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RELWB^[LHJHB GBHB^JC HI XIKJEXLE[

V^IA^JOJ HB VÛ[-A^JHRJÁËI BO ABIA^JGLJ ‛ VVAA

OB[X^JHI BO ABIA^JGLJ ‛ OBA

EÔNLJ EIARBL^J HI EJ[KLOBEXI

XR^L[OI KRCXR^JC B J VJX^LOIELJCLTJÁËI HI VICÏAIEI HB

XIONJOBEXI HI KBEX^I ML[XÛ^LKI HB VI^XI EJKLIEJC-XI

Virti Ejkliejc - XI

>6:8



EÔNLJ EIARBL^J HI EJ[KLOBEXI

XR^L[OI KRCXR^JC B J VJX^LOIELJCLTJÁËI HI VICÏAIEI HBXIONJOBEXI HI KBEX^I ML[XÛ^LKI HB VI^XI EJKLIEJC - XI

Hlssbrtjáëi jprbsbetjhj ji Vriarjoj hb Vûs-Arjhujáëi boAbiarjglj hj Relvbrslhjhb Gbhbrjc hi Xikjetles (RGX),Kjopus Relvbrsltêrli hb Virti Ejkliejc, kioi rbqulslti pjrj jintbeáëi hi tïtuci hb Obstrj bo Abiarjglj.

Clemj hb Vbsqulsj4 Bstuhis Abi-tbrrltirljlsIrlbetjhirj4 Hrj. ^isjeb Njcsje

Virti Ejkliejc-XI

>6:8



Hjhis Letbrejkliejls hb Kjtjciajáëi ej Vunclkjáëi (KLV) Nlnclitbkj hj Relvbrslhjhb Gbhbrjc hi Xikjetles

Kjopus Relvbrsltêrli hb Virti Ejkliejc

Nlnclitbkêrlj4 Eônlj Eiaublrj hi Ejsklobeti K^N-> /:;<;

XIHI[ I[ HL^BLXI[ ^B[B^WJHI[ ‛ J rbprihuáëi titjc iu pjrkljc, hb qujcqubr giroj iu pirqujcqubr obli hbstb hikuobeti ì jutirlzjhi hbshb qub kltjhj j gietb. J vlicjáëi his hlrbltis hi jutir

(Cbl e´ <.7:6/<=) ì krlob bstjnbcbklhi pbci jrtlai :=8 hi Kûhlai Vbejc.

E>88t Ejsklobeti, Eônlj Eiaublrj hi.Xurlsoi kucturjc b j pjtrloieljclzjáëi hi picïaiei hb

tionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc ‛

XI. / Eônlj Eiaublrjhi Ejsklobeti. ‛ Virti Ejkliejc, XI4 RGX, >6:8.

>>>g.0 lc.0 arêglkis, ojpjs.

Irlbetjhirj4 Vrigª. Hrª. ^isjeb Njcsje.Hlssbrtjáëi (Obstrjhi) ‛ Relvbrslhjhb Gbhbrjc hi Xikjetles,

Vriarjoj hb Vûs-Arjhujáëi bo Abiarjglj.

:. Abiarjglj kucturjc. >. Xurlsoi. ;. Vjtrloieljclzjáëi.8. Xbrrltûrli 2. Virti Ejkliejc - XI. L. Xïtuci. LL. Xikjetles.

KHH >:. bh. - ;;=.81<:



Ji obu ojlir Vjtrloøeli4

Irklej Eiaublrj hi Ejsklobeti b

Jetielemi Kjrvjcmi hi Ejsklobeti



JA^JHBKLOBEXI[

Kio kbrtbzj bssb ì i jrtbgjti ojls hlgïklc hb rbhlalr hj hlssbrtjáëi, pils tbois hbrbgcbtlr, lojalejr, obetjclzjr b tbr uo jopci bsgirái pjrj cbonrjr hb tihis jqubcbs qub

kietrlnuïrjo pjrj i eissi krbsklobeti, sbdj bcb pbssijc, letbcbktujc b/iu priglssliejc ei

hbkirrbr his jeis hb kursi, b girjo oultis. Cbonrjois qub bssj ì jpbejs uoj pbqubej

pjrkbcj hb jarjhbklobetis hb uoj vlhj letblrj. Jetbklpjhjobetb, qubrlj ob hbskucpjr, pils

sbl qub kiobtbrbl brris hb uoj obetb qub tjonìo gjcmj pir eëi cbonrjr iu eëi obekliejr

tihis qub bstlvbrjo prbsbetbs ebssj trjdbtûrlj. Hbskucpbo-ob. Vrloblrjobetb, aistjrlj hb

jarjhbkbr j ^isjeb Njcsje, olemj irlbetjhirj, pbci kievltb bo pjrtlklpjr hi pridbti –Jlhbetlhjhb mlstûrlkj b kucturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc4 j jkbsslnlclhjhb jtrjvìs his jkbrvis‟, ej

Oltrj Hlikbsjej hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, bo >6:6. Jglroi sboprb qub bssb gil i prlekïpli, i

leïkli, iehb tuhi kiobáiu. Inrlajhj pbcj kiegljeáj bo olo hbpisltjhj b jlehj prirriajhj,

pbcjs vljabes, pbcjs kievbrsjs, pbcis beslejobetis, pbcj jolzjhb kiestruïhj, pbcis bxbopcis

hb vlhj b pbcis rbsuctjhis intlhis ji cieai hbssbs jeis. Jprbehl qub j jkjhbolj beslej, ojs

sëi js cláòbs hb vlhj qub eis trjesoltb sjnbhirlj. I trjnjcmi sbrlj kiekcuïhi ei pbrïihi hb

hils jeis, b sujs insbrvjáòbs, krïtlkjs b iu suabstòbs girjo bssbekljls pjrj kiekcusëi b pbci

prjzbr bo pbsqulsjr i kbetri mlstûrlki. Kioi bo tihi trjnjcmi bxlstbo pjrkbrljs b bqulpb, bls

is obus slekbris jarjhbklobetis.

Jis hj Nlnclitbkj...

J Djelrj, olemj kmbgb, jolaj b kicbaj hb priglssëi, bxbopci hb vlhj b bxkbcbetb

priglssliejc hj legirojáëi. Vbssij pir qubo aujrhi uoj priguehj jholrjáëi, inrlajhj pir

kiopjrtlcmjr kiolai is jeis hb beslejobeti b kievïvli kio pjcjvrjs b bxbopcis. Jlehj siu

obrj jprbehlz. J Kcjuhlemj, inrlajhj pbcj kiopjemlj, pbcis kiesbcmis, pbcj jolzjhb b pir

hlvlhlr suj gjoïclj kiolai, inrlajhj pir tirejr olemjs tjrhbs hb trjnjcmi ojls gbclzbs. Jis

kicbajs hb trjnjcmi hj Relvbrslhjhb Gbhbrjc hi Xikjetles (RGX), bo bspbkljc is kicbajs qub

girjo b is qub jlehj sëi hi qujhri hb gueklieêrlis hj Nlnclitbkj.

Jis jolais...

Hljej, Ol`jbccy b Cirbej, pir sjnbr qub pissi kietjr kio vikäs j tihi b

qujcqubr oiobeti. Jis jolais hb Virti Ejkliejc4 ^bycj, inrlajhj pbcjs kievbrsjs b

irlbetjáòbs sinrb js letbrprbtjáòbs hjs Cbls0 Jehrbssj, Bojeibcj b gjoïclj, inrlajhj, pbcis

oiobetis hb cjzbr b hb kievbrsjs, qub girjo guehjobetjls pjrj bssj btjpj. Jis jolais hb

sboprb4 Jckleìlj, Lair \urb, @jric Jcoblhj, Abelczj, Cblhljeb. Jis qub sb glzbrjo prbsbetbs,



Xlkj b Kcblhb. J Jej Kcjuhlj (Kcjuhlemj) b @mblbcy, Nruelemi, Xjvëi, Xîojrj, Hiej Huckb b

Hiej Jcjei, inrlajhj pir ob rbkbnbrbo sboprb tëi nbo b ob kieslhbrjrbo kioi obonri

hb suj gjoïclj. [ëi is obus slekbris jarjhbklobetis j tihis hj gjoïclj Njtjcmj b Cjkbrhj.

Jis kicbajs hi obstrjhi...

Gil oulti nio tbr kjhj uo prbsbetb bo olemj vlhj4 Irhêclj, gil ûtloj j

kiopjemlj ej vljabo ji Ojrjemëi0 Kcjuhlemj, js kievbrsjs b ajrajcmjhjs girjo js guajs

ebkbssêrljs pjrj jclvljr is hljs hb tbesëi0 Ojrlj hb Dbsus, pbcj kiopjemlj bo Kjoplejs-[V0 b

Bhej, pbcj kiopjemlj bo Ojtblris-XI. Jis ajritis4 Kcjuhliojr, Dôelir Njtlstj, Hlûabebs,

Aulcmbrob b Dibscje.

Jis priglssliejls kio i ojtbrljc pjrj j pbsqulsj...

J bqulpb hi Ousbu Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, [bnjstljej, [jehrj, Acêuklj b jjtujc [bkrbtjrlj hb Kucturj Wltj Gbrejehbs. Jrliojr b Jetøelj, jonis hj Vjriqulj Eissj

[bemirj hjs Obrkäs, inrlajhj pir ob jduhjrbo kio is hjhis hj pbsqulsj ej betrbaj his

qubstlieêrlis. J ^jykb b Kbláj, gueklieêrljs hj Kîojrj Ouelklpjc hb Virti Ejkliejc,

inrlajhj pbcj hlspielnlclhjhb bo cikjclzjr ei jrqulvi tihjs js cbls letbrejs bxlstbetbs sinrb

prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc.

Girjo oultis is prigbssirbs qub kietrlnuïrjo kio j pbsqulsj4 Vrigbssir Tlsoje

Ebyoje, pbcjs prloblrjs legirojáòbs sinrb i qub pbsqulsjr, pir hlobesliejr j bstruturj b jirajelzjáëi hi tbxti bskrlti. Ji Vrigbssir Ejpicbëi, pbcj hlskussëi mlstûrlkj b tbûrlkj hb

Virti Ejkliejc0 Vrigbssir Hbels, pbcj hlskussëi Olctieljej sinrb i bspjái b i tbrrltûrli. Ji

prigbssir Dbje Kjrcis ^ihrlaubs, pbcj kioprbbesëi hj pjtrloieljclzjáëi hi pjtrloøeli kioi

uoj kjtbairlj hb jeêclsb hj Abiarjglj, ji prigbssir Jhëi Grjeklski pbcjs suabstòbs ej

qujclglkjáëi. J Kbdjeb Vjklel (Hlvlsëi Xìkelkj LVMJE ‛ XI), pbcj prbstjtlvlhjhb b pir

hlspielnlclzjr js prleklpjls gietbs hbstj pbsqulsj4 i Hisslä b j Jtj hb tionjobeti. Ji Diejs

pir legirojáòbs ôtbls b ebkbssêrljs pjrj i gbkmjobeti his prikbhlobetis obtihicûalkis b jiKcbnbr pir jcauojs legirojáòbs tbkeicûalkjs. Ji Mbrtie Nrlti, pbcj kiekbssëi hjs gitis0 Bvj

pbcj trjhuáëi ej vbrsëi leacbsj hi jnstrjkt b j prigbssirj Kjric Nusm, pbci jkbltb bo

pjrtlklpjr hj njekj, pils sujs rbssjcvjs sbrëi hb suoj lopirtîeklj pjrj i trjnjcmi.

Ji prigbssir ^jgjbc, pir hlspir hi sbu tbopi jcauojs ojemës pjrj i

bskcjrbklobeti b i betbehlobeti sinrb is hjhis bstjtïstlkis intlhis ej pbsqulsj, juxlcljehi

ejs jssikljáòbs b ejs jeêclsbs qujetltjtlvjs b qujcltjtlvjs. J prigbssirj Ljrj, oirjhirj hi

kbetri mlstûrlki, kio uoj sjnbhirlj pcbej, ob gbz vljdjr ejs mlstûrljs hj aäebsb hb Virti

Ejkliejc. J prigbssirj Jehrìj [jetis, pbci jpili hbshb j arjhujáëi. Jis kicbajs

Nlnclitbkêrlis hj Relvbrslhjhb Gbhbrjc hi Xikjetles, ji prigbssir Bclsbu Clrj b tihis hbojls



hi Vriarjoj hb Vûs-Arjhujáëi bo Abiarjglj hb Virti Ejkliejc. Jis turlstjs b,

prleklpjcobetb, jis oirjhirbs hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti. Inrlajhj

pbcj betrbvlstj kiekbhlhj, pbci kjgì, pbci jcoiái kio i sbemir Icbaêrli, Vrbgblti hb Virti

Ejkliejc ej hìkjhj hb 16. Kmê b nici girjo abstis kjrlemisis kio qub oultis ob rbkbnbrjo.

Inrlajhj pir ob pbroltlr kiembkbr uo piuki ojls hj suj mlstûrlj b j suj mlstûrlj ej klhjhb.

Obu pirti sbauri...

Jis obus pjls Jetielemi b Irklej, obus pjrîobtris hb letbarlhjhb b kiehutj.

Gietb hb lesplrjáëi b hbsbdi bo kietleujr j kiekrbtlzjr is indbtlvis, inrlajhj pbci joir

lekiehlkliejc, kiegljeáj b jpili, hbskucpb-ob j jusäeklj kiestjetb, bcj gil ebkbssêrlj. Js

olemjs lroës Hjrcbeb b [irjlj, pir pripirkliejr oiobetis hb jcbarlj. Jcbarlj ì j giroj hb

kioi kiehuzlois j vlhj b pjrj bcjs eëi mê tbopi pjrj trlstbzj, obsoi bo oiobetishrjoêtlkis mê bspjái pjrj i muoir ebari. J olemj jvû Ojrlj hb Ejzjrì, le oboirljo, qub

tjeti ob gjciu b kietiu cbehjs, kjusis b mlstûrljs hb Virti Ejkliejc qujehi pbqubej. Kietis

b gênucjs sinrb j Kjtbhrjc b j kinrj Niluej, sbo obsoi bu sjnbr qub hbpils hb jcaues jeis

jcl bu lrlj oirjr.

Jis jolais ailjeis hj nlnclitbkieiolj b jis tikjetlebesbs hj abiarjglj...

Eëi jnjehiebl j Nlnclitbkieiolj, jpbejs obskcbl êrbjs hi kiembklobeti b sb

oultis gjcjo hb letbr, ouctl, pcurl b trjeshlsklpclejrlhjhb, sbdj qujc gir hbssjs tbirljs, jvbrhjhb ì qub midb siu Nlnclitbkêrlj hb girojáëi b Abûarjgj hb kirjáëi. Inrlajhj j bssj

clehj kläeklj pir kiembkbr i hbskiembklhi.



Xbemi j kmjvb pjrj j pirtj hi obu tboj. Bskrbvi b kmiri j olemj legîeklj pbrhlhj0 hboiri-ob kioivlhjobetb sinrb is pirobeirbs hb pbssijs boinïclj hj vbcmj kjsj ej privïeklj0 bviki j gbclklhjhb hb eëi tbr hlrbltisebo hbvbrbs, hb sbr clvrb pir eëi sjnbr pbesjr ebo sbetlr ‛ b bstj bvikjáëi,sb gir nbo gbltj kioi prisj b vlsòbs, vjl hbspbrtjr ei obu cbltir bxjtjobetbj boiáëi qub bu sbetl, b qub ejhj tlemj kio legîeklj.

(VB[[IJ, >6::, p. :81).



Kjcvle b Mjrichi P:<<2_.



^B[ROI

Cikjclzjhj j jprixlojhjobetb 76 `o hj kjpltjc, Vjcojs-XI, bstê Virti Ejkliejc, uoj hjs

klhjhbs hi bstjhi hi Xikjetles qub pissul uo slaelglkjtlvi vjcir mlstûrlki, jrtïstlki, kucturjcb rbclalisi pjrj i jetlai –eirtb ailjei‟, jsslo kmjojhj j rbalëi eirtb pjrj is qub rbslhljoej rbalëi suc, midb bstjhi hb Ailês. Kioi pihbois insbrvjr eis bstuhis hb jcaues jutirbsqub trjtjrjo sinrb vêrljs tboêtlkjs bo Virti Ejkliejc, kioi bhukjáëi, pjtrloøeli, mlstûrlj,j aäebsb hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc sb hbu pir träs jkietbklobetis4 j kmbajhj hisHiolelkjeis, i suralobeti hb träs direjls b j kmbajhj hb uo oìhlki æ klhjhb. Wêrlis sëi isoitlvis pjrj sbr kieslhbrjhj uoj hjs klhjhbs ojls rbprbsbetjtlvjs hi Bstjhi, uo hbcbs ì igjti hb kietjr kio uoj girtb tbehäeklj æ rbclalëi, ojs bspbklglkjhjobetb i Kjticlklsoi.Iutri hjhi lopirtjetb gil i tionjobeti, qub jkietbkbu ei jei hb >66=, sbehi j sbauehjklhjhb j sbr tionjhj ei Bstjhi hi Xikjetles, b j prloblrj bo tbrrltûrli tikjetlebesb. Xrjzuoj rbtrispbktlvj sinrb i prikbssi hb bvicuáëi hi pjtrloøeli kio hbstjqub js Kjrtjs

Vjtrloieljls hb Jtbejs, bo (:<;:), Kjrtj hb Wbebzj, hb (:<78), j Kievbeáëi ^bcjtlvj æVritbáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc Kucturjc b Ejturjc, hb (:<1>), b j hbkcjrjáëi hb Jostbrhë,bo (:<12). Bssjs kjrtjs girjo hb guehjobetjc lopirtîeklj pjrj j kiesiclhjáëi hi VjtrloøeliMlstûrlki b Kucturjc eis hljs jtujls. I bstuhi pripòb hlskutlr b rbgcbtlr sinrb jáòbs qubeirtbljo i Xurlsoi Kucturjc ej klhjhb. J prloblrj btjpj qub kiopòb i bstuhi gil j jpclkjáëihb uo qubstlieêrli jis turlstjs qub vlsltjrjo j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs b iOusbu Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc ei pbrïihi hb gìrljs rbgbrbetb ji oäs hb ducmi b hbzbonri hb>6:;, b i prikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki, sbauehi is jrauobetis bbetrbvlstjs gbltjs kio is oirjhirbs. Girjo jpclkjhis jis turlstjs jcaues qubstlieêrlissbolbstruturjhis kioi prloblrj btjpj hj pbsqulsj. Ro his prleklpjls indbtlvis ì hlskutlr ihbsbevicvlobeti hi turlsoi kucturjc ej klhjhb pjrj i hbsbevicvlobeti hj jtlvlhjhb turïstlkjej klhjhb. J sbauehj btjpj kieslstb bo vbrlglkjr j pbrkbpáëi his oirjhirbs ej piclaiejc hbtionjobeti hi kbetri mlstûrlki qujeti ji prikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi kio njsb bohikuobetis girojls qub kiestltubo j Jtj hb Xionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki b i Hisslä hbXionjobeti. Gjz-sb uoj rbgcbxëi sinrb i jtujc kietbxti qub j klhjhb sb bekietrj. Jsslo,tbrbois hujs vlsòbs, hi turlstj b hi oirjhir, j glo hb rbspiehbr sb i tionjobeti hj klhjhbhb Virti Ejkliejc kirrbspiehb æs bxpbktjtlvjs hi turlstj b hi oirjhir. Kieslhbrjhi i nbráikucturjc hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki hi Bstjhi, kio njsb bo jcauojs qubstòbs kietlhjs eiqubstlieêrli, surab j rbgcbxëi pjrj i qubstliejobeti4 j bxlstäeklj i Xurlsoi kucturjc ejklhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI nbo kioi j pjrtlklpjáëi his oirjhirbs pjrj i tionjobeti hikbetri mlstûrlki.

Vjcjvrjs-kmjvb4 Abiarjglj kucturjc. Xbrrltûrli. Vjtrloieljclzjáëi. Kbetri Mlstûrlki. Virti Ejkliejc-XI.



JN[X^JKX

Vcjkbh kcisb ti 76 ò grio tmb stjtb hlstrlkt, Vjcojs-XI, tmbrb ls Virti Ejkliejc, ieb ig tmb

Xikjetlesfstjtb kltlbs wbcc èiwe gir lts mlstirlkjc, jrtlstlk, kucturjc jeh rbclalius vjcub ti tmbich tlobs èiwe js –eirtb ailjei‟, wmlkm ls tmb eirtm rbalie gir tmisb wmi clvbh le tmb siutm,tmls cjst ieb ls eiw kjccbh Ailês stjtb. Js wb kje insbrvb tmriuam tmb stuhy ig siob jutmirshbhlkjtbh ti sbvbrjc sundbkts ie Virti Ejkliejc, cl`b Bhukjtlie, Mlstirlkjc mbrltjab jehMlstiry, Virti Ejkliejc klty abebsls wjs sbt ny tmrbb stjrt pilets4 tmb Hiolelkjes jrrlvjc, tmbhjwe ig tmrbb ebwspjpbrs jeh cjstcy tmb jrrlvjc ig j pmyslklje ti tmb klty. Xmbrb jrb ojeyrbjsies wmy lt ls ieb ig tmb oist rbprbsbetjtlvb kltlbs le tmb stjtb, ieb ig tmbo ls tmb strieatbehbeky ti rbclalie, oist ig jcc tmb kjtmiclk ieb. Jeitmbr lopirtjet jspbkt wjs ltscjehojr`lea ny tmb mlstirlkjc mbrltjab, wmlkm ikkurrbh le >66=. Lt ls jcsi ebbhbh ti obetlietmjt lt wjs tmb sbkieh klty ti nb clstbh js mlstirlkjc mbrltjab ie tmb stjtb jeh jcsi tmb glrst le ltstbrrltiry. Lt kjrrlbs je bvbetguc mlehslamt ig tmb mlstirlkjc mbrltjab bvicutlie prikbss wmbrbjs lt

lekcuhbs tmb Mlstirlkjc Mbrltjab Kmjrt ig Jtmbejs (:<;:), Wbelkb Kmjrt (:<78), Kievbetliegir Qirch Kucturjc jeh Ejturjc Mlstirlkjc Mbrltjab (:<1>) jeh tmb Jostbrhje Hbkcjrjtlie(:<12). Xmbsb kmjrts wbrb wblamty ti tmb mlstirlkjc mbrltjab cjehojr`s kiesiclhjtlie le iurtlobs. Xmls stuhy suaabsts ti hlskuss jeh rbgcbkt ie tmb jktlies tmjt alvb eirtm ti tmb kltykucturjc tiurlso. Xmb glrst stbp ig tmls stuhy kieslstbh le tmb jppclkjtlie ig j picc ti tmb tiurlststmjt vlsltbh tmb kltyfs kmurkm jeh ousbuo hurlea tmb cjst >6:; Ducy jeh Hbkbonbr, js wbcc jstmls pjrt pilets iut tmb mlstirlkjc mbrltjab prikbss ig Virti Ejkliejcfs mlstirlkjc kbetbrjkkirhlea ti tmb jrauobets jeh letbrvlbws hieb upie tmb klty hwbccbrs. [iob sbol-strukturbh

piccs wbrb jppclbh ie tmb tiurlsts js glrst stbp ig tmls rbsbjrkm. Ieb ig tmb stjehjrh pilets igtmls wir` ls ti objsurb kucturjc tiurlso lopirtjekb ti tmb klty tiurlso js j wmicb. Xmb sbkiehstbp ig tmls wir` ls ti vbrlgy tmb pbrkbptlie ig tmb ebjrny lemjnltjets ig tmb klty“s mlstirlkjckbetbr ie tmb mlstirlkjc mbrltjab prikbss njsbh ie girojc hikuobets js tmb Mlstirlkjc KbetbrMbrltjab Cjehojr`lea Oleutb jeh tmb Mlstirlkjc Mbrltjab Cjehojr`lea Hisslbr. Xmls stuhyhrlgts j rbgcbktlie upie tmb jktujc kietbxt ig tmb klty. Jgtbr jcc, tmls stuhy kietjles twi vlslie,tmb hwbccbr jeh tmb tiurlst ieb, le irhbr ti jeswbr lg tmb klty mlstirlkjc mbrltjab clstlea rbpclbsti tmblr bxpbktjtlies. Mjvlea le oleh tmb gjkt tmjt tmb klty ls kieslhbrbh tmb kucturjc nlrtmpcjkbig tmb stjtb, jeh jcsi njsbh ie siob lssubs beclamtbebh ny tmb picc, j rbgcbktlie jrlsbs4 tmbbxlstbekb ig kucturjc tiurlso le Virti Ejkliejc jeh tmb pjrtlklpjtlie ig lts hwbccbrs ti tmbmlstirlkjc kbetbr cjehojr`lea.

@by-wirhs4 Kucturjc abiarjpmy. Xbrrltiry. Mlstirlkjc mbrltjab cjehojr`lea. Mlstirlkjc kbetbr.Virti Ejkliejc-XI.



CL[XJ HB LCR[X^JÁÒB[

Glaurj : - Vcjkj hb rbaucjobetjáëi ei kbetri mlstûrlki ;=

Glaurj > - Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs hb Virti Ejkliejc - XI 26Glaurj ; - Vjcêkli Bplskipjc bo objhis his jeis 86 7=

Glaurj 8 - Oltrj Hlikbsjej hb Virti Ejkliejc ‛ XI 7=

Glaurj 2 - Kiestruáëi hi Kirbti bo Virti Ejkliejc - XI 7<

Glaurj 7 - Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs b i Kirbti 16

Glaurj 1 - Jtujc Vrjáj Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs 1:

Glaurj = - Kjsjrëi his Ojljs 1;

Glaurj < - Viclaiejc hb Xionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI/>66= 11Glaurj :6 - ^btlglkjáëi ‛ Viclaiejc hb Xionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI/

>6:>1<

Glaurj :: - Ojpj hb cikjclzjáëi hjs klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs hb Ailês b Xikjetles =2

Glaurj :> - ^bprbsbetjáëi his nbes kucturjls bo Virti Ejkliejc - XI <6

Glaurj :; - Bsqubojtlzjáëi ‛ Xurlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc <>

Zujhri : - Krieicialj hb jcauojs hjtjs slaelglkjtlvjs rbgbrbetb ji kietbxtimlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc ‛ XI

>:

Zujhri > - Xlpis hb turlsoi kucturjc b sujs kjrjktbrïstlkjs ><

Zujhri ; - Is prleklpjls jabetbs hb hbtbrlirjáëi ji nbo ojtbrljc ;7

Zujhri 8 Kjrtj Vjtrloieljc b suj bvicuáëi 8=

Zujhri 2 - Krltìrlis bstjnbcbklhis pbcj Rebski pjrj i Xionjobeti hb Nbohi Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc

7>

Zujhri 7 - ^bcjáëi hj qujetlhjhb hb Nbes Xionjhis ei Nrjslc b sujsrbspbktlvjs rbalòbs

7;

Zujhri 1 - Nbes kucturjls jprivjhis bo trjoltjáëi pjrj guturj lesbráëi eiclvri hb tioni hi LVMJE

78

Zujhri = - ^bcjáëi hjs klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs hi jetlai Eirtb Ailjei, Ailês b

Xikjetles ej hìkjhj hb =6

=;

Arêglki : - ^bsuctjhis rbgbrbetbs ji oäs hb ducmi <;

Arêglki > - ^bsuctjhis rbgbrbetbs ji oäs hb hbzbonri <8

Arêglki ; - ^bspistjs betrbvlstjhis <1



CL[XJ HB XJNBCJ[

Xjnbcj : - Hjhis bstjtïstlkis4 qubstlieêrli jpclkjhi jis turlstjs =1

Xjnbcj > - Bspbklglkjáëi - kbetri mlstûrlki <>



CL[XJ HB JN^BWLJXR^J[ B [LACJ[

JNJ Jssikljáëi Nrjslcblrj hb JetripicialjKLJON Kiearbssi Letbrejkliejc hb Jrqultbturj Oihbrej

KIHBVI^XI Kiopjemlj hb Hbsbevicvlobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc [/J

KIO[JÔHB Kiouelhjhb hb [jôhb, Hbsbevicvlobeti b Bhukjáëi

H.I.R. Hlêrli Iglkljc hj Relëi

LJN Lestltuti his Jrqultbtis hi Nrjslc

LNJOJ Lestltuti Nrjslcblri hi Obli Jonlbetb b his ^bkursis Ejturjls ^beivêvbls

LNAB Lestltuti Nrjslcblri hb Abiarjglj b BstjtïstlkjLN^JO Lestltuti Nrjslcblri his Ousbus

LKIOI[ Letbrejkliejc Kiueklc ig [ltbs jeh Oieuobets - Kiesbcmi Letbrejkliejc his

[ïtlis b Oieuobetis

LVMJE Lestltuti hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc

LVXR Lopisti sinrb j Vriprlbhjhb Vrbhljc b Xbrrltirljc Rrnjei

ERXJ Eôkcbi Xikjetlebesb hb Jrqubicialj

IEAs Irajelzjáòbs eëi Aivbrejobetjls

L^ ^jhljáëi legrjvbrobcmj

RW ^jhljáëi uctrjvlicbtj

[JN [iklbhjhb hb Jrqubicialj Nrjslcblrj

[VMJE [brvlái hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc

RMB Rslej Cuïs Bhujrhi Ojajcmëbs

REB[KI Irajelzjáëi hjs Ejáòbs Relhjs pjrj j Bhukjáëi, j Kläeklj b j Kucturj

QXI Qirch Xurlso Irajelzjtlie - Irajelzjáëi Ouehljc hi Xurlsoi



[ROÊ^LI

KJV XRCI :

: LEXÎHRÁ I.............................................................................................................. :2

:.: Jprbsbetjáëi, indbtlvis b bskicmj hj êrbj hbbstuhi...............................................................................................................................

:1

:.> Kietbxti mlstûrlki hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI....................................................................................................................................

:<

:.>.: Krieicialj hj klhjhb......................................................................................................>:

:.; Bstjtuti hj Klhjhb b i Vcjei Hlrbtir .......................................................................... >>KJV XRCI >

> VJX^LO ELI KRCXR^JC4 KIEKBLXRJÁËI.................................................... >2>.: Hbgleláòbs hb kucturj......................................................................................................

>7>.> Xurlsoi........................................................................................................................... >=>.>.: Xurlsoi kucturjc...............................................................................................................

><

>.>.:.: Virti Ejkliejc b is nbes ojtbrljls b lojtbrljls............................................................. ;>

>.>.> Vrbvbeáëi hb rlski bo êrbjs hb prbsbrvjáëi hi kbetri mlstûrlki....................................;8

>.; Vicïtlkjs Vônclkjs........................................................................................................... 86>.8 Vicïtlkjs Vônclkjs bo Virti Ejkliejc ‛ XI................................................................. 86KJV XRCI ;

; ML[X ^LKI [IN^B I VÎKB[[I VJX^LOIELJC EI N^J[LC.................... 81;.: Virti Ejkliejc ‛ XI bo kietbxti4 j klhjhb b i tionjobeti.................................... 8<;.:.: Hisslä hb Xionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI...............................................................

2>

;.> Vjtrloieljclzjáëi4 kiekbltujáëi.................................................................................. 27;.>.: Vrikbssi hb Vjtrloieljclzjáëi bo Virti Ejkliejc Xikjetles ‛ XI4 letbrprbtjáëi hj

Jtj hb Xionjobeti.........................................................................................................2<

;.>.:.: Oieuobetis ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti4 tbopi pjssjhi b i tbopi prbsbetb..............72

KJV XRCI 8

8 VJX^LO ELI B XB^ L̂X ^LI4 VICLAIEI HB XIONJOBEXI B [BRCLOLXB........................................................................................................................... 12

8.: Vjlsjabo kucturjc b i bspjái pjtrloieljclzjhi.......................................................... =:8.> J rbsslaelglkjáëi hi tbrrltûrli b j kiestruáëi hj lhbetlhjhb..................................... =;8.; Vrikbhlobetis obtihicûalkis....................................................................................... =78.;.: Letbrprbtjáëi his turlstjs.................................................................................................

=<

8.;.> Letbrprbtjáëi his oirjhirbs hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki...........................................................<8

2 KIE[LHB^JÁ B[....................................................................................................... <<

[RAB[XÒB[ VJ^J OBCMI^LJ[ EI KBEXÎ ML[X ^LKI HB VI^XIEJKLIEJC - XI........................................................................................................... :6;

[RAB[X B[ VJ^J V^ ]LOJ[ VB[ZRL[J[........................................................ :68



^BGB^ EKLJ[............................................................................................................. :62ACI[[ ^LI.................................................................................................................. ::2JV EHLKB J ‛ ZRB[XLIE ^LI JVCLKJHI JI[ XR^L[XJ[ B/IR

B]KR^[LIEL[XJ[......................................................................................................

::7

JV EHLKB N - BEX^BWL[XJ ̂ BJCLTJHJ KIO I[ OI^JHI^B[ HIKBEX^I ML[XÛ^LKI HB VI^XI EJKLIEJC....................................................

::=

JEB]I J ‛ HI[[L HB XIONJOBEXI ‛ V^LOBL^IWICROB........................................................................................................................

::<

JEB]I N ‛ HI[[L HB XIONJOBEXI ‛ [BAREHIWICROB........................................................................................................................

:22

EHLKB IEIO [XLKI.............................................................................................. >>>



:2

: LEX^IHRÁËI

Cikjclzjhj j jprixlojhjobetb 76 `o hj kjpltjc, Vjcojs-XI, Virti Ejkliejc ì

uoj hjs klhjhbs hi bstjhi hi Xikjetles qub pissul uo slonûclki vjcir mlstûrlki, jrtïstlki,

kucturjc b rbclalisi pjrj i jetlai –eirtb ailjei‟, jsslo kmjojhj j rbalëi eirtb pjrj is qub

rbslhljo ej rbalëi suc, midb i bstjhi hb Ailês. Bssbs gjtis pihbo sbr insbrvjhis eis bstuhis

hjs jutirjs Ojrlj hb Gêtloj hb Iclvblrj (>6:6) b Eibkl Kjrvjcmi Obssljs (>6:>), qub

kietrlnuïrjo kio j bskrltj b uo piuki hj mlstûrlj hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI. J prloblrj jutirj,

bo sbu clvri –Betrb i sbrtëi b i cltirjc4 kucturj b kitlhljei bo Virti Ejkliejc :==6/:=<6‟,

gruti hb suj hlssbrtjáëi hb obstrjhi, jprbsbetj jcaues hjhis rbcbvjetbs pjrj betbehbr j

aäebsb hb Virti Ejkliejc.J irlabo hj klhjhb Virti Ejkliejc tbvb suj aäebsb girojtjhj kio träs arjehbs

ojrkis4 j kmbajhj hj loprbesj, j vlehj hb pjhrbs hiolelkjeis b i bstjnbcbklobeti hb uo

oìhlki ej klhjhb.

Kio j loprbesj, miuvb j lejuaurjáëi hb träs direjls4 j Gicmj hi Eirtb, bhltjhj

pbcis kiobrkljetbs Grbhbrlki Cbois b Cuïs Cbltb ^lnblri, betrb is jeis hb :=<: b :=<80 i

Lekbetlvi, betrb :<6: b :<6>0 b i ôctloi direjc hj ìpikj, i Direjc Eirtb hb Aiyjz, guehjhi

pbci oìhlki Grjeklski Jyrbs hj [lcvj, bo :<62. J kmbajhj his pjhrbs hiolelkjeis, prleklpjls pbrkussirbs hj rbclalëi b hi prikbssi bhukjtlvi ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc,

priplkliu j guehjáëi hi Kicìali [jarjhi Kirjáëi hb Dbsus, kiembklhi tjonìo kioi

–Kicìali hjs Lroës‟. Bstb eiob hbvb-sb æs guehjhirjs lroës hiolelkjejs, qub vlbrjo hj

Grjeáj bo objhis hb :<68. Vir glo, kmbaj uo oìhlki æ klhjhb, Grjeklski Jlrbs hj [lcvj

(ICLWBL^J, >6:6).

Wêrlis sëi is oitlvis pjrj qub Virti Ejkliejc sbdj kieslhbrjhj uoj hjs klhjhbs

ojls rbprbsbetjtlvjs hi bstjhi, pils kietj kio uoj girtb tbehäeklj æ rbclalëi, ojsbspbklglkjhjobetb ji Kjticlklsoi. [bauehi i ôctloi sbesi hb >6:6, hi Lestltuti Nrjslcblri hb

Abiarjglj b Bstjtïstlkj (LNAB, >6:8), mê <88.871 mjnltjetbs jhbptis hj rbclalëi kjtûclkj

jpistûclkj riojej ei Bstjhi hi Xikjetles b ;7.;1< mjnltjetbs pirtubesbs jhbptis j obsoj

rbclalëi.

J jutirj Eibkl Kjrvjcmi Obssljs (>6:>), ejturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc, bo sbus

bstuhis, qub rbsuctjrjo bo uo clvri letltucjhi j –Virti Ejkliejc4 pjtrloøeli kucturjc b

oboûrlj‟, prlirlziu j jeêclsb hb betrbvlstjs gbltjs kio j kiouelhjhb qub mjnltjvj ei betirei

hi kbetri mlstûrlki, iu obsoi pbssijs qub vlvbekljrjo is jtrjtlvis qub j klhjhb igbrbklj

jetbs hjs letbrvbeáòbs kjusjhjs ji cieai his jeis, kioi4 j kiestruáëi hj Rslej Mlhrbcìtrlkj



:7

Cuïs Bhujrhi Ojajcmëbs (RMB), qub kucoleiu ej hloleuláëi hb turlstjs æ klhjhb, j Ircj

Nblrj ^li b j hboicláëi hi Kirbti. J prjlj Virti ^bjc, i Kirbti b i kjrejvjc qub jkietbklj

ei kbetri mlstûrlki ej ruj Kjnjájki: brjo jtrjtlvis turïstlkis b gietb hb rbehj pjrj jcaues

pirtubesbs. Vir obli hj irjclhjhb, j jutirj pripøs vbrlglkjr i ïehlkb hb lesjtlsgjáëi hjs

pbssijs kio j kiestruáëi hj RMB, qub rbsuctiu ej –eivj prjlj jrtlglkljc‟, hblxjehi jpbejs ej

oboûrlj b ej sjuhjhb jqubcbs qub vlvbekljrjo j prjlj hb Virti ^bjc>. Iutri pieti qub

kmjoiu jtbeáëi bo sbu bstuhi gil j hlskussëi sinrb j hbrrunjhj hi Kirbti, qub sb kiestltuïj

uo nbo pjtrloieljc hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI. Ei îonlti bhukjkliejc, j jutirj Nbevlehj Njrris

Hiurjhi (>6:;), bo suj punclkjáëi –Bhukjáëi bo Virti Ejkliejc4 uoj pbrspbktlvj

mlstûrlkj‟, rbsuctjhi hb bstuhi sinrb i prikbssi bhukjkliejc bstjnbcbklhi ei eirtb hb Ailês-

Xikjetles, pjrtlkucjrobetb bo Virti Ejkliejc, hi sìkuci ]L] jtì objhis hi sìkuci ]],jprbsbetiu, pir obli hj trjdbtûrlj mlstûrlkj, uo pjeirjoj hj bhukjáëi ebssj klhjhb. Wêrlis

sëi is jutirbs b is pbsqulsjhirbs qub rbtrjtjo j klhjhb b jsslo kietrlnubo kio pbsqulsjs

victjhjs j Virti Ejkliejc-XI.

Vbesjr i Xurlsoi, bo bspbkïglki i –Xurlsoi kucturjc‟, ì betbehbr qub hbshb j

aäebsb hj klhjhb, ei prikbssi olarjtûrli, dê rbkbnïjois is arupis vlehis hb girj, sbdjo bcbs

olarjetbs iu obsoi vljdjetbs bo nuskj hb djzlhjs iu pbpltjs hb iuri, tjcvbz jqul sbdj i

leïkli pjrj i turlsoi ej klhjhb. Ebssb sbetlhi, j prêtlkj hi turlsoi eëi ì uoj jtlvlhjhbrbkbetb, bcj pbrhurj mê oulti tbopi. I tboj jnirhjhi gil bskicmlhi pbcj lebxlstäeklj hb uo

bstuhi ojls bspbkïglki, pils dê mjvlj bskrltis sinrb j aäebsb, i mlstûrlki hj klhjhb b i

prikbssi bhukjtlvi. Jetbs tïemjois uoj prjlj b, kiesbqubetbobetb, j klhjhb jtrjïj oultjs

pbssijs, tjeti nrjslcblris qujetis bstrjeablris. B midb j prêtlkj hi turlsoi ej klhjhb hb Virti

Ejkliejc jlehj bxlstb9

Bssb bstuhi jprbsbetj uo nrbvb mlstûrlki hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI nbo

kioi jcauojs hjtjs ojrkjetbs pjrj kiesiclhjáëi hj klhjhb b uoj hlskussëi sinrb i prikbssihb pjtrloieljclzjáëi. Kio njsb bo pbsqulsjs bxpcirjtûrljs, i qubstlieêrli b j betrbvlstj

girjo usjhis kioi gbrrjobetj pjrj obesurjr is hjhis. J prloblrj btjpj hj pbsqulsj kieslstb

ej jpclkjáëi hb qubstlieêrlis ei oäs hb ducmi b hbzbonri.

: Hb jkirhi kio is oirjhirbs hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki, kmjoj-sb ruj hi Kjnjájki, pils jetbs mjvlj uokjnjájc qub kiopuemj vêrlis pìs hb kjnjájs. Ojs, eis hljs jtujls, j ruj ì kiembklhj kioi ûjKiriebc Vlemblri. > Kio j lopcjetjáëi hj Rslej Cuïs Bhujrhi Ojajcmëbs (RMB), ei jei hb >66:, uoj arjehb êrbj giljcjajhj. I rbsbrvjtûrli sb bstbehb pir jprixlojhjobetb :16 ò, jprbsbetjehi uo bspbcmi hb 7;6

ò!. I jcjajobeti, betrb iutris hjeis, lopclkiu i hbsjpjrbklobeti hjs prjljs ejturjls hi ^li

Xikjetles, jpbsjr hj krljáëi hb jcauojs prjljs jrtlglkljls, bequjeti obhlhjs kiopbesjtûrljs (CL^J,>6:6).



:1

Vjrj i sbauehi oiobeti, girjo gbltjs betrbvlstjs kio is oirjhirbs hi kbetri

mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, bo bspbkïglki ej êrbj tionjhj bo >66=, b ciai ej suj

jopcljáëi, bo >6:>, j glo hb hbskinrlr j suj pjrtlklpjáëi ei prikbssi hb tionjobeti

pripisti pbcj abstëi jtujetb ei jei hb >66=. Vjrj vljnlclzjr bstb bstuhi, js prleklpjls gietbs

jhitjhjs girjo4 i Hisslä hb Xionjobeti hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, kiopistj pir

hils vicuobs b j Jtj hb pripistj pjrj i tionjobeti. Hikuobetis hb suoj lopirtîeklj,

jonis hlspielnlclzjhis pbci Lestltuti hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc (LVMJE),

his qujls rbsuctjrjo i tionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki.

I trjnjcmi bstê bstruturjhi bo qujtri kjpïtucis. I prloblri jprbsbetj uo

mlstûrlki hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc, jtì is hljs jtujls, pir obli hb uo jrrjedi tbopirjc. I

sbauehi tbo i pripûslti hlskutlr jcaues kiekbltis4 pjtrloøeli, kucturj, turlsoi, turlsoikucturjc, picïtlkjs pônclkjs betrb iutris.

Dê i tbrkblri hlskutb i kiekblti hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi nbo kioi i prikbssi hb

tionjobeti ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc, bo bspbkïglki, i kbetri mlstûrlki kio uoj

hbcloltjáëi hbeiolejhj Vicïaiei hb Xionjobeti. Obekliej hb giroj sukletj kioi sb hbu

i prikbssi hb tionjobeti hbssb pbrïobtri b j letbrprbtjáëi his hlskursis utlclzjhis pbcis

obonris hi Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi qub pjrtlklpjrjo hi tionjobeti ei hlj >1 hb eivbonri

hb >66=, ej klhjhb hi ^li hb Djeblri.I ôctloi kjpïtuci jprbsbetj js njsbs obtihicûalkjs hi bstuhi. Xjonìo trjz

jcaues rbsuctjhis gjz jeêclsb hbcbs sinrb j iplelëi his turlstjs b oirjhirbs hj piclaiejc hb

tionjobeti qujeti æ bxlstäeklj hb turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc, nbo kioi hj

pjrtlklpjáëi his oirjhirbs ei prikbssi hb tionjobeti ei jei hb >66=.

:.: Jprbsbetjáëi, indbtlvis b bskicmj hj êrbj hb bstuhi

J oboûrlj hj klhjhb ì rbsajtjhj pir jáòbs jetrûplkjs kio indbtlvi hb

sbeslnlclzjr j pipucjáëi, pir obli hj prbsbrvjáëi hi nbo ojtbrljc/lojtbrljc, pjrj qub js

abrjáòbs guturjs pissjo usugrulr uo piuki hb suj mlstûrlj b qub bssj mlstûrlj eëi bstbdj

jpbejs ej oboûrlj hjqubcbs qub j vlvbekljrjo. I turlsoi kucturjc tbo j glejclhjhb hb

kiembkbr j abiarjglj mlstûrlkj, is oieuobetis, js inrjs b iutris nbes kucturjls qub j klhjhb

igbrbkb, ojs tjonìo tbo i indbtlvi krukljc hb hbsgrutjr his rbkursis b hjs jtrjtlvlhjhbs

igbrbklhis pbcj cikjclhjhb. Xihis bcbs, hlrbtj iu lehlrbtjobetb, kietrlnubo pjrj i

rbkiembklobeti hi vjcir pjtrloieljc hj klhjhb ei tihi. Ji sb bstuhjr i picïaiei hb

tionjobeti, hlskutlrbois sinrb is kiekbltis hi turlsoi kucturjc, pjtrloøeli kucturjc,



:=

pjtrloøeli ojtbrljc b lojtbrljc, nbes kucturjls, betrbs iutris. I indbtlvi abrjc ì jejclsjr j

letbrprbtjáëi his turlstjs b his oirjhirbs sinrb j bxlstäeklj hi turlsoi kucturjc, nbo kioi i

prikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi hb Virti Ejkliejc. Xbo-sb kioi indbtlvis bspbkïglkis4

j)

bcjnirjr uoj iplelëi abrjc his nbes kucturjls hi kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-

XI, kioi sunsïhli pjrj i hbsbevicvlobeti hi turlsoi kucturjc ei picïaiei hb

tionjobeti0

n) letbrprbtjr jcaues loûvbls hboiclhis ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti0

k) vbrlglkjr j bxlstäeklj hjs Vicïtlkjs Vônclkjs ejs bsgbrjs ouelklpjc b bstjhujc bxlstbetbs

ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti0

h) hlskutlr i prikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi bo Virti Ejkliejc-XI.

J klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc, bo tbrois hb kucturj b rbclalëi, ì uoj hjs klhjhbsqub obrbkb hbstjqub ei bstuhi qub sbrê rbjclzjhi. Jsslo, eis hlzbrbs hb Iclvblrj (>6:6, p.

=)4

Virti Ejkliejc tireiu-sb i cuajr, kbetri hb kucturj hi jetlai eirtb hb Ailêshbvlhi æ jáëi hj irhbo rbclalisj hiolelkjej ej girojáëi letbcbktujc his

divbes b tjonìo hj jtujáëi hj loprbesj pbcj hlvucajáëi hjs eitïkljskitlhljejs b jtì letbrejkliejls eis pbrlûhlkis Gicmj hi Eirtb b Eirtb hbAiyjz. I cuajr hj rbprbsbetjáëi hi eirtbesb, i cuajr hi sbetlobeti hb

pbrtbeáj j uoj rbalëi, hb sbr tikjetlebesb, beglo nrjslcblri.

Virti Ejkliejc, ji sb kiestltulr –klhjhb‟, pjssiu pir vêrlis prikbssis.

Vrloblrjobetb, kio i klkci hi iuri, bo qub i ^li Xikjetles brj uoj hjs prleklpjls vljs hb

jkbssi pjrj i bskijobeti hb pbssijs b obrkjhirljs0 ciai hbpils, kio j pbkuêrlj0 b, bo

sbaulhj, girjo sb hbsbevicvbehi iutrjs jtlvlhjhbs ei sbtir prloêrli, sbkuehêrli b tbrklêrli.

