turkceye cevrilmis ingilizce gramer

8/14/2019 TURKCEYE CEVRILMIS INGILIZCE GRAMER

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Trke'ye evrilmi ngilizce Gramer Notlar

BAST CMLE

1. CMLE

Normal koullarda (yani, devrik yap vs. bulunmayan durumlarda) en basitekli ile cmle iki unsurdan oluur:zne + Yklem(Subject) + (Verb)Trke'de zne ou zaman yklemin sonuna bir "kii eki" olarakeklenebildii iin aka kullanlmasna gerek kalmayabilir.- (Ben) geldim.- (Sen) naslsn ?ngilizce'de byle birey - ok snrl da olsa baz konuma durumlardnda - sz konusu olamaz.

* (I) came.* How are (you) ?ou zaman basit cmlede bir de nesne bulunur.1.1. Subject + VerbTrke bir basit cmlede u yap her zaman iin geerlidir.1 2ZNE + YKLEMMehmet retti.ngilizce bir basit cmlede de, nesne bulunmad durumlarda, bir farkllkgrlmez.

1 2SUBJECT + VERBMehmet taught.1.2. Subject + verb + objectTrke bir cmleye nesne eklendii zaman, sralama yle olur:1 2 3ZNE + NESNE + YKLEMMehmet oluna retti.ngilizce bir cmleye nesne eklendii zaman, Trke cmle yap ilearasndaki ilk temel fark ortaya kar.

1 3 2SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECTMehmet taught his son.2. BAST CMLELERN EVRS2.1. Subject + verbTrke ve ngilizce basit cmle yaplar sadece zne ve yklem sz konusuolduunda bir farkllk gstermedii iin, eviri konusunda yap asndanbir sorun kmamaktadr.1 2ZNE + YKLEMMehmet geldi.Mehmet came./has come.


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SUBJECT + VERB1 22.2. Subject + verb + objectNesne sz konusu olduunda Trke ve ngilizce basit cmle yaplarbirbirinden farkl olduu iin, eviri ilemi srasnda da cmleyi oluturan

unsurlarn diziliinde deiiklik yapmak gerekecektir.1 2 3ZNE + NESNE + YKLEMMehmet eve geldi.Mehmet came home.SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT1 3 2Bu cmlelere yer, zaman ve durum belirten kelime ve yaplarn daeklenmesi durumunda her iki dil arasndaki yapsal farkllklar iyicebelirginleecektir.

Basit cmlelerin yaps konusu eviri asndan - kolay grnd iin -nemsenmeyebilir. Ancak,SVO (ngilizceSOV (Trke)

yapsnn, karmak cmlelerin evirisini yaparken srekli gznndetutulmas gerekecektir. Bu konu ileri konularda ayrntl olarak elealnmakta.

ZAMAN KAVRAMI1. GiRiBu ve bunu izleyen ana balk altnda ngilizce'de yer alan btn zamanlar(= tense) ve yardmc yklemler (= modal verbs) iki ayr balk altnda elealnmaktadr. Zamanlar "Present", "Past", ve "Future" sras ile, yardmcyklemler ise alfabe sralamasnda ele alnmaktadr. nemli evirizellikleri, her zaman olduu gibi, kutu iinde verilmektedir.2. "Present" : Geni zaman / imdiki zaman2.1. Simple Present Tensea) Her zaman olan/olabilecek olaylar iin kullanlr.

- The earth rotates around the sun.Dnya gnein evresinde dner.b) Bir olay naklederken, zellikle hikaye dilinde kullanlr.- Rosencrantz flips a coin.Rosencrantz yaz tura iin para atar.c) Her zaman olan, olabilecek ve bir skl??a sahip olaylarn anlatmndakullanlr.- I always/sometimes/rarely brush my teeth.Dilerimi her zaman/bazan/nadiren fralarm.

Simple Present'n bu kullanmlar (A-C) Trke'ye aktarlrken "yklem +-Er/-Ir" yaps kullanlr.


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d) Gelecee ait kesin bir olaydan sz ederken kullanlr.- We set off after lunch.le yemeinin ardndan yola kyoruz.e) Normalde "yklem + -ing" yaps ile kullanlmayan baz yklemlerle

birlikte kullanlr. Bu yklemlerin balcalar:

astonish, belong to, believe, concern, consist of, contain, depend on,deserve, detest, dislike, doubt, feel, fit, forget, guess, have, hear, hate,imagine, include, impress, know, like, love, need, owe, realize, recognize,regret, resemble, remember, satisfy, see, seem, smell, sound, suppose,taste, think, understand, want, wish feel yklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I feel he is right) anlamnda "-ing"almaz; "hissetmek" anlam (- How are you feeling today?) tadnda"-ing" alr.

have yklemi "sahip olmak" (- She has three children.) anlamnda "-ing"almaz"; "..almak / yemek" anlam (- They are having lunch.) tadnda"-ing" alr. hear yklemi allmadk durum belirttiinde (- I'm hearing things. /Gaipten sesler duyuyorum.) "-ing" ile kullanlabilir. see yklemi allmadk durum belirttiinde (- I'm seeing double) "-ing"ile kullanlabilir. smell yklemi "koku salmak" (- It smells nice.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz;"koklamak" anlam (-She is smelling the flowers.) tadnda "-ing" ile alr.

taste yklemi "tad olmak" (- It tastes nice.) anlamnda "-ing" almaz;"tatmak" anlam (- Why are you tasting the soup?) tadnda "-ing" alr. think yklemi "fikir sahibi olmak" (- I think he is right.) anlamnda "-ing"almaz; "dnmek" anlam (- What are you thinking ?) tadnda "-ing"alr.

Simple Present'n bu kullanmlar (D-E) Trke'ye aktarlrken "yklem + -Er/-Ir" ya da ou kez "yklem + - Iyor" yaps kullanlr.

f) Emir vermek iin kullanlr.

- Stop !Dur !2.2. Present Continuous Tensea) u anda gereklemekte olan olaylar iin kullanlr.- You are reading a sentence.Bir cmle okuyorsun/okumaktasn.b) u aralar olmakta olan olaylar iin kullanlr.- I am reading a wonderful novel.ahane bir kitap okuyorum/okumaktaym.c) Gelecee ynelik kesin planlarda kullanlr.- What are you doing tomorrow ?Yarn ne yapyorsun ?


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d) Konumacy tedirgin eden ve sk tekrarlanan bir olay iin "always" ilebirlikte kullanlr.

- She is always complaining about my dog.Srekli / Hep / Durmadan kpeimden ikayet ediyor.

Present Continuous'un bu kullanmlar (A-D) Trke'ye "yklem + -Iyor/-mEktE" kullanlarak aktarlr.2.3. Present Perfect Tensea) Az nce tamamlanan bir olay iin, genelde "just" ile kullanlr.- I have just drunk a cup of tea.Az nce/Daha imdi bir fincan ay itim.

b) Yaplm ama zaman belli olmayan eylemler iin, ya da zaman belli olsada eylemin kendisi kadar nemli olmad durumlarda kullanlr.

- Peter has been to the States twice.Peter Amerika'da iki kez bulundu./Birleik Devletler'e iki kez gitti.c) Gemite yaplm, u anda ya da gelecekte yaplabilme olasl varolan olaylar iin kullanlr.

- He has won 3 Oscars.3 Oscar kazand.

d) Snrlar kesin belirtilmeyen bir zaman belirtmekte olan bir terim ile

birlikte [1], ya da, olayn getii zaman diliminin henz sona ermediidurumlarda [2] kullanlr.

- The population has risen dramatically lately. [1]Nfus son zamanlarda nemli lde artt/artmtr.

Present Perfect'in bu kullanmlar (A-D) Trke'ye "yklem + -DI", evirimetni resmi bir dil tadnda da "yklem + - mItIr" yaps ile aktarlr.

- They haven't had a holiday this year. [2]

Bu sene tatil yapmadlar.e) "be" yklemi ile birlikte, nitelik, yer, vs. belirten yaplarnoluturulmasnda kullanlr.

- I have been a teacher for 7 years.Yedi senedir retmenim/retmenlik yapmaktaym/yapyorum.

Bu kullanm (E) Trke'ye "yklem + -DIr" yaps ile aktarlrsa da -DIrtaks genelde der.2.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tensea) Present Perfect'ten farkl olarak, daha sreli bir eylemi kapsar.- I have been writing since ten this morning.


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Bu sabah ondan beri yazyorum/yazmaktaym.b) Kimi zaman, olayn kendisi bitmi olsa bile etkisi srmektedir.

- You look terrible. Have you been fighting ?Berbat grnyorsun. Kavga m ettin ?

Present Perfect Continuous Trke'ye, eylem sonulanmam ise (A)"yklem + -Iyor/-mEktE", eylem sonulanm ise (B) "yklem + -DI" ileaktarlr.3. Past : Gemi zaman3.1. Simple Past Tensea) Gemite belirli bir zamanda bitmi bir olay iin kullanlr. Bu kullanmnPresent Perfect'ten fark olayn getii zamann ve ayrntlarn nemkazanmasdr.

- He left a minute ago.Bir dakika nce kt.- Where did the accident happen ?Kaza nerede oldu ?

Simple Past'n bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + -DI", daha resmiyaplarda ise "yklem + mItIr" kullanlarak aktarlr.

b) Gemie ait bir alkanlk iin "always", "never", vs. ile kullanlr.- He always wore a hat.

Srekli/Hep apka giyerdi.

Simple Past'n bu kulanm (B) Trke'ye "yklem + -I/ErdI" kullanlarakaktarlr.3.2. Past Perfect Tensea) Gemie ait iki olayn bulunduu bir durumda ve bu iki olaydan birinindierinden nce olmas halinde, nce olan olay iin "Past Perfect", sonraolan olay iin de "Simple Past" kullanlr.

- When the police arrived, the burglad had escaped.

Polis geldiinde hrsz kamt.b) "Past Perfect" temelde "Present Perfect'in past halidir.- He had won 3 Oscars.3 Oscar kazanmt.

Past Perfect Trke'ye "yklem + -mItI" ile, ya da, pek sk olmasa da,"yklem + - DydI" ile aktarlr.3.3. Past Perfect Continuous Tense"Present Perfect Continuous" yapnn past halidir.- I had been writing since 10 this morning.O sabah 10'dan beri yazmaktaydm.- You looked terrible. Had you been fighting ?


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Berbat grnyordun. Kavga m etmitin ?

Past Perfect Continuous Trke'ye " yklem + - Iyordu / -mEktEydI /-mItI kullanlarak aktarlabilir.3.4. Past Continuous Tense

a) Gemite bir sre devam etmi olan olaylarn aktarmnda kullanlr.- She was earning quite a lot of money.Olduka ok para kazanyordu / kazanmaktayd.b) Devam etmekte iken ani ve daha ksa bir eylemle karlaan ya da oeylem tarafndan kesintiye uratlan bir eylem iin kullanlr.- When she heard the explosion she was having bath.Patlamay duyduunda banyo yapyordu.

Past Continuous Trke'ye "yklem + -Iyordu / -mEktEydI" ile aktarlr.3.5. "Infinitive" yaplarda past

"Infinitive" (to + yklem) ngilizce'de "to have + V3" ile past hali alr.- He is believed to have a big fortune. PRESENTnana gre byk bir serveti var.- He is believed to have lived in misery. PASTnana gre sefalet iinde yaad / yaam.3.6. "Gerund" yaplarda past"Gerund" (yklem + - ing) yaps "having + V3" kullanlarak pastyaplabilir.- Having completed the task, the students had a break.(= After they had completed ... )

Grevi tamamladktan sonra renciler ara verdiler.Bu yap perfect nitelik de tayabilir.- Having completed the task, the students will have a break.(= After they have completed .... )4. Future: Gelecek zaman4.1. willa) Bir plan ya da kesinlemi ama olmad durumlarda kullanlr.- Don't worry. You'll succeed.Endielenme. Baaracaksn.

Bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.b) Sonucun kesin / doal olduu bilinen durumlarda, kimi zaman da birinatlama sz konusu ise kullanlr.

- When it is wet, this paint will give a terrible smell.Islakken bu boya berbat bir koku salar / salacaktr.- Don't insist. She will say no.Israr etme. Hayr der / diyecektir.

Bu kullanm (B) Trke'ye "yklem + - I/Er" ya da "yklem + - EcEkDIr"ile aktarlr.


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4.2. be (am/is/are) going toa) Bir plan ya da kesinlemi ama olduu zaman kullanlr.- Don't worry. I'll help you.Endielenme. Sana yardm edeceim.b) Bir eylemin gerekleeceine ait kesin iz, belirti varsa kullanlr.

