turkish ceramic industry & raw materials in turkey · 2017. 12. 2. · turkish ceramic industry...

Fall 2016 | Vol 6 | Number 11 | www.miningturkeymag.com

Mining & Earth Sciences Magazine

ISSN: 2146-9423

Turkish Ceramic Industry & Raw Materials in Turkey

Energy Security Dilemma of Turkey in the Context ofDomestic Coal Policies

www.kensan.com.tr

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Mining Turkey is published biannually byMayeb Madencilik ve Yer Bilimleri Basım Yayın Dağıtım Ltd. (Yayın Sahibi)A. Öveçler Mah. 1335. Sk. Vadi Köşk Apt. No: 6/8 Çankaya / ANKARA / TURKEYPhone : +90 (312) 482 18 60 • Fax : +90 (312) 482 18 [email protected] • www.miningturkeymag.comEditor Dr. Erdem Yetkin [email protected] Editorial SupportArda [email protected] RelationsEray İ[email protected] Editor (Sorumlu Yazı İşleri Müd.)O. Çağım Tuğ[email protected] General CoordinatorOnur Aydı[email protected] AffairsVolkan [email protected] Graphic DesignGökçe Çı[email protected] TechnologiesBilgin B. Yı[email protected] AdviserAv. Evrim İ[email protected] AdvisersProf. Ali Sarıışık Prof. C. Okay AksoyProf. Erol KayaProf. Hakan BenzerProf. İlkay KuşcuProf. M. Emin Candansayar Prof. Özcan Yiğit Prof. Talip GüngörAssoc. Prof. Melih Geniş Assoc. Prof. Melih İphar Assoc. Prof. Niyazi BilimAssoc. Prof. Nuray DemirelAdvertising [email protected] Subscription [email protected]şak Matbaacılık ve Tanıtım Hiz. Ltd. Şti. Macun Mah. Anadolu Bulv. No: 5/15 Yenimahalle - ANKARA Tel: +90 (312) 379 16 17Publication Type and Period (Yayının Türü ve Şekli)Worldwide (Yerel Süreli) - Biannualy (6 Aylık İngilizce)

FROM THE EDITORTURKISH MINING SECTOR NEWSMINENCO EXPLORATION & MINING - MinenCo

ORTADOĞU DRILLING - Ortadoğu Drilling

GLOBAL MINING INTELLIGENCE - Fugro

MINING IS A TOUGH PROFESSION! - Ethic HR

KENSAN’S APPROACH IN SELECTING CRUSHERS,KEY TO THE PERFECT PRODUCTION! - Kensan Makina

LEADING THE INDUSTRY IN SOIL GEOCHEMISTRY INNOVATIONS - ALS Minerals

TURKISH CERAMIC INDUSTRY & RAW MATERIALS IN TURKEY - Bayram Altıntop

AKÇELİK MADENCİLİK - Akçelik Madencilik

TURKEY IS STILL AN UNDEREXPLORED COUNTRY BY TODAY’S STANDARDS - TMD

MID-SIZED MARVELS - Sandvik

DAMA COMPLETED A NI43-101 COMPLIANT MAJOR FEASIBILITY STUDY - Dama Engineering

SRK’S TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM TO THE MINING INDUSTRY. A CASE STUDY ON THE AITIK MINE, SWEDEN - SRK Consulting

800 TONS WERE DISCOVERED OF THE 6500 TONS OF GOLD POTENTIAL - AMD

BARKOM GROUP IS EXPANDING ITS FOREIGN MARKET - Barkom

GEOMETALLURGY.EU: A EUROPEAN PLATFORM FOR RESEARCH ANDEDUCATION IN GEOMETALLURGY - Geometallurgy.eu

EXPLORATION REAL ESTATE IN TURKEY - Thomas Sant

TODAY IN TURKEY WE PRODUCE MARBLES HAVING NEARLY A THOUSAND DIFFERENT COLORS AND PATTERNS AND EXPORT OUR PRODUCTS WORLDWIDE - TÜMMER

ENERGY SECURITY DILEMMA OF TURKEY IN THE CONTEXT OF DOMESTIC COAL POLICIES - Metin Aktan

DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL APPROACH FOR INTEGRATION OF FUNDAMENTAL GEOLOGICAL PARAMETERS WITH ROCK STRENGTH - Dr. Barış G. Yıldırım

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Cover PhotoSince it was founded, Kensan has been manufacturing crushers, screening and washing plants for the mine sites. Kensan has been forging ahead in acquiring a respectable name in its sector by staying loyal to total quality manner and making research and development for the matter concerned with respect to highest quality

standards. KC1000 is a secondary crusher which is designed and manufactured 100% by Turkish engineers and intended for crushing mineral ores which are highly abrasive (quartz, bauxite, granite, iron ore) and desired to be produced industrially in ballast sizes (calcite, basalt) and doesn’t have bearing and has bronze bushing.

Fall 2016 | Vol 6 | Number 11 | www.miningturkeymag.com

Mining & Earth Sciences Magazine

ISSN: 2146-9423


Energy Security Dilemma of Turkey in the Context of

Domestic Coal Policies

www.kensan.com.tr

1957www.fkk.com.tr

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4Fall 2016

It is again a great pleasure for us to meet with you in this special issue of the Mining Turkey Magazine.

As being a geoscientist or an engineer or a technician we all do feel that with the time spent on the profession, the awareness increases. As such, you can easily find yourself thinking about the plate tectonics and the hills of foraminifera in Haymana/An-kara and/or the volcanic cones in Kula/Manisa. To me, geology as a science gives you enough tools to restructure these “links” between the formational and evolutionary stages of the Earth. The reason I am starting my words sounding like Geology 101 is to emphasize those links between geological units, minerals, ore formation, production, human resources, occupational health and safety, environmental measures, social licensing, global markets and geopolitics and so on.

From this aspect it is obvious that the different areas of mining industry in Turkey are strongly linked to each other. In this issue, we have looked at the mining industry from this perspective, highlighting the common points and the ways to improve the sector. In that respect, associations play a very important role as being our representative links. I would gratefully like to thank to associations for their great support and partnership.

Mining Turkey Magazine supports the 7th International Mining Turkey Fair 2016 as being the media partner of the event. The fair aims to build the link between companies and customers at global level and we took part in this effort by reaching you.Since our last issue that is published in late June this year a lot has happened not only regarding the mining and exploration industry but also our country. Working and living in this country, it is never enough to tell its beauties by means of land and people; you absolutely have to see it by yourself. We are standing still as a nation and surely overcoming the blurry times if there may happen. We do trust in our country and wish that as a whole nation will be moving forward by developing smart strategies in every aspect.

Energy and mineral resources are one of the highly valued types of common wealth. There are on-going studies by means of laws and regulations in which the associations are involved. With robust strategies as a country we will be benefiting from our natural resources at the maximum.

So, one of our aims is to highlight the link between the Kula volcanics and the Mining Law through our magazine and I do believe you will read and learn more about these in this issue as well.

I would like to thank to the authors of the articles for their great contribution to our magazine.

We do work as a team in preparing the Mining Turkey magazine and we are very lucky to have a group of great people. Please enjoy!

From the Editor

Subscribe for new Issue alerts and more!

www.miningturkeymag.com

Erdem Yetkin | Consulting Geologist, PhD, CPG | [email protected]

Editorwww.miningturkeymag.com

6Fall 2016

Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources Focuses on Africa

Alacer, Signed a Financing Agreement for Çöpler Sulphide Project

A New Mining Company is Established fromthe Partnership of Asya Mining and Akfen Holding

Newswww.miningturkeymag.com

Founded by İlbak Holding in 2007, Asya Mining Company founded Acacia Min-ing Company with the partnership of Akfen Holding this year. Formerly known to be an Asya Mining Project, Hanönü Copper Project in Kastamonu will be

The ministry announced the forma-tion of energy commissions to visit African countries like Gabon, Ethio-pia, Kenya, Somali, Mozambique, Republic of South Africa, Ghana, Mauritania, Tanzania, Ivory Coast and

Alacer Gold announced the $350 Mil-lion financing agreement with BNP Pa-ribas (BNP), ING Bank AS, Societe Gen-erate Corporate&Investment Banking and UniCredit Bank Austria AG for Çö-pler Sulphide Project. The agreement will be valid for 8 years. For the oxide production optimiza-tion, the company announced that expansion of the existing heap leach pad to 58 million tonnes continues to advance and all required land use permits for the Heap Leach Pad Phase 4 expansion have been received. The Corporation continues to evaluate op-portunities to optimize and extend oxide production beyond the current reserves, including a new heap leach pad site to the west of the Çöpler Mine.For the sulfide project on the other

carried out under Acacia after this new partnership. The project is a 100% Turk-ish investment and the company will start to produce copper in 2017. The mine will be operated as an open pit and estimated life of mine is about 11

Nigeria. The commissions will work for new energy and mining agree-ments with these countries. Turkey’s interest on Africa started in 2011 by such agreements with Egypt, Djibou-ti, Cameroon and Niger.

hand it is supposed that project will deliver long-term growth with ro-bust financial returns and adds over 20 years of production at Çöpler. The Sulfide Project will bring Çöpler’s remaining life-of-mine gold pro-duction to 4 million ounces at All-in Sustaining Costs averaging $645 per ounce. The Environmental Impact As-sessment and all required land use permits for construction have been approved. Detailed information re-garding the Çöpler Sulfide Project can be found in the Press Release dated May 12, 2016 entitled “Alacer Gold Announces Çöpler Sulfide Project Ap-proval” (“The Sulfide Project Update Press Release”) available on SEDAR at www.sedar.com and on the Corpora-tion’s website.

years. The production is planned to start in 2017 and is supposed to continue till 2018. It is also stated that in all phases of the project the operations will be con-ducted under JORC standarts.

June 2016

Both state instutions and private en-terprises will be encouraged and sup-ported by the Government to invest in Africa and discover the financial opoortunities in the continent.

June 2016

The Corporation continues to pur-sue opportunities to further expand its current operating base and to become a sustainable multi-mine producer with a focus on Turkey. The systematic and focused explora-tion efforts in the Çöpler District, as well as in other regions of Turkey are progressing. Çakmaktepe Southeast, Çakmaktepe East, Çakmaktepe North and Bayramdere are the main focus in the Çöpler District, which are shallow, oxide targets with favorable metal-lurgy and have the potential for rapid development. In the region, evalua-tion work is advancing and an update on the Dursunbey Project in western Turkey will be provided in third quar-ter of 2016.

June 2016

Start Up for Chrome and Kaolin Facility in Hisarcık Düzenli Madencilik Inc. general man-ager Ercan Temel announced that besides their barite production in Hisarcık since 2004 the company start-

ed to produce chrome and kaolin in the same facility this year.

September 2016

8Fall 2016

Energy will be Produced from Low-Calorie Coal

Eurasian Minerals Signed an Agreement with Çiftay AŞ for the Sales of the Akarca Gold-Silver Project

TÜBİTAK managed to transform low-calorie coal into fuel-oil. The plant for this facility is built in Soma. The pur-pose is to produce 1,4 million liters of fuel-oil and natural gas from 7 million tons of coal. The name of the project is Trijen.Production of liquid fuels from coal and biomass sources will provide a great advantage in the energy production and transportation sectors. The aim of the project is to increase the use of coal, which is widespread national source for the sustainable development of the country and for energy security. Clean coal technologies stand out as an im-portant alternative in terms of the pro-

Per the agreement starting from Au-gust the 5th 2016, Çiftay must drill at least 3000 meters in 12 months until the production phase starts. Other than this Çiftay will pay $2 million cash to Eurasian Minerals and starting from February the 2nd, 2017 will also pay 500 ounces of

duction of acceptable clean fuels by means of energy and environment. It will also help reduce petroleum depen-dency and ensure fuel diversity. Gasification of coal and biomass mix-tures provides synthesis gas and purifi-cation of this synthesis gas from pollut-ants. The resulting gas is converted to

gold (or equivalent) per 6 months. There will be some extra payments due to the evaluation of the project. It is known that Eurasian Minerals spent $13 million till now for the Project. In Akarca project in 251 boreholes a total of 26800 meters are drilled till now. Also, are conducted

liquid fuels by processing with the help of catalysts. The resulting synthesis gases can also be used in the produc-tion of other valuable chemicals such as methanol, dimethyl ether and am-monia, especially diesel.The mechanical installation of the pilot plant is completed. Gasification and gas cleaning units are active. In the plant 7 million tons of coal per year will be pro-cesses and 26000 barrels of liquid fuel can be produced per day. In addition, 2.5 million cubic meters of synthetic natural gas production per year can be achieved when the plant’s capacity is fully utilized.

July 2016

geological mapping, geochemical sam-pling and geophysical surveys in the Akarca Project. Studies continue in 6 different locations in the Project. Akarca Project is known to be a discovery by the Eurasian Minerals.

August 2016

EBRD’s First Investment in Turkey is in Öksüt ProjectThe owner of the Öksüt Project, Cen-terra Gold announced that European Bank for Reconstruction and Devel-opment (EBRD) will share half of the payment of the $150 Million that was loaned from Unicredit Bank AG. This $75 Million investment will be the first mining investment of EBDR in Turkey.

The invested Money will be used for the infrastructure, construction and project development studies of the project in Kayseri. The Company nowadays is try-ing to take the necessary permissions from the related institutions. As soon as the permissions are taken, it is planned to satisfy all the terms in the agreement

by the end of the 3rd quarter of 2016. Per the feasibility studies pursued for the Project; after the production phase starts it is aimed to produce 155.000 ounces/year of gold with a total of 895.000 ounces of gold through the projected total life of mine.

August 2016

Turkey’s First Mining League is Established in Eskişehir Eskişehir Chamber of Industry estab-lished a mining league in Eskişehir with the purpose of gathering the memebers of industry and acad-emy. Thus the mining potential is supposed to be increased with

both competition and cooperation. Through this new formation, other than strengthening the conditions of the sector; cooperation among mem-bers will be established in cultural, vocational, technical, commercial,

economic, legal and administrative matters. Solidarity and information exchange among the members will be is also aimed..