Hb jkirhi kio [jnjccj (>661, p. >;), betbehb-sb pir pjtrloøeli kucturjc –j prioiáëi æ

letbarjáëi hb hlvbrsis arupis kiestltuletbs hb uoj hjhj kiouelhjhb indbtlvjehi j oitlvjáëi

hb jáòbs qub pisslnlcltbo j bobraäeklj hb hlgbrbekljhjs pripisláòbs b bstjnbcbklobeti hj

hbgbsj b jtlvjáëi hj oboûrlj‟.

Bssj klhjhb, jcìo hb sbr uoj hjs ojls jetlajs hi Bstjhi, ì kieslhbrjhj pir sbu

pitbekljc bo vjcir mlstûrlki, pils pbrkbnbois qub jcauojs –kiestruáòbs jprbsbetjo

prikbssis b tìkelkjs jrtbsjejls b ojeujls hb kiestrulr, jetbrlirbs ji pbrïihi iehb sëi

letrihuzlhjs js eivjs tbkeicialjs, iu sbdj, kiestruïhis jtì j hìkjhj hb :<76, jetbs hj

lehustrljclzjáëi his prikbssis kiestrutlvis b hjs prêtlkjs hb pcjebdjobeti

hbsbevicvlobetlstj‟ (LVMJE, >661, p. :6). Jsslo, pissubo legirojáòbs bo tbrois kucturjls,

sbdjo bcjs ojtbrljls iu lojtbrljls. Vjrj j hbcloltjáëi hi piclaiejc hb tionjobeti, girjo



:<

ebkbssêrljs jcauojs jeêclsbs bo qub –j insbrvjáëi hi jrrujobeti b hi tbklhi urnjei

trjhlkliejc gil hb suoj lopirtîeklj pjrj bstj hbcloltjáëi‟ (LVMJE, >661, p. :6).

Bspbrj-sb qub bstb trjnjcmi pissj kietrlnulr eis bstuhis hj Abiarjglj hi Xurlsoi

b hj Abiarjglj Kucturjc kioi giroj hb sunsïhli pjrj picïtlkjs pônclkjs hb prbsbrvjáëi hi

pjtrloøeli kioi prêtlkj sikljc b picïtlkj his nbes kucturjls hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti

Ejkliejc-XI.

:.> Kietbxti mlstûrlki hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI

J bxpcirjáëi hi iuri tbvb leïkli bo :1>> ej Vrivïeklj hb Ailês sbehi lelkljhj

bo :1>>, jsslo, jtrjlu oultis olebrjhirbs b gil rbspiesêvbc pbcj ojlirlj his pbqubeiseôkcbis qub sb bstjnbcbkbrjo ej rbalëi. J trjvbsslj hbssbs olebrjhirbs, tripblris, ojskjtbs b

vljdjetbs dê brj rbjclzjhj ei cikjc iehb ì midb i kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc. I kjni

Xmiojz hb [iuzj Wlccj ^bjc, bo :1<:, vbrlglkiu j pisslnlclhjhb hb ejvbajáëi, ebstb sbetlhi

bstjnbcbkbu uoj ritj hb kioìrkli ei sbetlhi suc-eirtb. I kioìrkli b j ejvbajáëi tlvbrjo i

hbsbevicvlobeti prlvlcbaljhi kio j cikjclzjáëi betrb hils pivijhis olebrjhirbs

lopirtjetbs4 Vietjc b Kjroi. [urab, betëi, Virti ^bjc, jtujc Virti Ejkliejc-XI (LNAB,

>6:>).Aihlemi (:<==, p. :6) jglroj qub j irlabo hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI4

I pivijhi hb Virti tbvb kioi irlabo uo pinrb kjsbnrb qub bxpcirjvj itrjespirtb hb pjssjablri bo hbojehj pjrj i lopirtjetb jrrjljc hb Vietjcbhlglkjhi ei sipì hj sbrrj hi obsoi eiob hlstjetb träs cìaujs, j iklhbetbhb Virti b his qub nuskjvjo js rlkjs olejs hb iuri hi jrrjljc hi Kjroi P..._j irlbetb hj ojrabo hi Xikjetles.

I jutir kiopcbobetj qub, ej ôctloj hìkjhj hi sìkuci ]WLLL b leïkli hi sìkuci]L], hlvbrsjs kjsjs girjo sb jaciobrjehi, iehb pjssjrjo j rbslhlr pbqubeis jarlkuctirbs,

pbskjhirbs, gjnrlkjetbs hb njrkis pjrj bskijobeti hi iuri pjrj Nbcìo hi Vjrê b

trjespirtjhirbs hb kjraj b obrkjhirljs pjrj Kjroi b Vietjc. J klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc

pjssj j sbr, dueti kio Ejtlvlhjhb b Jrrjljs, uoj hjs rbgbräekljs mlstûrlkjs ojls lopirtjetbs

hi Bstjhi, bo qub bstëi pcjetjhjs js rjïzbs hi eirtb ailjei (LNAB, >6:>). Ebssb sbetlhi,

hbstjkjo-sb is ousbus (lestltuláòbs hb oboûrlj), pils kjnbo j bcbs, ei kjopi sikljc b

mlstûrlki, prioivbr j cbonrjeáj b cutjr kietrj i bsqubklobeti.

Ì lopissïvbc gjcjr hi suralobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc sbo obekliejr is

njehblrjetbs, qub lelkljcobetb nuskjvjo i jprlsliejobeti hb ïehlis pjrj i trjnjcmi jarïkicj,



>6

bo sujs levjsòbs pbci sbrtëi ailjei b ojti-arissbesb. Jsslo qub hbskinrlrjo i iuri,

ouhjrjo betëi i giki pjrj js bxpbhláòbs b pjrj j bxpcirjáëi. Jsslo, Virti Ejkliejc ejskb

ej ritj hb bxpcirjáëi jurïgbrj ei tbrrltûrli jetbs pbrtbekbetb ji Bstjhi hb Ailês, letbarjehi

uoj rbhb hb klhjhbs guehjhjs j pjrtlr hbssb kietbxti (LVMJE, >661).

Jlehj sbauehi i Lpmje (>661), i eiob Virti Ejkliejc hbrlvj hj gueáëi pirtuêrlj

qub i eôkcbi urnjei hbsbopbemiu hbshb i leïkli hj suj girojáëi, pils ebssb pieti sb

jrtlkucjvjo i trjespirtb tbrrbstrb b i gcuvljc. Bo :=;:, jpûs j lehbpbehäeklj hi Nrjslc b

qujehi ì bcbvjhj æ Wlcj, Virti ^bjc tbo sbu eiob oihlglkjhi pjrj Virti Lopbrljc. Ei jei hb

:=;2, ì bcbvjhi j Vjrûqulj lehbpbehbetb, b j Hlstrlti bo :=2:, qujehi pjssj j kietjr kio

duïzbs, b bo :=7: tirej-sb klhjhb. Bo :=<6, jpûs j prikcjojáëi hj rbpônclkj, rbkbnb i eiob

jtujc, Virti Ejkliejc.Hb jkirhi kio Iclvblrj (>6:6), Virti Ejkliejc tireiu-sb uo pieti bstrjtìalki æ

nblrj hi ^li Xikjetles pir sbr vlj hb trjespirtb b kiouelkjáëi kio iutris kbetris kiobrkljls

kioi i Vjrê, uoj vbz qub eëi mjvlj rihivljs ej rbalëi ejqubcj ìpikj. Iutri gjtir lopirtjetb

gil i bstjnbcbklobeti hj irhbo rbclalisj hiolelkjej ej klhjhb, qub pbroltlu j Virti Ejkliejc

tirejr-sb kbetri hb lrrjhljáëi bsplrltujc b kucturjc pjrj tihi i eirtb hb Ailês. Kiegirob

Iclvblrj (>6:6), bo sbu bstuhi, bstjnbcbkbu träs hìkjhjs, :==6-:<:6, qujehi miuvb j

guehjáëi hb pbrlûhlkis cikjls ‛ kioi j Gicmj hi Eirtb, prloblri pbrlûhlki, bo :=<:, iLekbetlvi, bo :<6: b, pir glo, bo :<62, i Eirtb hb Ailês ‛, j kmbajhj his hiolelkjeis b j

vlehj hb uo oìhlki ej klhjhb, Hiutir Grjeklski Jlrbs hj [lcvj. Bssbs girjo träs ojrkis

lopirtjetbs pjrj j kiesiclhjáëi hj mlstûrlj hb Virti Ejkliejc.

Ei jei hb :=>8, Kuemj Ojttis insbrvj qub4 –i jrrjljc pissuïj 81 kjsjs pbqubejs,

uoj pinrb kjpbcj, uo rbalstri hjs bonjrkjáòbs qub trjespirtjvjo pjrj i Vjrê, kio uo

hbstjkjobeti hb >= prjájs, hujs pbqubejs pbájs hb jrtlcmjrlj, hb nriezb b jcauojs oueláòbs‟

(OJXXI[, :<1<, p. :>=). –Js rujs sëi hlrbltjs cjrajs, jrbdjhjs. J klhjhb hiolej j 26 obtrishb jcturj i ojdbstisi ^li Xikjetles qub cmb igbrbkb i ojls bspcbehlhi pjeirjoj‟

(JTBWBHI, :<:6, p. :=1).



>:

:.>.: Krieicialj hj klhjhb

Ei qujhri j sbaulr, obekliejrbois js btjpjs ojls slaelglkjtlvjs hj klhjhb hb

Virti Ejkliejc, nbo kioi suj aäebsb jtì is hljs jtujls. Ro his indbtlvis ì betbehbr b

kioprbbehbr i prikbssi jholelstrjtlvi bo qub j klhjhb sb bekietrj midb.

Zujhri : ‛ Krieicialj hb jcauojs hjtjs slaelglkjtlvjs rbgbrbetb ji kietbxti mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI

Hjtjáëi Jkietbklobeti:1;= (Vietjc/Virti ̂ bjc):=;: Virti ^bjc - Wlcj8 :=;; Virti Lopbrljc

:=8> Vrloblri Vêriki pjhrb Disì Ojeibc Vleti Kbrqublrj:=7: Bojeklpjáëi (Virti Lopbrljc tirej-sb klhjhb)7 :==7 Kmbajhj his pjhrbs Hiolelkjeis b olsslieêrlis æ klhjhb:=<8 Hboicláëi hj Kjpbcj bstlci kicieljc b leïkli hj kiestruáëi hj Kjtbhrjc Eissj

[bemirj hjs Obrkäs:=<8-:<6; Kiestruáëi hj eivj Larbdj ‛ Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs:=;6-:<76 Leïkli hjs lestltuláòbs bhukjtlvjs=

:<68 Kmbajhj hjs Grblrjs Hiolelkjejs

:<:2 :´ Nlspi hb Virti Ejkliejc ‛ Hio Hioleais Kjrrbrit

:<>: Vrìhli hj Vrbgblturj Wbcmj, prloblri prìhli ej klhjhb kio hils pjvlobetis

:<;2 Lejuaurjáëi hi Jbripirti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI:<21 Kiestruáëi hi [boleêrli [ëi Disì, jetlai –Kievbeti [jetj îsj hb Cloj‟:<7< Krljáëi hj KIO[JÔHB:<=< Bojeklpjáëi hi Bstjhi hi Xikjetles:6 >66: Kiestruáëi (Ircj Nblrj ^li)>66= Xionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki pbci Lpmje (Viclaiejc hb Xionjobeti)>6:> ^btlglkjáëi hj Viclaiejc hb Xionjobeti (bxtbesëi hj êrbj tionjhj)Gietb4 NIÂB[, VJCJKLE, :<=1. Jhjptjhi pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

Ei qujhri jetbrlir, pihbois vbrlglkjr is pbrïihis b sbus rbspbktlvis

jkietbklobetis hj klhjhb. Is prleklpjls bvbetis hlrbtjobetb clajhis j Virti Ejkliejc-XI bjis nbes kucturjls.

; Vcjei hb Kucturj (>6::).8 Lnlh.2 Lnlh.7 Lnlh.1 Lnlh.= [bauehi j kiekbpáëi hb Hiurjhi (>6:;).< Ì uoj Irajelzjáëi eëi-aivbrejobetjc, glcjetrûplkj, guehjhj bo :6 hb duemi hb :<7<. Jtuj jtrjvìs

hb qujtri [btirbs4 [jôhb, Bhukjáëi, Kiouelkjáëi b Kucturj b Hbsbevicvlobeti Kioueltêrli. Kjhjsbtir jnrlaj hlgbrbetbs sbrvláis, qub pir suj vbz hbsbevicvbo js jtlvlhjhbs bspbkïglkjs. Hlspieïvbcbo4 3mttp4//www.kiosjuhb-ti.kio.nr/sinrbYeis/mlstirlki.pmp5. Jkbssi bo 1 jnr. >6:8.:6 [bauehi îhrlaubs (>6::).



>>

:.; Bstjtuti hj Klhjhb b i Vcjei Hlrbtir

I Bstjtuti hj Klhjhb (Cbl e. :6.>21/>66:), prbvlsti eis jrtlais :=> b :=; hj

Kiestltuláëi hj ^bpônclkj Gbhbrjtlvj hi Nrjslc, bstjnbcbkb eirojs hb irhbo pônclkj b

letbrbssb sikljc qub rbaucjo i usi hj priprlbhjhb urnjej bo pric hi nbo kicbtlvi, hj

sbaurjeáj b hi nbo-bstjr his klhjhëis, nbo kioi hi bqulcïnrli jonlbetjc. Jsslo4 –Ei leklsi

]]LLL, i jrt. > hlspòb qub j pritbáëi, j prbsbrvjáëi b j rbkupbrjáëi hi obli jonlbetb ejturjc

sëi kiestltuïhjs pbci pjtrloøeli kucturjc, mlstûrlki, jrtïstlki, pjlsjaïstlki b jrqubicûalki‟.

Ebssb sbetlhi, pihbois jglrojr qub ì uo his hlrbltis b hbvbrbs hj klhjhb pritbabr i sbu

pjtrloøeli b prbsbrvê-ci.

I Vcjei Hlrbtir hb Virti Ejkliejc (>667) trjz jcauojs rbgcbxòbs b legirojáòbs,sbdj eis jspbktis gïslki-jonlbetjls, sikljls iu obsoi bkieøolki-picïtlkis. Ei jrt. ;´,

kjpïtuci LW, letltucj j –krljáëi b ojeutbeáëi hb êrbjs hb bspbkljc letbrbssb mlstûrlki,

urnjeïstlki, jonlbetjc turïstlki b hb utlclzjáëi pônclkj‟. Jlehj njsbjhi bo legirojáòbs hi

Vcjei Hlrbtir hb Virti Ejkliejc (>667, p. ;-8), ej sbáëi LL hi hbsbevicvlobeti turïstlki, mê4

Jrt. :6. I hbsbevicvlobeti turïstlki hbvb bstjr victjhi pjrj is sbaobetiskucturjc b hb ejturbzj, pisslnlcltjhis pbcj hlvbrslhjhb his rbkursis ejturjls,

pbcj prbsbeáj hi cjai b pbci pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki-kucturjc bxlstbetb, b sbrêlopcbobetjhi obhljetb4L ‛ levbetjrljáëi his jtrjtlvis turïstlkis ejturjls b kucturjls0LL ‛ jprivbltjobeti b vjcirlzjáëi his jtrjtlvis turïstlkis0LLL - bstruturjáëi kioi kbetri hb bxkbcäeklj bo bhukjáëi0LW - vjcirlzjáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki-kucturjc b turïstlki0W - lekbetlvi ji kionjtb æ giob b æ bxkcusëi sikljc.

Hlgbrbetbobetb, i qub bstê pripisti ei Vcjei Hlrbtir ì levbrsjobetb i qub

bekietrjois ej prêtlkj ei kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI. Ej sbáëi LL, bo qub sb

bstjnbcbkb j Vrbsbrvjáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc, bstê hlspisti eis jrts. 8: b 8>4

Jrt. 8:. J prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b kucturjc vlsj vjcirlzjr icbajhi kucturjc trjesoltlhi pbcj siklbhjhb, pritbabehi sujs bxprbssòbsojtbrljc b lojtbrljc.§ :´ Betbehb-sb kioi pjtrloøeli ojtbrljc js bxprbssòbs b trjesgirojáòbs hbkuemi mlstûrlki, jrtïstlki, jrqultbtøelki, pjlsjaïstlki b urnjeïstlki.§ >´ Betbehb-sb kioi pjtrloøeli lojtbrljc is kiembklobetis b oihis hbgjzbr lhbetlglkjhis kioi bcbobetis pbrtbekbetbs æ kucturj kioueltêrlj, isrltujls b gbstjs, j rbclalislhjhb, i betrbtbelobeti b iutrjs prêtlkjs hj vlhj

sikljc, nbo kioi js ojelgbstjáòbs cltbrêrljs, ouslkjls, pcêstlkjs, käelkjs bcôhlkjs.



>;

Jrt. 8>. I Vihbr Bxbkutlvi ouelklpjc hbvbrê bcjnirjr picïtlkj hb prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b kucturjc tbehi pir glejclhjhbs4L - tirejr rbkiembklhi b jpriprljhi i vjcir kucturjc hi pjtrloøeli0LL - ajrjetlr qub i pjtrloøeli jrqultbtøelki tbemj usis kiopjtïvbls kio jbhlglkjáëi0LLL - hbsbevicvbr i pitbekljc turïstlki hi ouelkïpli, kio njsb bo sbu

pjtrloøeli kucturjc b ejturjc (VI^XI EJKLIEJC, >667, p. ::).

Kiegirob Cukmljrl (>662), –j bcbláëi hb uo pjtrloøeli ì sboprb uo prikbssi

sikljcobetb sbcbtlvi‟ iu –kucturjcobetb sbcbtlvi‟. Eis jrts. 8: b 8> hi Vcjei Hlrbtir hi

ouelkïpli, glkj bvlhbetb qub mê letbrbssbs eis hlskursis, qujehi sb rbgbrbo æ prbsbrvjáëi, æ

kiesbrvjáëi b æ ojeutbeáëi hi kbetri mlstûrlki, bspbkljcobetb ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti.

Ojs bssjs pripistjs legbclzobetb eëi kjnbo ei qub bstê sbehi bxbkutjhi ej prêtlkj.

J klhjhb ì i bspjái tbrrltirljclzjhi, jpriprljhi pbcjs siklbhjhbs. –Ei Nrjslc, i

kiekblti hb klhjhb bstê jssikljhi ji jspbkti picïtlki, iu sbdj, sëi sbhbs jholelstrjtlvjs his

ouelkïplis qub, pir suj vbz, rbprbsbetjo j obeir pjrkbcj hi tbrrltûrli kio abrbekljobeti

picïtlki prûprli‟ (KJ[X^IALIWJEEL, >66:, p. >8). Jlehj sbaulehi i pbesjobeti hb

Kjstrialivjeel (>66:), is vlsltjetbs hb uoj klhjhb pihbo tbr uoj cblturj oulti täeub hjqulci

qub uo hbtbrolejhi bspjái urnjei pihb slaelglkjr bo tbrois hb cjzbr, kitlhljei pjrj is

oirjhirbs. Ebo sboprb ì pbroltlhj ji turlstj j titjc letbrjáëi kio j rbalëi qub vlsltj bo

kbrtjs klrkuestîekljs. Kjhj cuajr hb uoj klhjhb pihb sbr uo jopjrjr-sb pbrojebetb pjrj

jcauìo iu uoj bxtbesëi hi slaelglkjhi b hj rlqubzj hj bxlstäeklj muojej. Cb Aigg (:<<=, p.

::<) qubstliej qub j –klhjhb ì sleøeloi hb sikljnlclhjhb, bonirj tbemj sb tirejhi midb

sleøeloi hb lehlvlhujclsoi b hb jeielojti‟. Jsslo, jglroj qub –j klhjhb ej Lhjhb Oìhlj

krliu j nbcbzj jrtïstlkj urnjej, hjehi irlabo j uo eivi urnjelsoi‟, pils4

J klhjhb hj Lhjhb Oìhlj eëi tbo j eissj prbikupjáëi pjrj j kiesbrvjáëi,bcj hboiestrj uo nbci itlolsoi. I iraucmi urnjei ì gblti hj lonrlkjáëi

betrb j klhjhb rbjc b j klhjhb lojalejhj, siemjhj pir sbus mjnltjetbs b pirjqubcbs qub trjzbo æ cuz, hbtbetirbs hi pihbr b jrtlstjs (CB AIGG, :<<=, p.::<).

Ji pbesjr bo klhjhb lojalejhj, cbvj-eis j betbehbr uoj klhjhb hbsbdjhj b

pcjebdjhj pbcj siklbhjhb ei sbetlhi hb suprlr tihis is jesblis ei kjopi vlsujc, bo rbcjáëi ji

–nbci‟, b ei kjopi sbetlobetjc, bo sjnbr obesurjr js sbesjáòbs b js boiáòbs vlvlhjs b

vlvbekljhjs pbcj siklbhjhb. Kio j jglrojáëi hi jutir, pihbois vbrlglkjr qub j klhjhb hb

Virti Ejkliejc, jetbs eëi tëi nbcj b kio piukj bstruturj gïslkj jtrjtlvj, brj jholrjhj pbcjs pbssijs qub vlvljo ojls æ klhjhb. Midb pihbois eitjr qub bssb kievïvli hb klhjhb b



>8

siklbhjhb eëi ì tëi letbesi kioi jetbs. Ej siklbhjhb oihbrej, j ojlirlj hjs klhjhbs

pcjebdjhjs, sëi ojls bstruturjhjs b kiesbqubetbobetb, ojls nieltjs bo bstruturj

jrqultbtøelkj. Bssj lehlvlhujclhjhb hjs klhjhbs hb midb sb hbvb oulti jis oblis hb

kiouelkjáëi b letbrjáòbs vlrtujls, pils sb jetbs is rbcjkliejobetis letbrpbssijls brjo

siobetb gjkb j gjkb, ojs, kio j bxlstäeklj hjs eivjs tbkeicialjs, nbo kioi hjs rbhbs sikljls

b is oblis hb kiouelkjáëi, js jolzjhbs rbjls, pbssijs rbjls b klhjhbs rbjls pjssjrjo j sbr

vlrtujls.



>2

> VJX^LOØELI KRCXR^JC4 KIEKBLXRJÁËI

–Bequjeti slopcbs ojtbrljclhjhb, ebemuoj pjrtb hj pjlsjabo tbo, bo sl,

kiehláòbs hb privikjr ouhjeájs ei kiedueti‟ ([JEXI[, >6:>, p. :61).

[bauehi Grjeáilsb Kmijy (>66:), sinrb i pjtrloøeli jrqultbtøelki urnjei, ì

pissïvbc lhbetlglkjr träs jspbktis b jtrlnulr kjrêtbr j uoj bstruturj bhlglkjhj kmjojhj hb

–oieuobeti mlstûrlki‟. Eis hljs jtujls, i oieuobeti pjssj j tbr vjcir jtrlnuïhi ji

–pjtrloøeli‟, ji vjcir bkieøolki, qub kieslstb bo vjcir jtrlnuïhi ji nbo loûvbc b/iu

oieuobeti. I vjcir jrtïstlki iu bstìtlki, bo qub is bruhltis brjo obrbkbhirbs hb tihj

jtbeáëi hi nbci, hlgbrbetbobetb his oieuobetis bo bstlci rioîelki b aûtlki.

Jqul pihbois obekliejr uoj hlgbrbeáj kiekbltujc betrb i vjcir kiaeltlvi iu hb

oboûrlj, iu sbdj, j hlgbrbeáj betrb i oieuobeti b i oieuobeti mlstûrlki (GCI^B[, :<<=).

I tbroi oieuobeti tbo irlabo cjtlej oieuobetu, qub slaelglkj oboûrlj, bskucturj iu inrj

hb jholrjáëi. Xuhi jqulci qub ì cbonrjhi, pir obli hb mênltis, rltis, kistuobs b vjcirbs

pjssjehi hb abrjáòbs j abrjáòbs, kieglaurjehi i qub Olctie [jetis (>6::) kmjoiu hb

ruaislhjhb hj pjlsjabo, sëi is vbstïalis pjssjhis jarbajhis ei prbsbetb. Jsslo, pihbois

pbrkbnbr qub tuhi i qub usjois, tihjs js inrjs oihlglkjhjs kiestltubo js ruaislhjhb hb

bspjái b tbopi. [bauehi Kjstrlitj (>66<), –i pjtrloøeli pissul, pirtjeti, j qujclhjhb hbkieglaurjr jqulci qub kmjojois hb oboûrlj iu lojaleêrlis kicbtlvis‟. Vjrj Gcirbs (:<<=),

lssi hlgbrb hb –oieuobeti mlstûrlki‟, qub ì sbcbkliejhi pir uoj siklbhjhb betrb uoj ojcmj

hb inrjs jrqultbtøelkjs b sb gjz rbprbsbetjr pir lhbetlhjhb prûprlj hb uo hbtbrolejhi cuajr,

uoj lhbetlhjhb vlstj pbcj titjclhjhb. Bo iutrjs pjcjvrjs, trjhuz-sb jqul i kbetri mlstûrlki hb

Virti Ejkliejc. Ì lopirtjetb rbssjctjr qub j lhblj hb pjtrloøeli jrqultbtøelki bstê

hlrbtjobetb clajhj ji qub tjeab ji –oieuobeti mlstûrlki‟.

I prlekïpli hb sbcbtlvlhjhb sb hê tjonìo kioi prlekïpli hb mlbrjrqulj, pirqub tihis is iutris cuajrbs sëi jvjcljhis b hbvbo sb rbgbrlr æqubcbshitjhis hjs tìkelkjs mbaboøelkjs. Bssb ì uo gbeøobei eivi ej mlstûrlj hjstìkelkjs b ej mlstûrlj his tbrrltûrlis. Jetbs mjvlj tìkelkjs mbaboøelkjs b eëimbaboøelkjs0 midb, js tìkelkjs eëi mbaboøelkjs sëi mbaboielzjhjs([JEXI[, >6::, p. >7).

Eis hlzbrbs hi jutir, gjz uoj kiopjrjáëi hi ouehi kietbopirîebi pjrj i

jrkjlki, bo qub js tìkelkjs oihbrejs b js eivjs tbkeicialjs bstëi sunstltulehi js tìkelkjs

ruhlobetjrbs, kioi i oihi hb gjzbr b krljr. Xirejo-sb bxpcïkltjs j acinjclzjáëi b jmbaboielzjáëi hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc, sb jetbs hbskiembklhj, jairj, ejkliejcobetb b



>7

letbrejkliejcobetb kiembklhj pir obli hj sbcbtlvlhjhb b jis oblis hb legirojáëi b

kiouelkjáëi.

>.: Hbgleláòbs hb kucturj

Vjrj hbglelr j kucturj b is tlpis hb kucturj, utlclzjois is kiekbltis hb jcaues

jutirbs ej êrbj hj jetripicialj. J prloblrj hbgleláëi hb kucturj qub gil giroucjhj hi pieti

hb vlstj jetripicûalki pbrtbekb j Bhwjrh Xycir. Ei prloblri pjrêarjgi hb sbu clvri Vrloltlvb

Kucturb (:=1:) i jutir prikuriu hboiestrjr qub j kucturj pihb sbr uo indbti hb uo bstuhi

slstboêtlki, pils trjtj hb sbr uo gbeøobei ejturjc qub pissul kjusjs b rbaucjrlhjhbs,

pbroltlehi uo bstuhi indbtlvi b uoj jeêclsb kjpjz hb pripirkliejr j giroucjáëi hb cblssinrb i prikbssi kucturjc b j bvicuáëi (BHQJ^H X\CI^, :=1: P:<2=_, pjrtb :, p. : jpuh

CJ^JLJ, >66;, p. ;6).

I miobo ì i rbsuctjhi hi obli kucturjc bo qub gil sikljclzjhi. Bcb ì uombrhblri hb uo cieai prikbssi jkuoucjtlvi, qub rbgcbtb kiembklobeti b jbxpbrläeklj jhqulrlhj pbcjs euobrisjs abrjáòbs qub jetbkbhbrjo. Jojelpucjáëi jhbqujhj b krljtlvj hbssb pjtrloøeli kucturjc pbroltb jsleivjáòbs b levbeáòbs. Bstbs sëi, pils, i prihuti hj jáëi lsicjhj hb uo

aäeli, ojs i rbsuctjhi hi bsgirái hb tihj uoj kiouelhjhb (CJ^JLJ, >66;, p. 82).

J letbrjáëi gjkb j gjkb gil hurjetb oulti tbopi i obli hb kiouelkjáëi ojls

usujc. Is arupis trlnjls sb letbrjaljo b sb kiouelkjvjo bo uo obsoi bspjái b tbopi,

jsslo, j cleaujabo brj i prleklpjc obli hb kiouelkjáëi. I jpjrbklobeti hj bskrltj privikiu

trjesgirojáòbs ej giroj hb trjesoltlr i kiembklobeti. Kio j levbeáëi hj loprbesj pir

Autbenbra, bo objhis hi sìkuci ]W, b j rbvicuáëi hi kioputjhir, ei sìkuci ]], sbo

hôvlhj girjo i leïkli pjrj j bxpcisëi hj legirojáëi b is vjrljhis tlpis hb oïhljs bxlstbetbs

ej jtujclhjhb. Ej obhlhj bo qub jkietbkljo ouhjeájs ej legirojáëi, j siklbhjhb, hb kbrtj

ojeblrj, sbetlu ebkbsslhjhb hb jkiopjemê-cjs, bspbkljcobetb pjrj sb jhbqujr æs eivjs

tbkeicialjs. –Bo iutrjs pjcjvrjs, eëi njstj j ejturbzj krljr lehlvïhuis letbclabetbs, lsti bcj

gjz kio grbquäeklj, ojs ì ebkbssêrli qub kiciqub ji jckjekb hbssbs lehlvïhuis i ojtbrljc qub

cmbs pbroltj bxkbhbr j suj krljtlvlhjhb hb uoj ojeblrj rbvicuklieêrlj‟ (CJ^JLJ, >66;, p.

87). Ei kjsi muojei, tihj bxpbrläeklj hb uo lehlvïhui ì trjesoltlhj jis hbojls, krljehi

jsslo uo leglehêvbc prikbssi hb jkuoucjáëi. –Jsslo sbehi, j kiouelkjáëi ì uo prikbssikucturjc. Ojs bxpclkltjobetb, j cleaujabo muojej ì uo prihuti hj kucturj, ojs eëi bxlstlrlj



>1

kucturj sb i miobo eëi tlvbssb j pisslnlclhjhb hb hbsbevicvbr uo slstboj jrtlkucjhi hb

kiouelkjáëi irjc‟ (CJ^JLJ, >66;, p. 2>).

Xihi kiopirtjobeti muojei sb irlalej ei usi hb sïonicis. Gil i sïonici

qub trjesgiroiu eissis jekbstrjls jetrûpilhbs bo miobes b gä-cis muojeis.Xihjs js klvlclzjáòbs sb bspjcmjrjo b pbrpbtujrjo siobetb pbci usi hbsïonicis... Xihj kucturj hbpbehb hb sïonicis. Ì bxbrkïkli hj gjkuchjhb hbsloniclzjáëi qub krlj j kucturj b i usi hb sïonicis qub tirej pissïvbc j suj

pbrpbtujáëi. [bo i sïonici eëi mjvbrlj kucturj b i miobo sbrlj jpbejs uojelojc, eëi uo sbr muojei... I kiopirtjobeti muojei ì i kiopirtjobetislonûclki. Roj krljeáj hi aäebri Mioi tirej-sb muojej siobetb qujehi ìletrihuzlhj b pjrtlklpjrê hj irhbo hb gbeøobeis supbriraîelkis qub ì jkucturj. B j kmjvb hbstb ouehi, b i obli hb pjrtlklpjáëi ebcb, ì i sïonici(CJ^JLJ, >66;, p. 22).

Eis bstuhis hb Cjrjlj (>66;), js tbirljs lhbjclstjs hb kucturj pihbo sbrkjrjktbrlzjhjs bo träs hlstletjs hbgleláòbs. Vrloblrjobetb, j kucturj ì vlstj kioi uo slstboj

kiaeltlvi, qub kieslstb bo tuhi jqulci qub jcauìo tbo hb kiembkbr iu jkrbhltjr. I sbauehi

hlz rbspblti æ kucturj kioi slstbojs bstruturjls, iu sbdj, hbgleb j kucturj kioi uo slstboj

slonûclki, sbehi jsslo uoj krljáëi hj obetb. Js ôctlojs jnirhjabes kieslhbrjo j kucturj

kioi slstbojs slonûclkis. –Vjrj i eissi pieti hb vlstj sinrb j ejturbzj hi miobo qub sb

tirej, jsslo, eëi jpbejs i prihutir hj kucturj, ojs tjonìo, euo sbetlhi bspbklglkjhjobetb

nlicûalki, i prihuti hj kucturj‟ (CJ^JLJ, >66;, p. 21). Ebstb sbetlhi4

Cis vjcirbs y rbkursi kucturjcbs hbc kiedueti mlstûrlki hbsnirhje bcslaelglkjhi hbc pjtrloieli jrqultbktûelki. Cj vjcirlzjklûe hb cj kluhjh y suutlclzjklûe kioi rbkursi turïstlki rbqulrbe hjr betrjhj j jspbktis

pjlsjaïstlkis y kucturjcbs. Be bstb sbetlhi, cj hlgbrbekljklûe mlstûrlkj bo njrrlis y pjrriquljs, bc pjtrloieli rbslhbekljc, cis bspjklis clnrbs urnjeis,cis rbstis jrqubicûalkis, bc objehri hbc Xjai y cjs kirelsjs y gjkmjhjs hb cjkluhjh jhqulrbe uo bspbkljc pritjaielsoi (X^ILXLEÒ, :<<=, p. ;6;).

J eissj mbrjeáj kucturjc, hbsbevicvlhj jtrjvìs hb vêrljs abrjáòbs, sboprb eiskiehlklieiu j rbjalr j pieti hb hbsvjcirlzjr i kiopirtjobeti hjqubcbs qub jabo girj his

pjhròbs jkbltis pbcj ojlirlj hj kiouelhjhb, hlskrlolejhis pir kiopirtjobetis hbstltuïhis

(CJ^JLJ, >66;). –Bstuhjr j kucturj ì, pirtjeti, bstuhjr uo kûhlai hb sïonicis pjrtlcmjhis

pbcis obonris hbssj kucturj‟ (CJ^JLJ, >66;, p. 7;).

Kiegirob Kmjul (>662), i kiekblti hb kucturj ì njsbjhi bo hils slaelglkjhis4 i

prloblri njsblj-sb ej btloicialj hj pjcjvrj, bo qub kucturj vbo hi vbrni cjtlo kicbrb, qub

tbo i sbetlhi hb kuctlvjr, krljr, tiojr kietj b kulhjr. Ej jetlaulhjhb riojej, slaelglkj ikulhjhi hi miobo kio j ejturbzj. Xjonìo tbo i sbetlhi hb –kulhjhi his miobes kio is



>=

hbusbs‟, bo qub j pjcjvrj kucti rbgbrb-sb jis rltis rbclalisis, kio suj bhukjáëi b girojáëi.

Ebstj ôctloj kiekbpáëi, –kucturj brj i kuctlvi iu j bhukjáëi hi bspïrlti hjs krljeájs pjrj

tirejrbo-sb obonris bxkbcbetbs iu vlrtuisis hj siklbhjhb pbci jpbrgbláijobeti b

rbglejobeti hjs qujclhjhbs ejturjls (kjrêtbr, ïehicb, tbopbrjobeti)‟ (KMJRL, >662, p. >82).

Jlehj kiegirob j jutirj, j kucturj kirrbspiehlj ji qub is arbais kmjojvjo hb pjlhblj, j

girojáëi iu bhukjáëi hi kirpi b hi bspïrlti his obonris hj siklbhjhb.

J pjrtlr hi sìkuci ]WLLL, kucturj pjssj j slaelglkjr is rbsuctjhis b jskiesbquäekljs hjqubcj girojáëi iu bhukjáëi his sbrbs muojeis, rbsuctjhisbxprbssis bo inrjs, gbltis, jáòbs b lestltuláòbs4 js tìkelkjs b is igïklis, jsjrtbs, j rbclalëi, js kläekljs, j glcisiglj, j vlhj oirjc b j vlhj picïtlkj iu iBstjhi. Xirej-sb sleøeloi hb klvlclzjáëi pirqub is pbesjhirbs ducajvjo

qub is rbsuctjhis hj girojáëi-bhukjáëi sb ojelgbstjo kio ojlir kcjrbzj beltlhbz ejs girojs hb irajelzjáëi hj vlhj sikljc b picïtlkj iu ej vlhj klvlc ,

pils j pjcjvrj klvlc vbo hi cjtlo klvbs, qub qubr hlzbr "klhjhëi", hb iehbvbo klvltjs, j klhjhb-Bstjhi, hiehb klvlclzjáëi (KMJRL, >662, p. >87).

Ej kiekbpáëi hb Kmjul (>662), i kiekblti hb kucturj, obhljetb is bxbopcis

jetbrlirbs, alrj bo tirei hb hils blxis bxpclkjtlvis4 j kucturj ei sbetlhi hb kulhjr, tiojr hb

kietj hj ejturbzj b his hbusbs, iu sbdj, hjqulci qub j pbssij jarbaj vjcirbs j sl, hi qub hb

gjti vjcirlzj, prbsbrvj0 i sbauehi bstê letlojobetb rbcjkliejhi æ bhukjáëi kio j girojáëi

hi lehlvïhui. Ebssb sbetlhi, pihbois jglrojr qub, pjrj Virti Ejkliejc, j kucturj bstê

letlojobetb clajhj æ prbsbrvjáëi his nbes ojtbrljls, jsslo kioi æ gì æ rbclalëi.

>.> Xurlsoi

Vjrj Nbel (>66;), cbvjehi bo kieslhbrjáëi sbu pcjebdjobeti, i turlsoi pihb sbr

hlvlhlhi bo jtrjtlvi iu rbkursi. I prloblri ì j utlclzjáëi turïstlkj kioi pitbekljc hb jtrjáëi

titjc iu pjrkljc, ì kjrjktbrlzjhi pbci gcuxi slaelglkjtlvi his turlstjs nbo kioi suj bstruturj

rbkbptlvj. I sbauehi trjtj-sb hb bcbobeti kio pitbekljc hb jtrjáëi turïstlkj, qub pihb vlr j sb

tirejr jtrjtlvi turïstlki j kurti, oìhli iu cieai prjzi. [bauehi Oicbttj (>66:), i priglssliejc

hi turlsoi kucturjc hbvb tbr uoj nij cblturj sinrb is jtrjtlvis kucturjls bxpcirjhis0 bstjr bo

kiestjetb nuskj hb eivjs legirojáòbs0 kiembkbr tbkelkjobetb j rbalëi, rbjclzjr letbrprbtjáòbs

sinrb i nbo bstuhjhi b suj rbcjáëi kio j mlstûrlj0 tbr nij kiouelkjáëi, lelkljtlvj b bopjtlj

kio i vlsltjetb0 hiolejr j legirojáëi, trjesoltlehi betusljsoi b oitlvjáëi pjrj i arupi b

trjespjrbkbr uo priguehi kiembklobeti b rbspblti æ kucturj cikjc.



><

Hbstj giroj4

Bc turlsoi tlbeb uo gcbrtb pritjaielsoi bo cj vlhj hb kluhjh y bcci pcjetbj,

dueti j uoj kiyueturj hb rbcjtlvi bstjekljolbeti bo bc eôobri hbvlsltjetbs, uo lopirtjetb hbsjgli4 supbrjr cj gjsb obrjobetb pripirkliejc hbcê abstlûe turïstlkj y jgrietjr bc rbti hb irhbejr bc turlsoi bo cj kluhjh yrbaucjr bc gcudi hb vlsltjetbs. Cj letbarjklûe hb bstj pihbrisj jtlvlhjhb bo cjvlhj hb cj kluhjh hbnb rbjclzjrsb bo njsb j uoj rbjclhjhb urnjej vlvj youctlguekliejc. Cis klrkultis y rutjs turïstlkjs hbnbe hlssbújrsb pjrj qub cjvlsltj sb kieglaurb kioi uoj eubvj gûroucj hb prêktlkj kucturjc(X^ILXLEÒ, :<<=, p. ;>8).

Hb jkirhi kio i jutir, i turlsoi tbo uo pjpbc girtb ej klhjhb. Ì prbklsi qub

mjdj abstëi hi turlsoi pjrj kietricjr j qujetlhjhb b i gcuxi hb vlsltjetbs, gjlxj btêrlj,

cikjclhjhb betrb iutrjs bspbklglkjáòbs.

>.>.: Xurlsoi Kucturjc

Mê vêrljs hbgleláòbs sinrb turlsoi kucturjc, hbshb mênltis, kistuobs, krbeájs

vjcirbs slonûclkis b ojtbrljls, ojelgbstjáòbs jrtïstlkjs kucturjls b/iu letbcbktujls. I turlsoi

kucturjc surab hj ebkbsslhjhb hb pbssijs, sbdj priglssliejc iu obsoi letbcbktujc, hb

hboiestrjr letbrbssb bo kiembkbr iu obsoi bo pbrtbekbr j iutris arupis, kiouelhjhbs b

bteljs.

Hb jkirhi kio i Olelstìrli hi Xurlsoi, i turlsoi kucturjc kioprbbehb js

jtlvlhjhbs turïstlkjs rbcjkliejhjs æ vlväeklj hi kiedueti hb bcbobetis slaelglkjtlvis hi

pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b kucturjc b his bvbetis kucturjls, vjcirlzjehi b prioivbehi is nbes

ojtbrljls b lojtbrljls hj kucturj (N^J[LC, >6:6). I turlsoi kucturjc pihb sbr sunhlvlhlhi

bo4

Zujhri > - Xlpis hb turlsoi kucturjc b sujs kjrjktbrïstlkjsXlpi hb Xurlsoi Kjrjktbrïstlkj Bxbopci bo Virti

Ejkliejc-XI

Xurlsoi kïvlki

Hbstlej-sb æqubcbs qub pjrtlklpjohb bvbetis kïvlkis rbtrjtjehi joboûrlj b j mlstûrlj hi cikjc.

Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjsObrkäs b i OusbuMlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc([bojej hi Ousbu ei hlj:= hb ojli).

Xurlsoi rbclalisi

Kjrjktbrïstlkj kiouo bo qub isglìls pjrtlklpjo his gbstbdisriojrljs, eivbejs betrb iutrisjssuetis hlrbtjobetb clajhis ærbclalëi.

Gbstj bo kioboirjáëi æVjhriblrj Eissj [bemirjhjs Obrkäs, hb :2 j >8 hbsbtbonri.



;6

Xurlsoi oïstlki b bsitìrlki

Kjrjktbrlzj-sb pbcj nuskj hi sbujutikiembklobeti bbsplrltujclhjhb, cbvjehi bokieslhbrjáëi krbeájs, rltis bolstlklsoi.

-

Xurlsoi ìtelki

Jhvìo hi slaelglkjhi hb bteljkiopistj pbcj aäebsb, kucturj b

prêtlkjs. Ebssj kjtbairlj, pihboisobekliejr js kiouelhjhbsrbprbsbetjtlvjs his prikbssislolarjtûrlis, kioi is lehïabejsqulcionicjs b iutris arupissikljls.

-

Xurlsoi klebojtiarêglki

J mlstûrlj ì jprbsbetjhj pir oblihb lojabo juhlivlsujc (glcobs).[bauehi i Olelstìrli hi Xurlsoi,

bssb sbaobeti pihb juobetjrslaelglkjtlvjobetb i gcuxi hbturlstjs hbvlhi æ lojabo qub ìtrjesoltlhj pir uo arjehb eôobrihb pbssijs, i cuajr, betëi, tirej-sbjtrjtlvi.

Vihbois hbstjkjr i glcob–Hbus ì Nrjslcblri‟ (>66;),bo qub jcauojs kbejs

girjo arjvjhjs ej klhjhbhb Virti Ejkliejc-XI.Jqul pihbois kltjr uoojrki ej pjlsjabo. Ejìpikj bo qub i glcob gilarjvjhi, i ^li Xikjetles dêmjvlj slhi trjesgirojhi ei^bsbrvjtûrli (RMB).

Xurlsoi jrqubicûalki

Vihb sbr betbehlhi kioi uojrbcjáëi betrb j kucturj b jjrqubicialj, qub tbo kioi

prleklpjc indbti hb jeêclsb is sïtlis

jrqubicûalkis.

Eôkcbi Xikjetlebesb hbJrqubicialj (ERXJ).

Xurlsoi ajstrieøolki[ëi oivlhis pir kiolhjs tïplkjshj rbalëi iu hi cuajr.

^bstjurjetb tïplki hjklhjhb4 Gcutujetb OëbOjrlj LLL.

BeiturlsoiHbstlej-sb æqubcbs qub jhirjokiembkbr b hbaustjr is ojlsvjrljhis vlemis.

-

Xurlsoi gbrrivlêrliHbstlej-sb jis pjssblis sinrbtrlcmis.

-

Gietb4 N^J[LC, >6:6. Eitj4 Jhjptjhi pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

His tlpis hb turlsoi kucturjc, obekliejhis jetbrlirobetb, pihbois hbstjkjr qub

j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs b i Ousbu Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc bstëi

letlojobetb clajhis ji turlsoi kïvlki b rbclalisi hbvlhis jis tlpis hb ojelgbstjáòbs qub sëi

rbjclzjhjs pjrj kjhj uo bo bspbkïglki. –Jsslo, is ousbus sb kiestltubo eis prloblris

jtrjtlvis j sbrbo prikurjhis pbcis vlsltjetbs hb uoj cikjclhjhb‟ (LAEJ^^J, :<<<, p.:>6).

Vjrj kiembkbr j mlstûrlj cikjc, ì prbklsi prloblrjobetb gjzbr uoj pbsqulsj

bxpcirjtûrlj eis jrqulvis, kbetris hb legirojáëi b/iu uelhjhb hb legirojáòbs, is qujls



;:

pissjo girebkbr hikuobetis qub kioprivbo j oboûrlj cikjc. Vbcbarlel b Guejrl (>66=, p.

;:) jkrbhltjo qub4

J vjcirlzjáëi hi pjtrloøeli lojtbrljc ej jtujclhjhb jhvìo, pirtjeti, hjsjctbrjáòbs sigrlhjs pbcjs jkbpáòbs hi kiekblti hb kucturj b pjtrloøeli. Bcjbstê jrtlkucjhj æs trjesgirojáòbs hjs girojs hb kievïvli sikljc b jis

pjhròbs kucturjls qub rbabo j bxlstäeklj muojej. J prûprlj hleîolkjkucturjc bxprbssj eis oivlobetis qub hbrjo irlabo æ hlskussëi sinrb jebkbsslhjhb hb sjcvjaujrhj hi pjtrloøeli lojtbrljc b æ mlstirlklhjhb hiskiekbltis qub j bevicvbo bxpclkltjo i rbkiembklobeti hb qub i pjtrloøeliojtbrljclzj js ojls hlvbrsjs girojs hb kucturj b qub, pirtjeti, sb kiestltulbo ojls uoj bsgbrj hb bonjtbs sikljls.

Is Nbes Kucturjls4

[ëi kieslhbrjhis nbes kucturjls hb vjcir mlstûrlki, jrtïstlki, klbetïglki,slonûclki, pjssïvbls hb sb tirejrbo jtrjáòbs turïstlkjs4 jrqulvis, bhlglkjáòbs,kieduetis urnjeïstlkis, sïtlis jrqubicûalkis, ruïejs, ousbus b iutris bspjáishbstlejhis æ jprbsbetjáëi iu kietbopcjáëi hb nbes ojtbrljls b lojtbrljls,ojelgbstjáòbs kioi oôslkj, ajstrieiolj, jrtbs vlsujls b käelkjs, gbstjs bkbcbnrjáòbs (N^J[LC, >667, p. :1).

Ebssb sbetlhi, eitjois qub j pbrkbpáëi hj mbrjeáj lojtbrljc tirej-sb

guehjobetjc pjrj j letbarjáëi hj pipucjáëi kio sujs prûprljs kiehláòbs hb bxlstäeklj, kio j

ejturbzj b i obli jonlbetb. Bssjs rbcjáòbs sb ojelgbstjo pir letbroìhli hb –kbrloøeljs,cleaujabes hi pivi ojtbrljclzjhjs bo jtlvlhjhbs jrtbsjejls b prihuáòbs jrtïstlkjs iu

cltbrêrljs, kjeáòbs, gbstjs, rbkbltjs kucleêrljs b sjnbrbs obhlklejls, betrb iutrjs ojelgbstjáòbs

sikljls iu kicbtlvjs‟ (VBCBA^LEL, >667, p. :>>).

