-

cpw \n-]p-W-∑m-cm-bn-´p-≠v. G-‰-°p-d-hp-≠m-Ip-sa-∂p am-{Xw. _p-≤n-

bp-sS-tbm Nn-¥m-i-‡n-bp-sS-tbm G-‰-°p-d-h-√ C-Xn-\p t{]-c-I-am-hp-

∂-Xv. _p-≤n-bp-≈ F-{X t]-cm-Wv C-Xn-s\ sh-dp-°p-∂-Xv. _p-≤n-Ip-

d-™ ]-e-cpw C-Xn-s\ ]-cn-l-kn-°p-∂p. Cu hn-Zy- Im-Wn-°p-∂-h¿

hm-kv-X-h-Øn¬ B-t£-]m¿-l-c-√. Im-c-Ww, A-h¿ eu-In-I-Im-cy-

ßƒ t\-Sm-\m-bn kzo-I-cn-® H-cp sXm-gn-em-Wn-Xv. ]-fin-X-∑m¿ [-\n-

I-∑m-cp-sS ]-Sn-hm-Xn¬-°¬ C-{X A-[n-I-am-bn h-∂p-tN-cp-I-bpw [-

\n-I-∑m¿ ]-fin-X-∑m-sc Xo-tc k-ao-]n-°m-Xn-cn-°-bpw sN-øm-\p-≈

Im-c-Ww F-¥m-sW-∂v H-cp X-Xz-Nn-¥-I-t\m-Sv A-t\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ A-

t±-lw C-ß-s\-bm-Wv a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-™-Xv: ""]-fin-X-∑m¿ [-\-Øn-s‚

B-h-iyw a-\- n-em-°n-b-Xp-t]m-se [-\n-I-∑m¿ hn-Zy-bp-sS B-h-iyw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 131

a-\- n-em-°n-bn-´n-√.'' _p-≤n-Ip-d-™ B B-fp-Iƒ Cu hn-Zy-°m-sc

sh-dp-°p-∂-Xv A-`n-\-μ-\m¿-l-a-√. Im-c-Ww, A-h¿-°-Xv A-dn-bm-Ø-

Xn-ep-≈ A-kq-b-sIm-≠m-Wn-ß-s\ A-h-⁄- Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. Pm-e-

hn-Zy-°m¿ A-Xv B-fp-I-fn¬-\n-∂p a-d-®p-sh-°m≥ {i-an-°p-I-bpw A-

Xn¬ Xm-ev-]-cy-an-√m-Ø-h-sc sh-dp-°p-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-Xp-sIm-≠v

C-¥y-°m-cm-b Pm-e-hn-Zy-°m-cp-sS {]-tXy-I am¿-§-ß-fpw aq-e-ß-fpw

F-\n-°p a-\- n-em-°m≥ I-gn-™n-´n-√. ]-t£, A-h-cp-sS "I¨ Np-

Æm-ºv' {]-tbm-K-hpw "Xn-e-Iv' F-∂ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ "J-\n-P-s∏m-

Sn' {]-tbm-K-hpw "[m-Xp ]-cn-tim-[-\m k-{º-Zm-b-hpw' "ta-ev-t]m-´p-≈

t\m-´-hpw' tI-´-t∏mƒ J-\n-P ]-Zm¿-∞- {]-tbm-K-ß-fm-Wv A-h¿ Iq-

Sp-X¬ C-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-∂v F-\n-°p a-\- n-em-bn. G-Xm-≠n-Xp-t]m-ep-

≈ "c-km-b-\w' F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp {]-tXy-I I-e A-h¿-°p-≠v. c-km-

b-\w F-∂-Xv kz¿-Æ-sa-∂ A¿-∞-Øn-ep-≈ "c-k' F-∂ ]-Z-Øn¬-\n-

∂p-f-hm-b-Xm-Wv. Nn-e {]-tXy-I-X-cw k-ky-ß-fpw a-‰pw Iq-́ n-t®¿-Øp-

≠m-°p-∂ H-cp X-cw te-ly-am-Wn-Xv. C-Xv B-tcm-Kyw k-ºm-Zn-®p-sIm-

Sp-°p-I-bpw am-dm-hym-[n-I-sf kp-J-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw hr-≤-∑m¿-°p bu-

Δ-\w Xn-cn-sI sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw i-co-c-i-‡n-bpw [n-j-Wm-i-‡n-bpw Zo¿-

Lm-bp- pw {]-Zm-\w sN-øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p.

]-X-Rv-P-en F-∂ {K-Ÿ-Øn¬ tam-£-Øn-\p-≈ am¿-§-ß-fn-sem-

∂m-bn c-km-b-\am¿-§-sØ ]-d-™-Xp {]-kv-Xm-hn-®p-h-t√m. tkm-a-

\m-Y-Øn-\-Sp-Øp-≈ "[o-I' tIm-´-bn-se "\m-Km¿-÷p≥' Cu hn-j-b-

Øn¬ H-cp A-Km-[ ]-fin-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A-t±-lw Cu hn-j-b-Øn¬

H-cp {K-Ÿw c-Nn-®n-´p-≠v. \-Ωp-sS Im-e-Øn-\p \q-dv h¿-jw ap-ºp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂ A-t±-lw hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy-s‚ k-a-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A-t±-l-

Øn-s‚ N-cn-{Xw ]n-∂o-Sp hn-h-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. "D-ss÷≥' ]-´-W-Øn-

se ]ym-cn F-s∂m-cmƒ Cu hn-j-b-Øn¬ X-s‚ ap-gp-h≥ I-gn-hpw

Po-hn-X-hpw sN-e-hm-°n. ^-ew t\-Sm≥ I-gn-bm-sX h-∂-t∏mƒ A-

bmƒ H-cp \-Zn-bp-sS I-c-bn¬ sN-∂p Zpx-Jn-X-\m-bn C-cn-°p-I-bpw Xm≥

a-cp-∂p{]-tbm-K-ßƒ ]-I¿-Øn-b ]p-kv-X-Iw Io-dn I-jv-Ww I-jv-W-

am-°n \-Zn-bn-se-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. \-Zn-bp-sS a-dp-I-c-bn¬ Xm-sg

am-dn C-Xp I-≠n-cp-∂ H-cp th-iym-kv-{Xo C-h-sb-√mw s]-dp-°n ti-J-

cn-°p-I-bpw A-t±-lw Im-Wm-sX c-km-b-\-hn-Zy C-Xn¬ t\m-°n a-\-

n-em-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. I-j-v-W-ß-sf-√mw s]-dp-°n-I-gn-™ ti-jw

A-hƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ A-cn-sI h-∂v B ]p-kv-X-Iw \-in-∏n-°m-\p-

≈ Im-c-Ww F-¥m-sW-∂v A-t\z-jn-®p. A-t∏mƒ A-t±-l-an-ß-s\

a-dp-]-Sn \-ev-In: ""F-\n-°-Xv H-´pw {]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn-√, X-∂n-an-Øw

Rm≥ Xp-e-™p]m-∏-cm-bn. hn-P-bw Imw-£n-® Rm≥ A-h-km-\w

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 132

\n-cm-i-\m-bn-Øo¿-∂p. A-Xn-\m¬ F-s‚ Po-hn-Xw \-in-∏n-® Cu Ir-

Xn-sb \-in-∏n-®p-I-f-bm≥ Rm≥ \n¿-_-‘n-X-\m-bn-cn-°-bm-Wv.'' A-

t∏mƒ th-iy ]-d-™p: ""Po-hn-Xw hn-^-e-am-sb-∂p I-cp-Xn Xm-¶ƒ

Zpx-Jn-°-cp-Xv. im-kv-{X-]-fin-X-∑m¿ K-th-j-Ww sN-bv-Xp sX-fn-bn-®

H-cp Im-cyw i-cn-bm-hm-Xn-cn-°n-√. H-cp ]-t£, A-hn-Nm-cn-X-am-b h-√-

Xpw Xm-¶-fp-sS A-≤zm-\-Øn-s‚-bpw e-£y-Øn-s‚-bpw ap-ºn¬ X-S-

-am-bn \n-∂n-cn-°-Ww. B X-S- w \o-°p-I A-{X {]-bm-k-I-c-am--I-n-

√. F-\n-°v h-f-sc kz-Øp-≠v. A-sX-√mw Cu hn-j-b-Øn¬ sN-e-hp

sN-øm-\m-bn Xm-¶ƒ-°p Rm≥ kw-`m-h-\ sN-bv-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.''

A-Xp-tI-´-t∏mƒ A-bmƒ X-s‚ ]-g-b {]-hr-Øn-bn-te-°p X-s∂

a-S-ßn. Hu-j-[{]-tbm-K-ß-sf Ip-dn-®p {]-Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ C-Xp-t]m-ep-

≈ ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fn¬ kq-N-\-Iƒ am-{X-am-bn-cn-°pw Nn-e-t∏mƒ D-≠m-

bn-cn-°p-I. A-Xn-\m¬ ]-I¿-Øp-∂-Xn¬ ]n-g-hp ]-‰n-tb-°mw. F-Æ-

bpw a-\p-jy-c-‡-hpw F-∂ A¿-∞-Øn¬ F-gp-Xn-b "c-‡m-a¬' F-

∂-Xp Np-h-∂ "s\-√n-°'bm-sW-∂p [-cn-®p-≠m-°n-b H-cu-j-[w Xn-I-

®pw am-dn-t∏m-bn. A-Xn-\m¬ A-t±-l-Øn-\p hn-P-bw ssI-h-∂n-√. H-

cn-°¬ B a-\p-jy≥ a-cp-∂p-Iƒ ]m-Iw sN-øm≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ

bm-Zr-—n-I-am-bn X-e-bn¬ Xo ]n-Sn-°p-I-bpw X-e-t®m-dp-W-ßn-t∏m-hp-

I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-t∏mƒ A-t±-lw X-e-bn¬ Ip-td F-Æ tX-®p. F-

t¥m B-h-iym¿-∞w Xo-°-Sp-°¬-\n-∂p t]m-Ip-tºmƒ ]p-c-bp-sS a-

®n-t∑¬ X-d-®n-cp-∂ H-cm-Wn X-e-bv-°p X-´p-I-bpw c-‡w h-cn-I-bpw

sN-bv-Xp. th-Z-\-sIm-≠p-≈ i-‡n-bn¬ A-t±-lw I-c-™p. A-t∏m-gp-

≠v A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ aq¿-[m-hn¬-\n-∂p a-cp-∂p-N-´n-bn-te-°v F-Æ I-

e¿-∂ c-‡w C-‰n C-‰n ho-gp-∂p. A-X-t±-l-a-dn-™n-√. Hu-j-[w ]m-I-

am-b-t∏mƒ A-t±-l-hpw B kv-{Xo-bpw ]-co-£Wm¿-∞w A-ev-]-sa-Sp-

Øp ]p-c-´n-t\m-°n. A-t∏m-g-Xm A-h¿ ]-d-°p-∂p. Cu hn-h-cw A-dn-

™p hn-{I-am-Zn-Xy≥ A-h-sc Im-Wm-\m-bn sIm-´m-c-Øn¬-\n-∂p ]p-d-

Øp-h-∂p. A-t∏mƒ A-t±-lw hm Xp-d-°p-I, Rm≥ Xp-∏n-Ø-cmw F-

∂p ]-d-™p. A-l-¶m-cn-bm-b cm-Pm-hv A-Xp Iq-´m-°n-bn-√. A-t∏mƒ

A-ev-]w Xp-∏¬ hm-Xn¬ ]-Sn-bn¬ ho-Wp. D-S-s\ A-Xp kz¿-Æ-am-bn-

Øo¿-∂p. A-t±-l-hpw kv-{Xo-bpw F-tßm-t´m ]m-dn-t∏m-hp-I-bpw sN-

bv-Xp. Cu hn-j-b-Øn¬ t]-cp-tI-´ Nn-e ]p-kv-X-I-ßƒ A-t±-lw c-

Nn-®n-´p-≠v. A-t±-lw B kv-{Xo-tbm-sSm-∂n-®v C-t∏m-gpw Po-hn-°p-∂p.

C-Xp-t]m-se a-s‰m-cp I-Y-Iq-Sn C-hn-sS hn-h-cn-°mw: C-t∏mƒ "`p-

P-tZ-hv' `-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂ am-f-hy-bp-sS X-e-ÿm-\-am-b [m-cm ]-

´-W-Øn¬ ̀ -c-W-a-μn-c-Øn-s‚ hm-Xn-en-¬ {]-Im-in-°p-∂-Xpw a-\p-jym-

h--b-h-ß-fp-sS A-S-bm-f-ß-fp-≈-Xp-am-b H-cp \o-≠ sh-≈n-°-jv-Ww

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 133

Im-Wm-w. A-Xn-s\ ]-‰n A-h-cp-sS C-S-bn¬ C-{]-Im-cw H-cp sF-Xn-

lyw D-≠v: ap≥Im-e-Øp cm-km-b-\ X-{¥-hp-am-bn H-cmƒ A-hn-S-sØ

cm-Pm-hn-s\ k-ao-]n-®p. Cu X-{¥w {]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ a-cn-°p-I-tbm ]-

cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-I-tbm D-≠m-hn-s√-∂v A-t±-lw cm-Pm-hn-s\ D-]-tZ-in-®p.

A-t∏mƒ cm-Pm-hv A-bm-tfm-Sp a-cp-∂p-I-fp-am-bn H-cp \n-›n-X Zn-h-kw

h-cm≥ ]-d-™p. B \n-›n-X Zn-h-kw A-bmƒ F-Æ-ap-dp-°n-ap-dp-°n

]m-I-am-°n sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw cm-Pm-hn-t\m-Sv Cu F-Æ-bn¬ Nm-Sm≥

B-h-iy-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. cm-Pm-hv t]-Sn-®p ]n-t∂m-´p am-dn-\n-∂p.

""A-hn-tS-°p ss[-cy-an-s√-¶n¬ A-hn-Sp-∂v A-\p-h-Zn-®m¬ Rm≥ sN-

bv-Xp-sIm-≈mw'' F-∂v A-bmƒ ]-d-™p. A-t∏mƒ A-t±-lw A-Xn-\v

A-\p-hm-Zw \-ev-In. A-bmƒ a-cp-∂p-s]m-Xn-Iƒ Hm-tcm-s∂-Sp-Øv A-

Xn-s‚ hn-ti-j-W-ßƒ hn-h-cn-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ]n-

∂o-S-bmƒ F-Æ-bn-te-°p Nm-Sn. A-bmƒ sN-øp-∂-sX-√mw cm-Pm-hpw

sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. A-h-km-\-sØ s]m-Xn C-´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠ k-a-bw B-

b-t∏mƒ cm-Pm-hn-\p X-s‚ `-c-Ww t]m-Ip-tam F-∂ `-b-am-bn. A-sX-

dn-™p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ A-t±-lw A-\p-h-Zn-®n-√. A-t∏mƒ F-Æ-∏m-{Xw

Nq-Sm-dn X-Wp-Øp-t]m-hp-I-bpw B a-\p-jy≥ A-Xn-e-I-s∏-´p-t]m-hp-

I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-Xm-Wo sh-≈n-°-jv-Ww. A-Xn-ep-≈ A-S-bm-fw

B a-\p-jy-s‚ A-h-b-h-ß-fp-tS-Xp-am-Wv.

h-f-`n ]-´-W-Øn-se "h-√-`' F-∂v cm-Pm-hn-s\ Ip-dn-®v C-ß-s\ H-

cp sF-Xo-ly-ap-≈-Xm-bn A-h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p: ip-≤≥ F-∂ ÿm-\w

t\-Sn-b Bƒ H-cm-´n-S-b-t\m-Sp s]m-´n-®m¬ ]m-sem-en-°p-∂ sN-Sn-I-fp-

sS Iq-´-Øn¬ "tX-l¿' F-∂p t]-cm-b c-‡w H-en-°p-∂ sN-Sn I-≠n-

´p-t≠m F-∂v A-t\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ D-s≠-∂v A-h≥ a-dp-]-Sn ]-d-™p.

A-t∏mƒ A-t±-lw A-h-\p Ip-td ]-Ww \evIn B ÿ-ew Im-Wn-

®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ B-h-iy-s∏-́ p. C-S-b≥ A-Xp Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ

A-t±-lw B sN-Sn-°p Xo sh-°p-I-bpw C-S-b-s‚ \m-b-sb B Xo-

bn-te-°v F-dn-bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. C-Xp-I-≠v Ip-]n-X-\m-b C-S-b-s®-dp-

°≥ A-bm-sf-bpw B Xo-bn-te-°v F-dn-™p. Xo sI-Sp-∂-Xp-h-sc

A-h≥ Im-Øp-\n-∂p. sI-´p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ A-t±-l-hpw \m-b-bpw kz¿-

Æ-am-bn am-dn-b-Xm-bm-Wv C-S-b≥ I-≠-Xv. A-t∏mƒ \m-b-bp-am-bn C-

S-b≥ ÿ-ew hn-´p. B a-\p-jy≥ A-hn-sS In-S-°p-∂-Xv I-≠ H-cp

{Km-ao-W≥ A-bm-fp-sS H-cp hn-c¬ ap-dn-s®-Sp-Øv "h-c-¶' F-∂p t]-cm-

b H-cp km-[p ]-®-°-dn-°m-c-\p sIm-Sp-Øp X-\n-°m-h-iy-am-b ]-®-°-

dn-Iƒ hm-ßn-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn. ]n-∂o-Sp {Km-ao-W≥ B kz¿-Æ a-\p-

jy-s\ sN-∂p t\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ ap-dn-s®-Sp-Ø hn-c¬ ap-f-®p ]q¿-Δ

ÿn-Xn-bn¬ X-s∂ F-Øn-b-Xm-bn I-≠p. ]n-s∂-bpw ]n-s∂-bpw A-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 134

bmƒ A-Xp ap-dn-s®-Sp-°p-I-bpw B ]-®-°-dn-°m-c-\p X-s∂ sIm-Sp-

Øv B-h-iy-ap-≈ km-[-\-ßƒ hm-ßp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. ]-®-°-dn-°m-

c≥ C-Xn-s‚ c-l-kyw {Km-ao-W-\n¬-\n-∂p a-\- n-em-°n. A-bmƒ B

ip-≤ a-\p-jy-s‚ P-Vw F-Sp-Øv H-cp h-≠n-bn¬ sh-®v A-bm-fp-sS

ho-ń-te-°p sIm-≠p-t]m-bn. A-Xp-h-gn-bm-bn B km-[p ]-®-°-dn-°m-

c≥ [-\n-I-\m-bn. \m-ń-ep-≈ an-° kz-Øp-°-fpw A-bmƒ hm-ßn. C-

Xp I-≠-t∏mƒ "h-√-`' cm-Pm-hv A-bm-tfm-Sv kz¿-Æ a-\p-jy-s\ B-h-

iy-s∏-Sp-Ip-bpw F-¥p {]-Xn-^-ew th-W-sa-¶n-epw \-ev-Im-sa-∂p ]-d-

bp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. ]-t£, A-bmƒ sIm-Sp-Øn-√. ]n-∂o-Sv cm-Pm-hn-

s‚ A-kq-b `-b-∂v A-bmƒ "a≥-kq-d' cm-Pm-hn-t\m-Sp Ip-td [-\w \-

ev-In k-lm-bw B-h-iy-s∏-´p. B cm-Pm-hp X-s‚ \m-hn-I-ssk-\yw

sIm-≠v A-bm-sf k-lm-bn-®p. A-h¿ H-cp Zn-h-kw cm-{Xn sN-∂v h-√-

` cm-Pm-hn-s\ sIm-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \m-Sp \-in-∏n-

°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. B \m-ń¬ C-t∏m-gpw iq-\y-am-bn-°n-S-°p-∂ [m-

cm-fw ho-Sp-I-fpw a-Xn-ep-I-fpw Im-Wm-a-t{X. A-⁄-∑m-cm-b Nn-e cm-

Pm-°-∑m¿ A-Xym-{K-lw Im-c-W-am-bn A-\-h-[n ]n-©p ss]-X-ß-sf

h-[n-°m≥-Iq-Sn a-Sn-®n-cp-∂n-√. "C-kv-^-¥n-bm¿' X-s‚ a-c-Ww B-k-

∂-am-b-t∏mƒ kw-km-cn-® Iq-´-Øn¬ C-ß-s\ ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn: "Im-

hq-kv' F-∂ a-lm≥ a-X-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xp-t]m-se-bp-≈

A-¤p-X-I-c-am-b Im-cy-ßƒ km-[n-® H-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. hm¿-≤-Iyw-aq-

ew ap-Xp-Ip-h-f-™ B a-\-jy≥ "Jm-^v' (I-m-I-k-kv) ]¿-Δ-X-Øn¬

sN-∂p-Iq-Sp-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sp Xn-I-™ H-cp bp-hm-hm-hp-I-bpw ta-Lw

hm-l-\m-am-°n- a-S-ßn-h-cn-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp.

D-dp-°v, a-{¥w Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn¬ C-¥y-°m¿-°p \-√ hn-izm-k-ap-

≈-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. _-lp-`q-cn-`m-Kw B-fp-I-fpw C-h-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬

Xm-Xv-]-cy-ap-≈ B-fp-I-fm-Wv. Cu hn-j-b-Øn-ep-≈ H-cp a-lm-{K-Ÿw,

-\m-cm-b-W-s‚ hm-l-\-am-b K-cp-V≥ F-∂ ]-£n-bp-sS t]-cn-em-Wv

A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu ]-£n a-’y-Øn-s‚ i-{Xp-hm-Wv. C-Xp sh-≈-

Øn-\p ap-I-fn¬ Iq-Sn i-_v-Zn-®p-sIm-≠v ]-d-°p-tºmƒ a-’y-ßƒ

sh-≈-Øn-\p ap-I-fn¬ s]m-ßn-h-cp-∂p. A-h-sb C-Xp kq-{X-Øn¬

]n-Sn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p. A-Xn-\m¬ Cu ]-£n Pm-e-hn-Zym hn-Z-Kv-[-\m-sW-

∂pw A-Xn¬-\n-∂v B hn-Zy ]Tn-°m-sa-∂pw A-h¿ I-cp-Xp-∂p. Cu

]-£n-sb Nn-e¿ h¿-Æn-®-Xv A-hy-‡-am-b co-Xn-bn-em-Wv. hm-bp-]p-

cm-W-Øn¬ a-s‰m-cp t]-cm-Wv Cu ]-£n-°v \¬-In-b-Xv. Cu hn-j-b-

Øn¬ A-h-cp-sS hn-izm-k-sØ sX-fn-bn-°p-∂ Nn-e I-Y-Iƒ C-hn-sS

D-≤-cn-°mw:

H-cn-°¬ ]m-ºp-I-Sn-®p a-cn-® H-cmƒ-°p-th-≠n a-{¥w P-]n-®-t∏mƒ

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 135

A-t±-lw F-gp-t∂-‰p-sh-∂v F-t∂m-Sv H-cmƒ ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. a-s‰m-

cmƒ ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wv: ]m-ºp-I-Sn-tb-‰p a-cn-® H-cm-sf a-{¥w-sIm-≠v Nn-

In-’n-®-t∏mƒ A-bmƒ F-gp-t\-‰n-cp-∂p kw-km-cn-°p-I-bp-w a-c-W-]-

{Xw X-øm-dm-°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. A-\-¥-cw `-£-W-Øn-s‚ hm-k-\

A-Sn-®-t∏mƒ ho-≠pw a-cn-®p-ho-Wp. ]m-ºp I-Sn-tb-‰ H-cmƒ-°p a-{¥w-

sIm-≠v ^-ew e-`n-°m-sX h-∂m¬ G-sX-¶n-epw H-cm-sf ap-f-I-fp-sS

sI-´n-t∑¬ sh-®p-sI-´n A-bm-fp-sS i-co-c-Øn¬ hn-j-an-d-ßm-\p-≈ H-

cp {]m¿-∞-\ \-S-Øp-∂ k-{º-Zm-bw A-h¿-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu hn-

Zy-bp-sS bm-Ym¿-∞y-sØ \n-tj-[n-®n-cp-∂ H-cm-sf B-tcm \-©v (hn-

jw) Ip-Sn-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-t∏mƒ hn-Z-Kv-[-∑m-cm-b Nn-e ln-μp a-

{¥-hm-Zn-I-sf sIm-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw A-h¿ a-{¥w P-]n-®p-Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ

A-bmƒ-°v B-izm-kw tXm-∂p-I-bp-ap-≠m-bn. A-h-cn¬ Nn-e¿ ssI-

sIm-≠v am-\p-I-sf th-´-bm-Sn-∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xp Rm≥ X-s∂ I-≠n-´p-≠v.

am-\p-I-sf ssI-sIm-≠v ]n-Sn-°m-sX-bpw sXm-Sm-sX-bpw ]m-N-I-∏p-c-

bn-te-°v F-Øn-°m≥ km-[n-°p-sa-∂v H-cmƒ F-t∂m-Sp ]-d-™p. C-

sX-√mw Nn-e a-{¥-ßƒ-s°m-≠m-Wv A-h¿ km-[n-°p-∂-Xv. \-Ωp-sS

\m-́ p-I-cm-sW-¶n¬ th-́ -k-a-b-Øp am-\p-I-sf I-≠m¬ Np-‰pw \-S-∂v H-

tc kz-c-Øn-epw cm-K-Øn-epw ]m-́ p ]m-Sn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bpw ]n-∂o-Sp

hr-Øw h-f-sc sN-dp-Xm-°n F-√m-h-cpw-Iq-Sn A-Xn-s\ ]n-Sn-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. am≥ \n-t∂-S-Øp-X-s∂ A-\-ßm-sX \n¬-°p-∂-Xm-bn Im-

Wmw. Nn-e¿ Im-S-]-£n-I-sf ]n-Sn-°m≥ ]n-®-f ]m-{X-Øn-t∑¬ H-tc

\n-e-bn¬ A-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. Cu i-_v-Z-Øn¬ a-b-ßn-t∏m-b Im-S-

Iƒ A-\-ßp-I-bn-√. A-t∏mƒ A-h¿ A-Xn-s\ ssI-sIm-≠p ]n-Sn-°p-

∂p. i-_v-Zw hn-hn-[ co-Xn-bn-em-bn-t∏m-bm¬ A-h ]-d-∂p-t]m-Ip-w. C-

sXm-∂pw a-{¥-ta A-√. I -̈sI-́ v, ssI-am-‰w, ap-X-em-b Nn-e I-fn-Iƒ-

°p Pm-e-hn-Zy-sb-∂p Nn-e¿ ]-d-t™-°mw. ]-t£, A-Xv F-√m- \m-́ n-

epw F-√m k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-epw Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 136

A-[ym-bw 18

C-¥y-bn-se hn-hn-[ cm-Py-ßƒ, kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ,A-h Hm-tcm-∂pw X-Ωn-ep-≈ Zq-cw,

\-Zn-Iƒ k-ap-{Z-ß-ƒ, A-Xn¿-Øn-Iƒ`q-tKm-f-sØ a-≤y-tc-J-sIm-≠v sX-°pw h-S-°p-am-bn `m-Kn-®m-ep-

≠m-Ip-∂ h-S-s° `m-K-Øn-s‚ ]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ am-{X-am-Wp P-\-hm-k-ap-

≈-Xv.A-Xm-b-Xv, `q-tKm-f-Øn-s‚ Im¬ (¼) `m-Kw am-{X-ta P-\-\n-_n-

U-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. Cu Im¬ (¼) `m-K-Øn-s‚ ]-Sn-™m-dpw In-g-°pw a-

lm-k-ap-{Z-ß-fm¬ h-e-bw sN-ø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. ]-Sn-™m-td-Xn-

\p {Ko-°p-Im¿ "D-Jv-bm-\q-kv' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. Cu k-ap-{Zw P-\-hm-

k-ap-≈ Im¬ (¼)`m-K-Øn-s‚-bpw C-Xn-\-∏p-dw h-√ I-c-I-tfm Zzo-]p-

I-tfm D-s≠-¶n¬ A-h-bp-sS-bpw C-S-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ H-cp A-

Xn¿-Øn am¿-§-am-Wv. C-cp-f-S-™ hm-bp-t£m-`-hpw Du-°≥ Xn-c-am-e-

I-fpw B-]¬ km-≤y-X-bpw \n-jv-{]-tbm-P-\-X-bpw Im-c-W-am-bn Cu

k-ap-{Z-Øn-s‚ a-dp-`m-K-tØ-°v B-cpw t]m-Im-dn-√. t]m-Im≥ ]m-Sn-

s√-∂p Im-Wn-°p-∂ A-]m-b kq-N-\-Iƒ B k-ap-{Z-Øn-epw A-Xn-

s‚ Xo-c-ß-fn-epw ap-ºp-≈ B-fp-Iƒ \m-´n-bn-cp-∂p. F-∂m¬, h-S-°p

`m-Kw io-Xm-[n-Iyw Im-c-Ww P-\-hm-k-Øn-\v D-]-bp-‡-am-Ip-∂n-√. sX-

t°m-´v {]-kv-Xp-X `m-Kw c-≠v a-lm-k-ap-{Z-ß-fpw Iq-Sn-t®-cp-∂ k-ap-{Z-

°-c-bn¬ sN-∂-h-km-\n-°p-∂p. Cu k-ap-{Zw P-\-{]-th-i-ap-≈-Xpw D-

]-tbm-K-{]-Z-hp-a-s{X. Im-c-Ww, A-Xn-se sN-dp-Xpw h-ep-Xp-am-b Zzo-

]p-I-fn¬ P-\-hm-k-ap-≠v. Cu I-S¬ Nn-e C-S-ß-fn¬ I-c-bn-te-°p

I-b-dn-°n-S-°p-∂p. ]-Sn-™m-dp `m-K-Øp-≈ Xo-c-{]-tZ-iw sX-t°m-´m-

bn I-S-en-te-°pw. Ip-td X-≈n-\n¬-°p-∂p. ]-›n-a kp-Um-\pw, ss\¬

\-Zn-bp-sS D-d-hn-S-am-b N-{μ-]¿-Δ-X-ß-fpw Cu I-c-bn-em-Wp ÿn-Xn-

sN-øp-∂-Xv. C-hn-sS-bp-≈ I-S¬-°-c-bn-epw Zzo-]p-I-fn-ep-am-Wv \n-t{Km

h¿-§-°m¿ A-[n-h-kn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]-›n-am¿-≤-`m-K-Øm-Wv _¿-_¿,

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 137

J¬-kw, t]¿-jy≥ ap-X-em-b Dƒ-°-S-ep-Iƒ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. F-

∂m¬, ]q¿-Δm¿-≤-`m-K-Øp Xo-cw I-S-en-te-°p X-≈n-\n¬-°p-∂p. A-

hn-sS k-ap-{Zw A-Xm-Xp ÿ-e-Øp-≈ I-c-bp-sS t]-cn-em-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xv. Cu h≥-I-c-bn¬ In-g-°p-]-Sn-™m-dm-bn \-s´-√p-Iƒ t]m-se

\o-≠p-In-S-°p-∂ Iq-‰≥ ]¿-Δ-X-ßƒ D-≠v. Cu ]¿-Δ-X-\n-c-Iƒ ssN-

\, Xn-_-Øv, Xp¿-°n-ÿm≥, _m-an-bm≥, Ku¿, Jp-dm-km≥, B-Z¿-

_n-Pm≥, A¿-ao-\n-ø, tdmw, {^-©v, P-em-en-Jv ap-X-em-b {]-tZ-i-ß-

fn¬ Iq-Sn \o-≠p-In-S-°p-∂p. Cu ]¿-Δ-X \n-c-I-fn¬ A-ßn-ßm-bn

hn-im-e-am-b-Xpw Xm-gv-∂-Xp-am-b {]-tZ-i-ß-fp-≠v. A-hn-S-ß-fn¬ P-\-

hm-k-ap-≠v. ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v A-h-bp-sS c-≠v `m-K-tØ-°p-am-bn

\-Zn-Iƒ H-gp-In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu ]¿-Δ-X-Xm-gv-h-c-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-

sN-øp-∂ H-cp `q-hn-`m-K-am-Wv C-¥y. A-Xn-s‚ sX-°p-`m-Kw k-ap-{Z-

hpw a-‰p-`m-K-ß-fn¬ Iq-‰≥ ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fpw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. {]-kv-Xp-

X ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p [m-cm-fw \-Zn-Iƒ C-¥y-bp-sS hn-hn-[ `m-K-ß-

fn-te-°v H-gp-Ip-∂p. F-∂m¬, C-¥y-bn-se ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fpw A-h-bn-se

an-\p-k-ap-≈ ]m-d-°-√p-I-fpw `-b-¶-c K¿-Ø-ß-fpw \-Zn-I-fp-sS i-‡n-

tb-dn-b H-gp-°pw Zq-cw sN-√p-tºm-gp-≈ H-gp-°n-s‚ i-‡n-°p-d-hpw A-

\-¥-cw k-ap-{Z-Øn-tem X-Sm-I-ß-fn-tem sN-∂p-tN-cp-∂n-S-Øp-≈- a-

W¬-Ip-∂p-I-fpw Im-Wp-tºmƒ C-t∏m-g-sØ C-¥y ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂

ÿ-ew ]-≠v k-ap-{Z-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂pw Im-em-¥-c-Øn¬ sh-≈-s∏m-

°w h-ln-®p-sIm-≠p-h-∂ km-[-\-ßƒ h-gn-bm-bn D-d-®p I-c-bm-bn-

Øo¿-∂-Xm-sW-∂pw Du-ln-°m≥ A-h-Im-i-ap-≠v. C-¥y-bp-sS a-≤yw

I-\q-Ppw, ]-cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-am-Wv. A-Xn-\p a-≤y-{]-tZ-iv F-∂v A-

h¿ ]-d-bp-∂p. A-h-cp-sS Kw-`o-c-∑m-cm-b a-lm-∑m-cp-sS hm-k-ÿ-ew

I-\q-Pv B-bn-cp-∂p. "kn-‘p' C-¥y-bp-sS ]-›n-a `m-K-Øp ÿn-Xn-

sN-øp-∂p. \-Ωp-sS \m-Sp-I-fn¬\n-∂v kn-‘n-te-°p t]m-Ip-∂-Xv kn-

Pn-ÿm≥ h-gn-bm-bpw C-¥y-bp-sS D-Ø-c {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-te-°p t]m-Ip-

∂-Xv Im-_qƒ h-gn-bm-bp-am-Wv. ]-t£, ]-e hn-j-a-ß-fpw X-c-Ww

sN-øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ G-Xp `m-K-Øn-eq-s-S-bpw t]m-Im≥ km-[n-°pw.

C-¥y-sb h-e-bw sN-bv-Xp-In-S-°p-∂ ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fn¬ C-¥y-°m-tcm

A-h-tcm-S-Sp-Ø-h-tcm B-b Nn-e h¿-§-°m¿ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p. A-h¿

A-Xn¿-Øn {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ F-t∏m-gpw B-{I-a-W-ßƒ \-S-Øn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°pw. Kw-Km \-Zn-bp-sS I-c-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ I-\q-Pv h-f-sc

h-en-b cm-Py-am-Wv. cm-P-Io-b X-e-ÿm-\w _m-dn-bn-te-°p am-dn-b-Xp-

sIm-≠v A-Xn-t∏mƒ iq-\y-am-bn In-S-°p-I-bm-Wv. I-\q-Pn-s‚-bpw Kw-

Km-bp-sS-bpw In-g-°m-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ _m-dn-bp-sS-bpw C-S-bn¬

Im¬-\-S-bm-bn aq-t∂m \m-tem Zn-h-k-sØ Zq-c-ap-≠v. I-\q-Pv ]m-fi-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 138

h k-¥m-\-ß-sf-s°m-≠v {]-kn-≤n t\-Sn-b-t]m-se b-ap-\m\-Zn-bp-sS

]-Sn-™m-dp`m-K-Øv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ am-lq-d (-a-[p-c) hm-kp-tZ-h-s\-

s°m-≠pw {]-kn-≤-am-bn. Cu c-≠p cm-Py-ß-fp-sS C-S-bn¬ C-cp-]-

Øn F-´v Im-Xw A-I-e-ap-≠v. Cu c-≠v \-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw a-≤y-Øn¬

h-S-°p`m-K-Øm-bn Xm-t\-iz¿ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. Cu {]-tZ-iw I-\q-

Pn¬-\n-∂v G-Xm-≠v F¨-]-Xv Im-X-hpw "am-lq-dm'bp-am-bn A-º-Xv

Im-X-hpw Zq-sc-bm-Wp ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Kw-Km-\-Zn-bp-sS D-¤-h-hpw

Cu ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-X-s∂-bm-Wv. A-Xn¬ D¬-]-Øn-°v "Kw-Km-

Zzm-cw' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. C-tX-t]m-se C-¥y-bn-se an-° \-Zn-I-fpw

Cu ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fn¬-\n-∂p- X-s∂ ]p-d-s∏-Sp-∂p.

F-∂m¬, A-h-cp-sS (C-¥y-°m-cp-sS) hn-hn-[ kw-ÿm-\-ß-fpw

A-h X-Ωn-ep-≈ Zq-c-hpw k-©-cn-®p Im-Wm-Ø-h¿-°p N-cn-{Xw am-{X-

am-Wv B-[m-cw. "_-Xv-sse-aq-km' (tSm-f-an) "`m-c'X-sØ-°p-dn-®pw a-

‰p-ap-≈ C-¥y-°m-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-bw i-cn-bm-Im-Ø-Xn¬ hy-k-\w {]-

I-Sn-∏n-®-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. H-cp Im-f c-≠m-bn-c-hpw ap-Δm-bn-c-hpw a-∂v

`m-cw h-ln-°p-sa-∂v A-h¿ I-W-°m-°p-∂p. Ip-td Zn-h-k-ßƒ-s°m-

≠v Cu `m-cw ap-gp-h≥ h-ln-°m-≥ H-cp- Im-f-°p km-[n-t®-°pw. c-≠v

kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn¬ t]m-Im-\pw h-cm-\p-ap-≈ Zq-cw H-∂m-bn tN¿-

Øp-]-d-bp-∂ io-ew A-h-cn¬ Nn-e¿-°p-≠v. C-Ø-cw hm¿-Ø-I-fn¬

i-cn-bpw sX-‰pw a-\- n-em-°p-I \-ap-°p {]-bm-k-am-Wv. Nn-e Im-cy-ßƒ

A-dn-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v A-dn-bp-∂-h ]-d-bm-Xn-cn-°p-I i-cn-b-√-t√m?