September 2016

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10Fall 2016

İstanbul Technical University Started to Train Afghan Mining Engineers

Yılmaden Bought the CCX Coal Mines ofBrazilian Company EBX in Columbia Yılmaden bought the open pit mines in the cities of Canaverales and Papayal and the underground mine in the city of San Juan of Columbia. With the full support of the Columbian government

With her $2,5 Trillion underground resources like lithium and gold, Af-ghanistan is one of the richest coun-tries of the world. But because of the ongoing war the mining facilities are below the required amount. With the cooperation of ITU, Department of Mining Engineering and University of Freiberg, Department of Geology and

this step for the development of the mines became a national project for the people of Columbia. A new Company for the management of the mines is es-tablished under Yılmaden named YCCX.

Mining anf the sponsorship of GIZ, Afghan mining experts are trained in Turkey with the support of Afghani-stan Ministry of Mining and Petro-leum. Also, a trip is organized for 10 mines of three different companies. The duration of this programme was 2 months.

July 2016

The total coal reserve is estimated as 6 billion tonnes with a proven amount of 716 million tonnes. The new reserve es-timation phase will start in 2017.

October 2016

Mariana Resources Increased the Resource of Hot Maden Project Mariana Resources announced the recent results of the Hot Maden Proj-ect in Artvin. Per these results the fi-nal indicated resource is 3,43 million ounces whereas the inferred resource is 439.000 ounces’ gold equivalent. The company also announced that all the planned holes are drilled and analyzed.In high grade zone a total of 2,08 mil-lion tons of measured resource with grades 32,7 g/t Au and 3,5% Cu. The

gold equivalent for this resource is 2,47 million ounces. The most recent discov-ery in the Project is 300 meters south of main zone. The amount of resource in the new zone is 1,35 million tons with grades of 7,3 g/t Au and 0,7 g/t Cu (351.000 ounces of gold equivalent).The main gold-copper vein’s resource increased to 7,12 million ounces with a grade of 15 g/t gold equivalent.

August 2016

Pasinex Confirmed the Expansion in Pınarözü

Pasinex Resources shared information about the results of another 23 under-

ground boreholes that are completed in 2015 in Pınargözü zinc mine, Adana. The average depth for these 23 bore-holes is 92 meters and the total length is 2123 meters. Especially the average of 36,1% zinc grade in 3,5 meters of core of the hole named as PPU15-045 was remarkable. It is signified that re-garding whole of the borehole analysis results, the existence of an eastward trending zinc mineralization in deeper

zones of the current exploration area. It is also expressed that 11 of these 23 boreholes cut a zone with an average grade of 31,7% zinc with an average 1,1 meters observed thickness. It is also said that 4 of these 11 boreholes cut another zone in 5 meters deeper than the main zone whereas in the other 12 boreholes no trace of a mineralization is encountered.

August 2016

Fall 201611

Unexpected Increase in Chrome Prices

The Demand to Cancel the EIA Positive Report for Cerattepe is Rejected

The Underground Wealth of Turkey will be Discovered

The Decree Regarding the Establishment of National Mining Resource and Reserve Reporting Commision and “Turkey Earth Sciences & Core Data Bank” is Published in the Official Gazette

Due to the possible decrease of China’s chrome stocks the chrome prices seems to be increasing. The announced price in November for 46-48% chrome con-

The Administrative Court of Rize reject-ed the trial demanded by 751 individu-als to cancel the EIA positive decision for the mining Project in Cerattepe, Artvin of which the license owner is Özaltın Construction Company and the

The Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources starts up a new and impor-tant project with MTA in order to dis-cover and bring in the local resources to the economy. To do this every 5km2 of Turkey will be sampled and analysed. Also with geophysical pur-poses remote sensing studies will be carried out. Some of the main goals of the Project will be the discovery of

The Law regarding the support of in-vestment projects which also includes some additional articles about the Min-ing Law is published in the Offical Ga-zette. According to this new regulation National Mining Resource and Reserve

centrate is about $410-420 per million tonnes CIF and $380-390 per million tonnes CIF for 40-42% chrome concen-trate by China as customer. These prices

operator will be Cengiz Group.In the final decree of 45 pages, con-cerning the rejection, pointing the evaluation of the experts it is an-nounced that it is possible to operate mining facilities in state forests under

new radioactive minerals, coal, oil& gas, industrial raw materials, metallic minerals and geothermal resources and also to identify new or check the known tectonic zones of the country. Other than these, new geophysical and geochemical maps of Turkey will be produced. The environmental pol-lution impacts will be monitored and analysed too.

Reporting Commission (UMREK) and “Turkey Earth Sciences & Core Data Bank” are being established. The pur-pose is to use the data gathered from the drill cores and surface samples during the exploration and produc-

were below $200 couple of months ago. Another reason for this increase may be the strong chrome demand of China.

November 2016

relevant and necessary permissions and the mentioned company has ob-tained these permissions. The courts states that there is not such condition against the law in this prolect.

October 2016

By collecting stream sediment, veg-etation and water samples from each 5km2 the 57 elements analyses (gold, silver, copper, lead, iron, molybde-num, nickel, lithium, uranium…etc.) will be applied to the samples. The study will be start in 2017 and will continue in 2018.

September 2016

tion phases. Also, the project aims to archive and share all the geological information and maps that have been produced in time.

September 2016

Electricty Sales Warranty for Powerplants that Use Local CoalPer the decision of the Cabinet TETAŞ will buy a total of 6 billion kWh energy from the producer companies in 2016 considering the Energy Sales Agree-

ment (ESA). In this scope TETAŞ adjust-ed the unit price for payment as 185,00 TL/MWh.

August 2016

12Fall 2016

‘Gordon Ritcey’ Award’s First Turkish Winner

Aldridge Minerals Finalized the New Credit Agreement

Alacer Gold Released the Gediktepe Project Report

A Turkish mining engineer and candidate of Doctorate named Ahmet Deniz Baş from Laval University is rewarded by the Gordon Ritcey 2016 Award by Canada’s CIM-MetSoc Hydrometallurgy Section.

Aldridge Minerals Inc. announced that its board of directors has approved a proposed credit facility in the amount of up to U.S. $40 million to be made available by Banka Kombetare Tregtare sh.a.(BKT). BKT has advised the Company that its board of directors has approved the Credit Facility and it has obtained all other necessary approvals for the Credit

Alacer Gold Company who is the 50% owner of the Anagold Mining Com-pany released the final progress about Gediktepe Project’s greenfield studies. Gediktepe is a polymetallic Project in Balıkesir with a resource composed of gold, silver, copper and zinc. The com-pany announces that to produce the oxide ore the first phase of the mine will be open pit and with its income the production the cost of the floata-tion facility for the sulfide ore will be supported.The life of mine is announced to be over 12 years with 1,8 million ounces’ gold equivalent. The projected production from the mine will be about 400.000 ounces of gold, 8 million ounces of sil-ver, 315 million pounds of copper and 780 million pounds of zinc. Until the

Baş is the first Turkish researcher who has ever won the Gordon Ritcey Award which is a very important award among hydrometallurgy researchers. He is also the first researcher who won this award

Facility. Implementation of the Credit Facility remains subject to signing of definitive documentation with a view to advancing funds under the Credit Facility in September 2016. If the Credit Facility is established, the Company in-tends to use a portion of the Credit Facil-ity to fully repay outstanding principal of U.S.$19,500,000, along with outstanding

production phase starts the money to be invested will be about $120 million with an extra $126 million for the con-struction of the flotation facility and its infrastructure.A total amount of 3,000 tonnes oxide ore will be produced per day for over 3 years at a conventional heap leach facility. Over of 300,000 ounces AuEq (250,000 ounces of gold and 3.6 mil-lion ounces of silver) ore will be pro-duces during the life of mine. The proven and probable oxide reserves is 3.2 million tonnes with an average gold grade of 2.95 gpt and an average silver grade of 77.7 gpt.A total of 6,500 tonnes of sulfide ore will be processed per day over a 10 years period utilizing two 4-stage flo-tation circuits to produce a copper

from Laval University. Baş’s post graduate research project is on why the anodic dis-solution of gold in oxide ores slows dur-ing cyanidation.

September 2016

accrued interest and expenses of approx-imately U.S.$3,700,000, under the loan facility previously made available to the Company by Orion Fund JV Limited. Re-maining availability under the Credit Fa-cility would be used by the Company to fund its on-going land acquisitions and working capital requirements.

September 2016

concentrate and a zinc concentrate. Sulfide production will be 700 million pounds on a Copper Equivalent 5 ba-sis (315 million pounds of copper, 780 million pounds of zinc, 150,000 ounc-es of gold and 4.6 million ounces of silver) for the life of mine. The proven and probable sulfide reserve is 21.7 million tonnes of ore with grades of 0.99% copper, 2.35% zinc, 0.93 gpt gold and 35.3 gpt silver. The measured and indicated sulfide resource is 32.2 million tonnes with average grades of 0.90% copper (642 million pounds of copper contained), 1.93% zinc (1,370 million pounds of zinc contained), 0.77 gpt gold (800,000 ounces of gold con-tained) and 29.5 gpt silver (30.5 million ounces of silver contained).

September 2016

One Million Meters of Drilling is Announced by the Ministry Energy and Natural Resources Min-ister Berat Albayrak commisioned MTA for 1 million meters of drilling in 2017. The purpose of this Project is to increase the lignite reserve to 20 bil-lion tonnes. This amount of drilling

will also be a record for MTA who in 2015 drilled 330.000 meters. MTA’a coal project actually started in 2006. Since then 7 billion tonnes of coal reserve was discovered with calorific values between 1250 to 2500 calo-

ries. The actual coal reserve of Turkey is 15 billions tonnes. Other than coal, increasing the metallic resources with new discoveries is also aimed with this project.

September 2016

Fall 201613

The Upper Taxation Limit for Export Coal is Increased to $70 As it is known, a critical step was taken in August to encourage the invest-ments in domestic and renewable re-sources in electricity generation and inhibit imported coal. According to this, an additional tax of $15 per ton of imported coal used for electricity gen-eration was introduced.As published in the Official Gazette on

3rd of October, this $15/ton tax on ex-port coal to encourage the production and consumption of local coal, shall not be applied in cases that the coal price is over $70/ton. This brings no extra finan-cial regulations in such cases whereas if the price is below $70/ton then the dif-ference between that specific price and $70/ton will be collected from the elec-

tricity producers that export coal for this production. For the reason the recent coal prices are about $70-71/ton, it seems that the $15/ton tax is halted for the mo-ment but regarding the last 1 year period where the prices are about $40-45/ton, it seems like the risk for the electricity pro-ducers is around $25-30/ton.

September 2016

SURPAC Software Basic Training and Applied Project Training -with a Business Partnership Between ARDEF- RPM

ARDEF Mining Machinery Energy and Trade Co. has been serving in mining sector with its more than 20 years of experience and continuing its activities speedily in collaboration with Runge Pincock Minarco Company since Au-gust 2015 based on a solution partner-ship. Runge Pincock Minarco has been continuing its mining technologies and consultancy activities in Turkey for more than 45 years and contributing to mining sector.As mining sector in Turkey has been changing, expert instructor Jeremy Clark has completed the first phase of

the training consisting of two phases on SURPAC Mining software used by the greatest global mining companies for many years in the scope of SURPAC Soft-ware Basic Training and Applied Project Training of the personnel of ELECTRIC PRODUCTION Co. General Directorship Mining Fields for achieving contribution of ARDEF and RPM to this process. Jer-emy Clark offered an intensive training on general interface training, SURPAC software, Geological modelling, SURPAC software geostatistical analysis, SURPAC software block modelling and SURPAC software engineering in the scope of

MINE MACHINERY ENERGY & TRADING INC.

basic training. Furthermore, he provided the details of reporting according to JORC standards. Many examples were studied during the training with great participation and interactive classes were offered to the participants. Jeremy Clark has stated that they aimed to provide our mining planning and design knowledge on large-scale open mine projects and prepared the training consisting of two phases specifically based on the demands of ELECTRIC PRODUCTION Co. General Di-rectorate personnel and with the local experience of ARDEF’s technical team in Turkey and RPM’s experience in inter-national projects. We, as ARDEF and RPM, hope that these types of trainings which we offered first will contribute maximum value to our customers and mining activities in Tur-key by combining project experience and technology.

November 2016

14Fall 2016

A Young Professional Kerim Türkdoğan Brings a New Perspective to the Problems of the Mineral Processing Industry

Turkish Delegation Attended the IMARC Australia

Introducing something novel to the in-dustry has always been a challenge and it is even more challenging for Turkish Mining Industry as the culture pushes to be connected to the traditions.Kerim Türkdoğan, MSc Mineral Process-ing Engineer, is a young professional who succeeded to introduce bulk mate-rial handling design work to the indus-try which has almost never been applied before in Turkey. During his Master of

Science studies, he was in TUNRA Bulk Solids (TBS) at the University of Newcas-tle as a trainee for one year. He has been serving as Business Development Offi-cer of Turkey for TBS for three and a half successful years. TBS is a leader research and development company in bulk ma-terial handling field with its 40 years of specific experience. The basic work of TBS is to research bulk materials’ flow parameters and develop the optimum design of the facilities for the particular bulk material. In Turkish mining industry, bulk mate-rial handling facilities like silos, transfer chutes, gravity reclaim stockpiles are usually used to be designed according to the a priori knowledge which brings lots of costly problems of blockage, high wear and segregation etc. TUNRA Bulk Solids services are basically R&D projects limited with basic design without including detailed engineer-ing and construction. Another serious

challenge that one should overcome is to convince the clients to invest money to an R&D project or test-work without knowing results. Moreover, a key-ready service is always requested by the Turkish clients. However, Türkdoğan managed to provide service to a serious number of projects that are owned by clients with strong reputation like Çayeli Copper, Acacia Mine, Kale Seramik and Enerjisa. Those projects are completed with the highest level of client satisfaction. Now, Kerim Türkdoğan is looking for-ward to work with new business part-nerships and is open to new distribu-torships. For the companies planning to invest in Turkey he is willing to be-come a representing partner by sharing his experience and using his business network. For receiving any further information please visit his linkedin page: linkedin.com/in/kerim-turkdogan

November 2016

International Mining and Resource Conference (IMARC) (8-10th of No-vember) is completed in Australia with a participation of pioneering mining companies around the world.