Bstloj-sb qub j jtlvlhjhb turïstlkj sb hbu hbshb is jetbpjssjhis bo qub imiobo, eøojhb, hbscikjvj-sb sboprb hb uo cikjc pjrj iutri, pir vietjhbiu obsoi jesbli bo kiembkbr iutris mjnltjts. Bssb hbscikjobeti, kio itbopi sb tirejrjo ojls siglstlkjhis, midb bssb kmjojhi hb –turlsoi‟, eiqujc bstb pissubo jcaues sbrvláis bssbekljls kioi jclobetjáëi, trjespirtb,mispbhjabo, jabekljobeti turïstlki betrb iutris. Jsslo, –tihj vljaboturïstlkj ì uoj bxpbrläeklj kucturjc‟, hbvlhi æs vlväekljs b bxpbrläekljs hicuajr ei qujc bstê cikjclzjhi, –ojs ebo tihi turlstj ì uo turlstj kucturjc‟(N^J[LC, >6:6, p. :;).

I qub hbgleb i turlsoi kucturjc ì j oitlvjáëi hj vljabo bo tirei hb tbojs sinrb

j kucturj. Ebssj clemj hb rjklikïeli, i turlsoi kucturjc –kioprbbehb js jtlvlhjhbs turïstlkjs

rbcjkliejhjs æ vlväeklj hi kiedueti hb bcbobetis slaelglkjtlvis hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b

kucturjc b his bvbetis kucturjls, vjcirlzjehi b prioivbehi is nbes ojtbrljls b lojtbrljls hj



;>

kucturj‟ (N^J[LC, >667, p. :2). Hb jkirhi kio Niele` b ^lkmjrhs (:<<>, jpuh VÌ^BT,

>66<), js hujs jnirhjabes j sbaulr sëi guehjobetjls pjrj betbehbr i turlsoi kucturjc4

j)

j pbrspbktlvj his cuajrbs b his oieuobetis4 lopclkj hbskrbvbr is tlpis hb

jtrjáòbs vlsltjhjs b pbesjr j kucturj kioi uo slopcbs prihuti. Bstb vbrlglkj i

pieti hb vlstj hj bstrjtìalj hb levbstlajáëi j sbaulr, bstj sbrlj guehjobetjcobetb

qujetltjtlvj b gikjrlj js jtlvlhjhbs b js oitlvjáòbs his turlstjs kucturjls0

n) j pbrspbktlvj kiekbltujc4 qubstliej is pirquäs b kioi js pbssijs vbbo b prjtlkjo

turlsoi kucturjc. Insbrvjo-sb ojls is sbetlhis, js prêtlkjs hlskurslvjs, is

slaelglkjhis b js bxpbrläekljs. Jsslo, i lopirtjetb sbrljo is prlekïplis b js

girojs hb gjzbr turlsoi b eëi tjeti is prihutis.

Kiegirob [oltm (:<<>, jpuh [JEXJEJ XJCJWB^J, >66;, p. ;7-;1, trjhuáëi

olemj) hbgleb4

Xurlsoi kucturjc b mlstûrlki ì i oiobeti bo qub kinrb j kiestruáëi hjtlpicialj hbshb i ”pltirbski“ b i ”kjcir cikjc“, is vbstïalis hb uoj vlhj bo

prikbssi hb bxtleáëi jtì is klrkultis hb rulejs, oieuobetis b ousbus, pihbehi lekculr klhjhbs b bspjáis hb iehb sb hbsbevicvbo is

jkietbklobetis. Ebstj obsoj clemj hb rjklikïeli hi LKIOI[(Letbrejkliejc Kiueklc ig [ltbs jeh Oieuobets - Kiesbcmi Letbrejkliejc his[ïtlis b Oieuobetis), hbgleb i turlsoi kucturjc, sbaulehi js hlrbtrlzbs hjQXI (Qirch Xurlso Irajelzjtlie - Irajelzjáëi Ouehljc hi Xurlsoi),kioi uo oivlobeti hb pbssijs bssbekljcobetb pir uoj oitlvjáëi kucturjc,tjc kioi vljabes hb bstuhis, rbprbsbetjáòbs jrtïstlkjs, gbstlvjls b iutrisbvbetis kucturjls, vlsltjs j cuajrbs b oieuobetis, gickcirb b j jrtb hj

pbrbarlejáëi.

[bdj i turlsoi kucturjc ‛ kio indbtlvi hb kiembkbr j mlstûrlj, is oieuobetis, js

inrjs b iutris nbes qub j klhjhb igbrbkb ‛, nbo kioi i turlsoi hb cjzbr ‛ kio indbtlvi hb

hbsgrutjr his rbkursis b hjs jtrjtlvlhjhbs igbrbklhis pbcj cikjclhjhb ‛, tihis, hlrbtj iu

lehlrbtjobetb, kietrlnubo pjrj i rbkiembklobeti b j vjcirlzjáëi hj klhjhb ei tihi

>.>.:.: Virti Ejkliejc b is nbes ojtbrljls b lojtbrljls

J Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, kieslhbrjhj uo his prleklpjls

oieuobetis hj klhjhb, jtrjl turlstjs b/iu bxkurslielstjs hb vêrljs klhjhbs, bstjhis iu obsoi

pjïsbs, ebcj bstê letlojobetb clajhj4



;;

J bxprbssëi hbslaej uo nbo hbstlejhi ji usugruti hb uoj kiouelhjhb qubsb jopcliu j hlobesòbs pcjebtêrljs, kiestltuïhi pbcj jkuoucjáëi kietïeuj hbuoj hlvbrslhjhb hb indbtis qub sb kiearbajo pir sbu pjssjhi kiouo4 inrjsb inrjs-prlojs hjs nbcjs-jrtbs b hjs jrtbs-jpclkjhjs, trjnjcmis b prihutis hbtihis is sjnbrbs b sjvilr-gjlrb his sbrbs muojeis (KMIJ\, >66:. p. ::).

[jnb-sb qub is Kbetris Mlstûrlkis sëi i rbsuctjhi hi hbsbevicvlobeti hjs

klhjhbs jtrjvìs hi tbopi b iehb girjo sbehi jkuoucjhjs js hlvbrsjs btjpjs hi sbu

krbsklobeti, bstjaejáëi iu hbkjhäeklj. J kjhj ìpikj, girjo sbehi jrtlkucjhis is bstlcis

jrqultbtøelkis, letbrvbeáòbs, hbstruláòbs, ruïejs, kiestruáòbs b oihlglkjáòbs his bspjáis

jrqultbtøelkis b urnjeis. Jcauojs klhjhbs hblxjo vbr tihi i hlejolsoi hbssb prikbssi,

jsslo, js btjpjs jduhjo j hbglelr i qub midb bekjrjois kioi Kbetri Mlstûrlki (LVMJE,

>661). [bauehi legirojáòbs hi Lpmje (>6::), i kbetri mlstûrlki ì uo kiedueti hb rujs, cjrajs

b prjájs, kjsjrli, oieuobetis b pjlsjabo urnjej, kiestruïhis jtì j hìkjhj hb :<76, jetbs hj

lehustrljclzjáëi b his prikbssis kiestrutlvis, kioi js prêtlkjs hb pcjebdjobeti

hbsbevicvlobetlstj. Vrêtlkjs b prikbssis qub privikjrjo priguehjs trjesgirojáòbs ej

ojlirlj hjs klhjhbs bo tihi i ouehi. Bssb gbeøobei bstê letlojobetb clajhi ji

hbsbevicvlobeti hi kjpltjclsoi b hi jutioûvbc kioi obli prbgbrbekljc hb trjespirtb.

Jsslo, pjrj i jutir Xriltleò (:<<=, p. ;:;)4

Bc kbetri mlstûrlki kietleuj slbehi uo bspjkli ouctlguekliejc hiehbkievlvbe jtlvlhjhbs jholelstrjtlvjs, kucturjcbs, rbclalisjs, bhukjtlvjs,kiobrkljclbs, rbslhbekljcbs, glejekblrjs y turïstlkjs. Bc sbktir turïstlki bstêrbgirzjehi su prbsbeklj pbri, pir sus oôctlpcbs lopclkjkliebs, ei rbsuctjgêklc bvjcujr su slaelglkjklûe rbjc.

Bo Virti Ejkliejc, pbrkbnbois bssjs kjrjktbrïstlkjs obekliejhjs pbci jutir

qujehi bstjois ei kbetri mlstûrlki, kjrjktbrlzjhi pir uo kbeêrli mjroielisi kiopisti pir4

uoj prjáj, Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, j larbdj Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, rujscjrajs b kjsjrlis bo bstlci kicieljc iu jetbrlir æ hìkjhj hb 76, i qub tirej uo pieti hb

bekietri hj pipucjáëi. J ^uj Olzjbc Vbrblrj, bo pcbei kbetri mlstûrlki, ì tihj irejobetjhj

kio vjsis hb pcjetjs prihuzlhis ej klhjhb. Xbo-sb i jrtbsjejti hb njrri b pjcmj0 j hjeáj

gickcûrlkj, [ôklj, tïplkj hi bstjhi, i Gbstlvjc hi ^lsi b hj Kjeáëi, i Kcunb his Wlicblris, is

Xjonirbs hi Xikjetles0 js qubrobssbs hj eivbej hb Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, qub hurjetb

eivb hljs ei oäs hb sbtbonri bekmbo j prjáj hj Kjtbhrjc pjrj jelojhjs rlgjs, jprbsbetjáòbs

hb oôslkis, kjeáòbs, hjeájs, kievbrsjs, pljhjs b kjusis (LVMJE, >661). Xjonìo pihbo sbr

jkrbskbetjhis is begbltbs, kioi prbsìplis ej ìpikj hb Ejtjc, qub jtrjbo is kltjhleis pjrj

vlsltjr.



;8

Kiegirob ^bls (:<=8), sin j irlbetjáëi tìkelkj hi Grbl Njrticiobu (Grbl Nbrti),

j pbhrj guehjobetjc hj Kjtbhrjc gil lopcjetjhj bo sbtb hb ojli hb :=<8, lelkljehi suj

kiestruáëi, qub sb kiekculu bo :<6;, cbvjehi eivb jeis ei titjc. Ej kiestruáëi, tihis is

tldicis girjo pjais kio vbrnj bevljhj pbcj Irhbo his Hiolelkjeis Grjekbsbs, ojs miuvb

tjonìo pjrtlklpjáòbs bspietîebjs (ej ojlirlj sbo cukri) his pjhrbs b pbssijs hb tihjs js

kcjssbs sikljls. J pjrtlklpjáëi hj pipucjáëi pirtubesb sb hbu hb giroj vicuetêrlj pjrj jduhjr

ej kiestruáëi hj Kjtbhrjc, bequjeti is miobes sb prbikupjvjo ei trjespirtb hb ojtbrljls,

ejs pbhrblrjs b ej hbvjstjáëi hb êrvirbs. Jlehj sbauehi j jutirj, js oucmbrbs kjrrbajvjo

jcaues ojtbrljls, kioi tbcmjs b tldicis hj nblrj hi rli jtì i cikjc hj inrj, kio uoj hlstîeklj

oìhlj hb jprixlojhjobetb ; `o. Jcauojs jctbrjáòbs girjo gbltjs hbshb suj kiestruáëi,

kioi4 j lestjcjáëi hb bebralj bcìtrlkj b sunstltuláëi hjs djebcjs hb tbklhis pir djebcjs hb vlhrikicirlhi, trjzlhis hb Nbcìo-VJ. I girri bo ojhblrj gil gblti ei jei hb :<12, b :<=6 girjo

lestjcjhis vbetlcjhirbs b jpjrbcmjabo hb sio. J hbkirjáëi hj Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs

Obrkäs gil gbltj kio oinlclêrli hb gjnrlkjáëi his prûprlis ojrkbeblris hj klhjhb, pils

ejqubcj ìpikj js kiehláòbs bkieøolkjs b sikljls hb Virti Ejkliejc brjo prbkêrljs, b mjvlj

ebkbsslhjhb hb uoj abräeklj jtujetb b hbklslvj hb uo aivbrei cikjc ojls hlspisti b kjpjz hb

hlsklpclejr j vlhj pônclkj hj siklbhjhb (^BL[, :<=8).

J Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs bstê sltujhj ei obsoi cikjc hj jetlajkjpbcj hb Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs. –Is pridbtis iu hbsbemis jrqultbtøelkis irlalejls ejhj

sb sjnb jcìo hj bxlstäeklj (ej ìpikj hj kiestruáëi) hb uoj oleljturj b ojqubtb hj inrj hb

irlabo grjekbsj trjzlhj pbcis pjhrbs‟ (^BL[, :<=8, p. >:). Ei jrqulvi rbclalisi hj Oltrj

Hlikbsjej, bekietrj-sb uo hikuobeti qub hbskrbvb j lojabo hi Nio Dbsus hi Vietjc

kltjehi j mlpûtbsb hb sbr jutirlj hj inrj hb Jetøeli Grjeklski Clsnij (:<18), Jcbldjhlemi.

Bssj legirojáëi bekietrj-sb bo uo hikuobeti sinrb j lojabo mlstûrlkj bxlstbetb ej Ojtrlz

hb Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI. I Beabemblri Dijqulo Jlrbshj [lcvj obekliej qub j lojabo bxlstbetb hbvb tbr slhi bxbkutjhj pbci Jcbldjhlemi,

privjvbcobetb, ej hìkjhj hb :116 (NJC[JE0 EJ[KLOBEXI, >6:>).

>.>.> Vrbvbeáëi hb rlski bo êrbjs hb prbsbrvjáëi hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki

[bauehi j eiroj tìkelkj justrjcljej b ebizbcjehbsj hb abrbekljobeti hb rlskis,

J[/ET[ 8;764>668 kltjhi pir [plebccl Dôelir b Vbhbrsicl Duelir (>6::), i tbroi –rlski‟ pihb

sbr hbglelhi kioi j kmjekb hb jcai jkietbkbr kjusjehi uo lopjkti sinrb indbtis. Jcaues

cuajrbs kieslhbrjhis pbcj Irajelzjáëi hjs Ejáòbs Relhjs pjrj j Bhukjáëi, j Kläeklj b j



;2

Kucturj (REB[KI) kioi pjtrloøeli ejturjc b kucturjc hj muojelhjhb sb bekietrjo

jobjájhis iu bo rlski hb hbsjpjrbklobeti pir oitlvis rbcjkliejhis j aubrrjs b kiegcltis

picïtlkis0 qubstòbs ìtelkjs b rbclalisjs0 trêglki lcïklti b ebaclaäeklj0 jctbrjáòbs hbkirrbetbs hb

kjtêstrigbs ejturjls0 kietjolejáëi pbci turlsoi ojsslvi b ojc irajelzjhi0 bxpjesëi his

kbetris urnjeis b gjctj hb rbkursis glejekblris pjrj pritbaä-cis (TJEL^JXI, >6:6).

Roj hjs vêrljs rbkiobehjáòbs qub sb hbvb tbr kio is nbes ojtbrljls ì j

prbsbrvjáëi. –Vrbsbrvjr pjrj eëi rbstjurjr!‟, pils hbvbois tiojr jcaues kulhjhis pjrj qub

mjdj hurjnlclhjhb hi nbo ojtbrljc/oieuobeti bo cieai prjzi. Vjrj jckjeájr bssb pripûslti,

pihbois kieslhbrjr guehjobetjc j hlssbolejáëi hb legirojáòbs kjpjzbs hb sbeslnlclzjr

abstirbs pônclkis, sbtirbs prlvjhis b klhjhëis bo abrjc j rbspblti his nbes kucturjls qub

kiestltubo i pjtrloøeli hb Virti Ejkliejc, qub pihbo vlr j hbsjpjrbkbr kio i tbopi piriolssëi hjs hbvlhjs rbkiobehjáòbs hb prbsbrvjáëi b kiesbrvjáëi. Js legirojáòbs

hlssbolejhjs pisslnlcltjrljo4

j) jssbaurjr qub j rbhuáëi hb rlski hb hbsjstrbs vbemj j sbr uoj prlirlhjhbcikjc b ejkliejc b qub bcj kietb kio i jpili lestltukliejc eis îonltisacinjls, ejkliejls, rbaliejls b cikjls0

n) lhbetlglkjr, jvjcljr, oieltirjr is rlskis hb hbsjstrbs b jcbrtjrjetbklpjhjobetb is pbrlais qub sb kicikjo jis cuajrbs qub sëi pjtrloøeliouehljc0k) utlclzjr i kiembklobeti, j leivjáëi b j bhukjáëi pjrj j kiestruáëi hbuoj kucturj hb pcjebdjobeti hb hbsjstrbs, sbaurjeáj b rbslcläeklj hiscuajrbs qub sëi pjtrloøeli ouehljc0h) rbhuzlr is gjtirbs sundjkbetbs jis rlskis0b) rbgirájr j prbpjrjáëi pjrj js kjtêstrigbs bo cuajrbs qub sëi pjtrloøeliouehljc hb oihi j sb intbr uoj rbspistj bglkjz bo tihis is eïvbls(REB[KI, >667, p. ;7 jpuh TJEL^JXI, >6:6, p. :2;).

Vjrj qub is rlskis sbdjo lhbetlglkjhis hb giroj slstboêtlkj b jnrjeabetb, iu sbdj,

pjrj qub ebemuo (tlpi hb) rlski sbdj ebaclabekljhi, utlclzjrbois j gbrrjobetj kiekbltujc his

–:6 jabetbs hb hbtbrlirjáëi‟, qub gjklcltjo j lhbetlglkjáëi hb rlskis, ji letbrjalrbo

glslkjobetb kio i pjtrloøeli hj lestltuláëi b pihbo kjusjr arjvbs hjeis b pbrhjs,

rbprbsbetjehi pir lssi sltujáòbs hb pbrlai. Bssbs jabetbs sëi jprbsbetjhis j sbaulr, kiegirob

hboiestrjo [plebccl Dôelir b Vbhbrsicl Duelir (>6::).



;7

Zujhri ; ‛ Is prleklpjls jabetbs hb hbtbrlirjáëi ji nbo ojtbrljc

Jabetbs hb hbtbrlirjáëi ‛hjeis ji pjtrloøeli

Kiesbquäekljs^lskis vlsïvbls ei kbetri

mlstûrlki hb VirtiEjkliejc-XI

Girájs gïslkjs

Vihbo hjelglkjr i pjtrloøelikucturjc pir obli hb kmiqub,vlnrjáëi, tbesëi, kioprbssëi bgrlkáëi, kjusjehi kicjpsi, qubnrj,

pbrgurjáòbs, hbgirojáëi, rjsais,jnrjsëi, b iutris.

J ruj ji suc hj Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs,^uj Vjhrb Jetøeli -letbrhltjhj bo >6:>, hbvlhii jcti ïehlkb hb kjrris

pbsjhis.Is jtis krloleisis hb gurti,riuni iu vjehjclsoi, kiobtlhis

pir lehlvïhuis bxtbreis iuletbreis æ lestltuláëi

Jkjrrbtjo j pbrhj titjc, hbstruláëiiu hbsglaurjáëi hb ltbes bbcbobetis pjtrloieljls.

-

^lskis hb lekäehli hbvlhi jhbglkläekljs ej prbvbeáëi,hbtbkáëi b kietbeáëi hblekäehlis

Gjtirbs kioi j gjctj hbojeutbeáëi prbvbetlvj bo

bhlglkjáòbs b bqulpjobetis, jejturbzj his jkbrvis (ojtbrljlsjctjobetb kionustïvbls) b hisbhlgïklis (sbo kiopjrtlobetjáëib, oultjs vbzbs, kiestruïhis boojhblrj), j gjctj hb slstbojs hbhbtbkáëi b suprbssëi jutioêtlkjhb lekäehlis b j gjctj hbkjpjkltjáëi hb gueklieêrlis pjrjrbspiehbr bo kjsi hb (prlekïplihb) lekäehli kietrlnubo pjrj bssbrlski. Is lekäehlis pihbo sbr hb

pbqubejs pripiráòbs jtì j qublojtitjc hi bhlgïkli b his ojtbrljlsbxlstbetbs bo sbu letbrlir.

I kbetri mlstûrlki tirej-sbbskjssi qujehi sb trjtj hb

sbaurjeáj b prbvbeáëi hbrlskis. Eëi bxlstbobqulpjobetis b ebo

pbssijs kjpjkltjhjs pjrj prbvbeáëi hb lekäehli.

Letbrjáëi hj êauj

Kiegirob j kiopisláëi, pihbokjusjr hjeis kio j hbsletbarjáëi,hbgirojáëi, hlssicuáëi, ojekmjs,oigi, begrjqubklobeti,bgcirbskäeklj b kirrisëi. Mêleôobrjs gietbs hb êauj (letbrejsb bxtbrejs ji oieuobeti, ejturjlsb tbkeicûalkjs) b hlgbrbetbsobkjelsois pbcis qujls bcj pihbjtlealr.

-

I kiekblti hb prjajs beacinj isirajelsois vlvis kjpjzbs hbhbsglaurjr, hjelglkjr b hbstrulr i

pjtrloøeli kucturjc

Vihbois lekculr lesbtis, ribhirbs,jvbs b oirkbais. Bo hbkirräekljhb sujs jtlvlhjhbs hb jclobetjáëi,bxkrbáëi, rbprihuáëi b jnrlai, jletbrjáëi hjs prjajs kio isojtbrljls hi pjtrloøeli pihbokjusjr pbrgurjáòbs, pbrhjs hb

pjrtbs, begrjqubklobeti bstruturjc,

sudlhjhbs, ojekmjs betrb iutris.

-

[unstîekljs picubetbs (is ajsbs,jbrissûls, cïqulhis iu sûclhis, hbirlabo ejturjc iu jetripiaäelkj)

Jgbtjo ebajtlvjobetb js kicbáòbsb iutris bcbobetis pjtrloieljls

pir obli hb rbjáòbs quïolkjs iu-



;1

girojáëi hb hbpûsltis, kjusjehikirrisëi, begrjqubklobeti,jctbrjáòbs bstìtlkjs btk.

^jhljáëi uctrjvlicbtj (RW) b jrjhljáëi legrjvbrobcmj (L^)

privbelbetbs hi sic b hb gietbsbcìtrlkjs (cîopjhjs) b j cuz(rjhljáëi vlsïvbc)

J cuz privikj i bsojbklobeti hbkirbs j pjrtlr hb rbjáòbsgitiquïolkjs0 j vbciklhjhb hibsojbklobeti hbpbehb hjsbeslnlclhjhb hi ojtbrljc b hj hisbhb cuz rbkbnlhj.

-

Xbopbrjturjs bcbvjhjs iu njlxjs

Js tbopbrjturjs bcbvjhjsjkjrrbtjo hjeis quïolkis(jkbcbrjehi js hlgbrbetbs rbjáòbshb hbarjhjáëi), gïslkis(hbgirojáòbs, rbssbkjobeti,grjturjs, hbrrbtlobeti, rbsuctjetbs

hi jqubklobeti hb ojtbrljls) b nlicûalkis (gjvirbkbehi ihbsbevicvlobeti hb olkri-irajelsois b i obtjniclsoi hbkbrtis tlpis hb prjajs).

-

Rolhjhb rbcjtlvj lekirrbtj,uolhjhbs rbcjtlvjs oultibcbvjhjs, oulti njlxjs, iu kiogcutujáòbs hb arjehb jopcltuhb

Js uolhjhbs rbcjtlvjs bcbvjhjsgjvirbkbo i hbsbevicvlobeti hbolkri-irajelsois (oigi) bosunstrjtis iraîelkis, rbjáòbsquïolkjs hb hbarjhjáëi mlhricïtlkjhb ojtbrljls iraîelkis b kirrisëihb obtjls, kiehbesjáëi bo

supbrgïklbs, olarjáëi hbsunstjekljs sicôvbls bo êauj btk.

-

J hlssikljáëi rbgbrb-sb æhbsirajelzjáëi hb slstbojs qubbevicvb j pbrhj hb indbtis hbetrihj lestltuláëi, j pbrhj hb hjhis blegirojáòbs rbgbrbetbs, iu j

pbrhj hj kjpjklhjhb hb rbkupbrjriu jssikljr indbtis b legirojáòbs

Js kjusjs hb hlssikljáëi sëi jlebxlstäeklj hb kûpljs hbsbaurjeáj (njkùps) hb rbalstrislegirojtlvis rbgbrbetbs æs kicbáòbs(levbetêrlis btk.) bo kjsi hbslelstri0 brris ji sb rbalstrjrlegirojáòbs sinrb i indbti0insicbskäeklj hb mjrhwjrb pjrj ijkbssi hb rbalstris cbaïvbls piroêqulejs btk.

Vjrj bssb oiobeti, tirej-sblopirtjetb obekliejr i eëijrojzbejobeti hjhikuobetjáëi ei qub sbrbgbrb æ mlstûrlj hj klhjhb hbVirti Ejkliejc b hi kbetrimlstûrlki. Lopisslnlcltjehi,ej ojlirlj hjs vbzbs, jrbprihuáëi hikiembklobeti pir gjctj hbrbalstris hikuobetjls.

Gietb4 [plebccl Dôelir b Vbhbrsicl Duelir, >6::. Eitj4 Jhjptjhi pir Eônlj Eiaublrj hi Ejsklobeti.

His jabetbs hb hbtbrlirjáëi ji nbo ojtbrljc b/iu oieuobeti vlsti ei qujhri

jkloj, is qub ojls sb hbstjkjo ei Kbetri Mlstûrlki sëi js girájs gïslkjs b is jtis krloleisis,

gurti b riuni. Js girájs gïslkjs pihbo jkjrrbtjr bo sìrlis princbojs hb pbqubei iu arjehb

hlobesëi, pils, bstëi hlrbtjobetb vlekucjhis æs gjcmjs bstruturjls, kiclsòbs betrb iutris. Ei

Kbetri Mlstûrlki, j ûj ji suc hj Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, ûj Vjhrb Jetøeli, gil

letbrhltjhj bo >6:>, kio indbtlvi hb bvltjr j klrkucjáëi hb jutioûvbls pbsjhis pjrj eëi

Kietleuj



;=

kjusjr hjeis ojlirbs kioi hbsjnjobeti. Kioi pihbois insbrvjr ej Glaurj :, mê uoj pcjkj

hb rbaucjobetjáëi prilnlehi j pjssjabo hb kjrris pbsjhis ej ^uj Vjhrb Jetøeli. Ì

lopirtjetb rbssjctjr qub bssbs jabetbs jcìo hb kjusjr hjeis ji pjtrloøeli ikjsliejo

hlvbrsjs kiesbquäekljs kioi4 vlnrjáòbs eis loûvbls, rjkmjhurjs b hbsoiriejobeti.

Glaurj : ‛ Vcjkj hb rbaucjobetjáëi ei kbetri mlstûrlki

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj. Eitj4 Gitiarjglj tlrjhj bo :>-67->6:;, pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

Bequjeti i sbauehi, jtis krloleisis, jcìo hb kjusjr hjeis glejekblris b vjcir

slonûclki letbrei æ lestltuláëi, tjonìo pihbo sbr kiobtlhis bxtbrejobetb pir gjctj hb

sbaurjeáj jkjrrbtjehi sìrlis princbojs. I pbrlai b i rlski qub i turlstj bxpòb tirejr-sb uoj

jobjáj, sbehi uo jcvi gêklc pjrj hbclequbetbs ei kbetri mlstûrlki. J jusäeklj hb sbaurjeáj

pihb kjusj j rbhuáëi his turlstjs æ klhjhb, i qub brj cjzbr b betrbtbelobeti pihb kjusjr

rbpucsëi. Vjrj prbvbeáëi hb rlski hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, ì letbrbssjetb gjzbr

uoj jeêclsb prìvlj b uo hljaeûstlki his gjtirbs letbreis b bxtbreis, nbo kioi vbrlglkjr jskiehláòbs gïslkjs b/iu ejturjls prbsbetbs ei nbo pjtrloieljc, jsslo, pihbois olelolzjr is

pissïvbls hjeis.

Kirrinirjois kio Kistj b [tble`b (>6:;, p. >:;) qujehi kltj kleki gjtirbs hb

rlski ji Vjtrloøeli4

j) hbsbevicvlobeti b legrjbstruturj4 mjnltjt b hbsbevicvlobeti /legrjbstruturj hb trjespirtb / inrjs hb arjehb bskjcj iu legrjbstruturj hbsbrvláis / piculáëi / utlclzjáëi hb rbkursis ojtbrljls0

n)

iutrjs jtlvlhjhbs muojejs4 utlclzjáëi/oihlglkjáëi his rbkursis nlicûalkis / utlclzjáëi siklbtjc /kucturjc hi pjtrloøeli / iutrjs jtlvlhjhbsmuojejs / bspìklbs trjespirtjhjs iu abebtlkjobetb oihlglkjhjs0



;<

k) kjtêstrigbs ejturjls b hbsjstrbs4 kiehláòbs cikjls qub jgbtjo i tbklhigïslki / kcloj b bvbetis obtbrbicûalkis lopirtjetbs / bvbetis bkicûalkis iuabicûalkis sônltis / bspìklbs bxûtlkjs mlpbrjnuehjetbs0h) princbojs durïhlkis b hb abstëi4 abstëi b gjtirbs lestltukliejls0b) iutris gjtirbs4 rlskis hb hbsjnjobeti iu hbtbrlirjáëi hb bhlgïkliskiestruïhis / princbojs hb bstjnlclhjhb hb bstruturjs btk.

His kleki gjtirbs hb rlski kltjhis jetbrlirobetb, pihbois obekliejr qub i kbetri

mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI bstê vucebrêvbc j sigrbr hbarjhjáòbs pir obli hb jáòbs

muojejs. Ì lopirtjetb qub mjdj prbikupjáëi kio is pissïvbls hjeis pjrj rbsaujrhjr b

prbsbrvjr i Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc. I qub pihbois eitjr kio js gjcjs hb jcaues oirjhirbs:: hj

piclaiejc hb tionjobeti hi kbetri mlstûrlki4 –P..._ hbpils hj kiestruáëi hi cjai, olemj kjsj

kiobáiu j jpjrbkbr vêrljs rjkmjhurjs‟. Dê iutri betrbvlstjhi jglroj qub4 –is abstirbs pônclkis tlemjo qub privlhbekljr ojls qubnrj oicjs, pils is kjrris pbsjhis pjssjo bo jctj

vbciklhjhb b js kjsj kiobájo j bstrbobkbr‟. Bequjeti iutri hlz qub4 –jei pjssjhi i Lpmje

bstbvb bo olemj kjsj kio letbeáëi hb pletjr j gjkmjhj, ojs glzbrjo uojs obhláòbs b js

pleturjs jtì midb eëi jkietbkbrjo‟. Bstb ôctloi gjti eitjois eis hljs jtujls, pils vêrljs

kirbs bstëi bstjopjhjs ejs gjkmjhjs b ji betirei hi Kbetri mlstûrlki hbskjrjktbrlzjehi suj

pjlsjabo irlalejc. Vrbsbekljois js ruaislhjhbs hbglelhjs pir [jetis (>6:>) kioi girojs

lsicjhjs iu bo jrrjedi, qub glkjo hi pjssjhi kioi giroj, bspjái kiestruïhi, pjlsjabo, i

qub rbstj hi prikbssi hb suprbssëi, jkuoucjáëi, supbrpisláëi, kio qub js kilsjs sb

sunstltubo b jkuoucjo bo tihis is cuajrbs.

Olctie [jetis (>6:>) kiekbltuj ruaislhjhb kioi gbláòbs hb uo tbopi jetbrlir

qub sb ojetäo. Ej pbrspbktlvj hb rbsslaelglkjáëi hb klhjhbs jetlajs, pjrj Kistj (>6:>), j

kmjojhj hljcìtlkj hj kiestruáëi hbstrutlvj ì uoj kietrjhláëi betrb j –prbsbrvjáëi‟ b j

obrkjetlclzjáëi, j nuskj hj hboikrjtlzjáëi b hi pjtrloøeli urnjei. Jsslo, rbobtb æ

uelvbrsjclhjhb hi jpihbrjobeti obrkjetlc b slonûclki hi pjtrloøeli pjrj i hbsbevicvlobeti

hb jtlvlhjhbs qub jarbajo js eivjs bkieioljs urnjejs b qub tbo ej vjcirlzjáëi i

pjlsjaïstlki kucturjc. –I pjtrloøeli ebssj trjesláëi vbo sbrvlehi æ kiestruáëi hb eivjs rbhbs

hb cuajrbs ojtbrljclzjhjs pbcjs pisslnlclhjhbs hi kjpltjc glejekblri acinjc‟ (KI[XJ0

[KJ^CJXI, >6:>, p. :68).

:: Gjcjs intlhjs ejs betrbvlstjs rbjclzjhjs ei kbetri mlstûrlki kio is oirjhirbs hj piclaiejc hbtionjobeti.



86

>.; Vicïtlkjs Vônclkjs

J prbikupjáëi kio j hbgleláëi hb picïtlkjs pjrj j sjcvjaujrhj his nbes qub

kiopòbo i pjtrloøeli kucturjc –rboietj ji glejc hi sìkuci ]WLLL, ojls pjrtlkucjrobetb æ

^bvicuáëi Grjekbsj, qujehi sb hbsbevicvbu iutrj sbeslnlclhjhb bo rbcjáëi jis oieuobetis

hbstlejhis j levikjr j oboûrlj b j lopbhlr i bsqubklobeti his gbltis hi pjssjhi‟ (KMIJ\,

>66: jpuh TJEL^JXI0 ^LNBL^I, >667, p. >2>).

Vjrj qub mjdj i hbsbevicvlobeti hjs picïtlkjs pônclkjs ei qub sb rbgbrb jis

tbrois –kucturjls‟, ì ebkbssêrli b lopirtjetb hbstjkjr i pbrïihi mlstûrlki-abiarêglki njsbjhi

bo kiekbltis b lhbljs hb tbûrlkis qub ojrkjrjo i pbrïihi hj prloblrj b hj sbauehj aubrrj

ouehljc. Ji rbcjtjr mlstirlkjobetb i hbsbevicvlobeti hj jáëi hi Bstjhi hljetb hj siklbhjhbklvlc, js rbspiesjnlclhjhbs hi –Bstjhi‟ sëi kiestjetbobetb trjesgbrlhjs pjrj j siklbhjhb klvlc.

Vjrj hjr bonjsjobeti æ siklbhjhb klvlc, i Bstjhi lestltul jcauojs Irajelzjáòbs eëi

Aivbrejobetjls (IEAs). Ro bxbopci qub sb pihb kltjr ì i Lestltuti hb Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki

b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc (LVMJE), ûraëi rbspiesêvbc pbci hbsbevicvlobeti hj kucturj b pbci

pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki nrjslcblri. Jsslo, ejkliejcobetb, tbois uo ûraëi picltlkjobetb kjpjz

hb vbrlglkjr is hlvbrsis lopjssbs ikjsliejhis kio j kucturj b is hlvbrsis kiekbltis

letbrhlsklpclejrbs sinrb b sujs vjrlbhjhbs kucturjls. Xjonìo pihbois eitjr bo jcauojsklhjhbs j prbsbeáj hb cbls bspbkïglkjs pjrj j prbsbrvjáëi his nbes pjtrloieljls bxlstbetbs bo

jcaues bstjhis b/iu ouelkïplis, uo bxbopci, j klhjhb hb Iuri Vrbti-OA:>. Ej klhjhb hb

Virti Ejkliejc-XI, jlehj ì uo piuki leklplbetb j bxlstäeklj hb picïtlkjs pônclkjs ouelklpjls

qub hlskutjo sinrb j prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b kucturjc, kioi i Lpmje, bo

îonlti ejkliejc.

>.8 Vicïtlkjs Vônclkjs bo Virti Ejkliejc ‛ XI

Njsbjhj eis cbvjetjobetis hb tihis is hikuobetis cbajls bxlstbetbs ei jrqulvi

hj Kîojrj Ouelklpjc hb Virti Ejkliejc kioi4 cbls ouelklpjls, hbkrbtis b iutris hikuobetis

rbcjkliejhis æ tboêtlkj kbetrjc, j prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli, hlskutlhj j sbaulr. Ebssb

sbetlhi, kio njsb eis hikuobetis jrqulvjhis, pihbois rbgbrbekljr uoj hjs prloblrjs

lelkljtlvjs, iu obcmir, lelkljtlvj hb vjcir durïhlki, ei qub hlz rbspblti æ prbsbrvjáëi hi

pjtrloøeli kucturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc, qub gil ei jei hb :<=8, j Cbl ouelklpjc e´ <71, hb >1

:> Vicïtlkjs hb pritbáëi ouelklpjc hb Iuri Vrbti ‛ OA. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.iuriprbti.oa.aiv.nr/pjtrloieli/lehbx/lehbx.pmp5. Jkbssi bo :2 jnr. >6:8.



8:

hb ojrái hb :<=8. Ebssj cbl, girjo hbglelhjs jcauojs jtrlnuláòbs kioi, pir bxbopci, krljr i

Kiesbcmi Ouelklpjc hb Kucturj, kiopisti pir eivb obonris.

J sbauehj lelkljtlvj vbo pir obli hj Cbl ouelklpjc e´ :.662, hb :: hb duemi hb

:<=2, qub letltucj i prìhli jetlai hi Vjái ouelklpjc b Ousbu Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc,

krljhi pbcj Cbl e´ =1=, hb >7 hb jaisti hb :<=6. Hbssj giroj, glkj prilnlhj j letbrvbeáëi b/iu

oihlglkjáëi hj bstruturj gïslkj letbrej b bxtbrej, qub gjáj pbrhbr suj irlalejclhjhb prloêrlj.

J tbrkblrj lelkljtlvj, jprivjhj pbcj kîojrj ouelklpjc, sjekliej j Cbl e´ :.7=:, hb

iutunri hb >666. Bssj cbl kieslhbrj kioi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc hi Ouelkïpli hb

Virti Ejkliejc-XI jcaues prìhlis, tjls kioi4

Jrt. :´ Glkj kieslhbrjhi kioi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, eistbrois hbstj Cbl, is prìhlis pônclkis j sbaulr rbcjkliejhis4j) i jetlai Vjái Ouelklpjc sltujhi j ûj Vjhrb Jetøeli, e´ :176, Kbetrihbstj klhjhb0

n) j jetlaj Kjhblj Vônclkj, sltujhj æ ûj Vjhrb Jetøeli, e´ :172, Kbetrihbstj klhjhb0k) guehis hi Vjki ouelklpjc, sltujhi æ ûj Kiriebc Vlemblris.

Dê ei jei hb >667, jprivj-sb j Cbl e´ :.=7<, hb = hb ojli, b rbviaj-sb j Cbl

ouelklpjc e´ :.8>7, hb 7 hb hbzbonri hb :<<;. Ebstj cbl bo bspbkïglki, mê uoj jáëi

ouelklpjc sbobcmjetb, js jáòbs hi LVMJE bo eïvbc gbhbrjc kio j Krljáëi hi Kiesbcmi

Ouelklpjc hb Vritbáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc, i qujc sbrê hlskutlhi ojls jhljetb.

J quletj lelkljtlvj rbgbrb-sb æ Cbl e´ :.=1<, hb >: hb eivbonri hb >667, qub trjz vêrljs

jtrlnuláòbs j sbrbo kuoprlhjs. Jcauojs legirojáòbs kietlhjs ebssjs cbls eis kmjoiu

jtbeáëi4

Jrt. :2 J sbkrbtjrlj Bxbkutlvj hb Kucturj hi Ouelkïpli hb Virti Ejkliejcjtrjvìs hj suj hlrbtirlj hb Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki, Kucturjc b Jonlbetjc,

pissulrê 8 (qujtri) Clvris hb Xioni iu hb ^balstris hb nbes kucturjlsejturjls, nbes jrqubicûalkis b jetripicûalkis0 Nbes loûvbls b hb vjcirmlstûrlki0 nbes oivbls b letbarjhis hb vjcir mlstûrlki (VI^XI

EJKLIEJC, >667, p. 8).

Jlehj jglrojo jcaues bgbltis hi tionjobeti, bo hbstjqub4

Vjrêarjgi Ôelki. Kjnbrê æ [bkrbtjrlj Bxbkutlvj hb Kucturj hi Ouelkïpli hbVirti Ejkliejc, bo kiedueti kio j [bkrbtjrlj Ouelklpjc hb Rrnjelsoi,jejclsjr b jprivjr pridbtis b sbrvláis hb rbpjrjáëi, pleturj iu rbstjurjáëi iu

qujcqubr inrj hb letbrvbeáëi eis nbes loûvbls tionjhis b hb suj êrbj hbbetirei hb qub trjtj bstb jrtlai. Ei kjsi hb nbes oûvbls b letbarjhis, bssb

prikbhlobeti glkjrê j kjrai hj [bkrbtêrlj Bxbkutlvj hb Kucturj hb Virti



8>

Ejkliejc, jtrjvìs hj suj Hlrbtirlj hb Vjtrloøeli, Mlstûrlki b Jonlbetjc(VI^XI EJKLIEJC, >667, p. 2).

[baulehi i obsoi hlskursi4

Jrt. >; Vbrlihlkjobetb, j [bkrbtjrlj Bxbkutlvj hb Kucturj hi Ouelkïpli hbVirti Ejkliejc, bo kiedueti kio j [bkrbtjrlj Ouelklpjc hb Rrnjelsoi, gjrêvlstirlj his nbes loûvbls tionjhis, lehlkjehi b jkiopjemjehi is sbrvláisiu inrjs qub hbvbrëi sbr bxbkutjhis. [iobetb j [bkrbtêrlj Bxbkutlvj hbKucturj hi Ouelkïpli hb Virti Ejkliejc, sb ikupjrj his nbes oûvbls bletbarjhis tionjhis lehlkjehi b jkiopjemjehi is sbrvláis (VI^XI

EJKLIEJC, >667, p. 2-7).

Ro ojrki letbrbssjetb ji sbr insbrvjhi gil j pripistj hb lsbeáëi iu obsoi

rbhuáëi hi Lopisti sinrb j Vriprlbhjhb Vrbhljc b Xbrrltirljc Rrnjei (LVXR), hlspisti ei

jrtlai ;1, pir obli hb lelkljtlvjs b Cbls ouelklpjls. Bssj legirojáëi sb kietrjhlz kio j

bxpcjejáëi hb jcaues oirjhirbs hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki, kiegirob insbrvjhi ejs hlskussòbs

pistbrlirbs.

Jrt. ;1. Is loûvbls kcjsslglkjhis ei leklsi L, LL hi jrtlai ;8:; hbstj Cbl, nbokioi loûvbls tionjhis pbci Ouelkïpli sltujhis girj his cloltbs hi KbetriMlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc b hb sujs êrbjs hb betirei, tbrëi lsbeáëi hi

pjajobeti hi Lopisti sinrb j Vriprlbhjhb Vrbhljc b Xbrrltirljc Rrnjei(LVXR), hbshb qub ojetlhis bo nio bstjhi hb kiesbrvjáëi, inbhbkbehi jisïehlkbs jnjlxi hlskrlolejhis4- :66% pjrj is nbes tionjhis b ïetbaris jrqultbtielkjobetb (nbes loûvblskcjsslglkjhis ej Kjtbairlj hb prbsbrvjáëi jrqultbtøelkj letbarjc)0- 12% pjrj nbes loûvbls pjrkljcobetb oihlglkjhis (nbes loûvblskcjsslglkjhis ej kjtbairlj hb prbsbrvjáëi jrqultbtøelkj pjrkljc b is hbrbkiestltuláëi jrqultbtøelkj) (VI^XI EJKLIEJC, >667, p. =-<).

Jlehj ei jrtlai 2:, hbstj obsoj Cbl, –Glkj krljhi i Guehi Ouelklpjc hb

Vrbsbrvjáëi, hbstlejhi æ kiesbrvjáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki, Kucturjc b Jonlbetjc hiOuelkïpli hb Virti Ejkliejc‟ (VI^XI EJKLIEJC, >667, p. :>). Kiegirob i jrtlai ;1,

bssjs legirojáòbs hlgbrb hjs rbspistjs intlhjs ejs betrbvlstjs, pils j kltjáëi bxpcïkltj tirej-sb

kietrjhltûrlj, uoj vbz qub, i bstuhi gblti, kio hbtjcmbs ojls jhljetb, legiroj qub, hbshb i

tionjobeti, bo >66=, piukjs sëi js jáòbs hb letbrvbeáëi qujehi sb rbgbrb æ prbsbrvjáëi hi

pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki hj klhjhb. Js legirojáòbs sinrb i ouelkïpli hb Virti Ejkliejc tirejo-

sb leklplbetbs ej obhlhj bo qub mê gjctj hb irajelzjáëi hikuobetjc ejs bsgbrjs pônclkjs, pils

:; I leklsi L, LL hi jrtlai ;8, jglroj qub js letbrvbeáëi ei loûvbc sbrê pbroltlhj, siobetb bo kjsisqub jprbsbetjrbo rlski j pipucjáëi. Dê bo kjsi hb hboicláëi, i priprlbtêrli glkjrê inrlajhi hbrbkiestltulr i loûvbc kio js kjrjktbrïstlkj irlalejls.



8;

eëi pissubo uo njeki hb hjhis legirojkliejls b bxlstb oultj pbrhj hb rbalstri b

legirojáëi. Vihbois pbrkbnbr qub js abstòbs ouelklpjls jetbrlirbs tlemjo letbrbssb ejs

qubstòbs hlrbtjobetb rbcjkliejhjs æ prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli, kioi lelkljtlvjs ej

letrihuáëi hb pcjeis hb kucturj b cbls ouelklpjls. Hlskursis prigbrlhis, jpbejs jrqulvjhis,

pirqub j rbjclhjhb tirej-sb hlvbrabetb.

Ei jei hb >661, j Kîojrj Ouelklpjc hb Virti Ejkliejc jpriviu j Cbl e´ :.==<,

hb :6 hb jnrlc hb >661. I jrtlai prloblri hj Cbl bstjnbcbklj4

Vihbr Bxbkutlvi Ouelklpjc jutirlzjhi j kiestltulr uoj boprbsj sin j girojhb siklbhjhb jeøeloj, j sbr hbeiolejhj Kiopjemlj hb Hbsbevicvlobeti hbVirti Ejkliejc [/J (KIHBVI^XI):8, kio kjpltjc lelkljc hb ^$ :>6.666,66

(kbeti b vletb olc rbjls), qub sbrê durlshlkliejhj ji Ajnlebtb hi VrbgbltiOuelklpjc (VI^XI EJKLIEJC, >661, p. :).

Ei betjeti, i Vcjei Ouelklpjc hb Kucturj hb Virti Ejkliejc, letltucjhi pbcj Cbl

e´ >.6;<, hb >1 hb hbzbonri hb >6::, bskcjrbkb4

I pihbr pônclki b j siklbhjhb klvlc bstëi bhlglkjehi hb giroj hboikrêtlkjjs picïtlkjs pônclkjs hb kucturj lopcbobetjehi-js jtrjvìs hi prbsbetb pcjei.Jqul tbois j siclhlglkjáëi hb uo jkirhi picïtlki ei kjopi hj kucturj, qubsbrê trjesgirojhi bo Cbl pbcj Kîojrj hb Wbrbjhirbs0 bstj ajrjetlrê bhjrê prissbaulobeti æs picïtlkjs pônclkjs hb kucturj hi ouelkïpli (VI^XI

EJKLIEJC, >6::, p. >, arlgi obu).

Ì lopirtjetb kcjrlglkjr qub, hbshb j punclkjáëi hi Vcjei hb Kucturj ‛ vlabetb ei

pbrïihi kioprbbehlhi betrb is jeis hb >6:: j >6>: ‛ jtì i oiobeti ebemuoj Cbl gil

jprivjhj pbcj Kîojrj hb Wbrbjhirbs qub jtbehj bssj glejclhjhb.

I Hbkrbti e´ >:2, hb 7 hb iutunri hb >6::, hlspòb sinrb j eiobjáëi his

obonris hi Kiesbcmi Ouelklpjc hb Kucturj b pripòb iutrjs privlhäekljs, iu sbdj, hbslaej

kiesbcmblris tltucjrbs b supcbetbs pjrj kiopir j kîojrj tboêtlkj hb4 jrtbs, pjtrloøeli

mlstûrlki b jrtïstlki, cbtrjs, kiolssëi b eirojs b j kîojrj hb kläekljs muojejs. I ôctloi

hikuobeti rbkbetb ji qujc tlvbois jkbssi gil i Hbkrbti e´ 8:1, hb :: hb duemi hb >6:;.