"I-\q-Pn'¬-\n-∂v "Kw-Km'bp-sS-bpw "b-ap-\m'bp-sS-bpw a-≤y-Øn¬

Iq-Sn sX-t°m-´p ]-{¥-≠v Im-Xw "b-Pv-am-hn'te-°pw F-´v Im-Xw "A-

_v-lm-]q-cn-'te-°pw F-´v Im-Xw "Ip¿-lm'bn-te-°pw F-´v Im-Xw "{_-

“-in-e'bn-te-°pw ]-{¥-≠v Im-Xw "A-e-l-_m-Zn'te-°pw D-≠v. b-ap-

\ Kw-K-bn¬ tN-cp-∂-n-S-Øm-Wv A-e-l-_m-Zv ]-´-Ww ÿn-Xn sN-øp-

∂-Xv. C-hn-sS-bp-≈ "{]-bm-K' a-c-Øn-s‚ A-cn-In¬ ln-μp-°ƒ A-h-

cp-sS Nn-e {K-Ÿ-ß-fn-¬ ]-d-bp-∂ kw-`-h-ßƒ A-`n-\-bn-®p Im-Wn-

°p-∂p. C-hn-sS-\n-∂v Kw-K I-S-en¬ sN-∂p ]-Xn-°p-∂-nS-tØ-°p ]-

{¥-≠v Im-Xw D-≠v. {]-kv-Xp-X hr-£w ap-X¬ sX-t°m-´v th-sd Nn-e

ÿ-e-ßƒ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. A-hn-sS\n-∂v "A¿-°p-Xo¿-Øn'te-°v

]-{¥-≠pw, "Hm-h¿-b-lm¿' cm-Py-tØ-°v \m¬-]-Xpw, "D¿-Zz-hn-iz'bn-

te-°v A-º-Xpw, C-hn-sS \n-∂v Xo-c-{]-tZ-i-Øp-Iq-Sn In-g-t°m-́ v "tPm¿'

km-{am-Py-Øn-te-°p \m¬-]-Xpw, "J≥-Pn'te-°v ap-∏-Xpw, "a-e-b'bn-

te-°v \m¬-]-Xpw, "tIm-¶n'te-°v ap-∏-Xpw Im-Xw Zq-c-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

"_m-cn'bn¬-\n-∂v Kw-Km-\-Zo Xo-c-Øn-eq-sS In-g-t°m-´v "A-tbm-

≤y'bn-te-°v A-dp-]-Øn A-©pw, A-h-cp-sS ]-cn-ip-≤ ÿ-e-a-b "_-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 139

\m-d-kn'te-°v C-cp-]-Xpw, "i¿-hm-cn'te-°p ap-∏-Øn A-©pw, "]m-S-

eo ]p-{X'bn-te-°v C-cp-]-Xpw, "ap≥-Ko-cn'bn-te-°p ]-Xn-\-©pw, "P-

_'bn-te-°p ap-∏-Xpw, "Zpw-Kw-]q-cn'te-°v A-º-Xpw, Kw-K k-ap-{Z-Øn¬

sN-∂p-tN-cp-∂ ÿ-e-am-b "Kw-Km-km-K-dn'te-°p ap-∏-Xpw Im-Xw Zq-c-

ap-≠v. F-∂m¬, I-\q-Pn¬-\n-∂v In-g-t°m-´v _m-cn-h-sc ]-Øpw, "Zp-

Kw' h-sc \m¬-]-Øn A-©pw, "in¬-l-Øv'h-sc ]-Øpw "_o-l-Øv'

h-sc ]-{¥-≠pw Im-X-am-Wv Zq-cw. C-h-bv-°v sX-°p-`m-K-Øm-bn "X¬-

h-Øv' {]-tZ-iw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. A-hn-S-sØ \n-hm-kn-I-fm-b "X-\p'

hw-i-°m¿ I-dp-Ø-h-cpw Xp¿-°n-I-sf-t∏m-se ]-Xn-aq-°-∑m-cp-am-Wv. Cu

{]-tZ-iw k-ap-{Z-Øn-te-°p \o-ßn-°n-S-°p-∂ "J-{aq' ]¿-Δ-Xw h-sc

ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p. F-∂m¬ C-h-bv-°v h-S-°p `m-K-Øm-Wv "t\-∏mƒ'

ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv. "hn-X≥-h-Xv' F-∂ ÿ-e-Øp-\n-∂p In-g-t°m-´p

Xn-cn-™v A-dp-]-Xv Im-Xw C-S-tØm-´v \-S-∂-t∏mƒ t\-∏m-fn-se-Øn-

t®¿-∂p-sh-∂v A-hn-sS t]m-bn h-∂ Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. t\-∏m-

fn¬\n-∂p "`q-t´-iz-cn'bn-te-°v ap-∏-Xv Zn-h-kw-sIm-≠m-Wv (kp-am¿

F¨-]-Xv Im-Xw) F-Øm≥ I-gn-™-sX-∂pw A-h¿ ]-d-™p. Cu h-

gn-bn¬ D-b¿-∂ {]-tZ-i-ß-fm-Wv Xm-gv-∂ {]-tZ-i-tØ-°mƒ Iq-Sp-X¬.

A-hn-sS H-cp P-em-i-b-ap-≠v. A-Xp-h-gn t]m-Im-\m-bn ]m-d-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-

eq-sS ap-f-Iƒ-s°m-≠v \n¿-Ωn-® ]m-e-ß-fp-≠v. `m-c-ta-dn-b Np-a-Sp-I-

fp-am-bn B-fp-Iƒ ]m-e-Øn-ep-sS I-S-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. ]m-e-ßƒ-°p Np-

h-sS \q-dv ap-gw B-g-Øn¬ a-™p-I-´-t]m-se-bp-≈ sh-≈-ap-≠v. ]m-

ew I-S-∂p-I-gn-™m¬ B Np-a-Sv B-Sv ap-X-em-b ar-K-ß-fp-sS ]p-d-

Øp-I-b-‰p-∂p. A-hn-S-ß-fn¬ \m-ev I-Æp-≈ H-cp X-cw am-\p-I-sf [m-

cm-f-am-bn Im-Wmw. "`q-t´-iz¿' Xn-∫-Øn-s‚ B-Zy-sØ A-Xn¿-Øn-

bm-Wv. A-hn-Sw ap-X¬ `m-j, th-jw, cq-]w ap-X-em-b-h hy-Xym-k-s∏-

Sm≥ Xp-S-ßp-∂p. a-lm Np-c-Øn-te-°v A-hn-sS\n-∂v C-cp-]-Xv Im-X-ap-

≠v. A-Xn-s‚ sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bn¬-\n-∂p t\m-°n-bm¬ C-¥y≥ {]-tZ-i-

ß-sf "tIm-S-Iƒ'°-Sn-bn-em-bn I-dp-Ø-Xm-bpw Xm-gv-h-c-bn-ep-≈ a-e-

I-sf sN-dn-b sN-dn-b Ip-∂p-Iƒ t]m-se-bpw Im-Wm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. "Xn-

_-Øpw' "ssN-\'bpw Np-I-∂ \n-d-Øn-epw Im-W-s∏-Sp-∂p-h-s{X. A-

hn-tS-°v C-d-ßn-s®-∂v tN-cp-∂-Xn-\v H-cp Im-Xw h-gn Zq-c-ap-≠v.

I-\q-Pn¬-\n-∂v sX-°p-In-g-°m-bn Kw-Km-bp-sS ]-Sn-™m-d≥ Xo-c-

Øp-Iq-Sn "b-Pm-lp-Xn' km-{am-Py-Øn-te-°p ap-∏-Xv Im-X-am-Ip-∂p Zq-

cw. A-Xn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w "K-Pp-dm-lv' B-Ip-∂p. "Kzm-fn-tbm¿,' "Im-

te≥-P¿' F-∂o {]-kn-≤-am-b c-≠v tIm-´-Iƒ A-hn-sS-bm-Wv ÿn-Xn

sN-øp-∂-Xv. C-t∏mƒ K≥-Kyq `-cn-°p-∂ [m-e F-∂ ÿ-e-tØ-°pw

I-∂-°-cm-bn-te-°pw C-cp-]-Xv Im-Xw A-I-e-ap-≠v. I-\q-Pn¬-\n-∂v sX-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 140

°p-]-Sn-™m-dm-bn ÿn-XnsN-øp-∂ B-kn-bn-te-°v ]-Xn-s\-´pw, k-l-

\ym-bn-te-°p ]-Xn-t\-gpw, P-{μ-bn-te-°p ]-Xn-s\-´pw, cm-sNu-cn-te-°v

]-Xn-\-©pw, Kp-P-dm-Øn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-b _-km-\-bn-te-°v A-dp-

]-Xpw Im-X-am-Wv Zq-cw. C-hn-sS-bp-≈ B-fp-I-sf \m-cm-b-W≥ F-∂

t]-cn-em-Wv \-Ωp-sS \m-´p-Im¿ A-dn-bp-∂-Xv. Cu \m-Sp \-in-® ti-jw

A-h¿ a-t[m-dm-bn-tem-°p am-dn Xm-a-kn-®p. a-lq-dm-bp-sS-bpw I-\q-Pn-

s‚-bpw, a-lq-dm-bp-sS-bpw _-km-\-bp-sS-bpw C-S-bn-ep-≈ Zq-cw k-a-am-

Wv. A-Xm-b-Xv, A-dp-]-Øn-F-´v Im-Xw. a-lq-dm-bn¬ \n-∂v D-÷-bn-\n-

bn-te-°p t]m-Ip-∂ h-gn-bn¬ A-©v Im-X-tam A-Xn¬ Ip-d-thm Zq-c-

ap-≈ {Km-a-ßƒ Im-Wmw. tZm-[m-bn-te-°v ap-∏-Øn A-©v Im-X-hpw,

hm-a-lq-dn-te-°v F-gpw, `m-b-’m-\n-bn-te-°v A-©pw, (C-Xv kp-{]-kn-

≤-am-b H-cp _nw-_-Øn-s‚ t]-cm-Ip-∂p) A¿-Zo-\n-te-°v H-º-Xpw,

(A-hn-sS-bp-≈ a-lm hn-{K-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cv "a-l-°¬' F-∂m-Wv) [m-

\n-te-°v G-gpw, _-km-\-bn¬-\n-∂p sX-t°m-´v a-fim-Kn-cn h-sc C-cp-

]-Øn A-©pw, (P-Ø-tdm¿ tIm-´ ÿn-XnsN-øp-∂ H-cp cm-Py-am-Wn-

Xv.) {]-kv-Xp-X tIm-´-bn¬-\n-∂p am-f-hy-bn-te-°pw A-Xn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-

\-am-b [m-dn-te-°pw C-cp-]-Xv Im-Xw A-I-e-ap-≠v. D-ss÷≥ ]-´-Ww

[m-dn¬\n-∂v G-gv Im-Xw A-I-se-b-s{X. D-ss÷-\n¬-\n-∂p am-f-hy--

bn¬-s∏-´ `m-’m-bn-te-°v ]-Øpw [m-dn¬-\n-∂p sX-t°m-´v `q-an-lv-d-

bn-te-°v C-cp-]-Xpw J-t‘m-lp-hn-te-°v C-cp-]-Xpw, A-en-kv-]q-cn-te-

°v C-cp-]-Xpw, tKm-Zm-h-co \-Zo Xo-c-Øp-≈ a-μ-Kn-cn-bn-te-°v A-dp-]-

Xpw Im-Xw Zq-cw Im-Wpw. [m-dn¬-\n-∂v sX-t°m-´v \-a-ø Xm-gv-h-c-bn-

te-°v G-gpw, a-l-t±-in-te-°v ]-Xn-s\-´pw, Kq¨-K-Wn-bn-te-°v (A-Xn-

s‚ X-e-ÿm-\w Xm-\m ]-´-W-am-Ip-∂p) C-cp-]-Øn-A-©pw Im-Xw

A-I-e-ap-≠v. "Zm-\-°v' F-∂pw ]-d-bm-dp-≈ Kq¨-K-Wn {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-

se Im-Sp-I-fn¬ "{iu' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ H-cp-X-cw ar-K-ß-sf Im-Wmw.

km-[m-c-W ar-K-ßƒ-°p-≈ \m-ep-Im-ep-Iƒ-°p ]p-d-sa ]p-d-Øpw \m-

ep Im-ep-Iƒ-t]m-se Nn-e A-h-b-h-ß-fpw sN-dn-b Xp-ºn-°-øpw c-

≠v h-en-b sIm-ºp C-h-bv-°p-≠v. Cu ar-K-ßƒ sIm-ºp-sIm-≠v B-

\-I-sf Ip-Øn-∏n-f¿-°p-∂p. "I-fim' ar-K-tØ-°mƒ h-ep-Xm-b C-h

F-cp-a-sb-t∏m-se-bm-Wv. Cu P-¥p-°ƒ Nn-e ar-K-ß-sf Ip-Øn-sb-Sp-

Øv ap-Xp-In-se Im-ep-Iƒ-°n-S-bn-te-°v C-Sp-I-bpw A-Xv A-hn-sS In-

S-∂p Zp-jn-®p ]p-gp-°p-tºmƒ a-c-Øn-t∑¬ D-c-kn \-in-∏n-°p-I-bpw

sN-øp-∂p. C-h C-Sn-bp-sS i-_v-Zw tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ G-tXm C-c-°v ]-

‰p-∂ Po-hn-bm-hm-sa-∂p I-cp-Xn A-Xn-s‚ t\¿-°v D-b-c-Øn-ep-≈ Ip-

∂p-I-fn¬-\n-∂p Nm-Sp-I-bpw ]m-d-°-√p-I-fn-epw a-‰pw A-Sn-®p Nm-hp-I-

bpw sN-øp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 141

I-fim-ar-Kw C-¥y-bn¬ [m-cm-f-ap-≠v. F-cp-a-bp-sS cq-]-Øn¬ I-

dp-Ø sXm-en-tbm-Spw I-gp-Øn¬ \m-S-tbm-Spw Iq-Sn aq-∂p Ip-f-ºp-I-

fp-≈ Cu P-¥p-hn-s\ Kw-Km ]-cn-k-c-ß-fn-em-Wv Iq-Sp-X¬ Im-Wp-∂-

Xv. \o-≠ hm-epw I-hn-fn-te-°p Xm-gv-∂p \n¬-°p-∂ c-≠v I-Æpw aq-

°n¬ ta¬-t]m-´v h-f-™p-\n¬-°p-∂ H-cp sIm-ºpw A-h-bp-sS {]-

tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. {_m-“-W¿ C-Xn-s‚ amw-kw k-k-t¥m-jw Xn-∂m-dp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p-h-s{X. Cu h¿-§-Øn¬ s]-´ H-cp P-¥p H-cm-\-sb Ip-

Øn-s∏m-fn-°p-∂-Xp Rm≥ I-≠p. \-Ωp-sS C-S-bn¬ "I¿-°-±≥' F-

∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ar-K-am-Wn-sX-∂p Rm≥ Du-ln-°p-∂p. sIm-ºv I-Øn

]-Wn-bm-\pw a-‰pw D-]-tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≈ "I¿-°m' ar-K-am-Wv C-sX-∂v

F-t∂m-Sp Nn-e¿ ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. "k-©o'(\n-t{Km)`m-j-bn¬ C-Xn-

\v "C-ºo-e' F-∂m-Wp ]-d-bp-∂-Xv. X-e-bn¬ C-Xn-\p Iq¿-Ø D-b-cw

Ip-d-™ H-cp sIm-ºp-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. A-Xn-s‚ Xp-©w I-dp-Ø-Xpw

_m-°n `m-Kw sh-fp-Ø-Xp-am-Wv. s\-‰n-bn¬ C-tX h-ep-∏-Øn¬ sh-

sdm-cp sIm-ºpw Iq-Sn-bp-≠v. th-´-bm-Sp-∂ k-a-b-Øv Cu P-¥p A-Xp-

b¿-Øn-∏n-Sn-®v B-bp-[-am-°p-∂p. sIm-ºv I-√n-t∑¬ sh-®p-c-®v aq¿-®

Iq-´n Ip-¥w t]m-se-bm-°n sh-°p-∂-Xpw A-Xn-s‚ kz-`m-h-am-Wv. A-

Xn-\p I-gp-X-sb-t∏m-se Ip-f-ºpw hm-ep-ap-≠v. tcm-a-\n-_n-V-am-b i-

co-c-am-Wv A-Xn-\p-≈-Xv.

ss\¬ \-Zn-bn-se t]m-se X-s∂ C-¥y≥ \-Zn-I-fn¬ ap-X-e-Iƒ

[m-cm-f-am-bn Im-Wmw. "Pm-ln-kv' ap-X-e-bp-≈ hn-h-cw A-dn-™-t∏mƒ

"a-lv-dm≥ \-Zn' ss\-en-s‚ im-J-bm-sW-∂p sX-‰p-[-cn-®p-t]m-bn. C-

¥y≥ \-Zn-I-fn¬ ap-X-e, a-Kv-d, hn-hn-[ X-c-Øn-ep-≈ a-’y-ßƒ {_-

tem F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂-Xpw I-∏-en-s‚ t\¿-°p Ip-Xn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xpw \o-

¥n-°-fn-°p-∂-Xp-am-b H-cp X-cw a-’yw Xp-S-ßn-b ]-e A-¤p-X Po-

hn-I-sf-bpw Im-Wmw. sX-s° C-¥y-bn-se \-Zn-I-fn¬ "{Km-lq' F-

∂pw Nn-e-t∏mƒ "P-e-X-¥p' F-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂ H-cp X-cw Po-hn-bp-≠v.

"X-X-h' F-∂p ]-d-™p-h-cp-∂ t\-cn-b-Xpw h-f-sc \o-≠-Xpw, sh-≈-

Øn¬ a-\p-jy-sc-bpw a-‰p Po-hn-I-sf-bpw Np-‰n-∏n-Sn-®p sIm-√p-∂-Xp-am-

b H-cp X-cw P-e-Po-hn-I-sf-bpw B {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Im-Wmw. C-h-sb

I-≠ H-cmƒ F-t∂m-Sn-{]-Im-cw ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn. A-Xn-s‚ X-e \m-

b-bp-tS-Xp t]m-se-bm-Wv. hm-en-\p Ip-td im-J-I-fp-≠v. A-{i-≤-bn-en-

cn-°p-∂ a-‰p Pn-hn-I-sf B hm¬-sIm-≠v Np-‰n-∏n-Sn-°pw. C-\n \-ap-

°p hn-j-b-Øn-te-°p X-s∂ a-S-ßmw.

_-km-\-bn¬-\n-∂p sX-°p-]-Sn-™m-dm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ "A≥-

ln¬-hm-d'bn-te-°v A-dp-]-Xpw tkm-a-\m-Y-Øn-te-°v A-º-Xpw, "A≥-

ln¬-hm-d'bn¬\n-∂p sX-t°m-´v "em¿-tZ-in'te-°v (C-Xn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 142

\w _n-{lq-Ppw d-l-_q-hp-am-Wv) \m¬-]-Øn c-≠pw, _-km-\-bn¬-\n-

∂p ]-Sn-™m-dp `m-K-Øm-bn ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ ap¬-Øm-\n-te-°v A-

º-Xpw, `m-Øn-bn-te-°p ]-Xn-\-©pw, `m-Øn-bn¬ \n-∂v sX-°p-]-Sn-

™m-dm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ A-Zq-dn-te-°p ]-Xn-\-©pw, a≥-kq-dm-bn-

te-°v C-cp-]-Xpw, tem-l-dm-\n-te-°v ap-∏-Xpw, Im-X-am-Wv Zq-cw, I-\q-

Pn¬-\n-∂p h-S-°p ]-Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øm-bn ÿn-XnsN-øp-∂ em-tlm-

dn-te-°p ap-∏-Xpw Im-X-am-Wv Zq-cw. I-\q-Pn¬\n-∂p h-S-°p-]-Sn-™m-dv

`m-K-Øm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ in¿-im-d-lm-bn-te-°v A≥-]-Xpw, hn-_u-

dn-te-°p ]-Øpw Im-X-ap-≠v. ]n-∂o-Sv ]-Sn-™m-tdm-´p \o-ßn e-≤-h-

sc ]-Xn--aq-∂pw, cm-P-Kn-cn tIm-´-bn-te-°v F-´pw, h-S-t°m-´p Im-iv-ao-cn-

te-°v C-cp-]-Ø-©pw Im-X-am-Wv Zq-cw. I-\q-Pn¬-\n-∂v ]-›n-a `m-K-

tØ-°v Zym-au h-sc ]-Øpw, Ip-Xn-bn-te-°p ]-Øpw, B-lm-dn-te-

°p ]-Øpw ao-d-Øn-te-°p ]-Øpw kp-∂m-an-te-°p ]-Øpw, Im-Xw

h-cpw. ]-Sn-™m-dp h-S-°m-bn B-Zn-Xy-s-lu-dn-te-°v H-º-Xpw, P-P-\o-

dn-te-°v B-dpw, sF-cm-h-Xn \-Zn-°-c-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ tem-lu-

dn-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-b a-Øp-Iu-dn-te-°v F-´pw, N-{¥m-lm \-Zn-bn-te-

°p ]-{¥-≠pw, _-b-Ø P-em-i-b-Øn-s‚ ]-Sn-™m-dp-≈ Q-e-Øn-

te-°v F-´pw, kn-‘v \-Zn-bp-sS ]-Sn-™m-dv ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ J-fim-dn-

s‚ X-ÿm-\-am-b ho-l-¥n-te-°v C-cp-]-Xpw s]-j-m-h-dn-te-°v ]-Xn-

\m-epw Zq≥-]q-cn-te-°p ]-Xn-\-©pw, Im-_q-fn-te-°p -]-{¥-≠pw, K-kv-

\m-bn-te-°p ]-Xn-t\-gpw Im-X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

Im-iv-ao¿ D-b¿-∂ Iq-‰≥ ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fm¬ A-\m-h-c-Ww sN-ø-s∏-

´ H-cp Im-´p-{]-tZ-i-am-Wv. A-Xn-s‚ In-g-°pw sX-°pw `m-K-ßƒ ]-Sn-

™m-dv _-Z-Jv-im≥ A-Xn¿-Øn-h-sc _n-s√m¿-jm, i-Jv-\m≥-jm, Jm≥-

jm F-∂o cm-P-°-∑m¿-°p-≈-Xm-Wv. h-S-°p-`m-Khpw In-g-°p`m-K-Øp-

\n-∂v Nn-e {]-tZ-i-ß-fpw Xp¿-°n-Iƒ-°m-Wv. `q-t´-iz¿ Ip-∂n¬ Iq-Sn

Xn-∫-Øv {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sn Im-iv-ao-cn-te-°v G-Xm-≠v ap-∂q-dv Im-

Xw Zq-c-ap-≠v. Im-iv-ao-cn-Iƒ Im¬ \-S-bm-bm-Wv bm-{X sN-øp-∂-Xv.

A-h¿-°v hm-l-\-ar-K-ß-fpw B-\-bp-an-√. A-h-cp-sS t\-Xm-°-fpw a-

lm-∑m-cpw B-fp-Iƒ Np-a-∂p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂ a-©-en(-]-√-°v)em-Wv

bm-{X sN-øm-dv. Im-iv-ao-cn-te-°p-≈ {]-th-i-\ Zzm-c-ßƒ F-t∏m-gpw

Im-Øpkq-£n-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v a-‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bn Iq-Sn--°-e¿-∂p Po-hn-

°m≥ A-h-¿-°p I-gn-bm-sX t]m-Ip-∂p. ]u-cm-Wn-I Im-e-ß-fn¬ H-

∂pw c-≠p-am-bn Nn-e hn-tZ-in-Iƒ hn-in-jym b-lq-Zn-Iƒ A-tßm-´p

{]-th-in-°m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. C-t∏mƒ A-]-cn-Nn-X-\m-b H-cp C-¥y-°m-

c-s\-t∏m-epw A-tßm-´v {]-th-in-°m≥ A-h¿ A-\p-h-Zn-°n-√. A-hn-

tS-°p-≈ {]-kn-≤ {]-th-i-\ Zzm-cw h-{_-lm-\m-Wv. C-Xv kn-‘p \-Zn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 143

bp-sS a-≤y-Øn-em-Wv ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv. A-hn-sS \n-∂v knw-em ]¿-

Δ-X-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p-¤-hn-°p-∂ I-kp-\m-cn \-Zn-bpw a-lv-hm \-Zn-bpw k-

tΩ-fn-°p-∂ ÿ-e-Øp ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ H-cp ]m-e-Øn-te-°v F-´v Im-

Xw Zq-c-ap-≠v. a-s‰m-cp {]-th-i-\ am¿-§w Q-ew \-Zn-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.

Cu \-Zn A-hn-sS-\n-∂v ]p-d-s∏-´v A-©v Zn-h-k-sØ Zq-c-ap-≈ Zp-hm¿

F-∂n-S-Øp h-∂p-tN-cp-∂p. A-hn-sS-\n-∂p ]p-d-s∏-´m¬ Im-iv-ao-cn-s‚

X-e-ÿm-\-am-b A-Zp-ÿm-\n¬ c-≠p Zn-h-k-sIm-≠v F-Ømw. Im-iv-

ao¿ ]-´-Ww \m-ep Im-Xw \o-f-Øn¬ Q-ew \-Zn-bp-sS C-cp-I-c-bn-ep-

am-bn \n¿-Ωn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p. A-Xn-\n-S-bv-°v ]m-e-ß-fpw I-S-Øp-I-

fpw D-≠v. Kw-Km-bp-sS D-d-hn-S-am-b l¿-a-Iu-Xv F-∂ ]¿-Δ-X-Øn¬ \n-

∂p X-s∂-bm-Wv Cu \-Zn-bpw D-¤-hn-°p-∂-Xv. P-\-{]-th-i-an-√m-Ø-

Xpw ln-a-I-´-Iƒ D-cp-Im-Ø-Xp-am-b {]-tZ-i-am-Wv A-Xv. A-Xn-s‚ ]n-

∂n-em-bn ssN-\m h≥-I-c ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂p. Q-ew \-Zn C-hn-sS \n-

∂v ]p-d-s∏-´v D-tZz-izm-Xn¬ Iq-Sn \m-ev Im-Xw sN-√p-tºmƒ H-cp Im-

Xw Np-‰-f-hp-≈ H-cp a-cp-`q-an-bn¬ {]-th-in-°p-∂p. A-Xn-s‚ C-cp-I-c-

I-fn-epw h-b-ep-I-fp-≠v. A-hn-sS\n-∂v {]-kv-Xp-X \-Zn Hm-jv-°m¿ {]-

tZ-i-tØ-°p t]m-Ip-∂p.

F-∂m¬ kn-‘p-\-Zn Xp¿-°n-bp-sS A-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬ ÿn-Xn sN-

øp-∂ D-\-¶v ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fn¬ \n-∂m-Wp-¤-hn-°p-∂-Xv. A-hn-S-sØ Xp¿-

°n-Iƒ-°v "`-Øm-h-cn-bm≥' F-∂pw A-h-cp-sS cm-Pm-hn-\v "_m-Zv-jm-

lv' F-∂pw A-h-cp-sS \m-ń-\v "Kn¬-ln-‰v, A-kv-]n-dm, in-e-kv-Xm-kv'

F-∂pw A-hn-S-sØ `m-j-°v "Xp¿-°n-øx' F-∂pw ]-d-bp-∂p. Im-iv-ao¿

]-e-t∏m-gpw A-h-cp-sS I-h¿-®-°pw sIm-≈-bv-°pw e-£y-am-hm-dp-≠v.

{]-kv-Xp-X \-Zn-bp-sS C-S-sØ Xo-c-Øv ]-´-W-ß-fpw P-\-\n-_n-V-am-b

{]-tZ-i-ß-fpw h-e-sØ Xo-c-Øv {K-a-{]-tZ-i-ß-fpw kp-{]-kn-≤-am-b

"Ip-e¿-÷-°v' ]¿-Δ-X-hpw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. A-Xv tKm-]p-cw t]m-se

a-™p-I-´-I-fm¬ aq-Sn-°n-S-°p-∂p. A-Xn-\pw Im-iv-ao¿ a-cp-`q-an-°pw

X-Ωn¬ c-≠v Im-Xw Zq-c-ap-≠v. cm-P-Kn-cn tIm-´ C-Xn-\p sX-°pw em-

tlm¿ tIm-´ C-Xn-\p ]-Sn-™m-dp-am-bn \n-esIm-≈p-∂p. C-h c-≠n-

t\-°m-fpw D-d-∏p-≈ H-cp tIm-´ Rm≥ I-≠n-ń-√. C-hn-sS-\n-∂p ap-∂v

Im-Xw A-I-se-bm-Wv cm-Pm-h-cn {]-tZ-iw. A-Xp-am-bn \-Ωp-sS \m-´p-

Im-c-b I-®-h-S-°m¿ hym-]m-cw \-S-Øp-∂p. Cu {]-tZ-iw C-¥y-bp-sS

h-S-s° A-Xn¿-Øn-bm-Wv. A-Xn-s‚ ]-Sn-™m-dp`m-K-Øp-≈ ]¿-Δ-X-

ß-fn¬ A-̂ v-Km≥ h¿-§-°m¿ Xm-a-kn-°p-∂p. A-hn-sS-\n-∂p sX-t°m-

´v sN-∂m¬ k-ap-{Z-am-Wv. k-ap-{Z-°-c a-{Im-s‚ X-e-ÿm-\-am-b -ssX-

kn-¬\n-∂p sX-°p-In-g-°m-bn ssZ-_¬ h-sc \m¬-]-Xv Im-Xw \o-

≠pIn-S-°p-∂p. C-Xn-\n-S-bv-°m-Wv I-∏¬ bm-{X-°m¿ `-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 144

"tXm-dm≥' I-S-en-Sp-°v ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. th-en-tb-‰-Øn¬ A-Xp Iq-

Sp-X¬ `-bm-\-I-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. A-Xp-t]m-se A-hn-S-sØ Nn-e Xo-c-

ß-fn¬ D-∏p-sh-≈-an-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ `m-c-ta-dn-b I-∏-ep-Iƒ-

°p K-Xm-K-X-Øn-\p {]-bm-kw t\-cn-Sp-∂p. Cu {]-tZ-i-ßƒ I-gn-

™m¬ I-®v, tkm-a-\m-Yv ap-X-em-b ÿ-e-ß-fm-Wv. A-hn-S-ß-fn-se

k-ap-{Z-Xo-c-ß-fn¬ hm-l-\-ßƒ sIm-≈-°pw I-h¿-®-°pw C-c-bm-Im-

dp-≈-Xn-\m¬ B {]-tZ-i-ßƒ-°p I-S¬-I-≈-∑m-cp-sS \m-Sv F-∂ t]-

cp {]-kn-≤-am-Wv. "bo-d' F-∂-dn-b-s∏-´p-∂ H-cp-X-cw tXm-Wn-I-fn¬ I-

b-dn-bm-W-h¿ sIm-≈ \-S-Øm-dv. Zo-_-en¬-\n-∂p sXm-te-iz-cn-te-°v

A-º-Xpw tem-lv-\-\n-te-°p ]-{¥-≠pw _-K-bn-te-°p ]-{¥-≠pw I-

®n-te-°pw _¿-hm-bn-te-°pw B-dpw tkm-a-\m-Yn-te-°p ]-Xn-\m-epw

I-ºm-b-Øn-te-°p ap-∏-Xpw Im-Xw Zq-c-ap-≠v. ]n-∂o-Sv B-km-an-te-°p

c-≠p Zn-h-k-sØ Zq-c-hpw _-Ov-dq-Pn-te-°v ap-∏-Xpw k-‘m-\n-te-°v

A-º-Xpw tkm-_m-d-an-te-°v B-dpw X-\m-bn-te-°v A-©pw Im-Xw Zq-

c-ap-≠v. A-Xn-\-∏p-d-Øm-Wv em-d≥ ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂-Xv. ssP-aq¿, _¬-

_m, Im-©n, Z-{X-Zv F-∂o ÿ-e-ßƒ A-hn-sS-b-s{X. A-tXm-S-Sp-Øv

H-cp h-en-b I-S-en-Sp-°p-≠v. k-d≥-Zzo-]v F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ k-¶¬-Zzo-]v

A-hn-sS-bm-Wv. A-Xn-\-Sp-Øm-bn ]-©v-bm-h¿ cm-Pyw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.

A-Xp \-in-®p-t]m-b ti-jw A-hn-S-sØ cm-Pm-hv "tPm¿' A-Xn-\p ]-

I-cw Ip-d-®p ]-Sn-™m-tdm-´p am-dn ]-Xv-\m¿ F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp cm-Pyw

ÿm-]n-®p. Hm-a-e-\-cm-bpw cm-ta-iz-c-hpw k-d≥-Zzo-]n-\v A-`n-ap-J-am-bn

ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. C-h- c-≠n-\pw X-Ωn¬ P-e-am¿-§-am-bn ]-{¥-≠pw

]-©ym-h-dn¬ \n-∂v tk--X-p_-‘n-te-°p (k-ap-{Z--]m-ew) c-≠pw Im-Xw

D-≠v. C-Xp e-¶m-bn-te°p cm-a≥ \n-¿-an-® Nn-d-s°-´m-W-s{X. C-Xn-

t∏mƒ Xn-c-am-e-I-fmƒ X-I¿-∂p ]¿-Δ-X-J-fi-ßƒ-t]m-se In-S-°p-

∂p. C-hn-sS\n-∂p ]-Xn-\mdp Im-Xw In-g-°p`m-K-Øv tIm-lv In-¥v

]¿-Δ-Xw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p. B \m-´p-Im¿ A-hn-sS {]-tXy-I I-]n k-

tΩ-f-\-ßƒ hn-fn-®p-Iq-´p-I-bpw A-h-b-°p Xn-∂m≥ A-cn sIm-Sp-°p-

I-bpw sN-øm-dp-≠v. \n-›n-X Zn-h-k-Øn¬ hm-\-c-∑m¿ A-h-cp-sS cm-

Pm-hn-s‚ t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ h-∂p `-£-Ww I-gn-®p a-e-bn-te-°v Xn-cn-®p-

t]m-Ip-∂p. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ A-h¿ A-{i-≤ Im-Wn-®m¬ A-h¿ \m-Sv

A-{I-an-®p \-in-∏n-®p-I-f-bp-a-s{X. ]n-im-Np-°-fp-am-bn cm-a≥ \-S-Øn-

b bp-≤-Øn¬ A-t±-l-sØ k-lm-bn-°m-\m-bn cq-]w am-dn-b H-cp Iq-

´w P-\-ß-fm-Wv A-ß-s\ I-]n-cq-]-cm-bn Po-hn-°p-∂-sX-∂pw Cu {Km-

aw A-h¿-°m-bn cm-a≥ sIm-Sp-Ø-Xm-sW-∂pw cm-a-s‚ ]m-´p-I-fpw a-

{¥-ß-fpw Cu Ip-c-ß-∑m¿ {i-≤n-®p tIƒ-°p-sa-∂pw A-h¿ ]-d-bp-

∂p. am-\p-I-sf Ip-dn-®p \mw ap-ºp {]-kv-Xm-hn-®-Xp-t]m-se \-√ cm-K-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 145

ßƒ tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ Ip-c-ßp-I-fpw B-I¿-jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠m-Imw.

Cu k-ap-{Z-Øn-ep-≈ In-g-°≥ Zzo-]p-Iƒ ssN-\-tbm-Sm-Wp Iq-Sp-

X¬ A-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. C-¥y-°m¿ A-h-bv-°p kz¿-Æ-Zzo-]v F-∂p

]-d-bp-∂p. k-©v Zzo-]p-Iƒ ]-›n-a Zzo-]p-I-fm-bpw c-Ω-bpw Zo-h-Pm-

Øpw a-≤y-Zzo-]p-I-fm-bpw K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A-hn-SsØ tZ-hm Zzo-]p-

Iƒ-°p Nn-e {]-tXy-I-X-I-fp-≠v. Nn-e-Xp {I-ta-W h-f¿-∂v h-ep-Xm-

Ip-tºmƒ th-sd Nn-e-Xp {I-ta-W Np-cp-ßn \m-am-h-ti-j-am-Ip-∂p.

A-ß-s\-bp-≈ k-μ¿-`-ß-fn¬ A-hn-sS-bp-≈ B-fp-Iƒ X-ß-fp-sS

sX-ßpw ]-\-bpw a-‰p Im¿-jn-tIm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpw A-Sp-Ø Zzo-]p-I-fn-

te-°p \o-°w sN-bv-Xv A-hn-tS-°p Xm-a-kw am-dp-∂p. Cu Zzo-]p-Iƒ

c-≠v hn-`m-K-am-bn Xn-cn-bp-∂p-≠v. s]m-¥n-h-cp-∂-Xpw Xm-gv-∂p-t]m-Ip-

∂-Xpw. s]m-¥n-h-cp-∂-h-bv-°p tZ-h-Iq-Zm F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. J-ao¿ Zzo-

]v k-aq-l-ß-fn¬ s]-´ "h-J-hm-Jv' Zzo-]v F-∂-Xv A-Xn-s‚ kz-¥-am-

b t]-cm-Wv. A-√m-sX ]m-a-c-P-\-ßƒ hn-iz-kn-®p-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se

A-hn-sS [m-cm-f-am-bn h-f-cp-∂-Xpw a-\p-jy-i-co-cw t]m-ep-≈ X-Sn-bp-

≈-Xpw i-_v-Zn-°p-∂-Xp-am-b H-cp-X-cw a-c-ß-fp-sS t]-c-√. "J-ao¿' F-

∂-Xp sh-fp-Ø-h-cpw Xp¿-°n-ÿm≥-Im-sc t]m-se {l-kz-Km-{X-cpw

C-¥y≥ a-Xw kzo-I-cn-®-h-cpw Im-Xp-Xp-f-®-h-cp-am-b H-cp h¿-§-°m-cp-

sS t]-cm-Wv. h-Jv-hm-Jv Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ Np-cp-°w Nn-e¿ I-dp-Ø-h¿-§-°m-

cp-am-Wv. C-X-c \m-Sp-I-fn-se P-\-ßƒ A-h-sc A-Xn-bm-bn kv-t\-ln-

°p-I-bpw A-h-cp-am-bn a-c-Ø-Sn ap-X-em-b-h-bn¬ I-b-‰p-X-a-Xn C-d-

°p-a-Xn hym-]m-cw \-S-Øp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. hn-√p-≠m-°m≥ D-]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂- a-c-ßƒ, a-c-N-μ-\w Xp-S-ßn-b-h k-©v Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ \n-∂m-

Wp e-`n-°p-∂-Xv. k-d≥-Zzo-]n-s‚ A-Sp-Øp-≈ I-S-en-Sp-°n¬ ap-Øv

F-Sp-°p-∂ H-cp ÿ-e-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-t£, C-t∏-g-Xv \-jv-S-s∏-´n-cn-

°p-I-bm-Wv. k-©v Zzo-]p-I-fp-sS Xm-sg-bm-bn ap-Øp-hn-f-bp-∂ ÿ-

ew I-s≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. B \-„ÿ-ew C-hn-tS-°p \o-ßp-I-bm-X-sW-

∂p A-h-¿ ]-d-bp-∂p.