The new developments in mining and energy sectors such as automa-tion of mining equip-ments, innovative so-lutions in processing, software development, training simulations, health and safety appli-cation were discussed during the conference hosted at Melburne fair and convention center. Melburn Coun-sel General, Mehmet Küçüksakallı, For-eign Economic Relation Board Turkey-Australia Council Chairperson Zuhal Mansfield, Chairman of Organik Mining Company Dr. Barış G. Yıldırım, Energy Advisor at Ministry of Foreign Affairs Özge Yıldırım, Cahit Dönmez from MTA, Sezai Aydın from Mining Bureu and Se-nior Trade Expert from Melburn Turkish

Consulate İdris Muslu were represented the Turkish delegation. The meetings about Turkey-Australia co-operation completed during the conference with Victoria Government Representative, Innovation and Trade Ministry Hon Philip Dalidakis and Vic-toria and New South Wales chamber of commerce representatives.

November 2016

MİNENCO

www.minenco.com.trÜsküp Cad. 16/24 Çankaya-ANKARAPhone/Fax: +90 850 808 28 13

E-mail: [email protected]

MinenCo Mining Engineering Con-sultancy is an engineering company which is founded mainly to help min-ing business especially in exploration, feasibility and plant design. The aim of MinenCo is to give technical and administrative support, especially to mining, geothermal energy and insur-

ance companies, gov-ernmental institutions and investors, in fields of mineral exploration in line with the inter-national standards (NI 43-101, JORC2012), re-source/reserve studies, mine feasibility, engi-neering, plant design, permitting, health and safety, quality control, financial analyses. For this reason, we have in-

ternationally experienced engineers in mining sector who are competent with this sector in both Turkey and world-wide and who follow changes and technological innovations closely.The activities of MinenCo can be grouped under two main headings in regarding mining business. The first

MinenCo Exploration & Mininggroup is “Geological Studies” which in-cludes exploration (gold, copper, lead, zinc, iron, tin, silver, molybdenum, nickel, chromium, and coal), project management, resource/reserve estima-tion, and database management. We prepare our reports in accordance with NI 43-101 or JORC with the signature of QP/CP if required. Additionally, we are also conducting IP, EM, MT, VES, Seismic (2D, 3D) studies with the geophysical equipment we have.The second group of MinenCo’s busi-ness is called as “Mining Studies”. These studies can be summarized as, plant design, engineering studies, mine plan-ning, open pit design, plant optimiza-tion, flow-chart generation, generating solutions to the problems that may oc-cur during the operation and bankable feasibility studies.

www.minenco.com.tr

Profilewww.miningturkeymag.com

16Fall 2016

Ortadoğu Drilling


Ortadoğu Sondaj was established in 1995 with the purpose of providing services to mining sector by deep wireline holes. With our own manu-factured drill rigs GEO-500, GEO-900 and GEO-1500 having the most re-cent technology, we complete under-ground and surface wireline diamond drilling holes with success. In order to meet the demands of civil engineering sector, geotechnical holes/ studies and hole tests can be performed in tunnel, dam, airport and/or railway projects by our company. In the projects for exploration of geo-thermal reservoirs in the energy sector, continuous coring “slim holes” deeper than 2.000 meters are being drilled by our company. Among our targets, we plan to exceed the depth of 3.000 m, in order to be able to provide explora-tion services in petroleum and natural gas sector. With our GEO-1500 drill rig model, we have just completed a “slim hole”, which is recorded as the “deep-est wireline drilling in Turkey” with the following depth measures; 1.024 m PQ, 2.206 m HQ and 2.503 m NQ. Especially in mining sector, Ortadoğu Sondaj is the leading drilling company in Turkey with more than 2,000,000 me-ters of exploration and development holes drilled in all wireline coring sizes. Our experienced drilling crew suc-cessfully completed many coal drilling projects with holes deeper than 1.700 m. Also, any required borehole tests and engineering applications are being done conveniently. Our selected projects:“Teck Cominco” GoldExploration:Location: Çanakkale AreaDates: March, 2005-July, 2012

Total Work Done: 62.000 m 11.000 m (RC Drilling)Hole Depths: 100 m-500 mProject Details:• Diamond drill holes of all sizes (PQ, HQ, NQ, BQ)• RC drilling,• About 6.000 m of PQ coring,• Inclined holes,• Ground engineering with multi shot survey tools,• Drilling project planning and pro-gramming,• Full drill camp facilities.“Eti Bakır” Mineral Exploration and DevelopmentLocations:Küre-Hanönü/Kastamonu (Western Black Sea) Murgul/Artvin (Eastern Black Sea) Adıyaman (East Anatolia)Dates: March, 2004-ContinuedTotal Work Done: >100.000 m(Diamond Drilling)Hole Depths: 100 m-1.100 mProject Details:• Diamond drill holes of all sizes (PQ, HQ, NQ, BQ)• PQ coring,• Inclined holes,• Ground engineering with multi shot survey tools,• Drilling project planning and pro-gramming,• Full drill camp facilities.

“Demir Export” IronExploration and DevelopmentLocation: Around Sivas and Erzurum (Central/ East Anatolia)Dates: January, 2010-2013Total Work Done: 30.000 mHole Depths: 100 m-900 mProject Details:• Extreme conditions,• Diamond drill holes of all sizes (PQ, HQ, NQ and BQ) for iron mineral explo-ration and development,• Around 2.000 m of PQ coring,“First Quantum” CopperExploration and Development (Cayeli Copper Establishement)Location: Çayeli-Rize (East Black Sea Region)Dates: December, 2005-November, 2014Total Work Done: 25.000 mHole Depths: 600 m-1.500 m (inclined)Project Details:• 3.000 m of underground drilling,• Underground up holes,• Underground and surface inclined holes,• Deep hole surface drilling up to 1.500 m,• Ground engineering with single shot survey tools and geophysics instru-mentation,• Core orientation,• Diamond drill hole planning and pro-gramming.

www.ortadogusondaj.com

“The Golden Brand of Turkish Mining Industry”Madencilik Türkiye (in Turkish) and Mining Turkey (in English) magazines are

w w w.mayeb.com.tr

To have information about Madencilik Türkiye Magazine and it’s other brands shown below, please reach us by:

18Fall 2016


Fugro’s extensive engineering and con-sulting expertise provides mining com-panies with the critical insight and tech-nical solutions to optimise operations throughout the life cycle of a mine. Its specialist services include geological desktop studies and conceptual design of customer oriented mineral explora-tion programmes; field work during the reconnaissance and exploration stages; pre-feasibility and feasibility studies; mining operation and mine closure; and risk assessment analysis.

Water ResourcesPlanning, development, management and protection of water resources for the mining sector are delivered by Fu-gro’s team of specialised hydrogeolo-gists, hydrologists and engineers with the various skills to address a wide range of ground and surface water is-sues. Fugro has broad expertise in monitoring, water resources manage-ment, groundwater exploration and production, dewatering design, well design and testing. Fugro completed comprehensive projects for mining companies including the following services: geoconsulting, monitoring, conceptual model development, water budget calculations, groundwater flow modelling and development of a dewa-tering system.International ExperienceAs part of Fugro, its mining team ben-efits from global experience and draws upon a vast set of skills, expertise and equipment. Fugro is often the only com-pany capable of operating in some of the world’s most remote and challeng-ing locations and thanks to years of ex-perience and a dedication to quality in both its technical provision and project management, it has become the ‘go-to’ expert on mining developments.

www.fugro.com

Global Mining Intelligence

Fugro’s Presence in TurkeyWith a focus on three main areas of ex-pertise - geotechnics, geophysics and water resources - Fugro has provided a wide range of engineering and con-sulting services to mining companies in Turkey for many years.Geotechnical Servicesfor MiningTo support successful mining opera-tions Fugro provides geotechnical ser-vices that include ground treatment measures for embankment and foun-dations; slope stabilisation measures for mine pits and facilities; geotechnical earthquake engineering; and geohazard assessments (including investigation of active fault systems and probabilistic seismic risk assessment). For many years, Fugro has been offering specialised geo-technical services to a number of mining companies all over Turkey.GeophysicsFugro’s high resolution wireline logging improves the understanding of in situ subsurface conditions, providing petro-physical, geotechnical and hydrogeologi-cal ground parameters. Additional geo-physical services provided to the mining industry include near surface geophysi-cal surveys, such as seismic refraction and reflection, electrical resistivity tomogra-phy, magnetic and gravity surveys.

FUG R O R IS K M AN AG E M E NT

FUGR O R IS K MANAGE ME NT

TechnicalRisk

ScheduleRisk

EconomicRisk

PoliticalRisk

H.S.E.Q.

Madencilik Türkiye (in Turkish) and Mining Turkey (in English) magazines are

“Mining is a profession that needs to be executed where the mine is located but I guess, some of the new graduates do not know about this fact or they chose this profession supposing mines are located in Altındağ, Bakırköy or Gümüşsuyu districts of the metropolitan cities. Be-cause we are responded as “I would like to work only in cities such as İstanbul or Ankara” from candidates who applied to the positions as Process Engineer, Open Pit Shift Engineer, Maintenance-Repair Engineer or HSE Engineer.We, as Ethic HR have been providing recruitment service for mining sector, especially precious metal mining for 14 years. Naturally we are having difficulty on finding qualified labor force and

persuading candidates who are willing to work in sites away from residential districts.With this purpose for years, by persuad-ing Turkish employees who migrated to the countries in which modern mining are professed as South Africa, Australia, Canada, we regained them to the min-ing sector. However, this process got difficult in 2016. This is mainly because of the political unrest in the region and makes the candidates unsure about re-turning and the job offers from Turkey are no longer so charming due to the high exchange rates. One of the most challenging issues is these candidates’ demand of working as expat when they get back to home country. As you guess, this demand is not approved by employers. The meaning of “Expatriate” is already be-ing migrated from your own country. On the other hand candidate’s point

Mining is a Tough Profession!of view is as “I know people who work in this company as an expat and paid with exchange and less qualified than me. I have no deficiency; in fact I have better qualifications. Plus, I can speak Turkish fluently.” Both sides are right in their own terms. As a consultant, our mission is to gather these expectations to a reasonable common point and managing negotiations. Mission is not accomplished just by bringing candi-date and employer together in a com-mon ground. Sometimes candidates’ wives are required to move to Turkey. Especially if the wife is a foreigner, it be-comes a more challenging period.In the light of these, we can say that mining is not a profession to conduct limited only in working hours. It is, in fact, a life style which involves family as well and requires strong commitment and devotion.

www.ethichr.com


20Fall 2016

Cover Storywww.miningturkeymag.com

Kensan’s Approach in Selecting Crushers, Key to the Perfect Production!

Can we get information about you and the company to begin with?Savaş Başar Tonguç: I’m the sales and project designing manager of Kensan Makine. I’m a mining engineer. I have participated in the production activi-ties in open pit crushing and screening plants for years. I am well-experienced in mining geology and analysis, crush-ing and screening plants, gradation and technical specifications.

Since it was founded, our firm has manufactured crushers, screening and washing plants for the mine sites. Our company has made it a principle to man-ufacture high quality, solid machinery and to work honestly. It has been forging ahead in acquiring a respectable name in its sector by staying loyal to total quality manner and making research and devel-opment for the matter concerned with respect to highest quality standards. Our firm works with its full energy to perform all activities professionally and aims to provide full satisfaction to its customers during and after its services.

Why should the clients planning to in-vest in this sector choose you?From the beginning our motto was “it works continuously for you”. The weak-est ring of the chain determines your capacity. Selection of the crushing and screening plant is one of the most im-portant factors in quarrying. Basic prin-ciple for us is not to mine but to mine in most productive way. The more you work with the same employees, the more your labor cost decreases. One of the misunderstood point regarding the crushing and screening is the estima-tions on the time passed for crushing

Kensan Makina has been founded by Kenan Döker in 2011, who has 15 years of experience in crushing and screening plant production in fact and is currently the chief executive of the company. The company has acquired a respectable place in the market without ignoring new technological developments and recently made a distinguished name for itself with the machines manufactured since it was founded. We had an interview with Mining Engineer Savaş Başar Tonguç who is the Sales and Project Designing Representative of the company to get in-formation on Kensan Makina attracting attention with its rise in the sector.

Fall 201621

a truck-load of materials discharged to a feeding bunker. Actually the less the plant stops the more your average monthly production increases. We are assertive about it. We have manufac-tured perfect plants. We make investi-gations with our expert teams on site before installing the plant. Considering the related lab analyses, customer pro-file and productivity of product range and estimating the most appropriate and most realistic capacity we offer the most actual plant project to the customer. To sell the plant with the promise of capacities that are higher than the real capacity and to mislead the customers with false declarations are contrary to our company codes of honesty and ethics. Since our cus-tomers are well-aware of our codes, they choose us not to be faced with any surprise. As you would appreciate crushing and screening plants are the heavy-duty vehicles with high initial investment costs. Can you inform us about your product range?We are manufacturing all kinds of crushers you can imagine by means of a crushing-screening plant in mining. Pri-mary impact crushers and jaw crushers, secondary impact crushers, jaw crush-ers and cone crushers, tertiary impact crushers and vertical shaft crushers

are available with various sizes and ca-pacities. Furthermore complete plants including crushing plants, conveyor bands, screening and washing plants are in our product range. Can you inform us about project de-signing process? Before all, we pay attention to our cus-tomers’ requests. And then we visit the mine site with our expert team and make our visual investigations. We re-quest mine analysis values. If they are not available, we accomplish the rel-evant analyses. We estimate the final product percentage distribution in ac-cordance with the corresponding pro-duction standard (TS706 ready-mixed

concrete, highways, or high-speed train etc.). We reveal the most appropriate, most productive and highest-capacity plant projects in the light of these in-formation. You start to work with a quite detailed viewpoint. We think that your differ-ence arises out with it. Isn’t it?A crushing & screening plant is installed using machinery with high initialinvestment costs. Following amend-ments in the production plants may cause production loss and increase the costs. The factors like accumulation of a mountain of the products which have to be produced unnecessarily even if they are not sold, cancellations and

22Fall 2016

returns of products, quick abrasion and breaks caused by the selection of wrong machinery and using the parts of poor quality are the principal rea-sons of this. Why would producers esti-mate these operations in the beginning and fix the problem totally in advance? Since it is cheaper, electricity is pre-ferred more than diesel oil. When the material is carried and broken again, it makes the production less profitable, which have been already performed with low earnings. Can you tell us the importance of the analyses and investigations on the production site?Even the limestone which is used most commonly in the market has many types. They are called differently in ac-cordance with their contents, forma-tions, crystal patterns and hardnesses. For instance if you put dolomitic lime-stone and argillaceous limestone having different L.A. values and hardness on the Mohs scale in same equation, you may obtain different results. Many factors like these may affect your production rate, capacity, fine material content and costs seriously. That is why we consider the results of analysis in advance and then plan the plant accordingly.