Bstëi kietlhjs vêrljs jtrlnuláòbs, b uoj hbcjs bstê prbsbetb ei jrt. ;´, leklsi L], qub trjz j

sbauletb legirojáëi4 –lelkljr i prikbssi hb bcjnirjáëi hi Vcjei Ouelklpjc hb Kucturj‟

(VI^XI EJKLIEJC, >6:;, p. >).

:8 Eis hikuobetis pistbrlirbs ji jei hb >661 b eis hikuobetis kiesuctjhis ej Kîojrj Ouelklpjc hb Virti Ejkliejc, eëi mê rbalstris b legirojáòbs sinrb j boprbsj KIHBVI^XI, nbo kioi suj guehjáëi, bxtleáëi b js pbssijs qub kiopuemjo iu rbprbsbetjvjo.



88

Vjrj hbcbajr iu jtì obsoi hlrbkliejr js jtrlnuláòbs j sbr cbvjetjhjs sinrb i

pjtrloøeli, ì prbklsi tbr uoj vlsëi krïtlkj pjrj js picïtlkjs pônclkjs jhitjhjs, vbrlglkjr sb bcjs

sëi sbaulhjs b bo qujls guehjobetis girjo bcjnirjhjs. I lopirtjetb sbrlj jhitjr jcauojs

picïtlkjs pônclkjs pjrj sbeslnlclzjr j pipucjáëi pirtubesb sinrb i vjcir hi nbo pjtrloieljc b

jhitjr lelkljtlvjs kioi pjcbstrjs, hbnjtbs, kiegbräekljs, sboleêrlis, hlsklpclejs inrlajtûrljs

ejs bskicjs hb beslei ejs sìrlbs lelkljls sinrb Bhukjáëi Vjtrloieljc iu obsoi hlvucajáëi

–nikj j nikj‟ pjrj obcmir betbehlobeti hj siklbhjhb. I qub eitjois ì qub kjhj abstëi

pripòb obcmirljs pjrj i pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, ojs sb bsqubkb hb bxbrkbr i

qub gil bstjnbcbklhi pir cbl.

[bauehi Vissjojl (>666, p. :7), i pjtrloøeli jtujcobetb ì vlsti kioi4

Vrbikupjáëi hb uo eôobri bxprbsslvi hb pjïsbs bo tihi ouehi, rbuelehi priglssliejls hb hlvbrsjs êrbjs, qub kiopjrtlcmjo is pistucjhis tìkelkis btbûrlkis rbcjkliejhis bssjs tjrbgjs. Js hlskussòbs sinrb i pjtrloøelijnrjeabo uo arjehb eôobri hb jspbktis qub vëi hbshb j lhbetlglkjáëi hbuo kiedueti kjsj vbz ojls jnrjeabetb hb nbes kucturjls ‛ lekculehi eëijpbejs oieuobetis, ojs tjonìo is nbes ejturjc b bteicûalki ‛ jtì iabrbekljobeti b sustbetjnlclhjhb his pjtrloøelis dueti æs kiouelhjhbscikjls.

J glejclhjhb hi Vjtrloøeli, sbauehi ^ihrlaubs (>662, p. >>), ouctlpclkiu-sb ji

rbprbsbetjr i pjssjhi hjs ejáòbs. –J pjrtlr hb hils pietis hb vlstj, oultjs vbzbs tiojhis

kioi jetjaøelkis4 i hi pihbr pônclki qub prbtbehb j vjcirlzjáëi his nbes kioi obrkjhirljs

kucturjls b i hb pjrtb hj siklbhjhb, qub i vä kioi gjtir hb qujclhjhb hb vlhj‟.

J pjrtlklpjáëi hj siklbhjhb b i sbu bevicvlobeti dueti ji Bstjhi b j

prbikupjáëi kio js qubstòbs sikljls, kucturjls, bkieøolki-picïtlkjs, pihbois kmjojr hb

picïtlkjs pônclkjs ([LCWJ0 DJKKIRH0 NBAMLE, >662). Betbehb-sb pir pjrtlklpjáëi j pjrtb

hj abstëi qub sb rbjclzj kio is jtirbs sikljls hlrbtjobetb bevicvlhis ei prikbssi. Ei kjsi hj

abstëi hb uoj klhjhb, j pjrtlklpjáëi his klhjhëis pihb sbr bspietîebj iu lekbetlvjhj piruoj picïtlkj pônclkj (OBL^J, >662). Ebssb sbetlhi, kiegirob j [jet“jeej (:<<2, p. ;)

jglroj qub4

Js picïtlkjs pônclkjs sëi uo kiedueti hb jáòbs qub vlsjo hbtbrolejhisindbtlvis, b pihbo sb hbsbevicvbr tjeti ei pcjei hj suj lopcbobetjáëibgbtlvj qujeti ei eïvbc hi hlskursi jtrjvìs hb suj slopcbs giroucjáëi. Lstislaelglkj qub, ebstbs kjsis, i pcjei hjs letbeáòbs ì lopirtjetb, pils bcb tbooulti j rbvbcjr sinrb i pbesjobeti kirrbetb j rbspblti hb uo hbtbrolejhi

kjopi hb letbrbssb hj siklbhjhb. Js picïtlkjs pônclkjs tjonìo sëi pbrkbptïvbls b iu kihlglkjhjs pir obli hb uo kiedueti hb cbls, hbkrbtis biutris hikuobetis qub rbaucjo j jáëi hi bstjhi. Bonirj js picïtlkjs b js



82

jáòbs bstjtjls ebo sboprb bstbdjo kiopcbtjobetb prbvlstjs iurbaucjobetjhjs bo cbl, bstj ì sboprb i cloltb oêxloi, j lestîeklj qub prbväis pjrîobtris abrjls hbetri his qujls hbvb sb hjr j hbklsëi iu j tiojhj hbhbklsëi.

Kioi jglroj Eiaublrj (>668), i prikbssi hb –oihbrelzjáëi‟ hj bkieiolj

nrjslcblrj, j pjrtlr hi rbalob hltjtirljc, gil gruti hj kionlejáëi slouctîebj hb arupis

hiolejetbs ojls jtrjsjhis. Virìo, kio i arjehb kjpltjc oieipiclstj prioivbehi uoj

rêplhj b hbslaujc oihbrelzjáëi, kicikiu-sb bo prêtlkj uoj picïtlkj bkieøolkj victjhj pjrj j

prihuáëi hb nbes hb kiesuoi hurêvbls. Lssi gjvirbkbu js arjehbs boprbsjs ejkliejls b

bstrjeablrjs, kjpltjclziu b rbprlvjtlziu j bkieiolj, rbhuzlu sjcêrlis b bstlouciu uo

vbrhjhblri –lekmjái‟ hi slstboj glejekblri, jsslo, j –oihbrelzjáëi‟ hi Nrjslc kinriu hb suj

pipucjáëi uo bcbvjhi kusti sikljc. Kio j –oihbrelzjáëi‟ b j picïtlkj kjhj vbz ojls victjhj

pjrj j prihuáëi, is letbrbssbs b j prbikupjáëi hj siklbhjhb betrb vjcirlzjr is kistuobs,

mênltis b krbeájs girjo ji bsqubklobeti. Ebssb sbetlhi, kioi pihbois insbrvjr, Olcbt

(:<== jpuh GIE[BKJ, :<<1, p. 28) prbvä qub4

P..._ j bgbtlvjáëi hj prbsbrvjáëi his nbes kucturjls sû sb bekietrj sikljcobetbhbglelhj, iu sbdj, sû jpjrbkb kioi gjti sikljc, qujehi i Bstjhi jssuob j suj

pritbáëi b, jtrjvìs hj irhbejáëi durïhlkj, is lestltul b hbcloltj iglkljcobetb

bequjeti nbo kucturjc, rbaucjobetjehi i sbu usi, j glejclhjhb b i kjrêtbrhbssbs nbes hbetri hb cbls bspbkïglkjs hb priprlbhjhb, ziebjobeti, usi bikupjáëi hi sici.

Hbssj giroj, js Vicïtlkjs Vônclkjs, hbpils hb hbkrbtjhjs, hbshinrjo-sb eis pcjeis

b eis priarjojs qub sb lestltubo bo uo vjclisi lestruobeti hb jopcljáëi, prleklpjcobetb ejs

bsgbrjs cikjc b rbaliejc. Roj arjehb joistrj hjs jáòbs his aivbreis bstê hbsjrtlkucjhj pjrj

lestruobetis hj picïtlkj bkieøolkj, kioi js picïtlkjs hb jdustbs glskjls, picïtlkjs oiebtêrljs b

js hb rbehjs. Iutrjs jáòbs picïtlkjs hlrbkliejo pjrj j letbrvbeáëi, j pitbekljclzjáëi b j

itlolzjáëi hjs jáòbs ejs picïtlkjs sikljls, tihjs tbehi kioi njsb j bstruturj hj cbajclhjhb

(GBLXI[J, >6::).

Vjrj Hboi (>661, p. ;<), js picïtlkjs pônclkjs sikljls hbkiopòbo bo träs jspbktis

qub sb letbrpbebtrjo4 jsslstbekljls, siklibkieøolkjs b pjrtlklpjtlvjs0 b sëi kiopiebetbs hjs

picïtlkjs pjrtlklpjtlvjs tïplkjs bxlalhjs pbcj klhjhjelj –js picïtlkjs kucturjls, prleklpjcobetb

jqubcjs qub sb hlrlabo ji kuctlvi hjs lhbetlhjhbs kucturjls, tiojhjs kioi kiehláëi bssbekljc

pjrj j kiestruáëi hb uo pridbti prûprli hb hbsbevicvlobeti‟.

Kioi jglroj [loliejtti (>667), i bstuhi hjs rbcjáòbs betrb Bstjhi b siklbhjhb

sboprb gil uo tboj prbsbetb ej bsgbrj hi pbesjobeti picïtlki. Vjrtlehi hi clnbrjclsoi



87

kcêsslki, eis sìkucis ]WLLL b ]L], jssbetiu-sb ei Bstjhi kio j jusäeklj hb jáòbs bglkjzbs hb

letbrvbeáëi sikljc. I oihbci hb Bstjhi ei sìkuci ]] vbo sb trjesgirojehi arjhjtlvjobetb b

jopcljehi sujs rbcjáòbs kio j siklbhjhb obhljetb uo letbesi prikbssi hb sikljclzjáëi hj

picïtlkj. [urabo jsslo is pjrtlhis b is slehlkjtis hb ojssj, qub jnrlrjo bspjái pjrj j

pjrtlklpjáëi hjs kcjssbs trjnjcmjhirjs ej hbgbsj hb sbus hlrbltis b ej girojáëi hj bsgbrj

pônclkj.



81

; ML[XÛ^LKI [IN^B I V^IKB[[I VJX^LOIELJC EI N^J[LC

–[br oihbrei ì vlvbr uoj vlhj hb pjrjhixi b kietrjhláëi‟ (:<=>, p. 1)

Ji sb hlskutlr Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc, ì lopirtjetb betbehbr i prikbssi hb bvicuáëi

hjs Kjrtjs Vjtrloieljls:2 jtì is hljs jtujls. Girjo vêrljs Kjrtjs Vjtrloieljls. Vjrj bstb

oiobeti, hbstjkjois qujtri, ei betjeti bxlstlrjo iutrjs tëi slaelglkjtlvjs kioi js

hbstjkjhjs, ojs hbklhlois gjcjr sinrb bssjs pir sbrbo ojls rbprbsbetjtlvjs b bxprbsslvjs ei

prikbssi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b kucturjc. J prloblrj, j Kjrtj hb Jtbejs, bo :<;:, hlskutlhj

ei 8´ Kiearbssi Letbrejkliejc hb Jrqultbturj Oihbrej (KLJON), hbu irlabo ji tboj –j

klhjhb guekliejc kio j ikupjáëi rjkliejc hi sici urnjei‟. Vripuemjo-sb jcauojs hlrbtrlzbs4

Ebaj-sb ej Kjrtj, i vjcir hj ojeutbeáëi his kbetris mlstûrlkis, hiskieduetis urnjeis. Bssb hikuobeti pripuemj j prbsbrvjáëi hb bhlgïklislsicjhis, kiestruáòbs slaelglkjtlvjs, oboûrlj hi pjssjhi, ji pjssi qubqujrtblròbs b bhlglkjáòbs hlgbrbetbs his indbtlvjhis sbrljo hbvjstjhis b sujsêrbjs trjesgirojr-sb-ljo bo kjopis vbrhbs (KI[XJ, >6:>, p. ::).

Hb jkirhi kio i jutir glkj bvlhbetb qub j klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI tbvb i

kbetri mlstûrlki tionjhi b eëi siobetb, uo oieuobeti bo bspbkïglki, pir bxbopci, jKjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs bo gueáëi hj hbskjrjktbrlzjáëi qub ojcmj urnjej b sbu

betirei pihbrlj sigrbr kio4 kiestruáòbs hb eivis prìhlis, citbjobetis, eivjs mjnltjáòbs,

bspbkucjáëi loinlclêrlj betrb iutrjs jáòbs qub pihbrljo hbarjhjr i kjopi vlsujc b i nbo

kucturjc.

J sbauehj Kjrtj, rbjclzjhj ei LL Kiearbssi Letbrejkliejc hb Jrqultbtis b

Xìkelkis hb Oieuobetis Mlstûrlkis, ikirrlhi bo Wbebzj, bo :<78, vä i pjtrloøeli kioi

gueáëi ôtlc æ siklbhjhb. Jprbsbetj j jopcljáëi hj prbsbrvjáëi hb pjtrloøeli ej ziej urnjej,

jsslo4

J Kjrtj kioprbbehb j krljáëi jrqultbtøelkj lsicjhj, ojs tjonìo i sïtli,urnjei iu rurjc, qub rbprbsbetj uo tbstbouemi hb uoj klvlclzjáëi

pjrtlkucjr, hb uoj trjdbtûrlj slaelglkjtlvj, iu hb uo jkietbklobeti mlstûrlki(jqul, glkj bvlhbetb j eiáëi hb kiedueti b jopcljáëi hj prbsbrvjáëi pjrjuoj ojlir piráëi hi tbrrltûrli urnjei) (KI[XJ, >6:>, p. :7).

:2 Hb giroj kcjrj b bxpcïkltj, js kjrtjs pjtrloieljls sëi rbsicuáòbs b/iu suabstòbs bo rbspistjs pir uohbtbrolejhi arupi hb letbcbktujls, pbesjhirbs b hbgbesirbs hi pjtrloøeli, j glo hb hlskutlr b pripirsicuáòbs b obcmirljs pjrj j prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b kucturjc.



8=

J tbrkblrj, Kievbeáëi ^bcjtlvj æ Vritbáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc Kucturjc b

Ejturjc, ikirrlhj bo :<1>, kietlemj j –lhblj hb sjcvjaujrhjr i pjtrloøeli muojei, hj

rlqubzj oieuobetjc b hj muojelhjhb‟, bo qub girjo bstjnbcbklhis is sbauletbs krltìrlis4

j) lhbetlglkjr b pripir cuajrbs hb letbrbssb ejturjc b kucturjc qub hbvbosbr pritbalhis pbcj Kievbeáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc, leskrbvbehi-is ejClstj hi Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc0

n) hlguehlr, pir tihi ouehi, j bxlstäeklj hbstb pjtrloøeli b prikurjrhbspbrtjr, ej iplelëi pônclkj, j kieskläeklj hb suj rbspiesjnlclhjhb, rbspbltiæ sjcvjaujrhj hb kjhj uo his nbes qub kiestltubo bstj Clstj0k) pripirkliejr jduhj tìkelkj ji guehi hi pjtrloøeli ouehljc pjrj prbsbrvjr, hb tihis is oihis pissïvbls, jqubcbs nbes, qujehi is rbkursishis pjïsbs letbarjetbs sëi lesuglklbetbs (KI[XJ, >6:>, p. :1).

Kio bssj Kievbeáëi, kieslhbrjo-sb is oieuobetis, is kieduetis b is sïtlis

kioi giroj hb prbsbrvjáëi b kiesbrvjáëi hi Vjtrloøeli b eëi jpbejs j prbsbrvjáëi hb uo

oieuobeti lsicjhi. J Hbkcjrjáëi hb Jostbrhë, rbjclzjhj bo :<12, letrihuzlu irlbetjáòbs

pjrj vljnlclzjr j lopcjetjáëi hb picïtlkjs hb kiesbrvjáëi letbarjhj, kiegbrlehi ji pihbr

pônclki ouelklpjc j rbspiesjnlclhjhb hb bcjnirjr priarjojs hb kiesbrvjáëi b jpclkjr is

rbkursis glejekblris pjrj bssbs gles. Ebssj ôctloj hbkcjrjáëi, kieslhbrj-sb qub i –pjtrloøeli

kioprbbehb eëi siobetb js kiestruáòbs lsicjhjs hb uo vjcir bxkbpkliejc b sbu betirei, ojs

tjonìo kieduetis, njlrris hb klhjhbs b jchbljs qub jprbsbetbo uo letbrbssb mlstûrlki b

kucturjc‟ (KR^\, >668, p. >66). Jqul pihbois insbrvjr i leïkli hjs picïtlkjs pônclkjs

jtrlnuïhjs jis sbaobetis gbhbrjc, bstjhujc b ouelklpjc. Hb giroj sukletj, pjrj obcmir

kioprbbesëi, sbaub ei qujhri 8, bsqubojtlkjobetb, rbspbktlvi jei, cikjc b prleklpjc indbtlvi

hjs prleklpjls Kjrtjs Vjtrloieljls jqul sbcbkliejhjs.

Zujhri 8 ‛ Kjrtj Vjtrloieljc b suj bvicuáëi

Kjrtjs Vjtrloieljls jei cikjc Indbtlvi

Kjrtj hb Jtbejs :<;:

Jtbejs - 8´ KiearbssiLetbrejkliejc hb

Jrqultbturj Oihbrej(KLJON),

prbsbrvjáëi hbbhlgïklis lsicjhis

Kjrtj hb Wbebzj :<78

Wbebzj - LL KiearbssiLetbrejkliejc hb

Jrqultbtis b Xìkelkis hbOieuobetis Mlstûrlkis,

kioprbbehb jkrljáëi jrqultbtøelkjlsicjhj, ojstjonìo i sïtli,urnjei iu rurjc

Kievbeáëi ^bcjtlvj æ

Vritbáëi hi VjtrloøeliOuehljc Kucturjc b

Ejturjc

:<1> Vjrls

lhbetlglkjr b pripircuajrbs hb letbrbssbejturjc b kucturjcqub hbvbo sbr

pritbalhis



8<

leskrbvbehi-is ejClstj hi VjtrloøeliOuehljc0

J Hbkcjrjáëi hbJostbrhë :<12 Jostbrhë

lopcjetjáëi hb

picïtlkjs hbkiesbrvjáëi(LVMJE, REB[KI)

Gietb4 Bcjnirjhi pbcj jutirj.

Dê ei Nrjslc, js hlskussòbs sinrb i tbroi –pjtrloøeli‟ jhväo bo objhis hj

hìkjhj hb ;6, pbrïihi bo qub i pjïs pjssjvj pir uo prikbssi hb ouhjeáj picïtlkj hj

^bpônclkj vbcmj hi kjgì kio cbltb, kietricjhj pbcjs iclajrquljs jarêrljs pjuclstj b oleblrj,

pjrj i eivi oihbci lestjurjhi kio j rbvicuáëi hb :<;6, clhbrjhj pir Abtôcli Wjrajs, ei qujc

i kietricb picïtlki b bkieøolki kiobáj j olarjr pjrj uoj nuraubslj urnjej, hbhlkjhj ji

kioìrkli b æ leklplbetb lehustrljclzjáëi. Bo:<;7, i betëi Olelstri hj Bhukjáëi b [jôhb,

Austjvi Kjpjeboj, prbikupjhi kio j prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli kucturjc nrjslcblri, pbhlu j

Oêrli hb Jehrjhb, pibtj, bskrltir b krïtlki cltbrêrli pjrj j bcjnirjáëi hb uo jetbpridbti hb

Cbl pjrj sjcvjaujrhj hbssbs nbes pjtrloieljls. Ciai bo sbaulhj, ^ihrlai Obci Grjeki hb

Jehrjhb, qub gil hurjetb ;6 jeis i hlrbtir hj lestltuláëi gbhbrjc sinrb i pjtrloøeli kucturjc,

ej ìpikj kmjojhi [brvlái hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc ([VMJE), gil

jtrlnuïhj j tjrbgj hb lopcjetjr i [brvlái hi Vjtrloøeli. Dê bo hb eivbonri hb :<;1, gil

prioucajhi i Hbkrbti-Cbl e´ >2, qub irajelzj j pritbáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b jrtïstlki

ejkliejc, surab betëi i Lestltuti hb Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc (LVMJE). Js

prloblrjs hlskussòbs sinrb j Vrbsbrvjáëi hi Vjtrloøeli suralu bo objhis hj hìkjhj hb ;6,

ojls bspbklglkjhjobetb ei aivbrei hi jtujc prbslhbetb ej ìpikj Abtôcli Wjrajs, bo :; hb

djeblri hb :<;1, pbcj Cbl e´ ;1= (LVMJE, >6:8).

;.: Virti Ejkliejc-XI bo kietbxti4 j klhjhb b i tionjobeti

Bo Virti Ejkliejc, kioi jcauojs klhjhbs letbrlirjejs tikjetlebesbs, js gbstjs

rbclalisjs jkietbkljo bo kiesieîeklj kio i kjcbehêrli rbclalisi, ojs pihljo ikirrbr

ouhjeájs ej hjtj hj kioboirjáëi pjrj sb jhjptjr ji kjcbehêrli jarïkicj. –Js hlvlsjs betrb i

urnjei b i rurjc eëi brjo nbo hbglelhjs, ji kietrêrli, mjvlj uoj girtb lehbpbehäeklj betrb j

klhjhb b i kjopi, j klhjhb brj ej vbrhjhb uoj bxtbesëi hi kjopi‟ (ICLWBL^J, >6:6, p.

:6>).



26

J gbstj hj pjhriblrj hb Virti Ejkliejc ‛ Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs ìkioboirjhj ei hlj >8 hb sbtbonri. Ei pbrlûhlki i Lekbetlvi, hb :<6>bekietrj-sb hbtjcmjhj hbskrláëi hj gbstj hj pjhriblrj. Js eivbejskiobájvjo ei hlj :2 hb sbtbonri b kucolejvjo kio js kioboirjáòbs hihlj >8. Ebssb hlj, pbcj ojemë mjvlj j olssj kjetjhj, æ tjrhb priklssëi, b æeiltb sbroëi b nbeáëi hi [jetïssloi [jkrjobeti. Eis hljs hb eivbej, brjjrrbkjhjhi hlemblri pjrj js inrjs hj larbdj, jtrjvìs hb cblcòbs, qub tjonìosbrvljo kioi hlvbrsëi pjrj i pivi (ICLWBL^J, >6:6, p. :6>).

J Kjtbhrjc hb Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs (glaurj >), kiestruïhj ei sìkuci ]L], ì

uo his oieuobetis ojls jetlais hi Bstjhi hi Xikjetles. I kjsjrli ej prjáj bo qub bcj sb

sltuj b i sbu betirei jlehj kiesbrvjo js kjrjktbrïstlkjs irlalejls bo jrqultbturj rioîelkj. Ej

ojlir pjrtb his hbojls oieuobetis, prbvjcbkb i bstlci kicieljc hj ìpikj hi suralobeti hi

pivijhi, b j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs pbrojebkb bo bstlci rioîelki.

Glaurj > ‛ Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs ‛ Virti Ejkliejc-XI

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj. Eitj4 Gitiarjglj tlrjhj bo :=-6<->6:;, pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

J prlekïpli, j kiestruáëi hj Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs tbvb irlbetjáëi

tìkelkj hb Grbl Njrticiobu tjonìo kiembklhi pir Grbl Nbrti b vêrljs pbssijs tlvbrjo suj

kietrlnuláëi, kioi kjrpletblris, pbhrblris, gbrrblris betrb iutris. Hb jkirhi kio ^bls (:<=;,

p. >1->=), –j hbkirjáëi gbltj kio oinlclêrli hb gjnrlkjáëi his prûprlis ojrkbeblris hj klhjhb

sb rbsuolu bo träs jctjrbs, qujtri kiegbsslieêrlis, obsj hb kbcbnrjáëi, j kjhblrj hi nlspi,

sjetuêrli, is njekis hb jssbeti b j plj njtlsojc‟. Jsslo kiopòbo j bstruturj gïslkj hj

Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs4



2:

Is jclkbrkbs hj kjtbhrjc sëi girojhis pir pjrbhbs hb pbhrjs, kiestruïhjs j pjrtlr hb hils obtris jnjlxi hi eïvbc hi sici, pir uo obtri b obli hbcjraurj. Betrb js pjrbhbs brj kicikjhj j jrajojssj, gbltj hb uoj olsturj hbklezj, jrblj b êauj, b jojssjhj kio is pìs jtì kiesbaulr i pieti lhbjc hbclajobeti. Bssj klezj brj rbkicmlhj his giaòbs æ cbemj ejs rbslhäekljs. Vjrji trjespirtb hb ojhblrj b pbhrj utlclzjvjo kjrris hb nils. Js tbcmjs b tldiciskizlhis brjo gjnrlkjhis æ ojrabo bsqubrhj hi ^li Xikjetles, ei rlnblrëihis Vitbs, b brjo trjespirtjhis pir kjeijs jtì j inrj. I tbcmjhi gil gblti botbsiurjs hb ojhblrj b kinbrti hb tbcmjs. I plsi gil kiestruïhi bo kbrîolkjrôstlkj. Js pirtjs b djebcjs girjo gbltjs hb ojhblrj, b pir gjctj hb vlhri, js

djebcjs girjo kinbrtjs kio tbklhi hb jcaihëi. Vjvlis hb kbrj, glxjhis bokjehbcjnris, gjzljo j lcuolejáëi hi letbrlir (ICLWBL^J, >6:6, p.=:-=>).

Kio j letrihuáëi hi ajhi b j girojáëi hb arjehbs cjtlgôehlis, kmbajrjo tjonìo

pbhrblris b jrtïglkbs irluehis hj Njmlj, qub triuxbrjo j prêtlkj hj irejobetjáëi hjs

bhlglkjáòbs kiegirob prjtlkjhj ej Njmlj b sb bspjcmiu pbcj rbalëi, kiegbrlehi uo kjrêtbr

bspbkljc æ jrqultbturj cikjc. Jlehj midb sb insbrvjo kireldjs, grlsis, nblrjs-sbvblrjs, oichurjs

hb pirtjs b djebcjs btk., ojs qub hbpils hb sigrbrbo jhjptjáòbs cikjls sb hlstleaubo his

bxbopcis irlalejls b girojo uo jkbrvi pjrtlkucjr hj rbalëi. Ei sìkuci ]L], js jetlajs

bhlglkjáòbs kiobájrjo j sbr sunstltuïhjs b/iu –oihbrelzjhjs‟, lekirpirjehi js –eivlhjhbs‟

qub tjonìo kmbajo ji cikjc4 bcbobetis jrqultbtøelkis kioi pcjtlnjehjs, plcjstrjs b

hbkirjáëi bkcìtlkj (LVMJE, >661). Dê j jrqultbturj rbclalisj hlgbrbeklj-sb priguehjobetb hj

ojtrlz pirtuaubsj kiouo æs iutrjs klhjhbs hj rbalëi, i qub pihb sbr insbrvjhi ej lopiebetb

Kjtbhrjc bo bstlci rioîelki, kiestruïhj pbcis grjhbs hiolelkjeis b is glìls hb giroj

vicuetêrlj. [uj jrqultbturj hboiestrj kcjrjobetb j legcuäeklj hj irlabo grjekbsj his

rbclalisis qub sunstltulu j jetlaj kjpbcj kiesjarjhj, j Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs. Jtujcobetb

j Kjtbhrjc, kiestltul uo his prleklpjls rbgbrbekljls urnjeis hj klhjhb, hlstleaulehi-j hjs

hbojls klhjhbs hj rbalëi b jarbajehi-cmb vjcir pir bssb rbgbrbekljc. J hlgbrbeáj hb

cleaujabo betrb j jrqultbturj klvlc b rbclalisj bxpclkj-sb pbcj irlabo hb sbus pripiebetbs.

Roj pipucjáëi hb trjhláëi pirtuaubsj, vlehj hi cltirjc, triuxb uoj cleaujabo hb ojtrlzcusj, bequjeti pjrj is rbclalisis, hb irlabo grjekbsj, bstj brj uoj cleaujabo jcmblj ji sbu

vikjnucêrli b qub eëi cmbs trjzlj rbgbrbekljls.

Kiegirob hjhis hi Lpmje (>661), j sunstltuláëi hj jetlaj kjpbcj njrrikj, sïonici

hj olebrjáëi b hi iuri, pir uoj arjehlisj kjtbhrjc qub piuki sb rbcjkliejvj kio j

kieglaurjáëi trjhlkliejc hj klhjhb, hboiestrj tjonìo j ouhjeáj hb begiqub pbcj qujc j

klhjhb pjssiu. Virti Ejkliejc jetbs kiopuemjo uo eôkcbi victjhi pjrj j gueáëi pirtuêrlj b

kiobrkljc, kudj pbqubej kjpbcj eëi hboiestrjvj, ejqubcb oiobeti, uoj arjehb prbikupjáëikio j gueáëi rbclalisj, qub rbobtb j uo kjrêtbr hb glxjáëi hj pipucjáëi.



2>

Iptjo betëi pir hboiclr j pbqubej kjpbcj, vlstj kioi slopcûrlj b pbcj

kiestruáëi hb uoj lopiebetb larbdj bo jcvbejrlj hb pbhrj jpjrbetb, qub hbstjkjvj ej

pjlsjabo urnjej b krljvj, hbshb i leïkli hb suj kiestruáëi, uoj eivj rbcjáëi hb rbalstri

sbobcmjetb æs klhjhbs obhlbvjls buripbljs (LVMJE, >661).

;.:.: Hisslä hb Xionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI

Ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, jlehj mê piukj bxlstäeklj hb ûraëis

prbikupjhis kio j prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki, kioi i Lpmje, bo îonlti ejkliejc.

His hikuobetis jejclsjhis ej Kîojrj Ouelklpjc hb Virti Ejkliejc, eëi sb sjnb ji kbrti i

jei b qujls is prleklpjls sudbltis pjrj j lelkljtlvj hj prbsbrvjáëi hi Vjtrloøeli MlstûrlkiKucturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc. Bo uo his hikuobetis lehbxjhis ej Kîojrj, bstê j Cbl

ouelklpjc e´ <71, hb >1 hb ojrái hb :<=8, j qujc lestltulu i Kiesbcmi Ouelklpjc hb Kucturj,

kiopisti pir eivb obonris. Jqul pihbois hbhuzlr qub girjo js prloblrjs lelkljtlvjs hjs

abstòbs pônclkjs ej ìpikj qujeti æ prbikupjáëi bo prbsbrvjr jcaues oieuobetis, bo

bspbkljc is qub kiopuemjo i kbetri mlstûrlki, pir kiopir uo jaciobrjhi hb kjsjs b j

ojlirlj ei bstlci kicieljc irlaleêrli hi sìkuci ]WLLL. Roj legirojáëi lopirtjetb ei qub sb

rbgbrb jis jabetbs bekietrj-sb ei hisslä hb tionjobeti4

Vjrj hbcloltjr j êrbj qub kirrbspiehb ji kbetri mlstûrlki, pjrtb-sb hi qub dêbstê hbojrkjhi ei Vcjei Hlrbtir. Ei kjsi hb Virti Ejkliejc, iptiu-sb pbcjêrbj trjájhj pbcj Guehjáëi Kucturjc hi Xikjetles, qujehi hj bcjnirjáëi hilevbetêrli ejkliejc hb nbes loûvbls, rbjclzjhi bo >668/>662, pir bssbûraëi. Bssj hujs hbojrkjáòbs hb êrbj sëi, bonirj eëi kileklhbetbs njstjetbjprixlojhjs (LVMJE, >661, p.::).

Jqul pihbois vbrlglkjr qub, ej piclaiejc hb tionjobeti hb leïkli, uo his

rbspiesêvbls pbcj lelkljtlvj gil j Guehjáëi Kucturjc, ei jei hb >662, bo sbcbkliejr i pbrïobtri urnjei tionjhi, i qujc i Lpmje hbeioleiu picïaiei hb tionjobeti iu piclaiejc

hb tionjobeti. J Guehjáëi Kucturjc:7 brj cikjclzjhj bo Vjcojs-XI b tlemj pir glejclhjhb

rbprbsbetjr b hlssbolejr js legirojáòbs sinrb i pjtrloøeli ei bstjhi hi Xikjetles b tjonìo

tlemj j prbikupjáëi kio j kiestruáëi hi pbesjobeti mlstûrlki b kucturjc pjrj i ouelkïpli,

sbdj bcb ojtbrljc iu lojtbrljc.

I Hisslä hb tionjobeti hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc gil bcjnirjhi ei jei hb

>661, kiopisti pir hils vicuobs4 i prloblri kietìo legirojáòbs sinrb j mlstûrlj, j:7 Vir qubstòbs picïtlkjs b jholelstrjtlvjs, j Guehjáëi Kucturjc pjssiu j sb kmjojr [bkrbtjrlj hb Bhukjáëi bKucturj.



2;

bvicuáëi urnjej, js pcjetjs kjhjstrjls, is rbalstris gitiarêglkis (lkieiarjglj) b j jeêclsb his

prleklpjls bhlgïklis hi kbetri mlstûrlki (kïvbls, rbclalisis b lestltukliejls) bcbltjs ejqubcj

ìpikj, b legirojáòbs sinrb i pjtrloøeli lojtbrljc0 b i sbauehi ì kiopisti pir rbalstris

gitiarêglkis hi cikjc (vbr jebxi J b N).

[bauehi i Hisslä (>661), j piclaiejc, ojls bspbklglkjhjobetb –êrbj hb

pritbáëi‟, cikjclzj-sb ej ojcmj urnjej kbetrjc hj klhjhb, iehb bstê cikjclzjhj j jrqultbturj

hbshb j aäebsb qub jetbkbhb j hìkjhj 76, pbrïihi hi prikbssi hb lehustrljclzjáëi. –Ej êrbj

tionjhj bstëi cikjclzjhis, jcìo hjs bhlglkjáòbs vbrejkucjrbs, is bhlgïklis ojls sleaucjrbs hi

Kbetri Mlstûrlki. [bauehi i Lpmje (>661, p. :>), pihbois hbstjkjr j Kjtbhrjc, i [boleêrli, j

Oltrj Hlikbsjej, i Kjbtjejti iu i jetlai kicìali hjs grblrjs (midb sbhb hj KIO[JÔHB),

Kjsj hb Kîojrj b Kjhblj (midb sbhb hi ousbu), i kjsjrëi his Jyrbs b i his Ojyj. Midb,Virti Ejkliejc ì uo Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki Ejkliejc.

Jlehj sbauehi i Hisslä hb tionjobeti hi kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-

XI, bcjnirjhi pbci Lpmje, jcìo his krltìrlis bstjnbcbklhis pbcj Guehjáëi Kucturjc, tjonìo

girjo gbltjs betrbvlstjs kio oirjhirbs, mlstirljhirbs, jrqultbtis, betrb iutris priglssliejls,

pjrj qub kietrlnuïssbo ej hbcloltjáëi hi piclaiejc hb tionjobeti. Kiegirob hlspisti ei

jrtlai >:7, kietlhi ej kiestltuláëi hj ^bpônclkj Gbhbrjtlvj hi Nrjslc, sëi kieslhbrjhis

Vjtrloøelis Mlstûrlkis Nrjslcblris4

Jrt. >:7. Is nbes hb ejturbzj ojtbrljc b lojtbrljc, tiojhis lehlvlhujcobetbiu bo kiedueti, pirtjhirbs hb rbgbräeklj æ lhbetlhjhb, æ jáëi, æ oboûrlj hishlgbrbetbs arupis girojhirbs hj siklbhjhb nrjslcblrj, eis qujls sb lekcubo4L - js girojs hb bxprbssëi0LL - is oihis hb krljr, gjzbr b vlvbr0LLL - js krljáòbs klbetïglkjs, jrtïstlkjs b tbkeicûalkjs0LW - js inrjs, indbtis, hikuobetis, bhlglkjáòbs b hbojls bspjáis hbstlejhisæs ojelgbstjáòbs jrtïstlki-kucturjls0W - is kieduetis urnjeis b sïtlis hb vjcir mlstûrlki, pjlsjaïstlki, jrtïstlki,jrqubicûalki, pjcbieticûalki, bkicûalki b klbetïglki (N^J[LC, :<==, p. :2).

Kiegirob i Hisslä, ej gjcj bxprbssj pir Disì Bhujrhi ^jois ^ihrlaubs, i

tionjobeti sb hbgleb bo4

Ro jti jholelstrjtlvi pbci qujc i pihbr pônclki hbkcjrj i vjcir kucturjc hbkilsjs oûvbls iu loûvbls, leskrbvbehi-js ei rbspbktlvi clvri hi tioni,sudbltjehi js j uo rbalob bspbkljc qub lopòb cloltjáòbs ji bxbrkïkli hb

priprlbhjhb, kio j glejclhjhb hb prbsbrvê-cjs. Virtjeti, trjtj-sb hb uo jti

ji obsoi tbopi hbkcjrjtûrli, dê qub hbkcjrj uo nbo hb vjcir kucturjc, bkiestltutlvi, vbz qub jctbrj i sbu rbalob durïhlki (LVMJE, >66=, p. :2-:7).



28

Wêrlis jspbktis girjo kieslhbrjhis pjrj j kiesiclhjáëi hi tionjobeti hb Virti

Ejkliejc, pils jprbsbetj kioi vjclisi bcbobeti pjrj j kioprbbesëi hj ikupjáëi hi letbrlir

hi Nrjslc hurjetb i sìkuci ]WLLL. Roj hjs dustlglkjtlvjs hi Vjrbkbr hi Hisslä hb tionjobeti

(>66=) jglroj qub i tionjobeti hi kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc vlemj pjrj girtjcbkbr i

letbrbssb hj pipucjáëi. Cbonrjois qub miuvb uoj leslaelglkjetb pjrtlklpjáëi hj pipucjáëi

pirtubesb. Jsslo, jlehj kiegirob js legirojáòbs kietlhjs ei Hisslä hb Xionjobeti hj

Klhjhb (LVMJE, >661), Virti Ejkliejc b js hbojls klhjhb hi klkci hi iuri bo Ailês

jprbsbetjo jcauojs pjrtlkucjrlhjhbs kjrjktbrïstlkjs hi cikjc4 j kieglaurjáëi hj ojcmj urnjej

sbaub j trjhláëi kicieljc pirtuaubsj, b js bhlglkjáòbs sb jhbqujo ji kcloj cikjc (qubetb kio

bstjáòbs hb sbkj b kmuvj nbo hbglelhjs). Js pjrbhbs his kjsjrlis sëi arissjs bo jhinb,

kiesbrvjehi i jonlbetb letbrei grbski b ôolhi ej bstjáëi sbkj, b j jusäeklj hb girri pbroltbuoj klrkucjáëi hb jr kiestjetb.

Bxlstb uoj krïtlkj qub pbroblj betrb is bstuhlisis hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki4 gjcj-sb

tjeti bo prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli, qub sb tirej kietrjhltûrlj j hboicláëi hj kjpbcj pbcj

sunstltuláëi hj Kjtbhrjc, bo objhis hb :<6;. J hboicláëi hj pbqubej kjpbcj Eissj [bemirj

hjs Obrkäs, iehb midb sb cikjclzj j lopiebetb Kjtbhrjc, tjcvbz eëi sb trjtb ebkbssjrljobetb

hb uoj hbarjhjáëi hi nbo pônclki, ojs hj lestjcjáëi hb uo nbo ei obsoi cikjc, pils,

ejqubcj ìpikj, j klhjhb pjssjvj pir uo pbrïihi hb trjesgirojáëi b bstjnlclzjáëi hisolarjetbs. J klhjhb sb bxpjehlj bo tbrois hb pipucjáëi kio i klkci hi iuri b ebkbssltjvj

hb uoj larbdj ojlir pjrj qub tihis is glìls puhbssbo tbr jkbssi æ larbdj sjarjhj, b eëi jpbejs

j oleirlj, kiopistj pbcis kirieìls b pbcj einrbzj bo abrjc.

Ei Nrjslc, j prioucajáëi hi Hbkrbti-Cbl e´ >2, hb ;6 hb eivbonri hb :<;1,

irajelziu j pritbáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc b lestltulu i lestruobeti

hi tionjobeti. J leskrláëi, bo uo his qujtri clvris hi tioni, hb nbes oûvbls iu loûvbls

kudj kiesbrvjáëi ì hb letbrbssb pônclki, lopbhb cbajcobetb qub bcbs sbdjo hbstruïhis iuhbtbrlirjhis. I jti hi tionjobeti, prbrriajtlvj hi pihbr Bxbkutlvi, eëi lopclkj

hbsjpriprljáëi b ebo hbtbrolej i usi, trjtjehi-sb hb –uoj gûroucj rbjclstj hb kiopriolssi

betrb i hlrblti lehlvlhujc æ priprlbhjhb b j hbgbsj hi letbrbssb pônclki rbcjtlvjobetb æ

prbsbrvjáëi hb vjcirbs kucturjls‟ (GIE[BKJ, :<<1, p. ::2). Jlehj kiegirob j jutirj, i

pjtrloøeli kucturjc bo tihj j kiopcbxlhjhb lelklj uo prikbssi kio uo his prleklpjls

kiopiebetbs hb pcjebdjobeti b irhbejáëi hb bxpjesëi hjs klhjhbs, kioi uo his ltbes

bstrjtìalkis ej jglrojáëi hb lhbetlhjhbs hb arupis b kiouelhjhbs, pbrojebkbehi uo eivi

kietbxti hb acinjclzjáëi.



22

Ì bvlhbetb qub uoj hjs prleklpjls jtrjtlvlhjhbs hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc,

qujehi eis rbgbrlois æ kucturj, ì j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs. Jsslo, obrbkb

hbstjqub, qujehi gjcjois ei trleøoli4 klhjhb, kucturj b turlsoi, qub prbklsjois sbpjrjr is

prikbssis his prihutis. Is prikbssis kucturjls bevicvbo tihis jqubcbs kjopis hb prêtlkjs b

slaelglkjhis qub gjzbo sbetlhi ej vlhj hb uo pivi b pjrj sl obsoi b i qub bevicvb

kiopirtjobetis, trjhláòbs, j ojeblrj hb rbsicvbr is princbojs hi hlj j hlj ej giroj hb

bxprbssjr-sb b jrtlstlkjobetb (AJ[XJC, >66:). [bauehi Minsnjwo b ^jeabr (:<<1, p. <),

–js trjhláòbs rbjcobetb levbetjhjs, kiestruïhjs b girojcobetb lestltukliejclzjhjs, qujeti js

qub suralrjo hb ojeblrj ojls hlgïklc hb cikjclzjr euo pbrïihi hbtbrolejhi hb tbopi P..._‟.

Dê j kucturj kioi prihuti bstê prbsbetb bo indbtis bo qub is prikbssis kucturjls

glkjo ojrkjhis, pir bxbopci, bo inrjs hb jrtb, jrqultbturj, jrtbsjejti, ajstrieiolj btk. Jbssbs ltbes, hbvbo-sb jarbajr uoj sìrlb hb prihutis gjnrlkjhis pbcj lehôstrlj kucturjc, kioi4

hlskis hbslae, glcobs clvris, vïhbis btk. I turlsoi sb utlclzj hb tihis bssbs rbkursis bo

hlgbrbetbs oiobetis hi sbu prikbssi, hj prihuáëi b hi kiesuoi (AJ[XJC, >66:). I

rbsajtb hbssbs indbtis hbeiolejhi –kucturj‟ tirej-sb pjtrloøeli kucturjc æ obhlhj qub j

siklbhjhb jtrlnul vjcirbs. Is prloblris lehïklis sinrb i kiekblti hb pjtrloøeli ikirrbu ej

Grjeáj, bo qub –tbvb suj jprbbesëi b slaelglkjhi bvicuïhi piuki j piuki, hi glejc hi sìkuci

]L] jis hljs jtujls, pjssjehi hj lhblj hb oieuobeti mlstûrlki (lsicjhi), pjrj j prbikupjáëikio i tbklhi urnjei, kio i kbetri mlstûrlki hjs klhjhbs‟ (KI[XJ, >6:>, p. ::). Vjrj i

Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc, tbois js sbauletbs hbgleláòbs4

I pjtrloøeli kucturjc eëi bstê hitjhi hb vjcir bo sl obsoi, pirìo kjhjarupi b sunarupi muojei jtrlnul b hbskrbvb vjcirbs b slaelglkjhis,bspbkïglkis bo kjhj oiobeti mlstûrlki, jis sbus nbes kucturjls, bskicmlhishbetri his oôctlpcis bcbobetis kucturjls, i qub lopclkj j bxlstäeklj hb uo

prikbssi sikljc hb sbcbáëi b hb jtrlnuláëi hb vjcirbs his bcbobetis kucturjls

hlaeis hb sbrbo pjtrloieljclzjhis b jhitjo kioi nbo hb tutbcj pônclkj iqub jetbs eëi bstjvj rbkiembklhi (VB^BT, >66<, p. :8=).

Jsslo4

J Rebski hbgleb kioi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc Lojtbrljc js prêtlkjs,rbprbsbetjáòbs, bxprbssòbs, kiembklobetis b tìkelkjs dueti kio islestruobetis, indbtis, jrtbgjtis b cuajrbs kucturjls qub cmbs sëi jssikljhisqub js kiouelhjhbs, is arupis b, bo jcaues kjsis, is lehlvïhuisrbkiembkbo kioi pjrtb letbarjetb hb sbu pjtrloøeli kucturjc. I Vjtrloøeli

Lojtbrljc ì trjesoltlhi hb abrjáëi bo abrjáëi b kiestjetbobetb rbkrljhi pbcjs kiouelhjhbs b arupis bo gueáëi hb sbu jonlbetb, hb suj letbrjáëikio j ejturbzj b hb suj mlstûrlj, abrjehi uo sbetlobeti hb lhbetlhjhb b



27

kietleulhjhb, kietrlnulehi jsslo pjrj prioivbr i rbspblti æ hlvbrslhjhbkucturjc b æ krljtlvlhjhb muojej (LVMJE, >6:8j, p. :).

[baub j sbquäeklj his ojls slaelglkjtlvis prihutis kucturjls utlclzjhis pbci

turlsoi ej kiekbpáëi hb ^lkmjrhs (:<<1, jpuh AJ[XJC, >66:, p. ;<)4

:. [ïtli jrqubicûalki b ousbus0 >. Jrqultbturj b ruïejs0 ;. Jrtbs vlsujls(gitiarjglj), jrtbs pcêstlkjs (pleturj, bskucturj, arjvurj btk.), jrtbsjejti,ajcbrljs gbstlvjls b bvbetis bo tirei hbcbs0 8. Oôslkj b hjeáj kcêsslkj,gickcûrlkj b kietbopirîebj0 2. Jrtbs hrjoêtlkjs (tbjtri b kleboj)0 cïeaujb cltbrjturj, ej giroj hb kursis sboleêrlis, gblrjs b iutris bvbetis0 1.Gbstlvjls rbclalisis b pbrbarlejáòbs0 =. Kucturj pipucjr b gickcûrlkj, bsunkucturj urnjejs (arjgltb, rjp), jlehj is pjrqubs tboêtlkis b jsojelgbstjáòbs ìtelkjs hjs arjehbs klhjhbs.

Ebssb oiobeti, hlskutlrbois, pir obli hb tbirljs b jeêclsbs nlncliarêglkjs, sinrb

i prikbssi hb tionjobeti hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, ikirrlhi ei jei hb >66=. Vjrj

bssj jeêclsb, jcìo hb kiesuctj bo rbvlsòbs hb cltbrjturj, girjo jejclsjhis hils hikuobetis hb

guehjobetjc lopirtîeklj, is qujls hbsbekjhbjrjo i prikbssi hi tionjobeti hi kbetri

mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc4 j Jtj hb Xionjobeti hj 2<´ ^buelëi hi Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi

hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc (LVMJE) b i Hisslä hb Xionjobeti. Ebssb sbetlhi, pripiois uoj

hlskussëi betrb i jtujc Clvri hb Xioni his nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis ei Nrjslc (:<;=->6:>) pbci Lpmje b j rbcjáëi hi pjtrloøeli bo Virti Ejkliejc-XI, kioi nbo hb kjpltjc.