C-¥y-bn¬ D-jv-W-Im-e-Øp Nq-Sp-a-g s]-øm-dp-≠v. A-Xn-\p h¿-j-

Im¬ (h¿-j-Im-ew) F-∂m-Wp ]-d-b-p-∂-Xv. C-¥y-bp-sS h-S-°p`m-K-

ß-fn-epw h-en-b ]¿-Δ-X-ßƒ C-√m-Øn-S-Øpw Zo¿-L-Im-ew a-g A-[n-

Iw D-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. h¿-j-Im-ew X-ß-fp-sS {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ D-≠m-Im-

dn-s√-∂p ap¬-Øm≥-Im¿ ]-d-bp-∂-Xm-bn Rm≥ tI-´n-´p-≠v. A-hn-sS-

\n-∂p h-S-t°m-´v \o-ßn-bm¬ `m-Z¬, A-¥¿-th-Zv ap-X-em-b ÿ-e-ß-

fn¬ A-jm-Vam-kw ap-X¬ Xp-S¿-®-bm-bn \m-ep am-kw a-g s]-øp-

∂p. A-Xn-\-∏p-dw ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ Im-iv-ao¿ ]¿-Δ-X-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-k-c-

ß-fn¬ Z-ºq-cn-\pw s]-j-hm-dn-\pw C-S-bn¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂ tPm-Z-cn

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 146

Ip-∂p (tKm-Zm-h-cn)-h-sc c-≠-c am-k-tØm-fw a-g Xp-S-cpw. Cu Ip-∂n-

s‚ ]n≥-`m-K-Øp-≈ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A-Xp-t]m-se a-g s]-øp-∂n-√.

Im-c-Ww, Xm-Wp-k-©-cn-°p-∂ I-´n-bp-≈ ta-L-ßƒ Cu a-e-I-fp-am-

bn D-c-kp-I-bpw sh-≈-am-bn A-en-™p-t]m-hp-I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. A-

Xp-sIm-≠m-Wp Im-iv-ao-cn¬ a-g C-√m-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F-∂m¬, A-hn-

sS am-L-am-kw ap-X¬ c-≠-c-am-k-tØm-fw ln-a-°-´-Iƒ Xp-S¿-®-bm-

bn ho-gp-I-bpw ssN-{X-am-kw ]-Ip-Xn I-gn-™m¬ Ip-d-®p Zn-h-kw a-g-

s]-bv-Xv A-h D-cp-Ip-I-bpw X-Xv-^-e-am-bn `q-an X-Wp-Øp ip-≤-am-hp-

I-bpw sN-øp-∂p. Cu ]-Xn-hn-\p hn-]-co-X-am-bn h-√-t∏m-gpw kw-`-hn-

°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ X-s∂ F-√m \m-Sp-I-fn-epw F-√m Im-e-Øpw A-]q¿-

Δ-am-bn Im-Wm-hp-∂ hy-Xy-k-ß-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X-sem-∂p-an-√.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 147

A-[ym-bw 19

\-£-{X-ß-fp-sS t]-cp-Iƒ, cm-in-a-fi-e-w,Rm-‰p-th-e-Iƒ ap-X-em-b-h

C-¥y≥ `m-j-bn¬ H-cp km-[-\-Øn-\p-X-s∂ h-f-sc A-[n-Iw t]-

cp-I-fp-≈-Xm-bn \mw {]-kv-Xm-hn-®p-h-t√m. kq-cy-\p X-s∂ B-bn-cw

t]-cp-≈-Xm-bn Rm≥ tI-´n-´p-≠v. A-Xp-t]m-se a-t‰-Xm-≠-{X X-s∂

t]-cp-Iƒ a-‰p \-£-{X-Øn-\pw D-≠m-Im-Xn-cn-°n-√. H-cm-gv-N-bn-se Zn-

h-k-ßƒ-°v G-gv \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS {]-kn-≤ t]-cp-I-fm-Wv \-ev-In-b-

Xv. B-gv-N-°v hm¿(-hm-cw) F-∂m-Wp t]-cv. Cu t]-cn-s‚ ap-ºn¬ {]-

kv-Xp-X \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS t]-cv (t]¿-jy≥ `m-j-bn¬ j-º F-∂ ]-

Zw {]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se) tN¿-Øp Rm-b-dm-gv-N-°v "B-Zn-Xy-hm¿'

(kq-cy≥) F-∂pw Xn-¶-fm-gv-N-°v "tkm-a-hm¿' (-N-{μ≥) F-∂pw sNm-

Δm-gv-N-°v "a-¶-f-hm¿' (sNm-Δ) F-∂pw, _p-[-\m-gv-N-°v "_p-[v-hm¿'

(_p-[≥) F-∂pw, hym-gm-gv-N-°v "{_-l-kv-]-Xn-hm¿' (hym-gw) F-∂pw,

sh-≈n-bm-gv-N-°v ip-{I-hm¿ (-ip-{I≥) F-∂pw, i-\n-bm-gv-N-°v "i-\o-

®¿-hm¿' (i-\n) F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. kq-cy≥ ap-X¬-°m-Wv B-gv-N Xp-S-

ßm-dp-≈-Xv. \-Ωp-sS tPym-Xn-jy-∑m¿ {]-kv-Xp-X \-£-{X-ßƒ-°p Zn-

h-k-ß-fp-sS \m-Y-∑m¿ F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. H-cp Zn-h-k-Øn-ep-≈ -k-a-b-

sØ B Zn-h-k-Øn-s‚ \m-Y-\m-b \-£-{Xw ap-X¬ Io-tgm-´p {I-a-a-

\p-k-cn-®m-Wp hn-`-Pn-°p-∂-Xv.

D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn: kq-cy≥ Rm-b-dm-gv-N-bp-sS \m-Y-\m-Wv. A-Xp-X-

s∂-bm-Wv F-√m Zn-h-k-Øn-s‚-bpw H-∂m-a-sØ k-a-b-Øn-s‚ \m-

Y≥. (H-cp ]-I-en-s‚ B-Wv H-cp k-a-bw sIm-≠v C-hn-S-sØ hn-h-

£). -c-≠mw k-a-bw A-Sp-Ø \-£-{X-am-b ip-{I-s‚-bpw aq-∂m-a-

sØ-Xp _p-[-s‚-bpw \m-em-a-sØ-Xp N-{μ-s‚-Xp-am-Wv.- C-t∏mƒ Xm-

sg-bp-≈ \-£-{Xw A-h-km-\n-®-Xp-sIm-≠v ta-se \n-∂v F-tÆ-≠-

Xm-bn h-∂n-cn-°p-∂p, A-t∏mƒ A-©m-a-tØ-Xp i-\n-®-dn-\p-≈-Xm-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 148

(B-dv {_-l-kv-]-Xn-°pw G-gv a-¶-fn-\p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv). Xn-¶-fm-gv-N-bp-sS

H-∂m-a-sØ k-a-bw N-{μ-s‚-X-s{X. N-{μ≥ A-Xn-s‚-bpw A-Xn-se H-

∂m-w k-a-b-Øn-s‚-bpw \m-Y-\m-Wv. C-h¿-°pw C-¥y≥ tPym-Xn-j-

°m¿-°pan-S-bn¬ H-cp hn-j-b-Øn¬ am-{X-ta hy-Xym-k-ap-≈q. \-Ωp-

sS tPym-Xn-j-∑m¿ cm-hn-\pw ]-I-en-\pw shtΔ-sd \m-Y-∑m-cm-b \-£-

{X-ß-fp-s≠-∂p I-W-°m-°p-tºmƒ C-¥y-°m¿ cm-hn-\pw ]-I-en-\pw

Iq-Sn H-tc H-cp \-£-{X-sØ-bm-Wp k-¶-ev-]n-°p-∂-Xv. A-h-cn¬ `q-cn-

`m-K-Øn-s‚-bpw A-`n-{]m-bw C-X-s{X. H-cp Zn-h-k-Øn-s‚ 1/24˛-\v A-

h¿ "lq¿' F-∂p ]-d-bp-∂p. C-tX t]-cp X-s∂ A¿-≤-cm-in-°pw D-]-

tbm-Kn-°m-dp-≠v. A-Xp-sIm-≠v Cu hy-Xym-kw {i-≤n-°m-Xn-cp-∂m¬

A-h-cp-sS D-t±-iyw a-\- n-em-°m-sX t]m-Ipw.

A-h-cp-sS ]-©mw-K-ß-fn¬-\n-∂v G-sX-¶n-epw H-cp k-a-b-Øn-s‚

\-£-{Xw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p-≈ am¿-§w C-ß-s\ hn-h-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p: ""N-

{I-hm-f-Øn¬ D-Zn-®-p-h-cp-∂ B-Im-i-`m-K-Øn-s‚-bpw kq-cy-s‚-bpw C-

S-°p-≈ Zq-c-sØ (Un-{Kn) ]-Xn-\-©p-sIm-≠v l-cn-®p-In-´p-∂ kw-Jy-

tbm-Sv H-∂v Iq-´n-t®¿-Øpw, A-Xn¬ `n-∂-kw-Jy D-s≠-¶n¬ A-h D-

t]-£n-®pw In-´p-∂ D-Ø-cw-sIm-≠v A-∂-sØ \-£-{Xw-sIm-≠v F-

Æp-I. A-ß-s\ \-£-{X-ß-sf h-gn-h-gn-bm-bn F-Æp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬

D-t±-in-® k-a-b-Øn-s‚ \-£-{Xw I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m-w. C-hn-sS hn-h-cn-°p-

∂ k-a-bw sIm-≠p-≈ hn-h-£ km-[m-c-W ]-d-bm-dp-≈ a-Wn-°q-d-√.

H-cp Zn-h-k-Øn-s‚ 1/24 B-sW-∂p hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p. Zn-h-k-ß-fp-sS

{I-a-a-\p-k-cn-®p \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS {I-aw I-W-°m-°p-∂ k-{º-Zm-b-am-

Wv C-¥y-°m¿-°p-≈-Xv. Cu A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv A-h-cp-sS ]-©mw-

K-ß-fpw ]p-kv-X-I-ß-fpw F-gp-Xn-bXv. F-∂m¬, b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ \-

£-{X-ß-fp-sS {I-a-Øn-\p Zn-h-k-ß-fp-sS {I-a-hp-am-bn Nn-e hy-Xym-

k-ß-fp-≠v.

"{Ko-°p'Im-cp-sS "D-kv-Xq¿-em-_n'¬ (B-kv-t{Sm-em_v: \-£-{X-ß-

fp-sS K-Xn a-\- n-em-°m-\p-≈ D-]-I-c-Ww) ku-I-cym¿-∞w \-£-{X-

ßƒ-°v A-£-c-ßƒ-sIm-≠-√m-sX Nn-e A-S-bm-f-ßƒ sIm-Sp-Øn-

´p-≠v. A-Xp-t]m-se-Ø-s∂ Np-cp-°-Øn-\p th-≠n Nn-e A-S-bm-f-

ßƒ C-¥y-°m-cpw sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. ]-t£, \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS t]-

cn-s‚ {]-Y-am-£-c-am-bn-cn-°pw A-S-bm-f-ß-ßƒ. D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn,

B-Zn-Xy-\v "B' bpw N-{μ-\p "N'bpw _p-[-\p "_'bpw F-∂ cq-]-

Øn¬ A-S-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Cu F-gv \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS C-¥y≥

t]-cp-I-fpw A-h-bv-°v A-d-_n `m-j-bn¬ D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂ t]-cp-I-

fpw ChnsS sIm-Sp-°mw:

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 149

kqcy-\p hfsc t]cp-I-fp-≈-Xn\m¬ AXv H-∂-s√∂pw ]{¥≠v

FÆaps≠∂pw Hmtcm amk-Ønepw Ah-bn¬ Hmtcm∂v DZn-°p-∂p-

sh∂pw Ah¿ hmZn-°p-∂p. "hnjvWp-[¿Ω-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-

bp∂p: ""hnjvWp A\m-Znbpw A\-¥-\p-amb \mcm-b-W-\m-Ip-∂p.

At±lw Xs‚ Bflm-hns\ ]{¥-≠mbn ̀ mKn-®p. Ah-bmWv Hmtcm

amkhpw DZbw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kqcy-∑m¿. t]cp-Iƒ ]e-

Xp-ap-≠m-hp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v FÆ-Øn¬ ]e-Xm-tI-≠-Xn-s√∂p hmZn-

°p-∂-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xv: ]e \£-{X-ßƒ°pw H∂n-e-[n-Iw t]cp-I-fp-

s≠∂pw ]t£, Ah Hmtcmt∂ D≈q-sh∂pw kqcys‚ t]¿ ]{¥-

≠n¬ Ah-km-\n-°p-∂n-s√∂pamWv. AXn-sem-∂s{X BZn-Xy≥ (B-

Zy-ap-≈-Xv). temI-Øne D¬]-Øn-sb√mw kqcy-\n¬ \n∂m-b-Xp-

sIm≠v khnX F∂pw AXn\p ]d-bp-∂p. ckv F∂p s]mXp-hn-e-

dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kky-ß-fpsS \ocp hen-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv F∂ A¿∞-

Øn-ep≈ "chn' F∂pw AXns\ hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. kqcys\ {]Z-£nWw

sNbvXp-sIm≠v Nen-°p∂ N{μ\pw H∂n-e-[nIw t]cp-I-fp-≠v. "ip`w'

F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "kqaw' F∂pw cm{Xn-bp-≈Xv F∂¿∞w hcp∂

"\nin-i' F∂pw Rm‰p-th-e-Iƒ D≈Xv F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "\£-

{X-\mYv' F∂pw {_“s‚ Iq´p-Im-c≥ F∂¿∞-Øn-ep≈ "tZth-

iz-c≥' F∂pw XWpØ civan -I-fp -≈Xv F∂¿∞-Øn-ep≈

"ioXmwiv' F∂pw AXn\p t]cp-Ifp≠v. N{μ≥ ioX-tKm-f-am-b-Xn-

\m¬ AXn¬ ]Xn-bp∂ kqcy-civan XWp-Øp-t]m-hp-Ibpw AXns‚

{]Xn-_nw-_-\w-sIm≠v cm{Xn-bn¬ shfn-®hpw XWp∏pw D≠m-hp-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-Ws{X N{μ≥ F∂ t]cp-≠m-b-Xv.

N{μ≥ \mcm-b-Ws‚ CSsØ IÆpw kqcy≥ hetØ IÆp-am-

sW∂v Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 150

hmkp-tZ-h\v F√m amk-ß-fnepw Hmtcm {]tXyIw t]cp-I-fp-

≈XpsIm≠v hnjvWp-[¿Ω-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xm-hpw IqSp-X¬ icn.

hnjvWp-hns\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂-h¿ A{K-lm-b\w-sIm-≠mWv h¿jw

XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. B amk-Øn¬ At±l-Øns‚ t]cv "tIi-h≥' F∂m-

Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cv FÆp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ ssN{X amk-Øn¬

"hnjvWp[¿Ω-'Øn¬ ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®p "hnjvWp' F∂m-hpw. KoX-

bn¬ At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""Rm≥ hk¥w t]mse-bm-Wv.'' CsX√mw

ta¬ sImSpØ ]´nI icn-bm-sW-∂Xns‚ sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p. amk-ß-

fpsS t]cp-Iƒ Rm‰p-th-e-I-fpsS t]cp-I-fp-ambn kmay-ap-≈-h-bm-

amk-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-bn-ep-Zn-°p∂ kqcy-∑m-cpsSbpw hnhn[ ]pcm-

W-ß-fn¬ h∂ t]cp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS A¿∞hpw hnh-cn-°p∂v Hcp

]´nI ChnsS tN¿°mw:

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 151

Wv. Hmtcm amkØnepw {]tXyI Rm‰p-th-e-I-fp-≈-Xn-\m¬ Ah-

bpsS t]cn¬\n∂v FSp-Ø-Xm-hpw {]kvXpX amk-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ.

CsX√mw Dƒs°m-≈n-®v Hcp ]ńI Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

"apivXcn' (hymgw) GsX-¶nepw Rm‰p-th-e-bn-ep-Zn®m¬ {]kvXpX

Rm‰p-the Dƒs°m-≈p-∂ amkamW-s{X B h¿jsØ \mY≥.

am{X-a-√, h¿jw apgp-h≥ AXn-t\mSp tN¿Øp]d-bp-Ibpw sNøpw.

cminafi-e-ßƒ°v F√m kap-Zm-b-ß-sf-t∏mse Xs∂ C¥y-

°m¿°n-S-bnepw Ah-bpsS cq]-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ t]cp-Iƒ sImSp-Øp-

h-cp-∂p. aq∂m-asØ cmin-bpsS t]cv "anYp\w' F∂m-Wv. AXv Hcp-

an®p\n¬°p∂ HcmÏp-ń-bp-sSbpw s]Ïp-ń-bp-sSbpw cq]sØ

ImWn-°p-∂p. hcm-l-an-ln-c≥ PmX-I-ßsf Ipdn®v Fgp-Xnb {KŸ-

ß-fn¬ C{]-Imcw hnh-cn°p∂p: ""anYp\w hoWbpw tImepw ]nSn-

®p-\n¬°p∂ Hcm-fpsS cq]-am-Wv. CsXmcp Kwò-cs‚ thj-amWp

Ipdn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu cmin°v "Pukv' (an-Yp-\w, CW, Cc-´) F∂ t]cv

{]kn-≤-am-b-t∏mƒ BZysØ cq]w amdn. Bdm-asØ cmin-bpsS

cq]sØ Ipdn®v At±lw "[m\y-°pe ]nSn® Hcp I∏¬' F∂p

]d™p ImWp-∂p. (CXv \ap°pInńb tIm∏n-bn¬ h∂ ]ni-Im-

hmw. I∏-en\p Iøp-s≠∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp a\- n-em-hp-∂n-√t√m?) Cu

cmin°v Ah¿ "bphXn' F∂¿∞w hcp∂ "I∂n' F∂mWp ]d-bp-

∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v I∏-en¬ [m\y-°p-ebpw ]nSn -®p-sIm≠v

\n¬°p∂ bphXn F∂m-hpw At±lw Dt±-in-®-Xv. Ggm-asØ cmin-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 152

sb-Ip-dn®v At±lw "Xpem' F∂p ]d-bp∂p. AXns‚ A¿∞w

"Xpemw' AYhm Xpemkv F∂m-Wv. ]Øm-asØ cmin°v At±lw

BSns‚ apJ-ap≈ "aIcw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. {Ko°p-Im¿ Xe BSn-

s‚bpw DS¬ a’y-Øn-s‚-bpamb Hcp cq]-amWv sImSp-Ø-Xv. "aK¿'

(-a-I-cw) F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w a’yw F∂m-Wv. At∏mƒ Xe- am-{X-

a-mIpw hcm-l-an--lnc≥ Dt±-in-®-Xv. ]Xn-s\m-∂m-a-sØ-Xns‚ cq]w

Hcp ]m{X-Øns‚ (Ipw-`w) BsW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXp hfsc tbmPy-

amb cq]hpw t]cp-a-s{X. {Ko°p-Im¿ sh≈w ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p∂

Hcm-fpsS cq]-amWv CXn\p sImSp-Ø-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠m-hWw Nne¿

Bfp-I-fpsS cq]-amWv CXn-\p-≈-sX∂p ]d-™p-Im-Wp-∂-Xv. Ah-

km-\sØ cmin-bpsS cq]w c≠v a’y-Øn-s‚-Xm-sW∂pw At±-lw

]d-bp-∂p. t]cv Hcp a’ysØ am{X-amWv Ipdn-°p-∂-Xv. (ao-\p-˛-ao-

\w) {]kn-≤-a-√mØ ]e t]cp-I-fpw Ah-cpsS ̀ mj-bn¬ cmin-Iƒ°p

ImWmw. Ah Hcp ]´n-I-bn¬ ChnsS Ipdn-°mw:

taSw ]qPyw sIm≠pw CShw H∂psIm≠pw XpS-ßp∂ k{º-

Zmba√ Ah¿°p-≈-Xv. AXn-\m¬, taSsØ Ah¿ H∂mbpw CShw

c≠mbpw FÆn. ao\-Øn\p ]{¥-≠m-asØ ÿm\w sImSp-°p-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 153

A≤ymbw 20

{_“mfiw"{_“mfiw' F∂m¬ {_“-am-Ip∂ Afiw (ap-´) F∂m-

W¿∞w. ]t£, hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ F√m AWp-°ƒ°pw AXp

]d-bmw. am{X-a√ taepw Iogpw c≠v `mK-am-sW∂ \nebv°v temI-

Øn\p apgp-h≥ {_“mfiw F∂p ]d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ah-cpsS

(C¥y-°m-cpsS) A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ BIm-i-ßƒ F√mw {_“m-fi-

am-Wv. BIm-i-ßƒ°p Ne-\-ap-≠m-hp-∂n-√. BIm-isØ Ah¿

]e- hn-̀ m-K-°m-cp-sSbpw hmk-ÿ-e-ambn KWn-°p-∂p. ̀ qan-tbmSp kZr-

iy-amb kz¿K-temIw AhnsS ÿnXnsNøp-∂p-h-s{X. Ah-cpsS Nne

IY-I-fn¬ Cßs\ kqNn-∏n®pImWmw:

""F√m-‰n\pw apºp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xp sh≈-am-bn-cp-∂p; temIw C∂p-

≈n-S-ß-sf√mw sh≈w \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.'' Bflm-hns‚ D¤hL -́

sØbpw temI-Øn\p {]tXyI cq]-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p apºp≈

kμ¿`-sØ-bp-amWv Cu kqN\ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv F∂-Xn¬ kwi-

b-an-√. sh≈-Øn¬ Xnc-am-e-Iƒ ImcWw shfpØ \pc-s]m-¥p-

Ibpw B \pc-bn¬\n∂p ssZhw {_“m-fisØ krjvSn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. Nne-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ ap´

c≠mbn ]nf¿∂v AXn¬\n∂p {_“≥ ]pdØphcn-Ibpw Hcp

]nf¿∏n¬\n∂v BIm-ihpw at‰Xn¬\n∂p `qanbpw D¤q-X-am-hp-

Ibpw sNbvXp. B c≠p ]nf¿∏n¬\n∂pw AS∂phoW Ij-W-ß-

fn¬\n∂p agbpw D¤-hn-®p. ]¿ΔXw D¤-hn®p F∂p-IqSn ]d-™n-

cp-s∂-¶n¬ Ipd-®p-IqSn bp‡-am-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p.

""Rm≥ Hcp Afiw (ap-´) krjvSn-°m≥ t]mhp-I-bmWv. AXn¬

\n\°p Xma-kn-°m-\p≈ kuIcyw Hcp-°n-Ø-cmw.'' F∂p ssZhw

{_“-t\mSp ]d-bp-Ibpw sh≈Øns‚ \pc-bn¬\n∂v B Afiw

krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. sh≈w h‰n-b-t∏mƒ ap´sb c≠v

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 154

]nf¿∏mbn Iodp-I-bp-≠mbn F∂n-ß-s\-bmWp thsd Nne-cpsS A`n-

{]mbw.

GXm-≠n-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv sshZy-imkv{Xw I≠p-]n-Sn®

"BkvIvƒ]yqkn's‚ {]Xna D≠m-°n-b-t∏mƒ temIw tKmf-am-

sW∂pw F√m-‰n-s‚bpw cq]-a-Xm-sW∂pw tem-I-Øn-\p Nn-In-’ hf-

sc A-Xy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-sW∂pw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂ Hcp ap´ B

{]Xn-a-bpsS Iøn¬ sh®p. "BkvIvƒ]yqkv' {_“-s\-°mƒ ]Zhn

Ipd™ Bf-√. {Ko°p-Im-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ At±lw Hcp

ssZhnIi‡n-bm-Wv. B i‡n ac-W-Øn-\n-Sbm-°p∂ ITn-\-amb

DjvWhpw XWp∏pw XS-bp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Cu t]cv AXn\p e`n-

®-Xv. At±lw At∏mtfm, ^vfoK- v, t{ImW v (i\n \£-{Xw)

F∂o {Xnaq¿Øn- i‡nI-fpsS k¥m-\-am-sW-∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂-

Xv, {]IrXn A-\p-k-cn-®p≈ _‘sØ Dt±-in®p am{X-am-Wv.

F∂m¬, sh≈w hnhn[ km[-\-ßƒ IqSn-t®-cm\pw, hf¿®-

bp≈ km[-\-ßƒ hf-cm\pw, Pohn-I-fpsS Poh≥ \ne-\n¿Øm\pap-

≈ D]-I-c-W-am-b-Xn\memWv temI-Øn¬ G‰hpw BZyw D≠m-

bXp sh≈-am-sW∂v C¥y-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. At∏mƒ sh≈w ssZh-

Øn\p krjvSn-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]-I-c-W-am-sW∂p hcp-∂p. Cu hnj-

bw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p- hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn°p∂p:

""ssZh-Øns‚ knwlm-k\w sh≈-Øn-t∑-em-Wv.''1 sh≈w F∂-

Xp-sIm-≠p≈ hnh£ Hcp {]tXyI Xc-Øn-ep≈ hkvXp-hm-sW∂p

h∂mepw As√-¶nepw A∂p ssZhw IqSmsX Ahs‚ knwlm-k-

\hpw sh≈hpw am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp∂p≈q F∂XmWp hmkvX-hw.

\ΩpsS Cu {KŸw Hcp kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ am{Xw ÿnXn-K-Xn-Ifpw

{]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-X-√m-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ _m_n-tem-

Wnepw ]cn-k-c-ß-fnepw ]≠v Pohn-®n-cp-∂-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn-

cp∂ C{]-Im-c-ap≈ sFXn-ly-ßƒ Rm≥ ChnsS hnh-cn-°p-am-bn-

cp-∂p. {]kvXpX Afiw (ap-´) c≠mbn ]nf-cp-Ibpw H∂p-sIm-≠m-

Im-ihpw at‰-XpsIm≠v `qanbpw D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂

{]kvXm-h\ ap´-bpsS DÆn-sbbpw sh≈-sbbpw AXns‚ sXm≠v

hebw sNbvXn-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂ bmYm¿∞yw a\- n-em-°n-bn-´n-√m-

Ø-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv. icn°v Imcyw {Kln-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ Cu

ap´sb ]nf¿Øn apIƒ`mKw BIm-ihpw Xmgv`mKw `qanbpw Bbn

amdn-b-Xm-sW∂p ]d-tb-≠n- h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]e hn[-Ønepw

hymJym-\n-°-m-hp∂ kqN-\-Iƒ Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Xß-fpsS hnizm-

k-a-\p-k-cn®p hymJym-\n-°p-I-bm-Wt√m ]Xn-hv. "ssXam-hqkv' F∂

{KŸ-Øn¬ πmt‰m Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p: ssZhw Hcp \qse-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 155

SpØv c≠mbn `mKn®v Hmtcm `mKhpw Np‰n®v Ah c≠n¬\n∂pw

c≠p _nμp-hn¬ Ah-km-\n-°Ø° \ne-bn¬ Hmtcm hrØw D≠m-

°p-Ibpw H∂ns\ Ggmbn ̀ mKn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. BIm-i-sØbpw

`qan-sbbpw \£-{X-ß-sf-bp-amWv Ct±lw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. "{_“-

kn-≤m-¥-'Øn¬ H∂m-asØ A[ym-b-Øn¬ BIm-i-ßsf FÆp-

∂n-SØv {_“Kp-]vX≥ N{μ≥ H∂m-asØ BIm-i-Ønepw kplv¬

(i\n \£-{Xw) Ggm-asØ BIm-i-Ønepw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p-sh∂p

]d™ tijw XpS-cp-∂p: ""\n›e \£-{X-ßƒ F´m-asØ BIm-

i-Øn¬ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. Ch-sb√mw tKmf-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠v \in-

°m-Xn-cn-°m\pw ChnsS \∑ sNøp-∂-h\p c£ \evIm\pw Xn∑

sNøp∂h\p in£ \evIm\pw th≠n-bmWv. Ch-bv°-∏pdw H∂p-an-

√.'' Ah-cpsS aX {KŸ-ß-fn-¬ ImWp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v BIm-i-ß-

fpsS \nebpw Ah-bpsS {Ia-{]-Im-c-ap≈ hyh-ÿbpw At±lw

hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v ˛Cu hnj-bsØ Ipdn®p ]n∂oSv {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-

Xm-Wv˛ Ahbv°v {ItaW ÿnXnam‰-ßƒ kw -̀hn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw

tKmf-ß-fnepw Ah-bpsS Ne-\-ß-fnepw Acn-tÃm-´-en-s‚ A`n-{]m-

b-amWv icn-sb∂pw BIm-i-ß-fpsS A∏pdw Hcp hkvXp-hp-an-s√∂pw

At±lw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ

{_“mfiw F∂Xv BImi˛`qan-I-fpsS kaq-l-am-sW∂pw Ch-

bnemWv c£bpw in£bpw \evIp-∂Xv F∂p-ap≈ C¥y-°m-cpsS

A`n-{]mbw Gsd°ptd hy‡-am-hp-∂p-≠v. t]mƒkv Xs‚ kn≤m-

¥-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-°p-I-bmWv:

""temIw H´msI `qan, Im‰v, sh≈w, BImiw F∂n-h-bm-Ip-

∂p. Ch Ccp-´n¬ krjvSn-°-s∏´p. kqcy-c-ivan°v i‡n Ipd-™-Xn-

\m¬ BImiw Cfw\oe-bm-bn ImW-s∏-´p. BImiwsIm≠v

kzXth {]Im-i-an-√mØ tizXtKmf-ß¬ (\-£-{X-ßƒ, N{μ≥)

{]Im-in-°m≥ XpSßn. `qan-bpsS \ng-en¬ s]´p-t]m-bn-´n-s√-¶n-¬

cm{Xn Ah {]Im-in-°p-∂-Xm-bn ImWmw. At∏mƒ kztX {]Im-i-

ap-≈Xv kqcy\p am{X-am-Wv. a‰p-≈h kqcy-\n¬\n∂p {]Imiw

kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. BImiw {]Im-in-°mØ Ccp-f-S™ hkv-Xphm-

sW∂pw kqcy-{]-Imiw Ahn-tS°v FØp-I-bn-s√∂pw Cfw Idp-

∏mbn ImWp∂ B \ndsØ ]‰n At\z-jn-®m¬ bm-sXmcp ]nSnbpw

In´p-I-bn-s√∂pw Cu A[ym-b-Øn¬ At±lw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.

{_“Kp]vX≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""N{μs‚ {]Z-£nW kwJybmb

57,75,33,00,000˛s\ AXp ÿnXnsNøp∂ BIm-i-Øns‚ Np‰-f-hp-

sIm≠v 3,24,000 s]cp-°n-bm¬ In´p∂ DØ-c-amb 18,71,20,92,00,00,00

BIpw \n›e \£-{X-Øns‚ BIm-i-Øns‚ hnkvXo¿Ww. CXv

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 156

At±-l-Øns‚ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬\n∂p \mw a\- n-em-°n-bm-Xm-Wv.

AXv F{X-I≠v icn-bm-sW∂p J-finX-ambn ]d-bpI km[y-a-√.

F∂m¬, hkn-jvT≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""{_“mfiw k¿Δ BIm-i-

ß-sfbpw hebw sNbvXn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Cu XpI-Ifpw hnkvXo-¿-

Æhpw AXn-t‚Xp am{X-am-Wv. kp{]-kn≤ hymJym-Xm-hmb _e-`-

{Z≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""Cu hnkvXo¿Æ°W°v \ΩpsS IsÆ-Øp-

∂nSsØ hkv-Xp°-fp-tS-Xm-sW∂pw \mw ImWmØ hkv-Xp°--fpsS

IWs°Sp-°pI \ap°p km[y-a-√'' F-∂p-a-s{X.

Bcy-`-´s‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂Xv: ""\ap°v kqcycivan

FØp-∂n-tSØv aXn-bm-Ip-∂-X-s{X. AXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ IsÆ-ØmØ

ÿesØ Ipdn®dn-bpI \ap°mh-iy-an-√. AXp km[y-hp-a-√.'' hkn-

jvTs‚ {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS Npcp°w C{]-Im-c-amWv: ""{_“mfiw

\n›e \£-{X-ß-fpsS ÿm\-amb F´mw BIm-isØ hebw

sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS _‘w BIm-i-hp-am-bs{X. A-Xn-\p ap-

I-fn¬ Hº-Xm-asØ Hcp BImiw IqSn Ds≠∂p ÿm]n-t°≠

Bhiyw t\cn-Sp-∂n-√.'' Hº-Xm-a-sØ-Xns\ Ipdn®v Bfp-I-fpsS CS-

bn¬ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-≠v. k¿Δ-kzhpw hln-®p ]Sn-™mdp`mK-

tØ°v AXp Nen-®psIm≠ncn-°p-I-bm-sW∂p Nne¿ ]d-bp-tºmƒ

AXp \n›-e-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-I-bm-sW∂p a‰p Nnecpw A`n-{]m-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬, BZysØ hn`m-K-°m-cpsS e£yw hy‡-am-

Wv.

]t£, Acn-tÃm-´n¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv: ""GsXmcp Nen-°p∂ hkvXp-

hn\pw AXn\p ]pdsabp≈ Hcp i‡n D≠mtb Xocp.'' AXn-\m¬

Hº-Xm-asØ BIm-i-Øn\pw ]pdsa\n∂p Nen-∏n-°p∂ Hcp i‡n

Bh-iy-am-Wv. F∂m¬, Hº-Xm-asØ BIm-ihpw Nen-°p-∂Xv

AXns‚ ]pd-Øp≈ Hcp i‡n-sIm-≠m-sW-¶n¬ AtX i‡n-sIm-

≠mWv F´v BIm-i-ßfpw Nen-°p-∂-sX∂pw Hº-Xm-asØ BIm-

iw -sIm-≠-s√∂pw F¥p-sIm≠v Duln-®p-IqSm?

F∂m¬, c≠m-asØ hn`m-K-°m¿ \mw taep-≤-cn® XXzhpw Nen-

∏n-°p∂ i‡n \n-›-e-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw a\- n-em-°n-b-Xn-\m-em-

hmw Hº-Xm-asØ BImiw \n›-e-am-sW∂pw AXn¬\n∂mWp

]›na `mK-tØ-°p≈ Ne\w D¤-hn-°p-∂-sX∂pw ]d-™-Xv.

]t£, Acn-tÃm-´n¬ Hº-Xm-asØ BImiw Hcp [mXp]Zm¿∞-a-

s√∂p ka¿∞n-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ tKmfcq]w, BImiÿnXn,

hebw sNøp-∂Xv, \n›-e-am-bXv F∂o KpW-ßƒ AXn\p sImSp-

°p-tºmƒ AXp [mXp]Zm¿∞-ap-≈-Xm-sW∂p hcpw. F∂n-cns°

Cßs\ Hcp BIm-i-ap-≠m-bn-cn-°pI F∂Xv Akm-[y-amsW∂p

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 157

hcp-∂p. tSmfan "A¬ anPkvXn' F∂ Xs‚ {KŸ-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

Cu temI-Øp≈ F√m Ne-\-ß-fp-sSbpw GIImcWw Htc-Hcp

Ne-\-am-sW∂p \mw IW-°m-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp Nen-°m-

ØXpw ImWm-Ø-Xp-amb ssZhw am{X-am-sW∂p hcmt\ km[y-X-

bp-≈q. AXns\°pdn-®p≈ {]Xn-]mZ\ imkv{X-Øn\p ssZhnI-

imkv{Xw (A-ssZzXimkv{Xw) F∂p \mw ]d-bp-∂p. D]cn temIØp

\S-°p∂ Cu {]hr-Øn-I-sf√mw ]t©-{μnb tKmNc hkvXp-°-fp-

tS-Xn¬\n∂p hn]-co-X-am-sW∂p \ap°p a\- n-em-°mw. tSmf-an-bpsS

Ne-\-Im-c-W-amb i‡nsb°pdn-®p≈ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ t{]m¢-

kns\ Jfin-®p- "blvb∂lvhn' (ssh-øm-I-c-\mb tbml-∂m≥)

tSmf-an-bn¬\n∂v D≤-cn® BIm-isØ Ipdn-s®m-∂pw- kq-Nn-∏n-°p-

∂n-√.

F∂m¬, πmt‰m Hº-X-masØ Hcp BIm-isØ Ipdn®v Adn-

™n-cp-∂n-s√∂pw AXp-X-s∂-bmWv tSmf-an-bp-sSbpw \ne-sb∂pw

]d-bp-∂Xv ASn-ÿm\ cln-X-a-s{X. F´m-a-sØbpw BIm-i-

Øns‚bpw A∏pdw Nen-°p-∂tXm Nen-°m-Ø-tXm Bb h√

hkvXphpw Ds≠t∂m Cs√t∂m, Ds≠-¶n¬ Xs∂ AXv Ah-km-

\n-°p∂tXm Ah-km-\n-°m-ØtXm Ft∂m D≈ kwK-Xn-Iƒ

\ΩpsS {]Xn-]m-Z\ hnj-b-Øn¬ s]´-X-√.