- She looks very pale. I think she's going to faint.ok solgun grnyor. Sanrm baylacak.

Bu kullanmlar (A-B) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.

c) "was / were going to" yaps yaplmas amalanan ama gereklemesineolanak ya da gerek kalmayan eylemler iin [1] - ya da bunun tam tersiolarak gereklemesine gerek yokken gerekleen [2] - olaylar iinkullanlr.

- I was going to call him. He called me. [1]Onu arayacaktm. O beni arad.- They weren't going to visit the ancient church but they did so while theytook shelter there during the rain. [2]Antik kiliseyi gezmeyeceklerdi ama yamurdan korunmak iin orayasndklarnda geziverdiler.

Bu kullanm (C) Trke'ye yklem + - EcEktI" ile aktarlr.4.3. be (am/is/are/ ..) toa) "will (definitely)" anlamnda kullanlr.

- The Queen is to visit New Zealand.Kralie Yeni Zelanda'y ziyaret edecek.

Bu kullanm (A) Trke'ye "yklem + - EcEk" ile aktarlr.

b) "should" anlamnda kullanlr.- You are to do your homework.Ev devini yapman gerek.

Bu kullanm (B) Trke'ye "should" gibi aktarlr.

4.4. Future Continuous TenseGelecekte sryor olacak eylem iin kullanlr.- This time tomorrow, I'll be sleeping.Yarn bu saatler uyuyor olacam.

Future Continuous Trke'ye "yklem + - Iyor / - mEktE olacak" ileaktarlr.4.5. Future Perfect TenseGelecekte bir zamanda tamamlanm olacak eylem iin - genelde zamanbelirten by kelimesi ile birlikte - kullanlr.- This time tomorrow, I'll have gone to bed.Yarn bu saatler yatm olacam.


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Future Perfect Trke'ye "yklem + - mI olacak" ile aktarlr.

YARDIMCI YKLEMLER1. Tanm

Bu blmde ele alnan yklemler birer yardmc yklemdir. Tek balarnakullanldklarnda yklem olarak tadklar anlam tamazlar ("Yes, I can"gibi ksa yant durumlar dnda). Bu nedenle, kimi yardmc yklemlerinisim ya da yklem olarak tadklar anlama (can (n) = teneke kutu, have(v) = sahip olmak, May (n) = Mays, must (n) = gereklilik, will (n) =irade; vasiyetname) dikkat etmek gerekebilir.2. Kullanm ve eviriYardmc yklemler alfabe srasna gre ele alnmtr.2.1. be (am / is / are) able to"Bir eyi yapabilmek" anlamn tar.

- I am able to run a mile.Bir mil koabilirim.- They will be able to complete the project on time.Projeyi zamannda tamamlayabilecekler.- She was able to say a few words.Birka kelime syleyebildi.- We haven't been able to understand it.Onu anlayabilmi deiliz.

Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - EbIl- " ile aktarlr. Gerekli zaman taks

eklenir.2.2 cana) bir eyi yapabilmek- Can you speak German ?Almanca konuabilir misin ?b) olaslk- He can be here any moment.Her an gelebilir.c) izin, rica- Can I leave early ?

Erken kabilir miyim ?- Can you turn the volume down ?Sesi ksabilir misin ?

Bu kullanmlar (a-c) Trke'ye "yklem + - EbIl- ile aktarlr.

d) Olumsuz sonu karma- It can't be her. She is much taller.Bu o olamaz. O daha uzun boylu.e) Gemie ait olumsuz sonu karma.- She can't have left earlier.Daha erken km olamaz.


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2.3. coulda) Gemite bir eyi yapabilmek.- I could swim across the lake then.O zamanlar gl yzerek geebilirdim.b) olaslk

- Perhaps she could answer all the questions.Belki de tm sorulara yant verebilir.c) izin, rica- Could you do me a favour ?Bana bir iyilik yapar msn ?d) teklif- Could we meet at around 12 tomorrow ?Yarn saat 12 civarnda buluabilir miyiz ?e) Sonu karma- He could be at home. He could be sleeping.

Evde olabilir. Uyuyor olabilir.f) Gereklememi, gemie ait olaslk- I could have passed the test.Snav geebilirdim.2.4. darea) Cesaret etmek- She daren't do it.Yapmaya cesaret edemez.b) Sadece I daresay yaps ile, olaslk- I daresay you are tired.

Sanrm yorgunsun.2.5. had betterTercih, "olsa iyi olur"- Hadn't we better start rightaway ?Hemen balamak/balamamz iyi olmaz m ?- I'd better keep it in a box.Onu bir kutuda saklasak iyi olur.2.6. have (got) toa) Konumacnn gereklere dayanarak ilettii zorunluluk.- She has to leave immediately. There is a phone call.

Hemen kmas gerek. Telefon var.b) Gerekmezlik (= needn't )- You don't have to study at all.Hi alman gerekmez.- She won't have to go.Gitmesi gerekmeyecek.- We didn't have to buy anything.Hibirey satn almamz gerekmedi.Kimi zaman have = sahip olmak yklemi, have to yardmc yklemininkullanmna benzer bir ekilde kullanlyor olabilir. Cmlenin anlamn yanlanlamamak iin dikkat etmek gerekir.- This book has a lot to say.


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(= This book has a lot of things to say.)2.7. maya) Olaslk- We may never see that comet again.Bu kuyruklu yldz bir daha hi gremeyebiliriz.

b) zin, rica- You may go.Gidebilirsin.c) Gelecekte tamamlanmas olas eylem.- Many species may have died out by then.O zamana kadar pek ok tr tkenmi olabilir.d) Gemie ait olas eylem- He may have missed the bus.Otobs karm olabilir. / Belki de otobs kard.e) Gemite gereklememi olaslk

- They may have won the match. They played terribly.Ma kazanabilirlerdi.f) may as well = had better

"may well" kullanmna dikkat ! Bu yapda well kelimesi pekala, nedenolmasn anlamn tar.

g) Dualar "may" ile olur. "May" yardmc yklemi zneden nce gelir.- May God be with you.Tanr seninle olsun.

h) "Ramen" anlam veren cmlelerde, devrik yapda "may" kullanlabilir.2.8. mighta) zayf olaslk- This medicine might have some side effects.Bu ilacn baz yan etkileri olabilir.b) izin isteme- Might we suggest something ?Birey nerebilir miyiz ?c) gelecekte tamamlanmas olas eylem- By the year 2.000, you might have died.

2000 ylna gelindiinde lm olabilirsin(iz).d) gemie ait olas eylem- He might have tried to contact you.Sana ulamaya alm olabilir.e) gemite gereklememi olaslk- They might at least have apologized.En azndan zr dileyebilirlerdi [ama dilemediler]f) might as well = had better2.9. musta) konumacnn zorunlu grd, kendi fikrine dayal zorunluluk- I don't want her here. She must go.Onu burada istemiyorum. Gitmeli./Gitmesi art.


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b) ok kuvvetli olaslk- There must be a mistake. Check it again.Bir hata olmal./ Mutlaka bir hata vardr. Yeniden kontrol et.- He must be sleeping. I can hear his snore.Uyuyor olmal. Horultusunu duyabiliyorum.

Bu yapnn olumsuzu mustn't ile deil can't ile oluturulur.

c) Yasaklama- You must not take any pictures here.Burada fotoraf ekmemelisin(iz).d) Gemite gereklemi olmas olas eylem- He must have missed the bus.Otobs karm olmal.

Bu yapnn olumsuzu musn't have ile deil can't have ile oluturulur.

2.10. need(n't)a) Gerekmezlik (= don't/doesn't have to)- You needn't worry.Endielenmen gerekmez/gereksiz.b) Gereklilik- Need I sign it ?mzalamam gerekir mi ?c) Gemite gerek olmad halde yaplm eylem.- We needn't have brought our tent; his tent is large enough.adrmz getirmemiz gerekmezdi. Onun adr yeterinde geni.

2.11. ought toa) t, tavsiye- It ought to be cleaned every two months.ki ayda bir temizlenmesi gerek.b) Gemite gerekle(me)mi olaslk.- She ought to have been more carefulDaha dikkatli olmas gerekirdi.2.12. shalla) Gelecek. Resmi kullanm.- When shall we announce the results ?

Sonular ne zaman aklayacaz ?b) Sadece I ve we ile, neri.- Shall we go out ?kalm m ?c) Will yerine. Resmi kullanm.- The accused shall be interrogated.Sank sorguya ekilecek.2.13. shoulda) Ykmllk- He should work harder.Daha fazla almas gerek.b) u anda gereklemesi gerekirken gereklemeyen - ya da bunun tam


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tersi - eylem.- You should be at home now. You should be studying.u anda evde olman gerekirdi. Ders alyor olmalydn.c) Why veya How ile, tedirginlik ve fke ifadesinde.- How should I know it ?

Ben nereden bileyim ?d) Olaslk- He worked hard. So, he should succeed.yi alt. Kazanmas gerekir. / Kazanacaktr.e) Gemite gereklememi gereklilik- She should have seen her mistake.Hatasn grmesi gerekirdi.f) Baz yklem ve sfatlarla- I advise that she should resign.- Was it essential that he should be sacked ?

g) Second conditional yapda, devrik cmle oluturmak iin.- Should he come, give him my message.2.14. used toa) Gemite olan ve artk devam etmeyen al??kanlk.- I used to exercise regularly.Dzenli olarak altrma yapardm.b) Olumsuz yapda, gemite olmayp sonradan edinilen al??kanlk.- She didn't use to smoke.Eskiden sigara imezdi.- He never used to leave the office early.

Ofisten asla erken ayrlmazd.Her ne kadar used to ile dorudan bir ilgisi olmasa da, karkla okabuk neden olabildii iin be used to ve get used to yaplarna dadeinmek yerinde olacaktr. Be used to "alkn olmak", get used to ise"alkanl kazanmak" anlamlarn tarlar ve yardmc yklem zellikleriyoktur.- "Your neighbours upstairs are making a lot of noise."- "I'm used to it."- When I first moved to Ankara, life was difficult. Then I got used to livinghere.

2.15. willa) Gelecee ynelik durum, eylem- I will come with you.Seninle geleceim.- Next month, we'll be opening a new branch.Gelecek ay yeni bir ube ayor olacaz.- Next month, we'll have opened a new branch.Gelecek ay yeni bir ube am olacaz.b) Rica, istek- Will you please leave the door open ?Ltfen kapy ak brakr msn ?c) Gelecee ynelik kesin ve doal sonu


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- She is so stubborn. She'll refuse it.ok inat. Reddeder./Reddedecektir.2.16. woulda) Gemite alkanlk. Used to yapsndan fark, bu alkanln bitmiolmasnn gerekmemesidir.

- He would drink a glass of wine after dinner.Akam yemeinden sonra bir bardak rap ierdi.b) Rica, istek- Would you send the brochures as soon as possible ?Brorleri olabildiince abuk gnderir misiniz ?c) Gemite zorunluluk, kimi zaman inat tayan eylem.- I begged him to help me, but he wouldn't.Bana yardm etmesini istedim ama etmeyecei tuttu.d) Gemite gereklememi eylem.

- We would have stayed longer but the weather changed.Daha uzun kalrdk ama havalar deiti.e) Second conditional tr kullanmda- If you had not been so lazy you would be studying at university now.O kadar tembel olmasaydn imdi niversitede okuyor olurdun.2.17. would rather"Tercih etmek, yelemek" anlamn tar.- I'd rather die keep silent.Sessiz kalmay yelerim. / Ben iyisi mi sessiz kalaym.Tercih sz konusu olduunda than kullanlr.

- We'd rather starve to death than eat it.Onu yemektense alktan lmeyi tercih ederiz,

would rather + kii durumunda bu kiiden sonra gelen yklem Simple PastTense ile oluturulur, ama anlam past deildir.

- I'd rather you went first.Senin nce gitmeni tercih ederim.3. Dier kullanmlarBaz yardmc yklemler, zellikle Reported Speech yaplarda, birbirlerinin

past hali olarak kullanlrlar. Bu konudaki yanlglardan biri, shall yardmcykleminin past halinin should olduudur; shall yapsnn past hali sadecewould yardmc yklemi olabilir.

EDLGEN YAPI1. KULLANIMngilizce'de "passive" yap "be + V3" yaps ile olur. "Be" yklemi cmleninzamanna uygun olarak "am, is, are, was, were, be, been" hallerindenbirini alr. Trke'de ise "edilgen" yap "yklem + -Il/In" yaps ileoluturulur.2. ZAMANLAR VE YARDIMCI YKLEMLERDE "PASSIVE"Simple Present English is spoken in many countries.