^bssjctjois qub, jpûs j hlvlsëi b j bojeklpjáëi hi Xikjetles, bo :<=<, pihbois vbrlglkjr

qub j ôelkj klhjhb hb gjti tikjetlebesb qub pjssiu pbci prikbssi hb tionjobeti gil j klhjhb

hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, pils Ejtlvlhjhb tbvb sbu tionjobeti bo :<=1, jei bo qub i

Xikjetles jlehj pbrtbeklj ji tbrrltûrli hi bstjhi hb Ailês. Zujeti jis qubstliejobetis

obekliejhis jetbrlirobetb, kjnb uo lehjajáëi4 j klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc gil tionjhj pir

uoj vitjáëi ueîelob betrb siklbhjhb b abstirbs pônclkis iu girjo jpbejs letbrbssbs picïtlki-bkieøolkis9

;.> Vjtrloieljclzjáëi4 kiekbltujáëi

Hljcbtlkjobetb, is cuajrbs pjtrloieljclzjhis pihbo-sb uelvbrsjclzjr b sb

hbkiopir, pils is obkjelsois qub sbrvbo j suj uelvbrsjclzjáëi, is qub kjtjclsjo i prikbssi

hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi sëi is obsois qub pihbo kiehuzl-cis æ grjaobetjáëi (KI[XJ0

[KJ^CJXI, >6:>). Ebssb obsoi kietbxti, Kruz (>6:>, p. <7) bxpclkj qub –P..._ j

pjtrloieljclzjáëi hi pjtrloøeli ì j lestltukliejclzjáëi hb obkjelsois hb pritbáëi hi



21

kmjojhi pjtrloøeli kucturjc, ojtbrljc b lojtbrljc‟. Iu sbdj, sëi is vjcirbs bkieøolki,

slonûclki b/iu kucturjc bcbtlvis pir uoj siklbhjhb ji betirei. Ebstb obsoi pbesjobeti

Niurhlbu (>661), jglroj qub is slstbojs slonûclkis bxbrkbo uo pihbr kiopisti pir uo

sbetlhi hb ojetbr kbrti hioïeli ei qujc hbslaej mbaboielj.

I Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc rbprbsbetj uoj –vbrhjhb uelvbrsjc‟ hlguehlhj pbcj

slonlisb4 Bstjhis-ejáëi, jaäekljs ouctlcjtbrjls b jabetbs mbaboøelkis hi kjpltjc, qub

prioivbo, kieduetjobetb, j hlgusëi acinjc his nbes kucturjls b ejturjls hi ouehi, vlj Clstj

hi Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc (KI[XJ0 [KJ^CJXI, >6:>).

[jetis (:<11) kltjhi pir Kistj b [kjrcjti (>6:>) kieslhbrj qub, sb j vjcirlzjáëi

slonûclkj his indbtis eëi bstlvbr kiopriobtlhj, prloblrjobetb, kio indbtlvi hb prbsbrvjáëi

hj eissj lhbetlhjhb, hj oboûrlj b kio uoj ebkbsslhjhb ôelkj b hbskulhjhj jtrlnulehi vjcirbkieøolki is nbes kucturjls, kirrb-sb i rlski hb sb pbrhbr j irlalejclhjhb his oihis hb vlhj b

is sïonicis hb eissj –girojáëi siklibspjkljc‟.

Bo bspbkljc pbroltb kioprbbehbr is prikbssis qub oichjo is icmjrbs qubjejclsjo b kcjsslglkjo is prikbssis pjtrloieljls, bxpclkjehi b nuskjehisicuáòbs pjrj j krlsb jtujc hi oihbci qub prlirlzj j prbsbrvjáëi ojtbrljc hisindbtis, uoj bspìklb hb sjkrjclzjáëi. Is slaelglkjhis hi pjtrloøeli kioilestruobeti hb hbsbevicvlobeti hb lhbetlhjhbs, girojs hb ojeutbeáëi hb

pihbr, prbsbrvjáëi hb hbtbrolejhjs vbrsòbs hb gjtis mlstûrlkis, siojhj jqubstëi his vjcirbs qub pbrobljo i prikbssi qub lehlkj i qub hbvb letbarjrj oboûrlj sikljc, sëi qubstòbs slonûclkjs guehjobetjls qub prbklsjo sbrhlskutlhjs ei îonlti hj siklicialj b bspbkljcobetb hj kiouelkjáëi(HBEK@B^, >6:>, p. :;=).

Jlehj kiegirob Hbek`br (>6:>, p. :26), –tihi i kiedueti hj kucturj b hi

pjtrloøeli ì kietjolejhi pbci prikbssi hb obrkjetlclzjáëi‟. I kiesuoi hi pjtrloøeli sb

bxpjehb legcubekljhi pbcis jrrjedis qub irlbetjo is prikbssis hi turlsoi kucturjc,

bevicvbehi i pjtrloøeli bo bstrjtìaljs hb ojr`btlea b prioiáëi, jáòbs obkjelzjhjs,ojsslglkjhis, qub sëi prihuzlhis b kiestruïhis. Jsslo, pihbois vbrlglkjr j pietb qub claj j

prihuáëi b i kiesuoi, kiobrkljclzjhis pbcis jtrjtlvis kucturjls.

I kiesuoi hi pjtrloøeli ikirrb bo gueáëi hj ojls-vjclj slonûclkj hb qubi prihuti bo sl ì jpbejs j rbgbräeklj ojtbrljc. I prikbssi hb letbeslglkjáëihi kiesuoi, jssikljhi j uoj picïtlkj qujsb pjhrielzjhj hb prbsbrvjáëi,lekbetlvjhj pir irajelsois letbrejkliejls, cbvj j uoj bspìklb hbobsolsoi, bo qub sb jpclkjo bstrjtìaljs laujls j rbjclhjhbs hlgbrbetbs,

prihuzlehi qujsb uoj pjhrielzjáëi hj igbrtj (HBEK@B^, >6:>, p. :26-

:2:).



2=

Betbehb-sb, pirtjeti, qub i pjtrloøeli hbvb sbr kieslhbrjhi kioi uo kjopi hb

prêtlkjs b rbprbsbetjáòbs qub sb kiestltubo hb giroj jutøeioj b pissïvbc hb princbojtlzjr b

qubstliejr j bxpbrläeklj pjtrloieljc, jsslo, levbstlajr is oihis kioi is slonûclkis

letbarjo j oboûrlj sikljc jtì sb kiestltulr kioi lojaleêrli (HBEK@B^, >6:>).

I bspjái prihuzlhi pbcj lehôstrlj hi turlsoi pbrhb i sbetlhi, ì i prbsbetbsbo bspbssurj, qubr hlzbr, sbo mlstûrlj, sbo lhbetlhjhb0 ebstb sbetlhi ì ibspjái hi vjzli. Jusäeklj. Eëi-cuajrbs. Lssi pirqub i cuajr ì, bo sujbssäeklj, prihuáëi muojej, vlsti qub sb rbprihuz ej rbcjáëi betrb bspjái bsiklbhjhb, i qub slaelglkj krljáëi, bstjnbcbklobeti hb uoj lhbetlhjhb betrbkiouelhjhb b cuajr, lhbetlhjhb bssj qub sb hê pir obli hb girojs hbjpriprljáëi pjrj j vlhj. I cuajr ì prihuti hjs rbcjáòbs muojejs, betrbmiobo b ejturbzj, tbklhi pir rbcjáòbs sikljls qub sb rbjclzjo ei pcjei hi

vlvlhi, i qub ajrjetb j kiestruáëi hb uoj rbhb hb slaelglkjhis b sbetlhisqub sëi tbklhis pbcj mlstûrlj b kucturj klvlclzjhirj prihuzlehi j lhbetlhjhb.Jï i miobo sb rbkiembkb pirqub jï vlvb. I sudblti pbrtbekb ji cuajr kioibstb j bcb, pils j prihuáëi hi cuajr sb claj lehlssikljvbcobetb æ prihuáëi hjvlhj. P..._. Jsslo i eëi-cuajr eëi ì j slopcbs ebajáëi hi cuajr, ojs uojiutrj kilsj, prihuti hb rbcjáòbs iutrjs0 hlgbrbeklj-sb hi cuajr pbci sbu

prikbssi hb kiestltuláëi, ì ebssb kjsi prihuti hj lehôstrlj turïstlkj qub kiosuj jtlvlhjhb prihuz sloucjkris iu kiestribo sloucjkris hb cuajrbs, jtrjvìshj eëi-lhbetlhjhb P..._(KJ^CI[, :<<<, p. >=-><).

I qub ojrkj j bxpbrläeklj pjtrloieljc hj oihbrelhjhb ì j sbpjrjáëi hi sjarjhi b

hi prigjei. Is eivis –hbusbs‟ pjssjo j sbr rbjclzjáòbs muojejs ejs hlgbrbetbs êrbjs hb

kiembklobeti. J rjkliejclzjáëi sb jssiklj ji krbsklobeti hj tìkelkj b æ grjaobetjáëi hi

kiembklobeti. I sjarjhi jkjnj pbrhbehi suj giráj b prbklsj sbr sunstltuïhi. Gjtir lopirtjetb

ej kiesiclhjáëi hj bxpbrläeklj pjtrloieljc sëi js eivjs girojs hb obhljáëi qub surabo pbcj

bskrltj, qub sb tirej abebrjclzjhj, b pbcj hlgusëi hj loprbesj (HBEK@B^, >6:>).

J lhblj hb titjclhjhb bstê eis indbtis b ejs jáòbs, sbus slstbojs sëi eivjs

titjclhjhbs qub kiopòbo j titjclhjhb bo kietïeui oivlobeti, jglrojhi kioi bspjái

([JEXI[, >6:>). –Xuhi i qub bxlstb ej supbrgïklb hj tbrrj, tihj mbrjeáj hj mlstûrlj ejturjc b

tihi rbsuctjhi hj jáëi muojej qub sb indbtlviu. Is indbtis sëi bssb bxtbesi, bssj

indbtlvlhjhb, lssi qub sb krlj girj hi miobo b sb tirej lestruobeti ojtbrljc hb suj vlhj‟

([JEXI[, >6:>, p. 1>). Iu sbdj, is oieuobetis, is nbes pjtrloieljls trjtjhis jqul kioi

indbtis ‛ ruaislhjhbs ‛, sëi js jáòbs hblxjhjs ei jtujc kietbxti bspjkljc, i prbsbetb,

jtrlnuïhis pir tbopis prbtìrltis. Jsslo4



2<

Betbehb-sb pir –trjhláëi levbetjhj‟ uo kiedueti hb prêtlkjs, eirojcobetbrbaucjhjs pir rbarjs têkltjs iu jnbrtjobetb jkbltjs0 tjls prêtlkjs, hb ejturbzjrltujc iu slonûclkj, vlsjo lekuckjr kbrtis vjcirbs b eirojs hbkiopirtjobeti jtrjvìs hj rbpbtláëi, i qub lopclkj, jutiojtlkjobetb, uojkietleulhjhb bo rbcjáëi ji pjssjhi, jclês, sboprb qub pissïvbc, tbetj-sbbstjnbcbkbr uoj kietleulhjhb kio uo pjssjhi mlstûrlki jpriprljhi(MIN[NJQO0 ^JEAB^, :<<1, p. <).

Ebssb sbetlhi, Virti Ejkliejc, bspbklglkjhjobetb i kbetri mlstûrlki, jlehj

prbsbrvj leklplbetbobetb jcauojs trjhláòbs b vjcirbs, kioi js gbstjs rbclalisjs rbjclzjhjs ej

Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, irjáòbs hiolklcljrbs, betrb iutris.

;.>.: Vrikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi bo Virti Ejkliejc-XI4 letbrprbtjáëi hj Jtj hb

Xionjobeti

Gil ei hlj vletb b sbtb hb eivbonri hb hils olc b ilti, ej sjcj his Jkmblris hi

Vjcêkli Lopbrljc, ej klhjhb hi ^li hb Djeblri, qub jkietbkbu j 2<´ ^buelëi hi Kiesbcmi

Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc:1 (LVMJE). Vrikbssi leskrlti ei Clvri hb Xioni

Mlstûrlki i hlspisti ei jrtlai 8´ hi Hbkrbti-Cbl >2, hb ;6 hb eivbonri hb :<;1. Hbstjkjois

jcauojs gjcjs hb jcaues kiesbcmblris kiesuctlvis prbsbetbs ej Jtj hb Xionjobeti, ues j

gjvir hi tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc, b iutris kietrj4

[bemir Vrbslhbetb, [bemirbs Kiesbcmblris. Xbemi ob prbikupjhi sboprbejs rbuelòbs hi Kiesbcmi, bo eissis pjrbkbrbs, bo hbgbehbr uoj vlsëi hbkiedueti, uoj vlsëi urnjej hb bequjhrjobeti his bhlgïklis, sinrbtuhi eiqub sb rbgbrb æ jrqultbturj vbreêkucj, pirqub ob pjrbkb qub bssb ì uobspjái qub hbvbois kietbopcjr kioi i qub gil jqul obekliejhi. Jtì pbcjleslstäeklj ji cieai hj olemj vlhj, qub dê ì cieaj, ei bstuhi his princbojsurnjeis nrjslcblris, prikuri hb ojeblrj abrjc gikjclzjr is bhlgïklis, sbdjo iueëi oieuobetjls, sin j pbrspbktlvj hb kiedueti, betbehbehi qub gjz pjrtb

hi vjcir hb kjhj bhlgïkli j suj giroj hb lesbráëi ej klhjhb. Bxlstb uojrjzëi, pjrj eëi hlzbr rjkliejclhjhb, rjzëi qub hê js pripiráòbs betrb isbhlgïklis, js pjrtbs hb uo bhlgïkli qub tbo j vbr kio sbu vjcir b qub sû

pihbo sbr kioprbbehlhjs kirrbtjobetb, lekcuslvb b bspbkljcobetb ej sujhlobesëi sikljc, qujehi eûs rbcjkliejois bssjs pjrtbs jis kieduetis. Betëi,sleti-ob æ vietjhb pjrj bxprbssjr jcauojs clemjs hbssj prbikupjáëi. Boprloblri cuajr, bo rbcjáëi æ jrqultbturj ojls slopcbs pbcj qujc sboprbob letbrbssbl, j pjrtlr his hbsbemis hi Nurkmbcc, qub miuvbssbprbikupjáëi hb prbsbrvjáëi hjqubcbs bspjáis kiestruïhis, kio tjetjhlglkuchjhb pbcj êrbj hi Xikjetles, jkloj jtì ji suc hi Vjrê. [b gil

pissïvbc j uo leacäs pbrkirrbr bssb kjolemi b kiembkbr bssj jrqultbturj mê

:1 I Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi ì uo kiedueti hb pbssijs kiopistj pbcj siklbhjhb klvlc, bstjnbcbklhi blehlkjhi pbci LVMJE, kio i indbtlvi hb hbglelr i tionjobeti hb uo nbo kucturjc ojtbrljc b/iulojtbrljc, sbdj bcb4 mlstûrlki, pjlsjaïstlki, jrqubicûalki, bteicûalki, bteicûalki betrb iutris.



76

huzbetis jeis, rbalstrjr tëi clehjobetb bssjs inrjs, ì lopissïvbc qub eëi puhìssbois, ei LVMJE, gjzbr uo trjnjcmi sbobcmjetb. Betëi, kio lssi,hbkcjri hbshb ciai olemj siclhjrlbhjhb kio js jholelstrjáòbs hi Bstjhi bhi Ouelkïpli b kio j [upbrletbehäeklj hi LVMJE ej rbalëi, pbcj suj

prbikupjáëi kio bssj prbsbrvjáëi. Virtjeti, bssj eëi ì uoj qubstëi bohlskussëi. Ojs mê jcauojs qub obrbkbrljo uoj rbgcbxëi hj eissj pjrtb(LVMJE, Jtj hb tionjobeti, >66=, p. 1-=, arlgi obu).

Ebssj kltjáëi, pihbois insbrvjr, ei hbpilobeti hb uo his kiesbcmblris, Ebstir

Aiucjrt, prbsbetb ej rbuelëi, suj prbikupjáëi pjrj i pissïvbc tionjobeti hi Kbetri

Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc. Bequjeti j kiesbcmblrj Oyrljo ^lnblri, ej bxpisláëi his sbus

jrauobetis, ej gjcj sbauletb, hboistriu pieti ebajtlvi ji tionjobeti hj klhjhb4

Wiu hbskbr uo piuki i eïvbc pjrj uo jspbkti ojls prêtlki qub ob kmjoiujtbeáëi hbshb i leïkli. Vjrbkb-ob qub piuquïsslojs pbssijs jqul kiembkboVirti Ejkliejc, euekj bstlvb bo Virti Ejkliejc, pjrj olo gil uojhbskinbrtj lojalejr bssj klhjhb cê ej grietblrj hi Nrjslc, jairj viuprikurjr ob legirojr obcmir. Jkmi qub giois uo piuki vïtlojs hb hujskilsjs. Vrloblri, hi vïhbi qub gil jprbsbetjhi. I gitûarjgi sb jpjlxieiu

pbcis bcbobetis jrtïstlkis, eis oistriu oultis hbtjcmbs, ojs eëi eisjprbsbetiu uo kiedueti. Bssb vïhbi eëi hbu uoj lhblj hi qub ì Virti

Ejkliejc j pjrtlr hi qub gil jprbsbetjhi. Vir iutri cjhi, giois vïtlojstjonìo hi betusljsoi hi Kiesbcmblri Ojrkis hb Jzjrenudj pbcjkjtbhrjc ebiaûtlkj qub hbvbrlj sbr jejclsjhj hbetri hi kietbxti hi

sìkuci ]L]. Bvlhbetbobetb, bcj hbstij hi kiedueti, prbklsjrïjois hb uojsìrlb hb bstuhis hb iutrj irhbo b iutri tlpi hb kiekblti pjrj jejclsjr i sbuvjcir (LVMJE, Jtj hb tionjobeti, >66=, p. :8-:2, arlgi obu).

Bssjs girjo jpbejs hujs hb jcauojs gjcjs his kiesbcmblris hlspieïvbls ej 2<´

^buelëi hi Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc (LVMJE), ues gjvirêvbls ji

tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc, iutris kietrj, kio sujs dustlglkjtlvjs, pjrj kmbajr ji

kiesbesi hi prikbssi hb tionjobeti. Ei Kjpïtuci >, hi ltbo sinrb js kiopbtäekljs hi

kiesbcmi kiesuctlvi, jglroj-sb qub4

Jrt. ;´ Kiopbtb ji Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc bxjolejr,jprbkljr b hbklhlr sinrb qubstòbs rbcjkliejhjs j tionjobetis, j rbalstris hb

nbes kucturjls hb ejturbzj lojtbrljc, j sjïhjs tbopirêrljs hi Vjïs hb nbeskucturjls pritbalhis pir cbl, b iplejr jkbrkj hb iutrjs qubstòbs rbcbvjetbs

pripistjs pbci Vrbslhbetb (LVMJE, >6:>, p. >).

Jlehj4

Vjrêarjgi ôelki. Is Kiesbcmblris pihbrëi rbqubrbr ji Vrbslhbetb, qujehikieslhbrjrbo rbcbvjetb, qub ojtìrljs rbgbrbetbs j letbrvbeáòbs bo nbestionjhis iu ei betirei hbcbs, b qubstòbs rbcjtlvjs j pjtrloøelis lojtbrljlsrbalstrjhis sbdjo jprbkljhjs b hlskutlhjs pbci pcbeêrli (LVMJE, >6:>, p. ;).



7:

Jpûs cbr ej ïetbarj i ^balobeti Letbrei hi Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli

Kucturjc prbsbetb ej Virtjrlj e´ 8=7, insbrvjo-sb bssjs hujs kiopbtäekljs his kiesbcmblris

kltjhjs jkloj, qub kiopòbo i Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Lpmje. Vihbois vbrlglkjr qub eëi

bxlstb ebemuo krltìrli hb bskicmj hbssbs obonris. J bskicmj ikirrb hb giroj jcbjtûrlj iu

obsoi pir lehlkjáëi iu ritblri j sbr sbaulhi pjrj rbjclzjr i tionjobeti hb uo nbo kucturjc,

bo îonlti ejkliejc. Vihbois insbrvjr, ei Hbkrbti e´ 7.=88, hb 1 hb ojli hb >66<, ej sbáëi

LL, is obonris qub kiopòbo i Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc4

Jrt. 1i I Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc sbrê prbslhlhi pbciVrbslhbetb hi LVMJE, qub i letbarj kioi obonri ejti, b kiopisti pbcissbauletbs obonris4

L - uo rbprbsbetjetb, b rbspbktlvi supcbetb, hb kjhj uoj hjs sbauletbsbetlhjhbs, qub sbrëi lehlkjhis pbcis rbspbktlvis hlrlabetbs4j) Lestltuti his Jrqultbtis hi Nrjslc (LJN)0

n) Kiesbcmi Letbrejkliejc hb Oieuobetis b [ïtlis (LKIOI[/N^J[LC)0k) [iklbhjhb hb Jrqubicialj Nrjslcblrj ([JN)0h) Lestltuti Nrjslcblri hi Obli Jonlbetb b his ^bkursis Ejturjls^beivêvbls (LNJOJ)0b) Olelstìrli hj Bhukjáëi0g) Olelstìrli hjs Klhjhbs0a) Olelstìrli hi Xurlsoi0m) Lestltuti Nrjslcblri his Ousbus (LN^JO)0l) Jssikljáëi Nrjslcblrj hb Jetripicialj (JNJ).

LL - trbzb rbprbsbetjetbs hj siklbhjhb klvlc, kio bspbkljc kiembklobeti eiskjopis hb jtujáëi hi LVMJE.

Iu sbdj, kjhj kiesbcmblri rbprbsbetjhi pir uoj lestltuláëi jkloj kltjhj, tbo sbu

pieti hb vlstj qujeti ji tionjobeti hb uoj klhjhb. Res kiembkbo nbo i cuajr qub bstê bo

vitjáëi pjrj sbrbo tionjhis, iutris eëi pissubo ebemuo kiembklobeti prìvli hj klhjhb,

kjsi vlsti ej kltjáëi hbskrltj jetbrlirobetb rbgbrbetb æ klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc.

Hlgbrbetbobetb his krltìrlis bstjnbcbklhis pbcj Irajelzjáëi hjs Ejáòbs Relhjs (Rebski), bo

qub pjrj kiopir j clstj hb nbes tionjhis bo îonlti ouehljc ì ebkbssêrli sbaulr

rlairisjobetb is krltìrlis hbskrltis ei qujhri j sbaulr.



7>

Zujhri 2 ‛ Krltìrlis bstjnbcbklhis pbcj Rebski pjrj i Xionjobeti hb Nbo hi Vjtrloøeli Ouehljc: rbprbsbetjr uoj inrj prloj hi aäebri krljtlvi0

>tbstbouemjr uoj legcuäeklj kieslhbrêvbc, hurjetb uo pbrïihi hjhi, iu bo uoj êrbj kucturjchbtbrolejhj sinrb i hbsbevicvlobeti hj jrqultbturj iu hj tbkeicialj, hjs jrtbs, pjlsjabo,

pcjebdjobeti urnjei0;

rbprbsbetjr uo tbstbouemi ôelki, iu ji obeis bxkbpkliejc, hb uoj trjhláëi kucturjc, uojklvlclzjáëi vlvj iu hbsjpjrbklhj0

8 rbprbsbetjr uo bxbopci hb uo tlpi hb kiestruáëi iu hb kiedueti jrqultbtøelki, tbkeicûalki0

2sbr uo bxbopci trjhlkliejc hi tbrrltûrli iu hi ojr, qub sbdj rbprbsbetjtlvi hb kucturj iukucturjs iu hj letbrjáëi muojej kio i jonlbetb0

7sbr hlrbtjobetb iu ojtbrljcobetb jssikljhi jis bvbetis iu æs trjhláòbs vlvjs, krbeájs inrjsjrtïstlkjs iu cltbrêrljs0

1 rbprbsbetjr gbeøobeis ejturjls0

=sbr kiedueti hb arjehbs bstêalis hj mlstûrlj hj tbrrj, kioprbbehb eis prikbssis abicûalkis babioirgicûalkis0

< bxbopcis rbprbsbetjtlvis his prikbssis bkicûalkis, nlicûalkis0

:6 rbprbsbetjr mjnltjt ejturjc i ojls rbprbsbetjtlvi b i ojls lopirtjetb pjrj j kiesbrvjáëi le sltu hj hlvbrslhjhb nlicûalkj.

Gietb4 KI[XJ0 [KJ^CJXI, >6:>. Eitj4 Jhjptjhi pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

Ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc, pihbois vbrlglkjr uoj lelkljtlvj, iu obcmir, uoj

tbetjtlvj hb irajelzjáëi hb uo kiesbcmi ouelklpjc kiopisti pir obonris ei oäs hb ojli

hb >667, kio j krljáëi hj Cbl e´ :.=7<, bo qub pihbois insbrvjr4

Jrt. > - Glkj krljhi i Kiesbcmi Ouelklpjc hb Vritbáëi ji VjtrloøeliMlstûrlki b Kucturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc, vlekucjhi j Iuvlhirlj hi Ouelkïpli.Vjrjarjgi ôelki ‛ I kiesbcmi sbrê kiopisti hb 1 (sbtb) obonris kioojehjti hb 8 (qujtri) jeis hbslaejhis pbci prbgblti ouelklpjc jsslorbprbsbetjhis4j) 6> (hils) rbprbsbetjetbs hi Vihbr Bxbkutlvi0

n) 6: (uo) rbprbsbetjetbs hi Vihbr Cbalscjtlvi0k) 6> (hils) rbprbsbetjetbs hb Relvbrslhjhbs cikjls0h) 6: (uo) rbprbsbetjetb hi ûraëi bstjhujc rbspiesêvbc pbci Vjtrloøeli

Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc0b) 6: (uo) rbprbsbetjetb hj [iklbhjhb Klvlc.

Ei obsoi jei ei oäs hb iutunri j cbl kltjhj jetbrlirobetb sigrbu jctbrjáòbs,

pjssj vjcbr j Cbl e. :.=17, bo qub jctbrj i Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Ouelkïpli. Ei pjrêarjgi

ôelki jglroj qub4

I kiesbcmi sbrê kiopisti pir eivb obonris tltucjrbs b sbus rbspbktlvissupcbetbs pjrj ojehjti hb qujtri jeis, hbslaejhis pbci Vrbgblti Ouelklpjc,jsslo rbprbsbetjhis4j) 6: (uo) rbprbsbetjetbs hi Vihbr Bxbkutlvi0

n)

6: (uo) rbprbsbetjetbs hi Vihbr Cbalscjtlvi0k) 6: (uo) rbprbsbetjetb hi ûraëi bstjhujc rbspiesêvbc pbci VjtrloøeliMlstûrlki b Kucturjc0h) 6: (uo) rbprbsbetjetb hi ûraëi gbhbrjc rbspiesêvbc pbci Vjtrloøeli



7;

Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki (LVMJE)0b) 6> (hils) rbprbsbetjetbs hj [iklbhjhb Klvlc0g) 6; (träs) rbprbsbetjetbs hjs gjkuchjhbs cikjls.

Ei hlspisti jetbrlirobetb, pihbois insbrvjr js jctbrjáòbs qujeti æ rbhuáëi b jijuobeti ej bqulpb hb rbspiesêvbls pbcj kiesbrvjáëi hi Vjtrloøeli ej klhjhb. Wbdjois,

miuvb uo juobeti eis rbprbsbetjetbs hi pihbr4 bxbkutlvi, hj siklbhjhb klvlc b hjs

uelvbrslhjhbs, jairj rbprbsbetjhjs pbcjs gjkuchjhbs.

Ei jtujc kietbxti hj klhjhb, jlehj eëi bxlstbo rbprbsbetjetbs pjrj kjhj êrbj bo

bspbkïglki, pir bxbopci, rbspiesêvbc pbcj jrqultbturj hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki, pleturj, tbcmjhi,

ojhblrjob, plsi, rbstjurjáëi b/iu kiesbrvjáëi betrb iutrjs letbrvbeáòbs, eëi siobetb

bxtbrej, ojs tjonìo letbrej. Ebssb sbetlhi, js picïtlkjs pônclkjs ouelklpjls sëi lelkljtlvjsoulti nbo hbsbevicvlhjs b bcjnirjhjs, ojs jpbejs vbrnjcobetb b ei pjpbc, pils js jáòbs b j

giroj hb pcjebdjobeti bo cbls bstëi jrqulvjhjs ej Kîojrj ouelklpjc hj klhjhb b eëi sëi

kiesuctjhjs iu mê piukj prikurj.

J ojlir pjrtb his kiesbcmblris qub letbarjrjo i Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi bo >66=,

jei hi tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc, sëi priglssliejls, kioi mlstirljhirbs, siklûciais,

jrqultbtis, jrqubûciais, jetripûciais betrb iutris, b bo suj ojlirlj ejturjc hj rbalëi suhbstb,

bspbklglkjhjobetb ^li hb Djeblri b [ëi Vjuci. Jsslo, gjz sbetlhi js rbalòbs suc b suhbstb

tbrbo ojls nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis ei Nrjslc, hb jkirhi kio i jtujc Clvri hb Xioni.

Kiegirob i Clvri hb Xioni his nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis ei Nrjslc, ej

Kcjsslglkjáëi hi Lpmje (>6:;), tbois, hboiestrjhi ei qujhri j sbaulr, js hbeiolejáòbs pir

rbalòbs b j qujetlhjhb hb nbes tionjhis.

Zujhri 7 ‛ ^bcjáëi hj qujetlhjhb hb Nbes Xionjhis ei Nrjslc b sujs rbspbktlvjs rbalòbs^balëi Bstjhis Nbes tionjhis Vbrkbetujc

Eirtb

Jkrb :

;,<%

Jojpê >Jojziejs :

Vjrê ;^iehøelj >Xikjetles >

Eirhbstb

Jcjaijs 7

;8,8%

Njmlj >1Kbjrê ::

Ojrjemëi 8Vjrjïnj =

Vbrejonuki :2Vljuï 7

^li Arjehb hi Eirtb <



78

[bralpb <

[ucVjrjeê 2

:;%^li Arjehb hi [uc >;[jetj Kjtjrlej =

[uhbstb

Bsplrlti [jeti 7

8;,:%Olejs Abrjls 26^li hb Djeblri >8

[ëi Vjuci ;<

Kbetri-Ibstb

Hlstrlti Gbhbrjc :

2,8%Ailês =

Ojti Arissi 8Ojti Arissi hi [uc >

Gietb4 LVMJE, >6:;. Eitj4 Jhjptjhi pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

Ei qujhri jprbsbetjhi jetbrlirobetb, pihbois insbrvjr j qujetlhjhb hb nbes

tionjhis ejs rbalòbs nrjslcblrjs b ejs sujs rbspbktlvjs kjpltjls. Ì lopirtjetb sjclbetjr qub i

ojlir ïehlkb his nbes tionjhis, insbrvjhis ei qujhri 2, bstëi ej rbalëi suhbstb, kio

(8;,:%), sbehi i bstjhi hb Olejs Abrjls kio ojlir ïehlkb hb nbes tionjhis, ei titjc hb

klequbetj nbes (lekcubo-sb jqul is nbes mlstûrlkis, pjlsjaïstlkis, bteicûalkis b

jrqubicûalkis). I obeir ïehlkb hb nbes tionjhis bekietrj-sb ej rbalëi eirtb, kio (;,<%). J

kjpltjc hi Jojziejs b i Jkrb täo jpbejs uo nbo tionjhi b tjonìo ej rbalëi kbetri-ibstb,

j kjpltjc Gbhbrjc, Hlstrlti Gbhbrjc-HG. Ej kjpltjc oleblrj, j eissi vbr, dustlglkj-sb j

qujetlhjhb hb nbes tionjhis, pils ì uoj hjs klhjhbs ojls jetlajs hi Nrjslc, irlalejhis

hbshb i sìkuci ]WL, jcl bstëi is vbstïalis hj mlstûrlj b j oboûrlj hi Nrjslc, tjeti ej jrtb, ej

jrqultbturj njrrikj, eis mênltis b eis kistuobs kicieljls.

Eis nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis, sbdjo oieuobetis, kbetris mlstûrlkis betrb iutris,

cikjclzjhis ejs klhjhbs oleblrjs, kioi Iuri Vrbti, Ojrljej, jcl bstëi vlvjs, bo tbrois hb

rbprbsbetjtlvlhjhb, j mlstûrlj hi Nrjslc. [bauehi i clvri hb tioni hi Lpmje, insbrvjhis ei

(Zujhri 7), bstëi kltjhjs js guturjs lesbráòbs pjrj i tionjobeti his nbes kucturjls b sujs

rbspbktlvjs rbalòbs.

Zujhri 1 ‛ Nbes kucturjls jprivjhis bo trjoltjáëi pjrj guturj lesbráëi ei clvri hb tioni hi LVMJE^balëi Nbes j sbrbo tionjhis Eirtb >

Eirhbstb 1[uc 8

[uhbstb 7Kbetri-Ibstb 7

Gietb4 LVMJE, >6:;. Eitj4 Bcjnirjhi pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.



72

Vihbois insbrvjr qub ojls uoj vbz j rbalëi eirtb ì j obeis prlvlcbaljhj, kio

jpbejs hils nbes j sbrbo pjtrloieljclzjhis. Xrjz jqul j lehjajáëi4 sbrê qub ej rbalëi eirtb

is nbes kucturjls bxlstbetbs qub kiestltubo i Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki hi Nrjslc täo obeis vjcir

pjtrloieljc hi qub j rbalëi suhbstb9 Vils4 –J kucturj kiestltul-sb hb tuhi qub is miobes

jhqulrbo ei trjeskursi hb suj vlhj‟ (KCJWJC, >662, p. <6).

^bkbnbois uo bojrjemjhi hb slaelglkjtlvi hb kiopirtjobetis, hb sjnbrgjzbr, hb kiembklobeti b hb krbeájs hb eissis pjls b hjs pbssijs kio jsqujls kievlvbois divbes4 j kucturj kiestltul-sb pir obli hb indbtis b rltishi pjssjhi, ì uo pjtrloøeli0 ì j bxpbrläeklj lehlvlhujc b kicbtlvj j ojeblrjkioi rbjalois jis bvbetis kitlhljeis, i qub tjonìo letbarj i prbsbetb0 jkucturj kiesiclhj-sb b sb oivlobetj jis pcjeis qub is arupis sikljls

lojalejo pjrj i guturi. J kucturj hbvb sbr clhj kioi uoj eiáëi hleîolkj,qub letbrclaj i pjssjhi, i prbsbetb b i guturi (KCJWJC, >662 jpuhKI[XJ0 [KJ^CJXI, >6:>, p. :67).

Kiegirob j kltjáëi jetbrlir, pihbois pbrkbnbr qub eëi bxlstb cuajr, rbalëi,

klhjhb iu uo oieuobeti ojls jholrêvbc iu ojls vjclisi hi qub i iutri. Jsslo, sb j kucturj

bstê prbsbetb bo eissj irlabo b eis vbstïalis hblxjhis, tirej-sb lopissïvbc obesurjr,

kcjsslglkjr b sbcbkliejr i vjcir kucturjc hb uo cuajr. Ebstb sbetlhi, i –pjtrloøeli kucturjc eëi

ì ojls qub j oboûrlj hb eûs obsois b, tjonìo pir lssi, sëi rbgbrbekljls sikljls, bspjkljls,

mlstûrlkis b bxlstbekljls‟ (K^RT, >6:>, p. :66). Bstjnbcbkbois js jtrlnuláòbs hb vjcirbs kio

i sïonici b i lojaleêrli qub jcauo indbti iu jrtbgjti eis rbprbsbetj, pils is vjcirbs

kucturjls bstëi prbsbetbs bo kjhj lehlvïhui, hbshb i sbu ejsklobeti, kio sujs krbeájs,

kistuobs b vjcirbs, sbdjo bcbs jhqulrlhis ji cieai hj vlhj iu obsoi jqubcbs mbrhjhis pbcj

gjoïclj ji cieai his jeis.

;.>.:.: Oieuobetis ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti4 tbopi pjssjhi b i tbopi prbsbetb

^btiojehi j Jtj hb Xionjobeti (>66=), pihbois pbrkbnbr j lehlaejáëi ej gjcj

hb uo his kiesbcmblris ei qub hlz rbspblti æ hboicláëi hb jcaues oieuobetis ej klhjhb hb

Virti Ejkliejc, bo bspbkïglki ji Kbetri Mlstûrlki4

P..._ sb hbvbois iu eëi rbpir js kilsjs ej suj gbláëi, qujehi sjnbois qujchbvbrlj sbr j gbláëi hb kbrtjs inrjs bxkbpkliejls. Ojs, ei kjsi hjs kjsjsslopcbs hb Ailês Wbcmi iu hb Virti Ejkliejc, ji vbr js lojabes, qubgirjo piukjs b oulti rêplhjs, ob pjrbkbu bvlhbetb qub sinrjrjo his

bhlgïklis hb jrqultbturj vbreêkucj jpbejs pbhjáis. Iu eûs is rbpiois hbojeblrj j ajrjetlr i oïeloi hb kibräeklj ei qub sb qubr prbsbrvjr iu, kioiei kjsi hj larbdj, ob pbroltlrlj hlvbralr hi pjrbkbr hi Kiesbcmblri ^bcjtir.



77

Wjois tionjr b prboljr is qub hboiclrjo j larbdj irlalejc nrjslcblrj, qub ì hj mlstûrlj hj rbalëi b gil hbstruïhj. [b tionjrois i bhlgïkli qubgil pisti bo sbu cuajr, hbvbois tionjr tihis is bhlgïklis qub girjokiestruïhis ebstb pjïs ei cuajr hjs larbdjs lopirtjetbs qub girjo hboiclhjs.

Eûs eëi tbois ejhj j vbr kio bssj jrqultbturj, kio tihi i rbspblti pbcjmlstûrlj hi Ouelkïpli (LVMJE, >66=, p. =, arlgi obu).

I prloblri hbstjqub ej kltjáëi jetbrlir kirrbspiehb j uoj krïtlkj gbltj pir uo

his Kiesbcmblris ei qub hlz rbspblti æ piukj hikuobetjáëi sinrb i ouelkïpli, pils pjrj

jqubcb oiobeti ei qujc bstjvj sbehi hlskutlhi i tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc, tirejvj-sb

leklplbetb j jprivjáëi hi tionjobeti kio jpbejs uo vïhbi hboiestrjtlvi, b bssb vïhbi eëi

kiesbaulu oistrjr i kiedueti jrqultbtøelki b pjlsjaïstlki hj klhjhb. Is abstirbs ouelklpjls

hj ìpikj tbrljo qub tbr ojls rlair ej sbcbáëi hj hikuobetjáëi kioi i mlstûrlki his loûvbls

ojls bvlhbetbs b jetlais hj klhjhb, j abebjcialj hj gjoïclj pbrtbekbetb ji loûvbc, nbo kioi

suj jrqultbturj (bstlci kicieljc), uo ojeujc lcustrjtlvi hb kjhj loûvbc kio lojabes letbrejs b

bxtbrejs pjrj obcmir vlsujclzjáëi betrb iutris. Mê lehïklis jqul hb qub miuvb piukj

legirojáëi ei qub sb rbgbrb æ kioprivjáëi pir obli hj hikuobetjáëi, b hb qub j ojlirlj

his kiesbcmblris gil rlairisj iu obsoi hbsgjvirêvbc ji tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI.

Ei sbauehi hbstjqub ej kltjáëi jkloj, tbo-sb4 –Wjois tionjr b prboljr is qub

hboiclrjo j larbdj irlalejc nrjslcblrj, qub ì hj mlstûrlj hj rbalëi b gil hbstruïhj P..._‟, jqul,

kirrbspiehb uoj iutrj krïtlkj, pils jetbs hj kiestruáëi hj lopiebetb Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj

hjs Obrkäs, bxlstlj uoj pbqubej kjpbcj bo bstlci kicieljc. Ojs kio j kmbajhj his Vjhrbs

hiolelkjeis, bo objhis hb :==7, gil kiestruïhj j lopiebetb Kjtbhrjc bo bstlci rioîelki,

jrqultbturj hb irlabo grjekbsj (glaurj >, vbr p.26). Hlgbrbetbobetb hj kjpbcj qub gil

hboiclhj, bo bstlci kicieljc, bstj slo, brj irlaleêrlj hj jrqultbturj nrjslcblrj b kiopuemj j

ojcmj urnjej ji betirei hj Kjtbhrjc. Ej vlsëi his kiesbcmblris, j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj

hjs Obrkäs hbskjrjktbrlzj i betirei. Jpûs vêrljs hlskussòbs, i tionjobeti ì jkblti bo uoj

hjs gjcjs his kiesbcmblris qub kiopuemj jqubcj rbuelëi4

Jkmi qub ì obli kiestrjeabhir bssj hlskussëi sbr gbltj ej prbsbeáj hjs pbssijs, qub, kio tihj j nij vietjhb b kio tihi i letbrbssb, qubrbo j prbsbrvjáëi hbssb nbo. Jkmi qub ebssb oiobeti hbvbois jprivjr pirqub,ì sbo hôvlhj ebemuoj, uo ojrki mlstûrlki. Hi pieti hb vlstj urnjeïstlki bjrqultbtøelki eëi vbdi ojlir trjeskbehäeklj, ojs hi pieti hb vlstjmlstûrlki, hb kiequlstj hi letbrlir hi Nrjslc P..._ (LVMJE, >66=, p. :1).



71

Iutrj gjcj qub sb tirej slaelglkjtlvj pjrj bssb oiobeti4

Ojs jqubcj larbdj, ejqubcb cuajr, hlz jcauoj kilsj lopirtjetb sinrb i tlpi

hb pjïs qub i Nrjslc ì b gil, jduhj j eis bxpclkjr obcmir. Iutrj kilsj qubjkmi lopirtjetb ì i bopbemi hj kiouelhjhb bo sbr rbkiembklhj ebssjqujclhjhb qub eëi cmb trjz cukri pjrtlkucjr, eëi mjvbrê uo juobeti hblevbstlobetis hb turlsoi, Virti Ejkliejc kietleuj cieab, ojs mê ihbsbdi hb sbr rbkiembklhi. Xbemi oulti obhi hb grustrjr bssb tlpi hbhbtbrolejáëi kïvlkj ejkliejc urnjej (LVMJE, >66=, p. :=, arlgi obu).

J bxprbssëi hbstjkjhj ej kltjáëi kiehlz kio uoj pissïvbc rbjclhjhb ei Kbetri

Mlstûrlki, iu sbdj, kio i tionjobeti –eëi mjvbrê turlstjs‟, pils eëi mjvbrê uo juobeti

slaelglkjtlvi his turlstjs j Virti Ejkliejc. Lssi hbvlhi j jcauojs qubstòbs hb ciaïstlkj, kioi,

pir bxbopci, i trjescjhi hb Vjcojs æ klhjhb, j arjehb rbhuáëi hb turlstjs b/iu bxkurslielstjs

hbvlhi æ kiestruáëi hi rbsbrvjtûrli hj Rslej Mlhrbcìtrlkj Culz Bhujrhi Ojajcmëbs (RMB),

sunstltulehi i ^li Virti ^bjc, betrb iutris. Vir Virti Ejkliejc bstjr kio uoj cikjclhjhb

oulti –hlstjetb his kbetris urnjeis hi Xikjetles‟, obsoi jsslo pbci lsicjobeti –mê i

hbsbdi hb sbr rbkiembklhi‟. Js lopisláòbs b is hlskursis utlclzjhis jglrojo b loprbaejo ej

siklbhjhb uo sbetlhi hb hbskjsi b rbdbláëi pjrj j klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc.

Jsslo i Lpmje bskcjrbkb qub4

Is pjhrbs hiolelkjeis grjekbsbs ji hbklhlr pbcj hboicláëi hj jetlaj kjpbcjb pbcj kiestruáëi hj eivj larbdj oistrjvjo qub vlemjo hb uoj iutrjojtrlz kucturjc. J kjtbhrjc hjs jetlajs klhjhbs grjekbsjs eëi sb letbarj, jrlair, æ pjlsjabo urnjej. Lopòb-sb kioi uo pihbr ojlir b kioi jbxprbssëi hb uoj jskbehäeklj. I indbtlvi brj privikjr eis glìls uo tboirrbvbrbekljc lesplrjhi pir bhlglkjáòbs qub, pbcjs sujs prûprljs hlobesòbs,hboistrjvjo j suprbojklj hi sjarjhi sinrb i prigjei (LVMJE, >66=, p. ;;,arlgi obu).

Vihbois eitjr ej grjsb bo hbstjqub uoj rupturj his vjcirbs b kistuobs. Vjrjjqubcb oiobeti ì kioi sb j klhjhb pbrhbssb sbus vjcirbs pjrj jarbajr iutrj kucturj tirejehi

is pirtubesb –jkucturjhis‟ jis mênltis, kistuobs b krbeájs his grjekbsbs.

Iutrj jctbrjáëi slaelglkjtlvj hj pjlsjabo gil ei Vjcêkli Bplskipjc iehb

guekliejvj j Bskicj [bkuehêrlj [jeti Xioês hb Jqulei, hlspisti ej glaurj sbauletb4



7=

Glaurj ; ‛ Vjcêkli Bplskipjc bo objhis his jeis 86

Gietb4 Jrqulvi pbssijc hb Mbrtie Nrlti.

Ej glaurj j sbaulr, pihbois insbrvjr kioi bstê i Vjcêkli Bplskipjc eis hljs

jtujls b suj cikjclzjáëi, midb, kioi Oltrj Hlikbsjej.

Glaurj 8 ‛ Oltrj Hlikbsjej hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj. Eitj4 Gitiarjglj tlrjhj bo :<-6;->6:8, pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

I [boleêrli [ëi Disì, jetlai Kievbeti [jetj ^isj hb Cloj (glaurj 8), ì sbhb his

pjhrbs hiolelkjeis hbshb i leïkli hj hìkjhj hb vletb (VI^XI EJKLIEJC, >6::, p. 2). Bo

:<21, j pjrtb supbrlir hi jetlai sinrjhi, pir oitlvis hb bstruturj gïslkj b pbrlkucislhjhb ej



7<

sbaurjeáj, gil rbtlrjhj b eëi miuvb rbstjurjáëi pjrj prbsbrvjr b ojetbr js kjrjktbrïstlkjs

irlalejls hi loûvbc.

J Hlikbsb hb Virti Ejkliejc gil krljhj bo :<:2 pbci Vjpj Nbeti ]W, glkjehi pir

kleki jeis æ bspbrj hb uo nlspi, pils is hils prloblris bskicmlhis eëi jkbltjrjo j olssëi

(JRH^LE, :<87). [iobetb bo :<>6 Hioleais Kjrrbrit jssuob i nlspjhi hb Virti

Ejkliejc-XI.

J sbaulr tbois is prloblris ojrkis hj kiestruáëi hi Kirbti hb Virti Ejkliejc

ej hìkjhj hb 26. Cikjclzjhi midb ej prjáj Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs.

Glaurj 2 ‛ Kiestruáëi hi Kirbti bo Virti Ejkliejc-XI

Gietb4 Jrqulvi pbssijc hb Mbrtie Nrlti.

J lojabo jetbrlir oistrj i pbrïihi bo qub i kirbti bstjvj sbehi braulhi, bo objhis

hj hìkjhj hb 26. Dê ji guehi mê hujs kjsjs, qub glkjvjo hb grbetb pjrj j lopiebetb Kjtbhrjc b ji

suc hi ^li Xikjetles. [bauehi i Hisslä hb Xionjobeti4

J hboicláëi hbssbs bhlgïklis, sinrbtuhi j hi kirbti, abriu oultis pritbstishj pipucjáëi. Wêrlis sbaobetis sikljls sb ojelgbstjrjo punclkjobetb bokioïklis b pjssbjtjs rbjclzjehi i betbrri slonûclki hi kirbti ciai jpûs sujhboicláëi qub ikirrbu bo pcbej ojhruajhj P..._ (LVMJE, >66=, p. :7).



16

Glaurj 7 ‛ Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs b i Kirbti

Gietb4 Jrqulvi pbssijc hb Mbrtie Nrlti, :<8= kiestruáëi hi kirbti.