F∂m¬, _e`{Z≥ BIm-i-ßƒ kvXqe ico-c-ap-≈Xpw `mc-

ßsf X´n-\o-°p-∂Xpw Ahsb hln-°p-∂-Xp-am-sW∂pw a‰pw ]d-

bp-∂p. Ct±-lw ImgvN-sb-°mƒ tIƒhn-°mWp IqSp-X¬ ÿm\w

\¬Ip-∂-Xv. \ap-°m-sW-¶n¬ sXfnhp In´n-°-gn-™m¬ sFXn-ly-

ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°pI km[y-a-√. F∂m¬, kXyw Bcy-`´s‚ A\p-

bm-bn-Iƒ ]d-™-Xm-Wv. Ch¿ A‘-ambn A\p-I-cn-°msX Nn¥n®p

Imcyw ]d-bp-∂-h-cm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. At∏mƒ {_“mfiw

F∂Xv temI-Øns‚ aqe-amb AWp-i-‡n-bm-sW∂p hy‡-am-

Wt√m.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 158

A[ymbw 21

C¥y-°m-cp-sS -a-X-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah¿°n-S-bn¬{]Nm-c-ap≈ sFXn-ly-ßfpa\p-k-cn®p

`qan-bp-sSbpw BIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw h¿Æ-\C¥y-°m-cn¬ Nne¿ Xß-fpsS aX-{K-Ÿ-ß-fn-se kqN\ A\p-

k-cn®p ̀ qan H∂n\p ta¬ H∂mb \ne-bn¬ Ggp X´p-I-fm-bm-sW∂p

]d-bp-∂p. \ΩpsS tPymXnimkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-

t]mse `qan Ggv Jfi-ß-fm-sWt∂m t]¿jy-°m¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-

t]mse "IpipdmØv'1 (sh-≈-Øn¬\n∂p s]m¥nb Ic-`m-K-ßƒ)

BsWt∂m A√ Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw. \mw Ah-cpsS aX-t\-Xm-

°-fpsS hy-‡amb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ \njv]-£-ambn hnh-cn-°p-Ibpw

Ah-bn¬ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-ambn tbmPn-°p∂ ̀ mK-ßfpw

XXz-ßfpw Is≠-ØpIbpw sNbvXm¬ Ah {]tXyIw FSpØp]d-

bp-w. Aßs\ sNøp-∂Xv GsX-¶nepw Hcp hn`m-K-°m-cpsS Bi-b-

ßsf ÿm-]n-°m\-√. ]mcm-bWw sNøp-∂-h-cpsS _p≤nhnIm-k-

Øn\pw Adn-hn\pw th≠n-bm-Wv.

`qan-bp-sStbm AXns‚ D]cn`mK-ß-fpsStbm FÆ-Øn¬

Ah¿°v A`n-{]m-b- hy-Xym-k-an-√. Ah-bpsS t]cp-I-fnepw {Iam-

\p-KX-amb hyh-ÿ-bnepw am{Xta A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-≈q. Ah-

cpsS `mj hfsc hnim-e-am-b-Xp-sIm≠pw AXn¬ Hcp hkvXp-hn\v

H∂n-e-[nIw t]cp-Ifp≈-Xp-sIm-≠p-amWv Cu A`n-{]mb hyXy-mk-

ap-≠m-b-Xv. Ad-_n-Iƒ knwl-Øn\v AkwJyw t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂-

Xp-t]mse Ch¿ kqcy\v Bbn-c-tØmfw t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p. Nne

t]cpIƒ kqcys‚ hnhn[ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Isf hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xm-sW-

¶nepw a‰p NneXv kqcys‚ ÿnXn-K-Xn-I-fp-ambn _‘-an-√m-ØXpam-

Wv. Chcpw a‰p ]e `mj-°mcpw `mj-bp-sS Cu k{º-Zm-b-Øn¬

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 159

A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Cu k{º-

Zmbw GsXmcp ̀ mj-bp-sSbpw \yq\-X-bm-bn- thWw ImWm-≥. F√m

km[-\-ßƒ°pw Ah-bpsS ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ°pw {]bm-k-an-√msX

D]-tbm-Kn-°m\pw Ah a\- n-em-°m\pw aXn-bmb hm°pIƒ D≠m-

bn-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv Hcp `mj-bpsS icn-bmb KpWw. At∏mƒ

B t]cp-Iƒ tIƒ°p∂ am{X-bn¬ B `mj kwkm-cn-°p∂

Gh¿°pw \njv{]-bmkw Imcy-ßƒ a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°p-w. ]e-

Xn\pw Hcp t]cp -am-{Xta D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ km[n-°p-I-bp-≈q F∂p

hcp-∂Xv B `mj-bpsS A]q¿Æ-Xsb Ipdn-°p-∂Xpw AXns‚

Dt±-iysØ kw_-‘n®p tIƒhn-°m-c≥ tNmZn-°p-tºmƒ as‰-s¥-

¶nepw ]Z-ßƒs°m≠v Dt±iyw {Kln-∏n-°m≥ \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂-Xp-

am-Wv. Aßs\ ]cymb]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw

a‰p hn[-Øn¬ hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw B t]cv Xotc

\in-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

C\n Hcp km[-\-Øn\v H∂n-e-[nIw t]cp-≠m-hp-Ibpw Hmtcm

t]cpw {]tXyI hn`m-K-°m-cp-sStbm h¿§-°m-cp-sStXm A√m-Xn-cn-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ t]cp-≠m-hpI F∂Xp Imcyw

{Kln-°p-I {]-bm-k-I-c-am-°p-∂-XmWv. IqSmsX, Iptd kabw ]mgm-

°m≥ tlXp-hm-Ip-∂-Xpam-Wv. Nne {KŸ-Im-c-∑mcpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-

∑mcpw hmN-I-L-S\ hni-Z-am-°msX t]cp-Ifpw H‰-hm-°p-Ifpw am{Xw

hnh-cn-®-Xmtbm ]I¿Øp-∂-h-cn¬\n∂p h√ sX‰pw h∂-Xmtbm

F\n°p ]e kμ¿`-ß-fnepw tXm∂n-bn-´p-≠v. F\n°p ]cn-`mj

sNbvXp Imcy-ßƒ hnh-cn®pX-∂-h¿ ̀ mj-bn¬ Ign-hp-≈-hcpw h©n-

°m-Ø-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw F\n°v \√ Dd-∏p-≠v.

`qan-bpsS t]cp-I-ƒ F\n°p In´n-b-X-\p-k-cn®v Hcp ]´nI cq]-

Øn¬ ChnsS hnh-cn-°mw: BZnXy]pcm-Ww BWv AXp a\- n-em-

°m-\p≈ icn-bmb B[m-cw. AXn¬ Cu t]cp-Iƒ°v Hcp \nbaw

\n›-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Hmtcm ̀ qanbpw Hmtcm BIm-ihpw kqcys‚ Hmtcm

Ah-b-h-Øn-emWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. BIm-i-ßƒ kqcys‚ aq¿-

≤mhv apX¬ hb-dp-h-scbpw `qan-Iƒ AXns‚ hb-dp- ap-X¬ ]mZw

hscbpw BsW-∂mWv IW-°m-°n-b-Xv. Cßs\ hcp-tºmƒ {Ia-

{]-Im-c-ap≈ hyhÿ hy‡-am-hp-∂-XmWv:

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 160

hmbp]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn®p {]kvXpX `qan-I-fnse \nhm-kn-I-

fmb Bflm-°fpw a‰pw:

1. imJK¿Æw, Iph-¥p, \njvT-]m-Xv, time-X-Øv, temln-X, ¢n≥Kp,

izw]Zp. (C-Xnem-Wv ]mºns‚ Bfp-I-fmb Z\-t¶-hv, Imey)

2. kpc-jv, alm-Nw-_p, loK¿bq, IrjvW, N\¿Xp, i¶m-£v,

Iqa-Iv, CXnemWv cm£-k-∑mcmb \oep-ao-I, -I¿X\--Iv,- atlm-

jv\n-jv, Kpº¬, Aiz-{X, Z£-I.

3. dmZv, A∂-dm-Zv, A·n-a-Jv, Xm¿Im-£n, {Xivdp, inivam¿, Chn-

sS-bmWv cm£k∑mcncn¬ s]´ N]≥, \nμp, hnim¬ F∂n-

h¿ hkn-°p-∂-Xv. ChnsS hfscb[nIw \mSp-I-fp-≠v.

4. Ime-\o-ap, Ink-I-c≥, DuN-c≥, ChnsS cm£-k-∑m-cn¬s]´

kpame, a©v, hcnI-h-‡¿, Kcp-U≥ F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏Sp∂

henb ]£n-Iƒ,

5. _vfq®≥, sNb-¥, A·n-®-∏v, lncWym-£, Chn-sS-bmWv cm£-

∑m-cn¬\n∂p≈ hnZyp-N-ev, amta-I, am¿{Iao¿, Bkz-ÿ,

Kps_u, F∂n-h-cpsS hmk-ÿ-ew.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 161

6. Iok-dp, cm£-k-∑m-cn¬ s]´ D¿Z-iq-P, iX-in-c- v, (CXv \qdv

Xe-bp≈ C{μs‚ kvt\ln-X-\mb Hcp ]nim-NmWv) hmkp-

In, (]m-ºv) F∂n-h¿ Chn-sS-bmWp ÿnXnsNøp-∂Xv

7. cmPm-Nm-b-_¬, akvKp-fiw, ChnsS cm£-k-∑m¿°v [mcmfw

hoSp-I-fp≠v. ChnsS Xs∂-bmWv hnjvWphpw ]mºns‚

Bfmb ssiipw.

`qan-I-tfmSp sXm v́ Ggv X´mbn BImiw \nesIm≈p-∂p. Ahbv-

°v temImØv (tem-I-ßƒ) F∂p ]d-bpw. ktΩ-f\w, kZ v

Fs∂m-s°-bmWv "temIv' F∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ hnh-£. CX-pt]mse

Xs∂ {Ko°p-Imcpw BIm-i-ßsf ktΩ-f\ÿe-ß-fmbn IW-

°m-°p-∂p. blvb∂lvhn (ssh-bm-I-c-\mb tbml-∂m≥) _¿-

I≥kns\ Jfin-®v Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""K¬Jnkn-bm-kv (]m¬)

F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ BIm-i-ØmWp a\p-jym-flm-°-fpsS

tI{μw.'' Hman-tdmkv ]d-bp-∂p: ""\o ]cn-ip-≤m-Im-isØ tZh-∑m-

cpsS \nXy-`-h-\-am°n kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Im‰v AXns\ Cf-

°p-Itbm ag -\-\bv-°p-Itbm a™p \in-∏n-°p-Itbm sNøp-I-bn-

√. taL-]-S-e-ß-fm¬ BhcWw sN-ø-s∏-SmsX F∂pw sXfnthmsS

B ]cn-ip-≤m-Imiw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.'' F∂m¬, πmt‰m ]d-bp-∂Xv:

""ssZhw Ggv Ne\ \£-{X-ß-tfmSv Cßs\ ]d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn:

"\nßƒ tZh-∑m-cpsS ssZh--ß-fm-Wv. Rm\mWv \nß-sfbpw \nß-

fpsS {]hr-Øn-I-sfbpw ]q¿Æ-amb \ne-bn¬ krjvSn®-Xv. GsXmcp

kwbp‡ km[-\hpw hn`-Pn-°-s∏-Sm-sa-¶nepw AXns‚ kwtbm-P\

hyhÿ kpi-‡-am-sW-¶n¬ AXn\p \miw Akm-[y-am-Wv.''

Acn-tÃm-´n¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿°-b® IØn¬ Cßs\ {]kvXm-

hn-®n-´p-≠v: ""temIw apgp-h≥ krjvSn-I-fpsSbpw Hcp hyhÿm-kam-

lm-c-am-Wv. F∂m¬, temIsØ hebw sNbvX AXns‚ D]-cn-

`mKw tZh-∑m-cpsS kt¶-X-am-Ip-∂p. \mw \£-{X-ßƒ F∂p

]d™phcp∂ Ah-cpsS ico-c-ß-fm¬ BImiw \n_n-V-am-Wv.''

{]kvXpX IØns‚ as‰mcp `mKØv At±lw ]d-bp∂p: ""`qan

sh≈w sIm≠pw sh≈w hmbpsIm≠pw hmbp XosIm≠pw Xo

AWp-°ƒs°m≠pw hebw sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\m¬,

apI-fn-teXp tZh-∑m-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-am-bn-. G‰hpw Xmgv∂ `mKw

Pe-Pohn-I-fpsS hmk-ÿ-e-ambpw IW-°m-°n.''

hmbp-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ C{]-Im-c-amWp {]kvXm-hn-®Xv: ""`qansb

sh≈hpw sh≈sØ Xobpw Xosb Im‰pw Im‰ns\ BIm-i-hpw

BIm-isØ AXns‚ \mY\pw kwc-£n-°p-∂p.'' CXpw ta¬

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 162

{]kvXm-hn-®Xpw XΩn¬ ]d-b-Ø° hyXymkw ImWp-∂n-√. BIm-

i-ß-fpsS t]cp-I-fn¬ `qan-I-fpsS t]cp-I-fp-≈-Xp-t]m-se A`n-

{]mbt`Z-ßƒ C√. BIm-i-ß-fpsS t]cpw a‰pw hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp

]´nI ChnsS tN¿°mw:

]X-RvPen F∂ {KŸw hymJy-\n® Hcp ]fin-Xs‚ A`n-

{]mbw Hgn-®m¬ BIm-i-sØ kw_-‘n®p ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-®-Xn¬

Hcp hyXym-khpw ImWp-Ibn-√. ]n{Xo≥(]n-Xm-°ƒ)IfpsS tI{μw

N{μ-a-fi-e-am-sW∂p tPymXnim-kv{X-⁄-∑m¿ ]d-™Xns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn-ep≈ A`n-{]mbw tI -́t∏mƒ Ch-cpsS tI{μw H∂m-asØ

BIm-i-am-sW∂v At±lw IW-°m-°n. ]t£, "`q¿tem-In's‚

ÿm\-Øm-bn-cp∂p At±lw AXns\ (-]n-{Xo≥) \n›-bn-t°-≠n-

bn-cp-∂Xv. F∂m¬, At±lw "kp^¿temIv' Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw B

ÿm\Øv CXns\ \n¿Æ-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kp^¿temIv

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ {]Xn-^ew \¬Ip∂ afi-e-am-Wv. as‰mcp Imcyw

At±lw sNbvXXv ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ "{_“-temIv' F∂p ]d-bp∂

Ggm-asØ "kØvtemIn's\ At±lw {_m“-tem-Ins‚ apI-fn-em-

sW∂p IW-°m-°n-b-Xm-Wv. {_“-temIv hn´p-I-f-bp-Ibpw "]nXr-

tem-In's\ H∂m-a-sØ-Xns‚ ÿm\Øp \n¿Øp-Ibpw kp^¿tem-

Ins\ Dt]-£n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bp-am-Wv At±lw sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

CXp-hsc \mw hnhcn-®Xv Ggv BIm-i-sØbpw Ggv ̀ qan-sbbpw

kw_-‘n-®m-Wt√m. C\n \ap°p tase-bp≈ ̀ qan-bpsS hn`m-K-ßƒ

hnh-cn°mw: \mw Pkodx F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v Ah-cpsS `mj-bn¬

"Zzo]v' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. kd≥Zzo]n\v "k¶≥Zzo]v' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

Iptd Zzo]p-I-fpsS kaq-l-Øn-\mWv Zzo]m-PmXv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 163

Ah-bn¬ NneXv \in-°p-Itbm a‰p-Nn-eXv XΩn¬ th¿]n-cn-bp-Itbm

As√-¶n¬ ]c-°p-Itbm ad-bp-Itbm th-sd Nn-e ]p-Xnb-Xp {]-Xy-

£-am-Ip-I-tbm sNøp-∂p. ]pXp-Xm-bp-≠m-hp∂ Zzo]v BZyw Hcp

aW¬°p-∂p-t]mse Ccn-°p-Ibpw AXp {ItaW h¿≤n®phcn-Ibpw

Db-cp-Ibpw hnim-e-amI-p-Ibpw sNøpw. \in-°m≥ t]mIp∂ Zzo]nse

\nhm-kn-Iƒ CXn-se°p amdn-Øm-a-kn-°pI ]Xn-hm-Wv. aX-{K-Ÿ-

ß-fn¬\n∂v C¥y-°m¿ a\- n-em-°n-bXv Cßs\bmWv: ""\mw \nh-

kn-°p∂ Cu `qan h´-Øn-emWv ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. CXns\ Hcp

kap{Zw hebw sNøp-∂p-≠v. B k-ap-{Z-sØ a-s‰m-cp `q-an Np-‰n-°n-S-

°p∂p. B `q-an-sb a-s‰m-cp k-ap{Zw he-bw sN-øp∂p. Aßs\

kap-{Zhpw Zzo]p-Iƒ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xns‚ Ic-Ifpw Ggv hoX-am-bn-

Øo-cp-∂p. Hmtcm Icbpw AXns‚ kap-{Zhpw AXns‚ D≈n-ep-≈-

Xns‚ Cc-ń-bm-bn-cn-°pw. a≤y-Øn-ep≈ `qan H∂m-sW-¶n¬ Ggv

`qanbpw IqSn \p‰n Ccp-]Øn Ggv Bbn-cn-°pw. a≤y-`q-ansb hebw

sNbvX kap{Zw H∂m-sW-¶n¬ Ggp kap-{Zw-IqSn \q‰n Ccp-]Øn

Ggv Bbn-cn-°pw. `qanbpw kap-{Zhpw F√m-IqSn tN¿∂m¬ Ccp-

\q‰n AºØn \mev Bbn-cn-°pw. ]X-RvP-en-bpsS hymJym-Xmhv

a≤y-`qan Hcp e£w tbmP-\-bm-sW∂v Du-ln® ÿnXn°v `qan-I-

sf-√mw-IqSn Iqń-bm¬ 127,00,000 Bbn-cn°pw. a≤y-`q-ansb hebw

sNbvX kap{Zw c≠v e£-am-sW∂pw AXn-\-Sp-Øp-≈Xp \mep

e£-am-sW-∂p-ap≈ At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-am-\-{]-Imcw BsI kap-

{Z-ß-fpsS Afhv 254,00,000 Bbn-cn-°pw. AXm-bXv, kap-{Zhpw

Icbpw F√m IqSn-t®¿∂m¬ 38,100,000 Bbn-cn-°pat√m. H∂m-bn-

t®¿∂m-ep-≠m-Ip∂ kwJy At±lw hnhn-c-®n-ń-√. ]t£, hmbp

]pcm-W-Øn¬ Zzo]p-I-fpsS F√mw hymkw 379,00,000 BsW∂p

]d-™n-´p-≠v. CXmZyw ]d-™-Xn-t\mSp tbmPn-°p-∂n-√. kap{Zw

Btd D≈q F∂p IW-°m-°n-sb-¶n-e-√msX CXp \ymbo-I-cn-°pI

km[y-hp-a-√. At±-l-Øns‚ e£yw Icsb hnh-cn-°-em-b-Xp-

sIm≠v Ggm-asØ kap{Zw At±lw hn´-Xm-hmw. Hmtcm Zzo]n\pw

kap-{Z-Øn\pw {]tXyIw t]cp-I-fp-≠v. CsXmcp ]ń-I-bmbn Xmsg

hnh-cn-°p∂p:

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 164

Nn¥n®p Xocp-am\w ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ hnj-b-a-√t√m ta¬ ]d-

™-Xv. Jfin-X-am-b-√msX FÆn-°-W°m°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-hWw

]cn-K-W-\-bn¬ ̀ n∂m-̀ n-{]mbw h∂-Xv. G‰hpw DØ-a-amb A`n-{]mbw

a’y]pcm-W-Øn¬ h∂-Xm-Wv. ImcWw, AXn¬ Zzo]p-I-sfbpw Ic-

I-sfbpw H∂v as‰m-∂ns\ hebw sNbvX \ne-bn¬ {Iam-\p--krXw

hnh-cn-®n-́ p-≠v.

GXm≠v a’y]pcm-W-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®-Xn-t\mSp tbmPn® \ne-

bn-emWv ]X-RvP-en-bpsS hymJym-Xm-hns‚ hnh-c-W-hpw. temIsØ

FÆp-∂-Xn¬ ASn-bn¬\n∂p ta¬t]m´v Bcw-̀ n-®p-sIm≠v At±lw

Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""G‰hpw ASn-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ A‘-Im-c-

Øns‚ hnkvXmcw 185,00,000 tbmP-\-bm-Ip-∂p. AXn\p apI-fn-emWv

\c-Iw. AXns‚ hnkvXmcw 13,12,00,000 tbmP-\-bm-Wv. ]n∂oSv Hcp

e£w tbmP\ Ccp≠ Kpl-bm-Wv. AXns‚ apI-fn-embn _kvdp

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Dd® `qan ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. AXns‚ hnkvXmcw

34,000 tbmP-\-bm-Wv. ]n∂oSv Adp-]-Xn-\m-bncw tbmP-\-bp≈

K¿``qan-bm-Wv. AXn\p apI-fn-embn apΔm-bncw tbmP\ hnkvXm-c-

ap≈ kz¿Æ`qan ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. AXns‚ apI-fn-em-bmWv Ggv

`qan-Iƒ-. A-h-bn¬ Htcm-∂n\pw ]Xn-\m-bncw tbmP\ hnkvXm-c-ap-

≠v. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw Db¿∂-Xn-emWv kap-{Z-ßfpw Zzo]p-Ifpw D≈-

Xv. ip≤-Pe kap-{Z-Øns‚ A∏p-d-ambn P\-ip-\y-amb "temIm-temIv'

ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. CXn-\p tij-ap≈ kz¿Æ `qan-bpsS hnkvXmcw

Hcp tImSn tbmP-\-bm-Ip-∂p. AXn\p apI-fn-embn 61,34,000 tbmP-

\-bp≈ ]nXr-temIv ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. {_“mfiw F∂p ]d-bp∂

Ggv temIhpw IqSn ]Xn-\©v tImSn tbmP-\-bm-Wv. AXn\p apI-

fnepw temI-Øns‚ ASn-`mKw t]mse-Øs∂ Xap F∂ t]cn-e-dn-

b-s∏-Sp∂ 185,00,000 tbmP\ hnkvXm-c-Øn-ep≈ Ccp-´m-Wv. Ggv

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 165

`qanbpw Ggv kap-{Zhpw Ds≠∂p hnh-cn-°m≥ \ap°p {]bmkw

tXm∂p-tºm-gmWv Ggn\pw ]pdta hfsc A[nIw `qan-Iƒ Ds≠∂v

Ct±lw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬, hnjvWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv:

""Ggm-asØ `qan-bpsS ASn-bn¬ iniKv F∂p t]cmb Hcp k¿∏-

ap-≠v. tZh-∑m¿°n-S-bn¬ AXn\p henb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. AXn\v

A\¥v F∂pw t]cp-≠v. Bbncw Xe-bp≈ Cu k¿∏w Ggv `qan-

sbbpw bmsXmcp hnj-ahpw IqSmsX hln-°p-∂p. H∂n-\pta¬ as‰m-

∂mbn ÿnXnsNøp∂ Cu `qan-Iƒ t£a-I-chpw {]Im-in-°p∂

cXv\-ß-fm¬ Aew-Ir-X-hp-am-Wv. kqcy\pw N{μ\pw DZn-°mØ Cu

`qXe-ß-fn¬ cXv\-ßƒ {]Im-iw- \-evIp∂p. ChnsS ip≤-amb

Im‰pw ]q°fpw ]g-ßfpw a‰pw F∂pw aXn-bm-thmfw D≠m-bn-s°m-

≠n-cn-°pw. ChnsS D≈ Bfp-Iƒ°v cmhpw ]Iepw Ah tN¿∂p-

≠m-Ip∂ Ime-ßfpw Adn-bp-I-bn-√. Cu `qan-Iƒ F√mw IqSn Fgp-

]-Xn-\m-bncw tbmP-\bpw Hmtcm∂pw ]Xn-\m-bncw hoXhpw Bbn-cn-

°pw. \mc-Z-ap\n Hcn-°¬ Ahn-SsØ \nhm-kn-I-fmb ssZXv, Zm\p,

F∂o h¿§-°msc I≠-t∏mƒ Ah-cpsS kpJ-ßsf At]-£n®v

kz¿§kpJ-ßƒ \n m-c-am-sW∂v At±-l-Øn\v A\p-̀ -h-s∏-́ phs{X.

At±lw tZh-∑m-cn-te°p aSßn sN∂v Cu IY hnh-cn®psImSp-°p-

Ibpw Ahsc kt¥m-jn-∏n-°-Ibpw sNbvXv C{]-Imcw ]d™p:

""ip≤Pe kap-{Z-Øn\v A∏pdw F√m kap-{Z-ßfpsSbpw Zzo]p-I-fp-

sSbpw Cc´n hnkvXm-c-ap≈ Hcp kz¿Æ`qan-bp-≠v. a\p-jy\pw

]nimNpw AhnsS Pohn-°p-∂n-√.''

CXn-\-∏p-d-ambn "temIm-temIv' ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. AXv ]Xn-\m-

bncw tbmP\ hoXnbpw AXns‚ A{X-Xs∂ Db-c-hpap≈ Hcp ]¿Δ-

X-am-Ip-∂p. AsX-√mw-IqSn AºXv tImSn-bm-Wv. Ch F√m-‰n-\pw-

IqSn Nne-t∏mƒ [mXr(-F-√m-‰n-s\bpw Dd-∏n®p\n¿Øp-∂-Xv) F∂pw,

As√-¶n¬ hn[mXr (H-gn-hm°n hnSp-∂-Xv) F∂pw ]d™phcp-∂p.

k¿Δ Pohn-I-fpsSbpw hmk-ÿew F∂pw CXn\p ]d-bm-dp-≠v.

iq\y{]tZiw Fs∂m∂v Ds≠∂pw Cs√∂pw ]d-bp∂ c≠v ]£-

°m-cp-≠v. Ds≠∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ [mXp ]Zm¿∞-ß-sf√mw AXn-te°v

BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp -∂p-sh∂pw Cs√∂p ]d-bp-∂-h¿ Aßs\

BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-s√∂pw hmZn-°p-∂p.

hnjvWp]pcmWw temI-ßsf Ipdn®v XpS¿∂v C{]-Imcw ]d-

bp∂p: ""Nhn´n\S-°m\pw I∏tem-Sn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂-sX√mw

_l(n)¿tem-I-am-Wv. `qan-bpsS apIƒ `mK-amWv CXp-sIm≠v Dt±-

in-°-p-∂-Xv. kz¿§-hm-kn-I-fmb kn≤-∑m-cpw ap\n-I-fpw K‘≥Δ-∑mcpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 166

kwkm-cn-°p-∂Xpw `qan-bp-sSbpw kqcy-s‚bpw CS-bn-ep-≈-Xp-amb

hmbp-a-fi-e-Øn\v `qh¿temIv F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Cu aq∂v i‡n-

Iƒ°pw IqSn "{Xn]r∞zo' F∂pw Cu temI-Øns‚ apI-fn-ep≈

`mK-Øn\p hymkp-a-fi¬ (hym-kns‚ A[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n) F∂pamWv

]d-bp-∂-Xv. ̀ qan-bn¬\n∂v kqcy-a-fi-e-Øn-te-°p≈ Zqcw Hcp e£w

tbmP-\-bm-Wv. kqcy-a-fi-e-Øn¬\n∂v N{μ-a-fi-e-Øn-te-°p≈

Zqchpw A{X-X-s∂-. N{μ-a-fi-e-Øn¬\n∂v _p[≥ {Kl-Øn-te°v

c≠v e£w tbmP-\-bp≠v. AXn¬\n∂v ip{I-\n-te°pw ip{I-

\n¬\n∂v sNmΔ-bn-te°pw hymg-Øn-te°pw AXn-¬\n∂v i\n-bn-

te°pw CXp-X-s∂-bmWv Zqcw. (c≠v e£w tbmP-\). i\n-

bn¬\n∂p {[ph\£-{X-ß-fn-te°v Hcp e£hpw AXn¬-\n∂v {[ph-

Øn-te°v Bbncw tbmP-\-bp-am-Wv. CXns‚ c≠v tImSn tbmP\

apI-fn-emWv "al¿temIv' ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn\v F´v tImSn

tbmP\ apI-fn-emWv "N\¿tem-Iw.' AhnsS\n∂p 486 tImSn tbmP\

apI-fn-emWv "ln{X temIw.' AXn\p apI-fn-emWv "kXvtem-Iv' D≈-

Xv. Cu hnh-cn-®Xv ]X-RvPen hymJym-Xm-hn¬\n∂p \mw D≤-cn-®-

Xns‚ aq∂n-c-´n-bm-Ip-∂p. Cßs\ IrXy-an-√msX ]d-bpI F∂Xv

F√m `mj-bn-ep-ap≈ ]I¿∏p-Im-cpsS ]Xn-hm-Wv F∂n-cns° ]pcm-

W-ßƒ ]I¿Øn-b-h¿ ]Xn-hn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-cm-sW∂p Rm≥

]d-bp-∂n-√.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 167

A[ymbw 22

{[ph-ßfpw A-h-sb kw-_-‘n® sFXo-ly-ßfpw

C¥y-°m¿ "JpXzv-_n'\p {[ph-sa∂pw anlv-h-dn(-A-®p-X-≠n)\v

…m°v F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. tPymXnimkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ Hgn-sIbp≈

`mcXo-b¿ Hcp {[phsØ kw-_-‘n®p ]d-bp-∂Xp a{Xta Rm≥

tIń-´p-≈q. hmbp]pcm-W-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: ""BImiw

]ºcw t]mse {[ph-Øn-t∑epw {[phw ÿew amdmØ kz¥w A®p-

X-≠n-t∑epw Xncn™psIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p. BImiw ap∏Xv aplq¿Ø-

Øn¬ (C-cp-]-Øn-\mev aWn-°q¿) Hcp h´w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂p.''

Z£nW {[phsØ Ipdn®v C¥y-°mcn¬\n∂p Xmsg ]d-bp∂ IY-

b-√msX IqSp-X-sem∂pw Rm≥ tIń-ń√: ""tkma-ZØ Fs∂mcp

cmPmhv kZvI¿Ω-ßƒ sNbvXp kz¿§m-h-Im-in-bm-bn-. ico-c-hp-ambn

th¿s∏-S-m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Cj-S-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. At±lw hknjvT

al¿jn-bpsS ASpØpsN∂v "Rm≥ ico-csØ kvt\ln-°p-∂p.

ico-c-hp-ambn th¿]n-cn-bm≥ B{K-ln-°p-∂n√' F∂-dn-bn-®p. At∏mƒ

`qtem -IØp\n∂p kz¿§-tem -I -tØ°v Hcp ico -csØ

sIm≠phcnI {]bm-k-am-sW∂p ]d-™v hknjvT al¿jn At±-

lsØ \ncm-i-\m-°n. ]n∂oSv At±lw hknjvT al¿jn-bpsS

k¥m-\-ß-fpsS apºn¬ Cu Bhiyw D∂-bn-®-t∏mƒ Ah¿ At±-

lsØ B´p-Ibpw Xp∏p-Ibpw ]cn-l-kn-°p-Ibpw a‰pw sNbvXp.

A\-¥cw Abmƒ hniz-an{X al¿jn-bpsS ASp-°¬ sN∂p Xs‚

IY-I-sf√mw ]d™ptIƒ∏n-®p. At∏mƒ al¿jn°p tIm]w hcn-

Ibpw hknjvT al¿jnbpsS k¥m-\-ß-fpƒ∏-sS-bp≈ {_m“-

Wsc Hcp hgn-]mSp \S-Øm-\mbn hnfn®phcp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

At±lw Ah-tcmSn-{]-Imcw ]d-™p: ""Rm≥ Cu \√ cmPm-hn\p

th≠n Hcp ]pXnb temIhpw Hcp kz¿§hpw D≠m-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p-

∂p.'' AXp-{]-Imcw At±lw Z£nW {[phhpw Ahn-tS°p th≠

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 168

{[ph \£-{X-ßfpw krjvSn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. CX-dn™p `b-hn-lz-e-

cmb C{μ\pw a‰p tZh-∑mcpw hnizm-an-{X\pw kao-]n-°p-Ibpw ]pXp-

Xmbn XpS-ßnb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \n¿Ønsh°m-\m-h-iy-s∏-Sp-Ipbpw

tkma-ZØ cmPm-hns\ ico-c-tØmSp IqSn kz¿§-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-

t]m-Im-sa∂p hmKvZm\w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AX-\p-k-cn®v At±-

lsØ Ah¿ kz¿§-Øn-te°p sIm≠pt]mb-t∏mƒ hnizm-an-{X≥

Xs‚ ]pXnb temIkrjvSn \n¿Øn-sh-®p. AXp-h-tc°pw D≠m-

°n-bXp am{Xw AhnsS tijn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.''

k]vX¿jn-Iƒ°v "_\m-Øp-∂-Aiv' F∂pw i\n {Kl-Øn\v

kplbv¬ F∂pw BWv \mw ]d™p hcp-∂-sX-¶nepw \Ω-fn¬

Nne¿ Z£nW {[ph-Øns‚ kao-]hpw _\m-Øp-∂-Aiv Ds≠∂pw

Ah B {[ph-Øn\p Np‰pw Xncn-bp-∂p-sh∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. CXv Akm-

≤y-am-sW∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm. hniz-kvXcpw hnZ-Kv[-cp-amb IS¬bm{X-

°m-cn¬\n∂v Aßs\ Adn-bm≥ km[n-°p-sa-¶n¬ AXp hniz-kn-

°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Z£nW`mKØp \mw Adn-bmØ ]e \£-{X-ßfpw

{]Xy£-am-Ip-∂p-≠-t√m.

{io]m¬ Cßs\ hmZn-°p∂p: ""DjvWImeØv ap¬Øm-\n¬

`qan-tbm-S-SpØXpw NpI-∂-Xp-amb "iqew' Fs∂mcp \£{Xw DZn-

°m-dp-≠v.'' C¥y-°m¿ B \£-{X-Øns‚ DZbw Ah-e-£-W-am-

bn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ N{μ≥ ]qcm-S-Øn¬ DZn-®m¬

Ah¿ sXt°m´p bm{X sNøm-dn-√. ImcWw, At∏m-gm-Wv Cu iqe

\£{Xw DZn-°p-I. A¬ ssPlm\n Xs‚ "akm--enIv' F∂ {KŸ-

Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-I-bmWv: ""e¶m-hm-eqkv F∂ Zzo]n¬ ssiXy-Im-

e-Øp {]`m-Ø-Xn\v Aev]w apºmbn ]q¿Δ-`m-KØv I∏¬ ]ma-c-

Øns‚ Db-c-Øn¬ "Zp¬lpΩm'1 (161)F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp henb

\£{Xw ImW-m-dp-≠v. Nne-t∏mƒ AXv Hcp sNdnb Ic-Sn-bpsS

hmens‚ cq]-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. "^mkp¬ dlm' F∂-dn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ \of-Øn-ep≈ Nne \£-{X-ßfpw AhnsS ImWm-a-s{X. {_“

Kp]vX≥ AXn\p a’y-Øns‚ t]cmWv \evIn-b-Xv. C¥y-°m¿ B

\£-{XsØ \mev Imep-≈Xpw "imIz¿' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb

Hcp Pohn-bpsS cq]-Øn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂p. "inip-am¿' F∂pw

CXn\p ]d-bm-dp-≠v. CsXm∂pw Jfin-X-amb {]kvXm-h-\-I-f-√.

Cu inip-am¿ t]¿jy≥ `mj-bn¬ "kpkvam¿' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

henb Ic-Sn-bm-sW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. c≠pw XΩn¬ henb kmay-ap-

≠v. apXe XpS-ßnb Pe Pohn-Iƒ°pw "kpkvam¿' F∂p ]d-bp-

∂p. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Cß-s\-bp-samcp sFXo-ly-ap-≠v. {_“≥

a\p-jys\ krjvSn-°m≥ Dt±-in-®-t∏mƒ Xs‚ ico-csØ c≠v

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 169

]nf¿∏m-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. he-sØ-Xn\p "hndmkv' F∂pw CS-sØ-

Xn\p "a\p' F∂pw ]d-b-p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠m-Ws{X {_“\p at∂-

{μ≥ F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. a\p-hn\p t{]b¿ΔXp, DØ-m\p-]mXp F∂o

c≠v k¥m-\-ß-fp-≠mbn. DØm-\p-]mXp cmPm-hn\p "{[ph' F∂

t]cn¬ Hcp aI≥ P\n-®p. ]nXm-hns‚ ̀ mcy-bn¬\n∂v At±-l-Øn\p

Nne hnj-a-ßƒ t\cn-tS≠n h∂p. AXns‚ {]Xn-^-e-sat∂mWw

\£-{X-ßsf apgp-h≥ Nen-∏n-°m-\p≈ Ignhv At±-l-Øn\p \evI-

s∏-´p. at∂-{μ≥ "kzbw-`q-'hn-emWv BZyw {]Xy-£-s∏-´-Xv. At±lw

AhnsS Xs∂ XpS¿∂p-t]m-cp-∂p.

Im‰mWv \£-{X-ßsf {[ph-Øn\p Np‰pw Nen-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂pw

a\p-jy≥ ImWmØ Ft¥m H∂p-sIm≠v Cu \£-{X-ßƒ {[ph-

hp-ambn _‘n-°-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ N°v Xncn-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Xncn-

™p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw hmbp]pcm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

hnjvWp [¿Ω-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""\mcm-b-Ws‚ ktlm-

Z-c-\mb _e`-{Zs‚ ]p{X≥ h{P≥ a¿°-tfib al¿jn-tbmSp

{[phsØ Ipdn®v At\z-jn-®-t∏mƒ At±lw Cßs\ adp-]Sn ]d-

bp-I-bp-≠m-bn: {_“≥ temIw krjvSn-®-t∏m-ƒ AXp iq\yhpw

Ccp-f-S-™-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ kzbw {]Im-in-°p∂ kqcy-tKm-

f-sØbpw {]Im-in-°p∂ \£-{X-ß-sfbpw At±lw krjvSn-®p.