How do we choose the jaw crusher or impact crusher?Jaw crushers are preferred mostly for very hard and abrasive ore types. As required by their operational principle, they crush the materials by smashing them. Since their size reduction rates are low and don’t give the final product directly, they are not preferred for the ore types with low hardness and abra-sion. Impact crushers are preferred since they give product directly and their size reduction rate and the capacity is high. Cone crushers have become promi-nent recently. Could you give some information about it?KC1000 is a secondary crusher which is designed and manufactured 100% by Turkish engineers and intended for crushing mineral ores which are highly abrasive (quartz, bauxite, granite, iron ore) and desired to be produced in-dustrially in ballast sizes (calcite, ba-salt) and doesn’t have bearing and has bronze bushing. We have manufactured our first cone crusher as KC1000 model. After we tried our cone crusher at a granite mine for 8 months, which is manufactured as a result of the research and devel-opment studies taking long years, we

installed it at a company processing the materials from the stream bed. Our crusher has been working perfectly for almost 2 years. In previous years cone crushers were not preferred with reasons like very high ini-tial investment costs, intended use was not known in detail, no domestic manu-facture, and dependancy on the foreign countries for the spare parts and servic-es priced with foreign currency. Actually, cone crusher shows very lit-tle abrasion in regard of its operation principle. It has a high capacity and a huge feeding size (200mm). Its end product rate is high and its unit electri-cal consumption is low i.e. considering the tonnage of produced material it consumes less electricity. It has com-petent body integrity. It is has a closed-circuit automatic lubrication system. Oil change is made once in 1000 hours and doesn’t require daily maintenance, greasing and delay. Furthermore it is more productive than impact crushers in producing ballast materials. So why did you need to manufacture cone crusher?If you used a jaw in secondary crush-ing for very hard and abrasive minerals following primary crushing, capacity

Fall 201623

would decrease but if you use impact crusher, related cost would increase. There should be a crusher to fill this gap. Since it has a high capacity, low abrasion rate as required by its opera-tional principle and has no bearing, it is a high-strength crusher. Thus as Kensan Makine we decided to manu-facture the cone crusher which has a lower initial investment cost and is manufactured domestically 100% in order to make a contribution to the national economy and to make them available to the customers at an af-fordable price. Who should use the cone crushers?We recommend the cone crusher es-pecially to our customers who bear high palette and lining costs and lose their times when installing and main-taining them and suffer high electric-ity consumption and need ballast-size products.Can you inform us on the feeding and end product sizes of the cone crusher?We have different cavity and eccentric options and manufacture customized products also in accordance with the needs of the customer. Maximum feed-ing size of our KC1000 model is 200mm and output may be adjusted in seconds by hydraulic piston and control in ac-cordance with the needs.

Could you give information on the daily maintenance and electricity con-sumption of the cone crusher?Cone crusher doesn’t require daily maintenance. It has a closed circuit lu-brication system. Oil change is made approximately once in 1000 hours. Ma-chine regulates its oil temperature au-tomatically. Its electricity consumption is very low. Whereas impact crusher op-erated at the same capacity uses a 200-250 kw motor and is operated at 350 to 400 ampere and its star delta transition time is 1-1,5 minutes, cone crusher is operated at 160 to 200 ampere with a 132 kw motor and its star delta transi-tion time is 4,5 seconds. Does Kensan Makine manufacture just one model of cone crusher?Currently our KC1000 model renders service to our customers. Our KC1400 model is ready for manufacture and will be available soon into service with a feeding size of 300 mm and a capac-ity of 300 t/h. Our cone crushers may be customized with different cavity and eccentric adjustments. You may get fur-ther information on models and their capacities at our web site. Why should impact crushers be pre-ferred in mining?Impact crushers have high size reduc-tion rates and are effective in the min-

erals with low Mohs hardness, have a high capacity, end product may be ob-tained following primary crushing with low flatness indexes. Why should we prefer the jaw crushers in mining?We recommend the jaw crusher for the hard and abrasive mineral ores and the mines that we don’t want size reduction. Is it so important to select the appro-priate crusher?You may lose your money by selecting inappropriate machinery in a business where you may make profit. You may need to stock overproduced products even if they are not sold, your ma-chinery may wear off and cause great expenses and thus you may not fulfill your commitment on time, you can’t compete with your rivals due to un-productive operation and the labor costs increase. With the right choice, you may obtain a product of good quality with high capacity and appropriate cost at nec-essary standards, requested rates and necessary gradation. We have formed a team within the company working to develop and improve the plants. This team detects errors and make modifications by carrying out pro-ductivity analysis.

www.kensan.com.tr

24Fall 2016

Leading the Industry in Soil Geochemistry Innovations


SamplingCommodity and pathfinder elements can accumulate in different parts of a soil profile. An orientation survey can identify the best soil horizon to sam-ple, which will depend on factors such as climate, soil pH, bedrock geology, drainage, and plant cover.PreparationDrying Temperature:Depending on volatility of the ele-ments of interest, <60C or <25C (air drying) may be usedSoil Screening:Standard procedure is sieving to -80 mesh; other screen sizes are available on request, or bulk soil may be analyzedClay Fraction Separation:Sonication and centrifugation to isolate the highly reactive -2 micron fraction, ef-fectively enhancing anomalous signals while keeping background low

DigestionIonic Leach:Basic pH leach targeting ions bound to mineral surfaces; no sample prepara-tion requiredWeak Acid Leach:Nitric and hydrochloric acids for gentle acid digestion and low background signalsAqua Regia Digestion:Traditional 3:1 nitric and hydrochloric acid mixture to dissolve sulfides, iron oxides and gold-bearing phasesCyanide Leach:Bulk Leach Extractable Gold (BLEG) for soils and stream sediments, where very large samples are war-rantedHydroxylamine-Hydrochloride Leach:Variable concentrations and tempera-tures to target iron and manganese oxides

Sodium Pyrophosphate Leach:Attacking organics while leaving min-eral phases untouchedAnalyticalBulk Sample Gold:A 25g or 50g digestion for gold with ultralow ICP-MS detection limit and specialized sample introduction systemGold + Multi-Element:Many economical packages combining gold in soils with multi-element meth-ods are availableSuper Trace Multi-Element:By combination of ICP-ES and ICP-MS; lowest detection limits in the industry using cuttingedge collision cell tech-nologyTrace Level Multi-Element:By combination of ICP-ES and ICP-MS analysis; traditional low detection limits.

www.alsglobal.com

There is not a single “best method” in soil analysis. Tailor your soil sampling pro-gramme to your project’s climate and metallogeny by selecting the most effective combination of methods to identify geochemical anomalies. ALS Minerals offers a comprehensive range of preparation and analytical techniques in order to achieve best results wherever the project is located.

Best in the Business!

> World's leading geochemical analysis group

>Our Izmir laboratory operates 24 x 7 to provide very rapid turnaround time

> Expert Client Services

> Expert in Mine Site Laboratory Services, Metallurgy and Mine-related Environmental Analyses

Contact us to discuss cost-effective solutions:ALS Minerals (Izmir-Turkey)T: +90 232 281 71 10 E: [email protected]: www.alsglobal.com

Environmental analyses at ALS Minerals, Turkey recently attained ISO/IEC

17025:2005 Accreditation

Best in the Business!

> World's leading geochemical analysis group

>Our Izmir laboratory operates 24 x 7 to provide very rapid turnaround time

> Expert Client Services

> Expert in Mine Site Laboratory Services, Metallurgy and Mine-related Environmental Analyses

Contact us to discuss cost-effective solutions:ALS Minerals (Izmir-Turkey)T: +90 232 281 71 10 E: [email protected]: www.alsglobal.com

Environmental analyses at ALS Minerals, Turkey recently attained ISO/IEC

17025:2005 Accreditation

26Fall 2016


CONTACTS

Bayram Altıntop

Turkish Ceramics, Glass and Cement Raw Materials

Manufacturers Association

[email protected]

Reviewwww.miningturkeymag.com

Turkish Ceramic IndustryThe Turkish ceramic production be-gan in the 1950’s and grew up with an increasing momentum starting af-ter 1980’s. By using new production technologies and bringing modern production lines, Turkey ranked up to the ninth in worldwide tile production and in export, Turkey has taken fourth place in the world on the back of China, Italy and Spain according to the data in 2014. In the field of sanitary-ware, our country has become Europe’s largest producer and exporter. The Turkish ce-ramic industry employs totally 246,000 people in the field of production, de-sign, sales and marketing.In 2015, the established capacity of ce-ramic tiles reached up to 411 million m2, the produced amount is 320 mil-lion m2 and the exported amount is 77 million m2. The established capacity of sanitary ware is 23 million pieces, pro-duced amount is 20 million pcs and ex-ported amount is 8 million pcs.

Raw Material Demands ofTurkish Ceramic IndustryCeramic Tiles (Floor and walltiles, granite tile)The raw materials that mainly used in ceramic tiles industry are clay, feld-spars, aplite, and pegmatite etc., kaolin,

quartz, quartz sand. In 2015 the pro-duction amounts were;

Sanitary WareThe raw materials that mainly used in sanitary ware industry are; Clay, Kaolin Feldspar, Quartz, quartz sand. In 2015 the production amounts were;

Usage of Raw Materials inTurkish Ceramics ClayIn Ceramic Tiles, clay is a crucial raw material in terms of technological fea-tures and in amount of use. They are intensively used as raw material in floor and wall tile manufacturing for ceramic industry.Ceramic tile plants are the biggest con-sumer of raw material in Turkey. In san-itary-wares, generally refined clays and kaolin are used, whereas raw-clays are more prevalent in ceramic tiles indus-try. Refined clays are generally pro-duced by the pro-cess of refinement and enrichment of sandy clays in Bi-lecik region.The clay reserves of Turkey, espe-cially for ceramic and refractory productions are

Ceramic Tiles Raw Materials

Amount(tons/year)

Clay 2.048.000

Feldspars, aplite, pegmatite etc. 1.792.000

Kaolin 768.000

Quartz, quartz sand 512.000

Sanitary WareRaw Materials

Amounts(ton/year)

Clay 96.000

Kaolin 75.000

Feldspar 90.000

Quartz, quartz sand 39.000

estimated to be nearly 200 million tons. Nearly half of these reserves are not very efficient to use in ceramic industry for today. But we believe, these ineffi-cient clays will be used after continuous R&D studies, thus will be very necessar-ily used for the sector. Importance of Clay-Sand Basin in İstanbul-Şile RegionSince 1980’s, the Neogene basin of Şile has become a very important region by hosting the clay reserve of Turkey as a demand for raw material, especially in the ceramic industry. Approximately 90% of the clay reserves of Turkey which are estimated to be nearly 200 million tons is deposited in Şile-İstanbul region.Regarding the mineral exploration re-searches of both (government) Gen-eral Directorate of Mineral Research & Exploration Turkey (MTA) and private corporations, no significant clay depos-its have been found up to now except Şile-İstanbul Basin. Furthermore, clay deposits have to be produced in various depths because of the various physical and chemical properties. Therefore, forestry clear-ance land of clay deposits spread on a large area than other mining processes.Here are some statistical information about ceramic raw materials export and import amounts for the last 20 years.

Fall 201627

Recent view of mining field which is rehabilitated in 2012 after operated for 21

years (Muğla, Milas, Olukbaşı Old Feldspar Mine-Matel AS)

Exported clay amount is 994.000 tons, while imported clay amount is 5.4 mil-lion tons for the last 20 years. KaolinKaolin reserves of Turkey are estimated to be nearly 89 million tons, composed of 15-37% Al2O3 content.Bulgarian Kaolin, Ukrainian Kaolin and Refined English Clays are also imported for sanitary ware and porcelain indus-try in Turkey.Exported kaolin amount is 3 million tons, while imported kaolin amount is 2.5 million tons in last 20 years.

Quartz, SilicaSand Silica Sand is used as a raw material in ceramic, chemistry, concrete plant and iron casting indus-tries. It is produced over 4 million tons/year from Şile region and is refined by the following processes of washing, enrich-ing and grading. Quartz and quartz sand (silica-sand) raw materials are also wide-spread and can be found easily in Turkey. Sand reserves of Turkey for the industries

such as ceramic, casting, construction etc. are estimated to be nearly more than 100 million tons in İstanbul Şile Region. Exported quartz-silica sand amount is 3.1 million tons, while imported quartz-silica sand amount is 5.9 million tons for last 20 years.

28Fall 2016

Feldspar Feldspar reserves in Turkey are esti-mated to be 330 million tons (visible &potential). Important feldspar re-serves are located in Aydın/Çine and Muğla/Milas the southwest of Turkey. Increasing the production of white body tile and granite tile also caused more demand for feldspar. Most of the feldspar is produced by the private sector and 75% of the production is exported. Feldspar exports started in 1990 and it reached approximately to 70 million tons at the end of June 2016. Italy, Spain, Russia, USA and Poland were the most important mar-kets for Turkish feldspar.Exported feldspar amount is 66.6 million tons, while imported feldspar amount is 605.000 for the last 20 years.High quality K-Feldspars are being im-ported from India, Egypt and Spain due to insufficient reserves of Turkey.From the quarries, removal of the large amount of feldspar ore and its trans-portation to plants, stock areas and port, leads to environmental problems.