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Present Continuous The house is being decorated.Present Perfect She has been informed.Present Per. Cont. The research has been being done. *Simple Past I was informed.Past Continuous I was being followed.

Past Perfect He had been misunderstood.Past Per. Cont. I had been being questioned for hours. *Futurewill It will be completed on time.going to They are going to be invited.continuous You will be being informed soon. *perfect It will have been opened by next week.Modal verbscan can + V3could could + V3

had better had better + V3have to have to + V3may may + V3might might + V3must must + V3need need to + V3ought to ought to + V3shall shall + V3should should + V3used to used to + V3

would would + V3would rather would rather + V3

* ile iaretli olan yaplarn kullanm yoktur.3. "PASSIVE" ANLAM TAIYAN YKLEMLERBaz yklemler, cmleye gre, "Passive" anlam tayarak kullanlabilirler.- Your report reads well.- The new Ford is selling badly.- It is a nice material, but it doesn't wash.4. "ACTIVE" CMLENN NESNESNN BR "CLAUSE" OLMASI

rneklerde de grlecei gibi, "active" bir cmlenin nesnesinin bir "clause"olmas durumunda- People believed (that) the witches communicated with the devil.CLAUSEnsanlar cadlarn eytanla iletiim kurduuna inan(r)d.bu cmle eitli durumlarda "passive" yaplabilir.- It was believed that the witches communicated with the devil.CLAUSE- The witches were believed to communicate with the devil.S V- That the witches communicated with the devil was believed.S V


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Cadlarn eytanla iletiim kurduuna inanl(r)d.Bu tr "passive" cmlelere bir dier rnek:- Nobody knew whether he was telling the truth.S V O = CLAUSE- It was not known whether he was telling the truth.

- Whether he was telling the truth was not known.5. "INFINITIVE" YAPININ "PASSIVE" HAL5.1. be to + PASSIVEa) Gereksinim- These carpets are to be cleaned regularly. (=should be cleaned)- This form is to be filled in in ink.Bu formun mrekkepli kalemle doldurulmas gerek.- There is a lot of work to be done.Yapacak/ Yaplacak ok i var.b) "will" anlamnda

- An offer as generous as this one is not to be refused.Bu kadar cmert bir neri reddedilmez.5.2. "be" + "to be seen / found / congratulated"- He was nowhere to be seen.Hibiryerde grlmedi/ Onu gren olmad.

- The dog was nowhere to be found.Kpek hibiryerde bulunamad.5.3. "be + to blame" yaps "be + to be blamed" anlamnda- Nobody is to blame for the accident.

Kaza iin kimse sulanamazd./ Kazada kimsenin suu yoktu.5.4. "anything / nothing" + "to do / to be done"- There is nothing to do.Yapacak hibirey yok [bu yzden canm sklyor].- There is nothing to be done.Yapacak hibirey yok. / Elden birey gelmez [o yzden at onu gitsin].5.5. "supposed to"- I am supposed to be at homegibi bir cmle iki tamamen farkl anlam tayabilir:[1] = Everyone supposes that I'm at home.

Herkes benim evde olduumu sanyor.[2] = I should be at home now.u an evde olmam gerekirdi.Uygun anlam "balam" yolu ile anlalabilir.5.6. "to have been + V3 ""to have been + V3" yaps "perfect/past" anlam tadndan- I would like to be invitedcmlesi Trke'yeDavet edilmeyi isterim. / Keke davet edilsemeklinde aktarlabilirken,- I would like to have been invitedcmlesi


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Davet edilmi olmay isterdim. / Keke beni davet etselerdieklinde Trke'ye aktarlabilir.5.7. "get + (nesne) + V3"ngilizce'de edilgen yapda "be + V3" yerine "get + V3"kullanlabilmektedir.

- How did the window get broken ?Cam nasl krld ?- He got his money stolen.Parasn aldrd.

CMLE + CMLE: "COORDINATION"1. TANIMCmleyi oluturan unsurlar birbirlerine "coordination" yolu ilebalandklarnda, eitli "coordinator"lar kullanlmaktadr. Bunlardan basitolanlar,

andorbut,kullanm asndan daha kapsaml olanlar iseeither ... orboth ... andnor, neither ... nornot only ... but (also/as well)olarak guruplandrlabilir.2. KULLANIM VE EVR

2.1. And, or, butKullanm ve eviri asndan bu basit "coordinator" nemli sorunlaroluturmazlar.- I wonder whether I should stay and wait or whether it is better to leave.Kalmal ve /Kalp beklemeli miyim yoksa / ya da /, ayrlmak daha m iyibilemiyorum.

"And" Trke'ye "ve", "yklem + - Ip", ya da "," eklinde aktarlabilir. "Or"Trke'ye "ya da", "veya", "(ve)yahut", ya da "," ile aktarlabilir. "But"Trke'ye "fakat", "ama", "ancak", ya da "," ile aktarlabilir.

Kimi zaman "but" kelimesi "except" (= dnda, haricinde) anlamntayabilir. Bu durumda "but" kelimesini bir yklem izlerse yklem "to"kullanlmadan balanr.- We have no choice but resign.stifa etmekten baka bir seeneimiz yok.2.2. Either ... or- Either you are crazy or I know nothing.(Ya sen lgnsn ya da ben birey bilmiyorum! ) / Eer sen lgn deilsenne olaym !- You may either stay here or (you may) go out.ster burada kal ister k.


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Bu yap Trke'ye "Ya ... ya da", "ster ... ister" yaplar ile aktarlr.2.3. Both ... and- The old secretary could both type excellently and take shorthand.Eski sekreter hem kusursuz daktilo yazabiliyordu hem de steno biliyordu.

Bu yap Trke'ye "Hem ... hem de", "Gerek ... gerekse" yaplar ileaktarlr.2.4. Nor"Nor" kullanlan cmlede, vurgu salamak iin, "zne + yklem" yapstersyz edilerek devrik yap oluturulur.- He didn't accept the offer. Nor did he refuse it.Teklifi kabul etmedi. Red de etmedi./Reddetmedi de.

Bu yap Trke'ye "ne ... ne de" ya da " -mEdII / mEyEcEI gibi, .....olumsuz yklem" eklinde aktarlabilir.

2.5. Not only ... but (also/as well)"Nor" kullanlan cmlede olduu gibi, "Not only..." yapsyla cmleyebalanmas durumunda cmlede devrik yap oluur.- Not only does he play the guitar but he is a good singer (as well).Sadece gitar almakla kalmaz, iyi bir arkcdr da.- They not only broke/Not only did they break into his office, (but) theyalso stole his computer.Hem brosuna zorla girdiler hem de bilgisayarn aldlar.

Bu yap Trke'ye "sadece / yalnzca + {olumsuz / olumlu yklem } ... bir

de / ayrca / stelik + { olumlu / olumsuz yklem } yaps ile ya da "hem... hem de" ile aktarlr.2.6. Neither ... norBu yapda da vurgu amac ile devrik yap kullanlabilir.- We are neither aware nor (are we) fully ignorant of the subject.Konu hakknda ne bilgimiz var ne de tamamen bilgisiz durumdayz.

Bu yap Trke'ye "ne ... ne de" eklinde aktarlabilir.

CMLE + CMLE: "SUBORDINATION"

1. TANIMngilizce'de ve Trke'de cmleler birbirlerine basit balalarlabalanabildikleri gibi, eitli tamlamalar yaplarak da balanabilirler. Buyaplar ngilizce'de "Clause Sentence", "Super Structure" gibi isimler alr.Ana fikri tayan ve mutlaka tam bir yarg oluturan cmleye "Ba / AnaCmle" (=Main Clause), her trden dier bileene ise "kincil / Yan Cmle"(=Secondary/Subordinate Clause) denilmektedir.- When I met him, he was in the army.Yan cmle Ana cmle2. EVR LEMCmle iindeki grevleri "zne" [1] ya da "nesne" [2] yerine gemekolduunda ikincil cmleler basit cmle yapsnn zne ya da nesneleri


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olarak kabul edilebilir ve Trke'ye rahatlkla aktarlabilirler. "RelativeClause" ve "Noun Clause" bu tr yaplardr.- The sentence(that) you are reading is a clause sentence. [1]S V O("Relative Clause")

- They say that it is easy to make a noun clause. [2]S V O("Noun Clause)Comparative Clause" ve "Adverbial Clause" yaplarda ise bir cmlecik +cmle durumu sz konusudur ve eviri ilemini de buna gre yapmakgerekecektir. Bu durum biri "Noun Clause" [1] dieri ise "Adverbial Clause"[2] olan iki cmlenin evirisi ile aklanrsa:- Tom claims that the problem is exaggerated. [1]cmlesinde,S V O

- Tom claims (that) a child stole his vallet.eklinde bir yap mevcuttur.

ngilizce bir basit cmle ( S + V + O ) Trke'ye S + O + V (+ N+ Y)eklinde aktarlabileceine gre, nce kendi iinde bir basit cmle yapstayan "nesne" Trke'ye evrilirse:.. (that ) a child stole his vallet.S V O N Y.. bir ocuun czdann aldn

Bu nesne tm cmleye eklendiinde,- Tom claims that a child stole his vallet.S V ( : ) O N Y- Tom bir ocuun czdann aldn iddia ediyorevirisi ortaya kacaktr.Oysa bir "adverbial clause" olan- Because he was late, he missed the bus. [2]cmlesi incelendiinde ise,- Because he was late, he missed the bus

Neden belirten Ana cmleyan cmleyaps ortaya kmaktadr. Bu durumda da eviri ilemi,- Because he was late, he missed the bus.S V , S V O Y N Y- (O) ge kald iin (o) otobs kard.eklinde olacaktr.

RELATIVE CLAUSE1. TANIM"Relative Clause" yap bir isim ve o ismi tanmlayan ve isme genelde "who


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, which , that, where , .." gibi kelimelerle balanan bir tamlayandanoluur:- The ring that/which was stolen has finally been found.sim Balayan Tamlayan Yklem

zneTrke'de bu tr bir yap, ngilizce'nin aksine, nce tamlayan, sonra datamlanan isim eklinde yaplmaktadr:

- alnan yzk sonunda bulundu.Tamlayan sim(-an = balayan)

zneBu rnekten de anlalaca gibi, eviri yaparken tamlayan ile tamlanann

yerlerini deitirmek gerekmektedir. Trke'de ayrca ykleme "-En" ya da"-DII" eklenir.2. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSE2.1. who/which/thatNesne isimleri iin "which" ya da "that" kullanlr.- Tom didn't like the computer which they recommended.Tom onlarn tavsiye ettii bilgisayar beenmedi.Kii isimleri iin ise "who" ya da "that" kullanlr. Her iki durumda da "that"ou zaman resmi nitelik ta??mayan anlatmlarda kullanlmaktadr.- The man who killed the leader is being questioned.

Lideri ldren adam sorgulanyor.Balayan kelimenin (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir yklem gelmesidurumunda balayan kelimenin kullanlmas zorunludur.- The car which was parked there was towed away.Oraya park edilen araba ekilerek gtrld.Balayan kelimenin (who, which, ..) hemen arkasndan bir yklemgelmemesi durumunda (isim + [who/which/..] + isim) balayan kelimeninkullanlmas zorunlu deildir.- The man my sister loves has never talked to me.sim + sim

Kzkardeimin sevdii adam benimle hi konumad.ngilizce'de kimi yklemler ve sfatlar bir "preposition" ile birliktekullanlrlar (look at, listen to gibi). Bir "Relative Clause" yapda bu trdenbir "preposition" olmas durumunda yklem ya da sfata ait "preposition""who/which"in hemen nne alnabilir.- He didn't tell me who he shouted at.> He didn't tell me at whom he shouted.Bana kime bardn sylemedi.

Bu yapda "preposition"dan nce kesinlikle "that" kullanlamaz.

"All that ... " yapsnda "-En/DII herey" anlam vardr. Dikkat edilmesigereken nokta, kimi zaman iki yklemin birbiri ardna gelmesidir.


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- All (that) I own is yours.S V OSahip olduum herey senin (dir). N Y- I will give you all you want.