Kiegirob is bstuhis hb Obssljs (>6:>), pir kjusj hj kiestruáëi hj Rslej

Mlhrbcìtrlkj Culz Bhujrhi Ojajcmëbs (RBM), Ojrlj Disì, uojs hjs betrbvlstjhjs b oirjhirj

hb uoj hjs kjsjs qub glkjvj bo grbetb æ Kjtbhrjc, cjobetjvj i diai hb letbrbssbs bkieøolkis

hi Bstjhi b hj Levbstki, hbvlhi j bssb arjehlisi boprbbehlobeti. Vjrj j kiestruáëi hj Ircj

Nblrj ^li hb Virti Ejkliejc, girjo hboiclhjs oultjs kjsjs ei kbetri mlstûrlki, kio

oêqulejs pbsjhjs. –J rbgbräeklj qub brj i kirbti ej grbetb hj kjtbhrjc gil titjcobetb

hbstruïhj pjrj sbr kiestruïhj uoj prjáj qub eëi tbo ejhj j vbr kio j jrqultbturj hj Kjtbhrjc.

Ì uo oietb hb kiekrbti qub eëi tbo ejhj j vbr kio j jrqultbturj hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki P..._‟

(OB[[LJ[, >6:>, p. 8=, betrbvlstj kiekbhlhj), jglrojáëi vlsujclzjhj jnjlxi4



1:

Glaurj 1 ‛ Jtujc Vrjáj Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj. Eitj4 Gitiarjglj tlrjhj bo :<-6;->6:8, pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

J lojabo jkloj hbstjkj j Vrjáj Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs titjcobetb

oihlglkjhj, sbo i kirbti b js kjsjs hb grbetb pjrj Kjtbhrjc. Vihbois kiegbrlr ej lojabo, bo

iutri îeauci, qub eis hljs jtujls mê jpbejs j bxlstäeklj hb uo ouri gblti hb pbhrj kjeaj hb

grbetb pjrj j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs. [b js hujs kjsjs, vlsti jetbrlirobetb,

lopbhljo j vlstj pjrj j Kjtbhrjc, pihbois eitjr qub ejhj ouhiu, pils miuvb jpbejs uoj

sunstltuláëi. I ouri qub sunstltulu js hujs kjsjs tjonìo sb tirej uo bopbklcmi,

jtrjpjcmjehi j vlstj hj Kjtbhrjc bo rbcjáëi ji rli. Hlgbrbetbobetb hb uo joietijhi hb

pbhrjs, js kjsjs slo, pissuïjo uo vjcir slonûclki b sbetlobetjc pjrj is qub rbslhljo jcl.

Eis bstuhis hb Kistj (>6:6), bcb jejclsj js klhjhbs kicieljls qub girjo

hbskjrjktbrlzjhjs pir aivbrejeájs urnjejs bo qub js klhjhbs sëi pjtrloøelis vlstis kioi

prihuti obrkjetlc, pils –P..._ pjrtb hb uoj abiarjglj klbetb hj ebkbssêrlj hljcìtlkj betrb j

indbtlvlhjhb hi ouehi b suj rbprbsbetjáëi slonûclkj, i qub eis pbroltb gjzbr j cblturj hjs

eivjs bspjkljclhjhbs hjs rbprbsbetjáòbs sikljls iu hjs rbcjáòbs b letbrprbtjáòbs sikljls hi

ouehi kirpirlglkjhjs ei bspjái‟ (KI[XJ, >6:6, p. :82).



1>

Jsslo4

Bssjs pjlsjabes sëi prihuti hj jpriprljáëi b trjesgirojáëi hi oblijonlbetb pbci miobo b pissubo slaelglkjhis slonûclkis. Bcjs rbgcbtbo

girojs hb kioi is sbrbs muojeis letbrlirlzjo i bspjái b j ejturbzj b isletbarj bo sbu prûprli slstboj kucturjc. Jcìo hlssi, rbgcbtbo is kiegcltislehbeltêrlis b kioi is arupis sikljls sb leskrbvbo bo uo bspjái abiarêglki

prbklsi (JCOBLHJ, >66=, p. 81).

Eis bstuhis hb Obssljs (>6:>), uoj hjs oirjhirjs, kudj kjsj glkjvj bo grbetb æ

Kjtbhrjc, bxprbssiu j priguehj trlstbzj qub sbetlu ji tbr hb hblxjr suj kjsj, sbu cjr, sbu

tbrrltûrli4

P..._ Bu sleti uoj jojraurj oulti arjehb pirqub j mlstûrlj hb Virti

Ejkliejc bstê jkjnjehi oultjs kjsjs qub kiopuemjo j prjáj girjohbrrunjhjs kio i prbtbxti hb bonbcbzjobeti pjrj hjr ojlir vlslnlclhjhb pjrj j Kjtbhrjc, b ei betjeti, lssi eëi jkietbkbu, pils glkiu tuhi oulti gbliP..._. J olemj kjsj brj hb grbetb pjrj j kjtbhrjc b i guehi pjrj i rli. Brj jkilsj ojls clehj hi ouehi j olemj kjsj P..._ (OB[[LJ[, >6:>, p. 22,betrbvlstj kiekbhlhj).

Ej gjcj bxprbssj pir iutrj betrbvlstjhj4

J kiestruáëi hj Jvbelhj Nblrj ^li, pjrj olo, gil oitlvi hb uoj hir oulti

arjehb bo vbr sbehi hbrrunjhjs tihjs js êrvirbs, js ojeaublrjs, is lpäs qubj abetb nrlekiu jcl bonjlxi. Ej ikjslëi hj hbstruláëi hjs jrvirbs, is olkissjïrjo kirrbehi pjrj js eissjs kjsjs, arltjehi. Ì oulti hlgïklc pjrj eûs.Vbrhbois i rli, pbrhbois j prjlj, pbrhbois i kirbti, girjo hbstruïhjsvêrljs kjsjs pjrj pihbr kiestrulr j Jvbelhj Nblrj ^li. Betëi i pjtrloøelimlstûrlki eûs pbrhbois (OB[[LJ[, >6:>, p. :>=, betrbvlstj kiekbhlhj).

Jlehj sbauehi j jutirj4

Bo Virti Ejkliejc j kiestruáëi hj Jvbelhj Nblrj ^li rbprbsbetiu js girájs

hi obrkjhi, hj ouhjeáj, hi hbscikjobeti, hi hbsberjlzjobeti, hjoihbrelzjáëi qub hbscikjrjo is oirjhirbs hb sbus cuajrbs trjhlkliejls,hbvirjrjo j pjlsjabo kiestruïhj ji cieai hi tbopi b bstjnbcbkbrjo uojeivj pjlsjabo urnjej qub eëi vjcirlziu j mlstûrlj b ebo j kucturj cikjc(OB[[LJ[, >6:>, p. :><).

Midb pihbois eis pbrauetjr jtì qub pieti bssj oihbrelhjhb ì gjvirêvbc, pils

–sbr oihbrei ì vlvbr uoj vlhj hb pjrjhixi b kietrjhláëi‟ (NB^OJE, :<=7, p.:>). Jsslo4

J bxpbrläeklj jonlbetjc hj oihbrelhjhb jeucj tihjs js grietblrjs

abiarêglkjs b rjkljls, hb kcjssb b ejkliejclhjhb, hb rbclalëi b lhbicialj4 ebssbsbetlhi, pihb-sb hlzbr qub j oihbrelhjhb ueb j bspìklb muojej. Virìo, ìuoj uelhjhb pjrjhixjc, uoj uelhjhb hb hbsuelhjhb4 bcj eis hbspbdj j tihis



1;

euo turnlcmëi hb pbrojebetb hbsletbarjáëi b ouhjeáj, hb cutj bkietrjhláëi, hb jonlaulhjhb b jeaôstlj (NBÔJE, :<=7, p. :2).

Vjrjgrjsbjehi Nbroje ej kltjáëi jetbrlir pihbois insbrvjr qub i Kbetri

Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc ì uoj uelhjhb –pjrjhixjc‟ kiopistj hb priguehjs ouhjeájs ej

pjlsjabo b eis kltjhleis. Bssjs letbrvbeáòbs bstëi prbsbetb ei bspjái abiarêglki ei qujc

pihbois insbrvjr ejs lojabes sbauletbs.

Glaurj = ‛ Kjsjrëi his Ojljs

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj. Eitj4 Gitiarjglj tlrjhj bo :<-;->6:8, pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti.

Cikjclzjhj æ ûj Diëi Jlrbs Dikj hb bsqulej kio j ûj Abtôcli Wjrajs, j

kiestruáëi hi kjsjrëi his Ojlj ikirrbu eis jeis hb :<86 j :<88. I priprlbtêrli, Dijqulo

Ojlj Cbltb, kietrjtiu Djeuêrli Hljs pjrj supbrvlsliejr j bhlglkjáëi. I tbti ì hb ojhblrj

ricláj, js pjrbhbs hb jhinb b kjc, i plsi hb tldici hb njrri, js djebcjs sëi tihjs irlalejls, kio

jctbrjáëi jpbejs ej pirtj prleklpjc b ejs arjhbs hb pritbáëi. J kjsj pbrtbekb æ gjoïclj jtì

midb (ÎXBLÎ..., >6:8). –Jpbsjr hjs inrjs hj mlhrbcìtrlkj tbrbo krljhi i cjai b trjzlhi j

êauj pjrj ojls prûxloi hi kbetri mlstûrlki, j pjlsjabo gil piuki jgbtjhj bo tbrois

vlsujls. Kietleuj-sb kio vlsëi hb uo pirti, sû qub jairj cjkustrb‟ (LVMJE, >661, p. 7>

arlgi obu). Ebssj kltjáëi, pihbois vbrlglkjr j iusjhlj hj dustlglkjtlvj usjhj pjrj j jprivjáëi

hi tionjobeti kietlhi ei Hisslä hb Xionjobeti. Iu sbdj, pjrj jqubcj ìpikj, js kjsjs qub

girjo hboiclhjs eëi tlemjo lopirtîeklj, eëi tlemjo vjcir. Bssj dustlglkjtlvj gil uoj giroj



18

hb hboiestrjr qub, j pjrtlr hjqubcb oiobeti bo >661 b >66=, is piukis loûvbls

kjrjktbrïstlkis hi bstlci kicieljc qub rbstjrjo sbrljo prbsbrvjhis.

Jsslo kioi bssbs kjsjròbs obekliejhis jetbrlirobetb täo uo vjcir pjrj j

siklbhjhb pirtubesb, ì lopirtjetb hbstjkjr jqul iutris loûvbls, kioi j4 Vrjáj hi Kbetbeêrli,

i Kicìali hjs Lroës b i Kjsjrëi his Ojljs eëi bstëi leskrltis ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti hb

>66= b i rbtlglkjhi hb >6:> (vbr glaurj < b :6). Jqul, tirej-sb kietrjhltûrli bstb ôctloi

kjsjrëi obekliejhi ji Hisslä hb tionjobeti (>661), i qujc jpjrbkb ej êrbj hb hbcloltjáëi

hb tionjobeti rbgbrbekljhj b lkieiarjgjhj.



12

8 VJX^LOØELI B XB^^LXÛ^LI4 VICÏAIEI HB XIONJOBEXI B [BR CLOLXB

–J giráj hj jclbejáëi vbo hbssj grjalclhjhb his lehlvïhuis, qujehi jpbejs

kiesbaubo lhbetlglkjr i qub is sbpjrj b eëi i qub is ueb‟ ([JEXI[, :<<=, p. :1).

I Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc ‛ XI tbvb sbu tionjobeti ei jei hb >66=,

pbci hikuobeti qub letltucj i pjtrloøeli tikjetlebesb, lekcusj ej Jtj hb Xionjobeti hj 2<´

^buelëi hi Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc (LVMJE). Gil jprivjhj uoj êrbj

urnjej, j qujc sb sunhlvlhb bo hujs4 uoj êrbj ojlir hbeiolejhj piclaiejc hb betirei, b uoj

obeir hbeiolejhj picïaiei hb tionjobeti (vbr glaurj < b :6). Jkrbhltjois qub j sbcbáëi

hjs kjsjs kietlhjs ej piclaiejc hb tionjobeti sëi is loûvbls ojls slaelglkjtlvis ei sbetlhihb tbrbo sigrlhi piukjs letbrvbeáòbs ei qub sb rbgbrb j suj bstruturj bxtbrej b letbrej. Mê

jprixlojhjobetb 18 nbes tionjhis ej piclaiejc hb tionjobeti b :17 lesbrlhis pjrj

piclaiejc hb betirei, hjhis his nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis kiegirob i Hisslä hb Xionjobeti

(>661). Ì lopirtjetb insbrvjr qub ej êrbj tionjhj hi picïaiei hb tionjobeti hi jei hb

>66= bxlstljo loûvbls ei obli hj qujhrj qub eëi girjo tionjhis, iu sbdj, eëi bstjvjo

kietlhis ej piclaiejc hb tionjobeti. Eitj-sb lssi bo träs rujs4 Kiriebc Vlemblri (kiembklhj

kioi Kjnjájki), ^uj Vjhrb Jetøeli hb Cbois b, pir glo, ej ^uj Grjeklski Jlrbs hj [lcvj

(Glaurj <).

Ei jei hb >6:: miuvb uo juobeti hj êrbj hbcloltjhj ej piclaiejc, punclkjhj ei

Hlêrli Iglkljc hj Relëi bo >6:>. Kio j rbtlglkjáëi hj êrbj tionjhj, pihbois pbrkbnbr

jctbrjáëi his hjhis jprixlojhis hb loûvbls bo suj piclaiejc hb betirei, jairj kiopistj

pir jprixlojhjobetb :26. Bequjeti ej piclaiejc hb tionjobeti kietj kio

jprixlojhjobetb ::6 loûvbls, titjclzjehi uo bqulvjcbetb hb >76 nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis.

Betrb bcbs bstëi lekcusjs rbslhäekljs pjrtlkucjrbs, is kjsjròbs his Jlrbs, his Ojljs, b loûvbls

pônclkis, kioi i Ousbu Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc b j Kjsj hb Kucturj, betrb iutris. [brëi

vlsujclzjhis j sbaulr jcaues loûvbls pjtrloieljclzjhis hi kbetri mlstûrlki, cbonrjhi qub bssj

sbcbáëi jkietbkbu hb giroj jcbjtûrlj. [bcbkliejois jpbejs jcaues loûvbls qub sëi ojls

bvlhbetbs hbvlhi ji sbu jrrjedi. Jsslo, –kioprbbehbr pir qub hbtbrolejhis nbes b indbtis

obrbkbo sbr prbsbrvjhis b iutris eëi ì jcai pjssïvbc hb priguehjs hlskussòbs‟ (K^RT, >6:>,

p. <2).

Ei kbetri mlstûrlki, ì eitûrli lhbetlglkjr is nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis pir obli hb

prlvlcìali hb bskicmj, nbo kioi js rbvltjclzjáòbs hb kjhj loûvbc. Oultis loûvbls jlehj eis

hljs jtujls prbsbrvjo sujs kjrjktbrïstlkjs irlalejls, bstlci kicieljc, ojls j ojlirlj girjo



17

oihlglkjhis, pjssjehi pir trjesgirojáòbs b hrêstlkjs ouhjeájs, jctbrjehi j lojabo

bspjkljc. Kioi j klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc ì kiembklhj kioi j Kjpltjc hj kucturj, tirej-sb

kietrjhltûrli js vêrljs hboicláòbs sigrlhjs ji cieai his jeis. Gjti qub pihbois obekliejr4

j hbrrunjhj hi kirbti ei jei hb >66: b j kiestruáëi hj Ircj Nblrj ^li.



11

Glaurj < - Viclaiejc hb Xionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI/>66=

Gietb4 LVMJE, >661.



1=

J glaurj jetbrlir gjz pjrtb his cloltbs bstjnbcbklhis ei tbrrltûrli, tirejehi jsslo

uo –tbrrltûrli usjhi‟ ([JEXI[, >6::). Rsjhi pbcjs pbssijs, qub vlsltjo i Kbetri Mlstûrlki

iu pbssijs qub jcl rbslhbo. Ebssb sbetlhi, i tbrrltûrli ì tuhi qub bstê bo eissj victj,

kiestltulehi jsslo uo bspjái, iu sbdj, i tbrrltûrli ì tuhi jqulci qub eis kbrkj,

lehbpbehbetbobetb hi jonlbetb qub –usjois‟.

I tbrrltûrli eëi ì jpbejs i rbsuctjhi hj supbrpisláëi hb uo kiedueti hbslstbojs ejturjls b uo kiedueti hb slstbojs hb kilsjs krljhjs pbci miobo.I tbrrltûrli ì i kmëi b ojls j pipucjáëi, lsti ì, uoj lhbetlhjhb, i gjti b isbetlobeti hb pbrtbekbr æqulci qub eis pbrtbekb. I tbrrltûrli ì j njsb hitrjnjcmi, hj rbslstäeklj, hjs trikjs ojtbrljls b bsplrltujls b hj vlhj, sinrb isqujls bcb legcul ([JEXI[, >6::, p. <7).

[bauehi i jutir, ei bspjái, jcìo his indbtis, bxlstbo js jáòbs muojejs sinrb is

indbtis. [ëi letbrvbeáòbs, iu sbdj, oihlglkjáòbs hb girojs, oivlobetis, sies, abstis, mênltis

betrb iutris. J glaurj j sbaulr trjz is cloltbs bstjnbcbklhis kio j rbtlglkjáëi ikirrlhj bo

>6:> ei qub sb rbgbrb æ êrbj tionjhj hi kbetri mlstûrlki (vbr Glaurj :6). Vihbois pbrkbnbr

qub miuvb uoj jopcljáëi hi tbrrltûrli pjtrloieljclzjhi, iu sbdj, is loûvbls obekliejhis

jetbrlirobetb ej ûj Vjhrb Jetøeli, ûj Dijqulo Vlemblri b Grjeklski Jlrbs hj [lcvj girjo

lesbrlhis ebssj eivj hbcloltjáëi ej piclaiejc hb tionjobeti. Ojs glkj uoj kietrjpisláëi

sinrb i kicìali hjs Lroës, cikjclzjhi ej ûj Dijqulo Vbrblrj, i Kjsjrëi his Ojlj b j Vrjáj

hi Kbetbeêrli, bxkcusjs hbssb jtujc picïaiei hb tionjobeti.



1<

Glaurj :6 ‛ ^btlglkjáëi ‛ Viclaiejc hb Xionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI/ >6:>

Gietb4 LVMJE, >6:>.



=6

Kiegirob Mjbsnjbrt (>668), j kiekbltujáëi hi tbrrltûrli nbo kioi suj ikupjáëi

ei bspjái ì pietujhj bo träs jspbktis4 picïtlki, kucturjc/slonûclki b bkieøolki. Jlehj

sbauehi is pbesjobetis hi jutir –tbrrltirljclzjr-sb slaelglkj tjonìo, midb, kiestrulr iu

kietricjr gcuxis b rbhbs b krljr rbgbrbekljls slonûclkis euo bspjái bo oivlobeti, ei b pbci

oivlobeti‟ (KI[XJ, >668, p. >=6). Eis hlzbrbs hi jutir, –i tbrrltûrli hb qujcqubr giroj

hlgbrb-sb jetbs hb tuhi kio rbgbräeklj js rbcjáòbs sikljls iu kucturjls, bo sbetlhi jopci b ji

kietbxti mlstûrlki qub bstê lesbrlhi‟. Ej kiestltuláëi hi tbrrltûrli bo pjlsjabo kucturjc,

pihbois lojalejr uo jspbkti ojkri b olkri. I prloblri, ei sbetlhi hb qub tihis is loûvbls

pjtrloieljclzjhis ikupjo uo tbrrltûrli, ebssb, j ojcmj urnjej, i picïaiei tionjhi. Bo

rbcjáëi olkri, pihbois obekliejr, pir bxbopci, i tbrrltûrli letbrei æ Kjtbhrjc Eissj

[bemirj hjs Obrkäs, jcl bstëi is sbetlobetis, j jholrjáëi ji nbci, i rbspblti, js sbesjáòbs,js boiáòbs, i lojaleêrli slonûclki b js cbonrjeájs qub sb trjesgirojo bo rbsajtb hi

–sbetlobeti hb pbrtbeklobeti‟, jqul pihbois lekculr j prbsbeáj hi pjtrloøeli lojtbrljc.

Jqulci qub ì letjeaïvbc, jnstrjti, sëi is sbetlobetis sbesïvbls b js cbonrjeájs hb uo tbopi

pjssjhi, bxprbssi ei prbsbetb, hbeiolejhi hb ruaislhjhbs hjs pjlsjabes ([JEXI[ >6::).

Ej kiekbpáëi hb Kcjvjc (:<<<, p. ::)4

Gjcjr bo tbrrltûrli bo vbz hb bspjái ì bvlhbekljr qub is cuajrbs eis qujls

bstëi leskrltjs js bxlstäekljs muojejs girjo kiestruïhis pbcis miobes, jiobsoi tbopi pbcj suj jáëi tìkelkj b pbci hlskursi qub ojetlemjo sinrbbcj. Js rbcjáòbs qub is arupis ojetäo kio i sbu obli eëi siobetbojtbrljls, sëi tjonìo hb irhbo slonûclkj, i qub is tirej rbgcbxlvis. Ismiobes kiekbnbo sbu jonlbetb ej kieskläeklj hjqulci qub bcbs pjrtlcmjo.

J kltjáëi jetbrlir eis kcjrlglkj j jglrojáëi hb ^jggbstle (:<<;), pils i tbrrltûrli

begjtlzj i kjrêtbr picïtlki b jholelstrjtlvi. Jnirhj-i kioi uo bspjái gïslki, ojrkjhi pbci

pihbr b pbci vjcir hi trjnjcmi muojei. Ebssb pieti, kiekirhjois kio i jutir, pils i

prikbssi hb tionjobeti hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc sb hbu pir letbrvbeáòbs b letbrbssbs picïtlki-jholelstrjtlvis. Lssi pirqub i bstjhi hi Xikjetles bstjvj pjssjehi pir uo prikbssi

hb bojeklpjáëi b gil bxjtjobetb ei jei hb :<=< qub sb tirej lehbpbehbetb tirejehi-sb uo

Bstjhi jutøeioi (^IH^LARB[, >6::). J pjrtlr hbssb oiobeti, j mlstûrlj b oboûrlj his

tikjetlebesbs tirejo-sb pietis kmjvb pjrj i sbu tionjobeti. Bcbab-sb, betëi, Virti

Ejkliejc-XI, ojls bspbklglkjobetb j hbcloltjáëi ei Kbetri Mlstûrlki, pjrj is betëi eirtbs-

ailjeis, jairj tikjetlebesbs, pihbr jglrojr qub jairj sëi uo pivi kio kucturj, oboûrlj b

mlstûrlj. –[iois Xikjetlebesbs‟!



=:

Jsslo, –js tìkelkjs sb hëi kioi gjoïcljs, euekj ej mlstûrlj hi miobo, jpjrbkb

uoj tìkelkj lsicjhj0 i qub sb lestjcj sëi arupis hb tìkelkjs, vbrhjhblris slstbojs‟ ([JEXI[,

>6::, p. >8). Iu sbdj, ej kiekbpáëi hi jutir, kio i pjssjr his jeis, js tìkelkjs vëi sb

jpbrgbláijehi, jsslo tjonìo pjrj is oieuobetis. Ebssb jspbkti, pihbois gjzbr uoj

jejcialj bo rbcjáëi j jcauojs kjsjs hi kbetri mlstûrlki, pils jcauojs jlehj prbvjcbkb i bstlci

jrqultbtøelki kicieljc, b bo iutrjs i rioîelki, oihbrei b jlehj i kietbopirîebi. Ebssbs

slstbojs hb krljr b gjzbr, prbhiolej eëi jpbejs uoj tìkelkj ruhlobetjr b uoj jrqultbturj

prloêrlj, b slo vêrljs jrqultbturjs, i qub tirej j ojcmj urnjej hbskjrjktbrlzjhj pir eëi tbr

mjroielj ej pjlsjabo.

J pjlsjabo kucturjc ì j letbrjáëi hi miobo kio j ejturbzj, gcirbstjs, rlis,

oietjemjs betrb iutris. I jetlai rli Xikjetles, æs ojrabes hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc, midbkiembklhi kioi cjai Cuïs Bhujrhi Ojajcmjbs, ì sbo hôvlhj uo his ojls slaelglkjtlvis nbes

lojtbrljls pjrj j pipucjáëi pirtubesb. I rli brj i prleklpjc obli hb trjespirtb, Virti

Ejkliejc brj gietb hb bskijobeti b gcuxi hb pbssijs b obrkjhirljs, clajehi i eirtb ji suc hi

Nrjslc. Ebssb sbetlhi, j rbclalëi, bhukjáëi b i hbsbevicvlobeti hj klhjhb jkietbkbrjo pir

ritjs kiobrkljls b pir trjespirtb gcuvljc.

8.:

Vjlsjabo kucturjc b i bspjái pjtrloieljclzjhi

Bstjois sboprb gjzbehi cblturjs b letbrprbtjáòbs bspjkljls, sbdj insbrvjehi uoj

pjlsjabo ejturjc, pjtrloieljc, jrqubicûalkj betrb iutrjs. Jsslo, gjzbois jcusòbs jis

kiembklobetis jhqulrlhis sbdj i klbetïglki, tbicûalki, rbclalisi iu obsoi i sbesi kiouo.

[ëi sjnbrbs bo kietbxtis hlgbrbetbs qub jhqulrlois ji cieai hi tbopi bo rbtrispbktlvj

krieicûalkj mlstûrlki-abiarêglki-siklicûalkj. Bssjs pjlsjabes, tiojois jqul j kucturj,

sboprb eis rbobetb jcauoj cbonrjeáj b/iu uo rbsajtb ei pjssjhi, qub eis gjz kioprbbehbrb cbonrjr mênltis, krbeájs, kistuobs, trjhláòbs b vjcirbs, midb eëi ojls kuctlvjhis hbvlhi æ

rbvicuáëi tbkeicûalkj. Ebssj rbvicuáëi, j letbrjáëi gjkb j gjkb vbo sbehi sunstltuïhj pbcjs

letbrjáòbs olhlêtlkjs, kioi i kioputjhir, pir obli hj letbrjáëi hjs rbhbs sikljls, tirejehi-

sb uo –obli tìkelki-klbetïglki-legirojkliejc‟ ([JEXI[, >6::).

Js jáòbs b is rbsuctjhis pripistis pbci Lpmje (>66<) sinrb js pjlsjabes kucturjls

nrjslcblrjs vjrljo hb jkirhi kio i cuajr b i kietbxti, pils bxlstbo uoj sìrlb hb

kjrjktbrïstlkjs qub hbvbo sbr jejclsjhjs. Iu sbdj, j krljáëi hb ousbus, kbetris hb

letbrprbtjáëi iu kjsjs hb kucturj, pir bxbopci, eëi ì inrlajtûrlj, ojs sëi jcauojs hjs jáòbs

pissïvbls hb jkietbkbr kioi hbkirräeklj hj suj vjclhjhb. I kiekblti sinrb pjlsjabo kucturjc



=>

bstê hbglelhi ei jrtlai :´ hj Virtjrlj e´ :>1, hb ;6 hb jnrlc hb >66<, i qujc rbprbsbetj uo

oìtihi hb letbrjáëi betrb i obli ejturjc b i miobo (N^J[LC, >66<). Guehjobetiu-sb, ei

jei hb :<<=, kio j Kiestltuláëi hj ^bpônclkj Gbhbrjtlvj, bo qub –i pjtrloøeli kucturjc gil

girojhi kio i nbo ojtbrljc b i lojtbrljc tionjhis bo kiedueti kioi is kbetris mlstûrlkis

iu bo oieuobetis lehlvlhujls pirtjehi hb rbgbräeklj b lhbetlhjhb‟ (LVMJE, >66<, p. :1).

Xihis jqubcbs qub sb lelkljo ei kiembklobeti hjs kläekljs hj ejturbzj ‛ojls kbhi ojls tjrhb, pir uo kjolemi iu pir iutri ‛ jtleabo j lhblj hb qubj pjlsjabo ì sboprb uoj mbrjeáj. Ej vbrhjhb bcj ì uoj mbrjeáj bo tihisis sbetlhis hj pjcjvrj4 mbrjeáj hb prikbssis glsliarêglkis b nlicûalkis, b

pjtrloøeli kicbtlvi his pivis qub mlstirlkjobetb js mbrhjrjo kioitbrrltûrli hb jtujáëi hb sujs kiouelhjhbs (JN“[JNB^, >667, p. <).

Zujehi i jutir obekliej qub –j pjlsjabo ì sboprb uoj mbrjeáj P..._ ì uoj

mbrjeáj bo tihis is sbetlhis‟. Vihbois krbr qub j pjlsjabo bstê hlrbtjobetb clajhj jis

eissis sbetlhis4 tjti, icgjti, vlsëi b pjcjhjr, tirejehi-eis sbesïvbls. Cbonrjoi-eis hb

jcauoj lojabo b/iu bskucturj pir suj tbxturj, iu pbcjs kirbs vlvjs qub rbprbsbetj, iu

tjonìo uoj oôslkj trjesoltlhj bo hlski hb vlelc, ji sbr rbprihuzlhj, eis rbobtb ji pjssjhi,

eëi siobetb pbci supirtb, leutlclzjhi pbcj hbgjsjabo tbkeicûalkj, ojs pbcis rbpbrtûrlis

titjcobetb hlgbrbetbs his hljs jtujls, pir lssi j pjlsjabo ì sboprb cbonrjhj.

P..._ pjrbkb igbrbkbr uoj rlkj pbrspbktlvj qujehi jpclkjhj tjonìo æs eiáòbstrjhlkliejls hi kjopi hj prbsbrvjáëi, pihbehi sbrvlr, pir bxbopci, pjrj jopcljr j

pbrspbktlvj hb vlsjhj sinrb is prûprlis kbetris mlstûrlkis, pbroltlehi cblturjs qubkioprbbehjo dustjobetb js letbrjáòbs betrb is jspbktis ejturjc b kucturjc, ojtbrljcb lojtbrljc hbssbs kieduetis, oultjs vbzbs laeirjhjs (EJ^HL0 KJ[XBCC[, >6:6,

p. 8).

J pjlsjabo, iu sbdj, jqulci qub pihb sbr vlsti tirej-sb midb –uoj rbgcbxëi sinrb

kioi j pjlsjabo tbo slhi kieslhbrjhj ej bskicmj b ej prbsbrvjáëi his kbetris mlstûrlkis nrjslcblris b kioi i vlìs hleîolki, jhitjhi rbkbetbobetb, pihb sbr lekirpirjhi ej

kioprbbesëi his jonlbetbs urnjeis prbsbrvjhis‟ (EJ^HL0 KJ[XBCC[, >6:6, p. 8). Vjrj

Kirräj b ^isbehjmc (>6:>, p.:>), –j pjlsjabo abiarêglkj iu kucturjc rbsuctj hj jáëi muojej

ji cieai hi tbopi sinrb j pjlsjabo ejturjc, jáëi qub abrj uo kiedueti hb girojs

guekliejcobetb letbarjhjs betrb sl‟. I Kbetri Mlstûrlki hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc, kio i

pjssjr his jeis b hbvlhi j jáòbs jetrûplkjs b j jáòbs hi tbopi, sigrbu jcauojs oihlglkjáòbs

vlsïvbls bo suj ojcmj urnjej, ojs jlehj sb jprbsbetj mioiaäebj pir obli hjs bhlglkjáòbs,bo suj arjehb ojlirlj, ei bstlci kicieljc, hi sìkuci ]WLLL.



=;

Ji pbrkirrbr i Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, pihbois vlsujclzjr sujs

bxprbssòbs ej jrqultbturj prbsbetb eis loûvbls kioi tbetjtlvj hb rbsajtjr j mlstûrlj cikjc.

Viukis sëi is rbalstris mlstûrlkis prbsbetbs hb kjhj loûvbc. Vbrhbo-sb oulti is rbalstris pbcj

gjctj hb hikuobetjáëi b irajelzjáëi hi kiembklobeti pbcj ouhjeáj hb abstëi, pils ejhj

jhljetj j pjlsjabo kucturjc sbo i rbalstri hikuobetjc. Vir obli hj bskjcj abiarêglkj,

pihbois vlsujclzjr b letbrprbtjr uo oieuobeti, nbo kioi j cikjclzjáëi his nbes

pjtrloieljclzjhis.

8.> J rbsslaelglkjáëi hi tbrrltûrli b j kiestruáëi hj lhbetlhjhb

Jsslo kioi j klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc ì lopirtjetb pjrj j oboûrlj histikjetlebesbs, iutrjs klhjhbs tjonìo girjo b tlvbrjo hbstjqub ei gcuxi hb obrkjhirlj b

pbssijs, kioi js klhjhbs rlnblrlemjs tikjetlebesbs kioi4 Vbhri Jgiesi, Vblxb, Olrjkboj

betrb iutrjs. Ì lopirtjetb obekliejr b cbvjr bo kieslhbrjáëi js insbrvjáòbs hb uo bstuhi

slstboêtlki gblti pbci prigbssir b mlstirljhir Vjcjkle b Nirabs (:<=1). Jonis rbjclzjrjo uoj

pbsqulsj bo qub pripuemjo uoj kcjsslglkjáëi hjs klhjhbs pbrtbekbetbs ji bstjhi hb Ailês b

js klhjhbs pbrtbekbetbs ji bstjhi Xikjetles. Vir obli hjs jeêclsbs, pihbois kiekculr qub, bo

tbrois hb mlstûrlj b oboûrlj, i ïehlkb hb klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs prbsbetb ei tbrrltûrli tikjetlebesbsupbrj ji tbrrltûrli ailjei, jprbsbetjhis kiegirob qujhri j sbaulr.

Zujhri = - ^bcjáëi hjs klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs hi jetlai Eirtb Ailjei, Ailês b Xikjetles ej hìkjhj hb =6 Eirtb Ailjei (Xikjetles) Ailês Xikjetles

Krlxês Krlxês Jrrjljs

Vlcjr hb Ailês Vlcjr hb Ailês Vjrjeë

Elqubcîehlj Elqubcîehlj Kiekbláëi hi Eirtb

Xrjïrjs Xrjïrjs Ejtlvlhjhb

Gcirbs hb Ailês Gcirbs hb Ailês Jcojs

Vissb Vissb Hljeûpicls

Kjvjckjetb Kjvjckjetb Virti Ejkliejc

Oietb Jcbarb hb Ailês Oietb Jcbarb hb Ailês Oietb hi Kjroi

Jrrjljs Vbhri Jgiesi

Vjrjeë Xikjetleûpicls

Kiekbláëi hi Eirtb

Ejtlvlhjhb



=8

Jcojs

Hljeûpicls

Virti Ejkliejc

Oietb hi Kjroi

Vbhri Jgiesi

Xikjetleûpicls

Gietb4 NI^AB[, VJCJKLE, :<=1. Jhjptjhi pbcj jutirj.

Ji insbrvjr i qujhri, pihbois vbrlglkjr qub i eirtb ailjei, jtujc bstjhi hi

Xikjetles, bo tbrois qujetltjtlvis, jprbsbetj uo ojlir eôobri hb klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs sb

kiopjrjhi kio i bstjhi hb Ailês. Hb jkirhi kio [jetis (>66=, p. :1;), –i cuajr tirej-sb jtbstbouemj hj oboûrlj hjs kilsjs glxjhjs ej pjlsjabo krljhj, i qub pisslnlcltj j

kiesiclhjáëi b j prihuáëi hb uo bspjái slonûclki qub rbirajelzj j kjhj lestjetb is sbetlhis

hb indbtis, cuajrbs, pbssijs b hlskursis‟. Zujehi i jutir obekliej –kilsjs glxjhjs‟, tbois

uo betbehlobeti hb bstruturjs gïslkjs, iu sbdj, is loûvbls b is oieuobetis. Jsslo, eëi ì i

bstjhi hi Xikjetles qub tbo mlstûrlj bo Ailês, b slo Ailês prbsbetb ei tbrrltûrli

tikjetlebesb (vbr glaurj ::). [bauehi Kjvjckjetb (>668, p. 8<)4

Vjrj j jholelstrjáëi cikjc ‛ rbprbsbetjetb his letbrbssbs obrkjetlclstjs pirtuaubsbs, dustlglkjvj-sb, pisti qub js olejs hi Xikjetles b hi eirtb brjoojls rlkjs hi qub js hi kbetri-suc. Xihjvlj ejqubcb cikjc, j jrrbkjhjáëi hilopisti hb olebrjáëi brj legbrlir æ hjs Olejs his Aiyjzbs.

Ej kltjáëi obekliejhj jetbrlirobetb, pihbois insbrvjr qub j rbalëi eirtb brj

ojls rlkj bo tbrois hb bxpcirjáëi hb oleìrlis, pils j ojlirlj hjs klhjhbs glkjvj æ ojrabo

hi ^li Xikjetles, b ebssj rbalëi prbhiolejvj i iuri hb jcuvlëi.



=2

Glaurj :: - Ojpj hb cikjclzjáëi hjs klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs Ailês b Xikjetles

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj. Eitj4 Bcjnirjhi pir Eônlj Ejsklobeti b hlaltjclzjáëi Alceby Vbrblrj.



=7

Jlehj sbauehi is jutirbs Vjcjkle b Nirabs (:<=1), bequjeti i bstjhi hi eirtb

ailjei, jtujc Xikjetles, tlemj kleki klhjhbs æ ojrabo hi ^li Xikjetles, rbspbktlvjobetb4

Vbhri Jgiesi (;.;6> mjn.):=, Virti Ejkliejc (2.6:: mjn.), Vjrjeë (8.6<: mjn.), Kjvjckjetb

(2.7<6 mjn.) b Elqubcîehlj (7.6;= mjn.), i bstjhi hb Ailês eëi mjvlj ebemuoj. Ojs, sbauehi

is bstuhis hb Iclvblrj (>6:6), is ouelkïplis hb Kjvjckjetb b Elqubcîehlj pbrtbekljo ji eirtb

ailjei, iu sbdj, siobetb jpûs j hlvlsëi hi bstjhi hi Xikjetles bssjs hujs klhjhbs, jetbs

pbrtbekbetbs æ rbalëi eirtb hi bstjhi, midb pbrtbekbo ji bstjhi hb Ailês. Hb jkirhi kio i

Vjrbkbr e´ ;< ei Hisslä (>661, p. :1), jglroj qub4 –P..._ Vietjc, ôctloj ritj ì j qub vjl hjr

irlabo æ rbhb hb klhjhbs ojls jetlajs hi jtujc bstjhi hi Xikjetles4 Kjvjckjetb b Jrrjljs

(jonjs hb :186), [ëi Disì hi Huri:< (:12:), Oietb Jcbarb (:17<), Ejtlvlhjhb (:1;8),

Jrrjljc hi Kjroi>6 (:187), Kiekbláëi (:18:) b Vietjc>: (:1;=) P..._‟. Jsslo, pihboiskieglrojr j kltjáëi hb [jetis (>66=) obekliejhj jetbrlirobetb –i cuajr tirej-sb j

tbstbouemj hj oboûrlj hjs kilsjs glxjhjs P..._‟.

Bo Virti Ejkliejc, jetbrlir æ hìkjhj hb 76, mjvlj uoj arjehb klrkucjáëi hb

obrkjhirljs b pbssijs, pils hjtj uo pbrïihi bo qub i prleklpjc obli hb trjespirtb brj js vljs

gcuvljls. J pjrtlr hj hìkjhj hb :<76, kio i aivbrei hi prbslhbetb Duskbclei @unltskmb` kio

sbu sciaje –26 jeis bo 2‟, pir uo prikbssi hbsbevicvlobetlstj sikljc b bkieøolki,

kiobájrjo js kiestruáòbs hjs vljs rihivlêrljs. Jqul ei Xikjetles, lssi sb hbu kio j NbcìoNrjsïclj ‛ N^:2;, iehb bstëi cikjclzjhjs midb js prleklpjls klhjhbs hi bstjhi4 Aurupl,

Vjrjïsi, Aujrjï b Jrjaujïej.

8.; Vrikbhlobetis Obtihicûalkis

J obtihicialj ì kieslhbrjhj –uo prikbssi pbci qujc sb jpclkjo hlgbrbetbs

oìtihis, tìkelkjs b ojtbrljls tjeti cjnirjtirljls kioi lestruobetis pjrj kicbtj hb hjhis eikjopi‟ (ICLWBL^J, >6::, p. 8:). Bcj jnirhj tihis is pjssis pjrj j kiestruáëi hi trjnjcmi

klbetïglki, qub vjl hj –bskicmj hi prikbhlobeti pjrj intbeáëi hb hjhis, pbrpjssjehi j

lhbetlglkjáëi hb oìtihi(s), tìkelkj(s), ojtbrljls, lestruobetis hb pbsqulsj b hbgleláëi hb

joistrj/uelvbrsi, æ kjtbairlzjáëi b jeêclsb his hjhis kicbtjhis‟ (ICLWBL^J, >6::, p. 8:).

I princboj surab hb uoj lehjajáëi, uo qubstliejobeti, lequlbtjáëi iu obsoi jcai qub

:= Iclvblrj (>6:6, p. 8:).:<

Midb j klhjhb hb Hljeûpicls-XI jetbs kmjojvj-sb –Jrrjljc hb [ëi Disì hi Huri‟.>6 Kirrbspiehb midb æ klhjhb hb Oietb hi Kjroi-XI.>: Midb bxlstbo jpbejs ruïejs, cikjclzj-sb æ ojrabo bsqubrhj hi rli Xikjetles, ues :> `o hb Virti

Ejkliejc, iehb midb ì j Bskicj Nrjslc, uo vlcjrbdi, hlstrlti hb Virti Ejkliejc.



=1

jlehj eëi pjssiu pbci krlvi klbetïglki pjrj sbr jejclsjhi iu bstuhjhi, ì –qujehi jcai eëi bstê

hb jkirhi kio i eissi supisti kiembklobeti‟ (GJKMLE, >66; p. :6<).

Kiegirob Gjkmle (>66;), i qubstlieêrli kieslstb bo uo bcbeki hb qubstòbs qub

sëi sunobtlhjs j kbrti eôobri hb pbssijs kio indbtlvi hb intbr rbspistjs pjrj j kicbtj hb

legirojáòbs. B, pjrj qub bssj kicbtj sbdj slaelglkjtlvj, ì lopirtjetb vbrlglkjr qujehi b iehb

js intbr. Bxlstbo vêrljs girojs pjrj kicbtjr js legirojáòbs. [bauehi j obsoj jutirj, js ojls

usujls sëi4 pbssijcobetb, vlj pistjc, pir ojcitb, tbcbgieb, vlj pirtjhir btk. Ebssb sbetlhi, j

pbsqulsj gil gbltj pir kicbtj hb hjhis njsbjhi bo qubstlieêrlis jpclkjhis jis turlstjs b

betrbvlstjs kio is oirjhirbs hj piclaiejc hb tionjobeti.

Ji cieai hi trjnjcmi, girjo insbrvjhjs jcauojs hlskussòbs qub alrjo bo tirei

hi prikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi, turlsoi b prbsbrvjáëi hi pjtrloøeli kucturjc. I bstuhi pripòb vbrlglkjr, pir obli hb betrbvlstjs njsbjhjs bo jpclkjáëi hb qubstlieêrlis

sbolbstruturjhis, j pisslnlclhjhb hb turlsoi kucturjc ebssb bspjái hb bstuhi. Xjonìo

prikuriu hlskutlr uo piuki sinrb j Abiarjglj b j Mlstûrlj hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI b sujs

jtrjtlvlhjhbs, sbehi kieslhbrjhj j kucturj cikjc kioi giroj hb prbsbrvjáëi b vjcirlzjáëi hj

klhjhb pir obli his nbes ojtbrljls b/iu lojtbrljls. I bstuhi pripòb j hlskussëi b j rbgcbxëi

sinrb i prikbssi pjtrloieljc ei Nrjslc b, bo bspbkïglki, ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc.

Ei prloblri oiobeti, miuvb j jpclkjáëi hb qubstlieêrlis pjrj is turlstjs qubvlsltjrjo j Kjtbhrjc b i Ousbu ei pbrïihi hb gìrljs rbgbrbetb j hils pbrïihis4 ducmi b

hbzbonri hb >6:;. J bskicmj hbssb pbrïihi gil dustjobetb pir mjvbr ojlir gcuxi hb turlstjs

b/iu bxkurslielstjs æ klhjhb. Is qubstlieêrlis girjo jpclkjhis jis turlstjs, kioi prloblrj

btjpj hj pbsqulsj. Virti Ejkliejc, kieslhbrjhj –nbrái kucturjc hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki hi

bstjhi‟, cbvj j pbesjr js prêtlkjs bxlstbetbs bo tbrois b/iu kiekbltis sinrb kucturj b trjhláëi.

Kio njsb bo uoj hjs qubstòbs kietlhjs ei qubstlieêrli, surab j rbgcbxëi pjrj i

qubstliejobeti sb bxlstb i turlsoi kucturjc ej klhjhb b sb is nbes rbprbsbetjo j trjhláëi iusb ì jpbejs i kistuob qub pbroblj j pipucjáëi pirtubesb, pils j aäebsb hj klhjhb gil

jrtlkucjhj eis träs jkietbklobetis jglrojhis pir Iclvblrj (>6:6) kltjhis jetbrlirobetb.

Vihbois, jsslo, qubstliejr sb j kucturj pbrojebkbu ej aäebsb b midb jlehj bstê prbsbetb ej

vlhj his pirtubesbs iu ì jpbejs trjhláëi.

Ei sbauehi oiobeti, girjo gbltjs betrbvlstjs kio is oirjhirbs hj piclaiejc hb

tionjobeti (êrbj tionjhj) kio indbtlvi hb intbr legirojáòbs sinrb j pjrtlklpjáëi his

oirjhirbs qujeti ji prikbssi hb tionjobeti.



==

Vjrj rbjclzjr j pbsqulsj, intlvbois kioi rbgbräeklj –Viclaiejc hb

tionjobeti‟>>, qub kieslstb bo uoj hbcloltjáëi ei pbrïobtri urnjei, njsbjhi bo vêrlis

krltìrlis, kioi bo jrqultbturj, kiestruáòbs, pbrïihis mlstûrlkis betrb iutrjs jtrlnuláòbs. Bssj

hbcloltjáëi gil rbjclzjhj pbci Lestltuti hb Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc (LVMJE)

ei jei hb >66=, êrbj hb pritbáëi tionjhj hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc. Ei jei

hb >6::, miuvb uoj rbtlglkjáëi hbssj êrbj tionjhj, bo >66=, pir obli hj punclkjáëi bo

Hlêrli Iglkljc hj Relëi (H.I.R.), bo >6:>. J pjrtlr hbssb jei, pjssj j sbr vêclhj j eivj êrbj

tionjhj, jsslo, miuvb uo juobeti ej êrbj b ej qujetlhjhb hb loûvbls tionjhis. Girjo

vlsltjhis bxjtjobetb :68 loûvbls, ojs jpbejs 1> pbssijs girjo betrbvlstjhjs, i rbstjetb hjs

pbssijs bstjvj kio loûvbc æ vbehj, eëi qulsbrjo pjrtlklpjr iu eëi girjo bekietrjhjs bo suj

rbslhäeklj. Miuvb träs tbetjtlvjs pjrj jqubcbs rbslhbetbs qub eëi girjo bekietrjhis ej prloblrj tbetjtlvj, rbspbktlvjobetb4 bo mirêrli kiobrkljc, mirêrli hb jcoiái :>m æs :8m b/ iu

jpûs æs :=m b pir glo eis glejls hb sbojej sênjhi b/iu hioleai.

J pbsqulsj j prlekïpli gil hb kuemi hikuobetjc rbgbrbetb jis hikuobetis

mlstûrlkis cikjls b pbsqulsjs hikuobetjls le ciki ej Kîojrj Ouelklpjc hb Virti Ejkliejc.

Ebssb sbetlhi, trjtj-sb hb betbehbr uo piuki ojls sinrb is nbes kucturjls bxlstbetbs ei kbetri

mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, nbo kioi j prêtlkj turlsoi kucturjc b i prikbssi hb

pjtrloieljclzjáëi. Ei prloblri oiobeti, gil rbjclzjhj j pbsqulsj bopïrlkj kio jpclkjáëi hbqubstlieêrlis sbolbstruturjhis jis 2; turlstjs b betrbvlstjs hb kjrêtbr tjonìo

sbolbstruturjhi, kio is 1> oirjhirbs hi kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI.