Ahbn¬\n∂p ]Xn-\mev FÆw inip-am-dns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-¬ {[ph-

Øn\p Np‰pw ÿm]n-®p. Ch-bmWv aZp-\-£-{X-ßsf {[ph-Øn-\p

Np‰pw Nen-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. {[ph-Øns‚ apI-fn¬ IqSn hS-t°m´v Nen-

°p∂ DØm-\p-]m-Xpw, Xmsg-°qSn Nen-°p∂ P‹pw, Xe-`m-K-Øp-

IqSn Nen-°p∂ [¿Ωpw s\©n¬IqSn (a-[y-Øn¬Iq-Sn) Nen-°p∂

\mcm-b-W\pw Ccp-ssI-I-fpsS ̀ mK-Ømbn Iotgm´p Nen-°p∂ c≠v

Aizq-W\pw (ssh-Zy≥) Imens‚ `mK-Øp-IqSn Nen-°p∂ h¿Æ-

hpw, ]›na `mK-tØ°p Nen-°p∂ A¿÷apw, ]n≥`m-K-Øp-IqSn

Nen-°p∂ an{Xpw, hmen¬ IqSn Nen-°p∂ A·nbpw atl-{μ-\pw,

{ao®pw, Ij]pw {]kvXpX \£{X kaq-l-ß-fn¬ s]Sp-∂p. kz¿§-

hm-kn-bmb hnjvWp-hmWv {[phw. At±lw Xs∂-bmWv D≠m-°p-

Ibpw hf¿Øp-Ibpw \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Imew. Cu hkvXp

icn°p hmbn®p a\- n-em-°p-∂-hs‚ Ip‰-ßƒ ssZhw s]mdp-°p-

Ibpw Ahs‚ hb- n¬ ]Xn-\mev sIm√w h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

sa∂pw AXn-ep-≠v. CXn¬ \ns∂√mw a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv Ch¿ (C-

¥y-°m¿) ip≤lrZ-b-∑mcpw F¥pw hniz-kn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-sW-∂p-

amWv. Cu \£-{X-ßƒ Ah-bpsS _‘w Fßs\bmbmepw Nen-

-°pI Xs∂ sNøp-∂p. Chsb Nq≠n-°m-Wn®p Xcp∂ h√-h-scbpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 170

C¥y-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ I≠pap´n-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ Ad-_n-I-fp-sSbpw

{Ko°p-Im-cp-sSbpw \£{X cq]-ß-fp-ambn Chsb Xmc-X-ay-s∏-SpØn

hnh-cn-°m≥ F\n°p km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 171

A[ymbw 23

]pcm-W-ß-fp-sSbpw a‰pw hnizm-k-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈

"tacp' ]¿ΔXwBZy-ambn \mw Cu ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ InS∏v hnh-cn-°mw. CXp Zzo]p-

I-fpsSbpw kap-{Z--ßfpsSbpw CSbv°v "sNºp'Zzo]ns‚ a≤y-Øn¬

ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. {_“-Kp-]vX≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""`qan-sbbpw tacp]¿Δ-

X-sØbpw Ipdn-®p≈ {]tXyI ]pcm-W-ßfpw aX-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw kzbw

]Tn-°p-Ibpw P\-ßsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h¿°n-S-bn¬ hfsc

A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ap-≠v. Cu ]¿ΔXw `qap-JØv {[ph \£-{X-

Øns‚ Iogv̀ mK-Ømbn hfsc s]m°-Øn¬ ÿnXnsNøp-∂p-sh∂pw

\£-{X-ßƒ AXns‚ ASn-`m-K-Øn\p N‰pw Nen-°p-∂p-sh∂pw DZ-

bhpw AkvX-a-bhpw AhnsS\n∂mWv D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂pw C{X

alnabp≈Xp-sIm-≠mWv "tacp' F∂ t]cv e`n-®-sX∂pw Nne¿

]d-bp-∂p. AXns‚ Ign-hp-sIm-≠s{X kqcy\pw N{μ\pw DZn-°p-∂-

Xv. Ahn-SsØ \nhm-kn-I-fmb tZh-∑m-cpsS ]I¬ Bdv amkhpw

Bdv amkw cmhp-am-Ip-∂p. "Pn\p' (_p≤v) F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬

tacp]¿ΔXw NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-emWv, hrØm-Ir-Xn-b-e√ F∂p ]d-

™-Xmbpw At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p.''

kp{]-kn≤ hymJym-Xm-hmb _e-`-{Z≥ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv: ""`qan ]c-

∂-Xm-sW∂pw tacp ]¿ΔXw {]Im-in-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw Nne¿ ]d-

bp-∂p-≠v. Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂Xp hmkvXhamsW-¶n¬ tacp \nhm-kn-

Iƒ°p Np‰pw Ne\ \£-{X-ßƒ k©-cn-°p-I-bn-√. AXp

{]Imia≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ {[ph \£{Xw t]mse AXpw ImW-

s∏-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp kz¿Æw-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw AX√ cXv\-

sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-sW∂pw Nne¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.''

Bcy-`-´s‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬, ""AXp henb s]m°-ap-≈-X√.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 172

h´-Øn¬ Hcp tbmP\ am{Xw s]m-°-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. AXp

tZh-∑m-cpsS km{am-Py-am-Wv. civan-I-fp-≠m-bn´pw AXp ImW-s∏-Sm-

Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ ImcWw F√m \mSp-I-fp-sSbpw hS°p`mK-Ømbn

ssiXy-ta-J-e-bn¬ "\μ-\-a\p' F∂ hnP\ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ a≤y-

Øn¬ hfsc AIse ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXp hfsc s]m°-

ap-≈-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Adp-]Øn Bdv Un{Kn-bn¬ Z£n-Wm-b-\-tcJ ap-

gp-h\pw ImWp-Ibpw kqcy≥ AhnsS FØp-tºmƒ Xotc AkvX-

an-°mØ \ne-bn¬ {]Xy-£-am-bn-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ k©-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI C√m-bn-cp-∂p.''

_e-̀ -{Z≥ ]d™Xv hy‡-a-√. At±lw CXp hnh-cn-°m≥ Xp\n-

™Xv Fß-s\-bm-sW∂v F\n°p a\- n-em-hp-∂n-√. tacp ]¿Δ-X-

Øns‚ N{I-hm-f-Øn\p Np‰pw \£-{X-ßƒ k©-cn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v

`qan ]c-∂-Xm-Im≥ Xc-an√ F∂p ]d-™Xv GXm≠v icn-bm-Wv.

am{X-a√, `qan ]c-∂-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Cu ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ D® tcJ-Iƒ

kam-¥-c-ß-fm-hp-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ N{I-hmfw hyXym-k-s∏-Sm≥

\n¿Δm-l-an-√. B N{I-hmfw F√mbnSØpw a≤ytcJ-bn-em-tI-≠-

Xmbn hcpw. Bcy-̀ -́ -\n¬\n∂v D≤-cn-°p∂ A`n-{]mbw \ap-°n-ßs\

hnh-cn°mw:

Xmsg sImSp-°p∂ t£{X-Øn¬ AB `qtK-mfhpw C `qtKmf

tI{μhpw A Adp-]Øn Bdv Un{Kn-bn¬ D≈ ÿehp-am-sW∂p

hnNm-cn-°p-I. BA F∂ hrØmwiw 23.5 Un{Kn-bn¬ apdn-s®-Sp-°pI.

At∏mƒ B F∂Xv {[ph \£-Øn\p t\sc h-cp∂ Hcp _nμp-hm-

bn-cn°pw. Ahbn¬ \n∂v AD tcJsb `qtK-mfsØ kv]¿in-®p-

sIm≠p hcbv°pI. At∏mƒ AXp ZrjvSn-bn¬ s]Sp∂ N{I-hm-f-

ambn Icp-Xm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. AC XΩn¬ Iq´n-t®¿°p-I. CB sb D te°v

\o´pI. At∏mƒ D-bn¬ AXv ADbpambn Iq´nap´p-∂-Xm-Wv. AE F∂

ew_tcJ CDte°p tN¿°pI. At∏mƒ AE 23.5 Un{KnbpsS

hrØmwi ew_tc-J-bm-sW∂p sXfn™p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 173

At∏mƒ EB F∂Xv AXns‚ klvav (-ew-_-tc-J-ap-X¬ hrØ

]cn-[n-h-sc-bp≈ A¿≤hymk-Øns‚ `mKw) Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

EC F∂Xv 66˛mw Un{KnbpsS hrØmwi ew_tcJbmbncn°p∂-

XpamWv.

C\n- \-ap°v Bcy`´s‚ A`n-{]m-b-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Afhv A\p-k-

cn®p Xs∂ hrØmwi ew_tcJ-Isf hc-bv°mw. At∏mƒ AE

1397˛Dw EC F∂Xv 3140-˛Dw BE F∂Xv 298˛Dw, Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

CAD ka-tIm¨ Bb-Xn-\m¬ CEbpw AE bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w EAbpw

EDbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-tØmSp Xp√y-amWv. EA NXp-c{i Afhv

1,951,609 Bbn-cn-°pw. AXns\ EC sIm≠v lcn-®m¬ 622 In´p∂Xm-

Wv. ECbpw EB bpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw 324 BIp-∂p. AXp-X-s∂-

bmWv BD. AXpw katIm¨ hrØmwi ew_m-tc-Jbmb (3,438

Bb) BC XΩn-ep-≈ _‘w BDbpsS tbmP-\bpw BCbpsS tbmP-

\bpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w Xs∂-bm-Wv. AXv Bcy-`-´s‚ IW°p

{]Imcw 800 BIp-∂p. AXpw ta¬ ]d™ ap∂q‰n Ccp-]Øn \mepw

XΩn¬ s]cp-°n-bm¬ 2,59,290 In´pw. AXns\ ka-tIm¨ hrØmwi

ew_-tc-J-bmb 3438sIm≠v lcn-®m¬ 75 In´p-w. AXv BDbpsS tbmP-

\-bmWv. AXp \mgn-I-bmbn IW-°m-°n-bm¬ Adp-\q-dpw ImX-ambn

IW-°m-°n-bm¬ Ccp-\qdpw Bbn-cn-°pw. B ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬ k¶-

ev]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ ew_-tcJ Ccp-\qdv ImX-ap-s≠∂p h∂m¬ AXn-

te°p tIdp∂ am¿§w AXns‚ Cc-´n-tbmfw hcpw. tacp ]¿Δ-X-

Øns‚ Dbcw C{X-bm-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂ Adp-]-Øn-Bdmw Un{Kn-bn-

ep-≈-h¿°v AXv Xotc A{]-Xy-£-am-bn-cn-°pw. Z£n-Wm-b\ tcJ

Ah¿°p Xotc A{]-Xy-£-am-hp-I-bp-an-√. Adp-]-Øn-Bdmw Un{Kn-

bn-ep-≈-h¿°v Cu ]¿ΔXw A{]-Xy-£-am-sW∂p hcp-tºmƒ

AXnepw Xmsg-bp≈ Un{Kn-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿°v A{]-Xy-£-

am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√-t√m. C\n AXp kqcys\ t]mse

{]Im-in-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂p h∂m¬ Xs∂bpw ̀ qan-bpsS ASn-`m-K-Øm-

b-Xn-\m¬ ImWpI km[y-a-√. B ]¿ΔXw Zriy-am-hm-ØXp lnaw

aqSn-b-Xp-sImt≠m Zqsc-bmbn ÿnXnsNøp-∂-Xp-sImt≠m A√.

t\sc adn®v `qan-bpsS A¥¿`m-KØv Bb-Xp-sIm≠pw `qan tKmf-

cq -]hpw `mc-ap≈ km[-\-ßsf AXns‚ A¥¿`m-K-tØ°v

BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-am-Wv. F∂m¬, Adp-]-ØnBdmw Un{Kn-

bn¬ Z£n-Wm-b\ tcJ A{]-Xy-£-am-IpI-bn√ F∂v At±lw

]d-™Xv {]kvXpX ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ Dbcw Ipd-hm-sW∂p ]d-™-

Xns‚ hmZ-Øn\p ]‰p-I-bn-√. ImcWw, Ab\ hrØ-ß-fpsS {]tXy-

I-X-Iƒ \mw a\- n-em-°p-∂Xp I≠nt´m tI´nt´m A√. sXfn-hp-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 174

Iƒ sIm-≠m-Wv. Ahn-S-ß-fn¬ P\-hm-ktam KXm-KX kuI-cy-

ßtfm C√ F∂n-cns° {]kvXpX Un{Kn-bn¬ Ab-\ tcJ {]Xy-

£-am-bn-́ p-s≠∂p Nne¿ hmZn-°p-tºmƒ AXn-s√∂p hmZn-°p-∂-hcpw

D≠v. AXn\p XS- -ambn Cu ]¿-ΔXw am{Xta D≈q. Cu ]¿ΔXw

Cs√-¶n¬ B tcJ apgp-h\pw ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ Cu c≠v

A`n-{]m-b-ß-fn¬ icn-bm-bXv GsX∂p \n›-bn-°pI {]bm-k-am-

W-t√m.

Ipkpa]q¿Im-c-\mb Bcy-`-´≥ Xs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

""tacp ]¿ΔXw lnam-e-b-Øn¬ Hcp tbmP-\-bn-e-[nIw Db-c-an-√msX

cq-]-Øn¬ ÿnXnsNøp-∂p.'' F∂m¬, apJ-hp-c-bn¬ AXn\p lnam-

e-b-sØ-°mƒ Hcp tbmP-\-bn-e-[nIw s]m°-an√ F∂pw ImWp-

∂p-≠v. Ct±lw kp{]-kn-≤-\mb henb Bcy-̀ -́ -\-√. At±-l-Øns‚

Iq´p-Im-cn¬ Hcm-fm-Wv. _e-`-{Z≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂Xv GXv Bcy-`-´-\m-

sW∂v F\n°p a\- n-em-hp-∂n-√. Npcp-°-Øn¬, tacp ]¿Δ-X-

Øns‚ InS-∏ns\ kw_-‘n® hnhcw sXfnhp kln-X-amWp

\ap°p In´n-b-Xv. F∂m¬, AXns‚ BIr-Xn-sbbpw s]m°-sØbpw

Ipdn®v Ah¿°p e`n® hnhcw˛AXv Hcp tbmP-\tbm AXn-e-[n-

Itam NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bntem AjvS-`p-Pm-Ir-Xn-bntem F∂-Xv˛tI´p-

tIƒhnsb am{Xw ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n- e`n®-h-bm-Wv.

C\n \ap°p {]kvXpX ]¿Δ-XsØ Ipdn®p Ejn-am-cn¬ Nne¿

]d-™-Xn¬ NneXp hnh-cn°mw: a’y-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xv

Cß-s\-bmWv: ""B ]¿ΔXw kz¿Æ-abam-bXpw ]pI-bn-√mØ Xo

t]mse {]Im-in-°p-∂Xpw \mev `mKhpw \mev h¿Æ-Øn-ep-≈-Xp-

am-Wv. Ing°p`mKw {_m“-W-sc-t]mse shfp-ØXpw hS°p`mKw

£{Xn-b-sc-t]mse NpI-∂-Xpw, sX°p`mKw sshiysc t]mse

a™\nd-ap-≈Xpw, ]Sn-™mdp`mKw iq{Z-sc-t]mse Idp-Ø-Xp-am-Wv.

AXns‚ Dbcw 86,000 tbmP-\-b-s{X. AXn¬\n∂p `qan-bn-te°v

B≠ ̀ mKw 16,000 tbmP-\-bpw, \mev ]m¿iz-ß-fn¬ Htcm∂pw 34,000

tbmP-\-bp-am-Wv. AXn¬\n∂p ip≤-P-e-ap≈ \Zn-Iƒ Hgp-Ip-∂p-≠v.

kz¿Æ-a-b-amb Nne ]cn-ip≤ ÿe-ßfpw AXn-ep-≠v. AhnsS tZh-

∑-mcpw Ah¿°p ]m´p-]m-Sn-s°m-Sp-°p∂ K‘¿Δ-∑mcpw ̀ mcy-am-cmb

\ne-sIm-≈p∂ A]vk-c- p-I-fpw Xma-kn-°p-∂p. Akp-c-∑m¿, ssZXy-

∑m¿, cm£-k-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-hcpw Ahn-sS-bmWv. AXn\p Np‰pw

"am\kw' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Pem-i-b-ap-≠v. Cu Pem-i-b-Øns‚

\mep-`m-K-Øp-ambn temI kwc-£-I-cmb temI ]me--∑mcpw Ah-

cpsS Iq´p-Imcpw Xma-kn-°p-∂p. tacp ]¿Δ-X-Øn\v Ggv inJ--c-ß-

fp-≠v. Ah hºn® ]¿Δ-X-ß-fm-Wv. Ah-bpsS t]cv alo-μ¿, ate-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 175

mk©v, ip‡_mw, dn£`mw, _nμp, ]m¿gm{Xn F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv.

F∂m¬, sNdnb ]¿Δ-X-ßƒ FÆn-bm¬ Ah-km-\n-°p-I-bn-√.

Ahn-sS-bmWv P\-hm-k-ap-≈-Xv. tacp ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ Np‰p-ap≈ alm-

]¿Δ-X-amb lnam-ebw Ft∏mgpw lnam-hr-X-am-Wv. AXn¬ cm£-

k-∑mcpw, ]nim-Np-°-fpw, b£n-I-fpw Xma-kn-°p-∂p. kz¿Æab-amb

lna-t°m-´-sb∂ ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬.... K‘-]¿Δ-X-Øn¬ K‘¿Δ-∑mcpw

A]vk-c- p-Ifpw \nh-kn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ s]´ "\ninXp']¿ΔXw

\mK-ß-fpsS (k¿∏-ßƒ) hmk-ÿ-e-am-Wv. Ah-bn¬ Ggv {][m-

\nI-fpsS t]cv Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p. A\-¥≥, hmkp-Jn, Z£-I≥,

I¿Iq-X-°v, alm-]Zw, Iº¬, Aiz-{X≥.'' abn¬t]mse hnhn[

\nd-ß-fp≈ \oebpw Ah-bn¬ s]-´-Xm-Wv. CXn¬ kn≤-∑mcpw

{_“¿jn-Ifpw \nh-kn-°p-∂p. as‰m-∂mb AivhoX-bn¬ ssZØp-

Ifpw Zm\-hp-Ifpw Pohn-°p-∂p. A{i¬Lp-\-Xv F∂ ÿeØv

]n{Xo≥ (tZ-h-∑m-cpsS ]nXm-a-l-∑m-cpw) Xma-kn-°p-∂p. CXns‚

ASpØv heXp`mK-Ømbn Ipsd ae-bn-Sp-°p-I-fp-≠v. Ah cXv\-ß-

fmepw hfsc Imew \ne-\n¬°p∂ Iev] hr£-ß-fmepw \n_n-V-

am-Wv. Cu ]¿Δ-X-ß-fpsS a≤y-Øn-embn "Cem-h¿Xv' F∂ G‰hpw

s]m°w IqSnb ]¿ΔXw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. Ch-sb√mwIqSn tN¿∂-

Xn\p ]pcpjv ]¿ΔXv F∂p ]d-bp∂p. lnam-e-b-Øn-s‚bpw

A{i¬Lp-\--Xn-s‚bpw CS-bn¬ cm£-k-∑m-cp-sSbpw A]vk-c- p-I-

fp-sSbpw hnt\mZtI{μ-amb ssIemkw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

hnjvWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: "`qan-bpsS a≤y-Øn-ep≈

G‰hpw henb ]¿Δ-X-ßƒ {io]¿Δ-Xv, aeo-]¿Δ-Xv, amen]¥v,

_¥p, X¿Iq-Øv, Xr]p-cm-¥-Iv, ssIemkv Ch-bm-Wv. AhnsS D≈-

h¿ \Zn-I-fnse sh≈w IpSn-®v F∂pw k¥p-jvS-cmbn Pohn-°p-∂p.

F∂m¬ Ah-bpsS Hmtcm ̀ pP-Øn-s‚bpw Db-c-Øns‚ Af-hn-s\bpw

kw_-‘n®p ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-®-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv hmbp ]pcm-

W-Ønepw hnh-cn-®-Xv. AXn¬ Cßs\ XpS-cp∂p: ""AXns‚ Hmtcm

`mKØpw NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ ]¿Δ-X-ß-fp-≠v. Ing°v amen-b\pw

hS°v B\n-epw ]Sn-™mdv K¥p-\m-Z-\\pw sX°v \ni-Xp-hp-am-Ip-

∂p. BZnXy]pcm-W-Ønepw `pP-ßsf kw-_-‘n-®p apI-fn¬ ]d-

™-Xp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWp ImWp-∂-Xv. {]kvXpX ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚

s]m°sØ Ipdn®v Cu ]pcm-W-Øn¬ H∂pw ]d-™-Xmbn I≠n-

√. AXns‚ Ing°p`mKw kz¿Æhpw ]Sn-™mdp`mKw sh≈nbpw

sX°p`mKw NpI∂ amWn-Iyhpw hS°p`mKw hnhn[ cXv\-ß-fp-am-

sW∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v. Cu ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ AXncpIhn™

hen∏w `qan°v Ah¿ k¶-ev]n-°p∂ AXncpIhn™ Af-hns‚

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 176

ASn-ÿm-\-Øne√msX icn-bm-hp-I-bn-√. kpam¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xp Ir-

Xy-am-bn-s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-s√-¶nepw ]X-RvP-en-bpsS hymJym-Xm-hns\

t]mse-bp-≈-h¿°v Dulm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-se-¶nepw Nne Af-hp-Iƒ

]d-bm-\p≈ hgn Xpd-°p-I-bmWv AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-hp-∂-Xv. At±lw

B ]¿ΔXw ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW-∂-Xv hn´v Zo¿L NXp-cm-Ir-

Xn-bn-em-sW∂pw AXns‚ Hcp `pPw ]Xn-\©v tImSn tbmP-\-bm-

sW∂pw at‰Xv A©v tImSn-bm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. AXns‚ \mev

`mK-ßsf Ipdn®v At±lw Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p: Ing°p `mK-Ømbn

ameh ]¿Δ-Xhpw kap-{Zhpw c≠n-s‚bpw ASn-bn-embn _l-{Zmkv

]¿Δ-Xhpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. CS-Øp-`m-KØv \ob¿, ioX, krwLm-

Z¿ F∂o ]¿Δ-X-ßfpw kap-{Zhpw Ahbv°p a≤y-Øn¬ dao-Iv,

lcn-\-amøx, Ipcp F∂o cmjv{S-ßfpw \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. ]Sn-™mdp

`mKØv K‘-am-Z≥ ]¿Δ-Xhpw c≠n-s‚bpw CS-bn¬ IoXp-ame

cmjv{S-hpw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p. sX°p `mKØv adm-h¿Xv, \ni-Xv, lna-

Iq-Øv, lna-K¿ XpS-ßnb ]¿Δ-X-ßfpw kap-{Zhpw Ah-bv°n-S-bn¬

`mcXv]-cn-iv, Io≥ ]cn-iv, l¿]-cniv XpS-ßnb cmjv{S-ßfpw ÿnXn

sNøp-∂p. C¥y-°m-cpsS {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬\n∂v F\n°p a\- n-

em-b-h-bmWv taep-≤-cn-®-Xv.

_p≤-a-X-°m-cn¬\n∂v t\cn-s´m∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥ F\n°v Ign-

bm-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Rm≥ Ahsc Ipdn®p ]d-bp-∂Xv Cudm≥ ilcn

aptJ\ In´nb hnh-c-ß-fm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ D≤cWn-Iƒ ]cn-

]q¿Wa√ Fs∂-\n°v Dd-∏p-s≠-¶nepw Aßs\ sNøm≥ Rm≥

\n¿_-‘-nX\m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. tacp ]¿Δ-XsØ Ipdn®v Ah-cpsS A`n-

{]mbw Ct±lw Cßs\ D≤-cn-°p-∂p: \mep temI-ß-fpsS a≤y-

Øn¬ Iogv`mKw NXp-cm-Ir-Xn-bnepw ta¬`mKw hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-

ambn 80,000 tbmP\ Db-c-Øn¬ tacp ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. ]IpXn

`mKw hmbp-a-fi-e-Øn-te°v Db¿∂p\n¬°p-Ibpw at‰ ]IpXn ̀ qan-

bn-te°v Xmgv∂pInS-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. \ΩpsS temI-tØmSv

G‰hpw sX°v \n¬°p∂ AXns‚ sX°p`mKw \oe \nd-Øn-ep≈

amWn-Iy-I-√p-I-fm-Wv. AXs{X BIm-i-Øns‚ \ndw \oe-bm-hm-

\p≈ Imc-Ww. a‰p `mK-ßƒ NpI-∂Xpw a™bpw sh≈bpw

amWnIyw sIm≠p-≈-Xm-Wv.''

ta¬ {]kvXm-hn®Xv ̀ qan-bpsS a≤y-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp∂ tacp

]¿Δ-XsØ Ipdn-®m-Wv. F∂m¬, \mw km[m-c-W-bmbn Jm^v

F∂pw C¥y-°m¿ temIm--temIv F∂pw ]d-bp∂ Hcp alm]¿Δ-X-

Øn¬\n∂p kqcy≥ tacp ]¿Δ-X-Øn\v A`n-ap-J-ambn Np‰n-s°m-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. A-Xn-s‚ h-S-°v D-ƒ-`m-K-Ø-√m-sX kq-cy-{]-Im-iw X-´p-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 177

I-bn√. CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv tkmKvUn-bm\bnse kucm-jv{S

aX-°m¿ A¿Zn-øx ]¿Δ-XsØ Ipdn®pw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. B ]¿ΔXw

temIsØ Np‰n-°n-S-°p-Ibm-sW∂pw AXns‚ ]pdw`m-K-Ømbn

IrjvW-a-Wn-I-sf-t]m-ep≈ Jqw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p-s≠∂pw AXn¬

F√m km[-\-ßfpw DZv`-hn-°p-∂p-s≠∂pw AXn-\-∏pdw iq\y-

afiew am{X-am-sW∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. temI-a-≤y-Øn-embn

Ld-¶¿ Fs∂mcp ]¿ΔXw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p-h-s{X. AXp \ΩpsS

`qJ-fi-Øn-s‚bpw a‰v Bdv `qJ-fi-ß-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ cmP-Iob

knwlm-k-\-ambn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. Cu c≠v Jfi-ß-ƒ°p-an-S-bn¬

Im¬ sh°m≥ Ign-bmØ hn[w Nps´-cn-bp∂ aW¬ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-

≠v. Cu Bdv Jfi-ß-fnepw tKmf-ßƒ Bkv I√p-t]mse Xncn-

bp-∂-Xmbpw a\p-jy-hm-k-ap≈ \ΩpsS ̀ qJ-fi-Øn¬ Ah Aev]w

Ncn-™p-sIm≠v Nen-°p-∂-Xmbpw tXm∂p-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 178

A[ymbw 24

Ggp Zzo]p-I-fpsS hniZhnh-c-ßƒ:

]pcm-W-ß-fn-eqsS]pcmW I¿Øm-°ƒ D≤-cn® t]cp-I-fnepw XXz-ß-fnepw

hy-Xym-k--ap-s≠-¶nepw Ah {i≤m¿l-a-√. t]cn-ep≈ hyXymkw

`mjm-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-I-bm¬ AXv Ffp-∏-Øn¬ Xo¿°m≥ km[n-

°pw. XXz-ß-fn-ep≈ A`n-{]mb hyXym-k-ß-fm-sW-¶n¬ Ah-bn¬

NneXp {Kln-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Fs¥-¶nepw t\´-ß-fp-≠m-hmw. Npcp-

ßnb ]£w ASn-ÿm-\-an-√mØ hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ sshcp-

≤y-ßsf¶nepw {Kln-°mw. a≤yZzo]ns‚ ÿnXnsb Ipdn®v AXn-

ep≈ ]¿Δ-XsØ hnh-cn-®-t∏mƒ \mw {]Xn-]m-Zn®p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.

Cu Zzo]n\p sNºpZzo]v F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. \qdv tbmP\ \of-Øn¬

imJ-I-fp-≈-Xmb Ahn-SsØ Hcp ac-Øns‚ t]cm-Ws{X CXv. P\-

hm-k-ap≈ {]tZ-i-sØbpw AXns‚ hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw kw-_-‘n-®p

hnh-cn-°p-tºmƒ AXns‚ ]q¿Æhnhcw \evIp-∂-Xm-Wv.

AXn\p Np‰p-ap≈ a‰p Zzo]p-Isf kw-_-‘n-®v BZyw {]Xn-]m-

Zn-°mw. Ah-bpsS t]cv hgn°phgn-bmbn hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p a’y

]pcm-W-sØ-bmWp \mw B[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. a≤y-Zzo-]ns\

kw-_-‘n-®p Nne Imcy-ßƒ hmbp]pcm-W-Øn¬\n∂v BZy-ambn

D≤-cn-®p-sIm-≈-s´. AXn¬ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv: a≤y-tZ-in¬ c≠v h¿§-

°m¿ Pnhn-°p∂p. Hcp h¿§-Øn\p Ib\]pcpjv F∂mWp ]d-bp-

∂-Xv. Ah-cn¬ ]pcp-j-∑m¿ kz¿Æ \nd-ap-≈-hcpw kv{XoIƒ kqcn-

\bm F∂m¬, Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Ch¿ Zo¿L-Imew Pohn-

°p-∂p. bmsXmcp tcmKhpw Ah¿°p ]nSn-Iq-Sp-I-bn-√. Ah¿ Ip‰w

sNøp-Itbm X-Ωn-¬ Akqb ImWn-°p-Itbm ]Xn-hn√. aZp` F∂-

dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CuØ-∏-\-bpsS ]gw ]ngn-s™-Sp-Øp-≠m-°p∂ ]m\n-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 179

b-amWv Ah-cpsS apJymlm-cw. c≠m-asØ h¿§w lcn-]p-cpjv F∂

t]cn-emWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. sh≈n\nd-ap-≈-h-cmb Ch¿ 11,000

sIm√w Pohn-°p-∂p. Ah¿°p XmSntcmaw apf°pI-bn-√. Ah-cpsS

Blmcw N°-c-°-cn-ºm-Wv. XmSn-bn√ F∂pw kz¿Æ-Øn-s‚bpw

sh≈n-bp-sSbpw \nd-ap-≈-h-sc∂pw tIƒ°p-tºmƒ Xp¿°n-I-sf-

bmWv Hm¿Ω hcp-∂-Xv. ]t£, Icnºpw Imc-°-bp-amWv Ah-cpsS

Blm-c-sa-∂-dn-bp-tºmƒ Nn¥ sXt°m´p \oßp-I-bm-Wv. sX°≥

{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Pohn-°p-∂-h¿°v Cu c≠v \ndw Fßs\ D≠m-Im-

\m-Wv. \ot{Km h¿§-°m-cn¬ ta¬ {]kvXm-hn® Nne kz`m-h-ßƒ

ImWp-∂p-≠v. Ah¿°v ZpxJtam Akq-btbm C√. ImcWw, CXp

c≠pw D≠m-I-Ø° bmsXmcp ]cn-Xÿn-Xnbpw Ah¿°n√ F∂-

Xm-Wv. ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-®{X Cs√-¶nepw \ΩpsS \m´p-Im-cp-tS-Xn-

t\-°mƒ Zo¿L Imew Ah¿ Pohn-°p-∂p. \ot{Km h¿§-Øn-\n-S-

bn¬ kzm`mhn-I-amb acWw hfsc Zp¿e-_-am-Wv. Fs¥-¶nepw

s\©v IpSp-ßn-t∏m-hp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v am{X-amWp acWw kw`-hn-°p-

∂-sX-∂mWv Ah-cpsS hnizm-kw. h√ Bbp-[-hpw-sIm≠v sIm√-

s∏-SpI F∂-sXm-gnsI Ah¿ ac-W-Øn\p bmsXmcp Imc-Whpw

ImWp-∂n-√.

C\n \ap°v kmK-Zzo-]ns\ Ipdn®v Aev]w hnh-cn-°mw. a’y

]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn®v Cu Zzo]n¬ henb Ggv \Zn-I-fp-≠v. AXn¬ H∂v

]cn-ip-≤-X-bn¬ KwKm \Zn-tbmSp InS-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. H∂m-a-tØ-

Xn¬ cXv\-ß-fp≈ Ggv ]¿Δ-X-ß-fp-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xn¬ tZh-

∑mcpw a‰p- Nn-e-Xn¬ ]nim-Np-°fpw Xma-kn-°p-∂p. kz¿Æ-a-b-am-

bXpw s]m°w IqSn-b-Xp-amb Nne ]¿Δ-X-ßfpw A°q-´-Øn-ep-≠v.

Ah-bn¬\n∂p taL-ßƒ s]m¥p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ah \ap°v ag

h¿jn-∏n®pXcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. a‰p Nne-Xn¬ F√m Xcw acp-∂p-

Ifpw D≠v. Ah-bn¬ \n∂m-Ws{X t\Xm-hmb C{μ≥ ag s]øn-

°p-∂-Xv. tkmw F∂ Hcp ]¿Δ-Xhpw A°q´Øn-ep-≠v. AXns\

Ipdn-®p≈ sF-Xolyw Cß-s\-bm-Wv: I»y]\v c≠v `mcy-am-cp-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. H∂v k¿∏-ß-fpsS amXm-hmb I{Zphpw at‰Xv ]£nI-

fpsS amXm-hmb hnt\-Xmbpw. Ah¿ c≠p t]cpw acp-`q-an-bn-emWv

Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AhnsS Xhn´p\nd-Øn-ep≈ Hcp IpXn-c-bp-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. k¿∏-am-Xmhv B IpXnc Idp-Ø-Xm-sW∂p hmZn-°p-I-bp-≠m-

bn. Ah¿ c≠p-t]cpw ASn-aØw ]¥bambn \n›-bn®p Xocp-am\w

]nt‰ Znh-k-tØ°p \o´n-sh-®p. k¿∏-am-Xmhv cm{Xn Xs∂ Xs‚

IdpØ k¥m-\-ßsf Ab-°p-Ibpw Ah¿ IpXn-c-bpsS ico-csØ

s]mXn-bp-Ibpw Aßs\ AXns‚ \ndw Idp-∏m-sW∂p tXm∂n-°p-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 180

Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬ ]£n-am-Xm-hn\p k¿∏-am-Xm-hn-s‚ ASn-

a-bmbn Ipd®pImew Pohn-t°≠n h∂p. ]£n-am-Xm-hn\p c≠v k¥m-

\-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. H∂v kqcy-`-K-hms‚ tXcm-fn-bmb Aμ-d, at‰Xv

Kcp-U≥. Kcp-U≥ amXm-hn-t\mSv Cßs\ ]d-™p:- AtΩ, \nß-

fpsS k]-Xv\n-bpsS k¥m-\-ß-tfmSv Cu ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂p≈

tamN\w e`n-°m-\p≈ am¿§w At\z-jn-°p-I. amXmhv At\z-jn-®-

t∏mƒ tZh-∑m-cpsS ASp-°-ep≈ Aar-Xw-sIm≠v AXp km[n-°p-

∂-Xm-sW∂v Ah¿ adp]Sn \evIn. At∏mƒ Kcp-U≥ tZh-∑m-cpsS

ASp-°¬ sN∂v AXv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. AarXw a‰p-≈-h¿°p e`n-

®m¬ tZh-∑msc t]mse a‰p-≈-hcpw Nnc-RvPo-hn-I-fm-bn-Øo-cp-sa∂pw

AXp-sIm≠v A\y¿°v AXp sImSp-°p-I-bn-s√∂pw Ah¿ ]d-™p.

amXmhp tamNn-X-bm-Ipw-h-sc-sb-¶nepw AXp ssIhiw h°m≥ A\p-

h-Zn-°-W-sa∂p Kcp-U≥ tZh-∑m-tcmSp tIW-t]-£n®p. ]n∂oSp Xncn-

®p-sIm-Sp-°m-sa∂v G¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At∏mƒ tZh-∑m¿°v

Abm-tfmSp IcpW tXm∂p-Ibpw Ah¿ AarXw sImSp-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. A\-¥cw Kcp-U≥ tkmw ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬ h∂p amXm-hn\v

AXp \¬In Ahsc tamNn-X-bm-°n. F∂n´v At±lw a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv

Cßs\ ]d™p: ""\nßƒ KwKm \Zn-bn¬ t]mbn Ipfn®phcp-∂-

Xp-hsc Cu Aar-X-Øn¬ sXmS-cp-Xv.'' At∏mƒ Ah-sc√mw KwK-

bn¬ Ipfn-°m≥ t]mbn. Cu X°w t\m°n Kcp-U≥ AXp tZh-

∑m¿°p Xncn-®p-\¬In. At∏mƒ Kcp-U≥ alXzw t\Sp-Ibpw ]£n-

I-fpsS cmPmhpw hnjvWp-hns‚ hml-\-hp-am-hpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu

{]tZ-i-°m¿ \√-hcpw Zo¿L-Imew Pohn-°p-∂-h-cp-a-s{X. Akq-bbpw

X¿°hpw ssIhn-´-Xns‚ ^e-ambn cmP-°-∑m-cpsS `cWw Ah¿°v

Bh-iy-an-√msX h∂p. Ah-bpsS Imew bmsXmcp am‰-hp-an-√mØ

t{XXm-bpKw Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ \mev h¿Æ-°m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ch-sc√mw hnhn[ \ne-bn-em-Wp Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ah¿ XΩn¬ IqSn-

∏p-e-cp-Itbm hnhml _‘Øn-te-¿-s∏-Sp-Itbm sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂n√.

