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(a) UCA: Short cross-chip latency, data array access time dominates overall cache access time

(b) NUCA: Long cross-chip latency, wire delay dominates overall cache access time

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Page 44: tuREvgvgRESUTwr vgVxfgfsvLyz` v$fg efsr1fsV YE]{:VaSUT ...people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~krste/papers/rzhang-phd.pdf7 µ+! n9;M# ó ØZÍUÍÏÚEÍ EËzÖ ÍÏÉ ÍÏÚÞà7ØZÑ Ö!Ë!Çw×8ÕhËzÍ4ËzÑMÒ8ÕÏï

ProcessorCore

L1Cache

L2Cache

Off-ChipDRAM

L1 CacheMiss Buffer

L2 CacheMiss Buffer

processorrequest

cache hit /cache refill

cachemiss

cacherefill

cache hit /cache refill

cachemiss

cacherefill

DRAMreply

L1 cacherequest

off-chiprequest

ö�ÊÞܱÇ>Ö!Í ë £ �jÚ�½!°.ª;º�º¼°�´À´0µXª2¯À½w·�Â�¯À½!°-­!·;­!Í�Ö!±¿·�ºÊÉ~Ì]­!×:¯áÄ�·�Íg±¿°²¾;°�±�º²ª|ºÊ½!°�½!Ì¿°²¶Êª�¶ÊºÊ½~Á�¹»´À°�¸3Ì¿­9¯À½!ÌÓ´�¯À½!°�´[ÌÓ´²ÇÝ ª|ºÊ½�º�ª;ºÊ½!°�Ø�Ì¿´r´�Ò!Ä�¶ÀÌ]¯À°�Ö»ª;ºÊÉ0¶r°�Ë�¹!°�´á¯�Ò�·;¶�°²Ù~µ»±]ÌÓº¼Ì]¯�¸�¶r·;µ5¶À°�Ë|¹»°�´[¯�ÌÓ´�É|°²µ�¯�Ì¿­lª�Ø�ÌÓ´À´�Ö»¹��{°�¶�¯À·0ª;±]±¿·2Ä�Âù�¯r¹!¶r°ª;º�º¼°�´À´À°�´�¯À·lµ!¶r·�º¼°²°�¸�Ç�Å�Ì¿´r´À°�´�¯À·5¯À½»°�´rª�Ø�°0ª;¸»¸�¶À°�´À´�ª�¶r°�Ø�°�¶À×|°�¸.Ì]­�¯À·�ªl´ÀÌ]­!×|±]°�°²­�¯r¶ÀÁ�Ì¿­-¯À½!°�Ø�Ì¿´r´�Ö!¹��v°²¶Ä�½!°�­Üª�µ»µ!¶À·|µ!¶rÌ¿ª�¯À°;Çmü»¹�¯À¹»¶À°�Ø�Ì¿´r´[°�´m¯r·�¸�Ì��v°²¶r°²­�¯�ª|¸!¸�¶r°�´r´[°�´mª�¶r° ­»·�¯pÖ»±]·�ºÊÉ;°�¸Ûª;´o±]·|­!×�ª|´m¯r½!°²¶r° ÌÓ´Nª�­^ª�¾2ª�Ì¿±Óª�Ö!±¿°°²­�¯r¶ÀÁ�Ì¿­5¯À½!°#Ø�ÌÓ´À´�Ö»¹��{°�¶�Ç

Input Channel West

Output Channel West

Input Channel East

Output Channel East

Input Channel Local

Output Channel Local

Input Channel North

Input Channel South

Output Channel North

Output Channel South

ö�ÊÞܱÇ>Ö!Í ë ��à�¯áÄ�·�Í®¸�Ì¿Ø�°�­»´ÀÌ]·|­»ª�±|Ø�°�´[½Ü¶À·|¹�¯À°�¶pÄ�Ì]¯À½^¯áÄ�·�µ!½~Á�´[ÌÓº²ª;±�ºÊ½»ª;­!­!°�±¿´Nµ{°²¶�¸�Ì]¶r°�º¼¯ÀÌ¿·;­�ª�­»¸Û¯áÄ�·�¾�Ì¿¶À¯À¹»ª;±ºÊ½»ª;­!­!°²±Ó´�µ{°²¶�µ!½~Á�´[ÌÓº²ª;±mºÊ½»ª�­»­!°²±�Ç

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Core L1$

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

OffsetIndexTag

Tile 0 Tile 1(Home Tile)

Tile 2 Tile 3

Home tile select (2-bit)

Block i Address:

Core L1$

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

NetworkRouter

Core L1$

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

NetworkRouter

Core L1$

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

NetworkRouter

blk i

blk i blk i

blk i

Local Tile Cache Hierarchy

with private L2 cache

NetworkRouter

ö�ÊÞܱÇ>Ö!Í ë �#¬®­�ª0µ!¶rÌ]¾2ª�¯À°^¸�°�´[Ì¿×;­oÒ»°�ª|ºÊ½�µ!¶r·~º²°�´r´[·|¶�º¼·|¶À°�¯r¶À°�ª2¯r´�Ìâ¯Ê´�±¿·�º²ª�±pÆpÔ0´À±]ÌÓº¼°Üª;´�ª�µ»¶ÀÌ¿¾2ª2¯À°ÜÆpÔ0º�ª;ºÊ½!°|Çÿ~½»ª;¶À°�¸�¸»ª2¯rª�Øܹ»´[¯�ÖX°^º²·;µ!Ì¿°�¸�¯À·�¯r½!°Ûµ!¶rÌ¿¾�ª�¯À°#ÆpÔ�º�ª;ºÊ½!°�´�·�ÂRª�±¿±�¯À½»°Û´[½»ª;¶À°�¶r´�Ç>Ú�½~¹»´�Ò!¸!ª2¯Êª0º¼·;½»°²¶r°²­»º²°�Øܹ»´[¯Ö{°#Ø�ª;Ì]­�¯Êª�Ì¿­!°�¸5ª�Ø�·;­»×�ª;±]±mÆNÔ�º²ª;ºÊ½»°�´�Ç

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Core L1$

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

Core L1$

NetworkRouter

Core L1$

NetworkRouter

Core L1$

NetworkRouter

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

L2$Data Slice

L2$Tag

DRAMCoherenceDirectory

Coherence Directory Cache

DRAMCoherenceDirectory

blk i blk i

Request for blk i Reply for blk i

Chip Boundary

Request for blk i Request for reply-forwarding of blk i

Reply of blk i

Chip Boundary

(a) Naïve implementation of directory-based coherence for private design with off-chip coherence directory

(b) On-chip directory cache is used to avoid long access latency of off-chip coherence directory

NetworkRouter

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tile 0, set 0

tile 0, set 1

tile 0, set 2

tile 0, set 3

tile 1, set 0

tile 1, set 2

tile 1, set 3

tile 0, set 0

Regular Tag Array Regular Tag Array

Duplicated Tag Array Duplicated Tag Array

Tile 0 Tile 1

Tag 1 offset1Address A:

Index

Home Select

Dup

. Tag

Ind

ex

tile 1, set 0

tile 0, set 2 tile 1, set 2

tile 0, set 1

tile 1, set 3tile 0, set 3

tile 1, set 1

tile 1, set 1

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AShared BExclusive CShared N/AInvalid

AShared EExclusiveN/AInvalidN/AInvalidDuplicated Tags of Tile 1:

Duplicated Tags of Tile 0:

A

B

C

E

D

Shared by Tiles 0 and 1

Owned by Tile 0

Shared by Tile 0

Not on chip

Owned by Tile 1

(a) Deducing directory information from duplicated tag array

Duplicated L2 Tag Array at the Home Tile for Cache Set “S”

Core

L2$Data

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

RouterL1$

Core

L2$Data

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

RouterL1$

Requestor

Home Tile

(1) Fetch request

(2) Fetch reply(replacement way chosen)

(b) Normal way allocation takes place when the reply reach the requestor

Core

L2$Data

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

RouterL1$

Core

L2$Data

L2$Tag

Dir(Dup.Tag)

RouterL1$

Requestor

Home Tile

(2) Fetch reply

(1) Fetch request: replacement way is chosen and used by the home tile and the requestor

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(a) Data migration in uniprocessor: D- NUCA. Source: Kim et. al. ASPLOS-X, 2002.

(b) Data migration in chip multiprocessor. Source: Beckmann et. al. MICRO-37, 2004.

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L1 Cache Capacity

L2 CachePer Slice Capacity

L2 CacheOverallCapacity

DRAMCapacity

ApplicationWorking Set Size

Mostly L1 hits, L2 policy is not important

Similar off-chip miss rate for both designs. Thus, private design is better than shared design because of its low L2 hit latency

Shared is better than private because of fewer off-chip misses, even though the average on-chip access latency is longer

Similar off-chip miss rate. Thus, private design is better than shared design because of its low L2 hit latency

Chip boundary

Private Design vs. Shared Design

Victim Replication & Victim Migration

Mostly L1 hits, L2 policy is not important

Replicas are similar to privately stored L2 data. Performance close to the private design and better than shared design.

Replicas eliminates many cross-chip fetches, reduces the on-chip access latency.Performance better than both private and shared designs.

Replicas are similar to privately stored L2 data. Performance close to the private design and better than shared design.

IS

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(1) shared read req (chqRSH)

(2) home revision (hcpREV)

(4) revision ack (chpREV)

(2) downgrade req (hcqDNG)

(3) downgrade rep (ccpDNGD)

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(1) shared read req (chqREX)

(2) home revision (hcpREVD)

(4) revision ack (chpREV)

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(1) shared read req (chqRSH)

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Sharern

(a) Shared read through downgrading current owner

(b) Exclusive read through invalidating current sharers

(c) Shared read through cache-to-cache transfer from a sharer

(3) invalidation rep (ccpINV)

(4) revision ack (chpREV)

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