S V O O(Ben) sana istediin hereyi vereceim. N N Y"None /All / .. (of) those/the people /.. .. who /whom /.." yaps "-EnlErIntm / hepsi / .." anlamn tar.- All those who want a ticket should go to the entrance.S V OBilet isteyenlerin tmnn girie gitmesi gerekmekte. N Y"anything / nothing /.. to + yklem" yaps aslnda "anything / nothing /..

which someone can / will / .. + yklem" yapsdr.- I can't find anything to say. (= anything I can say.)(Ben) syleyecek birey bulamyorum.Relative Clause" yaplarda what kelimesi de - the thing which anlamnda -kullanlabilir.- The gained first position in what is the most important competition of theyear.2.2. "-ing" clauseBu tr cmleler "who/which" ile yaplan tamlamann bir tr ksaltmasniteliindedir. rnein,

- I like the girl (who is) studying over there.urada alan / almakta olan kzdan holanyorum. / kz houmagidiyor.Bu yapda genelde ykleme "continuous" anlam yklenir. Bu nedenle de,rnein,* The boy bringing the milk has been sick in bed for some time,cmlesi yanltr. Buradaki mantkszlk, olann hem st getiriyor olmas(The boy [who is ] bringing) hem de bir sredir hasta yatyor olmasdr. Bucmle,- The boy who brings the milk has been ill for some time,

eklinde dzeltilebilir.2.3. Past Participle (=V3) ClauseBu yapda ismi izleyen ve "past participle" durumda kullanlan yklem,edilgen (=Passive) zellik ta??maktadr.- The purse (which was) lost has not been found yet.Kaybedilen czdan henz bulunamad.2.4. Prepositional Phrases- .. the man who is waiting over there... the man waiting over there....the man over there.

Bu yap eviri asndan bir sorun oluturmaz.2.5. "Cleft" Cmle


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Cmlenin belirli bir parasn vurgulamak gerektii zaman, Trke'devurgulanacak blm ykleme yaklatrlmaktadr. ngilizce'de bunun yazdilinde yolu vurgulanacak blmn altn izmek ya da o blm yatkharflerle yazmak, ya da baz yaplar iin devrik yap kullanmak; konumadilinde ise sesin ykselmesi ile vurguyu belli etmektir.

"Relative Clause" zellii tayan "cleft" cmle, vurguyu salamann birdier yoludur. ki tr "cleft" cmleden sz edilebilir.a) It is/was/.. who/that..- My mother threw an egg at the President yesterday.Annem dn Bakan'a yumurta frlatt.- It was my mother who threw an egg at the President yesterday.Bakan'a dn yumurta frlatan (kii) annemdi.- It was an egg that my mother threw at the President yesterday.Annemin Bakan'a dn frlatt (ey) (bir) yumurtayd.- It was at the President that my mother threw an egg yesterday.

Annemin dn yumurta frlatt (kii) Bakan'd.- It was yesterday that my mother threw an egg at the President.Annem Bakan'a yumurtay dn frlatt.b) What ... is / was- What my mother threw at the President was an egg.Annemin Bakan'a frlatt ey yumurtayd.- My left leg hurts. What hurts is my left leg.- I like her charm.What I like in her is her charm.

3. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSEBu yapda kesinlikle that kullanlmaz. Tamlayan blm bir tr fazladan bilgiverir konumdadr ve bu yzden de ana cmleden virgl yolu ileayrlmaktadr."Non-defining relative clause" bu zelliinden tr "Extra InformationClause" olarak da tannr.3.1. , who(m) / which- John, whom you know well, is totaly crazycmlesindewhom you know well

blm, ayn Defining Relative Clause yaplarda olduu gibi, kendisindennce gelen ismi nitelendirmektedir. Bu nedenle, eviri esnasnda aradakivirglleri yok saymak yeterli olacaktr.- John whom you know well is totally crazy.S V3.2. , where / whenWho, which ve that yerine where ve when kelimelerini kullanmak dammkndr.- Edinburgh, where I was born, is a beautiful city.Doduum yer olan Edinburgh gzel bir ehir.

3.3. all / none / both / .. of whom / which- He has three sisters, all of whom are students.


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cmlesi ayn bir Defining Relative Clause gibi ele alnabilir ve bu ekildeTrke'ye aktarlabilir. Ancak, en iyisi virglden sonra gelen blm ayrbir cmle halinde aktarmaktr. kzkardei var; de renci.Bir baka rnek bunun nedenini daha iyi aklayacaktr.

- Tim invested all his money on four companies, three of which wentbankrupt in a year.cmlesi tek bir cmle halinde Trke'ye aktarldnda ortaya kan* Tim btn parasn bir sene iinde iflas eden drt irkete yatrd,cmlesi hatal bir anlam aktaryor olacaktr, zira, bu durumda Tim zaten iflas etmi drt irkete parasn yatrm?? olmaktadr. Oysa virgldensonra gelen blm ayr olarak aktarlrsa,Tim parasn drt irkete yatrd; bunlardan bir sene iinde iflas etticmlesi ile anlam tam ve doru olarak aktarlm olmaktadr.3.4. Sentential Relative Clause

Sentential Relative Clause dier relative clause yaplardan farkl bir zelliktamaktadr. Bu nedenle de eviri esnasnda byk dikkat gsterilmesigerekir. Defining ve non-defining yaplarda ortak olan nokta tamlayanblmn kendisinden nce gelen ismi nitelendirmesidir.Sentential Relative Clause yapda ise tamlanan virglden nceki cmlenintmdr.- He died young, which was a pity.Gen yata ld. Yazk oldu.- Around 40,000 people bought tickets for the stadium concert, which wasmore than was expected.

Yaklak 40,000 kii stadyum konserini izlemek iin bilet ald. Bu umulansaynn zerindeydi.

NOUN CLAUSE1. TANIM"Noun Clause" bir tr basit cmle olarak ele alnabilir ve eviri ilemi debuna gre yaplabilir. Cmle ne kadar karmak yapda gzkrsegzksn, aadaki blmlerde yer alan rnek cmlelerden deanlalaca gibi, aslnda bir S+V+(O) yaps mevcuttur ve bu yapTrke'ye +(N)+Y eklinde aktarlr.

2. "THAT" CLAUSE2.1. Reported speecha) Normal cmleler- Ann told me that Tom liked beer. (S + V + O + O(S+V+O) )Ann bana Tom'un biradan holandn syledi.b) Emir / stek cmleleri- We told the boys to keep away from the cake. (S + V + O + O(V+O) )(Biz) olanlara kekten uzak durmalarn syledik.2.2. "be" + that"To be" ykleminin ardndan, znenin niteliini aklamak iin "that" ilebalanan blm kullanlabilir.- My assumption is that inflation will remain a problem.(S + V +


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O(S+V+O))Benim tahminim enflasyonun sorun olarak kalaca??(dr).2.3. realise / see / .. + thatBu yapda "notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine" gibiyklemlerin ardndan "that" ile balayarak bu yklemin niteledii unsur

anlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan dier "Noun Clause"yaplardan bir farkll yoktur.- I noticed that he was telling the truth. (S + V + O(S+V+0))(Ben) onun doruyu sylemekte olduunu farkettim.2.4. sim, that ..Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.- The report, that he will take measurements, justifies me.(S(NOUN+THAT+S+V+O) + V + O)Onun nlemler alaca (eklindeki) rapor beni hakl karyor.2.5. That ...

- That the budget deficit will increase is obvioustr bir cmle eviri asndan sorun oluturabilmektedir. Bunun nedeni decmlenin bandaki "That" kelimesine aldanlp "Bu ..." ile eviriyebalanmasdr. Byle bir eviri, yukardaki rnek cmle asndan, ikiynden yanltr.1. "That" kelimesi "that book/pen/man" gibi yaplarda olduu gibikendisinden sonra gelen ismi niteliyor olsa, budurumda rnek cmledeki "the" kelimesinin kullanlmamas gerekirdi.2. Cmle "Bu" kelimesi ile balanarak aktarlacak ise bu durumda cmleincelendiinde,

- That the budget deficit will increase is obviousS V ?durumu ortaya kacaktr. Yani cmlenin sonunda yer alan "is obvious"blm ortada kalacaktr.Bu tr cmleler- That the budget deficit will increase is obvious (S( THAT +S+V+O) + V+ O)yaps tamaktadr ve cmlenin bandaki "That" Trke'ye "yklem +-DII / -EcEI" eklinde aktarlr.Bte ann artaca ortada(dr).

"That" ile balayan cmleler "It ... that ..." yaps ile de oluturulabilir.- It is obvious that the budget deficit will increase.3. "WH" CLAUSE"Who(m/se), which, where, when, why, how (much / many / far / tall / .. )" gibi yaplarn kullanld??? cmlelerdir.3.1. Reported SpeechKonuan kiinin sorularnn aktarmdr.- Peter asked where they had put the box. (S+ V+ O(WH+S+V+O))Peter (onlarn) kutuyu nereye koymu olduklarn sordu.3.2. WH .. + be + (WH ..)- Why he didn't call the police is a mystery. (S(WH+S+V+O) + V + O)Onun neden polisi aramad bir gizem(dir).


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- What I gave Tom was not what he wanted from me. (S(WH+S+V+O) +V + O(WH+S+V+O))Benim Tom'a verdiim ey, onun benden istedii (ey) deildi.3.3. "be" + WH"To be" ykleminin ardndan, znenin niteliini aklamak iin "WH" ile

balanan blm kullanlabilir.- The problem is how the children find the way. (S +V + O(WH+S+V+O))Sorun ocuklarn yolu nasl bulacaklar (dr).3.4. realise/see/.. + WHBu yapda "notice, realise, understand, see, hear, imagine" gibiyklemlerin ardndan "WH" ile balayarak bu yklemin niteledii unsuranlatlmaktadr. eviri ya da kullanm asndan dier "Noun Clause"yaplardan bir farkll yoktur.- His wife cannot understand why Peter refused the offer. (S + V +O(WH+S+V+O))

Kars Peter'n teklifi neden reddettiini anlayamyor.3.5. sim, WH.Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.- Your question, why Max didn't tell it, is interesting. (S(NOUN,WH+S+V+O) + V + O)Max'in onu neden anlatmad eklindeki sorun ilgin (tir).3.6. WH + toWH kelimesini izleyen blmde "should" ya da "ought to" kullanlmasdurumunda bu yap,WH + to

olarak ksaltlabilir.- I don't know where I should go.to go.Nereye gideceimi/gitmem gerektiini bilmiyorum.4. "YES/NO" CLAUSE4.1. Reported SpeechKonuan kiinin bir soru kelimesi (WH) kullanmadan oluturduu sorularnaktarlmasdr.- My lawyer asked me if /whether I had sent the form. (S + V + O +O(IF+S+V+O))

Avukatm bana (benim) formu gnderip gndermediimi sordu.4.2. whether to"Whether" kelimesini izleyen blmde "should" ya da "ought to"kullanlmas durumunda bu yap,whether toolarak ksaltlabilir.- The boss doesn't know whether he should believe his excuse / to believehis excuse.Patron onun mazeretine inanmal m inanmamal m bilemiyor.4.3. "If" ve "whether" farkKullanm asndan "if" ve "whether" eitli farkllklar gsterirler."Whether" daha geni bir kullanm alanna sahiptir.


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a) Whether + cmle + V + (O) yapsnda "if" kullanlmamas tavsiye edilir.- Whether he would pass the test was oubtful.Snav geip geemeyecei kukuluydu.b) "be" + whether yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.- My problem is whether I will get a pay rise.

Benim sorunum zam alp alamayaca??m.c) "preposition" + whether yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.- Everything depends on whether they will come on time.Herey onlarn zamannda gelip gelmeyeceklerine bal.d) .., whether yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.- You have yet to answer my question, whether I can count on your vote.Daha/Bir de benim, senin oyuna gvenebilir miyim soruma yant vermengerek.e) whether + to yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.- I don't know whether to stay.

Kalmal mym, kalmamal mym bilmiyorum.f) whether or not yapsnda "if" kullanlmaz.- He didn't tell us whether or not he will be staying with us.Bizimle kalp kalmayacan sylemedi.5. EXCLAMATIVE CLAUSE- He didn't know what a great chance he had missed.Nasl da / Ne de byk bir ans karm?? olduunu bilmiyordu.- It is incredible how fast he can run.O kadar hzl koabilmesi inanlmaz (bir ey).Bu yap kimi zaman iki ayr anlam tayabilir ve doru anlamn karlmas

iin cmlenin getii metnin ieriine baklmas gerekebilir.- I told her how late she was.(a) Ona ne kadar geciktiini syledim [saatten haber verdim].(b) Ona ne kadar da geciktiini syledim.- They didn't know what mistake they had made.Ne hata yaptklarn bilmiyorlard.- They didn't know what a mistake they had made.Nasl da (byk) bir hata yapm olduklarn bilmiyorlard.6. INFINITIVE CLAUSETrke'ye "yklem + -mEk" eklinde aktarlabilir.