These problems are dust, image, the road distortion and traffic jam in the touristic places in Turkey. Because the environmental regulations are so strict in Turkey, if the necessary measures are not taken quarries might stop working.These problems also force the com-panies. One of the example of above problem is as follows; the olive groves are damaged by dust from the stocks, the production plants are closed which belong to export companies near Gül-lük Port by Municipality of the town and Administrative District in the year 2011. Therefore the companies are forced to stop their facilities and carry their operations near to quarries and to make high-cost investments for stock-ing of feldspar ores in a confined area. In local markets, 25 million tons of feldspar is consumed. Totally 95 mil-lion tons of feldspar excavated without overburden.The mining of the elongated feldspar veins due to its geological formation requires to open deeper quarries. Huge material that is removed during the

mining activities, form hills of over-burden. The long distances between quarries and waste disposal areas due to filled up dump areas near quar-ries created the image pollution in the environment

and forests forest areas. Therefore, gov-ernment agencies such as Ministry of Environment and Urbanization (MEU), which administers the mining sector has more rigid and stricter laws. The mining companies have to take precau-tions about the environmental protec-tion, occupational health and the safety with new regulations.

Views from some feldspar mines from Turkey.

Another view from a feldspar mine from Turkey.

30Fall 2016

On the other hand, totally 95 million tons of feldspar (nearly 1/3 of the total reserves) produced from the begin-ning of the feldspar mining in 25 years. Double of this amount about 190 mil-lion tons of overburden have been taken. Totally 150 million m3 material was excavated from original surface. This means that forest, olive groves and fields were affected. Recently, the depth of the feldspar is under 100-150 meters in average from the surface. This means that a wider area will now be excavated than before. Financials of such operations and their environ-mental impacts will be different.Exported amount of feldspar increased 16% in the first half of the year 2016. For the next 8 years we can make an esti-mation like that; if the export amount increase 10%, total excavated amount will be about 105 million (80+25) tons or if the increasing amount is 6% total excavated amount will be about 81 mil-lion (61+20) tons. The result is deeper quarries and exponential increase in production costs.As a result, in order to continue sustain-able mining, it is important that buyers should cooperate with the producers.

This report is presented by the author at the ”International Mar-ket of Ceramic Raw Materials in Europe” meeting at Rimini Tecnar-gilla Exhibition in Italy on 28 Sep-tember 2016.

Performing rehabilitation works with students of Milas Ortaköy Village Secondary School. Condition of field

before and after forestation. (Muğla, Milas, Olukbaşı Old Feldspar Mine-Matel

32Fall 2016

safety standards to support energy pro-duction, being one of the basic inputs of national development. While achiev-ing this, we continue to undertake na-ture and environmental friendly proj-ects. We are organizing various events to show public our sensitivity in nature and environment while carrying out mining activities. Recently, as a good example of this approach we hosted the state representatives and Non-Governmental Organizations in our pit located in Malkara. We are proud to share our success proving that the coal production can be done without harming the nature and environment. The grassland allocated to our produc-tion site is rehabilitated and given back to nature after completion of the coal production activities which in fact is a very good example that mining activi-ties can be done in an environmental friendly manner.

www.akcelikmadencilik.com


Akçelik Madencilik which is actively working in mining industry since 1961 is managed under the leadership of Umut Akçelik as being the third gen-eration of the family. Reflecting the visionary perspective and innovative approach to all operations under his re-sponsibility he demonstrates a role ap-proach on gaining positive values not only in production but also in health safety and environmental manners.Akçelik Madencilik as being the flagship company of Akçelik Holding increasingly continues the production of domestic heating coal and the industrial coal. Since the year of establishment, over 33 Mil-lion tons of coal production is recorded. Starting with the Akpınar pit, mining production is being made today in a total

of 7 pits. The production in the Akpınar pit is being carried out since 1960s and followed by 2 pits in Malkara. As of this year, Binkılıç and Hallaçlı fields in Çatalca, 1 field out of 3 turning actively into pro-duction in Edirne Süloğlu added to our continuously growing production efforts.We are producing coal according to the highest environmental and health and

Akçelik Madencilik

34Fall 2016

Turkey is Still an Underexplored Country by Today’s Standards

Turkey’s Rank in Global Mining ActivitiesTurkey is rich in terms of mineral vari-ety however, the size of most of the discovered ore bodies are relatively small compared to some other coun-tries. Turkey is still an underexplored country by today’s standards. The country shows diverse geological en-vironments having a large prospective area with a wide spectrum of mineral deposits.Main mining activities by mineral/met-al types are summarized below:Coal Lignite is sufficient. Mostly used for electric power generation and for do-mestic fuel.Hard Coal is insufficient. Deficiency is covered by imports.CementCement raw materials are in abun-dance. Cement and materials are ex-ported in large amounts.CeramicsCeramics raw materials are in large amounts and ceramics production is well advanced. Both the ceramics products and ceramics raw materials are exported.Industrial Minerals Other than ceramics, cement and pa-per; glass, silica, quartz, dolomite, clays, feldspar, bentonites, pumice, perlite, graphite.IronDomestic production is high but, not sufficient. Being imported.CopperDomestic copper production is about 120,000 tons of metals in concentrates annually. Copper metal consumption is around 400,000 tons annually. There

is a net deficit which is imported as metal. Copper concetrate production is more than installed treatment capacity hence the excess is exported as con-centrates.PyriteLarge reserves.Zinc-LeadSome of the lead ore produced is then converted to metal concentrate. Zinc ore produced is exported as concen-trates. Domestic zinc production is insufficient and needs to be imported as metal. If potential oxide and car-bonate hosted zinc resources go in production, the import figures will change accordingly.Chromium/FerrochromiumTurkey is well known for chromium production for many years. Chromite is exported as lumpy ore and in concen-trates. Ferrochromium is exported too. Turkish chromium is still preferrable for today’s ferrochromium and stainless steel technologies globally.NickelNickel production has started recently. Produced nickel ore is mainly exported. Both the capacity increases and new

discoveries and mines can develop the production figures.BoronTurkey holds 70% of the total global boron reserves. Turkey produces more than half of total global boron con-sumption with a production capacity to meet the total global demand.Marble and Natural StonesTurkey counts for more than half of the total global market of marble and natural stones. Technology used is very good. However, almost half of the world stone market is comprised of granite in where Turkey is not much present be-cause of low production. GoldGold resources in Turkey is expected to be as much as 6,500 tons. As of to-day only the 800 tons of this potential is now discovered and producable in Turkey. If externally supported envi-ronmentalist pressures are ended, it is believed that a number of gold mines can be developed and brought into production. SilverSilver ore production meets the total domestic consumption.


Fall 201635

MagnesiteMagnesite production is rather export oriented than domestic use. Depend-ing on global market conditions pro-duction may be increased. BaryteProduction is carried out depending on global market conditions. There is a po-tential for increased production.AluminiumPresent aluminium production is less than the domestic consumption. De-pending on electric energy supply and prices, the production can be increased to 500,000 tons annually. AgregateAvailable in abundance and wide-spread throughout the country.AntimonyLimited production through some small mining operations.Soda Ash (Trona)Natural soda ash (Trona) reserves are sufficient. Soda ash production from trona is over 1 million tons annually, it is expected to be increased twice or more in the near future.PerliteTurkey has considerable amount of per-lite reserves and production. It is con-sumed in country and also exported. Production may increase depending on the market conditions and technologi-cal deveopments.Phosphate Known reserves are relatively low grade and require considerable treatment and enrichment. Global market prices play major role for its production. Phos-phate mining and treatment plants are

being re-develped and expected to be commissioned in the near future. The detailed and comparative statisti-cal data on these minerals and prod-ucts can be found in “TUİK”, “İMMİB”, “ICDA”, and other related minerals and metals websites.Mining in Turkey:Large scale mining: Coal, boron, mar-ble, cement, ceramics, glass, soda ash, some of aggregate.Medium scale mining: Iron ore, alumin-ium, copper, zinc, chromium, magne-site, nickel, gold, silver.Small scale mining: chromium, barite, aggregate, some industrial minerals and raw materials.Mining activities in Turkey are highly affected by the global commodity prices. During the periods of higher commodity prices; mining activity and mine production increases as well as

known low grade resources and new ore bodies are developed and brought into production.Pursuant to the constitution of Republic of Turkey, minerals solely belong to the state (not to the surface land owner). Mining concessions to the third parties are regulated by a special law (mining law). Legal frame work and regulative adjustments made are neither sufficient nor satisfactory, besides these appear to be under highly political influence.The environmental, social and as such pressures on the mining are excessive and sometimes much more than the world average. On some occasions, the present legal arrangements and the arbitraries could make mining investments rather diffi-cult in Turkey. Mining is a must and indispensable for civilization. Mine investors continue to work by pushing hard every conditions. Even under these conditions the value it brings to the economy annually is more than US$20 Billion. Of course this figure does not cover the end product materials such as the automobiles, dish washers, aeroplanes, jewellery etc but the values at earlier stages.It is foreseen that a good, efficient legal arrangament that is to say a legal frame-work that would function like a prudent industrialist and businessmen would run their business can pave the way for the sector. Our association strives for this.

www.tmder.org.tr/

36Fall 2016

Mid-Sized Marvels


The new Sandvik CH860 and Sandvik CH865 cone crushers provide advanced so-lutions for secondary and tertiary crushing and unrivalled benefits for their class, leading to improved reliability and productivity, and enhanced environment, health and safety attributes.

ASRi, which can be integrated into the mine’s main control room, automatically controls the crusher in real time to match feed curve variations and variations in material hardness.

Strength-optimized topshells dedicated to specific applications.

Rubber dampers reducedynamic load by 75% for mounting on a steelstructure.

Text: TURKKA KULMALA Illustrations: BORGS.NU

Compact ancillary lubrication unit with large door opening.

Continuous slow off-line filtration keeps lubrication oil cleaner, reducing wear on internal crusher components.

500 kW motor delivers higher crushing force and capacity at maximum throw.

Instant tramp iron protection with the electric dump valve.

The tank instrumentation monitoring system (TIMS) offers real-time monitoring.

lation footprint.“We are expanding our CH800-series mining cone crushers to be even more competi-tive in the mid-range segment,” says Andreas Christoffersson, prod-uct line manager for

What real-life benefits do the new Sandvik CH860 and Sandvik CH865 cone crushers offer to a mine manager looking for a healthy return on equip-ment investments, or a maintenance engineer concerned about the process security, or an operator keen to arrive home safe and sound after the day’s work?The role of a cone crusher can vary depending on the comminution pro-cess-a secondary, tertiary, quaternary or pebble crushing stage application. Consequently, the key performance cri-teria can focus on either high crushing capacity or high reduction in order to achieve the proper balance in the pro-cessing circuit.

As part of a commitment to offer new products based on field-proven tech-nology, Sandvik builds on its tradition-al cone crusher strengths: the main shaft design with support at both ends as well as hydraulic support; a strong unibody structure without moving parts; adjustable eccentric throw; a constant intake opening (CLP); the Hydroset system for hydraulic setting adjustment; the automatic setting reg-ulation system ASRi; and a slim instal-

cone crushers, Sandvik Mining. “Es-sentially we scaled down our success-ful bigger Sandvik CH890 and Sandvik CH895 mining crushers but added even more performance, strength and ben-eficial features. Our goal was to create the best mid-range mining machines on the market, and I’m confident to say that we succeeded.”The new cone crushers can be summed up in four key words: safety, outperfor-mance, robustness and intelligence.

Fall 201637

Compact ancillary lubrication unit with large door opening.

Continuous slow off-line filtration keeps lubrication oil cleaner, reducing wear on internal crusher components.

500 kW motor delivers higher crushing force and capacity at maximum throw.

Instant tramp iron protection with the electric dump valve.

The tank instrumentation monitoring system (TIMS) offers real-time monitoring.

tivity and profitability-outperformance, as Sandvik Mining calls it.The intelligent systems in Sandvik CH860 and Sandvik CH865 enable real-time performance management, most tangibly maximized crusher perfor-mance and productivity. Other major benefits include easy and quick calibra-tion and flexible capacity balancing as well as platform and parts commonality. Smart, compact design solutions reduce dynamic loads and minimize the engi-neering and installation work. The tank instrumentation monitoring system, a part of the enclosed three-in-one com-pact lubrication tank, guarantees high reliability and real-time monitoring of the main and pinion shaft lubrication as well as the Hydroset hydraulic tank.Robustness refers to the overall reli-ability and durability benefits of the new Sandvik Mining crushers. High structural strength and advanced sys-tems protect your investment from un-planned downtime. The electric dump valve offers instant tramp iron protec-tion from uncrushables and reduces potentially destructive pressure peaks by more than 90 percent. The high sam-pling rate (200 times per second) of the PLC control system enables immediate response to the first pressure peak and active control of the pilot valve open-ing time and thus lowers the mainshaft, allowing the tramp iron to pass. Wear and seizure risk is reduced thanks to an improved over-pressure system that prevents dust from entering the dust seal ring. Offline filtering helps to keep the lubrication oil clean, which further reduces the wear on internal compo-nents and the risk of seizures.

Health Hazards EliminatedHigh awareness of environment, health and safety (EHS) aspects is a constant focus for Sandvik Mining, and Sandvik CH860 and Sandvik CH865, with their ease and safety of maintenance, are no exception.Having fewer moving parts than compet-ing crushers is a good start. Non-welded, bolted liners on the top and bottom shell enhance safety thanks to easier mainte-nance. Health hazards related to plastics and adhesives are eliminated by plastic-free fastening of the mantle and con-cave. Various lifting and extracting tools make the maintenance easier and safer. Efficient off-line filtering of oil means less

frequent oil and filter changes and thus an environmental benefit.“Sandvik CH860 and Sandvik CH865 of-fer better safety, easier maintenance, improved reliability and higher produc-tivity all in the same package,” Christof-fersson says.Outperform the CompetitionDepending on the application, the new Sandvik CH860 and Sandvik CH865 crushers outperform competing equip-ment in the mid-range segment by up to 30 percent. The higher crushing force relative to the mantle diameter coupled with a 500 kW motor and the intelligent automation ASRi yield better performance, less circulating load and improved profitability. Combined with a broad concave and mantle offering, the result is significantly better produc-

38Fall 2016

Sandvik solutionAutomation for OutperformanceThe new Sandvik CH860 and CH865 cone crushers combine a range of ad-vanced automation features for a more secure and productive process.The Hydroset main shaft support sys-tem provides protection from over-loads by permitting tramp iron and other uncrushables to pass through the crusher, and then automatically returns to the original setting.