Vjrj Cj`jtis b Ojrkiel (>66;), ej betrbvlstj sbolbstruturjhj, eirojcobetb js

pbrauetjs sëi jnbrtjs b i betrbvlstjhir prissbaub kio j betrbvlstj hb giroj ejturjc b kio

hlêciais legirojls, pjrj ojlir jprixlojáëi kio i betrbvlstjhi, insbrvjehi js bxprbssòbs

gjkljls b abstis kirpirjls tjonìo pihbois gjzbr uoj letbrprbtjáëi, hbstjkjehi, jsslo, j

pbsqulsj hb kuemi qujcltjtlvi b qujetltjtlvi. Hbssj giroj, Olejyi (>661) jglroj qub, ej pbsqulsj qujetltjtlvj, is rbsuctjhis sëi intlhis pir obli his eôobris. Ebssb sbetlhi,

qujetlglkj j pbsqulsj pir obli hj bstjtïstlkj, bequjeti j qujcltjtlvj tbo i pripûslti hb

rbspiehbr qubstòbs lehlvlhujls. Kirrinirjois kio j jutirj, ojs tjonìo sjclbetjois qub

tihj pbsqulsj, obsoi sbehi j qujcltjtlvj, ì tjonìo qujetltjtlvj, pils, ji jejclsjr js

letbrprbtjáòbs hjs rbspistjs sundbtlvjs, tbois hb kietjnlclzjr is hjhis, pir obli hj

jssikljáëi b/iu sbobcmjeáj, tirejehi is rbsuctjhis qujetltjtlvis hb priprlbhjhb qujcltjtlvj.

>> I piclaiejc hb tionjobeti ì j êrbj hbcloltjhj pbci Lpmje bo >66= b rbtlglkjhj ei jei hb >6:>,rbprbsbetj midb j êrbj tionjhj ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI.



=<

8.;.: Letbrprbtjáëi his turlstjs

Kiegirob Nbel (>66;, p. ;=), –is rbkursis turïstlkis pihbo sbr4 ojtbrljls0

loûvbls0 hb kiesuoi0 hb kjpltjc‟. Jsslo, pihbois gjzbr uoj rbcjáëi kio is nbes –kjsjrlis‟cikjclzjhis ei picïaiei hb tionjobeti hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI. Vir bxbopci, j

Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs pihb sbr kieslhbrjhj uo nbo ojtbrljc, loûvbc, hb

kiesuoi b hb Kjpltjc. Ebstb sbetlhi Nbel (>66;, p. 8>6) kcjsslglkj is sbaobetis hi turlsoi

pir obli his sbauletbs tlpis4 turlsoi hb cjzbr0 turlsoi hb jvbeturj0 turlsoi hb ebaûklis0

turlsoi ajstrieøolki0 turlsoi kucturjc0 turlsoi bkicûalki0 turlsoi pjlsjaïstlki betrb iutris.

Vihbois gjzbr uoj jeêclsb kiegirob js tbirljs hb Nbel (>66;), sinrb j

hlgbrbekljáëi ei qujc kjrjktbrlzjo is nbes turïstlkis bo ojtbrljls0 loûvbls0 hurêvbls iu pbrbkïvbls0 hb kiesuoi b hb kjpltjc. Jonis pissubo js obsojs kjrjktbrïstlkjs, jpbejs i

Ousbu Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc eëi jprbsbetj i nbo hb kjpltjc, qub sëi is nbes

utlclzjhis pjrj iutris nbes. Hbssj giroj, pihbois pbrkbnbr qub bssbs nbes kucturjls

bxlstbetbs ej klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI pihbo sbr kieslhbrjhis Nbes Xurïstlkis Kucturjls.

Gil obekliejhi jetbrlirobetb qub js klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs, bo bspbkïglki kbetris

mlstûrlkis, sëi jqubcjs qub jetbkbhbo i jei hb :<76, pils js klhjhbs hbssj ìpikj pissubo

uoj jrqultbturj hlgbrbetb, j ojlirlj kio kjrjktbrïstlkjs hi bstlci kicieljc, jrqultbturj hb

irlabo nrjslcblrj. Jpûs is jeis 76, js klhjhbs pjssjrjo pir prikbssi hb trjesgirojáëi,

lehustrljclzjáëi b urnjelzjáëi krbskbetb, mê uoj trjesgirojáëi kiestjetb ej jctbrjáëi bspjái

jrqultbtøelki b urnjei. Js klhjhbs qub eëi pjrtlklpjo hbssb prikbssi jkjnjo sb bstjaejehi b

sujs bstruturjs jrqultbtøelkjs pbrojebkbo ei bspjái urnjei, jkjnjo-sb. Ì i qub pihbois

insbrvjr ei ouelkïpli hb Virti Ejkliejc bo qub i trjespirtb gcuvljc jkjniu pbrhbehi bspjái

bo gueáëi hj kiestruáëi hj rihivlj Nbcìo-Nrjsïclj ‛ N^ :2;, qub jkjnjrj hb sbr kiestruïhj

bo objhis hj hìkjhj hb 76. Kio i trjespirtb rihivlêrli juobetiu oulti i gcuxi hb pbssijs

b obrkjhirljs æs klhjhbs letbrlirjejs hi Xikjetles, pils jetbs i jkbssi brj oulti hlgïklc

hbvlhi ji trjespirtb gcuvljc lejkbssïvbc pjrj j ojlirlj hj pipucjáëi. Hb kbrtj ojeblrj, js

klhjhbs jkjnjo sb –lekmjehi‟ b pbrhbehi suj bssäeklj bo tbrois hb kucturj, mênltis,

trjhláòbs b jtì obsoi ej suj jrqultbturj, qub hblxjvj hb sbr kicieljc pjrj uoj jrqultbturj

kietbopirîebj iu pûs-oihbrej.

I turlsoi b j kucturj bstëi letlojobetb clajhis, obsoi qub j prêtlkj hi turlsoi

sbdj letbrprbtjhj pir jcaues jutirbs kioi uo prikbssi hb rbetjnlclhjhb pjrj j cikjclhjhb, pils

i turlstj lrê usugrulr hj mispbhjabo, jclobetjáëi, trjespirtb betrb iutris. Hb kbrtj giroj j



<6

klhjhb b sujs jtrjtlvlhjhbs kucturjls ei letulti hb vbr iu rbvbr jcauoj pbáj, rbcïqulj, pir

bxbopci, qub sb bekietrj ei ousbu, qub ej suj legîeklj tlemj uo lopirtjetb vjcir.

J pbsqulsj kio is turlstjs kietiu kio i trjnjcmi bxpcirjtûrli b cbvjetjobeti hb

hjhis pir obli hb jpclkjáëi hb qubstlieêrlis hbstlejhis jis turlstjs b/iu bxkurslielstjs qub

vlsltjrjo j klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc ei oäs hb ducmi b hbzbonri hb >6:;. Is qubstlieêrlis

jpclkjhis sb pripusbrjo j rbspiehbr jcauojs qubstòbs, kioi js ojls bvlhbetbs pir eûs

hbstjkjhjs, j bxlstäeklj hb turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc b i oieuobeti ojls

rbprbsbetjtlvi hj klhjhb. Bssb pbrïihi gil hbtbrolejhi bstrjtbalkjobetb hbvlhi ji ojlir

ïehlkb hb pbssijs ej klhjhb ei pbrïihi hb gìrljs4 ei oäs hb ducmi, bo gueáëi hj Vrjlj Virti

^bjc0 b bo hbzbonri, pir sbr uo oäs gbstlvi b kio kioboirjáòbs kio pripûslti hb rbuelr

gjolcljrbs. Vir obli hb jeêclsbs qujetltjtlvjs/qujcltjtlvjs, letbrprbtjáëi b qujetlglkjáëi hishjhis kicmlhis kio is qubstlieêrlis jpclkjhis jis turlstjs qub vlsltjrjo j klhjhb bo uo

pbrïihi rbgbrbetb ji oäs hb ducmi b hbzbonri hb >6:;, b betrbvlstj rbjclzjhj kio is

oirjhirbs hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki, pripòb-sb hlskutlr sinrb i prikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi hi

kbetri mlstûrlki.

Ej pbsqulsj, pjrtlklpjrjo uo titjc hb klequbetj b kleki (22) turlstjs b/iu

bxkurslielstjs. Girjo jpclkjhis qubstlieêrlis>; hurjetb i oäs hb ducmi b hb hbzbonri hb

>6:; bo hils cuajrbs hj klhjhb4 j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs b i Ousbu Mlstûrlki bKucturjc. J bskicmj sb hbu hbvlhi i ojlir ïehlkb hb vlsltjáòbs ebssbs hils oieuobetis.

Ej glaurj j sbaulr, pihbois vbrlglkjr uoj rbprbsbetjáëi kietlhj bo uoj hjs

pbrauetjs gbltjs ei qubstlieêrli, sinrb qujc i sïonici b/iu oieuobeti qub tbo ojlir

rbprbsbetjtlvlhjhb mlstûrlkj b kucturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc.

Glaurj :> ‛ ^bprbsbetjáëi his oieuobetis bo Virti Ejkliejc-XI

Gietb4 Bcjnirjhi pbcj jutirj.

Ej Xjnbcj :, pihbois vbrlglkjr, bo hjhis bstjtïstlkis, js rbspistjs qub intbvb uo

ojlir ïehlkb sinrb i oieuobeti qub rbprbsbetj Virti Ejkliejc ej vlsëi his turlstjs

>; Wbr jpäehlkb.



<:

rbgbrbetbs jis pbrïihis hb ducmi b hbzbonri. [baub j (tjnbcj :) j kietjnlclzjáëi b

letbrprbtjáëi hjs rbspistjs. Jsslo, pihbois vbrlglkjr qujls is sïonicis qub girjo ojls

kltjhis kioi oieuobetis qub rbprbsbetjo Virti Ejkliejc ej vlsëi his turlstjs b /iu

bxkurslielstjs.

Xjnbcj : - Hjhis bstjtïstlkis4 qubstlieêrli jpclkjhi jis turlstjsNbo kucturjc Hjhis bstjtïstlkis*

Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs 8;,1%Ousbu Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc ;>,=%^li Virti ^bjc <,;%Kicìali hjs Lroës 7,>%Nblrj ^li ‛ Ircj 8,7%Iutris** ;,:%

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj.* I ltbo –iutris‟ rbprbsbetj hlgbrbetbs nbes kucturjls bxlstbetbs –oieuobetis‟ ei kbetri mlstûrlki bqub eëi girjo obekliejhis ej pbrauetj träs hi qubstlieêrli.

Hj titjclhjhb his turlstjs b/iu bxkurslielstjs qub pjrtlklpjrjo hj pbsqulsj,

kmjoiu-eis jtbeáëi i cikjc hb irlabo. Jprixlojhjobetb (88%) his pjrtlklpjetbs brjo

tikjetlebesbs, (>7%) hi bstjhi hb Ailês, (=%) hi Hlstrlti Gbhbrjc b, pir glo, (>>%) brjo

pbssijs irluehjs hb iutris bstjhis, kioi ^li hb Djeblri, [ëi Vjuci, Virti Jcbarb betrb

iutris. Vbcis eôobris, pihbois insbrvjr qub i ojlir ïehlkb hb grbquäeklj hb vlsltjáëi æKjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs b ji Ousbu Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc sëi hi bstjhi hi

Xikjetles. Insbrvjáëi qub eis triuxb uoj kurlislhjhb, pils, ei prloblri pbrïihi, bo ducmi

hb >6:;, his qubstlieêrlis jpclkjhis ej Kjtbhrjc, jpbejs (>2%) rbslhljo ei Xikjetles b

(12%) bo iutris bstjhis, lekculehi Ailês b Hlstrlti Gbhbrjc.

Iu sbdj, pjrj jqubcb oiobeti, ei oäs hb ducmi, is tikjetlebesbs brjo js pbssijs

qub ojls hbskiembkljo sinrb suj prûprlj rbalëi. Jsslo, pihbois eitjr qub j ojlirlj his

turlstjs qub vlsltjrjo is nbes kucturjls hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, ei pbrïihi hb ducmi hb >6:;,

sëi pbssijs irluehjs hb iutris bstjhis. Ojls jhljetb, jvbrlaujrbois qub is rbsuctjhis tiojo

giroj levbrsj.

Zujeti ji arju hb lestruáëi, hbssb arupi, trjájois i qubstliejobeti sinrb i qub

vbo j sbr –turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc‟. Vihbois insbrvjr qub hbssb uelvbrsi (7=,:>%) his turlstjs

b/iu bxkurslielstjs hi beslei guehjobetjc, oìhli b supbrlir jkmjo qub i turlsoi kucturjc bstê prbsbetb ej

mlstûrlj b oboûrlj hj klhjhb b hi kbetri mlstûrlki. Bequjeti (;:,=7%) hbssb obsoi uelvbrsi jkrbhltjo qub i

turlsoi kucturjc ì kiembkbr js jtrjtlvlhjhbs kioi uo pieti turïstlki hb cjzbr, pir bxbopci, vlsltjr i cjai, kioi

giroj hb hlvbrsëi b betrbtbelobeti. Ei bsquboj j sbaulr, pihbois vbrlglkjr js rbspbktlvjs rbspistjs.



<>

Glaurj :; ‛ Bsqubojtlzjáëi ‛ Xurlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc

Gietb4 hjhis hj pbsqulsj.

Ei bsquboj jetbrlir, pihbois vbrlglkjr i arju hb lestruáëi b qujetis turlstjs

b/iu bxkurslielstjs, bo pirkbetjabo, kieslhbrjo i turlsoi kucturjc kioi mlstûrlj b oboûrlj

iu siobetb uo pieti turïstlki. Jcauojs pbssijs jsslejcjrjo ojls hb uoj rbspistj ei

qubstlieêrli, titjclzjehi, betëi, eivbetj b uoj (<:) rbspistjs ji kieslhbrjr i turlsoi kucturjc

kioi mlstûrlj b oboûrlj iu pieti turïstlki.

Jsslo, (:1,2=%) hjs pbssijs hi beslei guehjobetjc kieslhbrj i turlsoi kucturjckioi mlstûrlj b oboûrlj, b siobetb (2,8<%) hjs pbssijs hi beslei supbrlir jkrbhltjo qub i

turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc sbdj jpbejs uo pieti turïstlki. Jqul tikjois bo uo

pieti hlkitøolki ei qub tjeab æs hlgbrbekljáòbs hb iplelòbs qujeti ji arju hb lestruáëi.

[untbehb-sb qub j rbspistj hi prloblri, pir tbr obeis kiembklobeti qub i hb eïvbc supbrlir,

pihb kcjsslglkjr i turlsoi siobetb kioi pieti turïstlki pir jssikljr æs –vljabes b cjzbr‟,

kiopjrjehi ji turlsoi hb cjzbr, turlsoi hb jvbeturj, turlsoi bkicûalki, betrb iutris, qub

tbo uojs hjs prleklpjls kjrjktbrïstlkjs i cjzbr b j hlvbrsëi. Kjrjktbrïstlkjs bssjs ojrkjetbsejs pripjajehjs b jeôeklis tbcbvlslvis iu obsoi bo jaäekljs hb vljabes hb turlsoi. Ebssb

sbetlhi, oultjs pbssijs jkjnjo hbskiembkbehi i rbjc slaelglkjhi hi kiekblti hb turlsoi

kucturjc, qub jcìo hb jarbajr vjcirbs jis turlstjs, tbo uoj prleklpjc kjrjktbrïstlkj hb

pripirkliejr kiembklobeti sinrb mênltis, kucturj, mlstûrlj b trjhláëi hb uo hbtbrolejhi

cuajr.

Zujeti æ êrbj hb jtujáëi, pjrtlklpjrjo hj pbsqulsj bstuhjetbs, prigbssirbs betrb

iutrjs priglssòbs. Ì letbrbssjetb insbrvjr qub is bstuhjetbs b prigbssirbs siojo (87,:2%) b

bssbs hbstjkjo i ousbu kioi rbgbräeklj pjrj j prbsbrvjáëi hj mlstûrlj b oboûrlj, bequjeti

hbssb obsoi arupi, (26%) kieslhbrjo j kjtbhrjc b jpbejs (;,=8%) kieslhbrjo qub sbdj j



<;

Ircj Nblrj ^li, rbgbräeklj pjrj prbsbrvjáëi hj mlstûrlj b oboûrlj. Zujeti ji cjai Virti ^bjc,

eëi miuvb ebemuoj jglrojáëi ‛ pihbois insbrvjr jqul uoj ouhjeáj hb vjcirbs b

slaelglkjhis ej eivj abrjáëi. I rli, gietb prleklpjc hj klhjhb, bequjeti suj aäebsb, bstê

pbrhbehi i vjcir slonûclki, qub jetbs rbprbsbetjvj pjrj is oirjhirbs b pjrj is turlstjs.

Zujeti ji arju hb lestruáëi, hi titjc hb pbssijs qub pissubo beslei

guehjobetjc, oìhli b supbrlir, (26%) jvjcljo i ousbu kioi sïonici hb Virti Ejkliejc,

bequjeti (26%) kieslhbrjo j larbdj. Jonis jkmjo qub bssbs hils oieuobetis sëi uoj

rbgbräeklj hb mlstûrlj b pbájs rbprbsbetjtlvjs pjrj j klhjhb. Jlehj jejclsjehi is hjhis hbssb

obsoi uelvbrsi, arju hb lestruáëi, eitjois qub (8:,;1%) kieslhbrjo i ousbu jpbejs kioi

pieti turïstlki, ji pjssi qub (2=,7>%), j Kjtbhrjc.

Kio rbcjáëi jis pbrïihis rbgbrbetbs ji oäs hb ducmi b hbzbonri, insbrvjois eiarêglki :, qub (81,7:%) his Xikjetlebesbs, ei oäs hb ducmi, hbskrbvbo i Ousbu kioi uo

bspjái rbprihutir hj mlstûrlj b hj oboûrlj hj klhjhb. Dê j Kjtbhrjc intbvb uo ojlir ïehlkb,

kio (26%) bo rbcjáëi jis iutris rbsuctjhis. Zujeti ji pieti turïstlki, eitjois qub

(;;,;;%) his turlstjs b/iu bxkurslielstjs his bstjhis hb Ailês b Hlstrlti Gbhbrjc kieslhbrjo

i ousbu. (8:,77%) hbskrbvbo j Kjtbhrjc kioi pieti turïstlki, insbrvjhis ei arêglki j

sbaulr. Jkrbhltjois qub bssj rbspistj bstbdj vlekucjhj æ oïhlj b jis kjejls hb kiouelkjáëi,

pir j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs sbr kieslhbrjhj i kjrtëi pistjc hj klhjhb.

Arêglki : ‛ ^bsuctjhis rbgbrbetbs ji oäs hb ducmi

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj.*M/O ‛ Mlstûrlj b oboûrlj hj klhjhb.**V/X ‛ Vieti turïstlki hj klhjhb.

Ei pbrïihi hb hbzbonri, kiegirob hlspisti ei Arêglki >, miuvb uoj

kietrjhláëi, pils kiopjrjehi ji arêglki jetbrlir, i ousbu gil kieslhbrjhi pieti turïstlki

pjrj is turlstjs b/iu bxkurslielstjs hi bstjhi hi Hlstrlti Gbhbrjc b Ailês, kio (21,:8%), b j



<8

Kjtbhrjc intbvb uo pbrkbetujc hb (8>,=2%). Jkrbhltjois qub bssb rbsuctjhi sbdj bo gueáëi

his turlstjs, vlsltjetbs b/iu bxkurslielstjs, pils, ebssj ìpikj, hbzbonri, glejc hi jei, vêrljs

pbssijs ejturjls hb Virti Ejkliejc rbtirejo ei pbrïihi hb gìrljs pjrj kbcbnrjr js hjtjs

gbstlvjs, ejtjc b jei eivi kio j gjoïclj. B pjrj is kietbrrîebis, is tikjetlebesbs, j Kjtbhrjc

Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs jlehj kietleuj sbehi sïonici qub ojls rbprbsbetj Virti Ejkliejc,

pir obli hj mlstûrlj b hj oboûrlj.

Arêglki > ‛ ^bsuctjhis rbgbrbetbs ji oäs hb hbzbonri

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj.*M/O ‛ Mlstûrlj b oboûrlj hj klhjhb.**V/X ‛ Vieti turïstlki hj klhjhb.

Gjz-sb ebkbssêrlj uoj rbgcbxëi, uoj vlsëi jcìo hjs rbspistjs intlhjs pbcis

qubstlieêrlis4 j jeêclsb hj iplelëi b hj pjrtlklpjáëi hi oirjhir hi –picïaiei hb

tionjobeti‟, bo kjrêtbr hb bstuhi ei prikbssi hb tionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti

Ejkliejc-XI. Ji glejc hjs hujs jeêclsbs, kmbajrbois j uo pieti hb kievbraäeklj iu

hlvbraäeklj pbrtbekbetb æ iplelëi his turlstjs b his oirjhirbs4 is pietis pisltlvis bebajtlvis ei qub tjeab ji prikbssi hb Xionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc.

8.;.> Letbrprbtjáëi his oirjhirbs hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki

Js betrbvlstjs girjo rbjclzjhjs ei Kbetri Mlstûrlki, bspbklglkjhjobetb ej

piclaiejc hb tionjobeti, sbaulehi i ojpj rbtlglkjhi, vêclhi j pjrtlr hb >6:> (vbr Glaurj :6).

Girjo vlsltjhis :68 loûvbls, pjrj kjhj loûvbc, uo betrbvlstjhi, hb prbgbräeklj i priprlbtêrli

hjs rbslhäekljs. Dê ejs lestltuláòbs betrbvlstjhjs, bskicmbois i gueklieêrli qub pissul ojlir

tbopi hb trjnjcmi. Jpbejs 1> oirjhirbs pjrtlklpjrjo hj betrbvlstj, is ;> rbstjetbs eëi



<2

bstjvjo ej rbslhäeklj, eëi qulsbrjo pjrtlklpjr iu i loûvbc bstjvj gbkmjhi. Girjo gbltjs träs

tbetjtlvjs pjrj is oirjhirbs qub eëi bstjvjo bo suj rbslhäeklj, ei mirêrli kiobrkljc, glejc

hb sbojej b jpûs æs := mirjs, tihjs sbo sukbssi.

His 1> oirjhirbs betrbvlstjhis, 82 sëi priprlbtêrlis his rbspbktlvis loûvbls, b

is iutris oirjo hb jcuaubc iu kbhlhi. Vir kiopjrjáëi kio i ojlir ïehlkb hb priprlbtêrlis

bekietrj-sb ej ûj Kiriebc Vlemblri, kiembklhj tjonìo kioi kjnjájki0 ûj Vjhrb Jetøeli

b j ûj Grjeklski Jlrbs hj [lcvj. Bssjs träs rujs hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki sëi js qub ojls bxlstbo

priprlbtêrlis qub rbslhbo, kiegirob j tjnbcj >. Bssb jcti ïehlkb hb oirjhirbs ebssjs rujs, bo

kiopjrjáëi kio is hbojls, hbeitj ojls bvlhäeklj bo tbroi hb ojelgbstjáòbs kucturjls qub

jkietbkbo ebssjs rujs kltjhjs. Ebcjs, bstëi is loûvbls slaelglkjtlvis b rbprbsbetjtlvis pjrj i

kbetri mlstûrlki, kioi4 j Kjtbhrjc, i Ousbu, i Jrqulvi, j Kjsj hb Kucturj, j KIO[JÔHB,cikjclzjhis bo uojs hjs rujs kltjhjs jetbrlirobetb (vbr tjnbcj >). Hjs träs rujs kio i ojlir

ïehlkb hb priprlbtêrlis, bstê j ruj Kiriebc Vlemblri sb sinrbssjl hbvlhi j sbr uoj hjs rujs

ojls bxprbsslvjs hb Virti Ejkliejc. Ì j ruj qub pbroltlj i jkbssi ji rli, sbdj pjrj cjvjr

riupjs, tiojr njemi iu obsoi pbskjr, tjeti pjrj is oirjhirbs qujeti pjrj is turlstjs. Ebssj

obsoj ruj, dê gil rbjclzjhi i kjrejvjc hj klhjhb b tjonìo uoj gblrj hb jrtbsjejti bspirêhlkj.

Zujeti æs rujs Diëi Jlrbs Dikj, Disuì Ebarb b Xrjvbssj hj Kiclej, kirrbspiehbo

jpbejs hils priprlbtêrlis rbslhbetbs bo kjhj ruj obekliejhj. Jkrbhltjois qub j cikjclzjáëihbssj ruj pir sbr uo piuki jgjstjhj, pbrkbnbois qub i hlstjekljobeti letbrvìo eis

prikbssis pjrtlklpjtlvis, prikbssi hb lehustrljclzjáëi b lsicjobeti. Ej tjnbcj j sbaulr,

vbrbois jcauojs bspbklglkjáòbs eitjhjs ei Kbetri Mlstûrlki.

Xjnbcj > ‛ Bspbklglkjáëi - kbetri mlstûrlkiûj Vriprlbtêrlis Loûvbls vjzlis Loûvbls æ

vbehjKiriebc Vlemblri :; : >

Grjeklski Jlrbs hj[lcvj

:6 : -

Diëi Jlrbs Dikj > - -Disuì Ebarb > : :Olzjbc Vbrblrj ; :Vjhrb Jetøeli :: >Vrjáj Huqub - - -Vrjáj Eissj[bemirj hjsObrkäs

8 >-

Xrjvbssj hj Kiclej > - -

Xitjc abrjc 82 1 8Gietb4 hjhis hj pbsqulsj.



<7

Kiegirob tjnbcj jetbrlir, his priprlbtêrlis oirjhirbs gjvirêvbls ji tionjobeti,

(7:,2;%) brjo hj ûj Kiriebc Vlemblri0 (;7,;7%) hj ûj Vjhrb Jetøeli b (86%) hj ûj

Grjeklski Jlrbs hj [lcvj. Hi uelvbrsi hb 1> oirjhirbs betrbvlstjhis, ei jei hb >66=,

(8;,62%) girjo j gjvir hi tionjobeti b jpbejs (>2%) girjo kietrj. Ì lopirtjetb bskcjrbkbr

qub j ojlir pjrtb his betrbvlstjhis qub vitjrjo kietrj i tionjobeti, ej vbrhjhb, eëi gil

kietrj i jti bo sl. Bcbs eëi kiekirhjrjo kio j giroj hb kioi bstjvj tionjhi i kbetri

mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, hbvlhi æ gjctj hb kulhjhis ebssj êrbj hbcloltjhj.

Ro rbsuctjhi qub eis kmjoiu njstjetb jtbeáëi gil j gjctj hb legirojáëi his

oirjhirbs sinrb i prikbssi hb tionjobeti, pils, his 1> betrbvlstjhis, jpbejs (>:,8>%)

kiembkljo i prikbssi hb tionjobeti iu tlemj iuvlhi gjcj. Bequjeti (1=,21%) hbskiembkljo

i prikbssi hb tionjobeti kiopisti pir hils hikuobetis, j Jtj hb Xionjobeti b i Hisslä.Zujehi glkjrjo sjnbehi hi tionjobeti, suj kjsj dê bstjvj tionjhj b eëi pihbrlj ojls

sigrbr ebemuo tlpi hb jctbrjáëi, kjsi kietrêrli sudblti j pueláòbs. Bo uoj hjs gjcjs his

betrbvlstjhis, pihbois pbrkbnbr j lehlaejáëi4

Eëi sjnlj qub j olemj kjsj tlemj slhi tionjhj, glzbrjo i tionjobeti sbojutirlzjáëi hj pipucjáëi, js picïtlkjs pônclkjs ouelklpjls b gbhbrjc hblxjoj kjsj kjlr pjrj hbpils tiojr js privlhäekljs P..._. Eëi mê pjrtlklpjáëi his

ûraëis qujeti æ prbsbrvjáëi hi loûvbc P..._. Mê oultj nurikrjklj, isojtbrljls pjrj rbstjurjr js kjsjs sëi kjris, qubo tbo j kjsj rbgirojhj ì pirqub usiu is prûprlis rbkursis. J ojlirlj hjs pbssijs qub oirj jqul eikbetri mlstûrlki eëi tbo kiehláòbs pjrj jrkjr uoj rbgiroj (Betrbvlstjhi,legirojáëi vbrnjc).

Vihbois kieglrojr, kio is hlzbrbs hb Obssljs (>6:>, p. 2>), qub –ì bssbekljc

bxpclkjr æ pipucjáëi j rbspblti hj lopirtîeklj mlstûrlkj b kucturjc hjqubcb nbo tionjhi sbdj

pir obli hb bxpisláòbs, gblrjs kucturjls, oblis hb kiouelkjáëi b beslejobeti ejs bskicjs‟.

Ei arêglki j sbaulr, vjois jvbrlaujr js rbspistjs his oirjhirbs njsbjhis ejs betrbvlstjs. J

rbprbsbetjáëi j sbaulr oistrj legirojáòbs sinrb i ïehlkb hb pbsqulsj qub miuvb ei Kbetri

Mlstûrlki sinrb i prikbssi hb tionjobeti. Wjois vbrlglkjr sb jpûs i tionjobeti miuvb

obcmirj pir obli hb picïtlkjs pônclkjs, bo bspbkljc ei îonlti ouelklpjc b gbhbrjc, b ciai j

rbspistj hb qujetis girjo j gjvir b kietrj i tionjobeti hi Kbetri mlstûrlki. Ei arêglki j

sbaulr, vbrbois kio ojls hbtjcmbs js rbspistjs his oirjhirbs hi kbetri mlstûrlki.



<1

Arêglki ; ‛ ^bspistjs betrbvlstjhis

>1,11% ;8,1>%

;1,26%

:;,==%

=;,;;%

>,11%

8;,62%

>2%

;:,<8%

6,66%

:6,66%

>6,66%

;6,66%

86,66%

26,66%

76,66%

16,66%

=6,66%

<6,66%

Miuvb pbsqulsj Miuvb obcmirj Gjvir hi tionjobeti

slo

eëi

eëi

rbspiehbrjo

Gietb4 Hjhis hj pbsqulsj.

Hi uelvbrsi hb 1> oirjhirbs betrbvlstjhis, (;:,<8%) eëi qulsbrjo legirojr suj

pisláëi, sb girjo kietrj iu j gjvir hi tionjobeti. J ojlirlj hbssj pjrkbcj hb betrbvlstjhis,

pbcjs bxprbssòbs abstujls b kirpirjls, hboiestriu rbstrláëi b kbrti rbkbli bo jglrojr j suj

iplelëi.

Dê (;1,26%) his oirjhirbs jglrojo qub eëi miuvb ebemuo tlpi hb kiouelkjáëi,

sbdj bcj irjclzjhj, vlj kiouelkjáëi loprbssj, iu obsoi uo pcbnlsklti. Ebssb sbetlhi, i

tionjobeti jkietbkbu hbvlhi jis letbrbssbs picïtlkis, jholelstrjtlvis b bkieøolkis.

Vjrj rbjclzjr i tionjobeti hi kbetri mlstûrlki, sbauehi legirojáòbs irjls, miuvb

träs rbuelòbs, ojs bssjs rbuelòbs brjo legirojtlvjs b eëi uoj vitjáëi pjrj sjnbr qubo

qubrlj qub i kbetri mlstûrlki gissb tionjhi. Jcaues oirjhirbs qub pjrtlklpjrjo hjs rbuelòbs

jglrojo qub4

Gil pripjajehj beajeisj, hlssbrjo qub qubo oirjssb ei kbetri mlstûrlkisbrlj prlvlcbaljhi, pils bcbs tbrljo uo icmjr bspbkljc, glzbrjo vêrljs

priobssjs, betrb bcjs bstjvjo j kiestruáëi hb uo eivi Kirbti, j hloleuláëihi LVXR, tjcvbz j lsbeáëi, kiesbrvjáëi b rbstjurjáëi hjs kjsjs, priobssjsbssjs qub sû glkjrjo ej rbuelëi P..._ (Legirojáëi vbrnjc, betrbvlstjhi).

Wêrlis girjo is qubstliejobetis ebajtlvis, eis hlzbrbs hb uo his oirjhirbs4

–P..._ obu LVXR vbo uo vjcir jctïssloi P..._‟ b eëi hbvbrlj, pils kioi bstê ei kbetri

mlstûrlki, mê uoj rbhuáëi ei pjajobeti hi lopisti. [bauehi i Lpmje (>66<j, p. 1)4 –P..._

jcaues ouelkïplis igbrbkbo hbskieti hb LVXR pjrj nbes tionjhis qub girbo ojetlhis bo

nio bstjhi hb kiesbrvjáëi‟.



<=

Roj hjs pbrauetjs kietlhjs ej betrbvlstj eis kmjoiu njstjetb jtbeáëi4 –Wikä

kiembkb i prikbssi hb tionjobeti qub rbsuctiu ej prbsbrvjáëi hb uoj êrbj (picïaiei) ei

kbetri mlstûrlki9‟ Eitj-sb qub (17,;=%) his oirjhirbs hbskiembkbo i prikbssi hb

tionjobeti, bequjeti (>,11%) eëi rbspiehbrjo b jpbejs (>6,=;%) kiembkljo i prikbssi

qub irlaleiu uoj hbcloltjáëi j êrbj ei kbetri mlstûrlki, hbeiolejhj Vicïaiei hb

Xionjobeti. Jqul pihbois pbrkbnbr qub tjeti j jusäeklj hj pbsqulsj (;1,26%), qujeti i

hbskiembklobeti hi tionjobeti (17,;=%), intlvbrjo hjhis bstjtïstlkis hbsgjvirêvbls.

Ej betrbvlstj kio is oirjhirbs, uoj hjs pbrauetjs4 –miuvb obcmirjs ei sbetlhi

hb prbsbrvjáëi, kulhjhis b/iu jáòbs hb prbvbeáëi pjrj i kbetri mlstûrlki ej pjlsjabo pir

obli hb picïtlkjs pônclkjs, sbdj eis îonltis gbhbrjc, bstjhujc b ouelklpjc9‟ I rbsuctjhi hbssj

pbrauetj surprbbehbu, pils (=;,;;%) jglrojo qub hbshb >66= eëi miuvb obcmirjs iu obsoilekbetlvis pjrj rbstjurjáëi b/iu kiesbrvjáëi hi kbetri mlstûrlki, b siobetb (:;,==%)

jglrojo qub miuvb obcmirj qujeti æ prbsbrvjáëi hi kbetri mlstûrlki pir obli hb picïtlkjs

pônclkjs ejs bsgbrjs gbhbrjc, bstjhujc b ouelklpjc, b (>,11%) prbgbrlrjo ioltlr j rbspistj.

Zujeti ji turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc, jprixlojhjobetb (77,77%) his

oirjhirbs kieslhbrjo qub mê i turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc, jpbsjr hb sbr uo eôobri

oïeloi hb pbssijs qub vlsltjo j klhjhb, ojs jlehj jtrjl oultjs pbssijs, tjeti hi bstjhi hi

Xikjetles qujeti his iutris bstjhis. Dê (:>,2%) his oirjhirbs jglrojo qub eëi mê turlsoikucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc, is kltjhleis jglrojrjo qub –bxlstlj turlsoi qujehi tïemjois i

rli Xikjetles‟, iutri betrbvlstjhi –siobetb ej sbojej hj kucturj‟ (legirojáëi vbrnjc his

betrbvlstjhi).

Jpûs js jeêclsbs, i turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc, pjrj is turlstjs b/iu

bxkurslielstjs, kieslstb eis oieuobetis bxlstbetbs b glxjhis. Bequjeti pjrj is oirjhirbs

sëi is oieuobetis glxjhis b tjonìo i ^li Virti ^bjc. Ojs jonis eëi bxlstbo, hbvlhi j

jcauojs hboicláòbs, kioi i kirbti, is kjsjròbs bo grbetb æ larbdj b j ouhjeáj hi ^liXikjetles, hi qujc sû rbstiu uo bxtbesi cjai jrtlglkljc.



<<

2 KIE[LHB^JÁÒB[

I tionjobeti hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc triuxb uoj vlslnlclhjhb pjrj i bstjhi

hi Xikjetles bo prbsbrvjr b sjcvjaujrhjr is nbes hj klhjhb, sbehi jsslo uo jtrjtlvi jis

turlstjs b/iu bxkurslielstjs iu obsoi jcaues bstuhlisis qub, hb jcauoj giroj, bstëi

prbsbetbs ej mlstûrlj hj klhjhb, ojs tjonìo jis kltjhleis, kiouelhjhbs cikjls b/iu vlsltjetbs

hlssbolejehi i kiembklobeti. Kiegirob Eiaublrj (>66;), j siklbhjhb klvlc ì uoj

tbroleicialj jopcj kio i qujc sb pihb betbehbr j rbjclhjhb kietbopirîebj. Ojs ì tjonìo

uo pridbti picïtlki, jnrjeabetb b laujcobetb siglstlkjhi, kio i qujc sb pihb tbetjr

trjesgirojr j rbjclhjhb.

Js picïtlkjs pônclkjs jlehj sëi jáòbs piuki bxpcirjhjs ej klhjhb, uoj vbz qubbxlstb uo rjri letbrbssb hj siklbhjhb klvlc b hi Bstjhi bo levbstlr ej prbsbrvjáëi his nbes

ojtbrljls b lojtbrljls, eëi jpbejs j hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, kioi bo iutrjs klhjhbs

hb kuemi mlstûrlki hi Bstjhi. J hlvucajáëi ej oïhlj iu obsoi lekbetlvis ej bhukjáëi hjs

sìrlbs lelkljls sbrlj uoj ipirtuelhjhb pjrj qub js krljeájs hb midb sjlnjo vjcirlzjr i nbo

kucturjc, pbrpbtujehi jsslo j mlstûrlj cikjc.

Ei prikbssi hb kiestltuláëi hb kietbôhis qub rbtrjtjo pjrj i pjssjhi, tirej-sb

bssbekljc i levbstlobeti pjrj siclhlglkjr b hitjr hb hurjáëi b bstjnlclhjhb uoj hbtbrolejhjoboûrlj pjrj rbprbsbetjr i kiedueti hj siklbhjhb. Jsslo, kieglaurjo-sb ipbrjáòbs hb

sbcbáëi, irajelzjáëi b uelgirolzjáëi hj ouctlpclklhjhb hb slaelglkjhis jtrlnuïhis ji pjssjhi.

Ebssj pbrspbktlvj tbûrlkj, j oboûrlj kicbtlvj ì kiekbnlhj bequjeti kibráëi –kioi

lopisláëi, uoj giroj bspbkïglkj hb vlicäeklj slonûclkj‟ (VICCJ@, :<=<, p. ;). J Kjtbhrjc

Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs pissul uo lopirtjetb pitbekljc turïstlki pjrj j klhjhb pir obli hb

sujs jtrjtlvlhjhbs, kioi kbcbnrjáòbs, kioboirjáòbs bo hjtjs bspbkïglkjs j kucturj lojtbrljc.

Vrbsbrvjr b sjcvjaujrhjr j oboûrlj hj klhjhb prbsbetb eis hikuobetis bxlstbetbs sbrê ojlsuoj gietb hb legirojáëi pjrj j pipucjáëi pirtubesb.

I tionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc triuxb uoj vlslnlclhjhb ei

pjtrloøeli, sbehi, jsslo, uo jtrjtlvi eëi jpbejs jis hbvitis hi kjticlklsoi, kio j Kjtbhrjc

Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, b jis turlstjs kucturjls. Bssb nbo ojtbrljc obrbkb uo piuki ojls

hb jtbeáëi his aivbrejetbs, pils js picïtlkjs pônclkjs cikjls jlehj sëi uoj jáëi leklplbetb,

bxpcirjhj ej klhjhb, uoj vbz qub bxlstb piuki letbrbssb hj siklbhjhb klvlc b his abstirbs

pônclkis. Vjrj uo ojlir kiembklobeti, sbrlj lopirtjetb j hlvucajáëi ej oïhlj (rêhli, XW,

direjls loprbssis betrb iutris), iu tjonìo uoj kjrtlcmj sinrb is oieuobetis tionjhis pbci

Lpmje b suj mlstûrlj iu obsoi lekbetlvis ej bhukjáëi hi beslei nêslki.



:66

Ebstb bstuhi, puhbois insbrvjr qub j ojlirlj his turlstjs betrbvlstjhis kieslhbrj

j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs i sïonici qub ojls rbprbsbetj j Mlstûrlj b j Kucturj hb

Virti Ejkliejc. Bequjeti j Ircj ‛ Nblrj ^li intbvb piukj prbgbräeklj, iu sbdj, jcaues turlstjs

b/iu bxkurslielstjs eëi jkrbhltj qub j Ircj Nblrj ^li sbdj kieslhbrjhj uo sïonici kucturjc

pjrj j pipucjáëi pirtubesb. J eissi vbr, lssi rbgcbtb eis prikbssi hb letbrvbeáëi jetrûplkj

pjrj j kiestruáëi hj Ircj ‛ Nblrj ^li, pir bssb oitlvi eëi ì tëi begêtlkj ei sbetlhi hb

rbprbsbetjr j mlstûrlj hj klhjhb. Jsslo, pihbois obekliejr qub bssj kjrjktbrïstlkj hb

letbrvbeáëi giab ji qub tjeab is kiekbltis qub pbrobljo betrb Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc b

Xurlsoi Kucturjc, jglrojehi qub j prbsbrvjáëi, kiesbrvjáëi b utlclzjáëi hbssbs nbes

kucturjls, bo suj irlabo prloêrlj, pbrojebájo sbo jctbrjáòbs ej jrqultbturj. Lssi ei sbetlhi

hb eëi oihlglkjr j pjlsjabo, pjrj qub bcj kietleub kioi giroj hb prbsbrvjáëi hj oboûrljhj klhjhb. Vihbois vbrlglkjr tjonìo pir obli his rbsuctjhis, qub Virti Ejkliejc, jlehj qub,

bo piuki ïehlkb, bxlstb turlsoi kucturjc ej iplelëi his turlstjs b oirjhirbs. Jqul pihbois

eitjr qub, uo his kiesbcmblris ei prikbssi hb tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc sb beajeiu ji

hlzbr4 –P..._ eëi mjvbrê uo juobeti hb levbstlobetis hb turlsoi P..._.

I Vjtrloøeli bxlstb4 kiestltuïhi pbci cuajr, pbcj Kjtbhrjc, pbci Ousbu, pbci

Kbetri Mlstûrlki. Jsslo, j oboûrlj hj klhjhb ì rbsajtjhj pir jáòbs jetrûplkjs kio indbtlvi

hb sbeslnlclzjáëi, jcaues oblis hb prbsbrvjáëi hi nbo ojtbrljc/lojtbrljc pjrj qub jsabrjáòbs guturjs pissjo usugrulr uo piuki hb suj mlstûrlj, b qub bssj mlstûrlj pissj sbr

pjcpêvbc, jholrjhj b vlstj, b qub eëi kjlj jpbejs ej oboûrlj hjqubcbs qub j vlvbekljrjo.

Hbvb-sb pbesjr i eissi pjïs –Nrjslc‟ b sbus rbspbktlvis bstjhis b klhjhbs, betrb is

ojls hbsbevicvlhis, kio ojlir ïehlkb hb nbes tionjhis ‛ rbalëi suc b suhbstb ‛ b js rbalòbs

ojls lsicjhjs b jgjstjhjs his kbetris kioi j rbalëi eirtb b eirhbstb, pir bxbopci, pissubo

uoj pbqubej pjrkbcj hb nbes pjtrloieljclzjhis. Ì letbrbssjetb kioprbbehbr i prikbssi

ikirrlhi ei trîoltb pjrj i tionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc. Iutri jspbktilopirtjetb ei qujc pihbois obekliejr ì qub is nbes b klhjhbs pjtrloieljclzjhjs bstëi hjehi

lopirtîeklj pjrj i pjtrloøeli bo tbrois hb bstruturj gïslkj b vjcirbs letjeaïvbls, sbehi jsslo

ojls uoj gietb hb rbehj pjrj j siklbhjhb cikjc. Mê, betëi, uoj mioiabeblzjáëi his cuajrbs.

Kjnb jqul, jlehj, uo qubstliejobeti, eëi bo rbspistj æ pbrauetj gbltj ej letrihuáëi, ojs

uoj rbgcbxëi. Ì eitûrlj qub j pjrtlklpjáëi hjs hbzbssbtb pbssijs qub kiopuemjo j siklbhjhb

klvlc ei Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi rbjclzjhi ej 2<´ ^buelëi, klhjhb hi ^li hb Djeblri, eëi brjo

pbssijs qub rbslhljo bo Virti Ejkliejc, pirtjeti eëi kiembkljo is vjcirbs kucturjls hj

klhjhb b hj rbalëi.



:6:

Is nbes kucturjls hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, cikjclzjhis ei kbetri mlstûrlki, ejhj

ojls sëi hi qub j rbprihuáëi tìkelkj hi kjpltjclsoi bo qub is miobes hëi giroj, kietbôhi

b gueáëi. Vjrj Olctie [jetis (>6:>), bssb prikbssi sb rbsuob bo jáòbs tìkelki-klbetïglki-

legirojkliejc. I tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc gil j prloblrj klhjhb j sbr tionjhj ei

tbrrltûrli tikjetlebesb, kio lssi triuxb ojlir vlslnlclhjhb. Jsslo, betbehbois qub i

–pjtrloøeli‟ ì uoj jáëi hb obrkjetlclzjáëi, lekculehi kjpltjc, pihbr picïtlki b pihbr

bkieøolki.

Kio js legirojáòbs jprbsbetjhjs, vlois qub 1> pbssijs pjrtlklpjrjo hjs

betrbvlstjs. Kio ojlir ïehlkb, j ojlirlj his pirtubesbs oirjhirbs hi kbetri mlstûrlki

hbskiembkljo i prikbssi qub rbsuctiu bo uoj piclaiejc hb tionjobeti. Jsslo, pihbois

jglrojr qub miuvb letbrbssbs picïtlkis b bkieøolkis pjrj i tionjobeti hj klhjhb hb Virti Ejkliejc. Lssi pirqub i bstjhi hi Xikjetles dê brj jutøeioi hbshb :<=< b prbklsjvj hb uoj

–lhbetlhjhb‟, jcai qub rbprbsbetjssb j oboûrlj b j mlstûrlj his tikjetlebesbs, b i

tionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI vbli kio i pripûslti hb jglrojr b

glxjr ejs pbssijs j suj lhbetlhjhb kucturjc hbsvlekucjhj hi bstjhi hb Ailês, iu sbdj, jglrojr b

kioprivjr qub Virti Ejkliejc ì j kjpltjc hj kucturj, eiob jtrlnuïhi bo objhis hj hìkjhj hb

16, pir obli hj loprbesj b hb jcaues direjls hb klrkucjáëi ejkliejc.

Betbehb-sb bssj kucturj kioi uoj kietrjhláëi4 kioi pihb sbr j kjpltjc hj kucturjsb eëi sb prbikupj kio j kucturj9 kioi pihb sbr kmjojhj j kjpltjc hj kucturj sb miuvb j

hboicláëi hb träs loûvbls b tjetis iutris9 hbssbs pihbois kltjr j pjrtb supbrlir hj Oltrj

Hlikbsjej, hils kjsjròbs qub glkjvjo bo grbetb j kjtbhrjc, i kirbti b tjetis iutris kjsjròbs

qub bstëi pjssïvbls hb hboiclr bo gueáëi hi jnjehiei b hj eëi kiesbrvjáëi Wbrlglkjois

jetbrlirobetb qub vêrlis loûvbls girjo hboiclhis pjrj kiestruáëi hj Ircj Nblrj ^li.

Xjonìo mê iutrj kietrjhláëi qujehi obekliejois j pjcjvrj –kucturj‟, qub ì nbo

jnrjeabetb, pils kucturj ì prbsbrvjáëi b kiesbrvjáëi hb mênltis, kistuobs b vjcirbs hb uotbopi pjssjhi ei tbopi prbsbetb, pjrjgrjsbjehi Olctie [jetis (>6:>). Ì eitûrli qub i

tionjobeti hj klhjhb triuxb uoj vlslnlclhjhb ojlir, pirìo gjctj j kiesbrvjáëi b rbstjurjáëi

his loûvbls hi kbetri mlstûrlki pjrj qub eëi betrbo bo hbtbrlirjáëi bo gueáëi hjs jáòbs hi

tbopi b jetrûplkjs.

I tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc gil uoj bstrjtìalj picïtlki-jholelstrjtlvj. Js

krïtlkjs prbsbetbs ej jtj hb tionjobeti, rbjclzjhj ej 2<´ ^buelëi hi Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi

Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc (LVMJE), girjo kiestjetbs, pils is rbprbsbetjetbs cikjls, tikjetlebesbs,

eëi tlvbrjo j prbikupjáëi hb oietjr uo hisslä sinrb js jtrjtlvlhjhbs, is rbkursis ejturjls b

i quëi j klhjhb ì lopirtjetb bo tbrois hb mlstûrlj, eëi jpbejs pjrj is tikjetlebesbs, ojs



:6>

tjonìo pjrj is nrjslcblris. Virti Ejkliejc brj gietb hb bskijobeti b gcuxi hb pbssijs b

obrkjhirljs, clajehi eirtb ji suc hi Nrjslc. J klhjhb ì uoj hjs girojs hb ojtbrljclzjáëi hj

rbcjáëi betrb i miobo b i jonlbetb ejturjc, qub kieglaurj i kiekblti hb pjlsjabo, uoj

pjlsjabo qub ì kiestruïhj tbopirjcobetb ei îonlti hjs rbcjáòbs sikljls. Wlvbekljr i kbetri

mlstûrlki gil gjzbr uoj rbtrispbktlvj ei tbopi, kioprbbehbr b kiekirhjr kio Cjrjlj (>66;, p.

<7) ji jglroj qub –qujcqubr slstboj kucturjc bstê euo kietïeui prikbssi hb oihlglkjáëi‟.

J pjtrloieljclzjáëi hi kbetri mlstûrlki ejhj ojls ì hi qub j rbprihuáëi tìkelkj

hi kjpltjclsoi j qub is miobes hëi giroj, kietbôhi b gueáëi. Vjrj Olctie [jetis (>6:>),

bssb prikbssi sb rbsuob bo jáòbs tìkelki-klbetïglki-legirojkliejls. Betbehbois qub i

–pjtrloøeli‟ ì uoj jáëi hb obrkjetlclzjáëi, lekculehi kjpltjc, pihbr picïtlki b pihbr

bkieøolki. I bstjhi hi Xikjetles dê brj jutøeioi b prbklsjvj hb uoj –lhbetlhjhb‟, jcai qubrbprbsbetjssb j oboûrlj b j mlstûrlj his tikjetlebesbs. I tionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb

Virti Ejkliejc-XI vbli kio pripûslti hb glrojr b glxjr ej pipucjáëi pirtubesb suj

lhbetlhjhb, vjcirbs, kistuobs b kucturj prûprlj, hbsvlekucjhj hi bstjhi hb Ailês.



:6;

[RAB[XÒB[ VJ^J OBCMI^LJ[ EI KBEXÎ ML[XÛ^LKI HB VI^XIEJKLIEJC-XI

j) Ojpj hb Cikjclzjáëi ‛ Lestjcjr uo ojpj bo pietis bstrjtìalkis, ej betrjhj hi kbetri

mlstûrlki, kio is prleklpjls oieuobetis b uo nrbvb mlstûrlki. Bxbopci4 is prleklpjls

kjsjròbs4 Ojljs, Jlrbs, îsj b/iu Vjkïglki betrb iutris. Is prleklpjls loûvbls

pônclkis4 Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs, Ousbu Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc, Kiosjôhb,

Jnrlai Diëi ]]LLL betrb iutris. Jcauojs rujs pihbo sbr kieslhbrjhjs bstrjtìalkjs4

kioi j ûj Hr. Grjeklski Jlrbs hj [lcvj kio j Diëi Jlrbs Dikj ji eirtb hi Kbetri

Mlstûrlki b ji suc, kio i kruzjobeti hj ûj Abtôcli Wjrajs kio j jvbelhj Nblrj ^li

b j ûj Disuì Ebarb. B tjonìo ej Vrjáj hi Kbetbeêrli j glxjáëi hb uo ojpj hb

cikjclzjáëi turïstlkj0

n) Vietis hb slejclzjáëi ei kbetri mlstûrlki ‛ bstjnbcbkbr hlrbáòbs b lehlkjáòbs hb kioi

kmbajr eis loûvbls pir obli hb uo ojpj hb cikjclzjáëi turïstlkj0

k) Krljáëi hb uo Vridbti hb Cbl ouelklpjc hbslaejhis jis bvbetis kucturjls sbrbo

inrlajtirljobetb ei kbetri mlstûrlki0

h) Jtlvlhjhbs bkieøolkj ‛ Js picïtlkjs pônclkjs pissj lekbetlvjr is kiobrkljetbs j

levbstlr ei kbetri mlstûrlki kioi uoj ipirtuelhjhb, pils bo hbojls klhjhbs

nrjslcblrjs mlstûrlkjs j êrbj ojls oivlobetjhj ì i kbetri mlstûrlki, i qub hlgbrb hj

klhjhb hb Virti ejkliejc. ^bkbetbobetb lejuauriu uoj Kjgbtbrlj>8 ‛ ei kbetri

mlstûrlki, bo qub tbvb j prbikupjáëi bo ojetbr js kjrjktbrïstlkjs gïslkjs irlalejls hi

loûvbc, tirejehi uo jonlbetb jarjhêvbc. [ëi vbehlhjs jcauojs kiolhjs tïplkjs hj

rbalëi kioi4 nicis, tirtjs, hikbs, tjplikj, nlskilti joir pbrgblti betrb iutris0

b) Jcauoj kjsj kio jrtbsjejtis pjrj vbehbr ‛ jrtlais hb kjrjktbrïstlkjs tikjetlebesb, pir

bxbopci, tjpbtbs, glcobs, clvris, KHs, HWHs sinrb j mlstûrlj hb Virti Ejkliejc.

>8 ^bkbetbobetb lejuauriu uoj cjekmiebtb –Kjgì Hu Virti‟ ei hlj 67/62/>6:8, kio j prbsbeáj hjjtujc Vrbslhbetj Ejkliejc hi LVMJE ‛ Lestltuti hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki Ejkliejc, Durboj hb [iuzjOjkmjhi.



:68

[RAB[XÒB[ VJ^J J[ V^Û]LOJ[ VB[ZRL[J[

j) Bhukjáëi pjtrloieljc jpclkjhi ji Kbetri Mlstûrlki ei sbetlhi hb bevicvbr bssbs nbes

loûvbls cikjclzjhis ei kbetri mlstûrlki, kioi obli hb lekbetlvjr j mlstûrlj b j

jrqultbturj hi oieuobeti.

n) Bstuhi jpriguehjhi sinrb i turlsoi hb rbslhäeklj bo Virti Ejkliejc. Vir hbgleláëi i

turlsoi hb rbslhäeklj –Ì uo tlpi hb mispbhjabo vlekucjhj ji turlsoi hb gles hb

sbojej b hb tbopirjhjs hb gìrljs‟ >2, iu sbdj, jcaues loûvbls hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki sbus

priprlbtêrlis rbslhbo bo iutris bstjhis, iu obsoi trjnjcmjo bo iutrj klhjhb hi

bstjhi. Eis gles hb sbojej iu gìrljs rbtirejo æ klhjhb.

k) Ro bstuhi jpriguehjhi sinrb is kjsjròbs suj mlstûrlj, êrvirb abebjcûalkj kio

abrjáòbs jetbrlirbs, nbo kioi trjnjcmjr is bstlcis jrqultbtøelkis prbsbetb ei kbetri

mlstûrlki kioi4 kicieljc, rioîelki, oihbrei b pûs-oihbrei.

"# J[[L[, Cbelctie Grjeklski hb. Xurlsoi hb sbauehj rbslhäeklj4 j bxprbssëi bspjkljc hi gbeøobei b

js pisslnlclhjhbs hb jeêclsb abiarêglkj. ^bvlstj Xbrrltûrli, ^li hb Djeblri, jei 1, e. ::, p. :61-:>>,sbt./iut., >66;.



:62

^BGB^ÄEKLJ[

JCOBLHJ, O. A. hb. Hlvbrslhjhb pjlsjaïstlkj b lhbetlhjhbs tbrrltirljls b kucturjls4 Nrjslc

sbrtjebdi. Le4 JCOBLHJ, O. A. hb0 KMJWBLÎ, B. G.0 N^JAJ, M. K. (Ira.). Abiarj!j bkucturj4 j vlhj his cuajrbs b is cuajrbs hj vlhj. Ailîelj4 Bhltirj Wlblrj, >66=. p. 81-18.

JN“[JNB^, Jzlz. Is hioïelis hj ejturbzj ei Nrjslc4 pitbekljclhjhbs pjlsjaïstlkjs. [ëiVjuci4 Jtbclä, >667.

JTBWBHI, Grjeklki G. his [jetis. (Ira.) Jeeujrli Mlstirlki, Abiarjpmlki b Hbskrlptlvihi Bstjhi hb Aiyjz, pjrj :<:6. Rnbrjnj/Jrjaujry/Aiyjz4 Bh. Vriprlbtêrlj, :<:6.

NJC[JE, îsjeb0 EJ[KLOBEXI, Eônlj Eiaublrj hi. Visslnlclhjhbs b/iu betrjvbs hihbsbevicvlobeti hi turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc - XI. Le4[BOLEÊ^LI EJKLIEJC B [BOLEÊ^LI LEXBÊJKLIEJC 4I VJVBC HIABÛA^JGI EI KIEXB]XI [IKLJC JXRJC, ;., >6:>, Ejtjc. Jejls... Ejtjc, Ê4RGÊ, >6:>. p. :6>;-:6;>. : KH-ÎO.

NBEL, Ojrli Kjrcis. Jeêclsb bstruturjc hi turlsoi. =. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 [bejk [ëi Vjuci,>66;.

NBÔJE, Ojrsmjcc. Xuhi qub ì sûclhi hbsojekmj ei jr4 j jvbeturj hj oihbrelhjhb.Xrjhuáëi Gbclpb Oilsìs b Jej Ojrlj C. Lirljttl. >. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Kiopjemlj hjs Cbtrjs,:<=7.

NIR^HLBR, Vlbrrb. I pihbr slonûclki. ::. bh. ^li hb Djeblri4 Nbrtrjeh, >661.

NIÂB[, Jej Ojrlj0 VJCJKLE, Culz. Vjtrloøeli mlstûrlki hb Ailês. >. bh. Nrjsïclj, HG4

[VMJE, :<=1.

N^J[LC. Kiestltuláëi (:<==). Kiestltuláëi hj ^bpônclkj Gbhbrjtlvj hi Nrjslc4 prioucajhj bo 2 hb iutunri hb :<==. Hlspieïvbc bo4 3mttp4//www.pcjejcti.aiv.nr/kklvlcY6;/kiestltulkji/kiestltulkjikioplcjhi.mto.5 Jkbssi bo4:< gbv. >6:8.

YYYYYY. Hbkrbti e. 7.=88, hb 1 hb ojli hb >66<. Jprivj j bstruturj rbalobetjc b iqujhri hboiestrjtlvi his kjrais bo kiolssëi b hjs gueáòbs arjtlglkjhjs hi Lestltuti hiVjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki b Jrtïstlki Ejkliejc - Lpmje, b hê iutrjs privlhäekljs. Hlspieïvbcbo4 3 mttp4//www.pcjejcti.aiv.nr/kklvlcY6;/Yjti>661->6:6/>66</hbkrbti/h7=88.mto5. Jkbssibo4 :< gbv. >6:8.



:67

YYYYYY. Olelstìrli hi Xurlsoi. [baobetjáëi hi turlsoi4 ojrkis kiekbltujls. Nrjsïclj, HG4Olelstìrli hi Xurlsoi, >667.

YYYYYY. Olelstìrli hi Xurlsoi. Xurlsoi kucturjc4 irlbetjáòbs nêslkjs. ;. bh. Nrjsïclj, HG4Olelstìrli hi Xurlsoi, >6:6.

YYYYYY. Virtjrlj e. :>1, ;6 jnr. >66<. Bstjnbcbkb j kmjekbcj hb pjlsjabo kucturjc. HlêrliIglkljc Phj_ ^bpônclkj Gbhbrjtlvj hi Nrjslc, Vihbr Bxbkutlvi, Nrjsïclj, HG, 2 ojli. >66<.e. =;. [báëi :, p. :1. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//pirtjc.lpmje.aiv.nr/pirtjc/njlxjGkhJebxi.hi9lh?:>;75. Jkbssi bo4 1 ojr. >6:8.

KJ[X^LIXJ, Cbiejrhi Njrkl. Vjtrloøeli kucturjc4 kiekbltis, picïtlkjs, lestruobetis. [ëi

Vjuci4 Jeejoncuob0 Nbci Mirlzietb4 LBH[, >66<.

KJ[XÎALIWJEEL, Jetøeli Kjrcis (Ira.). Xurlsoi urnjei. >. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Kietbxti,>66:.

KMJRL, Ojrlcbej. Kievltb æ glcisiglj. :;. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Êtlkj, >662.

KCJWJC, Vjuc. I Xbrrltûrli ej trjesláëi hj pûs-oihbrelhjhb. ^ bvlstj Abiarjpmlj, Eltbrûl,RGG/BAA, jei :, e. >, p. 1- >7. :<<<. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.ugg.nr/abiarjpmlj/ids/lehbx.pmp/abiarjpmlj/jrtlkcb/vlbw/:7/:85. Jkbssi bo4 >6ojr. >6:8.

KMIJ\, Grjeáilsb. J jcbairlj hi pjtrloøeli. [ëi Vjuci4 REB[V, >66:.

KI^^ÄJ, înbrti Cinjti0 Î[BEHJMC, Tbey (Ira.). Abiarjglj kucturjc4 jprbsbetjehiuoj ieticialj. Le4 YYYYYY. Abiarjglj kucturjc4 uoj ieticialj. ^li hb Djeblri, ^D4 Rbrd,

>6:>.: v. p.1-:8.

MIN[NJQO, Brlk0 ^JEAB^, Xbrbekb (Ira.). J levbeáëi hjs trjhláòbs. >. bh. Xrjhuáëihb Kbclej Kjrhlo Kjvjckjetb ^li hb Djeblri4 Vjz b Xbrrj, :<<1.

KJ^CI[, Jej Gjel Jcbssjehrl. I turlsoi b j prihuáëi hi eëi-cuajr. LE4 \ÊTLAL, B.0KJ^CI[, Jej G.0 K^RT, ^ltj hb Kêsslj (Ira.). Xurlsoi4 bspjái, pjlsjabo bkucturj. [ëi Vjuci4 Mukltbk, :<<<. p.>2-;1.



:61

KJWJCKJEXB, Ojrlj hi Bsplrlti [jeti ^isj. I hlskursi jutieiolstj hi Xikjetles. Le4AL^JCHLE, Ihjlr (Ira.). J (trjes)girojáëi mlstûrlkj hi Xikjetles. [ëi Vjuci4 BHR[V,>668. p. 8<-==.

KCJWJC, Vjuc. Clbux hb oìoilrb. ^bvlstj bspjái b kucturj, ^li hb Djeblri, e :<, p. =<-:67, >662. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.b-punclkjkibs.ubrd.nr/lehbx.pmp/bspjkibkucturj/jrtlkcb/vlbw/;8<2/>8>;5 Jkbssibo4 1 eiv. >6:;.

KI[XJ, Bvbrjchi Njtlstj hj. J kiekrbtuhb hi gbeøobei turlsoi b js klhjhbs-pjtrloøeli-obrkjhirlj4 uoj jnirhjabo abiarêglkj. ^li hb Djeblri, ^D4 Clvrb Bxprbssëi,>6:6. :1= p.

YYYYYY. Vjtrloøeli b tbrrltûrli urnjei bo kjrtjs pjtrloieljls hi sìkuci ]]. Glelstbrrj,Clsnij, v. 81, e. <;, >6:>, p. 2->=. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.kba.uc.pt/glelstbrrj/euobris/>6:>-<;/<;Y6:.phg5. Jkbssi bo4 > eiv. >6:>.

KI[XJ0 Bvbrjchi Njtlstj hj0 [KJ^CJXI, Grjeklski Kjpujei. Vjtrloøeli hj muojelhjhb4uelvbrsjclsoi hb uo jpiehbrjobeti tbrrltirljc sinbrjei. Le4 KI[XJ, Bvbrjchi Njtlstj hj0N^R[JHLE, Cbjehri Nbebhlel0 VL^B[, Ojrlj hi Kjroi (Ira.). Wjcir pjtrloieljc bturlsoi4 cloljr betrb j mlstûrlj, tbrrltûrli b pihbr. [ëi Vjuci4 Iutrjs Bxprbssòbs, >6:>.

KI[XJ, Bvbrjchi Njtlstj hj0 [XBLE@B, Wjchlr Jhlcsie. ^lskis ji pjtrloøeli ouehljcoitir hb hbsbevicvlobeti4 hbsïaelis æ kucturj b æ ejturbzj. ^bvlstj hi Hbpjrtjobeti hbAbiarjglj ‛ R[V, [ëi Vjuci, v. >2, p. >66->;6. >6:;. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//kltrus.uspebt.usp.nr/rha/ids/lehbx.pmp/rha/jrtlkcb/vlbw/86>/26;5. Jkbssi bo4 ; eiv.>6:;.

KI[XJ, ^iaìrli Mjbsnjbrt hj. I olti hj hbstbrrltirljclzjáëi4 hi "glo his tbrrltûrlis" æouctltbrrltirljclhjhb. ^li hb Djeblri4 Nbrtrjeh Nrjslc, >668. ;<2 p.

K^RT, ^ltj hb Kjsslj Jrlzj hj. –Vjtrloieljclzjáëi hi pjtrloøeli‟4 besjli sinrb j rbcjáëibetrb turlsoi, –pjtrloøeli kucturjc‟ b prihuáëi hi bspjái. ^bvlstj Abiusp ‛ bspjái btbopi, [ëi Vjuci, e. ;:, >6:>, p. <2-:68. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//kltrus.uspebt.usp.nr/abiusp/ids->.>.8/lehbx.pmp/abiusp/jrtlkcb/vlbwGlcb/2;1/>=:5.Jkbssi bo4 1 gbv. >6:8.

KR^\, Lsjnbccb (Ira.). Kjrtjs pjtrloieljls. ;. bh. ^li hb Djeblri4 LVMJE, >668. 861p.

HBOI, Vbhri. Vicïtlkj sikljc, bhukjáëi b klhjhjelj. :6. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Vjplrus Bhltirj,>661.



:6=

HBEK@B^, Jhj hb Grbltjs Ojebtl. Wjcir pjtrloieljc4 oboûrlj sikljc b pihbr Le4 KI[XJ,Bvbrjchi Njtlstj hj Kistj0 N^R[JHLE, Cbjehri Nbebhlel0 VL^B[, Ojrlj hi Kjroi (Iras.).Wjcir pjtrloieljc b turlsoi4 cloljr betrb j mlstûrlj, tbrrltûrli b pihbr. [ëi Vjuci4 IutrjsBxprbssòbs, >6:>. p. :;1-:22.

HIR^JHI, Nbevlehj Njrris. Bhukjáëi bo Virti Ejkliejc4 uoj pbrspbktlvj mlstûrlkj.Virti Ejkliejc, XI4 I Vjrjcbci :;, >6:;.

GJKMLE, Ihïclj. Guehjobetis hb obtihicialj. 8. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 [jrjlvj, >66;.

GBLXI[J, Oøelkj Ejsklobeti0 [LCWJ, [jehrj [lqublrj hj. Vjtrloøeli kucturjc lojtbrljc b picïtlkjs pônclkjs4 is sjnbrbs hj kucleêrlj rbaliejc kioi gjtir hb hbsbevicvlobeti cikjc. Le4

KIEA^B[[I CR[I JGÎ N^J[LCBLÎ HB KLÄEKLJ[ [IKLJL[, HLWB^[LHJHB B(HB[)LARJCHJHB[, ::., >6::, Njmlj. Jejls... Njmlj4 RGNJ, >6::. p. :-:7.

GCI^B[, Dijqulo hb Oiurj. –Vjtrloieli‟4 hi oieuobeti ji tbrrltûrli. Virti4 Ps.e._, :<<=. p.::-:1. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttps4//www.jkjhbolj.bhu/1<<<8>/Vjtrloieli.YHiYoieuobetiYjiYtbrrltirli5. Jkbssi bo4:6 ojr. >6:8.

GIE[BKJ, Ojrlj Kbkïclj Ciehrbs. I pjtrloøeli bo prikbssi4 trjdbtûrlj hj picïtlkj gbhbrjchb prbsbrvjáëi ei Nrjslc. ^li hb Djeblri4 RG^D/LVMJE, :<<1.

AJ[XJC, [usjej. I prihuti klhjhb4 kjolemis hb kucturj, kjolemis hb turlsoi. Le4KJ[XÎALIWJEEL, Jetøeli Kjrcis (Ira.). Xurlsoi urnjei. >. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Kietbxti,>66:. p. ;;-8:.

AIHLEMI, Hurvjc. Mlstûrlj hb Virti Ejkliejc. P[.c.4 s.e._, :<==.

LNAB. Klhjhbs4 Virti Ejkliejc - XI Hlspieïvbc bo43 mttp4//www.lnab.aiv.nr/klhjhbsjt/tipwlehiw.mto9:5. Jkbssi bo4 > gbv. >6:;.

YYYYYY. Klhjhbs4 Virti Ejkliejc-XI ‛ sïetbsb hjs legirojáòbs. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//klhjhbs.lnab.aiv.nr/xtrjs/tbojs.pmp9cjea?&kihoue?:1:=>6&lhtboj?:7&sbjrkm?||s%BHetbsb-hjs-legiroj%B1%G2bs5. Jkbssi bo4 >; jnr. >6:8.

LVMJE. Jtj hj 2<´ ^buelëi hi Kiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc. ^li hb

Djeblri, >66=. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//pirtjc.lpmje.aiv.nr/pirtjc/njlxjGkhJebxi.hi0dsbsslielh?J2:G6H6K2HJ>H181>1=7



:6<

JN1KN6JJ=GHB9lh?>18;5. Jkbssi bo4 6; eiv. >6:;. (Jtj hi Xionjobeti hi Ouelkïplihb Virti Ejkliejc-XI).

YYYYYY. Hisslä hb tionjobeti hi kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc - XI4 KbetriMlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc, eitïklj mlstûrlj. >661.

YYYYYY. Glskjclzjáëi. [ëi Cuïs, OJ4 Lpmje, >66<j.

YYYYYY. LVMJE4 mlstûrlki. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//pirtjc.lpmje.aiv.nr/pirtjc/oietjrVjalej[bkji.hi9lh?:6&slacj?Lestltukliejc&rbtirei?pjalejLpmje5. Jkbssi bo4 1 dje. >6:8.

YYYYYY. Clstj his nbes kucturjls leskrltis eis clvris hi tioni (:<;=->6:>). ^li hbDjeblri4 LVMJE, >6:;. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.lpmje.aiv.nr/njlxjGkhJebxi.hi9lh?;>7;5. Jkbssi bo4 :> eiv. >6:;.

YYYYYY. Eirojtlzjáëi hb klhjhbs mlstûrlkjs4 irlbetjáòbs pjrj j bcjnirjáëi hbhlrbtrlzbs b eirojs hb prbsbrvjáëi pjrj êrbjs urnjejs tionjhjs. Nrjsïclj, HG4 Lpmje, >6::.Hlspieïvbc bo4 3mttp4//pirtjc.lpmje.aiv.nr/pirtjc/njlxjGkhJebxi.hi9lh?>;125. Jkbssi bo4 :jai. >6:;.

YYYYYY. Vjlsjabo kucturjc. [ëi Cuïs, OJ4 Lpmje, >66<. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//pirtjc.lpmje.aiv.nr/pirtjc/njlxjGkhJebxi.hi9lh?:1275. Jkbssi bo4 1 ojr. >6:8.

YYYYYY. Vjtrloieli lojtbrljc. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//pirtjc.lpmje.aiv.nr/pirtjc/oietjrVjalej[bkji.hi9lh?:6=2>&rbtirei?pjalejLpmje5.Jkbssi bo4 ; ojr. >6:8j.

YYYYYY. Virtjrlj e. 8=7, hb >< hb eivbonri hb >6:>. Jprivj i ^balobeti Letbrei hiKiesbcmi Kiesuctlvi hi Vjtrloøeli Kucturjc. >6:>.Hlspieïvbc bo43 mttp4//www.lpmje.aiv.nr/njlxjGkhJebxi.hi9lh?;>8<5. Jkbssi bo4 :2 eiv.>6:;.

CJ@JXI[, Bvj Ojrlj0 OJ^KIEL, Ojrlej hb Jehrjhb. Xìkelkjs hb pbsqulsj4 pcjebdjobeti b bxbkuáëi hb pbsqulsjs, joistrjabes b tìkelkjs hb pbsqulsj, bcjnirjáëi jeêclsbb letbrprbtjáëi hb hjhis. 8. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Jtcjs, :<<<.

CJ^JLJ, ^iqub hb Njrris. Kucturj4 uo kiekblti jetripicûalki. :7. bh. ^li hb Djeblri4Dirab Tjmjr, >66;.



::6

CB AIGG, Djkqubs. Vir joir æs klhjhbs4 kievbrsjáòbs kio Dbje Cbnrue. [ëi Vjuci4REB[V, :<<=. (Vrlsojs).

CL^J, Bhoêrklj Iclvblrj. J kiestruáëi hj RMB hb Cjdbjhi b is lopjktis sûkli-tbrrltirljls ei bspjái urnjei hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI. Vjcojs, XI4 RGX, >6:6. Hlssbrtjáëi(Obstrjhi bo Hbsbevicvlobeti ^baliejc b Jariebaûkli) ‛ Relvbrslhjhb Gbhbrjc hiXikjetles, >6:6.

CRKMLJ^L, Ojrlj Xbrbzj Hujrtb Vjbs. J rblevbeáëi hi pjtrloøeli jrqultbtøelki eikiesuoi hjs klhjhbs. ^bvlstj Abiusp ‛ bspjái b tbopi, [ëi Vjuci, e. :1, >662, p. <2-:62.Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.abiarjglj.ggckm.usp.nr/punclkjkibs/Abiusp/Abiusp:1/Jrtlai7YOjrlj.phg5.Jkbssi bo4 > gbv. >6:8.

OJXXI[, ̂ jyouehi Disì hj Kuemj. Kmiriarjpmlj Mlstûrlkj hj Vrivïeklj hb Aiyêz. Ailîelj4 [RHBKI, :<1<.

OBL^J, Jej Aibczbr. Vicïtlkjs pônclkjs b abstëi hi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki. Mlstûrlj bo^bvlstj. Vbcitjs4 RGVbc, >662. p. ;6-;<.

OB[[LJ[, Eibkl Kjrvjcmi. Virti Ejkliejc4 pjtrloøeli kucturjc b oboûrlj. Ailîelj4 VRKAilês, >6:>.

OLEJ\I, Ojrlj Kbkïclj hb [iuzj (Ira.). Vbsqulsj sikljc4 tbirlj, oìtihi b krljtlvlhjhb. >7.bh. Vbtrûpicls4 Wizbs, >661.

OICBXXJ, W.G. Xurlsoi kucturjc. ;. bh. Virti Jcbarb4 [bnrjb, ^[ >66:.

EJ^HL, Cbtlklj0 KJ[XBCC[, Jclklj E. A. Kietbxti urnjei kioi pjlsjabo kucturjc4rbgcbxòbs j pjrtlr hi kbetri mlstûrlki hb Vjrjejauê ‛ V^. Le4 KICIZRLI LNB^IJOB^LKJEI4VJL[JABO KRCXR^JC, VJX^LOØELI, V^IDBXI4 HB[JGLI[ BVB^VBKXLWJ[, :., >6:6, Olejs Abrjls. Jejls bcbtrøelki... Olejs Abrjls4 RGOA, >6:6. Hlspieïvbc bo4 3mttp4//ejul.ugsk.nr/glcbs/>6:6/6</>8<-JrtlaiJejls-CEjrhl.phg5 . Jkbssi bo47 ojr. >6:8.

EIARBL^J, Ojrki Jurìcli. [iklbhjhb Klvlc, betrb i picïtlki-bstjtjc b i uelvbrsi abrbekljc.^bvlstj Nrjslcblrj hb Kläekljs [ikljls, [ëi Vjuci, v. :=, e. 2>, p. :=2->6>, due. >66;.

YYYYYY. Ro Bstjhi pjrj j siklbhjhb klvlc4 tbojs ìtlkis b picïtlkis hj abstëi hboikrêtlkj.[ëi Vjuci4 Kirtbz, >668.



:::

ICLWBL^J, Ojrlj hb Gêtloj. Betrb i sbrtëi b i cltirjc4 kucturj b kitlhljei bo Virti Ejkliejc :==6/:=<6. Jeêpicls4 RBA, >6:6.

VB^BT, ]brjrhi Vbrblri. Xurlsoi kucturjc4 uoj vlsëi jetripicûalkj. e. >. Bspjemj4 ^XVK,>66<, ;61 p. (Kicbáëi pjsis). Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.pjsisiecleb.ira/Vunclkjhis/pjsisibhltj/V[Bhltj>.phg.5 Jkbssi bo4 :2 ojli>6:>.

ICLWBL^J, Ojrlj Ojrcy hb. Kioi gjzbr pridbtis, rbcjtûrlis, oieiarjgljs, hlssbrtjáòbs btbsbs. 2. bh. ^li hb Djeblri4 Bcsbvlbr, >6::.

VB[[IJ, Gbrejehi. Clvri hi hbsjssissbai4 kiopisti pir Nbrejrhi [ijrbs, jduhjetb hb

aujrhj - clvris ej klhjhb hb Clsnij. ;. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Kiopjemlj hjs Cbtrjs, >6::. 28>p.

VICCJ@, Olkmbc. Oboûrlj, bsqubklobeti, slcäekli. Bstuhis Mlstûrlkis, ^li hb Djeblri, e.;, p. ;-:2, :<=<.

VI^XI EJKLIEJC. Hbkrbti Ouelklpjc e´ >:2, hb 7 hb iutunri hb >6::. Hlspòb sinrb jeiobjáëi his obonris hi Kiesbcmi Ouelklpjc hb Kucturj b hê iutrjs privlhäekljs.

YYYYYY . Hbkrbti Ouelklpjc e´ 8:1, hb :: hb duemi hb >6:;. Kievikj j LL KiegbräekljOuelklpjc hb Kucturj hb Virti Ejkliejc b hê iutrjs privlhbekljs.

VI^XI EJKLIEJC. Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ <71, hb >1 hb ojrái hb :<=8. Krlj i KiesbcmiOuelklpjc hb Kucturj b hê iutrjs privlhäekljs.

YYYYYY . Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ :.662, hb :: hb duemi hb :<=2. Kieslhbrj prûprli ouelklpjc kioi pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b kucturjc.

YYYYYY . Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ :.7=:, hb >8 hb iutunri hb >666. Kieslhbrj kioi VjtrloøeliMlstirlki b Kucturjc hi Ouelkïpli hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI, b hê iutrjs privlhäekljs.

YYYYYY . Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ :.=7<, hb = hb ojli hb >667. ^bviaj j Cbl Ouelklpjc e. :.8>7, hb7 hb hbzbonri hb :<<;, krlj i Kiesbcmi Ouelklpjc hb Vritbáëi hi Vjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki bKucturjc b hê iutrjs privlhäekljs.

YYYYYY . Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ :.=17, hb 8 hb iutunri hb >667. Jctbrj j Cbl e. :.=7<, hb = hb ojlihb >667 ej pjrtb qub bspbklglkj.



::>

YYYYYY . Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ :.=1<, hb >: hb eivbonri hb >667. Hlspòb sinrb j prbsbrvjáëi b pritbáëi hi pjtrloøeli Mlstûrlki, Kucturjc b Jonlbetjc hi Ouelkïpli hb Virti ejkliejc b hêiutrjs privlhbekljs.

YYYYYY . Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ :.==<, hb :6 hb jnrlc hb >661. Jutirlzj i pihbr BxbkutlviOuelklpjc j kiestltulr boprbsj pjrj giobetjr i hbsbevicvlobeti bkieøolki sustbetêvbc,kucturjc b sikljc hi Ouelkïpli hb Virti Ejkliejc b hê iutrjs privlhäekljs.

YYYYYY. Cbl Ouelklpjc e´ >.6;<, hb >1 hb hbzbonri hb >6::. Lestltul i Vcjei Ouelklpjc hbKucturj hb Virti Ejkliejc pjrj i hbkäeli >6::->6>:.

YYYYYY. Vrbgblturj Ouelklpjc. Vrikurjhirlj Abrjc hi Ouelkïpli. Vcjei hlrbtir hb

hbsbevicvlobeti sustbetêvbc hb Virti Ejkliejc. Virti Ejkliejc-XI4 Vrbgblturj Ouelklpjc,>667. >7p. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//www.pirtiejkliejc.ti.aiv.nr/jholelstrjkji/glcbs/glcbs/Cbl%>6Vcjei%>6Hlrbtir%>6Cbl%>6Kiopcbobetjr%>6e%K>%NJ%>662-67.phg5. Jkbssi bo4 ; ojr. >6:;.

YYYYYY. [bkrbtjrlj Ouelklpjc hb Kucturj b Xurlsoi. Vcjei ouelklpjc hb kucturj hb VirtiEjkliejc-XI. Virti Ejkliejc-XI4 Vrbgblturj Ouelklpjc, >6::. 88p. (Vcjei hbkbejc vêclhi ei

pbrïihi hb >6:: ‛ >6>:).

VI[[JOJL, Tltj îsjeb. I pjtrloøeli bo kiestruáëi b i kiembklobeti mlstûrlki. ^bvlstjKläekljs b Cbtrjs, Virti Jcbarb, v. >2, e. >1, p. :;->8, dje./due. >666.

^JGGB[XLE, Kcjuhb. Vir uoj abiarjglj hi pihbr. Xrjhuáëi hb Ojrlj Kbkïclj Grjeáj. [ëiVjuci4 Êtlkj, :<<;.

^BL[, ̂ balej Juaustj. J Kjtbhrjc hb Virti Ejkliejc. Ailîelj4 X.M.-<, :<=8.

ÎH^LARB[, Ojrcy. Vrbsbrvjr b kiesuolr4 i pjtrloøeli mlstûrlki b i turlsoi. Le4VBCBA^LEB, [jehrj K. J.0 GREJ^L, Vbhri Vjuci J. (Ira.). Xurlsoi b pjtrloøelikucturjc. 8. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Kietbxti, >662. (Kicbáëi turlsoi kietbxti).

ÎH^LARB[, Dbje Kjrcis. Bxpbrläeklj, lhbetlhjhb b j krljáëi hi Xikjetles.^bvlstj Girojáëi Iecleb, [ëi Vjuci, v. :, e. :=, dje./due. >6::, p. >8-;=.3mttp4//rbvlstj.gkt.uebsp.nr/lehbx.pmp/girojkji/jrtlkcb/vlbwGlcb/=>1/:6=25. Jkbssi bo4 > gbv.>6:8.

ÎXBLÎ Abi-turlstlki4 kbetri mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc. Virti Ejkliejc4 RGX, >6:8. :gichbr lcustrjtlvi.



::;

[JNJCCJ, Wlvljeb Jhrljej. Bhukjáëi pjtrloieljc4 –cuajrbs hb oboûrlj‟. Le4 ^bvlstjOiusblie, v. :, duemi, >661.

[JEX'JEEJ, Ojrklj. Hj klhjhb-oieuobeti æ klhjhb-hikuobeti4 j trjdbtûrlj hjeiroj hb prbsbrvjáëi hb êrbjs urnjejs ei Nrjslc (:<;1-:<<6). [jcvjhir4 RGNJ, :<<2.Hlssbrtjáëi (Obstrjhi bo Jrqultbturj b Rrnjelsoi), Gjkuchjhb hb Jrqultbturj, RelvbrslhjhbGbhbrjc hj Njmlj, :<<2.

[JEXJEJ XJCJWB^J, Juaustïe. Xurlsoi kucturjc, kucturjs turïstlkjs. MirlzietbsJetripicûalkis, Virti Jcbarb, v. <, e. >6, iut. >66;, p. ;:-21.

[JEXI[, Olctie. J ejturbzj hi bspjái4 tìkelkj b tbopi4 rjzëi b boiáëi. 8. bh. [ëi Vjuci4

Bhltirj hj Relvbrslhjhb hb [ëi Vjuci, >6:>.

YYYYYY. Vir uoj abiarjglj eivj4 hj krïtlkj hj abiarjglj j uoj abiarjglj krïtlkj. [ëi Vjuci4Bhusp, >66=.

YYYYYY. Vir uoj iutrj acinjclzjáëi4 hi pbesjobeti ôelki æ kieskläeklj uelvbrsjc. >6. bh.^li hb Djeblri4 Bhltirj ^bkirh, >6::. :18 p.

YYYYYY. I bspjái hi klhjhëi. 8. bh. [ëi Vjuci4 Einbc, :<<=.

[LCWJ, Grbhbrlki Njrnisj hj0 DJKKIRH, Cukljej0 NBAMLE, Ejtmjclb. Vicïtlkjs sikljls eiNrjslc4 pjrtlklpjáëi sikljc, kiesbcmis b pjrkbrljs. Le4 DJKKIRH, C. (Ira.). Zubstëi sikljc bpicïtlkjs sikljls ei Nrjslc kietbopirîebi. Nrjsïclj, HG4 LVBJ, >662. p. ;1;-86=.

[LOLIEJXXI, Lvbtb. Bstjhi b siklbhjhb klvlc bo tbopis hb acinjclzjáëi4 rblevbeáëi hj picïtlkj iu hbspicltlzjáëi9 Le. Kjhbreis Bspbkljls e. ;<, bhláëi4 >; hb iutunri j >6 hb

eivbonri hb >667. Hlspieïvbc bo4 3www.jsslstbetbsikljc.kio.nr5. Jkbssi bo4 2 due. >6:>.

[VLEBCCL DÔELI^, Djyob0 VBHB^[ICL DRELI^, Disì Culz. Nlnclitbkj Ejkliejc4 pcjeihb abrbekljobeti hb rlskis, sjcvjaujrhj b bobraäeklj. ^li hb Djeblri4 Guehjáëi Nlnclitbkj

Ejkliejc, >6::. Hlspieïvbc bo43mttp4//indhlaltjc.ne.nr/jkbrviYhlaltjc/hlvYinrjsabrjls/hraYpcjeiYrlskiYpir/hraYpcjeiYrlskiY

pir.phg5. Jkbssi bo4 > due. >6:>.

TJEL^JXI, [lcvlj Mbcbej. Bxpbrläekljs hb prbvbeáëi hb rlskis ji pjtrloøeli kucturjc hj

muojelhjhb. Jonlbetb & [iklbhjhb, Kjoplejs, [V, >6:6, v.:;, e.:, p. :2:-:78.



::8

TJEL^JXI, [lcvlj Mbcbej0 ^LNBL^I, Qjaebr Kistj. Vjtrloøeli kucturjc4 j pbrkbpáëi hjejturbzj kioi uo nbo eëi rbeivêvbc. ^bvlstj Nrjslcblrj hb Mlstûrlj hj Bhukjáëi, [ëiVjuci, >667, v.>7, e.2:, p. >2:->7>.



::2

ACI[[Ê^LI

Jhinb - tbrrj jralcisj usjhj pjrj gjzbr tldicis krus sbki ji sic

Jcvbejrlj ‛ Inrj gbltj hb pbhrjs, tldicis iu iutrjs pbhrjs jrtlglkljls clajhjs kio jrajojssj,klobeti

Jrtïglkbs - eiobekcjturj utlclzjhj j uo ipbrêrli bspbkljclzjhi bo jcauoj êrbj bspbkïglkj, qubrbjclzj trjnjcmis obkîelkis

Njtlsojc ‛ rbgbrb-sb ji njtlsoi

Nblrjs-sbvblrjs - ì uo jkjnjobeti hb pjrbhb (iehb js tbcmjs sb jpiljo bo kloj, kiestltuïhjhb hujs iu ojls gljhjs hb tbcmjs beajstjhjs ej jcvbejrlj hj pjrbhb)

Kjsbnrb ‛ kjsj pbqubej, kjsj jetlaj

Kirbti - bspìklb hb pjcjequb iu kiri, kiestruïhi ji jr clvrb, pjrj kiekbrtis ouslkjls

Kireldjs - Ì uo tbroi usjhi ej jrqultbturj, rbgbrb-sb j uoj gjlxj mirlzietjc qub sb hbstjkj hj pjrbhb

Grlsis ‛ ì uoj gjlxj pjrj hlvlsëi iu irejobetjáëi hb uoj supbrgïklb hj pjrbhb, abrjcobetbej pjrtb supbrlir.

Cjkustrb ‛ i qub bstê j ojrabo hb uo cjai

Ojhblrj ricláj ‛ ì i prihuti kio obeir arju hb prikbssjobeti hj ojhblrj

Ojhbrjob - Ojhblrj hb qub sb kiestltul j jrojáëi hb uoj kjsj

Eøojhb ‛ lehlvïhuis qub eëi pbrtbekbrbo j hbtbrolejhi cuajr, eëi tbo mjnltjáëi glxj

Vjlhblj ‛ slstboj hb bhukjáëi hjs kucturjs arbajs

Vlcjstrjs - Kicuej hb qujtri gjkbs

Vcjtlnjehjs - Arjhb iu ouri qub kietirej j pcjtjgiroj hb uo tbcmjhi

Vcbnlsklti ‛ ojelgbstjáëi pipucjr bxprbssj jtrjvìs hb viti, qub ikirrb qujehi mê jcauojssueti hb letbrbssb picïtlki iu sikljc

[jvilr-gjlrb ‛ mjnlclhjhb, bspbrtbzj, kiembklobeti, jstôklj

[ipì ‛ Vjrtb legbrlir hb rikmj iu suj njsb

[ôklj ‛ hjeáj gickcûrlkj, tbo irlabo ei pbrïihi hj bskrjvlhëi



::7

JVÄEHLKB J ‛ ZRB[XLIEÊ^LI JVCLKJHI JI[ XR^L[XJ[ B/IRB]KR^[LIEL[XJ[

RELWB^[LHJHB GBHB^JC HI XIKJEXLE[

KJOVR[ HB VI^XI EJKLIEJC-XI K.V.E.V^IA^JOJ HB VÛ[-A^JHRJÁËI BO ABIA^JGLJ ‛ OABIHlskbetb4 Eônlj Eiaublrj hi EjsklobetiHikbetb4 ^isjeb NjcsjeKjri Xurlstj,

Bstb qubstlieêrli gjz pjrtb hb uoj pbsqulsj bxpcirjtûrlj sinrb is nbes kucturjls hb Virti Ejkliejc kio hbstjqub pjrj j Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs b i Ousbu Mlstûrlki hbVirti Ejkliejc j pbsqulsj gjz pjrtb hb uoj hjs btjpjs pjrj j kiekcusëi hj Hlssbrtjáëi kio itïtuci –Xurlsoi kucturjc b j pjtrloieljclzjáëi hi picïaiei hb tionjobeti hi kbetrimlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc-XI‟ ej qujc bstiu rbjclzjehi bstj pbsqulsj kio pbrauetjsjnbrtjs b gbkmjhjs, kio indbtlvi hb hbcloltjr pir obli hbstbs hjhis. Jsslo, pihbr rbspiehbr isbauletb qubstliejobeti. Bxlstb turlsoi Kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc9 Bstj kicbtj hblegirojáòbs sbrê hb suoj lopirtîeklj pjrj j kiekcusëi hj hlssbrtjáëi ei qujc tbo kioi

pripûslti j jeêclsb his nbes kucturjls hb Virti Ejkliejc b i prikbssi hb pjtrloieljclzjáëi hiKbetri Mlstûrlki.

ZRB[XLIEÊ^LI:ª pjrtb4 Kjrjktbrlzjáëi hi rbspiehbetb4

j) Arju hb Lestruáëi

( ) Beslei Guehjobetjc

( ) Beslei Oìhli( ) Beslei [upbrlir( ) Bspbkljclstj, Obstrb b/iu Hiutir

n) Êrbj hb jtujáëi( ) Bstuhjetb( ) Vbsqulsjhir( ) Iutrjs priglssòbs YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.

k) Cikjclhjhb( ) Xikjetles( ) Ailês

( ) Nrjsïclj( ) Iutris bstjhis YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.

>ª pjrtb4 Jsslejcb j ipáëi qub hboiestrb suj vlsëi sinrb i qub vbo j sbr –Xurlsoi kucturjc bo VirtiEjkliejc‟

( ) Wlsltjr i kbetri Mlstûrlki( ) Wlsltjr j klhjhb( ) Lr æ Larbdj( ) Kiembkbr i cjai ‛ Virti ^bjc( ) Wlsltjr i Ousbu( ) IutrisYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.

j) I qub i Ousbu Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc hb Virti Ejkliejc rbprbsbetj pjrj vikä



::1

( )Jmlstûrlj hb Virti Ejkliejc( )Vieti turïstlki hb Virti Ejkliejc( )Oboûrlj hj klhjhb

( )IutriYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.

n) I qub i Larbdj Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs rbprbsbetj pjrj vikä

( )J mlstûrlj hb Virti Ejkliejc( )Vieti turïstlki hb Virti Ejkliejc( )Oboûrlj hj klhjhb( )IutriYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.

;ª Bo suj iplelëi qujc hbstbs sïonicis rbprbsbetj Virti Ejkliejc bo tbrois hb mlstûrlj bkucturj9

( ) Ousbu Mlstûrlki b Kucturjc( ) Kicìali hjs Lroës( ) Kjtbhrjc Eissj [bemirj hjs Obrkäs( ) ^li ‛ Virti ^bjc( ) Ircj( ) IutriYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY.



::=

JVÄEHLKB N ‛ BEX^BWL[XJ ^BJCLTJHJ KIO I[ OI^JHI^B[ HI KBEXÎML[XÛ^LKI HB VI^XI EJKLIEJC

RELWB^[LHJHB GBHB^JC HI XIKJEXLE[KJOVR[ HB VI^XI EJKLIEJC-XI K.V.E.

VÎA^JOJ HB VÛ[-A^JHRJÁËI BO ABIA^JGLJ ‛ OABIHlskbetb4 Eônlj Eiaublrj hi EjsklobetiHikbetb4 îsjeb NjcsjeKjri oirjhir,Bstj betrbvlstj gjz pjrtb hb uoj pbsqulsj bxpcirjtûrlj sinrb j pjtrloieljclzjáëi/tionjobeti hb Virti

Ejkliejc, lekcul uoj hjs btjpjs pjrj j kiekcusëi hj Hlssbrtjáëi kio i tïtuci –Xurlsoi Kucturjc b jVjtrloieljclzjáëi hi Vicïaiei hb Xionjobeti hi Kbetri Mlstûrlki hb Virti Ejkliejc - XI‟.Bstj kicbtj hb legirojáòbs sbrê hb suoj lopirtîeklj pjrj j kiekcusëi hj hlssbrtjáëi ei qujc tbokioi pripûslti j jeêclsb his nbes kucturjls ei piclaiejc hb tionjobeti hb Virti Ejkliejc.

BEX^BWL[XJj) Ì i priprlbtêrli hi loûvbc9( ) slo ( ) eëi

n) Bstjvj rbslhlehi b/iu trjnjcmjehi ei cikjc qujehi miuvb i tionjobeti hi kbetri mlstûrlkibo >66=9( ) slo ( ) eëi

k) Miuvb jcauoj rbuelëi, pbsqulsj, pcbnlsklti iu vitjáëi kio is oirjhis b/iu gueklieêrlislegirojehi i pissïvbc tionjobeti9( ) slo ( ) eëi

h) Wikä gil j gjvir iu kietrj i tionjobeti ej ìpikj9( ) kietrj ( ) gjvir

b) Bo suj iplelëi ì j gjvir/kietrj i tionjobeti. Vir qub9

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

g) Zujetis jeis vikä rbslhb b/iu trjnjcmj jqul ebstb loûvbc ei kbetri mlstûrlki9 YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

a) Bo suj iplelëi j ojcmj urnjej ouhiu oulti hbshb qub oirj jqul9 YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

m) Bo suj iplelëi, kio i tionjobeti hb pjrtb hi kbetri mlstûrlki miuvb obcmirjs pir obli hb picltlkjs punclkjs ejs bsgbrjs gbhbrjc b ouelklpjc qujeti j prbsbrvjáëi hi eissi VjtrloøeliKucturjc9

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY l) Wikä kiembkb i prikbssi hb tionjobeti qub rbsuctiu ei tionjobeti hb uoj êrbj (picïaiei)

ei kbetri mlstûrlki9 YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

d) Zujc suj iplelëi sinrb i lekbetlvi ji hbsbevicvlobeti hb jtlvlhjhbs bkieøolkjs (cidjs,kiobrkli, supbrobrkjhi b iutris) ei Kbetri Mlstûrlki9

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

`) Bo suj iplelëi hbskrbvj uo tbroi b/iu bxprbssëi qub rbprbsbetj i turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc9 YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY

c) Ej suj iplelëi bxlstb turlsoi kucturjc bo Virti Ejkliejc9

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY



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