6.1. To ..- To join the army was his only dream. (S(TO+V+O) + V + O)Orduya katlmak tek ryasyd.6.2. To ..+ "be" + to ..- To challenge him is to risk your life. (S(TO+V+O) + V +O(TO+V+O))Ona meydan okumak kendi yaamn riske atmaktr.6.3. .. object + to- My father didn't want me to argue with Tom. /my arguing ... (S + V + O+ O(TO+V+O))Babam (benim) Tom ile mnakaa etmemi istemedi.6.4. sim, to ..Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.


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- Your ambition, to become a lawyer, requires hard work. (S(NOUN,TO+V+O) + V + O)(Senin) avukat olma(k) hevesin sk alma gerektirir.Bu yapnn benzeri, "It .." ile sk olarak kullanlr.

- It is natural for them to be together.that they are together.that they should be together.- It would be unwise for you to marry her.if you were to marry her.7. "-ING" CLAUSETrke'ye "yklem + -mEk" eklinde aktarlabilir.7.1. "-ing" ..- Watching TV has been his only enjoyment. (S(-ING+O) + V + O)Televizyon seyretmek onun tek elencesi olmutur.

7.2. "be" + "-ing"- His first job had been selling computers. (S +V + O(-ING+O))lk ii bilgisayar satmak olmutu.7.3. sim, "-ing"Bu yap "Non-defining Relative Clause" ile benzerlik gsterir.- Her thesis, studying cognitive factors, takes up all her time. (S(NOUN,-ING+O) + V + O)Bilisel unsurlar incelemek konulu tezi tm vaktini alyor.7.4. .. my/his/..(=Possessive) + "-ing"- I am against their digging the area. (S +V + O(POSSESSIVE+-ING+O))

(Ben) onlarn blgeyi kazmalarna kar??ym.7.5. My/His/..(=Possessive) + "-ing" ..- My forgetting her name was a great mistake. (S(POSSESSIVE+-ING+O)+V+O)(Benim) onun adn unutmam/unutuum byk (bir) hatayd.7.6. There ... no /any + -ing ...Bu yapnn Trke'ye aktarlmas iin her zaman kullanlabilecek bir yolnermek olanakszdr.- There was no / wasn't any mistaking that voice.O sesi tanmamak / baka seslerle kar??trmak olanakszd.

- There is no / isn't any knowing what they will do next.Gelecek sefer ne yapacaklar bilinmez.8. BARE INFINITIVE CLAUSE8.1. Ettirgen Yap ("Causative")a) have so. do stg. = birisine bireyi rica ya da atama yolu ile yaptrmak.- We had the waiter clean the table.Garsona masay temizlettik.b) get so. to do stg. = birisine ikna yolu ile birey yaptrmak.- Can you get your father to lend you the car ?Baban arabay vermeye ikna edebilir misin ?c) make so. do stg. = birisine bireyi (zorla) yaptrmak.- I'm not guilty ! They made me do it.


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Ben sulu deilim ! Bana onlar yaptrdlar.d) have / get stg. + V3 = bireyi yaptrmak- She has had her hair dyed.San boyatt.Bu yapda "get + V3" yerine gre edilgen anlam tayabilir. rnein,

- He got himself beatencmlesi ettirgen olarak ele alndndaKendisini dvdrdanlam ortaya kmaktadr. Oysa yapy edilgen olarak ele almak daha iyiolur:Dayak yedi. /Dvld.ngilizce ettirgen yaplarn evirisi esnasnda sorun oluturmasa da,yanllkla eklenecek bir "t" harfi yanl anlam ile sonulanabilmektedir.Yani, hatal olarak "yklem + -DIrmEk" yerine "yklem + - DIrtmEk"yapsnn kullanlmas. kinci yapnn doru olarak kullanlmas aadaki

rnekte akland ekilde olmaldr.- I've had the car cleaned. ETTRGENArabay temizlettim.- I've got someone to have the car cleaned.Arabay (birisine) temizlettirdim.8.2. but / exceptstisna belirten durumlarda "but" ve "except" kelimelerinden sonra gelenyklem "to" almadan kullanlr.- She did everything but come to the point.Sadede gelmek dnda hereyi yapt.

COMPARISON CLAUSE1. ETSZLK1.1. "... than" yaplar ( = Comparative)Sfata "daha" nitelii kazandran "-er" ve "more" eklenmesi ile oluanyaplardr.sfat + -er / more + sfat + than- She is more intelligent than she looks.(O) grndnden daha zeki(dir).

Bu yap Trke'ye "... -dEn daha + sfat" eklinde aktarlr.1.2. rather than + sfat / isimBir kyaslama cmlesi olmamasna karn bu kullanm sk skkartrlmasndan tr bu blmde ele alnmaktadr.- I'd call her hair chestnut rather than brown.Ben onun sana kahverengiden ok/ziyade kestane diyeceim/derdim.

Bu yap Trke'ye "-dEn ok/ziyade" yaps ile aktarlr.1.3. more and more / -er ... -er"Gitgide", "daha da" anlamn katmak amac ile kyaslama yapsnntekrarlanmas gerekmektedir.- It is getting colder and colder.


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Hava gitgide souyor.- She is becoming more and more aggressive.Gitgide saldrganlayor.1.4. more + isim"More" kelimesi her zaman bir sfat nitelemez. Bazan bir ismin niceliinin

belirtilmesinde de kullanlabilir.- More people than ever leave their villages for a major city.imdiye kadar olduundan daha fazla / Grlmedik sayda insan bykehirde yaamak iin kyn terkediyor.1.5. "most" ve "-est" yaplar ( = Superlative )Sfata "en" nitelii kazandran "most" ya da "-est" yaplarnn eklen-mesiile oluturulur.the/my/.. + isim + sfat + -est / most + sfat- My biggest contribution is this monument.Benim en byk katkm bu ant(dr).

Bu yap Trke'ye "en + sfat + isim" eklinde aktarlr.1.6. most + isimsim ile kullanld zaman "most" kelimesi bir kyaslama niteliigetirmemektedir.- Most people do not care about the dangers of pollution.ou insan kirliliin tehlikelerine aldr etmemekte.

Bu yap Trke'ye "ou + isim" eklinde aktarlr.1.7. The + comparative, the + comparative

- The sooner you come the better (it is).Ne kadar erken gelirsen o kadar iyi (olur).

Bu yap Trke'ye "ne kadar ... o kadar" ile aktarlr.2. ETLK2.1. as + sfat / zarf + as- He is as tall as I am / me.(O) benim kadar uzun boylu(dur).

Bu yap Trke'ye "kadar" kullanlarak aktarlabilir.

"As" yaps birden fazla anlam iin kullanlabilir. Ayrntl bilgi iin paranteziinde verilen blme baklmas gerekmektedir.as well as - He can't dance as well as me. ("Comparison")- She is clever as well as (being) beautiful. [=yansra]as long as - My hair is as long as his. ("Comparison")- I'll work as long as I live. ("Time")- He can come as long as he is sober. ("Condition")as soon as - I'll come in as soon as five minutes. ("Comparison")- As soon as she saw him, she fainted. ("Time")as far as - I went as far as Istanbul. ("Comparison")- As far as I know, she is a vet. ("Comment")


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2.2. the same + isim + as- He earns the same (money) as me / I do.Benimle ayn paray kazanyor. / Benim kadar kazanyor.3. YETERLLK VE FAZLALIK3.1. Sfat / zarf + enough (for so.) to + yklem

- The water is acidic enough to scare people.Su insanlar kartacak kadar asitli.

Bu yap Trke'ye "- EcEk / - EbIlEcEk" ile aktarlr.3.2. too + sfat / zarf (for so.) to + yklem- It is too heavy for me to lift.O benim kaldramayacam kadar ar.

Bu yap Trke'ye "yklem + - EmEyEcEk kadar" ya da "yklem + -EbIlEcEIndEn ok / fazla" yaplar ile aktarlabilir.

4. MUCH/EVEN/FAR/A LOT/A LITTLE/ A BIT/ALL THE + COMPARATIVEngilizce'de kyaslamay glendirmek amac ile comparative yapnn nneok ya da biraz anlam ta??yan kelimeler yerletirilebilir.Bu yaplar kendi balarna kyas oluturamazlar.Yani,* He is much experienced than the rest of the applicantscmlesi hataldr. Doru cmlenin- He is much more experienced than the rest of the applicantseklinde olmas gerekir.Bu yaplardan much, far, a lot, even, all the Trke'ye ok ile, a little ve a

bit ise biraz/ bir para ile aktarlabilir.5. SO ... THAT / SUCH ... THATSo ... that ngilizce'deso + sfat + (that) [1]so + zarf + (that) [2]so + sfat + a(n) + isim + (that) [3]so + many/much/few/little + isim + (that) [4]such ... that isesuch + sfat + isim + (that) [5]eklinde oluturulur.

- The problem was so difficult that we couldn't solve it. [1]Problem o kadar zordu ki zemedik.- He spoke so eloquently that everybody congragulated him. [2]O kadar etkili konutu ki kendisini herkes kutlad.- It was so difficult a problem that we couldn't solve it. [3]- He has so many books that he can't remember how many. [4]O kadar ok kitab var ki saysn hatrlayamyor.- He gave such a wonderful speech that we were astounded. [5]O kadar gzel bir konuma yapt ki azmz ak kald.

Bu yaplar Trke'ye "o ... kadar ki" eklinde aktarlr.


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TIME CLAUSE1. TANIM"Time Clause" yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna dikkat etmek gerekir. Bucmlelerde, ana cmle ile yan cmlede kullanlan tense uyumlu olmaldr.

Yani,PRESENT I neverPRESENT forget to pray before I go to bed.FUTURE Will you be there when IPRESENT arrive at the airport.PAST When we got there, the film wasPAST over."Time Clause" yaplarda zaman uyumu kuralna bir tek sinceuymamaktadr.I've known him since I left school. PRESENT PAST2. TIME BEFORE2.1.Until/TillKULLANIMI

until/till + isim / cmle / -ingEVRSyklem + -E / -IncEyE kadar [1]isim + -E kadar [2]

- He worked patiently until he completed polishing. [1]Cilalamay bitirene/bitirinceye kadar sabrla al??t.- Until the war, they didn't know any poverty. [2]Savaa kadar, yoksulluk nedir bilmediler."Until" ve "by" kelimelerinden hangisinin kullanlaca?? konusu eviri ya da

ngilizce yazma/konuma esnasnda bir tereddt konusu olabilmektedir."Until" belirli bir zamana kadar sren bir olay ya da durum iin kullanlr.- I have to keep writing until the end of next year."By" belirli bir zamanda ya da o zamandan nce oluan bir olay iinkullanlr.- My book will be finished by the end of next year.Burada belirtilmesi gereken nemli bir nokta da, "by" kelimesinin zamanyaplarnda bu tr kullanmnda hibir zaman bir "conjunction" olarakkullanlamamas, yani, ardndan bir S+V+(O) yapsnn gelememesidir.2.2. Before

KULLANIMIbefore + isim / cmle / -ingEVRSyklem + -mEdEn nceyklem + -DEn nce

- They left before the door was opened.Kap almadan nce gittiler.2.3. By the timeKULLANIMI

by the time + cmleEVRS


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yklem + -EnE kadar

- They will have gone by the time we arrive.Biz varana kadar onlar gitmi olacaklar.3. SAME TIME

3.1. AsKULLANIMI(just) as + cmleEVRS(tam) ... -(i)ken

- As she was walking down the road, she was hit by a lorry.Yolda yrrken (ona) bir kamyon arpt.3.2. As long as/So long asKULLANIMI

as long as/so long as + cmleEVRSyklem + -DII srece/mddete

- I'll love you as long as I live.Seni yaadm srece seveceim.3.3. While/(Whilst)Bu kelimelerden "whilst" ok resmi yaplarda kullanlabilir.KULLANIMIwhile/whilst + cmle [1] / -ing [2]

EVRSyklem + -(i)ken

- They came while I was sunbathing. [1]Ben gnelenirken geldiler.- While walking, he stumbled and fell. [2]Yrrken sendeledi ve dt.3.4. When/WheneverKULLANIMIwhen + cmle [1] / sfat [2] / -ing [3]; whenever + cmle [4] / sfat [5]

EVRS(her ne) zaman ... -sEyklem + - DII zaman/-E/Ir(i)ken/-DII(n)dE/-IncE/ -DIkE

- When I sleep I always snore. [1]Ben uyurken hep horlarm.- Please do your exercise when(ever) possible. [2]Ltfen mmkn olan bir zaman / frsat bulduunda al??trman yap.- Be careful when lifting this bag. [3]Bu antay kaldrrken dikkatli ol.- She visits her parents whenever she finds time. [4]Ne zaman frsat bulsa anababasn ziyaret eder.