The “brain” of the control system is ASRi, the Automatic Setting Regula-tion system, which constantly moni-tors the power draw, Hydroset pressure and mainshaft position (and thus CSS) in real time and automatically adjusts according to the data. The system com-pensates for crushing chamber wear to provide consistent product size. ASRi also allows quick and easy remote cali-bration, and is included as standard in both crushers.

Another standard feature is the Tank Instrumentation Monitoring System for controlling temperatures, pres-sures and oil flows in the lubrication system. The tank unit maintains auto-matic oil flow to bearings and permits full lubrication independently of the crusher itself and alerts the operator when preset limits are exceeded.

www.mining.sandvik.com

Tech SpecsNominal capacity, mtph (stph)CH860 (secondary): 214-1024 [236-1,129]CH865 (tertiary/pebble): 127–560 [140-617]Max. feed size, mm (inches)CH860 (secondary): 140-275 [5 1/2”-10 13/16”]CH865 (tertiary/pebble): 60-100 [2 3/8”–3 15/16”]Max. motor power kW (hp)CH860 (secondary): 500 [670]CH865 (tertiary/pebble): 500 [670]CSS range, mm (inches)CH860 (secondary): 13-51 [1/2”– 2”]CH865 (tertiary/pebble): 8-44 [5/16”-1 23/32”]Throw (range), mm (inches)CH860 (secondary): 30-70 [13/16”-2 3/4”]CH865 (tertiary/pebble): 30-70 [1 13/16”-2 3/4”]Weight (crusher only) mt (st)CH860 (secondary): 40 (41)CH865 (tertiary/pebble): 39 (40)

§

Looking for a better bottom line, with more truckloads of the most valuable fractions and fewer piles of waste? Take a look at the Sandvik Crushology web portal. We’ve gained a lot of experience through years spent in quarries around the world, and now we’re putting it all at your fingertips. You’ll find expert insight here, as well as practical tips and tricks to help get more out of your equipment.

SANDVIK CRUSHOLOGY THE SCIENCE OF CERTAINTY

Visit the knowledge hub at crushology.sandVik

40Fall 2016

DAMA Engineering has completed a major Feasibility Study (FS) just re-cently. The client wishes to be unani-mous for the time being therefore we will refrain from giving the details of the project. However, the magnitude of the work matches to the Feasibility studies prepared for the largest gold mines in Turkey. The work was con-ducted in partnership with Kappes, Cassiday & Associates (KCA), one of the leading Engineering Companies in The Americas.The study comprises resource estima-tion, mine planning, Reserve Estima-tion, processing plant design and proj-ect economics. The geo-technique, hydrogeology and environmental studies incorporated into the FS were

conducted by third parties in Turkey. DAMA has conducted resource esti-mation, mine planning, reserves esti-mation, part of the processing design and mine economics signed by DAMA QP/PEs. The project has many unique aspects to take care of. Once completed it will be one of the largest and probably the

DAMA Completed a NI43-101 Compliant Major Feasibility Study

most interesting project in terms of the design features in Europe.Proudly speaking, the DAMA part of the project was handled totally by DAMA engineers, who have demonstrated to the international engineering commu-nity their ability to take care of large gold project successfully.

www.dama-engineering.com

Result oriented engineering


42Fall 2016

SRK’s Technical Assistance Program to the Mining Industry. A Case Study on the Aitik Mine, Sweden

CONTACTS

Peter Gleeson

Corporate Consultant SRK UK

[email protected]

Oliver Jones

Consultant, SRK UK

[email protected]

www.srk.co.uk

SRK has recognised that the mining industry has struggled with low com-modity prices in the last five years and this has heightened awareness of re-ducing costs and working efficiently for our clients, at a time when investment has been difficult to justify. In their an-nual review of the mineral sector, De-loitte identified several key factors that might stimulate growth and help the industry to turn the corner and move out of the current downturn in the fore-seeable future. For the industry to re-gain momentum, a strong foundation for the “coming” up cycle is required.The need to reduce costs and increase productivity is paramount for the in-dustry and several key factors still need to be addressed, including:• determine how to ride out the current downturn and how to accelerate resur-gence from the bottom of the cycle;• increase mining efficiency from the current cycle by adopting innovative technologies and work practices;• achieve better productivity from cur-rent and future operations by focussing on operational excellence;• embrace new ideas and ensure staff are properly trained.SRK has led the way at a number of

mining operations helping to estab-lish a foundation of best practice mine geology by implementing new ap-proaches that result in improved pro-ductivity at reduced risk. Innovation is not solely focused on “best practise” but also incorporates devising new, im-proved practices relevant to the needs of each individual mining operation. SRK’s worldwide experience has shown that companies who invest in training their team, implement new technolo-gies and improve their systems have reduced costs whilst simultaneously driving up production and reducing risk to the project (both technical and financial). SRK provides access to these systems, practices and training through a program of embedded technical as-sistance at the mine site.On Site and AccessibleTraditionally the consultant makes a brief visit to the mine site and identi-fies a number of areas for improvement and then leaves a hefty report of rec-ommendations for the client to imple-ment. However, the skills and capacity required to implement the findings are

often lacking in remote sites, especially amongst junior to mid-tier miners. To overcome this problem, SRK offers an alternative to traditional consulting which allows us to work closer to the pit face and become part of the client’s team by offering extended mine-based techni-cal assistance. This approach allows suf-ficient one-on-one time between miner and consultant to implement changes and provide rigorous training. By embedding an SRK consultant for extended periods within a mining op-eration, a mutual two way relationship is built between the consultant and miner. This approach has been found to strengthen the trust and flexibility be-tween the two parties, ensuring the de-velopment of relevant, pragmatic and robust technical solutions, designed with on-site buy-in and then success-fully implemented. The client benefits by having an experienced geologist guiding and mentoring their team at a cost which compares with hiring simi-larly skilled permanent staff but with much greater flexibility around rotas and overall period of engagement. Most importantly, the aim is to become Grade control drilling, Chile.

Mr Peter Gleeson Corporate Consultant SRK UK.

Articlewww.miningturkeymag.com

Fall 201643

an integrated part of the mine team and to deliver quality outcomes in pro-duction timeframes, with the ultimate aim of reducing risk and cost in all areas of mine geology and grade control.ExperienceThe site based professionals used by SRK have a strong background in the production environment in addition to their extensive consulting experience. Typical mine geology skills that can be brought to the mine include, but are not limited to:• Pit and underground mapping• Grade control implementation• Reconciliation studies• Supervision and implementation of QA/QC programs• Resource estimation• Resource domain modelling• Supervision of drilling programs• General mine geology• Project management• Database management and imple-mentation• Near mine explorationIn addition to the individual consultant allocated to the project, the client will also have rapid access to SRK’s special-ists in the wider engineering and pro-cessing aspects of managing and plan-ning the mine, who can be called upon at any time to provide additional advice.TrainingThe provision of high level technical expertise is only the beginning. SRK emphasise the need for the transfer-ence of key skills to the site personnel. This is the cornerstone of the assis-tance program. The SRK program also brings advanced mining software solu-tions (in a broad range of mining soft-ware) and links to a range of mining engineering, metallurgical, hydrogeo-logical, geotechnical and environmen-tal services that cover the entire scope of mining activities from exploration to production.In addition to extended mine site tech-nical assistance SRK also offers a num-ber of mine specific short courses in:• Structural geology / mapping• Resource domaining• Resource estimation • QA/QC

These courses have been designed in conjunction with industry partners and combine theory with a strong emphasis on hands-on practical workshops with exercises designed to give the geologist a pragmatic skill set and the confidence to perform these functions by themselves. These courses are run either at the mine or from a central location in country.Benefits of Mine Site Technical AssistanceThe benefits of this approach com-pared to traditional consulting are:• Extended exposure to highly experi-enced personnel;• Mentoring and training of mine staff in all aspects of mine geology;• Direct outcomes for management that improve mine efficiencies;

• Reduced risk by improving under-standing of geological controls on mineralisation and improving sampling and estimation practices;• Lower costs through improved work practices;• Contemporary and industry stan-dard work practices moulded to the mines particular needs.SRK have several case studies that dem-onstrate a definitive, positive outcome for a participating mine, including cost saving by not processing low grade ma-terial, definition of additional reserves and improved reconciliation. These outcomes can add several millions of dollars in value, far outweighing the relatively small cost of using SRK’s op-erational assistance.

Pit mapping, Burkina Faso.

44Fall 2016

To date SRK UK have provided mine site technical assistance to a number of cli-ents, including:• Nordgold. Bissa Gold Operations, Burkina Faso• Nordgold. Lefa Gold Operations, Guinea.• Nordgold. Taparko Gold operations, Burkina Faso• African Minerals, Tonkolili Iron ore project, Sierra Leone.• Pan African Minerals Limited, Tam-bao manganese project, Burkina Faso• Boliden. Aitik Mine. Sweden• Newcrest. Bonikro gold mine, Cote D’Ivoire.The on-going nature of many of these programs enables the consultant to develop an intimate knowledge of the mine, the deposit and its production issues. As a result, in several cases, SRK has been invited to return to a mine after a significant change in staff, to ensure continuity of experience and the transfer of knowledge which would otherwise be reduced or lost, which has no doubt been hugely advantageous.A Case Study. Aitik Mine,Sweden.SRK were involved in mine site assis-tance at Boliden’s Aitik copper mine in north Sweden. Aitik is one of the largest open pit mines in Europe. The deposit was discovered in the late 1930’s and has been in production since 1968. The mine is a large poly-deformed porphy-ry system that has undergone many

Bolidens Aitik Open Pit Operation, Sweden.

modelling and mine site technical pro-grams at other Boliden projects) to see if it would be possible to reduce the time-frames and geologist-hours required to produce robust and accurate resource and grade control domain models. The assistance program resulted in provid-ing equally high-quality models in a time frame of one week, compared to the 6 to 8 weeks by previous methods. In ad-dition to the decreased timeframes, (in the opinion of SRK and Boliden), the ac-curacy and repeatability of the models was also improved.SRK mentored the mine geology de-partment through the process. Key to the success was the implementa-tion of advanced modelling software and techniques. This involved mov-ing away from a traditional sectional approach of manually digitising lines and manual linking them to form wire-frame solids (a process often termed as Explicit modelling) to the more con-temporary approach of using Implicit modelling software (Leapfrog Geo). Implicit modelling was transforma-tional in the way SRK dealt with these large data sets by helping to identify subtle but potentially critical trends within the cloud of data. Once the

stages of alteration. The mines current production rate is over 36 Mt per an-num, giving 67kt of copper metal. Over the past twenty years the mine had been producing and updating its Mineral Resource and grade control models using a combination of tradi-tional CAD based systems. The problem was that Aitik (like many large mines) was inundated with huge amounts of data collected on a daily ba-sis. Boliden need to be able to visualise, analyse and interrogate this data in a timeframe that is consistent with the op-erational pace of the mine. This was not being achieved with their legacy systems.Updates of the resource and grade con-trol wireframes were requiring several months per year to complete, compris-ing extensive digitisation and modelling. Although time consuming, the manual process did result in progressively more accurate models, incorporating the mine geologist’s experience in the geology and behaviour of the mineralisation. SRK were invited to site (following successful

Plan view of the revised grade control wireframe domains at the Aitik mine

Fall 201645

Plan view of the revised grade control domains and footwall diorite (green) at the Aitik mine.

trends were identified, implicit model-ling helped SRK to rapidly build mod-els that integrated and honoured all data from a wide variety of sources. Boliden required a system that could build and refine models as part of an on-going and iterative process, rather than relying on periodic updates that were often out of date by the time the model was completed.The improved approach was more than just implementation of new software. It also enabled increased geological input and therefore improved control on the domaining. Importantly, the process of implicit geological model-ling did not use an automatic ‘hands off’ approach, rather all stages of the process were guided and controlled by the geologists.Boliden recognised an opportunity for operational improvements in the way they handle their vast data sets and ap-proached SRK to assist them to develop a grade control modelling process that could rapidly update the grade control domains as new production data be-came available. The steps adopted by SRK in this approach were:1. To confirm the main controls on the geometry of the mineralisation. In ad-dition to the main trend SRK identified several smaller but important trends. This resulted in a composite structural trend to guide the modelling process;2. The model was further refined by constraining it within the mineralised biotite –gneiss unit;3. Finally to fine tune the model SRK undertook a sensitivity analysis. Varying a range of parameters to verify the interpolant set-tings that best reflected the observed grade trends and geological continuity.The process was set up to account for multiple elements indepen-

dently to account for subtle changes in metal trends that result from multiple mineralisation phases and preferential re-mobilisation of certain elements. Also the modelling created a series of wireframes at a range of different cut off grades allowing for future flexibility in the operational cut off grade, which would be highly time consuming and therefore impractical using traditional modelling methods.In a short space of time, SRK imple-mented and trained the mine geology team in a grade control workflow that accurately reflected the orebody and was easily updatable and auditable. In addition it enabled the production team to deliver results in a fraction of the time normally allocated to the process. The downstream effects were that the process improved short term mine planning by enabling rapid, con-sistent grade control modelling and provided the mine geologists with more time to focus on other key tasks such as mapping, logging, under-standing and interpreting the geology and mineralisation better.The process resulted in significantly improved operational efficiencies and a far more cost effective use of time for geological staff. The new domain mod-els and approach were used in subse-quent grade control domaining. All

models were validated and honoured the known geology. The new approach often allowed updated resource esti-mates to be available within a few days of sampling and logging data being re-ceived. Therefore, in comparison to the original, time consuming approach, the mine could react operationally almost immediately to any changes to the geological model, rather than having to wait for months. SummaryEmbedded mine site operational assis-tance goes a long way to addressing the needs for operational excellence, combined with a long term commit-ment to people and training outlined in the introduction to this article.The development of this non-tradi-tional approach to consulting is al-ready having direct and demonstra-ble benefits for mining operations in Scandinavia, West Africa and else-where. It is a highly cost effective ap-proach that brings the latest technol-ogy, methodologies and mentoring to remote mine sites that may not al-ways have access to professional staff with the right skills. It ameliorates the high costs associated with traditional consulting rates that are often not sustainable and discourage extended site visits.

www.srk.com

SHORT COURSEGeology Driven Domaining for Resource Definition and Grade Control.