Ah¿ \nXy-k-¥p-jvS-cm-Wv. hnjvWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ Cu \mev hn`m-

K-°m-cpsS t]cv C{]-Imcw ImWp-∂p: A¿bp-Kv, AXmWv G‰hpw

Db¿∂ hn`m-Kw. Iqc¿, hyh-©v, hnlm-\n-›Xv Ch-sc√mw Xs∂

hmkp-tZ-hs‚ Bcm-[-I-cm-Wv.

aq∂m-asØ Zzo]v Ipi-bm-Wv. a’y-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ ]d-™-X-\p-

k-cn®v ChnsS cXv\-ßfpw ]g-ßfpw ]q°fpw Xpf-kn-s®-Sn-Ifpw

a‰v kkym-Zn-Ifpw D≈ Ggv ]¿Δ-X-ß-fp-≠v. Ahbn¬ H∂v {[q≥

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. CXn¬ al-Ø-c-ß-fmb Nne acp-∂p-I-fp-≠v.

s]s´∂p apdnhpIq´p∂ "hniz-eo-¶vd≥' F∂ sNSnbpw arX-tZ-l-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 181

ßƒ°p Poh≥ \evIp∂ "arX-RvPo-h≥' F∂ sNSnbpw Ch-bn¬

s]´-Xm-Wv. as‰mcp ]¿ΔXw lcn F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXp

IdpØ taLw-t]msebncn-°pw. CXn¬ "aloiq' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-

s∏-Sp∂ Hcp Xcw Xobp-≠v. B Xo sh≈-Øn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn-®Xpw

temIm-h-km\w htc°pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXm-bn-cn-°p-

as{X temIsØ Zln-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

CtX Zzo]n¬ Ggv cmjv{S-ßfpw kap-{Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p∂

AkwJyw \Zn-I-fp-ap≠v. C{μ≥ CXn¬ \ns∂Sp-Øn-´m-Wv ag s]øn-

°p-∂-Xv. ]m]tamN\w \S-Øp∂ tbm≥ (b-ap-\) AXn¬ s]´-Xm-

Wv. Ahn-SsØ \nhm-kn-Isf Ipdn®p hnjWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ khn-

kvXcw H∂pw ]d-bp-∂n-s√-¶nepw Ah¿ \√-hcpw Ip‰w sNøm-Ø-

hcpw ]Xn-\m-bn-cw- sIm-√-tØmfw Pohn-®n-cn-°p-∂-hcpw P\m¿±-\s\

Bcm-[n-°p-∂-hcpw BsW∂pw Ah-cn¬ s]´ hnhn[ h¿§ß-fpsS

t]cp-Iƒ Zna-\≥. ipivan-\≥, tk\≥, at‘lv F∂n-{]--Imcc-am-

sW∂pw A-Xn-¬ hn-h-cn-®n-´p≠v.

\mem-a-tØXp Ihm© Zzo]m-Wv. a’y-]p-cm-W-a-\p-k-cn®v

AXn¬ cXv\-ßfpw KwKm-im-J-I-fmbn \Zn-Ifpw ip≤-∑mcpw sh≈

\nd-°m-cpamb Bfp-Ifpw ]e cmjv{S-ß-fp-ap-≠v. hnjvWp ]pcm-W-

Øn¬ Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p: Ihm© Zzo]n¬ P\-ßƒ Hcn-

SØpIq´w IqSn Pohn-°p-I-bmWv. Ah¿ XΩn¬ henb hyXym-k-

ß-sfm-∂p-an-√. Ah-cpsS h¿§-ßƒ ]pjv°¿, ]pjv°¬, [∂m,

XnimJv F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Ah¿ P\m¿≤-\-s‚ Bcm-[-I-cm-Wv.

A©m-a-tØXv "im¬ae' Zzo]m-Wv. AXn¬ a’y]pcm-W-a-\p-

k-cn®p ]¿Δ-X-ßfpw \Zn-I-fp-ap-≠v. Ahn-SsØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ ip≤-

∑m-cpw _p≤n-am-∑m-cpw Zo¿L-Imew Pohn-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Ah¿

XΩn¬ tIm]n-°p-I-bn-√. £ma-_m[ AhnsS C√. Irjnbpw A≤zm-

\hpw IqSmsX btYjvSw Ah¿°p `£Ww e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah¿

k¥m-t\m-ev]m-Z\w IqSmsX Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. tcmKtam

ZpxJtam Ah-sc -_m-[n-°p-∂n-√. XΩn¬ Akq-btbm A\y

kzØn¬ B{K-l-tam C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS \nb-

{¥Ww Ah¿°v Bh-iy-ambn hcp-∂n-√. D≈-Xn¬ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw \√-Xns\ Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-Ibpw KpWsØ CjvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp kam-[m-\-]-c -ambn Ah¿ Pohn -°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS

hmbpafiew ka-io-tXm-jvW-am-Wv. AhnsS ag s]øp-I-bn-√.

sh≈w `qan-bn¬\n∂v Dd-hmbn hcn-Itbm ae-bn¬\n∂p In\n-bp-

Itbm sNøp-∂p. CXp-t]mse Xs∂-bmWv CXn-\-∏p-d-ap≈ Zzo]p-I-

fpsSbpw ÿnXn. AhnsS Hcp h¿§ta D≈q. Htcm-cp-Øcpw apΔm-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 182

bncw sIm√w Pohn-°p-∂p. hnjvWp]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn®v Ah¿ kpap-

J-∑mcpw `K-h-¥s\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂-h-cp-am-Wv. Ah¿ A·n_en \S-

Øm-dp-≠v. Hmtcm-cp-Øcw ]Xn-\m-bncw sIm√w Pohn-°p-∂p-h-s{X.

Ah-cn-ep≈ hnhn[ h¿§-ß-fpsS t]cv: I]n-e, Acp¨, ]oX,

IrjvW F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv.

Bdm-a-tØXp tKmtaXZzo]m-Wv. AXn¬ a’y-]p-cm-W-a-\p-k-

cn®p c≠v `b-¶c ]¿Δ-X-ß-fp-≠v. H∂n\p "kpap\' F∂p ]d-bp-

∂p. AXp Idp-ØXpw {]kvXpX Zzo]ns\ hebw sNbvXp ÿnXn

sNøp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. at‰Xv "IpapZp' ]¿Δ-X-am-Wv. AXp kz¿Æ-a-b-am-

bXpw s]m°w IqSn-b-Xp-am-Wv. AXn¬ F√m-Xcw acp-∂pIfpap≠v.

AhnsS c≠v cmjv{S-ßƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. hnjvWp]pcm-W-a-\p-k-

cn®v ChnsSbp≈-h¿ \√-hcpw hnjvWp-hns\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂-hcpw

BWv. ChnsSbp≈ h¿§-ß-fpsS t]cv aL, amL-X, am\-k, a¥K

F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv. Cu Zzo]ns‚ ]cn-ip-≤n-sIm≠v kz¿§-tem-I-Øn-

ep-≈-h¿ kpJn-°m≥ ChnsS Dug-ambn h∂p Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

Ggm-a-tØXv ]pjv°mc Zzo]m-Wv. a’y-]p-cmW {]Imcw CXns‚

Ing°p-`m-K-Ømbn Nn{Xkm≥ F∂ ]¿ΔXw ÿnXnsNøp-∂p.

AXn\p cXv\-a-b-amb ]e inJ-c-ß-fp-≠v. CXns‚ Dbcw 34,000

tbmP-\bpw Np‰-fhv 25,000 tbmP-\-bp-am-Wv. CXns‚ ]Sn-™mdv ̀ mK-

ØmWv N{μnIt]mse {]Im-in-°p∂ am\ v ]¿ΔXw ÿnXnsNøp-

∂-Xv. Ing°p`mKØv c≠v cmjv{S-ß-fp-≠v. Ahn-SsØ \nhm-kn-Iƒ

]Xn-\m-bncw sIm√w Pohn-°p-∂p. Ah-cpsS sh≈w `qanbn¬\n∂v

Dd-sh-Sp-°p-∂tXm ae-bn¬\n∂v In\n-bp-∂tXm BWv. AhnsS ag-

bn√, \Zn-I-fp-an√. ssiXyhpw DjvWhpw Ah¿°v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-

∂n-√. Ah¿ Htc Hcp h¿§-am-Wv. Ah¿°v £maw ]nSn-s]-Sp-Itbm

hm¿≤Iyap≠m-hp-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. B{K-ln-°p-∂-sX√mw

Ah¿°p e`n-°p-∂p. Aßs\ F√m hnt[-\bpw kpJ-I-c-am-bmWv

Ah¿ Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. \√-X-√msX Ah¿ Adn-bp-I-bn-√. kz¿§-hm-

kn-I-sf-t∏mse Ah¿ kpJ-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-I-bm-Wv. AhnsS Iqen-

th-etbm cmPy-`-c-Wtam C-√. Akq-bbpw A`n-{]mbhyXym-khpw

Ah¿°n-√. IrjnsNbvXp £oWn-°p-Itbm I®-hSw sNbvXp hnj-

an-°p-Itbm th≠. hnjWp]pcm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ]pjv°m¿

Zzo]n\v AXn-ep≈ "\nIr-X≥' F∂ Hcp ac-Øns‚ t]cpw ]d-bm-dp-

≠v. B ac-Øns‚ Nph-´n¬ {_“-cq]w sh®n-´p-≠v. B cq]sØ

tZh-∑mcpw Zm\-h-∑mcpw hW-ßp-∂p. Cu Zzo]phmkn-Iƒ a\p-jy-

cmbn Pohn-°p-I-bm-sW-¶nepw tZh-∑mcpsS IqsS Pohn-°p-I-bm-sW-

¶nepw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp hyXy-k-hp-an-√mØ Htc h¿§-°m-cm-bmWp

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 183

Icp-X-s∏-´pt]mcp-∂-Xv. AXn¬ am\-kq-X≥ Fs∂mcp ]¿ΔXw

am{Xta D≈q. Zzo]p-t]mse Xs∂ Cu ]¿Δ-Xhpw hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn--

em-Wv. AXn\v Aº-Xn-\m-bncw tbmP\ Db-chpw hoXnbpw D≠v.

AXns‚ apI-fn¬ \n∂m¬ F√m Zzo]p-Ifpw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 184

A[ymbw 25

\Zn-Ifpw Ah-bpsS D¬]-Ønbpw KXn-Ifpwhmbp-]p-cm-WsØ B[m-c-am°n "tacp']¿Δ-X-Øns‚ sImSp-ap-

Sn-I-fm-sW∂p \mw hnh-cn-® henb ]¿Δ-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p¤-hn-°p∂

\Zn-I-fpsS ]´n-I-bmWp Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂-Xv.

sImSpapSn-Iƒ Ah-bn¬\n∂p¤-hn-°p∂ \Zn-Iƒ

alo-μ¿ Xrkm-Kv, cnivLp-√n, C£p-e, Xr]vh, Bb≥,

em¶p-e, hn≥i-h-c≥

aehm KrX-am-e, Xm{a-h¿Æ≥, ]pjv]-Pm-Xn, DXvªm-hn\n,

kng tKmXm-h-cn, hlo-ar-Xn, IrjvW, hoW, kh≥,

Q-ew, XpwK-`-{Z≥, k∏¿tbm-Kv, tIhn¿, ]mbIv

i‡hw dnip-I, hmtem-Iv, Ipam-cn, aμ-hm-ln\n, In¿],

]men\n

cn£hw iq\, amlm-μn¿, \¿a-Z, kpc-k, In¿Δ, aμm-In-

\n, Ic-aqX, N{X-Iq-X, Xwk, hnb-√, {iqW,

Zim¿W, hnim-h-I, Nn{X-hmep, alm-ho-I,

]©p-ew, i‡n-a-Xv, iI≥, _mep-hm-ln-a,

{XoZh

_nμp Xmhn, hntbm-c≥, \¿Ω-Z, kn¿Δ, \nJ[w,

hnb∂w, h¥¿Æn, kn\n, lmlq, Kpa-¥-h-Xw,

Xph, alm-Kq¿, Zp¿§, A¥-io¬

]m¿bm{X hoX-kvar-Xv, hoZm-h-Xv, hnb-L≥, h¿Æ-kv,

\μ≥, k±m≥, cma-Xn, ]md, eq]n, hnX-i,

]¿Ω≥taXn

a’y-]p-cm-W-Ønepw hmbp-]p-cm-W-Ønepw ]d-bp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v

sNºv Zzo]n¬ IqSn Hgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ lnam-eb ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 185

\n∂mWp¤-hn-°p∂-Xv. {]kvXpX \Zn-I-fpsS hgn-°p-h-gn-bmb {Iaw

]cn-K-Wn-°msX Ah-bpsS FÆw am{Xta IW-°m-°n-b-Xmbn

ImWp-∂p-≈q. F∂m¬, ]¿ΔX\nc-I-fm¬ hebw sNbvX hnim-e-

amb AXn¿Øn-I-fmWv C¥y-°p-≈-sX∂p \mw a\- n-em-t°-≠Xp-

≠v. C¥y-bpsS hS°p`mKØv lnam-hr-X-amb lnam-ebhpw ÿnXn-

sN-øp-∂p. CXns‚ a≤y-Øn-embn Imivao¿ cmPyw InS-°p-∂p. Cu

]¿ΔXw Xp¿°n-ÿm≥ AXn¿Øn-I-fp-ambn tNcp-∂p-≠v. P\-hmkw

Akm-[y-am-I-Ø° cq]-Øn¬ AXv Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-Ibpw tacp

]¿hXw hscbpw AXns‚ Db¿∂ ̀ mKw \o≠pInS°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. Cu ]¿ΔX\nc-Iƒ \o≠pInS-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah-bn¬\n∂p

hS-t°ms´mgp-Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ Xp¿°n-ÿm≥, Xn_-Øv, Imkv]n-b≥,

…mhv h¿§-°m-cpsS cmPyw F∂n-h-bn¬ IqSn IS∂v Jzmd-kw, XSm-

I-Ønepw ]¥-kv IS-enepw …mhv h¿§-°m-cpsS DØckap-{Z-Ønepw

sN∂phogp-∂p. Cu ]¿ΔX\nc-I-fn¬\n∂p sXt°ms´mgp-Ip-∂h

C¥y≥ {]-tZ-i-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂v H∂mtbm ]ncn-hp-I-fmtbm alm-

k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ sN∂ptNcp-∂p. AXn\m¬, C¥y°v sh≈w H∂p-In¬

ssiXy-ap≈ hS-°≥ ]¿Δ-X-ß-fn¬\nt∂m Ing-°≥ ]¿Δ-X-ß-fn-

\nt∂m BWv e`n -°p -∂-Xv . Ah-bn¬ NneXv Ing -t°m´p

\o≠pt]mhp-Ibpw ]n∂oSv sXt°m´p Xncn™p almkap-{Z-Øn¬

sN∂ptNcp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. "cmw' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ AW-

s°-´ns‚ ASpØv Ah-bpsS imJ-Iƒ XΩn¬ IqSn-t®-cp-∂p. NqSpw

XWp∏pw sIm≠m-Ws{X Ah XΩn¬ th¿]ncn-bp-∂-Xv. {]kn-≤-

C¥y≥ \Zn-I-fpsS t]cv Hcp ]´n-I-bmbn Xmsg tN¿°mw.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 186

"Kpd-h-¥v' F∂- t]-cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp \Zn, Imthiv (Im-_qƒ)

cmPy-tØmSp sXm´ ]¿Δ-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p¤-hn-°p-∂p. Kqk-Iv Xmgvhc-

bn¬ IqSn Hgp-Ip∂ Hcp \Znbpw ]©o¿ {]tZ-iØp \n∂p _¿hm≥

{]tZ-i-Øns‚ Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-Øp-IqSn Hgp-Ip∂ Hcp \Znbpw i-¿h-

Xv \-Znbpw emw_I (ea-Km≥) cmPy-Øn¬ IqSn Hgp-Ip∂ "kmh'bpw

"{[q['tIm´°p kao]w {]kvXpX \Zn-bp-ambn IqSn-t®-cp-∂p. C-Xn-

te-°v \u-¿ \-Znbpw ssJ-dm-Xv \-Znbpw h-∂p-tN-cp∂p. C-sX√mw Iq-

Sn-t®¿-∂p s]-im-h¿ cm-Py-Øn-\-Sp-Øv H-cp h-≥-\-Zn-bm-bn cq-]-s∏-Sp-

∂p. "an-Av_-¿' F-∂ t]-cn-em-Wv A-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. A-Xn-s‚ Ing-

s° I-c-bn-ep-≈ a-ln-\m-cm {Km-a-Øn-s‚ H-cp \m-a-as{X an-Av-_¿.

ss_¿-Øq¬ tIm-´-°-Sp-Øv Jm-film-¿ \-K-ck-ao-]-am-bn A-Xp kn-

‘p\-Zn-bp-am-bn tN-cp∂p. A-XmWv kp{]-kn-≤-amb "sshl≠.'

Qew, F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hnbØv \Znbpw N{μml \Znbpw

Plvdm-h-dp-ambn GI-tZiw AºXv ssa¬ ASp-Øpsh®p IqSn-t®-

cp-∂p. A\-¥cw AXp ap¬Øm-\ns‚ ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-Øp-IqSn

IS∂pt]mIp-∂p. hymlv \Zn-bm-sW-¶n¬ ap¬Øms‚ Ing°p `mK-

Øp-IqSn HgpIn {]kvXpX \Zn-Ifn¬ ebn-°p-∂p. hlm--Xq¬ ]¿Δ-

X-ß-fn-ep≈ \K¿Iq-Øn¬ \n∂p¤-hn-°p∂ KPv \Znbpw sFcm-h-

Xn-tbmSp tNcp∂ iXve-Z¿ \Znbpw CXn¬ Xs∂-bmWv h∂ptNcp-

∂-Xv. Aßs\ Ch-sb-√mw-IqSn ap¬Øms‚ Xmsg-bp≈ "]©\Zn'

F∂ ÿeØv H∂mbntNcp-tºmƒ Hcp alm\Zn-bmbn ]cn-W-an-

°p-∂p. then-b-tb‰w D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ ]Øp ImXw hsc AXn\p

hoXn IqSp-∂Xpw acp-`q-an-bn-ep≈ a-cß-sf√mw sh≈-Øn\Sn-bn-em-

Ip-∂-Xp-am-Wv. sh≈w Xmgv∂p-I-gn-™m¬ ac-s°m-ºp-I-fn¬ sh≈-

Ønse N≠n-Iƒ ]£n-°q-Sp-Iƒ t]mse Xqßn \n¬°p-∂Xp

ImWmw. Cu \Zn kn‘n¬s]´ Acq¿ {]tZ-i-ØpIqSn IS∂pt]mIp-

tºmƒ sal-vdm≥ \Zn F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ip≤hpw hnim-ehpw

im¥-hp-ambn {]h-ln®p a≤y-Øn¬ Nne Zzo]p-Isf XcWw sNbvXv

AXp a≥kqdm ]´Ww hsc \o≠p InS-°p-∂p. AXns‚ kap{Z

]X\w c≠v ÿe-ß-fn-em-bmWv: H∂v eqlm-dm\n ]´-W-Øns‚

ASpØpw at‰Xv Aev]w Ing-t°m´p Nm™p-w KPv {]tZ-i-Øns‚

AXn¿Øn-bnepw. "kn‘v kmK¿' (kn‘v IS¬) F∂ t]cn-emWv

CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu \Zokaq-l-ßƒ°p ]©-\-Zn-I-sf∂p ]d-

bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Cu ]¿Δ-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p-¤-hn®p hS-t°m´v Hgp-

Ip∂ \Zn-Iƒ "_¬Jv' {]tZ-isØØp-tºmƒ Ggp \Zn-Iƒ IqSn-

t®-cp-Ibpw k]vXv \Zn-Iƒ (Ggp \Zn-Iƒ IqSn-t®¿∂-Xv) F∂

t]cn¬ Cu ÿew Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. kK-Znse aPq-kn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 187

Iƒ (]m¿kn-a-X-°m¿) Ch c≠pw Iq´n-t®¿Øv Ggp \Zn-I-fpsS

kaq-l-Øn\p "kn‘v' F∂pw AXns‚ apIƒ`mK-ßƒ°p "{]ntZiv'

F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. AXn¬ Cdßn\n∂p- ]Sn-™mdp`mK-tØ°v

Xncn™p\n∂m¬ a≤ym” t\cØv kqcys\ he-Xp-`m-K-Ømbn

ImWmw. ChnsS Aßs\ \n∂m¬ CS-Xp-`m-K-Øm-bmWt√m \mw

kqcys\ ImWp-∂-Xv. kckzXn \Zn kap-{Z-Øn¬ tNcp-∂Xp tkma-

\m-Yns‚ Ing-°p-`m-K-Ømbn Hcp hnfn-∏mSp Zqsc-bm-Wv. bap\m \Zn

I\qPv ]´-W-Øns‚ Xmsg KwKm \Zn-bp-ambn tNcp-∂p. AXns‚

]Sn-™mdv ̀ mKØmWv Cu ]´Ww ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv. ]n∂oSv CXp

c≠pw "KwKm-km-K¿' {]tZ-iØv almkap-{Z-Øn¬ sN∂ptNcp-∂p.

kc-kzXn \Zn-bp-sSbpw KwKm \Zn-bp-sSbpw a≤y-Øn¬ IqSn \¿ΩZm

\Zn Ing-°≥ ]¿Δ-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂p¤-hn®p sX°p ]Sn-™mdv `mK-

tØ°p \os≠m-gp-Ip-Ibpw _lvdqPn ]´-W-Øn\p kao]w kap-

{Z-Øn¬ ]Xn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tkma-\m-Yn¬ \n∂v GXm≠v Adp-

]Xv tbmP\ Zqsc-bmWv Cu cmPyw. KwKm-\-Zn-bpsS ]n≥`m-K-Ømbn

dl_v \Znbpw tImbv\n \Znbpw Hgp-Ip-∂p. Ch c≠pw hmcn tZi-

Øn-\-SpØv k¿Δm \Zn-bn¬ sN∂ptNcp-∂p. C¥y-°m-cpsS hnizm-

k-{]-Imcw KwKm-\Zn ]pcmX\ImeØv kz¿§temIØp\n∂v HgpIn

h∂-Xm-W-s{X. AXns‚ `qan--bn-te-°p≈ Hgp-°ns\°pdn®p khn-

kvXcw ]n∂oSp hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. a’y ]pcm-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-I-

bm-Wv: KwKm \Zn `qan-bn-te°p h∂-t∏mƒ AXn\v Ggv imJ-Iƒ

D≠m-bn. AXn¬ aqs∂Æw Ing-t°m-´mWv Hgp-Inb-Xv. Ah: 1. \fn-

\n, 2. em`n-\n, 3. ]mh-\n. thsd aqs∂Æw ]Sn-™mdp `mK-tØ°pw

Hgp-In. Ah-bpsS t]cv 1. koXm, 2. b£, 3. kn‘v F∂m-Ip-∂p.

F∂m¬ koXm \Zn lnam-e-b-Øn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏´v keo-e, I¿kq-

_, ssN\, _¿_¿, bh¿, hl-]p-iv°¿, Ipe-X, awK-e, Ih-d,

kwKvh¥ F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSn HgpIn ]Sn-™mtd ISen¬

sN∂ptNcp-∂p. CXns‚ sX°p ̀ mK-Ømbn b£ \Zn ÿnXnsNøp-

∂p. CXv ssN\, a¿h, Imen-Kv, [qen-I, XpJm-d, _¿_¿, ImN,

_¬l-h, hm¿hm¬, NØv F∂o \mSp-Iƒ°v Bh-iy-amb sh≈w

\¬Ip-∂p.

kn‘v \Zn kn‘v {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSn HgpIn `mc-Xv, Jfim¿,

Zqd-k, {Iq¿, knh-]q¿, C{μ, acp, hkm-Xn, ssk¥-h, Ip_-Ø,

hlo-a¿h¿, {aqW, ¿kvIqZm XpS-ßnb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSn t]mIp-

∂p. a≤y-`m-K-Øp≈ KwKm \Zn K‘¿Δ, (]m-Sp-∂-h¿), In∂¿, b-

£, cm£-kv, hn±m-X¿, Hmd-K≥ (]m-ºp-Iƒ), Kem-_{Kmw (a-lm-

flm-°-fpsS {Kmaw), Inºqkv, £m\m (]¿ΔX \nhm-kn-Iƒ) Incm-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 188

Z, ]pcn¥m\ (a-cp-`qI≈-∑m¿) {Kq\m, ss_dq-Øv, ]m©m-e≥, Iui-

Iv, a∏m≥, aK-Zm≥, {_“]p{X≥, Xma¬ ]pXm≥ F∂o h¿§-°m-

cpsS {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSn Hgp-Ip-∂p. k÷-\-ßfpw Zp¿P-\-ßfpw

hkn-°p∂ Cu \mSp-I-fn¬ Iq-Sn-sb√mw HgpIn AXv hnμym (B-\-

I-fp-sS tI{μw) ]¿ΔX Xmgvhc-bn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw A\-¥cw

Z£nW kap-{Z-Øn¬ sN∂p]Xn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXns‚

Ings° imJ-I-fn¬ s]´ emZn\n \Zn \nih, Du]-Im-Ww, [oh-d,

{]ni-Iv, \oe-apJv Io°-d, DukvXm, I¿Æ≥, (Np-≠p-Iƒ sNhn-

Iƒ t]mse amdn-b-h¿) Jndm-X, Imeo-X¿, hnh¿W (I-dp-∏ns‚

ImTn-\y-Øn¬ a‰p \nd-sam∂pw C√m-Ø-h¿) Ipin-I≥, kz¿§-`q-an

apX-emb {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSn, Hgp-In, Ings° kap-{Z-Øn¬ sN∂p

hogp∂p. ]mh≥ \Zn, Ip]-Xn (]m-]-c-ln-X≥), C-μp-¿-≤n-a-≥-kmc≥

(C-μp-¿-≤n- cm-Pm-hn-s‚ X-Sm-Ißƒ), I¿h-X, ssh{X, k¶q-]q≥

F∂o {]tZ-i-ßƒ°p sh≈w \evIp-Ibpw Dubm-\-{aq¿ acp-`qan

IS-∂p Ipiv{am-h¿Æ, C{μ-Zo-]m≥ F∂o {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ IqSn HgpIn

ehW kap-{Z-Øn¬ sN∂ptNcp-∂p.

\fn\n \Zn, Xm{amW, l≥k-am¿§, kap-l-Kv, ]q¿Æ, (C-h-

sc√mw \√-hcpw ip≤-∑m-cp-amb Nne tKm{X-°m-c-s{X) F∂n-h-cpsS

tZi-ß-fn¬ IqSn IS∂p Nne ae-tbm-c-ßsf XcWw sNbvXv I¿Æ-

{]m-h¿Æ≥ (Np-a¬ hsc sNhn-bp-≈-h¿), A›Iv (arK-ap-J-ap-≈-

h¿), ]¿Δ-X-a¿ (a-e-I-fp≈ acp-`q-an-Iƒ), dqao-a-≠¬ F∂o \mSp-I-

fn¬ IqSn HgpIn kap-{Z-Øn¬ sN∂p hogp-∂Xpw a≤y-`q-an-bn¬

IqSn Hgp-Ip-∂-Xp-amb G‰hpw henb \Zn-Iƒ A\q-X]Zv, inJ, Zn]m-

]v, {XnZn-h, I¿ap, A{an-X, kp{In-X F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 189

A[ymbw 26

C¥y≥ tPymXn imkv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬

BIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw `qan-bp-sSbpw cq]wCu hnj-b-Øn¬ C¥y-°m-cpsS \ne \Ωp-sS-Xn¬\n∂-p hyXy-

kvX-am-Wv. ImcWw, hnip≤ Jp¿-B≥ Cu hnj-bsØ°pdn®pw

a\pjy {]b-Xv\w-sIm≠v Ic-ÿ-am-°m≥ Ign-hp≈ XØp√y

imkv{X-ßsf°pdn®pw hnj-a-I-c-ßfmb hymJym-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-

b-am-Ip-amdv H∂pw {]kvXm-hn-®n-ń-√. t\sc adn®v Chsb°pdn®pw

a\p-jy¿°mh-iy-amb PohnX \nb-a-ßsf°pdn®pw hy‡-amb ̀ mj-

bn¬ kwkm-cn-°p-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. Ncn{X{KŸ-ßƒ t]mse A`n-

{]mb hyXym-k-ap≈ imkv{Xob hnj-b-ßƒ Jp¿-B≥ ssIImcyw

sNbvXn-ń-√. F∂m¬, Jp¿-B-\ns‚ auenI kn≤m-¥-ßƒ Zp¿hym-

Jym\w sNbvXp km[m-c-W-°msc sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-®v AXns‚ Bi-b-

Øn-s\-Xn-cmb Nne A`n-{]m-b-ßfpw FXn-cm-fn-I-fn¬ Nne¿ {]N-cn-

∏n-®n-́ p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v km[m-c-W-°m¿ h©n-X-cm-hp-Ibpw Ahsb

kz¥w Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øm≥ XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. s]mXp-

hn¬ ]macP\-ßƒ A‘hnizm-k-ß-fnepw A\m-Nm-c-ß-fnepw

hfscthKw IpSpßn-t∏m-Im-dp-≠t√m. AXn\pw ]pdta C_v\p¬

apJ-^vÂv, A_p¬ HuPm- a-I≥ A_vZp¬ Icow XpS-ßnb am\o

{]ÿm-\-Øns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ s]mXp-P-\-ßsf GIssZh hnizm-

k-Øn¬ kwi-bn-∏n-°p-Ibpw KpWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw tZmjw sNøp-

∂-Xn\pw {]tXyIw ssZh-ßsf ÿm]n-®p- ssZzXkn≤m¥w ]Tn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu {]ÿm-\-Øns‚ P-\-bn-Xmhmb am\n-bpsS

Ncn{Xw Ah¿ {]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw XZzmcm At±-l-tØm-Sp≈

kvt\lw P\-ß-fn¬ hf¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. am\n-bpsS A⁄X

Xs‚ {]ÿm--\-Øn¬ am{Xw ]cn-an-X-am-hmsX `qanimkv{X]c-amb

hnh-c-W-ß-fnepw IS∂pIqSn-bn-´p≠v. CXpw D]cnkqN-I-amb sX‰n-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 190

≤m-c-W-Ifpw Ime-{I-taW Ckvemans‚ hnizm-km-Nm-c-ß-fmbn

Zp¿hym-Jym\w sNø-p-Ibpw Ahsb FXn¿°p-Ibpw Jp¿-Bs‚

auenI kn≤m-¥-ß-fn¬ ASn-bp-d®p hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-h¿

\n¿Ω-XXzhmZnbpw [n°m-cnbpw in£m¿l-\p-am-sW∂pw KWn-°-p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. am{X-a√, Abm-fpsS kwkmcw tIƒ°mt\m Fgp-

Øp-Iƒ hmbn-°mt\m A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂n-√. Zu¿`m-Ky-I-c-sa∂p

]d-bs´ ""Rm\mWv ssZhhpw temI\mY\pw'' F∂ ^tdmhm N{I-

h¿Øn-bpsS hmZw t]mepw tIƒ°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ B

Np‰p-]m-Sn¬ GI-ssZh kn≤m¥w {i≤n-°m≥ A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-ń-cp-

∂n-√. Zpjn® h¿§o-b-Xzhpw k¶p-NnX a\-ÿn-Xnbpw a\p-jy-s\-

sIm≠v CXn--e-[n-Ihpw sNøn-∏n®p F∂p hcpw. ]t£, ssZhw kXy-

Øn\pth≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-hs\ kXy-Øn¬ Dd-∏n®p-\n¿ØpI

Xs∂ sNøpw.

C¥y-°m-cpsS ]pcm-W-ß-fnepw aX-{K-Ÿ-ßfnepw Ah-cpsS

tPymXnimkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ kXy-am-sW∂p ka¿∞n-® ]e XXz-

ßƒ°pw hncp-≤-amb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ h∂n-´p-≠v. ]t£, A⁄-

cmb km[m-c-W-°msc Cu imkv{Xob kn≤m-¥-ßƒ {Kln-∏n-°m≥

{]kvXpX imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿°p Ign-bmsX h∂-t∏mƒ Ah¿ s]mXp-

P-\-ß-tfmSv A\p-̀ mhw A`n-\-bn-®p- ]pcm-W-ß-fn-ep≈ imkv{Xhncp-

≤-ß-fmb Imcy-ßsf ]pI-gvØp-Ibpw Ah icn-bm-sW∂p kΩXw

aqfp-Ibpw sNbvXp. X∑qew imkv{Xob kn≤m-¥-ßfpw aX-{K-Ÿ-

ß-fn-ep≈ {]kvXm-h-\-Ifpw IqSn-°-e-cp-Ibpw {ItaW imkv{Xo-

bamb auenI XXz-ßƒ GsX∂p hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-°m≥

{]bmkw t\cn-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

C\n tKmfimkv{XsØ kw_-‘n® Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-bw D≤-

cn-°mw. BIm-ihpw D]-cn-tem-Ihpw hrØm-Ir-Xn-bp-≈-Xm-sW∂pw

`qan tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. ̀ qan-bpsS

DØ-cm¿≤w Icbpw Z£n-Wm¿≤w sh≈-hp-am-Wv. Ch-cpsS A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬ `qan-bpsS Np‰-fhv {Ko°p-Im¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-ń-´Xn-t\-

°mƒ hfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv.

]qcm-W-ß-fn¬ kap-{Z-ßsfbpw Zzo]p-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-

c-W-ßfpw Ah-bpsS Np‰-f-hmbn sImSp-Ø kwJym-Xo-X-amb tbmP-

\-Ifpw ka-Im-eo-\-∑m-cmb tPymXn-im-kv{X-⁄-∑m-cpsS ZrjvSn-bn¬

kzoIm-cy-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬, imkv{X-hp-ambn Iqń-ap-´mØ hnj-

b-ß-fn-¬ Ch¿ Xs∂bpw ]pcm-W-ßsf ]n¥m-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. DZm-l-

c-W-ambn, tacp]¿ΔXw DØc {[ph-Øn\p Xmsgbpw hcmapJv Zzo]v

Z£nW {[ph-Øn\p Xmsgbpw \ne-sIm-≈p∂p F∂ sFXolyw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 191

Xs∂ FSp-°mw. B ]¿ΔXw Ahn-sS-bm-sW-¶nepw As√-¶nepw

kqcys‚ Ne\w AhnsS Bkm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW∂p sXfn-bn-°-emWp

]c-tam-t±-iyw. Z£nWZzo]p-Isf Ipdn-®p≈ hnhc-W-ßfpw CXp-

t]mse Xs∂ imkv{Xhp-ambn FXn-cn-√m-Ø-h-bm-Wv. ImcWw, `qan-

bpsS \mev ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ FXn-cmbn \n¬°p-∂ c≠p ̀ mKw sh≈hpw

at‰ c≠p `mKw Ic-bp-am-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wt√m. `qan temI-Øns‚

a≤y-`m-K-Øm-sW∂pw `mc-ap≈ hkvXp-°ƒ AXn-te°v BI¿jn-

°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂pw Ah¿ hniz-kn-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬, BImiw tKmf-

am-sW∂v Ah¿°v A`n-{]mbw C√m-Xn-cn-°m≥ Xc-an-√. CØcw

hnj-b-ß-fn¬ Ah-cpsS {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ \ap°p e`n-®-Xv ]cn-`mj

aptJ\ Bb-Xn-\m¬ t]cp-I-fnepw {]tbm-K-ß-fnepw Nne ]ni-Ip-

Iƒ h∂p-t]m-bn-´p-≠m-hmw. ]t£, Bi-b-Øn-\m-Wt√m ÿm\w

Iev]n-t°-≠-Xv.

]p¬kv kn≤m-¥-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: {Ko°p-Im-c-\mb

]peokm (Pulisa) Hcn-SØp ̀ qan tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-sW∂pw as‰m-

cn-SØv AXp ]c-∂-Xm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Cu c≠v

A`n-{]m-bhpw icn-bm-Wv. ImcWw, AXns‚ apIƒ]c∏p h´-Ønepw

hymkw t\¿-tcJ t]mse-bp-am-W-t√m. `qansb kw_-‘n®v AXp

tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈-X√- F∂v At±lw hniz-kn-°p-∂n-√. CXn\v

At±-l-Øns‚ {]kvXm-h-\-bn¬ [mcmfw sXfn-hp-I-fp-≠v. hcm-l-

an-ln-c≥, Bcy-`-´≥, tZh≥, {ioIWvT≥, hnjvWp-N{μ≥, {_“≥

XpS-ßnb ]fin-X-∑m¿ `qan tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW∂p hy‡-ambn

]d-™n-´p-≠v. Imc-Ww, `qan tKmfm-IrXnbne√m-bn-cp-s∂¶n¬ hmk-

ÿ-e-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew Ac-∏-´-bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-em-hp-Itbm

iotXmjvW Ime-ß-fn¬ cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Itbm

sNøpam-bn-cp-∂n-√. am-{Xa-√, A-\p-`-h-ßƒ sIm-≠p a-\- n-em-hp-∂

\n-e-bn-ep-≈ \-£-{X-ß-fp-sS ÿn-Xn-K-Xn-Itfm A-h-bp-sS N-e-\ am-

¿K-ßtfm {K-ln-°m-≥ km-[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.

F-∂m-¬, ̀ q-an-bp-sS InS-∏v tem-I-Øn-s‚ a-[y-Øn-emWv. AXn¬

]IpXn aÆpw ]IpXn sh≈-hp-am-Wv. tacp ]¿ΔXw tZh-∑m-cpsS

kt¶-Xhpw ̀ qan-bpsS Ic-`m-KØp ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXn\p

apI-fn-emWv DØc {[phw. Pe-`m-KØp Z£nW {[ph-Øns‚ Nph-

sS-bmbn "hcm-apJ' ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. AXp sh≈-Øn\p apI-fn¬

Db¿∂p\n¬°p∂ Hcp Zzo]pw tacp]¿ΔX \nhm-kn-I-fmb tZh-∑m-

cpsS _‘p-°-fmb \mKw, ssZØ XpS-ßn-b h¿K-°m-cpsS

\nhmkÿm\-hp-a-s{X. AXp-sIm≠v Cu Zzo]n\p "ssZXm{¥'

F∂pw ]d™phcp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 192

`qansb Ic-bmepw IS-embpw `mKn-°p∂ tcJ°v "\f-£' (-a-

≤y-tc-J) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Cu a≤y-tc-J-bpsS \mev `mK-Ømbn

\mev h≥ ]´-W-ß-fp-≠v. Ing°v ba-Iq-Øpw, sX°v e¶bpw ]Sn-

™mdv dqa-Ipw, hS°v kn≤m-∏qcpw. c≠v {[ph-ßƒ°nS-bn-embn

\ne-sIm-≈p∂ `qansb A®p-X-≠n-t∑¬ ]nSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

kqcy≥ tacp ]¿Δ-X-Øn-s‚tbm e¶-bp-sStbm t\¿°p≈ tcJ-

bn¬ DZn-°p-tºmƒ ba-Iq-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°v D®-k-a-bhpw tdmap-Im¿°v

A¿≤ cm{Xnbpw kn≤m-∏q¿Im¿°p sshIp-t∂-chpw Bbn-cn-°pw.