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3.5. Now thatKULLANIMInow that + cmleEVRSiin

(Hazr) ... yklem -DII [(n)E] gre

- Now that everybody is here, we can start the meeting.(Hazr) herkes burada olduuna gre, toplantya balayabiliriz.3.6. "-ing"- He came in shouting.Bararak girdi.Bu yapya benzer bir yapda hi yklem kullanlmamaktadr:- He came in drunk. (= When he came in he was drunk.)3.7. During

KULLANIMIduring + isimEVRSesnasnda

- During the storm, a lot of people hid in the cinema.Frtna esnasnda bir ok insan sinemaya s???nd.4. TIME AFTER4.1. AfterKULLANIMI

after + cmle [1] / -ing [2] / isim [3]EVRSyklem/isim + -DEn/(mEsIn)In ardndan/sonra

- After he had seen the murder, he couldn't sleep whole night. [1]Cinayeti grdkten sonra btn gece uyuyamad.- After finishing his meal, Peter went to bed. [2]Yemeini bitirdikten sonra Peter yatmaya gitti.- After the riot, everything is calm and quiet. [3]Ayaklanmann ardndan herey sessiz ve sakin.

4.2. As soon asKULLANIMIas soon as + cmle [1] / -ing [2]EVRSyklem + -Er yklem + -mEz

- As soon as she saw the poster, she burst out a laughter. [1]Posteri grr grmez bir kahkaha patlatt.- As soon as leaving work, he rushes to the bar. [2]ten kar kmaz bara koar.4.3. Directly/ImmediatelyBu iki yap da sk kullanlmaz.


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KULLANIMIdirectly/immediately + cmleEVRSyklem + -Er yklem + -mEz

- She smiled immediately she heard the news.Haberi duyar duymaz glmsedi.4.4. OnceKULLANIMIonce + cmle [1] / -ing [2]EVRSBir kez .. yklem + -DI mI/-mEyE gr-

- Once I make make up my mind, nothing can stop me. [1]Bir kez kararm verdim mi beni hibirey durduramaz.

- Once signing this contract, you will have to obey the rules. [2](=Once you sign this contract ...)4.5. SinceKULLANIMIsince + cmle [1] / -ing [2] / isim [3]EVRSyklem + -Den beri/bu yana

- He feels much better since he completed his exams. [1]Snavlarn tamamladndan beri kendisini ok daha iyi hissediyor.

- We haven't gone out since visiting you. [2]Sizi ziyaret etmemizden beri(dir) dar kmadk.- I've been typing since 12. [3]12'den beri daktilo yazyorum.4.6. When/WheneverKullanm ve eviri asndan "Same time" bal altnda ele alnan "when /whenever" ile ayndr.4.7. Now thatKullanm ve eviri asndan "Same time" bal altnda ele alnan "nowthat" ile ayndr.

4.8. No sooner ... thanKULLANIMNo sooner + had + Subject + V3 + than ..+ Simple Past(Mutlaka devrik yapda kullanlr)EVRDaha yeni/Henz ... yklem + -mItI ki ...

- No sooner had he left than he heard the explosion.Daha yeni kmt ki patlamay duydu.4.9. Hardly/Scarcely ... whenKullanm ve eviri asndan "No sooner ... than" yaps ile ayndr. Mutlakadevrik yapda kullanlr.


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4.10. On, upon"-ing" bal altnda (aada) ele alnmaktadr.4.11. (only) to ...Geici bir durumu gstermek ve durumun ortaya kard sonucu ifadeetmek iin kullanlr.

- I rushed to the door to discover it was lockedcmlesinde "to discover" yaps "in order to discover" anlamtamamaktadr, zira bu anlam tayor olsa kapnn kilitli olduunu bile bilekapya gitme sz konusu olacaktr.* Kapnn kilitli olduunu kefetmek iin kapya kotum.Bu yapnn gerek karl... to discover = and I discoveredyaklam ileKapya kotum ve kilitli olduunu farkettimeklinde olacaktr.

- I woke up one morning to find myself on the floor.Bir sabah uyandmda kendimi yerde buldum.- She turned the corner, to find the car gone.Keyi dnd ve arabann orada olmadn grd.- The curtain parted, to reveal a market scene.Perde ald ve ortaya bir pazar dekoru kt.4.12. yklem + to + yklemAslnda "yklem + and + yklem" eklinde kullanlabilecek bir yapdr veuzunca bir sreye bal bir sonucu ifade eder.- She lived to be 100. (= and she became 100.)

- The show went on to become a great success.5. "-ing"5.1. Same time (= When)- Returning to the village, I met an old friend.Kye dndmde eski bir arkadala kar??latm.- (On/Upon) receiving the letter, you should reply immediately.Mektubu alnca hemen yantlaman gerek."-ing" yaps ile "time" ve "reason" anlatld zaman ana cmlenin ve yancmlenin znesinin ayn olmas gerekir.- When I returned to the village I met an old friend. (= Returning to the

village I met an old friend.)5.2. Time after (= When/After)"Having + V3" yaps ile oluturulur.- Having completed his study he submitted it to the committee. (= Afterhe had completed ...)5.3. (By) + "-ing"Bu yap zaman belirtmesinin yansra neden (= reason) de belirtebilir.- By taking advantage of the darkness, he escaped.Karanlktan yararlanarak kat.5.4. ..., "ing"- He rose to his feet, spilling coffee on his pants.(= When he was rising to his feet, he spilt coffee on his pants.)


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6. Past participle (= V3)Bu yap edilgen (=passive) zellik ta??maktadr.- (When it is) taken as it is, the sentence will mean nothing.Olduu gibi ele alndnda bu cmle bir anlam tamaz.

CONDITION CLAUSE1. IF1.1. First conditionalu an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi mmkn olaslk anlatr.KULLANIMIIf + Simple present, Future/Present tenseEVRS-EcEk(Eer) ... -I/Er ise, ...

-I/Er- If nothing is done about high rate of population growth, world populationwill have doubled by the year 2000.Eer hzl nfus art oran konusunda bireyler yaplmazsa dnya nfusu2000 ylna gelindiinde iki katnakm olacak.DEVRK YAPI- Should you see her, give her the message.Onu grecek olursan mesaj ilet.1.2. Second Conditional

u an ya da gelecee ait gereklemesi pek mmkn olmayan olaslkanlatr.KULLANIMIwould (be able to)If + Simple past, couldmightEVRS(Eer) ... -sE(ydI), ... -I/ErdI- If you were a man, I'd slap you here and now.Erkek olsaydn seni imdi urada seni tokatlardm.

DEVRK YAPI- Were you a man, I'd slap you here and now.1.3. Third ConditionalGemie ait ve gereklemesi artk mmkn olmayan olaslk anlatr.KULLANIMIcouldA. If + Past Perfect, would + have + V3 [1]mightcouldB. If + Past Perfect, would + V1 + (now) [2]mightwould would


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C. If + + have + V3, could + have + V3 [3]could might

EVRSA.

-sEydi(Eer) , ... -I/ErdI-mI olsayd

- If he had known the result he wouldn't have been so happy. [1]Sonucu bilmi olsayd o kadar mutlu olmazd.B.-sEydi(Eer) , (imdi) ... -I/ErdI-mI olsayd

- If you had been more careful, you'd be earning more. [2]Daha dikkatli olmu olsaydn (imdi) fazla kazanyor olurdun.C.-sEydi(Eer) , ... -EbIlIrdI-mI olsayd

- I could have helped him if I could have swum. [3]Yzebilseydim ona yardm edebilirdim.

DEVRK YAPI- Had he been more careful, he could have won.1.4. If + shouldAz bir gerekleme olasl gsterir.- If you should see him, let me know.Onu grecek olursan haberim olsun.1.5. If + happen to"If + should" yaps ile ayn anlamdadr.1.6. If + were to"Were to" yaps gelecekte gerekleme olasl az bir olay anlatmada

kullanlabilir.- What would you do if a war were to break out ?Sava kacak olsa ne yapardn ?"Were to" yaps zorlayc bir neri ifade edebilir.- If you were to move your chair a bit, we could all sit down comfortably.Sandalyeni biraz oynatrsan hepimiz rahata oturabiliriz.1.7. If it weren't forBu yap olayn bir baka olay deitirdiini/etkilediini gstermedekullanlr.- If it weren't for his wife's money, he'd never be a boss.Karsnn paras olmasa asla patron olamaz.1.8. If it hadn't been for


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"If it weren't for" yapsnn gemi zaman halidir.- If it hadn't been for your help, she could have gone to prison.Senin yardmn olmasa hapishaneye debilirdi.1.9. But for"If it hadn't been for" yaps ile ayn anlam tar.

- But for you, I could have given up long ago.Sen olmasan uzun sre nce vazgemi olurdum.1.10. If only (= I wish ...)A) If only + Past tense- If only I had more money, I could buy a drink.(Keke) daha fazla param olsayd, iecek birey alrdm.- If only you hadn't told Jackie the truth, everything would have been allright.(Keke) Jackie'ye gerei anlatmam olsaydn, herey yolunda olurdu.

B) If only + would/couldBu yap istek/ama belirtir.- If only she wouldn't speak all the time, she'd make a perfect guest.(Bir de) srekli konumas olmasa kusursuz bir konuk olurdu.- If only he wouldn't snore !Bir de horlamasa !2. AS LONG AS, SO LONG ASKULLANIMIas long as, so long as + cmleEVRS

- DII srece/takdirde

- She can come in as long as she promises to keep silent.Sessiz durmaya sz verdii takdirde ieri girebilir.3. ASSUMING, PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSINGKULLANIMIassuming/provided/providing/supposing + (that) + cmleEVRSAssuming/supposing -DIInI varsayarsak/varsayncaProvided/providing -mEsI koulu ile/-DII takdirde

- Assuming that the journey will take a full day, we may except him anyminute.Yolculuun bir tam gn sreceini varsayarsak onu her an iinbekleyebiliriz / her an gelebilir.- You can borrow the car provided that you promise to drive carefully.Dikkatli srmeye sz verdiin takdirde arabay dn alabilirsin.4. IN CASEKULLANIMIin case + cmleEVRS- sE diye


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- Buy another bottle of vodka in case more people come.Fazla insan gelirse diye bir ie votka daha al.Bu yap "in case of + isim/-ing" ( ... "durumunda") eklinde dekullanlabilir.- In case of a fire, use the side doors.

- In case of meeting him, do not offer to shake hands."Just in case" kullanm ise "ne olur ne olmaz" anlamn yanstr.- "Why do you always carry that umbrella ?"- "Just in case."5. IN THE EVENT THAT, JUST SO (THAT), ON CONDITION (THAT)KULLANIMIin the event thatjust so (that) + cmleon condition (that)EVRS

-mEsI durumunda/-DII takdirde- In the event that the police ask you your address, you are not legallybound to give it.Polis adresinizi soracak olursa/Polisin adresinizi sormas durumunda yasaladan sylemek zorunda deilsiniz.6. UNLESSKULLANIMIunless + cmleEVRS-mEz ise/-mEmEsI durumunda

- I'll quit unless I'm given a pay rise.Maam artrlmazsa ayrlacam.7. GIVENKULLANIMIgiven (that) + cmleEVRSolsa, -mEsI durumunda- Given that x = y, then n(x+a) = n(y+a) must also be true.x = y ise bu durumda n(x+a) = n(y+a)'nn da doru olmas gerekir.Given yaps "ramen" anlamn tayan cmle olarak da kullanlabilir.

8. WISHDilek belirten bir yap olarak "I wish / He wishes / .. " eitli zamanlarlabirlikte kullanlabilir. Bu zamann seimi elbette cmlenin oluturulduuduruma baldr.

Durum Wish(Simple Present)I'm not rich. I wish I was/were rich.I don't earn a lot. I wish I earned a lot.She talks a lot. I wish she didn't talk a lot.(Present Continuous)It's raining. I wish it wasn't/weren't rainining.


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She is studying. I wish she wasn't/weren't studying.(Simple Past)She didn't come. I wish she had come.(Present Perfect)He has lost it. He wishes he hadn't lost it.