Ankara Turkey.

13 - 15 th February 2016

Author - course presenter: Mr Peter Gleeson (Corporate Consultant, SRK UK)

COURSE OUTLINE:1. Half day classroom presentation on the theory andimportance of geology in driving quality resource estimatesalong with several real mine case studies

2. A two day hands on practical sessionFocussed on identifying key geological observationsfrom the mine and how to integrate these into thebuilding of robust resource domains in contemporary Leapfrog mining software. The results of the practical session will be compared with historic models that contained minimal geological input

3. Half day clinic (optional).A chance to bring along your own data to discuss and review with SRK consultants. (This can be extended if required).

WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

The course is designed for geologists who are already involved in the construction of wireframe resource domains for use in estimation or grade control.

Software:In conjunction with ARANZ Geo , Leapfrog Geo software will be used to demonstrate the practical aspects of modeling. Allsoftware provided.

Course LocationAnkara, Turkey. 13 th to 15th February 2017.

Venue to be advised

Course cost:US$500 per person

This course hosted by SRK in conjunction with Leapfrog provides a pragmatic approach to help resource and production geologists produce reliable and geologically realistic domains for use in grade control and resource estimation. Over the last 20 years or so this approach has been overlooked in favour of mathematical techniques such as MIK, especially in complex deposits. Robust domaining is the key to good estimation. The course explores the effects of domaining on variography and estimation. The course is designed to be practical and relevant to all mine geologists. The focus is on applied estimation methods rather than just theoretical concepts. It is ledby highly experienced consultants from SRK, who operate at the forefront of modern geological modelling and resource estimation

COURSE OBJECTIVES

The principal aims of the course are:

To demonstrate the importance of geology in defining the resource, and ensuring the grade an tonnages delivered to the mill from the mine are accurate, resulting in minimal reconciliation issues.

To demonstrate how mining operations provide an invaluable source of geological information that can be tapped and integrated with exploration datasets to constrain accurate geological models

To supply the attendees with an overview of the tools and knowledge to enable them to identify those areas where the mineral resource maybe sub optimalTo provide training in a practical workflow utilising contemporary software to accurately constrain the resource to predict the grade and tonnes sent to the mill, to ensure the mine remains economic and optimal in its performance

SHORT COURSEGeology Driven Domaining for Resource Definition and Grade Control.

Course Leader:Peter GleesonCorporate ConsultantSRK UK.

Peter has over thirty years’experience in mininggeology and resourceestimation. Peter provideson-going mine sitetechnical support for manyoperations in Africa. Hehas been at the forefront of3-D modellingtechnologies since theirimplementation in themining industry some 25years ago.

To reserve your place on the course contact:

Peter Gleeson ([email protected]) or

Leanne Brock (lbrock @srk.co.uk)

48Fall 2016

Interviewwww.miningturkeymag.com

800 Tons were Discovered of the6500 Tons of Gold Potential

Can you give us some information about the developments in gold min-ing in Turkey?M. Ümit AKDUR Board Chairman of Turkish Gold Miners Association: For the last 25 years, a total of 3 billion dol-lars was invested in gold mining indus-try whereas approximately 800 million dollars being spent for exploration and 2.2 billion dollars were spent for mining facility investments. These investments directly provide employment oppor-tunity for 7000 people and also as a result of these investments we supply approximately 20% of our annual gold demand from local gold reserves.What is the gold potential in Turkey?First gold coin in history was minted in B.C 7th century in Anatolia in Sali-hli-Sart town of Manisa city and also first gold refinery was established in Anatolia. Gold is carved in Anatolia’s culture. In the history there are 44 civi-lizations ruled in this region. Historic artifacts which were founded during the archeological expeditions, are be-ing exhibited in our museums.

The gold potential of Turkey have quite important role for our country in as-pects of jewelry, gold refinery, gold trade and developing gold production.According to the geological setting simulation modeling carried out by the deceased Prof. Dr. Ayhan Erler being a faculty member of Department of Geo-logical Engineering in METU, our coun-try’s gold potential is approximated as 6500 tonnes.We have discovered 800 tonnes of this gold potential so far with our ongoing mining explorations. Serious amount of risk capital is needed to be spent for discovering the rest of our reserves.In our country, it is hard to see compa-nies spending 5-10 million dollars risk capital for 10-15 years for gold explora-

tion and then spending an extra 150-300 million dollars for facilitiy investment to produce the economically feasible mine. The number of companies having this way mining and exploration vision and culture is very limited in our country.Can you give information about the ongoing projects and gold produc-tion in Turkey?Gold production of Turkey was 1.4 tonnes in 2001, this amount reached to 33.5 tonnes in 2013.Whole mining activities including gold production decreased since 2012 till to-day. Besides the other reasons, decreased production is also related with the dif-ficulties in obtaining necessary permits. Gold production was 31 tonnes in 2014 and 27 tonnes in 2015.

Çöpler Gold Mine

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Gold is produced from a total of 9 mine sites like Uşak, İzmir, Erzincan, Eskişehir, Niğde, Kayseri, Ordu and Sivas. Other than these producing mines there are discovered reserves in Balıkesir, Çanakkale, Kayseri and Yozgat which are being developed with investment to start operation. Exploration and development projects in Balıkesir, Artvin, Çanakkale, Bilecik, Konya, Eskişehir, Bursa, Kastamonu, Gümüşhane, Niğde, Ordu, Trabzon and Manisa are on-going.Contribution of the gold production to Turkish economy was at 1.1 billion dol-lars level in 2015.What is the share of Turkey in the global trade of gold?Cultural heritage of Turkey provide us an important role in gold import.In a year, approximately there are 1.3 million births, 0.6 million weddings, engagements and circumcision feasts take place in Turkey. Our people prefer gold as a present for these special days.Gold is preferred as investment tool by Turkish people and therefore the demand for gold is quite high in Tur-key. This is well reflected by the gold import figures.On the other hand, Turkey has a very important place amongst the gold re-fining and jewellery fabrication indus-try in the world. Turkey’s export value of processed gold products are approx-imately 2 billion dollars annually.Our country imported a total of 3174

tonnes of gold in the last 21 years. This means our country’s import rate is at a level of 151 tonnes/year. As a coun-try, depending on the gold prices we spend approximately 6-8 billion dollars for importing gold per year.What would you say for the gold min-ing in the world?In the year 2015, a total of 3211 tonnes of gold was produced from approxi-mately 600 mines in the world.Countries like China (460 tonnes), Australia (274 tonnes), Russia (269 tonnes), USA (214 tonnes), and Peru (171 tonnes) are leading countries in gold production in the world. Turkey’s share in the global gold production is decreased to 0.9% as of 2015.Gold prices are decreasing since 2012. The yearly average of the ounce (31.1 gr) of gold was 1719 $/oz in 2012, 1432 $/oz. in 2013, 1275 $/oz in 2014 and 1160 $/oz in 2015.

What are the bottleneck points of gold mining in Turkey? Spending capital for gold exploration in order to discover new deposits is nearly stopped due to the prolonged permit-ting periods. This issue has a negative effect on the production sustainability.Whereas in order to maintain sustainabil-ity in mining, we must carry out enough exploration to discover new reserves at the minimum level that we produce.

What are the achievements that are being expected in favor of gold min-ing in Turkey?• Ease of obtaining simplified mining permissions and lowering the permit fees to logical levels • Supporting the mineral exploration programs by incentives.• Providing risk free conditions for at-tracting the investments in mining in-dustry.Common demand of mining industry is to have simplified and speedy permis-sion protocols.

Gold Prices in The World on Year Basis ($/oz)Year Average Prices

2001 271

2002 309

2003 363

2004 409

2005 444

2006 603

2007 695

2008 871

2009 972

2010 1225

2011 1571

2012 1669

2013 1411

2014 1266

2015 1160

Kışladağ Gold Mine

50Fall 2016

Barkom Group is Expanding its Foreign Market


Barkom Group is a Turkish company having 30 years’ experience of manu-facturing and providing drilling rigs and equipment for mining and con-struction industries, with the mission of always using the latest technology and best quality raw materials avail-able in the market. Barkom Group also missioned to follow the market needs via feedbacks from client and to serve technical support at pre-sales and af-ter sales stages to provide comfort in equipment procurement in terms of not only selecting the right, suitable and effective equipment for the client use but also managing the customer specific comfort of the equipment use in technical manner.Barkom has a large product range about diamond core drilling includ-ing Core Barrels, Wireline and Conven-tional Drill Rods, Casings, Tungsten Carbide Tools, Drilling Accessories, etc. We are also working with world leading companies for the product groups that we do not manufacture. Currently, we are official distributor of Fordia (diamond tools), Hanjin D&B (diamond core drill rigs), AMC (drilling fluids additives), Reflex (borehole sur-veying instruments), Jet-Lube (thread compounds), Gonar (DTH and rock drilling tools), Geosight Inc. (cavity monitoring system), DAT Instruments

(dataloggers for different techniques), Soil Solutions (surface improvements and dust suppresant agents), ON2 So-lutions (mine refuge systems). Barkom Group has relocated to its new factory that has more than 5.000m2 production, storage and office area in 2012. Barkom Group is also an Original Equipment Manufacturer Company (OEM) for special orders and enquiries.By means of the experience gained throughout the years and R&D work done by qualified engineers, Barkom has achieved the success of manufac-turing its underground drilling rigs, BULLDRILL® BDU400X & BDU600, hav-ing high quality, efficiency and technol-ogy characteristics specified according to the feedback information of custom-er needs and demands.

In consequence of best quality equip-ment manufacturing, pre-sales & after-sales technical support and technical consultancy, innovative thinking, Bar-kom succeeded in earning complete customer satisfaction and trust as a local brand and achieved 70% of the drilling and construction market share in Turkey. As we proved ourselves in the domestic market, we concentrate on setting a new target which is ex-panding overseas to present Barkom’s high quality products to the rest of the world. Barkom currently demonstrates global customer relations and has a customer portfolio in 56 countries. Based on our experience gained in domestic market, we are proud to become a trusted busi-ness partner to our global customers.

Fall 201651

Barkom already has official distribu-tors available in Serbia, Albania and Mongolia. With respect to our global customer demands, we are planning to establish new distributor agencies to improve our product sales strategy in order to meet the territory market de-mand by reaching new clients in more effective manner.Recently Barkom attended to IRAN ConMin held on 5-8 November 2016 for the purpose of meeting with exist-ing and new clients, and also for car-rying out negotiations for distributor-ship agreement with the companies actively working in Iranian mining and construction market. We are proud of having high interest of the companies stating their thrust on our products and service. The companies we met during the exhibition also indicated the neces-sity of a Barkom distributor in Iran mar-ket. We are glad to inform that we are at the stage of finalizing distributor agree-ment for Iranian market. We are in hope of establishing a distributor of Barkom in Iran after a while. BARKOM will also attend Oman Min-erals and Mining Exhibition and Con-ference, which will be held from 16th January to the 18th January 2017, at the Oman International Exhibition Cen-ter in Muscat.

www.barkom.com

B. Barış ÇAKMAKInternational Sales ManagerThe mining industry of the Middle East will grow rapidly in over the coming years, especially given easing sanc-tions on Iran. The key issue in the Mid-dle East’s mining industry presently is Iran’s ongoing negotiations with West-ern powers for sanctions to be eased which will play an important role for the country’s beleaguered mining and construction industry. We expect the removal of sanctions on Iran will attract not only the mining and construction investors but also the machine and equipment manufacturing companies

from Europe and Asia into the country to take place in the growing Iranian market. For sure European and Asian companies will face major challenges while getting involved in the regard-ing market in Iran, due to the country’s inefficient bureaucracy, inadequate in-frastructure and undeveloped banking sector that should be improved with internationally harmonized standards. As Barkom Group, upon closer inspec-tion during our attendance to IRAN ConMin 2016 exhibition, we realized our sales strategies by going through the proper channels to take place in Iranian market as a powerful com-pany to have leading the field in drill-ing rigs and equipment manufacturer. We developed key contacts on our path to succeed our targets related with the growing Iran market. Also we are proud of being very well received by the local mining and construction companies some of which we already have ongoing customer relations. We feel hopeful about the contacts we made during the exhibition that will carry out our targets for Iranian market after a while. As a threshold business development, we will also be on target for other global territories for improv-ing the global market sales and also for new distributor locations.

52Fall 2016

Geometallurgy.eu: A European Platform for Research and Education in Geometallurgy


Geometallurgy is an integrated ap-proach that reaffirms the importance of ore characteristics in the whole min-eral value chain. Ore characteristics in-clude ore mineralogy, gangue mineral-ogy, local tectonics, ore textures and ore grades. These characteristics have strong impact on rock hardness, amena-bility of the ore to a certain beneficiation route and recoverability of by-products. The ore deposits’ characteristics should therefore be assessed and monitored to better evaluate the potential of any prospect. Furthermore, the continu-ous measurement of ore characteristics and ore variables (mineralogy, texture, particle size, ..) during the whole mine life can significantly improve the over-all mine performance, but this requires enhanced and affordable collection of these data types and efficient integra-tion of processed data for the daily con-trol of mining operation.This challenge has the potential to significantly improve the competiti-veness of the mining industry but it will require better collaboration between research actors and the mining indus-try. This is the objective of the GEOMET-ALLURGY.EU hubGEOMETALLURGY.EU aims to enhance collaboration between the three sides of the knowledge triangle, to trigger the development of new projects and to grow the ‘Geomet’ community in Eu-rope.GEOMETALLURGY.EU is a web platform that gathers three initiatives around geometallurgy in Europe under a single umbrella organization.In 2016, two projects were launched by the EIT Raw materials: the OREVAL net-

work of infrastructures (see next page) which provides services in the field of ore characterization and the Geomet lifelong learning course.The Geomet course is a one-week train-ing session designed for mining profes-sionals. It introduces the fundamentals of geometallurgy with both a theoreti-cal and a practical approach.The GEOMETALLURGY.EU hub establish-es a clear link between projects targeted to mining professionals and the EMerald Master Program. This two year master was launched in 2013, with the support of the Erasmus+ program. This masters’ degree is built on the expertise of four major Universities and provides for the first time a coherent course offer. Twenty students from all around the world are admitted each year. The program mobil-ity scheme enables them to experience different working environments across Europe and to benefit from the best of what each partner can offer. The program obtained the EIT Label in 2016.