CtX t]mse-Ø-s∂-bmWv Bcy-`-´\pw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. {_“-Kp-

]vX≥ {_“-kn-≤m-¥-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: `qan-bpsS BIr-

Xnsb Ipdn®p P\-ßƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]e A`n-{]m-b-ß-fp-ap≠v.

hninjym, ]pcm-W-ßfpw aX-{K-Ÿ-ßfpw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw sNøp-∂-h¿ ]eXpw {]kvXm-hn-°p-∂p. `qan IÆmSn t]mse

ka-\n-c-∏m-sW-∂mWv Ah-cn¬ Nne-cpsS hmZw. a‰p Nne-cpsS A`n-

{]m-b-Øn¬ AXp Ipgn™ ]n™mWw t]mse-bmWv. aq∂m-a-sXmcp

Iq´¿ AXp IÆmSn t]mse ]c-∂Xpw kap-{Z-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏-´-Xp-am-

sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. B kap-{ZsØ as‰mcp `qanbpw B `q-ansb

as‰mcp kap-{Zhpw hebw sNøp-Ibpw Aßs\ ̀ qan sh≈-sØbpw

sh≈w `qan-sbbpw Np‰n- \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.- Np‰n

\n¬°p∂ ̀ qantbm sh≈tam Np-‰-s∏-́ -Xns‚ Cc-́ n-bm-bn-cn-°pw. A{]-

Imcw Ah-km-\sØ `qan a≤y-Øn-ep≈ `qan-bpsS Adp-]Øn \mev

Cc-´nbpw Ah-km\ kap{Zw BZysØ kap-{Z-Øns‚ Adp-]Øn

\mev Cc-´nbpambmWp \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, DZ-bhpw AkvX-

a-bhpw hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ba-Iq-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ Hcp \£-{XsØ

]›na N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ tdman-ep-≈-h¿ AXns\ AtX-

abw Ings° N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ ImWp-Ibpw- sNøp-∂Xv BIm-ihpw

`qanbpw tKmfm-Ir-Xn -bn¬ Bb-Xp-sIm≠mWv. CXpt]mse,

tacp]¿Δ-X-Øn-ep-≈-h¿ Hcp \£-{XsØ e¶-bpsS `mK-Øp≈

N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ AtX \£-{XsØ AtX-k-abw e¶-

bn-ep-≈-h¿ Xß-fpsS Xe°p apI-fn¬ ImWp-∂Xpw BImi˛`qan-

Iƒ tKmf-ß-fm-Wv F∂-Xn\p hy‡-amb e£y-am-Ip-∂p. tKmf-ß-

fm-Ip-∂-Xp-sIm-≠-√msX CØcw {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-SpI

km[y-a-√. At∏mƒ AXn-s\-Xn-cmb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ F√mw Xs∂

ASn-ÿm\ cln-X-am-sW∂Xp kv]jvS-am-Ip-∂p. Bcy`´≥

temIsØ Ipdn®v Cßs\ hnh-cn-°p∂p: "temIw F∂Xp `qan,

sh≈w, A·n, hmbp F∂nhbpsS kΩn-{i-am-Wv. Ch-sb√mw tKmfm-

Ir-Xn-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. hkn-jvT≥, emØv apX-em-b-hcpw ]©-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 193

`q-X-ß-fmb ̀ qan, sh≈w, Xo, A·n, hmbp, BImiw F∂nh tKmf-

ß-fm-sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. hcm-l-an-ln-c≥ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv: hkvXp-°ƒ

F√mw Xs∂ tKmf-ß-fm-bmWv A\p`h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. a‰p bmsXmcp

cq]hpw Ahbv°v ImW-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. Bcy-̀ -́ ≥, ]q¬kv, hkn-jvT≥,

emØv F∂n-h¿ sFI-I-WvtTy\ ]d-bp-∂Xp ba-Iq-Øn¬ D®-bm-

Ip-tºmƒ tdman¬ A¿≤ cm{Xnbpw e¶-bn¬ {]`m-Xhpw kn≤m-]q-

cn¬ kmbm-”-hp-am-bn-cn°pw F∂m-Wv.

tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-bm-e-√msX CXp km[y-a-√. CXp-t]mse Xs∂

{Kl-ßfpw tKmf-am-bm¬ am{Xta kw`-hn-°p-I-bp-≈q. emØv ]d-

bp-∂p. ̀ qan-bpsS GXp ̀ mKØp\n∂p t\m°n-bmepw BIm-i-Øns‚

A¿≤-`mKw ImWmw. hS-t°m´p t]mIp-t¥mdpw tacp ]¿Δ-Xhpw

DØc {[phhpw N{I-hm-f-Øn\p aosX Db¿∂p hcp-∂Xpw ImWmw.

CXp-t]mse sXt°m´p t]mIpw-t¥mdpw tacp ]¿Δ-Xhpw DØc

{[phhpw N{I-hm-f-Øn\p t\sc Db¿∂p-b¿∂p hcp-∂Xpw ImWmw.

CXp-t]mse sXt°m´p t]mIpt¥mdpw Ch c≠pw N{I-hm-f-Øn\v

ASn-bn-¬ Xmgv∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xmbpw A\p-̀ -h-s∏-Spw. DØ-c-{[p-h-tØmSv

ASp-°p-∂-Xn\-\p-k-cn®p a≤y-tcJ sXt°m´p t]mbn-s°m-≠n-cn°pw.

hS-t°mt´m sXt°mt´m t]mIp-∂-h≥ B `mK-Øp≈ {[phsØ

A√msX ImWp-I-bn-√.

CsXm-s°-bmWv BIm-ihpw `qanbpw Ah-bv°n-S-bn-ep≈

hkvXp-°fpw tKmfcq]-ß-fm-sW∂pw `qan temI a≤y-Øn-em-

sW∂pw AXv F√m tKmf-ß-sf-°mfpw sNdp-Xm-sW-∂p-ap≈ hmZ-

ßsf kw_-‘n®v C¥y-°m¿°p≈ A`n-{]mbw. anP-kvXn-bpsS

H∂mw A[ym-b-Ønepw a‰p ]pkvX-I-ß-fnepw {]kvXm-hn-® tKmf-

imkv{X XXz-ßfpw CXn-t\mSp kmay-ap-≈Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv. `qan

sh≈-tØ-°mƒ I\-ap-≈Xpw sh≈w hmbp-hns\ t]mse HgpIp-

∂-Xp-am-Wv. `qan-bpsS tKmfm-IrXn {]Ir-Xym D≈-X-s{X. F∂mepw

ssZhn-I-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS ^e-ambn AXn¬ Nne am‰-ßƒ

h∂p-Iq-Sm-bvIbn√. `qan hS-t°m´p \oßp-Ibpw sh≈w sXt°m´v

amdn\n¬°p-Ibpw.... Aßs\ ]IpXn`mKw Icbpw ]IpXn`mKw

sh≈-hp-am-bn- amdn\n¬°pI kw`-hy-a-√. F∂m¬, \ΩpsS ]cn-

tim-[-\-bn¬\n∂p a\- n-em-hp-∂Xv hS-°p≈ Im¬`m-K-ß-fn¬ H∂v

Ic-bm-sW-∂m-Wv. C°m-c-W-Øm¬ CXn\p t\sc FXn-cn-ep≈

Im¬ `mKhpw Ic-bm-h-W-sa∂p \ap°\p-am-\n-°mw. AXp-sIm-

≠mWv hcm-apJv Zzo]v D≠m-hm-sa∂p \mw kΩ-Xn-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬, a≤y-tcJ \ap°p ]cn-N-ap≈ \men-sem-∂n¬ Ic-bp-

sSbpw kap-{Z-Øn-s‚bpw A-Xn-¿-Øn-tc-J-bmbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂n-√.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 194

ImcWw, Ic Nne-t∏mƒ kap-{Z-Øn-te°p IS∂psN∂p a≤y-tc-J-

bpsS A∏p-d-sa-Øp-∂p. ]Sn-™m-dm≥ kpUm≥ acp-̀ q-an-Iƒ CXn\pZm-

l-c-W-am-Wv. CXp kap-{Z-Øn-\p-≈n-te°p IS∂p N{μ ]¿Δ-X-Øn-

\pw- ss\¬\Zn-bpsS D¤hÿm\-Øn\pw A∏p-d-sa-Øp-∂p. Bfp-

Iƒ {]th-in-°m-ØXpw {]th-in-°m≥ km[n-°m-Ø-Xp-amb {]tZ-

i-am-b-Xn-\m¬ AXns\ kw_-‘n®p Jfi-nX-ambn H∂pw ]d-bm≥

km[y-a-√. AhnsS t]mbn ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ At\z-jn®p h∂

I∏¬°mtcm \mhnI t\Xm-°tfm \ap°p hnhcw X∂n-́ p-an-√. C{]-

Imcw Xs∂ C¥y-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ sXt°m´p \oßn a≤y-

tcJ IS∂pt]mIp-∂pt≠m F∂p tXm∂n-t∏m-Ipw. Ah-bv°n-S-bn-

embn Atd-_ybpw ba\pw a≤y-tc-J-bn-te°v FØmØ \ne-bn¬

IS-en-te°p X≈n \n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ic IS-en-te°pX≈n \n¬°p-

∂-Xp-t]mse IS¬ Ic-bn-te°pw Nne-t∏mƒ X≈n \n¬°p-∂-Xmbn

ImWmw. Aßs\ Ic-bn¬ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb Dƒ°-S-ep-Iƒ

D≠m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-Wambn, Ad-_n-°-S-en¬\n∂v Atd-_y-

bpsS ]Sn-™m-dp ̀ mK-tØ-°mbn X≈n\n¬°p-∂Xpw J¬kw F∂

ÿeØv \t∂ hoXn Ipd-™Xpw AXn-\m¬ J¬kw kap{Zw F∂

t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb Hcp kap-{Zhpw Atd-_y-bpsS Ing°p

`mKØv hS-t°m´p X≈n\n¬°p∂ t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-Sepw F-Sp-°mw.

C¥y-bp-sSbpw ssN\-bp-sSbpw ]e `mK-ß-fn-embn CXp-t]m-ep≈

{]tZ-i-ß-ƒ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. Aßs\ Ic-bpsS `mK-ßƒ Nne-bn-SØv

a≤y-tc-J-bn-te°v IS∂psN√p-∂p. a‰p Nne-b-nS-ß-fn¬ a≤y-tcJ

FØm-sX-bp-amWv \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. \mev {][m\ ] -́W-ßsf°pdn-

®p≈ hnh-cWw ]n∂oSv hcp-∂-Xm-Wv. `qan tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xpw

temI-a-≤y-Øn-¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂XpambXn\mepw `mc-ap≈ hkvXp-

°ƒ AXn-te-°m-I¿jn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-amWv AXn¬ Bfp-Iƒ

hkn-°p-∂-Xv. hmbp-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ GXm-≠n-{]-Imcw Xs∂ ]d-

™ncn-°p-∂p. Aa-cm-h-Xn-bn¬ a≤ym-”-am-Ip-tºmƒ tZh-kq-Øn¬

{]`m-Xhpw kpJm-bn¬ A¿≤-cm-{Xnbpw ho_-lm-bn¬ kmbm-”hpw

Bbn-cn-°pw. -a-’y-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ tacp ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ Ing°p `mK-

Ømbn A{am-h-Xv]q¿ F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]´Ww \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p-

s≠∂pw AXp tZth-{μs‚ \mSm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂pw At±-l-Øns‚

`mcy Ahn-sS-bmWv Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-sX∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. AXn\p sX°p

`mK-Ømbn k©n-am≥]q¿ F∂ Hcp ] -́W-ap-≠v. Ahn-sS-bmWv kqcy

]p{X-\m-b ba≥ \nh-kn-°p-∂Xpw P\-ßƒ°p c£m-in-£m- \¬Ip-

∂Xpw. AXns‚ ]Sn-™mdp `mK-Ømbn kp-Jm-]q-¿ ]´-Ww ÿn-Xn

sN-øp-∂p. A-Xn-¬ h-cp-W≥, (sh-≈w-) D≠v. h-S-°p-`m-K-Øm-bn hn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 195

`mh\m]q¿ \n¬°p-∂p. kqcy\pw a‰p \£-{X-ßfpw tacp]¿Δ-X-

Øns‚ Np‰pw k©-cn-°p-∂p. kqcy≥ A-{am-hXv]q-cn¬ a≤ym-”-

ØnseØp-tºmƒ k-©n-am-≥-]q-cn -¬ {]`m-Xhpw, kpJm-bn¬

A¿≤cm{Xnbpw hn`m-h-\m-]q-cn¬ kmbm-”-hp-am-bn-cn-°pw. k©n-am≥

]qcn¬ D®-k-a-b-am-Ip-tºmƒ knJm-bn¬ DZ-bhpw A{am-h-Xv]q-cn¬

AkvX-a-bhpw hn`m-h-\m-]qcn¬ A¿≤ cm{Xn-bp-am-Wv. Ct∏mƒ

kqcy≥ tacp ]¿Δ-X-Øn\pNp‰pw Xncn-bp-∂p-sh-∂-Xns‚ A¿∞w

AXv Bkm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Xncn-bp-∂p-sh-∂-m-Wv. AhnsS kqcy\p {]tXy-

I-amb DZ-b-ÿ-etam Aÿabÿ-etam C√. {]tXyIamb Hcp

ÿeØp \n∂√ DZn-°p-∂-Xv; AXn\p hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fp-≠v. GsX-

¶nepw Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ Du¿≤z-`m-K-Øn\p Ing-s°∂pw adp `mK-

Øn\p ]Sn-™m-sd∂pw ]d™phcp-∂p. Ah-cpsS tPym’y-∑m¿

]d™ \mep ]´-W-ßƒ ta¬ {]-ÿm-hn®-h-bm-hmw. ]t£, B

]¿-Δ-X-Øn-s‚bpw Ah-bp-sSbpw CS-bv°p≈ Zqcw hy‡-am-°n-bn-

´n-√. Ah-cp-sS-b-Xmbn taep-≤-cn-®-sX√mw bYm¿∞ sXfn-hpIfp-

≈-Xm-Wv. {[phsØ ]‰n ]d-bp-tºmƒ tacp ]¿Δ-XsØ ]‰n ]d-

bpI Ah-cpsS ]Xn-hm-Ip∂p. AXns‚ Iogv`m-KsØ kw-_-‘n®p

\mw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse AXp temI a≤yw F∂p-X-s∂-bmWv

Ahcpw hniz-kn-°p-∂-Xv. ]t£, XZzn-j-b-I-ambn Ah-cpsS {]Xn-

]m-Z\ coXn Ahy-‡-am-Wv. hnti-jn®pw alm-∑m-cmb XXzNn¥-I-

∑m¿ am{Xw ssIImcyw sNtø-≠ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wt√m CXv.

{_“-Kp-]vX≥ Cßs\ {]kvXm-hn-°p∂p: ]fin-X-∑m¿ `qan

tKmf-am-sW∂pw AXv BIm-i-Øns‚ a≤y-Øn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-I-

bm-sW∂pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ̀ qan-bn-ep≈ tacp]¿ΔXw tZhm-∑m-cp-sSbpw

AXn\p Iogv`mKØp ÿnXnsNøp∂ "hcm-apJv' tZh i{Xp-°-fmb

"ssZØ, Zm\h' F∂n-h-cp-sSbpw hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fm-Wv. CXp-sIm≠p

]Z-hn-bn¬ Xmsg F∂m-bn-cn°pw Ah¿ Dt±-in-®-Xv. ImcWw, `qan-

bn-ep≈ F√m `mKhpw Htc \ne-bn-em-Wv. AXn-t∑¬ \n¬°p-∂-

h¿ FhnsSbm-sW-¶nepw ta¬t]m´v Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂p. `mc-ap≈

km[-\-ß-sf√mw `qan-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. sh≈-Øns‚

kz`mhw HgpIepw A·n-bp-tSXv Icn-°epw Im‰ns‚Xp Nen-∏n-°epw

`qan-bp-tS-bXp `mc-ap-≈ km[-\sØ BI¿jn®p ]nSn®p\n¿Ø-ep-

am-Wv. C\n Bsc-¶nepw Hcp hkvXp ̀ qan-sbbpw hn´v Xm-tgm´v \oß-

W-sa∂pt±-in-®m¬ AXp km≤y-a-√. ImcWw, `qan Xs∂-bmWv

G‰hpw Xmgv∂p InS°p∂-Xv. hnØp-Iƒ hnX-°p-tºmƒ ̀ qan-bn-te°v

Cd-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂p F∂-√msX AXn¬\n∂p Ib-dn-t∏m-Ip-∂n-√.

hcm-l-an-ln-c≥ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv: ]¿Δ-X-ßƒ, kap{Z-ßƒ \Zn-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 196

Iƒ, ac-ßƒ, ]´-W-ßƒ, a\p-jy¿, tZh-∑m¿ F∂n-h-sb√mw ̀ qtKm-

f-Øn\p Np‰pw ÿnXn sNøp-I-bm-Wv. ba-IqØpw AXns‚ FXn¿

hi-Øp≈ tdmapw H∂v at‰-Xns‚ Xmsg-bm-sW∂p ]d-bm≥ \nhr-

Øn-bn-√. ImcWw, Htcm-∂n-s‚bpw \ne at‰Xp t]mse Xs∂-bm-

Wv. CXn¬ H∂pw Xs∂ adn™phogm≥ t]mIp-∂n-√. Hmtcm∂pw

apI-fn-te°p KXn-bmbn t\sc Db¿∂p\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. IZw_

hr£Øns‚ sImºp-Iƒ ]q°-fm¬ BhcWw sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-

t]mse ̀ qtKmfw P\-ß-fm¬ Bhcw sNø-s∏-́ n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hmtcm-

cp-Øcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ÿm\-ß-fn¬ a‰p-≈-h-cn¬\n∂p bmsXmcp

hyXym-khpw IqSmsX ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. ImcWw, `qan-bpsS F√m-

`m-Khpw Xmgv∂Xpw BImiw AXn-s‚-sb√mw ta¬ `mK-Øp-am-Wv.

At∏mƒ C¥y-°m-cpsS Cu hnj-b-Øn-ep≈ {]kvXm-h--\-Iƒ tKmf

imkv{XsØ Ipdn-®p≈ icn-bmb ]mfin-Xy-Øn¬ \n∂p¤-hn-®-

Xm-sW∂p a\- n-em-°mw. F∂n-cp-∂mepw CXn-lm-k-ß-fp-sSbpw aX

\nb-a-ß-fp-sSbpw A\p-bm-bn-Isf {]oXn-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn Ah¿ ]e-

bn-SØpw {ian-®-Xmbn ImWmw.

hyJymXm-hmb _e-`-{Z≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""`qtKm-fsØ kw_-‘n®v

A`n-{]mbßƒ hfsc A[nIw Ds≠-¶nepw AXn¬ G‰hpw icn-

bm-bXp `qanbpw tacp-]¿Δ-Xhpw cmin-a-fi-e-ßfpw tKmfm-Ir-Xn-

bn-em-sW-∂-Xm-Wv. ]pcm-W-ß-fn¬ hniz-kn-°p-∂-hcn¬ Nne¿ `qan

Ba-bpsS ]pdw-`m-Kw t-]-sebpw Xmgv`mKw tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-Ø-Xp-am-

sW∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Ah-cpsS Cu A`n-{]mbw icn-sb-∂mWp _e-`-

{Z≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv. ImcWw, `qan sh≈-Øns‚ a≤y-Ønepw {]Xy-

£-amb `q`mKw Ba-bpsS ]pdw-t]m-se-bp-am-Wv. `qansb hebw

sNbvX kap{Zw KXm-KX tbmKy-a-√m-Ø-Xm-W-s{X. F∂m-¬, cmin-

a-fi-e-ßƒ tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW∂v A\p-`-h-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-

em-°mw. At±lw `qan-bpsS apIƒX´p tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW∂p

kΩ-Xn-°p-Ibpw ASn-Ø´p tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bn-e-s√∂p ]d-™-Xns\

Ipdn®p au\w Zo£n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXvsIm≠vv AXp-ambn _‘-an-

√mØ a‰p Imcy-ßƒ hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ XpS-ßn-bXv A¤p-X-

Icw Xs∂. a\p-jy-Zr-jvSn°v Aøm-bncw tbmP\ hcp∂ tKmfm-Ir-

Xn-bn-ep≈ `qan-bn¬ \n∂v 1/96 `mKw (A-º-Øn-c≠v tbmP-\)

am{Xta ImWm≥ Ign-bp-I-bp≈q F∂pw AXn-\m¬ `qan hrØm-

Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ km[y-a-s√∂pw At±lw ]d-bp-

∂p. XXzn-j-b-nI-ambn A`n-{]mbhyXym-k-ßƒ D≠m-hm-\p≈

ImcWhpw AXp-X-s∂. {]kvXpX ]pcmWI¿Øm-°ƒ `qan-bpsS

apIƒ`mKw tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bm-em-sW∂Xns\ \ntj-[n-®n-´n√ F∂p

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 197

am{X-a√ Ba-bpsS ]pdw-sIm≠v DZm-l-cWw \evIn ÿnc-s∏-S-Øp-

I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Ah¿ ]d-™-Xns‚ A¿∞w sh≈w `qansb

Np‰n-°n-S-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-sW∂pw a‰pw ]d-™p _e-{`-{Z\mWv

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ AXns\ \ntj-[n -® -Xv . sh≈-Øn¬\n∂p

s]m¥n\n¬°p∂Xp tKmfm-Ir-Xn-bnepw Xe Xncn-®p-]n-Sn®v Xet®m¿

t]mse- ]-c∂Xp -am-Imw. F∂m¬, `qan h´-Øn-em-sW∂p I≠v a\-

n-em-°m≥ Ign-bm-ØXv a\p-jys‚ Db-c°p-d-hpsIm-≠m-sW∂p

]d-bp-∂Xv icn-b-√. ImcWw, Hcp a\p-jy\v G‰hpw henb

]¿ΔXinJ-c-Øns‚ A{Xbpw Dbcap≠m-hp-Ibpw b{¥-ß-sfm∂pw

D]-tbm-Kn-°msX kq£va-Zr-jvSn-tbmsS t\m°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-sW-

¶n¬ Xs∂ `qan hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-

°p-I-bn-√. At∏mƒ Cu {]kvXm-h-\°p ]pcm-W-I¿Øm-°-fpsS

A`n-{]m-b-hp-ambn F¥p _‘-am-Wp-≈Xv? At±lw `qan-bpsS

apIƒX´p-t]mse Xs∂ AXns‚ ASn-Ø´pw ]c-∂-Xm-sW∂p ]d-

™n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv _p≤n-]q¿Δhpw D]-Im-c-{]-Zhpw Bbn-cp-

t∂-s\. C\n `qan-bn¬\n∂v Hcp a\p-jy\p ImWm≥ Ign-bp∂ Zqcw

IW-°m-°n -t\m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ap°v {ian-°mw.

AB `qtKm-f-am-sW∂pw C AXns‚ a≤yhpw BsW∂pw Icp-Xp-

I. Bbn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Hcmƒ t\m°p-∂p-sh∂pw A-\p-am-\n°pI.

BD, t\m°p-∂ BfpsS Db-c-am-sW∂pw Icp-Xp-I. C\n Dbn¬ \n∂p

A bn-te°v t\¿hc \o´pI At∏mƒ ImWp∂ `mKw BA bmWv.

CXv 1/96 BsW∂pw Icp-Xp-I. Ct∏m-gXv aq∂p‰n Adp-]-Xns‚ aqt∂-

ap-°m¬ `mK-am-Wv. tacp ]¿ΔX A≤ym-b-Øn¬ hnh-cn-®--Xpt]mse,

AE bpsS N-Xpcw (50625) EC bn¬ (3431)¬ lcn-°p-I. At∏mƒ EDIn´pw; AXv BD B-fpsS Db-c-am-bn-cn°pw. ImcWw, CBbn¬ A¿≤

hymkhpw sXm-Æq-dns‚ hr-Ømw-i ew-_tc-J(3438)bp-amWv. ]-t£,

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 198

`q-an-bp-sS A-¿-≤-hym-kw A-Xn-s‚ h´-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®v F-gp-\q‰n sXm-

Æq-‰n A-©v BWv BWv. At∏mƒ BD Hcp tbmP-\bpw Bdv

t{Imihpw 1035 apghpw Bbn-cn-°pw. BD F∂Xp \mev apg-am-sW∂p

IW-°m-°n-bm¬ ]q¿Æ-hr-Ømwi ew_m-tc-J-bmb AE bpambn

AXns‚ _‘w t\m°p∂ BfpsS \of-amb 57035 t\mSv AEbv°p≈ _‘-Øn\p Xp√y-am-Wv. AXns\ \mw FSp-Øm¬ ADbpw AXns‚ hrØm-wiew-_-tc-Jbpw A{X-Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°pw.

]t£, At±lw ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®p `qan-bpsS Hcp Un{Kn ]Xn-

aq∂v tbmP-\bpw Ggv {Iqlpw 333 1/3 apghpw BWv. At∏mƒ

`qan-bn¬ \n∂p ZrjvSn-bn-¬ s]Sp∂ ̀ mKw Ccp-\q‰n tXmÆq‰n H∂v

2/3 apg-am-Wv.

]penkm kn≤m-¥sØ Bkv]-X-am°n _e-`-{Z≥ ]d-bp-∂Xv

C{]-Im-c-am-Wv: hrØ-Øns‚ Imens‚ hrØmwi ew_-tcJ Ccp-

]-Øn-\mev I¿Zv Bbn ̀ mKn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CXns\ Ipdn®v At\z-

jn-°p-∂-h≥ Hcp I¿Zv Hcp hrØ-Øns‚ 1/96 BsW∂pw AXns‚

hrØmwi ew_-tcJ 225 ZJoJx (Hcp ZJoJx = 1/60 Un{Kn)

BsW∂pw a\- n-em-°-Ww. hrØhpw hrØmwi ew_-tc-Jbpw

Hcp I¿Zn¬ Xmsg hcp-tºmƒ Xp√y-am-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂mWv Adn-bp-∂-

Xv. ]pen-k-s‚bpw Bcy-`-´-s‚bpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ apgp-h≥

hrØmwi ew_-tcJ hymk-Øn\p ap∂q‰n Adp-]-Xp-am-bp≈ _‘-

tØmSv Xp√y-am-sW∂p h∂-t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂p _e-`-{Z≥ Duln-

®Xp hrØw t\¿hc-bm-sW∂pw, Ip≠pw Ipgnbpw a‰v XS- -ß-

sfm∂pw C√m-Xn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ AXp apgp-h\pw ImWm-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-

∂p-am-Wv. CXp henb hnS-hm-Wv. ImcWw, hrØw Hcn-°epw t\¿

hc-bm-Ip-I-bn-√. hrØmwi ew_-tcJ F{X sNdp-Xm-bn-cp-∂mepw

hrØ-tØmSp Xp√y-am-Ip--∂-Xpa√. F∂m¬, {]tbm-K-Øn\p th≠n

Nne `mK-ß-fn¬ Aßs\ IW-°m-°p-∂p-sh-t∂bp≈q. `qansb

Ipdn®p ]pen-ks‚ A`n-{]mbw A®p-X≠mWv AXns\ ]nSn®p

\n¿Ø-p∂Xv F∂m-W-t√m. AXns‚ A¿∞w `pan°p bYm-¿∞-

Øn¬ AXns\ ]nSn®p\n¿Øp∂ Hcp A®p-X-≠p≠v Ft∂m AXn-

s√-¶n¬ AXp hoWp-t]mIpw Ft∂m A√. Fs¥-∂m¬, `qan-bpsS

Np‰pw P\-hm-k-ap≈ \mep ]´-W-ßfp≈-Xmbn At±lw kΩ-Xn-

°p-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠p `mc-ap≈ GsXmcp km[\hpw GXp

`mKØp\n∂pw `qan-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂p F∂m-Wv. At±-

l-Øns‚ A`n-{]mb-Øn¬ tKmf-Øns‚ apI-fn-ep≈ km[\-ß-fpsS

Ne\w tI{μ-_nμp Nen-°m-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ Imc-W-am-Wv. Hcp tKmfw

c≠v {[ph-Øn-t∑¬ Bbn-cn°pw Xncn-bp-I. Ah c≠n-\p-an-S-°p-≈-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 199

Xmbn k¶ev]n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-XmWv A®p-X-≠v. At±lw ]d-™-Xns‚

Bibw GXm-≠n-ß-s\-bm-Wv: BIm-i-Øns‚ Ne\w `qansb

AXns‚ ÿm\Øv Dd-∏n®p\n¿Øp-Ibpw AhnsS\n∂p sX‰m≥

Ign-bmØ Hcp kz`mhw A-Xn\p≠m-°pIbpw sNøp-∂p. `qan

{]kvXpX Ne-\-Øns‚ A®p-X-≠n-t∑epw AXns‚ a≤y-Øn-ep-am-

Wv. Hcp tKmf-Øns‚ F√m hymkhpw AXns‚ A®p-X-≠mbn Icp-

Xm-hp-∂-Xm-W-t√m. `qan \n›-e-am-sW-∂Xp tKmf-im-kv{X-Ønse

hnj-a-I-c-amb hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ H∂m-Wv. Cu A`n-{]m-b-°mcpw Ah-

cn-ep-≠v.

{_“-Kp-]vX≥ "{_“kn≤m-¥'-Øn¬ ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv: ""`qan-bpsS

Ne-\w-sIm-≠mWv cm∏-I-ep-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-∂-sX∂v hmZn-°p∂ Nne-

cp-≠v.'' Ahsc hcm-l-an-ln-c≥ C{]-Imcw Jfin-°p-∂p: ""Ne\w

`qan-bp-tS-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Hcp ]£n°p ]Sn™m-tdm´p ]d∂v AXns‚

Iq´n¬ FØn-t®-cm≥ km[n-°p-I-bn-√.'' CXp hfsc icn-bmb A`n-

{]m-b-am-Ip-∂p. as‰m-cn-SØp {_“-Kp-]vX≥ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p:

""Bcy-`´s‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ ]d-bp-∂p ̀ qan Nen-°p-∂Xpw BImiw

\n›ehp-am-sW-∂v. Cu A`n-{]m-bsØ Jfin-®p- `qan Xncn-bp-I-

bm-sW-¶n¬ I√p-Ifpw ac-ßfpw F√mw adn™phntg-≠n-hcpw F∂p

]d-™--Xns\ {_“-Kp-]vX≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂n-√. Ah Aßs\

adn™phog-W-sa-∂n√ F∂mWv At±lw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. `mc-ap≈

GXp km-[-\hpw `qan-bpsS tI-{μ-Øn-te°v BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp∂p

F∂ XXzsØ ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm-bhWw At±lw Aßs\

]d-™Xv. ho≠pw At±lw ]d-bp∂p:

Aß-s\-bm-sW-¶n¬ BIm-i-Øns‚ ZJoJx (hn-\m-gn-I-Ifpw

Ime{]m-W-ß-fpw (-izm-k-ßƒ) Xpey-am-hp-I-bn-√. ChnsS ]cn-`m-j-

bn¬ Ft¥m sX‰p]‰n-b-Xmbn tXm∂p-∂p. ImcWw, BIm-i-Øns‚

ZJo-JIƒ 2,16,000 BWv. Ahbv°v {]mW-ßƒ (-izm-k-ßƒ) F∂p

]d-bp-∂p.) a≤y-tc-J-bpsS Hmtcm ZJo-Jxbpw a\p-jy-izm-kØns‚-

b{Xbpw ka-bw-sIm-≠m-Ws{X Xncn-bp-∂-Xv. Cu A`n-{]mbw icn-

bm-sW∂p Xs∂-bmWv Rm\pw Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. C{Xbpw izmk-ß-fpsS

ka-bw-sIm-≠mWv `qan Ing-t°m´v Hcp Np‰¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-∂-

sX∂pw CXp-X-s∂-bmWv Hcp apgp-®p-‰-en-\p≈ BIm-i-Øn-s‚bpw

]q¿Ækabw F∂pw hcp-tºmƒ BImiw Xncn-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse

Xs∂-bmWp `qanbpw Xncn-bp-∂Xv F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xn¬ F¥mWp

hntcm[w? `qan Xncn-bp∂p F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xn¬ `qtKmfimkv{X-

Øns‚ bm-sXm-cp XXz-ß-tfmSpw FXn-cm-Ip-∂n√ Xm\pw. `qan Xncn-

bp-∂n√ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp Nne {]tXyI \nebpw ]cn-K-W-\bpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 200

sh®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. AXn-\m-es{X CXp tKmf-im-kv{X-Ønse G‰hpw

henb hnja {]iv\-ß-fn-sem-∂m-b-Xv. B[p-\nI ImesØ ]e

alm ]fin-X-∑mcpw Cu A`n-{]mbw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xnepw Jfin-

°p-∂-Xnepw hym]r-X-cm-bn-cn-°p-∂p. XmXzn-I-ambn Cu hnj-bsØ

Ipdn®p \mw "an^vXm-lp¬ C¬an¬ sslAx' F∂ {KŸ-Øn¬

th≠{X hnh-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 201

A[ymbw 27

tKmf-ß-fpsS c≠v Xc-Øn-ep≈ Ne-\-ßƒC¥y≥ tPymXn imkv{X-⁄-cp-sSbpw ]pcmW

I¿Øm-°-fp-sSbpw A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬C¥y-bnse tPym’y-∑m¿ {]kvXpX hnj-b-Øn¬ Gsd°ptd

\tΩmSp tbmPn-°p-∂p-≠v. Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ah-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-

ßƒ BZy-ambn D≤-cn-°mw. Ah-cpsS A`n{-]m-b-ß-fn¬ Npcp°w

NneXp am{Xta \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≈q. ]p¬kv ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. \n›-

e-ß-fmb \£-{X-ßƒ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ BIm-isØ Xncn-°p-∂Xp

Im‰pw AXns\ ]cn-c-£n-°p-∂Xp c≠v {[ph-ß-fp-am-Ip-∂p. AXns‚

]Sn-™mdp `mK-Øp≈ Ne\w tacp ]¿ΔX \nhm-kn-I-fpsS ZrjvSn-

bn¬ CSØp\n∂p he-tØm´pw "hc-mapJn' \nhm-kn-I-fpsS ZjvSn-

bn¬ heØp\n∂v CS-tØm´pamWv. At±lw as‰m-cn-SØv Cßs\

]d-bp∂p: ""\£-{X-ß-fpsS Ne\w Ing°p\n∂p ]Sn-™m-tdm´v B-

hm-\p≈ Imc-WsØ kw_-‘n®v Bsc-¶nepw At\z-jn-°p-I-bm-

sW-¶n¬ Abmƒ Cßs\ a\- n-em-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. \£-{X-ß-fpsS

]Sn-™mdp`mK-tØ-°p≈ Ne\w hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-

∂-h-cpsS A\p-`ha\p-k-cn®p hyXym-k-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. "tacp'

]¿ΔX \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v Ah CSØp\n∂p he-tØm´pw "]c-m-apJ'

Zzo]p-Im¿°p heØp\n∂v CS-tØm´pw a≤y-tcJm \nhm-kn-Iƒ°v

t\sc ]Sn-™m-tdm´pw Ch-bpsS F√mw a≤y-Øn¬ \nh-kn-°p-∂-

h¿°v Ah-bpsS a≤y-tc-J-bp-am-bp≈ Zqc-a-\p-k-cn®p hyXym-k-s∏´pw

Bbn-cn-°pw. Cu Ne\w samØ-Øn¬ BIm-i-ßsf Np‰p∂

Im‰n¬\n∂v D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu Im‰mWp \-£-{X-ßsf

Ing°p\n∂v DZn®p ]Sn-™mdv AkvX-an-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬, \£-{X-ß-fpsS kzbwNe\w Ing-t°m-́ m-Wv. AYhm, Aiz-

Xn-bn¬\n∂p ̀ c-W-nbpsS ̀ mK-tØ-°v. ImcWw, ̀ cWn Aiz-Xn-bpsS

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 202

Ing°p`mK-Øm-Wv. N{μs‚ Rm‰p-th-e-Ifpw AXns‚ Ne\cq]hpw

Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ N{μ\pw kqcy-\p-am-bp≈ ASp-∏hpw AI¬®bpw

{Kln-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿°p Imcyw ]q¿Æ-am-bn a\- n-em-hp-Ibpw

\£{X-ß-fpsS kzbw Ne\w Ing-t°m-´m-sW∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw sNøpw.

{_“-Kp-]vX≥ ]d-bp∂p: ""BImiw krjvSn-°-s∏-́ Xp c≠v {[ph-

Øn-t∑¬ hfsc thK-X-bn¬ Nen-°p∂ cq]-Øn-em-Wv. Cu Ne-\-

Øn\p thK-X-°p-dthm £oWtam kw`-hn-°p-I-bn-√. "alm-hn-jp-]-

Z-Øn'emWp \£-{X-ßƒ krjvSn-°-s∏-´-Xv.''

_e-`-{Z≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xn-ß-s\-bmWv: ""temIw apgp-h≥ c≠v {[ph-

ß-tfmSp _‘n-Xhpw hrØ-Øn¬ Nen-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. AXp "Iev]'-

bn¬ \n∂mw-c-`n®p "Ie-v]-'bn¬ Xs∂ aSßn FØp-∂p. F¶nepw

XpS¿®-bmb Ne-\-Øn-\m¬ temI-Øn\v Bcw-`tam Ah-km-\tam

Cs√∂p ]d-™p-Iq-Sm.

{_“-Kp-]vX≥ ho≠pw ]d-bp∂p: "a≤y-tcJ' Adp-]Xp LSn-I-

am-bmWv `mKn-°-s∏-´-Xv. CXp tacp-hn-ep-≈-h-cpsS N{I-hm-f-am-Wv.