("Will")You will always complain. I wish you wouldn't complain.He will sing all the time. I wish he wouldn't sing.

Bu yaplar Trke'ye "keke" olarak aktarlabilir.

PLACE CLAUSE1. WHEREKULLANIMIwhere + cmle

EVRSyklem + -DII yerde- Where I come from, this is called injustice.Benim geldiim yerde buna hakszlk derler.2. WHEREVERKULLANIMIwherever + cmleEVRS(neresi olursa orada)yklem + -DII her yer(d)e/yerin

- They went wherever they expected to find work. bulmay umduklar her yere gittiler.

CONCESSION CLAUSE1. CMLE LE KULLANILANLAR1.1. Although / Though"yklem" + -mEsInE ramen/karn; -DII halde- Although he is young, he is not inexperienced.Gen olmasna karn tecrbesiz deil.Devrik yap ile de kullanlabilir.

- Careful though/as she was, she couldn't prevent the accident.(=Although she was ...)1.2. Even if/Even thoughTrke'ye evirisi "although" ile ayndr. "Even if" "-sE bile" olarakaktarlabilir.- He borrowed my jacket even though I'd told him not to.Almamasn sylememe ramen ceketimi dn ald.- You have to be on time even if the lesson starts very early.Ders ok erken balasa bile dakik olmalsn.1.3. WhereasTrke'ye "although" gibi ya da "... ise de", "... iken" ile aktarlr.- Whereas he has plenty of money, he has no-one to trust.


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ok paras varsa da gvenilecei bir tek kimsesi yok.1.4. While /WhilstTrke'ye "although" gibi aktarlr.- While he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace.Olduka sevimli olmasna ramen bazen bir babelas.

1.5.DespiteIn spite ofIrrespective of + the fact thatRegardless ofNotwithstandingTrke'ye "...( gerein)e karnn/ramen" ile aktarlrlar.- Despite the fact that he is rather nice, sometimes he is a menace.(=Although he is ...)1.6. As

Devrik yap durumunda "ramen" anlam tayabilir.- Tired as I was, I went on walking.(=Although I was tired ...)- Change your mind as you will, you will gain no support.(=Although you may change ...)Bu yap "Reason " veya "Similarity Clause" olarak da kullanlabilir."As" kelimesi yerine "that" kullanld da grlr.- Fool that he was, he made no mistakes.Aptal olmasna ramen hi hata yapmad.1.7. As ... as

Bu yap ender olarak kullanlr.- As widespread as his fame may be, he is not well-known in this part ofthe country.(=Although his fame may be widespread, ...)2. CMLE LE KULLANILMAYANLAR2.1. Despite/In spite ofKULLANIMIisim [1]despite/in spite of +-ing [2]

EVRSyklem + -mEsInE ramen/karnisim + -E ramen/karn- He came in spite of his illness. [1]being ill. [2]Hastalna/Hasta olmasna ramen geldi.2.2. Irrespective of, Regardless of, NotwithstandingKULLANIMIirrespective of isimregardless of +notwithstanding WHEVRS


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isim + -E ramen/karnyklem + -mEsInE ramen/karn"gz nne alnmakszn"- Regardless of whatever he may say, do it as you please.Onun ne diyebileceini dnmeksizin, dilediin gibi yap.

2.3. ..., still / yetKULLANIMI..., still/yet + -ing [1] / cmle [2]EVRSyine de, ancak, fakat, bun(lar)a karn

- He suffered a lot, yet never giving in. [1]he never gave in. [2]ok ac ekti ama asla pes etmedi.3. Given (that)

Yerine gre koul anlam da verebilen bu yap pek sk kullanlmamaktadr.- Given her charm, she is alone.that she has charm, she is alone.ekici olmasna ramen/Cazibesine ramen, yalnz.

CONTRAST CLAUSEYap olarak "Concession Clause" ile ayndr. "Whereas, while, whilst" ileoluturulur ve Trke'ye en basit olarak "oysa" kelimesi ile aktarlr.

REASON CLAUSE1. CMLE LE KULLANILANLAR1.1. Because, As, For, Since

Trke'ye "yklem + -I iin / -IndEn tr / dolay", "yklem + -mEsInedeniyle / sebebiyle" eklinde aktarlrlar.- Because he worked so hard, he deserved a holiday.O kadar ok alt iin bir tatili haketti."As" kelimesi devrik yap kullanlarak da "Reason Clause" oluturabilir. Aynyap "Concession Clause" iin de geerli olduu iin hangi anlamnkarlmas gerektiine dikkat edilmesi gerekir.- Tired as she was, she went on walking. [Concession]- Tired as she was, she stopped walking. [Reason]Yorgun olduu iin yrmeyi kesti.1.2.Because of


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Due toOwing to + the fact thatOn account ofTrke'ye "[gerei(nden)] tr / yznden / sayesinde" eklindeaktarlrlar.

- Owing to the fact that Tom didn't know any French, they were able tospeak comfortably in his presence.Tom'un hi Franszca bilmemesinden tr onun nnde rahatakonuabildiler.2. CMLE LE KULLANILMAYANLAR2.1. Because of, Due to, Owing to, On account ofKULLANIMIbecause ofdue to + isim + ("ing") [1]owing to + my/his/.. + "-ing" [2]

on account ofEVRSTrke'ye "because" ile ayn ekilde aktarlrlar.- Because of rain the rescue operation had to be stopped. [1]Yamurdan tr kurtarma almasnn durdurulmas gerekti.- Owing to his trying to save the situation, a scandal was prevented. [2]Onun durumu kurtarmaya almas sayesinde bir skandal nlendi.2.2. "-ing" ...,- Seeing that it was likely to rain, he stayed in.(=Because/When he saw ...)

- Knowing their tastes, she was able to bring a good gift.(=Because she knew ...)- Having completed the task, they had a break(=Because/After they had completed ...)2.3. Past participle (= V3)Bu yap edilgen (= passive) zellik tar.- Constructed according to my specifications, the building was able towithstand the eartquake.(=Because it was constructed ...)3. DER YAPILAR

3.1. As long asKULLANIMIas long as + cmleEVRS- DII srece / mddete- As long as he doesn't disturb me, it is okay.Beni rahatsz etmedii srece sakncas / sorun yok.3.2. Inasmuch as, Insomuch as"Because" anlam tayan bu yaplar resmi durumlarda kullanlr.- Thomas is also guilty, insomuch as he knew what they were going to do.( ..., because he knew ...)3.3. In that


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KULLANIMIin that + cmleEVRS-mEsI asndan/yznden, -DII iin- The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal ways.

Yasad yollardan elde edildii iin delil geersiz.3.4. Now that"Time Clause" yaplarda ele alnan "Now that" ile ayn anlam tar.3.5. (The reason) whyKULLANIMI(The reason) why + cmle + "be" + because/that ...EVRS-mE("kii eki")In(In) nedeni/sebebi ... (-dIr)- The reason (why) they lost is that/because they did not know the rules.Kaybetmelerinin nedeni kurallar bilmemeleridir.

3.6. WhileKULLANIMIwhile + cmleEVRShazr ... olduuna gre/-mI iken- While you are in the kitchen, can you bring me a knife ?Hazr mutfaktayken bana bir bak getirir misin ?3.7. WithKULLANIMIisim + "-ing" [1]

(with) +isim + to + yklem [2]EVRS"var iken", -mekte iken, -DII iin, -DIIndEn tr- (With) the exams coming, we have no time for a social life. [1]Snavlar yakla(yo)rken sosyal yaant iin hi vaktimiz yok.- With so many children to support, they both have to work. [2]Bakmalar gereken o kadar ocuk varken ikisinin de al??mas gerek.3.8. What with"With" yaps ile ayndr.

PURPOSE CLAUSE1. (IN ORDER) TO, SO AS TOKULLANIMIin order (not) to / so as (not) to + yklemEVRSyklem + -mEk iin- To open the lid, turn it left.Kapa amak iin, sola evirin.- They left the door open in order for me to hear what they were talkingabout.Ne hakknda konutuklarn iitmem iin kapy ak braktlar.


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- She has to hurry in order not to be late.Ge kalmamak iin acele etmesi gerek."So as to" yapsnn aadaki rnekte grlen kullanmna skrastlanmaktadr.- He never stayed in one place so long as to be recognised.

Bir yerde tannabilecei kadar uzun sre hi kalmad."To+ yklem" yaps "ama (=Purpose) dnda baka anlamlar tayabilir.2. IN ORDER THATKULLANIMIin order that + cmleEVRSyklem + -sIn diye / -mEk iin- The school closes early in order that the children can get home beforedark.ocuklar hava kararmadan evlerine varabilsinler diye okul erken

kapanyor.3. FOR FEAR (THAT)KULLANIMIfor fear that + cmleEVRSyklem + -mEk /... olur + korkusu ile- They left early for fear that they'd miss the train.Treni karma korkusu ile erkenden ktlar.4. LESTResmi (= formal) nitelik tayan cmlelerde kullanlr.

KULLANIMIlest + cmleEVRSyklem + -mEmEk iin / -mEsIn diye- They checked the list again lest they should leave something behind.Geride bir ey unutmamak iin listeyi yeniden incelediler.

RESULT CLAUSE1. SO (THAT), SUCH THAT

KULLANIMIso (that), such that + cmleEVRSbylece, bu yolla, yle ki, -sIn diye- We announced the test results immediately so that those who failedwouldn't have to wait.Baarsz olanlar beklemek zorunda kalmasn diye snav sonularn anndaakladk.- They had considered all the possibilities in preparing the leaflet, suchthat even the most inexperienced would beable to inform the candidates of the requirements for application.Kitap hazrlarken btn olaslklar gz nnde bulundurmulard, yle


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ki en tecrbesizler bile adaylarbavuru koullar konusunda bilgilendirebilirdi.2. THEREBYKULLANIMIthereby + -ing

EVRSbylece, bu yzden, bu yolla, sonuta- Because he was so young and fiery, he drove the sport car at top speed,thereby deserving three different traffictickets.Gen ve ateli olduu iin spor arabay son srat kulland ve sonuta ayr ceza makbuzunu haketti.

SIMILARITY CLAUSE

1. (JUST) ASKULLANIMI(just) as + cmle [1] / it is/was/.. [2]Kimi zaman "as" yerine "the way" kullanlabilir.EVRSgibi,- She is a fine singer, just as her father used to be. [1]Eskiden babasnn olduu gibi, iyi bir arkc.- In autumn, as (it was) in spring, there were floods. [2]Sonbaharda, ilkbahardaki gibi, sel vard.

Bu yap resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda devrik yap (=inversion) kullanlarak oluturulabilir.- He was Catholic, as were most of his friends.Katolikti, dostlarnn ou gibi.- He believed, as did all his colleagues, in the supremacy of the institutionhe worked for.Tm i arkadalar gibi o da alt kurumun stnlne inanmaktayd.2. LIKEKULLANIMIlike + isim / him/her/... ; like + cmle (> AmE)

EVRSgibi, benzer- My sister isn't much like me.Kzkardeim fazla bana benzemez.3. AS IF, AS THOUGHKULLANIMIas if, as though + cmleEVRS(sanki) ... (-mI) gibi- You look as if you are about to cry.Alayacakm gibisin.


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EXCEPTION CLAUSE1. BUT (THAT)Resmi (= formal) nitelik tayan anlatmlarda kullanlr.KULLANIM

but that + cmle [1]but for me/him/.. to + yklem [2]EVRSdnda, haricinde- Nothing would stop them but that the President (should) make a speech.[1]Onlar Bakan'n konuma yapmas dnda hibirey durdurmuyordu.

- Nothing would stop them but for the President to make a speech. [2]2. EXCEPT (THAT), EXCEPTING THAT

KULLANIMIexcept/excepting (that) + cmleEVRSama, fakat, ancak, haricinde, dnda- We would most happily help you, except we are in need of cash.Size byk bir memnuniyetle yardm ederdik ama nakit skntsndayz.3. SAVE THATKULLANIMIsave that + cmleEVRS

dnda, haricinde- The company has lost almost all its possessions, save that they still holda small share in a vast piece of land.irket, geni bir arazinin ufak bir hissesine hal sahip olmas dnda, tmmal varln yitirdi.4. ONLYGnlk konuma dilinde kullanlr.

KULLANIMIonly + cmle

EVRSfakat, ancak, ama- I'd love to come, only I have no time.Gelmeyi ok isterim ama hi vaktim yok.

COMMENT CLAUSE1. TANIMCmle iinde paranteze alnm bir fikir, yorum, yarg grevi stlenenifadelerdir. Cmle iinde alt deiik yapda kullanlabilirler.2. CMLE- There were no applicants, I believe, for that job.


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En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr.God knows Tanr bilir (ya)Heaven knows Tanr bilir (ya)it grieves me to tell you zlerek sylyorumit has been claimed iddiaya gre

it is reported bildirildiine greit is rumoured sylentiye greit is said denildiine gre/ denir kiit is true uras da doru ki/ Doru olan u kiit may interest you to know renmek ilgini(zi) ekebilirit pains me to tell you zlerek sylyorumit seems grne gre, grne baklrsait transpires sylenildiine greI admit bence de/ kabul ediyorumI agree bence de/ kabul ediyorum

I ask myself diye sormaktaymI assume sanrmI believe bence/ sanrmI can see grdm kadar ileI claim benceI consider benceI daresay sanrmI don't deny kabulI doubt hi sanmam ama/ pek sanmasam da/ korkarmI expect umarm

I fear korkarmI feel benceI guess sanrmI hear duyduuma greI have heard duyduuma greI have heard tell sylenenlere greI have no doubt hi kukum yokI have read okuduuma greI have to say belirtmeliyim kiI hope umarm

I imagine sanrmI know bildiime gre/ biliyorumI may assume sanrmI'm afraid korkarmI'm convinced eminim/ inanyorum kiI'm delighted to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)I'm glad to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)I'm happy to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)I'm pleased to say sevinerek sylyorum (ki)I'm sorry to say zlerek sylyorum (ki)I'm sure eminimI'm told bana anlatlana gre/ duydum ki


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I must admit kabul/ itiraf etmeliyim kiI must say sylemem gerekir kiI must tell you anlatmam gerekir kiI presume sanrmI regret korkarm/ ne yazk ki

I regret to say zlerek sylyorum (ki)I remember hatrlyorum (da)I see benceI suppose sanrmI think benceI understand anlyorum ki/ benceI venture to say diyebilirim kiI wish kekeI wonder acabamind you hatrlarsan(z)

one hears sylenenlere grethey allege iddiaya grethey claim iddiaya grethere is on doubt kukusuzthey say dediklerine greyou can see grdn(z) gibiyou know biliyorsun(uz)you may have heard duymu olabilecein(iz) gibiyou may know belki biliyorsun(uz)you must admit kabul etmelisin(iz) ki

you realise anlayacan(z) gibiyou see grdn(z) gibi3. AS + CMLETrke'ye "yklem + -DII gibi/kadar ile" eklinde aktarlabilir.- I'm working overtime, as you know.En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:as everybody knows herkesin bildii gibias it appears grne greas it happens yle oldu ki/ tesadf bu yaas (it) is common knowledge bilindii gibi

as it may interest you to know renmek isteyebilecein gibias (it) often happens hep olduu gibias it seems grne greas it seems likely muhtemelenas it transpires grnd gibias (it) was pointed out belirtildii gibias (it) was said earlier/later anlatld gibias I can see (it) grdm kadar ile/ benceas I have said sylediim gibias I interpret it bence/ bana greas I'm told duyduuma greas I remember hatrladm kadar ile


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as I say dediim gibias I see (it) bence/ bana greas I take it bence/ bana greas I understand bence/ bana greas you know bildiim kadar ile

as you may have heard duymu olabilecein(iz) gibias you may remember hatrlayacan(z) gibias you said dediin(iz) gibias you say dediin(iz) gibias (it) was/seemed natural normal grnd kadar ile/grndndentras (it) was expected beklenildii gibi4. WHAT ...Trke'ye " ... olan ey/olan yan()" ile aktarlabilir.- What was more upsetting, we lost our luggage.

En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:What is more surprising/upsetting/gladdening iin en/daha (da) ... (olan)yan ...What is more to the point dahas, stelik, stne stlk.5. TO+ YKLEMTrke'ye "-cas, ... olmak gerekirse, ... olur ise" ile aktarlabilir.- To be fair, I lost the money.En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:to be fair akasto be frank akas

to be honest akasto be precise kesin konumak gerekirse/ tam olarakto be serious ciddi olmak gerekirseto be truthful ak konumak gerekirseto put it briefly ksacasto speak candidly akcas6. "-ING"Trke'ye "yklem + -Er/Ir ise" ile aktarlabilir.- I doubt, speaking as a layman, that his views are our salvage.En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:

broadly speaking genelde/ genele konuulursafiguratively speaking rnein/ genele konuulursagenerally speaking genel anlamda/ genele konuulursaloosely speaking genel anlamda/ genele konuulursaputting it crudely kabaca anlatlrsaputting it mildly ksacasspeaking frankly iin dorususpeaking generally genel anlamda/ genele konuursakspeaking personally bence7. PAST PARTICIPLE (= V3)Trke'ye "yklem + -Il/-In .. ise" (= Edilgen) ile aktarlr.- Stated plainly, he has no chance of winning.


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En sk kullanlan yaplar unlardr:put bluntly kabaca anlatrsakput in another way dier bir deyilerephrased dier bir deyilestated quite simply basite anlatlrsa

worded plainly basite anlatlrsa

VERBLESS CLAUSEBu tr cmleler ngilizce'de fazla kullanlmaz ve eviri asndan nemli birsorun oluturmaz.- He waited, anxious for a reply. (= he was anxious for a reply)- She was standing, a statue of innocence. (= she was like a statue ofinnocence)

rneklerde de grlebilecei gibi, yklem tamayan yan cmle ayr bircmle gibi ele alnmaktadr. eviri ileminin de buna gre yaplmasgerekir.

SM (=NOUN) VE UYGUN "ARTICLE" SEM1. Tanm: "a(n)" ve "the""Article" seimi eviri ilemlerinde ou zaman bir sorun halinegelmektedir. "A(n)" (=Indefinite article) ve "the" (=Definite article)isimlerle birlikte kullanlrlar.Bu iki kelimenin nasl ve ne durumlarda kullanldklarna gemeden nce,

isim yaplarn incelemek yararl olabilir.2. Saylabilir ve saylamayan isimsim, saylabilen ve saylamayan olarak snflandrlabilir:Saylabilen (=countable) isima) Tekil (=singular)cat, leaf, man, person, iron (= t)b) oul (=plural)cats, leaves, men, people/persons, ironsSaylamayan (=uncountable) isima) Somut (=concrete)

water, oil, sugar, iron (= demir)b) Soyut (=abstract)happiness, wealth, boredom3. Kullanm alanlar"A(n)" sadece saylabilen tekil isimler ile kullanlr. Kendisini takip edenisim sesli bir harf (a, e, i, o, u) ile telaffuz edilerek (yazlarak deil)balarsa, "an" kullanlr.an apple, an eagle, an iron, an orange, an umbrellafakata university student(u harfi "yu" olarak telaffuz edilmekte)an hour


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(sessiz olan h harfi telaffuz edilmemekte; {h}our)"The" btn isimlerle birlikte kullanlabilir. Bir ismin her zaman bir "article"almas gerekli ya da mmkn deildir.4. "A(n)" : Kullanld yerler4.1. Bilinmeyen ve nceden belirginletirilmemi

Herhangi biri, hangisi olduu farketmez- I have never seen an elephant.- We are looking for a person to help us in the home.Sz edilen eyin, ait olduu snfn/trn herhangi bir yesi olmas- A screwdriver is a tool.Bu kullanmda oul isim de mmkndr.- Screwdrivers are tools.Genel nesneler yerine belirginletirilmi nesneler kullanl-mas durumundaoul isim kullanmak gerekir.- Cars are parked at owners' risk. (Cars = Buraya parkedilen belirgin

arabalar)Tereddte dlmesi durumunda en iyisi oul isim kullanmaktr.... de/bana- 60 miles an hour- Three times a week- Ten pence a kilo4.2. Bilinen fakat nceden belirginletirilmemizel biri, fakat henz belirginletirilmemi- I have found a good job at last.- She is a very old friend of mine.

- A Mr Nash called to speak to you.(Mr Nash diye biri ...)Bir tr/rnek- We have a good climate.- What a strange man he is !- I have never heard such a thing !Meslek- I am a teacher by profession.- To be a good MP, you must be a good speaker.5. "The" - Kullanld yerler

5.1. the + az nce/daha nce sz gemi olan- "I've got an orange and some apples. Who wants the orange ?"- "You have the orange and I'll have the apples."5.2. the + belirginletirilmi isim- The dogs in our street are very noisy.- The Englishmen we met at the party knew a little Turkish.5.3. the + eserde sz geen kii(ler)/nesne(ler)- The Elephant and the Mouse- The Longest Day- The Mousetrap5.4. the + tek olan ey- They toured the world together.


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- The earth goes round the sun.- She lives in the United States now.5.5. the + "superlative"- the best/most recent/latest project5.6. the + "ordinal" say

- the first/last/next race5.7. the + hayali bir trn/snfn temsilcisi olan tekil isim- The Panda is in danger of extinction.- The computer has replaced the typewriter in the office.5.8. the + sfat = o sfat ile nitelenen grubun tm- The young do not listen to the old.(= Young people do not listen to old people.)Tekil kiiler iin "sfat + person/man/.." kullanmak gerekir.- a/the young person/man/woman/..5.9. the + yer ismi = o yerin amacna uygun bir eyleme katlnmamas

mahkum olarak deil) - She went to the prison (- I would like to live near the sea.5.10. the + yer = iinde bulunulan durumdan tr tanmlanabilen yerHer insann kendisine zg bir evresi olduu ve o kiinin o evreye aithereyi tanmlayabilecei dnlrse, o evreye yakn olan bir kimse(akraba, arkada, ayn ehirli gibi) asndan da o evre tanmlanabilirzelliktedir.- I must go to the bankcmlesindeki "the bank", konuan tanyan bir kimse asndan belirgin birbankay niteler.

- There is funny animal in the garden.5.11. the + otel / tiyatro / sinema/.. ismi- the Hilton- the AknAyrca-the theatre/cinema/opera/concert5.12. the + oul yer ismi- the Netherlands- the Azores- the United States

- the Alps5.13. the + saylabilir bir isim ieren yer isimleriCanal the Sues/Panama CanaChannel the English ChannelDesert the Sahara (Desert)Gulf the Gulf, the Gulf of MexicoIslands/Isles the British Isles, the Virgin IslandsKingdom the United KingdomMountain range the Rocky MountainsOcean the Indian Ocean

Republic the Republic of TurkeyRiver the (River) Nile


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Sea the Mediterranean (Sea)State(s) the Gulf States, the United States of AmericaStraits the Bering StraitsUnion the Union of South AfricaYer darlndan tr haritalarda "the" genelde kullanlmaz.

5.14. the + milliyet belirten sIfat- the British- the English- the SpanishBaz milliyetlerden sz ederken, oul isim kullanlr.- (the) Russians/Arabs/Turks/Scots/..5.15. the + bilim ve teknoloji ile ilgili kelime- I hate the telephone.5.16. the + mzik aleti- I'd like to learn the guitar.

Caz ve pop terminolojisinde genellikle "the" kullanlmaz.5.17. the + gazete ismi- the TimesDergi isimleri "the" almaz.- Times (Magazine), Scala5.18. the + A of B (A ve B birer isim)- the University of Oxford5.19. the + gemi ismi- The Queen Mary5.20. the + space = bir alanda bo yer

- He tried to park his car but the space was not big enough."The" kullanlmazsa "space" kelimesi "uzay" anlam tar.5.21. all the / the wholea) alltheall + my/your/. + isimthis/these- all the time- all my life- all this confusion

all + oul isim ( "every" anlamnda)- All Indian tribes were killed off.(Her bir ... .)b) wholethemy/your/.. + whole + isimthis- the whole life- my whole life- this whole confusionwhole + oul isim ("complete", "entire" anlamnda)- Whole Indian tribes were killed killed off. (= kimse sa kalmad)


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thethe whole of + my/your/. + tekil isimthis/that- the whole of the time- the whole of my life

- the whole of this confusion6. "The" - Kullanlmad yerler6.1. A + B (A ve B birer isim)- Oxford University- London Bridge- Turkish Republic- Atatrk AirportBu yer isimlerinde "the" kullanlmamasnn bir dier nedeni de birer blgeya da kii ad tamalardr.6.2. tr / snf temsil eden oul / saylamayan isim

- Pandas are in danger of extinction.- Sugar is bad for you.- Money can bring happiness.6.3. yerin

turkceye cevrilmis ingilizce gramer

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