AhnsS Ing°v ]Sn-™m-dmbn amdp-∂p. CXns‚ FXn¿`m-K-Ømbn

sXt°m´p \oßn "hcm-apJv' ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. AXns\ kap{Zw

hebw sNøp-∂p-h-s{X. BIm-ihpw \£-{X-ß-fpw Np‰n-Øn-cn-

™m¬ a≤y-tcJ tZh-∑m-cp-sSbpw "ssZØp'-I-fp-sSbpw an{i-N-{I-

hm-f-am-Ip-∂Xpw CcpIq´¿°pw Ccp`mKØp\n∂p-ambn AXp

ImWm≥ km[n-°p-∂-Xp-am-Wv. ]t£, Ne\KXn Ccp-Iq-́ ¿°pw hn]-

co-X-am-bn-cn-°pw. tZh-∑m¿ he-tØm´p Nen-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂Xv

ssZØp-°ƒ CS-tØm´p Nen-°p-∂-Xm-bmWp ImWp-I. he-Xp-`m-K-

Øp≈ Hcp hkvXp-hns\ sh≈-Øn¬IqSn t\m°n-bm¬ CS-Xp-`m-K-

Ømbn ImWp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv CXns‚ \ne. IrXy-amb Cu Ne-

\-Øn\p ImcWw \ap-°-\p-`-h-s∏-SmØ Hcp Xcw {]tXyI kz`m-h-

tØmSp IqSnb Im‰m-Ip-∂p. \ap-°-\p-`-h-am-Ip∂ Im‰v Nen-°p-Ibpw

\ne-°p-Ibpw hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fn-te°p \oßp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. at‰Xv

Hcn-°epw \n›-e-am-hp-I-bn-√.

At±lw as‰m-cn-SØp ]d-bp-I-bmWv: ""Nen-°p-∂Xpw \n›-e-

hp-amb F√m \£-{X-ß-sfbpw ]Sn-™mdp`mK-tØ°p Xncn-°p-

∂Xp Im‰m-Wv. F∂m¬, Nen-°p-∂ \£-{X-ßƒ°p Ing-t°m-´mbn

thKXbn√mØ HcpXcw Ne-\-ap-≠v. Xncn-bp∂ ]º-c--Øn-t∑¬

AXns‚ Ne-\-K-Xn-s°-Xn-cmbn kmh-[m-\-Øn¬ Nen-°p∂ Hcp

AWp-t]m-se-bmWv A-h-bp-sS Ne-\w. At∏mƒ A-h-bp-sS kzbw

Ne\w ImWm≥ {]mbmkw t\cn-Sp-at√m? Cu h-kvXpX "emØq',

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 203

Bcy-`-´≥, hkn-jvT≥ apX-em-b-h¿ sFI-I-WvtTy\ kΩXn-®n-´p-

≠v. `qan-bmWp Nen-°p-∂Xv, BImiw \n›-e-ambn \n¬°p-∂p

F∂`n{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Ipd-®m-fp-Iƒ am{Xta CXn-s\-Xn-cp-≈q.

Ing°p\n∂p ]Sn-™m-dp-`m-K-tØm-´p≈ Ne\w tZh-∑m¿ CSØp-

\n∂p he-tØm´pw ssZØp-°ƒ heØp\n∂v CS-tØm-´p-am-bmWp

ImWp-∂-Xv. CsX√mw Ah-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ßƒ ]mcm-bWw sNøm≥

Ign-™-Xn¬\n∂v F\n°v {Kln-°m≥ Ign™ hkvXp-X-I-fm-Wv.

F∂m¬, Ne\Imc-W-ambn Ah¿ ]d-bp∂ Cu Im‰v Imcyw a\-

n-em-°m-\p≈ Hcp kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn am{Xw sIm≠p-h-c-s∏-´-Xm-

sW-∂mWv Rm≥ Du-ln-°p-∂Xv. Nnd-Ip-I-fp≈ km[-\-ßsf Im‰m-

Wt√m Nen-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Im‰ns\ Ipdn®p ]d-bp-tºmƒ km[m-

cW Im‰ns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-te°v ASn-°pI XpS-ßnb kz`m-h-

ßƒ AXn-\n√ F∂-h¿ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. ImcWw, Cu Im‰v km[-\-

ßsf Nen-∏n-°p-sa-¶nepw A{]-Imcw sNøp-∂Xv AXns‚ kz¥w

i‡n-sImt≠m as‰m-∂ns\ kv]¿in-°m-sXtbm A√. Fs¥-∂m¬,

CXp ]Zm¿∞-am-Wv; Ne-\-Øn\p _mly-amb Imc-W-ßfpw th≠n-

bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWp {]kvXpX Im‰n\p a‰p Im‰p-Iƒ

t]mse \n›-e-am-bn-cn-°pI, hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fn-te°p Nen-°pI, thK-

X-°p-dhv apX-emb kz`m-h-ßƒ Cs√∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. [mXp-°ƒ

am{Xta hnhn[ kzm`m-h-ßƒ ImWn-°p-I-bp-≈q.

F∂m¬, c≠p {[ph-ßƒ BIm-i-ßsf kwc-£n-°p∂p F∂p

]d-™-Xns‚ kmcw hyh-ÿsb kwc-£n-°p-∂p-sh-∂m-Wv. hoWp-

t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬\n∂p kwc-£n-°pI F∂-√. ]ucm-Wn-I-cmb Nne

{Ko°v XXzNn¥-I-∑m-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-{]-Imcw "ip{`-Imiw' HcpIm-

eØp kqcys‚ am¿§-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ AXp kqcy-

\n¬\n∂v AI-∂-Xm-W-s{X. Cu am‰w {[ph kwc-£-W-Øns‚

A[o-\-X-bn¬ temI-hy-h-ÿ-tbmSp tbmPn®p≠m-b-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬,

_e-`-{Z≥ Cu Ne\w \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂p ]d-™-Xns‚

XmXv]cyw CXp-hsc kw`-hn-® Ne-\-ßsf \n¿Æ-bn-°m≥ Ign-bp-

sa∂p am{X-am-Wv. ImcWw, FÆw F∂Xv H∂pw AXn‚ Cc-́ n-

Ifpw IqSn-t®-cp-∂-Xm-Wt√m. AXp Ne\w hgn D≠m-Ip-∂p-sh-∂-

Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. ]I-ep-I-fp-sSbpw cm{Xn-I-fp-sSbpw FÆw temIw

\ne-\n¬°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew ASn°Sn h¿≤n-®p-sIm≠ncn-°p-I-bm-

sW-¶nepw Ah-bv°v Hcp Bcw`ap≠v. F∂m¬, C-{]-Im-c-w BIm-i-

Øn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂-Xns\ Hcmƒ \ntj-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ cmhpw ]Iepw

`qan-bn¬ am{Xta D≠m-hp-I-bp≈q F∂pw temI-a-≤y-Øn¬\n∂p

`qansb \o°wsNbvXp F∂v A\p-am-\n-®m¬ ]ns∂ cmhpw ]Ihpw

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 204

Xotc D≠m-hp-I-bn-s√∂pw kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.

_e-`{Z≥ a≤y-tc-J-bpsS Ne\ImcWw ]d-bmsX \£-{X-

ßƒ°p-≈ -N-e-\-Øns‚ Imc-W-ß-fmWp ]d-™Xv. Ah BIm-

i-sØ-bmWv, `qansb A√ Ne-\-Øn\v B[m-c-am-°n-b-Xv. \£-{X-

ßfpsS kzbwNe\w "Iev]-'bn¬\n∂p XpSßn Ahn-sS-Øs∂ Ah-

km-\n-°p∂p F∂v At±lw ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬, {_“-Kp-]vX≥ a≤y-

tcJ Adp-]-Xmbn `mKn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂p ]d-™Xp \ΩpsS

tPym’y-∑m¿ AXv Ccp-]Øn\membn `mKn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p F∂p

]d-bp-∂-Xn\p Xp√y-amWv. \mw Ccp-]-Øn-\mev aWn-°q¿ F∂p ]d-

bp-tºmƒ C¥y-°m¿ Adp-]Xv LSnIw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. AXn-\m-

es{X Ah¿ cmin-I-fpsS DZ-b-ßƒ "LSn-I-ßƒ's°m≠p IW-

°m-°p-∂--Xv. F∂m¬, A-t±lw \n›-e-ß-fmb \£-{X-ß-sfbpw

Nen-°p∂ \£-{X-ß-sfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xp Im‰m-Wv F∂p ]d-

™Xpw ]n∂oSp Ne-\-ap≈ \£{X-ßƒ am{Xw km-h-[m\w Ing-

t°m´p \nßq-∂p-sh∂p ]d-™Xpw sX‰n-≤m-c-W-bp-≠m-°p∂

{]kvXm-h-\-I-fm-Wv. "\n›-e-ßƒ' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ \£-{X-ßƒ°p

Xotc Ne-\-an√ F∂m-Wt√m Cu {]kvXm-h\ hy‡-am-°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬, Ch Nen-°p∂ \£-{X-ßs-ft∏-mse-Øs∂ Ing-t°m´p

kmhm-[m\w k©-cn-°p-∂p-≠v. Xotc thK-X-bn-s√∂p am{Xw. thKX

Ipd-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw NneXp Nne-t∏mƒ ]nt∂m´p Nen-°p-∂-Xp-

sIm≠pw Ah-bpsS Ne\w hy‡-am-Im-Xn-cp-t∂-°mw. ]pcm-X\ XXz-

Nn-¥-I-∑m-cn¬ Nne¿ hfsc Ime-I-Øn\p ij-amWv Ch-bpsS Ne\w

I≠p-]n-Sn-®-Xv. \£-{X-ß-fpsS Ne-\-sØ°pdn®p {]Xn-]m-Zn-® Nne

{KŸ-ßfn¬ Ch-bpsS Ne-\sØ ]‰n H∂pw ]d-bm-Xn-cp-∂Xpw Ch-

bpsS Bhn¿`m-hhpw Xntcm-[m-\hpw kqcy-\p-am-bp≈ ASp∏hpw

AI-e-hpw -sIm-≠m-sW-∂p-ap≈ {]kvXm-h\bpw Ah Xotc Nen-

°p-∂n√ F∂ DulsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. F∂m¬, a≤y-tc-J-

bpsS Z£n-tW-Xc Ne-\hpw DØ-tc-Xc Ne-\hpw a≤y-tcJm hmkn-

Iƒ°v A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I-bn√ F∂v At±lw ka¿∞n-®-Xp c≠p

{[ph-ß-fp-sSbpw Xmgv̀ m-KØp Xma-kn-°p-∂-h¿°v GXp ̀ mK-tØ°p

Xncn-™mepw Nen-°p∂ \£-{X-ßsf ImWm≥ km[n-°p-∂p-sh-

∂Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. GsX-¶nepw Hcp `mKØp\n∂p XpSßn as‰mcp

`mK-tØ°p Nen-°p-∂-Xm-bmWv Ah¿°-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. IÆm-Sn-

bnepw sh≈-Ønepw hkvXp-°-fpsS heXp`mKw CS-Xp`m-K-ambpw

CS-Xp-`mKw heXp`mK-ambpw ImWp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bmWp {[ph\nhm-

kn-Iƒ°p heØp\n∂v CS-tØm-´mbn tXm∂p∂ Ne\w at‰ {[ph-

\n-hm-kn-Iƒ°v CS-Øp\n∂p hetØm-´mbn tXm∂p-∂-Xm-Wv. CX-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 205

pt]mse, a≤y-tc-J-bpsS CSØpw heØpw \nh-kn-°p-∂-h¿ \£-

{X-ßƒ CS-tØm´pw he-tØm´pw Nen-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.

At∏mƒ tacp]¿ΔX \nhm-kn-I-fpsSbpw hcmapJ \nhm-kn-I-fp-

sSbpw ZrjvSn-bn¬ Ne-\-ßƒ hyXym-k-s∏´p tXm∂p∂Xpt]mse

Xs∂ {[ph \nhm-kn-Iƒ°pw hyXym-k-s∏´ \ne-bn-em-hpw A\p-`-

h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. F∂m¬, a≤y-tcJm \nhm-kn-Iƒ°p \£-{X-ß-fpsS

Ne\w Xe-bpsS t\tc-bm-hpw. CS-tØm´pw h-e-tØm´pw Bbn-cn-

°n-√. kq£va-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ Aev]w sX°p-`m-K-tØ°pw

hS°p`mK-tØ-°p-ambn \£-{X-ßƒ Nen-°p-∂-Xmbn Ah¿°v A\p-

-̀h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. t\sc apI-fn¬ IqSn Nen-°p∂ \£-{X-ßƒ am{X-

amWv sXt°m´pw hS-t°m´pw Nen-°p∂Xv F∂ {]kvXm-h-\-sIm≠v

{_“-Kp-]vX≥ Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv.

]pcmWI¿Øm-°-fpsS {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn¬ BIm-isØ Hcp

tKm]p-c-ambpw `qansb \n›-e-ambpw \£-{X-ßsf kzbw Ing°p

\n∂p ]Sn-™mdp`mK-tØ°v Nen-°p-∂-h-bpam-bmWv hnh-cn-®Xv.

At∏mƒ \£-{X-ß-fpsS Ing-t°m-´p≈ Ne-\sØ kw_-‘n®v

Ah¿°v Hcp ]nSnbpw In´n-bn-´n-s√∂p hy‡-am-hp-∂p. Hcp- hkvXp-

AXns‚ kzbw N-e-\w-sIm≠v c≠p `mK-tØ°p \oßpI F∂Xv

Akm-≤y-a-√-t√m. XZzn-j-b-I-ambn _‘-ap≈ ]pcm-W-ß-fpsS Nne

`mK-ßƒ ChnsS D≤-cn°mw:

a®p(-a-’y) ]pcm-W-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: kqcy\pw \£-

{X-ßfpw hfsc thK-X-bn¬ sXt°m´p Nen-°p∂p. Ah tacp ]¿Δ-

XsØ Np‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hc‰w IØp∂ ac-°-jvW-Øns‚ cq]-

Øn-emWp kqcys‚ Ne-\w. AXp thK-Øn¬ h´-Øn¬ Xncn-®m¬

D≠m-Ip∂ cq]-a-s{X kqcy-N-e-\w-sIm≠v ImWn-Iƒ°v A\p-`-h-

s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. kqcy\p kzbtah AkvX-a-b-an-√. t\sc adn®p {]kvXpX

]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ \mep ̀ mK-hp-ap≈ ]q¿Δm-‡-\-K-c-ß-fnse Nne \nhm-

kn-Iƒ°p Nne ap≥]-d™ XS- -ß-fm¬ Ah ImgvN-bn¬\n∂p

ad-bp-∂p-sht∂ D≈q. kqcy≥ B ]¿Δ-X-Øn\p Np‰pw temIm-

temI ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ hS°phi-ambn Nen-°p-∂p. Cu ]¿Δ-X-

Øns‚ sX°p`mKØp kqcy-{]-Imiw FØp-Ibpw kqcy≥

AXns‚ hS°p`mKØv FØp-Itbm kqcy≥ AXns‚ A∏p-d-

tØ°p IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-Itbm sNøp-∂n-√. cm{Xn kqcys\ ImWm-

Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv AXv AI∂pt]mIp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. Bbncw tbmP\

AI-se-bp≈ km[-\-ßƒ Ahs‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ s]Sm-sXbpw t]mIp-

∂p. Bbncw tbmP\ AIse hkvXp-°ƒ Xs‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ a\p-

jy\p tKmN-c-am-Ip-tºmƒ hfsc ASp-Øp≈ Nne sNdnb km[-\-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 206

ßƒ Ahs‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬ s]SmsX t]mIp-∂p. kqcy≥ ]pjv°¿

Zzo]n\p t\sc hcp-tºmƒ 3/5 aWn-°q-dn¬ `qan-bpsS 1/30 Zqcw Nen-

°p-∂p. Cu Zqcw Ccp-]-Øn-H∂v e£Øn Aº-Xn-\m-bncw tbmP\

Bbn-cn-°pw. ]ns∂ hS-t°m´p Nmbp-tºmƒ AXns‚ KXn apº-

sØ-Xns‚ aq∂n-c´n Bhp-Ibpw ]I¬ hep-Xm-hp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

kqcy≥ Z£n-Wm-b-\-Øn-em-hp-tºmƒ Hº-Xp-tImSn ]Xn-\m-bn-cØn

\m¬]Øn A©v tbmP-\bpw DØ-cm-b-\-Øn-em-hp-Ibpw £oc-k-

ap-{Z-ØneqsS k©-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ Hcp Znhkw aq∂p tImSn

Ccp-]-Øn-H∂v e£w tbmP-\bpw BIpw. Cu {]kvXm-h-\-I-sf√mw

hncp-≤hpw hnizm-k-tbm-Ky-a-√m-ØXpw BWv. ImcWw, \£-{X-ß-

fpsS Ne-\sØ Ipdn®p ]d-bp-∂Xv Aºp-t]mse hfsc thK-Øn¬

t]mIp-∂p-sh-∂m-Wt√m? km[m-c-W-°m-c\p a\- n-em-°m≥ th≠n

Cßs\ ]d-™-Xm-sW-¶n¬ Xs∂bpw kqcys‚ Ne\w sXt°m´p

am{Xw IqSp-X-em-hm≥ ImcW-an-√. DØ-c-{[p-h-amWv temI-Øns‚

G‰hpw Db¿∂ `mK-sa∂pw sXt° `mKw G‰hpw Xmsgbp≈ `mK-

am-sW∂pw \£-{X-ßƒ DØ-c-{[p-h-Øn-te°p Np‰n-°-b-dp-I-bm-sW-

∂p-ap≈ ]pcmW hnizm-k-Øn\p sXfn-hmWv ta¬ {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv.

Cu Ne-\w-sIm≠v \£-{X-ß-fpsS kzbw Ne-\-amWv Dt±-in-°p-∂-

sX-¶n¬ AXp sX‰m-Wv. ImcWw, kzbw Ne-\w-sIm≠v \£-{X-

ßƒ tacp]¿Δ-XsØ Np‰p-∂n-√. AXns‚ N{I-hm-f-Øn¬\n∂v

GXm≠v Hcp apgp-h≥ Np‰ns‚ 1/12 Un{Kn Ncn-™mWv {]kvXpX

\£-{X-ßƒ Nen-°p-∂-Xv. kqcy-\p-Zm-l-c-W-ambn AXn¬ ]d-™Xv

"Hc‰w IØp∂ Hcp ac°jvWw t]mse' F∂m-W-t√m. Hcp hrØ-

ap-≠m-°p-∂p-sh∂p am{X-amWv AXp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬

IØp∂ ac-°jvWw F∂p ]d-™-Xn¬ {]tXyI A¿∞-sam-∂p-an-

√. I√p-sI-́ nb Hcp \qev Np‰n-bmepw CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ Hcp hrØ-ap-

≠m-°m≥ km[n-°p-a-t√m. Nne¿°v kqcy-\pZn-°p-tºmƒ a‰p Nne¿°v

kqcy≥ AkvX-an-°p∂p F∂p ]d-™Xp ta¬ ]d™ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn-e-s√-¶nepw Gsd-°ptd icn-bm-Wv. temIm-temIv ]¿Δ-

XsØ°pdn®v AXns‚ P\-hm-k-tI-{μ-amb hS-°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

kqcycivan FØp-sa∂pw sX°p`mK-amb iq\y{]tZ-iØp kqcy-{]-

Imiw FØp-I-bn-s√-∂p-ap≈ hnizm-ksØ°pdn®p hnh-cn-®Xp

{]kvXpX hnizmkw sX‰m-sW-∂-Xn\p sXfn-hm-Ip-∂p. cm{Xn-bn¬

kqcys\ ImWm-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv AXv AI-∂-Xp-sIm-≠-√. ̀ qan AXns\

ad-®-Xp-sIm≠p am{X-am-Wv. `qan A√ tacp ]¿Δ-X-amWp ad-°p-∂-

sX∂pw kqcys‚ Ne\am¿§w B ]¿Δ-X-Øns‚ Np‰p-am-sW∂pw

]ucm-Wn-I¿ IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 207

F∂m¬, ta¬sImSpØ kwJy-Iƒ sX‰m-sW-∂mWp Rm≥

a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xv. hS°p`mKØp kqcy-\p≈ Ne\w sX°v ̀ mKØp-

≈Xns‚ aq∂n-c-́ n-bm-sW-∂m-Wt√m ]ucm-Wn-I¿ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ]I¬

Zo¿L-am-Im\pw Npcp-ßm-\p-ap≈ ImcWw AXm-W-s{X. hmkvX-h-

Øn¬, cmhpw ]Iepw Iqń-t\m-°n-bm¬ Ft∏mgpw ka-am-bn-cn-°pw.

At∏mƒ Ah¿ ]d-™-Xns‚ Dt±iyw \m¬]Øn A©v \mgnI

hsc\ofap≈ DjvWImesØ ]Iepw ]Xn-\©v \mgnI am{X-ap≈

ioX-Im-esØ ]I-ep-am-bn-cn-°pw. hS°p`mKØp kqcy\p thKX

IqSp-sa-∂-Xn\p {]tXyI ImcWw ]d-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXm-

bXv, hS°v kqcy≥ thK-Øn-¬ Nen-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ Ahn-SsØ

kqcys‚ Ne\ am¿§-ßƒ CSp-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. Fs¥-∂m¬ Ah-

sb√mw {[ph-hp-ambn hfsc ASp-ØmWt√m ÿnXnsNøp-∂-Xv.

sX°p`mKsØ Ne\tcJ-Iƒ a≤y-tc-J-bp-ambn ASp-Ø-Xn-\m¬

hnim-e-am-Ip-Ibpw sNtø≠nhcpw. Ipd™ Zqcw hfsc thK-Øn¬

kqcy≥ Nen-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Imew Ipd-bp-Ibpw A[nIZqcw Nen-

°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Imew IqSp-I-bp-am-Wt√m th≠-Xv. F∂m¬,

ChnsS Imew Ipd-™-Xm-bmWv Cu hnh-c-W-Øn¬\n∂p a\- n-

em-Ip-∂-Xv. ]pjv°¿ Zzo]n¬IqSn kqcy≥ Nen-°p-∂p-sh∂p ]d-

™-Xns‚ Dt±iyw DØ-cm-b\ tcJ-bn¬ IqSn kqcy≥ Nen-°p-∂p-

sh-∂m-Wv. AhnsS ]I¬ IqSp-X¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

Aßs\ samØ-Øn¬ ]d-bp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ {]kvXpX {]kvXm-h-

\-I-sf√mw Xs∂ Ahy-‡-am-Wv.

hmbp-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""kqcy≥ Z£n-Wm-b-\-

Øn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ ]I¬ ]{¥≠v aplq¿Ø-ßfpw DØ-cm-

b-\-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p-ºƒ ]Xn-s\´v aplq¿Ø-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-

Xm-Wv. kqcy≥ Z£n-Wm-b-\-Øn-s‚bpw DØ-cm-b-W-Øn-s‚bpw CS-

bn¬ \q‰n F¨]Øn aq∂v Znh-k-ß-fn-embn 17,221 tbmP-\ Zqcw

k©-cn-°p-∂p. At∏mƒ Hcp Znhkw sXmÆq‰n \mev tbmP\ hoXw

sX‰p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcp aqlq¿Øw Hcp aWn-°q-dns‚ 4/5 BWv. CXp

_m[n-°p-∂Xv G‰hpw Zo¿Ln® ]I¬ 14 *2/5 aWn-°q¿ hcp-∂{X

Zqc-Øn¬ \nh-kn-°p-∂-h-sc-bm-Wv. ta¬]d™ tbm-P-\-Iƒ kqcy≥

a≤y-tc-J-bn¬\n∂p sX‰p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ Ccp-]-Øn-

\mev Un{Kn-bpsS Ccńbm-Wv. At∏mƒ BIm-i-Ønse hrØw

129,157*1/2 tbmP-\m-Im\pw kqcy\pw a≤y-tc-J°pw XΩn-ep≈

G‰hpw henb Zqc-Øns‚ Ccń k©-cn-°p-∂Xn\p kqcy\v Bdp-

amkw th≠nhcn-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. hmbp-]p-cm-W-Øn¬ Cßs\

ImWmw: ""kqcy≥ DØ-cm-b-\-Øn-em-Ip-tºmƒ ]I¬ kmh-[m-\-

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 208

Ønepw Z£n-Wm-b-\-Øn-em-hp-tºmƒ k©mcw AXn\p hn]-co-X-

hp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm-≠m-Ws{X DØ-cm-b-\-Im-eØv ]I-ens‚ ssZ¿-

Lyw ]Xn-s\´v aplq¿Øw hcp-∂-Xv.'' Ing-t°m´p≈ KXnsb Ipdn®v

H∂pw a\- n-em-°m-Ø-h-cp-sSbpw ]-I-¬ kq-cy-≥ k-©-cn-°p-∂ hr-

Ø-iI-ew t\m-°n I-W-°m-°m-≥ I-gn-bm-Ø-h-cp-sSbpw {]kvXm-h-

\-I-fm-Wn-Xv.

"hnjvWp[¿Ω'-Øn¬ Cßs\ ]d-bp-∂p: ""{[ph \£-{X-ß-fpsS

k©mctcJ {[ph-tØmSp sXm´mWv. AXns‚ ASp-Ømbn kpssl-

¬ (i-\n) {Klw Nen-°p-∂p. ]n∂oSv apivX-cn (-hym-gw) {Klhpw

AXn\p sXm´v anco-Jv (-sNm-Δ), iwkv (-kq-cy≥), kplvdm (-ip-{I≥),

AXm-cn-Zv (-_p-[≥), Ja¿ (N-{μ≥) F∂o {Kl-ßfpw Nen-®p-sIm-

≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Ch Ing°p`mK-tØ°v Bkns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-emWv

Xncn-bp-∂-Xv. NneXp thK-X-bp-≈Xpw a‰pNneXp thKXIpd-™-

Xp-am-sW∂p am{Xw. ap≥Ime-ß-fn¬ Bbn-cam-bncw {]mhiyw

Chbv°p P\-\hpw ac-Whpw kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠v.'' kq£va-ambn ]cn-

tim-[n-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ Cu {]kvXm-h\ sX‰m-sW∂p a\- n-em-

°mw. ImcWw, {[phw G‰hpw Db¿∂ `mK-am-sW∂p hcp-tºmƒ

{[ph\£-{X-ßƒ tacp \nhm-kn-I-fpsS Xe°p Xmsg Bbn-cn-°p-

∂-Xm-Wv. CX-t±lw ]d-™Xp hmkvX-h-am-sW-¶nepw Ne\{Kl-

ßsf Ipdn®p ]d-™Xv A_-≤-am-Wv. AhnsS "Xmsg' F∂p-]-

tbm-Kn-®Xp `qan-bp-am-bp≈ ASp-∏hpw Zqchpw IW-°m-°n-bm-Wv.

AXp icn-bm-sW∂p hcp-tºmƒ a≤y-tc-J-bp-ambn G‰hpw

AI∂Xp i\n {Klhpw ]ns∂ hymg{Klhpw BsW∂p hcpw.

Aßs\ Hmtcm-∂pw at‰-Xns‚ ASp-Ømbn a≤y-tc-J-bp-ambn Zqcw

Ipd-™p- Ipd-™p-h-cp-∂p-sh∂pamIpw-. F∂m¬, hmkvXhw

Aßs\b√. \n›e \£-{X-ßƒ Ne-\ - {K -l-ßƒ°p

aosXbmWt√m ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv. {[phw AXns‚ tase hcp-∂n-

√. Bkns‚ BIr-Xn-bn-ep≈ Cu Np‰¬ a≤y-tc-J-bn-ep≈ ]Sn-

™mdp `mK-tØ-°mWp kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv F∂-√msX kzbw Ne-\w-

sIm-≠-√. {]kvXpX ]pcm-W-a-\p-k-cn®p \£-{X-ßƒ D∂X ]Zhn

Ic-ÿ-am-°nb alm-flm-°-f-s{X. `qtemI Pohn-X-Øn\p tijw

Ah¿ Atßm´pb¿∂-Xm-Wv. Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\p≈ Pohn-Xhpw ac-

Whpw Ahbv°p kw`-hn-®n-´p-≠v F∂p ]d-™-Xns‚ kmcw km≤y-

X-bn¬\n∂p {]h¿Ø-\-ob XXz-Øn-te°p h∂-Xmb Ah-k-c-ßƒ

Ft∂m As√-¶n¬ H∂p \in-®-Xn\p tijw as‰m∂p hcp∂psht∂m

Bhmw.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 209

A[ymbw 28

]Øp `mK-ß-fpsS \n¿ÆbwGsXmcp km[-\hpw hnI-kn-°p-∂Xv AXns‚ aq∂p `mK-ß-

fn¬ IqSn-bm-Wv.- A-Xm-bXv \ofw, hoXn, Dbcw. Hcp hkvXp-hns‚

hnI-k\w {]mtbm-Kn-I-a-mbn (-A-\p-am-\-Øn-e-√) \n¿Æ-bn-°m-hp-∂-

XmWv. Cu aq∂p `mK-ßƒ°mbn hnNm-cn-°p∂ tcJ-Iƒ Ah-km-

\n-®m¬ {]kvXpX hkvXp-hn\v Bdv A‰ßƒ D≠m-hp-∂p. AXs{X

hißƒ. Ch IqSn-t®-cp-∂-nSØv Ch-bn¬ H∂ns‚ t\sc Xncn-™p-

\n¬°p∂ Hcp Pohnsb \mw k¶¬]n-°p-I. At∏mƒ Cu tcJ-

Iƒ AXns‚ apºpw ]nºpw heØpw CSØpw Iogpw taepw Bbn-

cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Chsb temI-Øns‚ `mK-ß-fmbn IW-°m°p-

tºmƒ a‰p Nne t]cpIfnemWv Adn-b-s∏Sp∂-Xv. DZ-bhpw A-kv-X-

a-bhpw N{I-hmfØnem-b-Xp-sIm≠pw a≤y-tc-J-bpsS Ne\w DZ-bm-

kvX-a-b-ß-fm¬ hy‡-am-°p∂p F∂-Xp-sIm≠pw Cu ̀ mK-ßƒ°p

{]m[m\yw \evI-s∏-Sp-∂p. Aßs\ ]q¿Δ-`mKw, ]›na`mKw, DØ-

c-`m-Kw, Z£nW`mKw F∂n-ßs\ {]kn-≤-am-bn. Hmtcm c≠p hn`m-

K-ß-fp-sSbpw CSbv°p hnNm-cn-°m-hp∂ `mK-ßƒ Xotc A{]-k-

‡-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-bpw-IqSn tN¿°p-tºmƒ ̀ mK-ßƒ F´m-

Ip-∂p. ta¬`m-Khpw Iogv`m-Khpw IqSn tN¿∂m¬ ]Øm-Ip-∂p.

{Ko°p-Im¿ \£-{X-ß-fpsS DZ-bm-kvX-a-b-ßƒ aptJ\ `mK-ßƒ

IW-°m-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv Ahsb Im‰p-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-

Ibpw sNbvXp `mK-ßƒ ]Xn-\m-dm-sW∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

F∂m¬, Ad-_nIƒ Ah-bneqsS hoip∂ Im‰p-IƒsIm-≠mWv

IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv. c≠p ̀ mK-Øn-\n-S-bn-eqsS hoip∂ Im‰n\p sImSp-

¶m‰v F∂v Ah¿ ]d-bp-∂p. C¥y-°m¿ ̀ mK-ßsf Im‰p-ambn _‘-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂n-√. Ah¿ \mev `mK-ßƒ°p \mev t]cp \¬Ip-Ibpw

]n∂oSv Ah-bv°n-S-bn¬ hcp∂ `mK-ßƒ°v Ah-sb-Øp-S¿∂p≈

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 210

t]cp-Iƒ ]d-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Aßs\ N{I-hm-f-Øn¬, Cu ]´n-

I-bn¬ sImSp-Ø-Xp-t]mse F´p `mK-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wv.

c≠p {[ph-ßƒ c≠p `mKhpw, AXm-bXv: 1. apIƒ `mKw, 2.

Iogv`mKw. apIƒ`m-K-Øn\v "Du∏¿' F∂pw Xmgv`m-K-Øn\v "A[x',

"Xme' F∂nß-s\bpw ]d-bp-∂p. Chbpw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS `mK-ß-

sf√mw Ir{Xn-a-ß-fm-Wv. N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ Htcm hymk-Øns‚ c≠p

`mK-Øp-ambn Cuc≠p `mK-ßƒ k¶-ev]n-°m-a-t√m. Aßs\ hcp-

tºmƒ AkwJyw hymk-ß-fpsS c≠v A‰-ß-fn-embn AkwJyw

`mK-ßfpw D≠m-Imw. Fs¥-¶nepw Hcp km[-\sØ Ipdn®v Ah¿

Duln-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXns\ Hcp hy‡n-bmbn k¶-ev]n-°p-

Ibpw B hy-‡nsb thsdm-∂p-ambn CW tN¿°p-Ibpw Ahbn¬

\n∂p k¥m-\-ßƒ h¿≤n-°p∂p F∂p k¶-ev]n-°pIbpw ]Xn-hm-

Wv.

"hnjvWp[¿Ω-'Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xp t\m-°p-I: ""{[ph \£{Xw

\mep `mK-ß-fpambn hnhml _‘-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw AXn¬

\n∂p N{μ≥ P\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.'' as‰m-cn-SØv Cßs\ ]d-

bp∂p: ""Z£v (-{]-Pm-]-Xv) Xs‚ ]Øv s]¨a-°sf [¿Ω-hp-ambn

hnhmlw \S-Øn. Ah-bs{X B ]Øp `mK-ßƒ. AXn¬ H∂ns‚

t]cv "hkp' F∂m-Wv. AXn\p [mcmfw k¥m-\-ß-fp-≠mbn. Ah-

bv°v "hkq¨' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. AXn¬ H∂mWp N{μ≥.'' N{μ\pw

a‰pw {]k-hn-®p-≠m-b-Xm-sW∂p tIƒ°p-tºmƒ \ΩpsS Bfp-Iƒ

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 211

Nncn®pt]mtb-°mw. Ah-cpsS CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ckm-h-l-amb a-‰p

Nne {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ Rm≥ ChnsS D≤cn°mw.

kqcy≥ Iiy]ns‚ aI\pw AXns‚ amXmhv BZn-Xy-\p-am-Wv.

at∂-{μ≥ Bdm-as‚ ImeØp hnimJw Rm‰p-th-e-bn-emWp P\n-

®-Xv. N{μ≥ "[¿Ω'-Øns‚ aI-\m-Ip-∂p. "Im¿ØnI' Rm‰p-th-e-

bn-emWv AXns‚ P\-\w. sNmΔm \£{Xw {]Pm-]-XnbpsS ]p{X-

\m-Wv. AXp P\n-®Xp ]qcmSw Rm‰p-th-e-bn-e-s{X. _p[≥ N{μs‚

]p{X-\m-Wv. AXv Ahn´w Rm‰p-th-e-bn¬ P\n-®p. hymgw \£{Xw

A¶vd-bpsS aI\m-Wv. P\\w ]q¿Δ-^m¬Kp\w (]q-cw) Rm‰p-th-e-

bn¬. ip{I≥ "{hnIn-'bpsS ]p{Xnbm-Wv. ]qbw Rm‰p-th-e-bn¬ P\-

\w. i\n \£{Xw kqcys‚ ]p{X≥. P\\w tchXn Rm‰p-th-e-

bn¬. hm¬\£{Xw "ba≥' (Im-e≥)s‚ aI\pw, Bbneyw Rm‰p-

th-e-bn¬ P\-\w. "cmlp' P\n-®Xp tchXn Rm‰pthe-bnepw. F´v

`mK-ßƒ°v F´v \mY-∑msc Ah¿ \n›-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Ah Hcp ]´n-I-

bmbn Xmsg sImSp-°p-∂p.

Ah¿°v F v́ Zn°p-I-fpsS cq]wsIm≠p Ifn-°p∂ Hcp {]-tXyI

k{º-Zmbw D≠v. B cq]-Øn\p "cmlpN{Iw' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

AXns‚ Nn{X-amWv ASpØ t]Pn¬.

CXp-]-tbm-Kn-t°-≠ {Iaw C{]-Im-c-am-Wv: \ns‚ Znh-k-Øns‚

\mYs\ BZy-ambn Adn-bp-I, ]n∂oSv Cu Nn{X-Øn¬ B \m-Ys‚

t]sc-gp-Xnb ÿew a\- n-em-°p-I. XpS¿∂p ]I-ens‚ GXv

AjvSmw-i-Øn-emWp \o ÿnXn sNøp-∂-sX∂v Adn-bp-I. AjvSmw-

i-ßsf \mY-\p≈ ÿew apX¬ XpS¿®-bmbn FÆp-I. Ing-°p

\n∂p sXt°m´pw ]Sn-™m-tdm-´p-am-IWw FtÆ-≠Xv. At∏mƒ \o

\ns‚ AjvSmwi \mY-\n¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p. DZm-l-c-a-Wmbn:

hymgmbvN A©mw AjvSmwi-Øns‚ \mYs\ \mw Dt±-in-®m¬

A∂sØ \mY≥ hymgw \£{X-am-bn-cn-°p-a-t√m. AhnSw apX¬

sXt°m´v FÆp-I.

A¬ _ndq\n I≠ C¥y | 212

AhnsS\n∂p ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ tcJ hS°p]Sn-™m-dmbn t]mIp-∂p.

At∏mƒ H∂mw AjvSmw-i-Øns‚ \mY≥ hymghpw c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-

s‚Xp i\nbpw aq∂m-a-tØXp kqcy\pw (Rm-b-dpw) \mem-a-tØXp

N{μ\pw (Xn-¶ƒ) A©m-a-tØXp _p[-\pw, Cßs\ XpS-cpw. \o

GXv AjvSmw-i-Øn-em-sW∂p a\- n-em-°n-bm¬ AXv "cmlp'

BsW∂p {Kln®v AXns\ ]pd-In-em°n Ccp-∂p-sIm≠p Ifn XpS-

ßn-bm¬ \o hnP-bn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. CXs{X XZznj-b-I-ambn Ah-cpsS

hnizm-kw.

tum. aplvbp±o≥ be-phmbv - mohiaddin alwaye...d≈s w h∂mw `mkw {]km[i pdn∏v 11 a¬ _ndq\n 13...

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