EMerald students at LTU University

The Innovation TriangleThe innovation triangle is one of the most acknowledged concept when it comes to explaining the process of knowledge creation and its applica-tion through innovation. Innovation is not a linear process but requires multiple input and feedback loops between the actors of so-called ‘in-novation system’. This has led to an acknowledgement that policies in support of innovation should foster systemic interaction between these three forms of activity-education, re-search and business.

Fall 201653

novative ore characterization applica-tions. For example, the partners are working on: • Optics-based low cost automated mineralogy,• 3D imaging of dynamic processes with X-Ray tomography, • Particle-induced X-Ray emission im-aging (PIXE),• Low impact exploration techniques based on laser ablation trace element analysis (LA-ICPMS),• The influence of mineral textures on breakability indexes, • The on-belt particle size and shape measurement.Some OREVAL members also have extensive knowledge of routine ore characterization, and an excellent un-derstanding of the way ore character-ization data must be integrated in the end-users process flow. Ultimately, the network aims at estab-lishing common standards, data base and BAT practices for emerging tech-nologies in order to improve the whole quality control on these data.

www.oreval.eu

OREVAL is the EIT Raw Materials network of infrastructures for ore characteriza-tion. A network of infrastructures (NOI) is an organization supported by the EIT Raw Materials. It has the mission to in-crease the visibility and the accessibility to remarkable facilities within Europe.

To facilitate knowledge transfer and adoption, better interaction between researchers and industry profession-als is required. OREVAL aims to fulfill this mission by appointing a single point of contact with a comprehensive

Europe has top-notch experts for ore characterization with know-how across the whole raw materials value chain.

About the EITFinding solutions to today’s societal challenges presents us with great op-portunities for innovation and entre-preneurship.The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) is a unique EU initiative that spurs innovation and entrepreneurship across Europe. The EIT brings together leading uni-versities, research labs and compa-nies to form dynamic pan-European partnerships around strategic topics. These partnerships, called Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs), develop innovative products and ser-vices, start new companies, and train a new generation of entrepreneurs. The Eit Raw Materials is the partnership for innovation in the Raw Materials sec-tor. It aims to bring ideas to market, turn students into entrepreneurs and, most importantly, to boost innovation.

communication network and excellent understanding of the state of the art technologies. The OREVAL manager has experience in experimental development and the integration of different characterization techniques. He can help the industry pro-fessionals to assess innovative ideas or to identify the right partner to conduct tests or validation of an innovative idea. The OREVAL manager can even help the interested industry partners to sub-mit ‘up-scaling’ project in order to fund technology transfer projects. Through the existing connection with the GEOMETALLURGY.EU hub, the OR-EVAL manager can also facilitate the placement of students for some PhD or MSc thesis works.OREVAL expertise OREVAL partners are actively carrying on research and development on in-

Oreval members

54Fall 2016

Exploration Real Estate in TurkeyCONTACTS

Thomas Sant

Exploration Consultant

[email protected]

The exploration industry in Turkey has gone through several “golden periods” during the last few decades with bursts of exploration activity in the 1960s (international mining companies and agencies), 1980s/1990s (major explo-ration companies), late 1990s to 2004 (major and minor exploration compa-nies), 2005 to 2009 (land-rush by in-ternational and local companies), and 2011 to 2012 (high gold prices and re-start of the auction system for licences). Causing or influencing some of the later periods are administrative issues brought about by amendments to the mining law in 2004, 2010, and most re-cently in 2015.This article will summarise the recent landholding situation in terms of the number of licences held and issued in Turkey, and will then briefly look at the common strategies used by exploration companies to grow a portfolio of proj-ects and suggest how these strategies may apply within the current environ-ment. Finally, advice is given on the data required to allow a property to be as-sessed as part of potential licence trans-fer, as this transaction type is predicted to become the main method for compa-nies to access new properties in Turkey.Current Licence SituationRaising metal prices combined with a favourable mineral licencing environ-ment led to a land-rush starting in 2005 when over 50,000 exploration licences were issued in a five-year pe-riod. Since then, the number of valid exploration licences has dropped dra-matically to under 7000 (Chart 1). The drop in the number of licenses can be explained by the large number is-sued in the years 2005 to 2009 (Chart

2) that were not progressed to the op-erational stage, and also by a further change to the mining law during 2010 that placed more financial require-ments on a licence holder. The num-ber of operating licences (işletme) in-creased slowly until 2010, presumably fuelled by exploration success follow-ing the land-rush, but since then has remained fairly consistent at around 13,000 licences.

The granting of new exploration licenc-es by Maden İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü (MIGEM), either via direct application or via an auction process, has slowed down significantly since the 2010 min-ing law amendment which added ad-ditional financial requirements to hold-ing a licence. The 2015 amendment to the law removed the possibility to ap-ply for new licences in open-ground. Ground can only currently be accessed

Chart 1: Total number of Exploration and Operation licences in Turkey also showing gold price as a proxy for

global exploration activity. Source http://www.migem.gov.tr/istatistikler/istatistik.html and http://www.

kitco.com/gold.londonfix.html

Chart 2: New exploration licences issued per year by direct application and by the auction process. Includes

data up to end-April 2016. Source http://www.migem.gov.tr/istatistikler/istatistik.html


Fall 201655

via the auction system or by transfer of licence between parties.Exploration PossibilitiesExploration companies generally take one of three approaches when looking to add mineral resources to their port-folio. These are greenfield exploration, brownfield exploration, or acquisition.Greenfield exploration selects large dis-tricts based on favourable geological characteristics and attempts to find the much smaller footprints of mineralisa-tion that may be present in the district. This method can only be successful in two specific situations; firstly, if a large area can be licenced at the start of ex-ploration that guarantees a company “finder’s rights” to any discovery made in the area; and secondly, if there is suf-ficient open-ground and a lack of com-petition so that a company is willing to start exploration with no security of tenure, but apply for a licence over any new discovery at a later date. Neither of these situations are currently present in Turkey due to the lack of large licence areas and the inability to apply for new areas except when offered in the auc-tion process.Brownfield exploration starts with a smaller search-space than greenfield work and is generally focused near an existing mining operation. Ground around working mines is often held by the mining company and exploration is

carried out by the mine’s geology team. Ground may become available around historical mine sites in Turkey via the auction process, a good recent exam-ple of this being Mariana Resources’ ground consolidation during an auc-tion round in early 2012 near old Rus-sian workings at Hot Maden. The third method of gaining access to exploration ground is via acquisition of an existing project. Traditionally in Turkey a large number of licences were submitted by their owners to explora-tion and mining companies in the hope

of either a direct sale of a licence or the creation of a joint venture to fund future exploration. However, the majority of exploration licences granted in recent years seem to have been selected spec-ulatively to ‘fill in the gaps’ in the licence map; in general, little consideration ap-pears to have been given to the geologi-cal potential of an area. Many of these licences have since been allowed to ex-pire without being converted to opera-tional licences. Licences that have been maintained at the holder’s cost and con-verted to operational licences are more likely to hold ground with some indica-tion of mineralisation and these licences are of most interest to a serious mining company. Reviewing districts with an aim to proactively identify licences with good potential to host a mineral deposit is possibly the most valid entry point into the exploration real estate of Turkey at the current time.Best ProspectsIt is in the interest of both the company looking to acquire a project, and the owner looking to sell or joint venture a project, for all relevant information to be made available. In the author’s ex-perience the “data pack” on a prospect can often contain nothing but a licence number, the name of the nearest city, and legends of gold or other metals be-ing found on the property in the past.

Exploration ground in Artvin province.

56Fall 2016

The final part of this article looks at the information that would be needed by an exploration company on its first review of a property; this is presented through the eye of the existing licence holder, who hopes to have his submittal taken seriously and generate the maximum in-terest from a potential partner.Presenting a submittal to a potential partner/buyer is the first step necessary to generate interest in the property. While not all properties will have seen previous exploration work, or have much data available, there is still infor-mation that can be gained at little cost to the owner which would significantly increase the level of interest their sub-mittal will receive.The most basic information that can be provided for a property is a copy of the licence document. This will confirm the licence holder’s details and the submit-ter should explain their relationship to the listed holder if the licence is not in their own name. The licence document will also show the issue and expiry date of the licence and the submitter should clarify if any extensions, or conversions to an operating licence, have been re-quested to the authorities.While the licence document will pro-vide the specific coordinates for the licence, little effort is required for the holder to provide the licence outline in a format suitable for digital use. Com-monly, exploration companies will first review the area using web-based

maps and satellite imagery (e.g. Google Earth, Bing Maps and similar) to get a general feel for the location but it is also worth the submitter summarising the location with respect to land use (farm-ing, forest, mountain), infrastructure (road, rail, power, water) and popula-tion (close to a city, town, village or un-populated). Photographs showing the general area are also useful.A brief outline of any previous explo-ration or mining work known in the licence should be provided. If no previ-ous work is known, then this should be stated. If the property has been explored by geochemical sampling, drilling or geophysics details of the work should be provided (e.g. number and length of drill holes, geophysical method). How-ever, no results should be provided until a confidentiality agreement is signed.Not all exploration licences will have been subject to specific geology studies but if any geological information is al-ready available in the public domain this should be provided by the licence hold-er. Maps, photos or geologists reports all help a company to assess the area. Maps in digital format that have been georef-erenced are especially useful as explora-tion companies will have some form of a geographical information system where such maps can be combined with the company’s other data.Finally, a submitter should always indi-cate if the property is being offered for sale or if they wish to participate in a

partnership to continue exploration of the property.ConclusionMining law amendments in 2004, 2010 and 2015 each influenced the licenc-ing regime, causing exploration and mining companies to adapt their strat-egy of acquiring exploration ground in the country. Since 2012 there have been more operation licences than exploration licences in Turkey and new ground for exploration is only being released slowly via the auction process. Under the current regulatory conditions, it is suggested that a focused review of operation licences, leading to a licence transfer or joint-venture formation, would provide the most effective ac-cess to new exploration projects. References•License statistics are taken from MİGEM website: www.migem.gov.tr/istatistikler/

AUTOBIOGRAPHYTom Sant graduated from Leices-ter University with a degree in ap-plied geology during 1994 and left on the next flight to a fieldwork job in Turkey. Exploration has tak-en him all over the world and un-der the sea working for Rio Tinto, Ivanhoe Mines, Nautilus Minerals and Eldorado Gold with returns to Turkey during 1999-2001 and 2011-2012. He now provides ex-ploration consulting services from near Manchester, UK.

4Geochemical Analyses

Trace Element Analyses4

Precious Metal Analyses4

Ore Grade Analyses4

Import - Export Samples Analyses4

Metal Alloys Analyses4

XRF and XRD Combined Analyses4

Industrial Raw Materials4

Major - Minor Elements Analyses in the Coal Ash4

Rare Earth Elements4

Boron Analyses4

Mineralogical & Petrographical Analyses 4

Online Services4

Mineral Processing and R&DAnalysis Services

4Mineral characterization & process mineralogy

Comminution tests4

Jaw crushers

Hammer crushers

Roll crushers

Balı milis and rod milis

Bond bali and rod mili index

Classication4

Hydrocyclone

Spiral classier

Sieve classication (wet/dry)

Mineral processing4

Gravimetric separation

Jig

Shaking table

Heavy media separation

Wet & dry magnetic separation

Flotation

Grinding - liberation

Rougher - cleaner batch tests (0.2-5 l)

Locked cycle test

Sulphide ore otation

Oxide - transmission ore otation

Industrial raw material otation

Attrition scrubbing

Wemco, denver d-12 type

Hydrometalurgy

Acid leaching

Alkaline leaching

Separation with precipitation

Electrolysis

Dewatering and solid-liquid separation

Pressure ltration tests

Vacuum ltration tests

Thickener tests

58Fall 2016

Interviewwww.miningturkeymag.com

Today in Turkey We ProduceMarbles Having Nearly a Thousand Different Colors and Patterns andExport Our Products Worldwide

Can you give information about Tur-key’s rank in global marble and natu-ral stone related mining activities?Geological evolution of our land; Anato-lia is responsible for the abundance and wide variety of natural stones. Through-out in history all Anatolian civilizations realized the natural stone affluence and used this resource as the main material for creating their artwork and immor-talized their culture. Strabo (65 BC) who is known to be the oldest geographer, has mentioned Anatolia’s rich diversity of marble in his travel notes. There is another example or I should say the most stunning to me is the use of Afyon sugar marbles I saw on the walls of Pisa Tower.The building blocks of Pisa Tower which was built in year 1173, has sent from Afyon İscehisar. This shows us that the trade of natural stones had been done thousand years ago. Natural stone became indispensable material from the first years of human-ity to this day. Today, marbles we pro-duce with nearly a thousand different colors and patterns are having a place in very important projects in many countries of the world. I am introduced to marble indus-try in 1985 when marble has been taken to the scope of the Mining Law. License security and investment incentives stated by the law has played a major role in the significant progress of our industry accepted as a milestone. In 1985, our marble export was 5 million dollars, today

our export has reached to about 2 billion dollars. We export marbel to more than 150 countries. According to 2015 TUİK data, total import of naturalstone was 345 million dollars, whereas 2 billion dollars of natural-stone was exported same year. If we express in numbers; as our export value was about 300 million dollars 15-16 years ago, our export value and quantity increased every year, for ex-ample it increased to 1 billion dollars in 2006. In 2011 our 7,282 tonnes of ex-ports value was 1,674 million dollars, in 2012 our 7,895 tonnes of exports value was 1,902 million dollars and in 2013 our 8,442 tonnes of exports value was 2,225 million dollars. Our sales to the domestic market was not so different than the exported amounts.However, in 2014 our export value has decreased to 2,128 million dollars, in 2015 our export decreased to 1,907 mil-lion dollars. The first six months of 2016, our export value is recorded as 872 mil-lion 200 thousand dollars. According to last year’s first six months we have 55 million dollars, in other words 6% de-crease whereas compared with the 2013 figures there is about 20-25%.We don’t have certain information on our natural stone reserves but we fore-

see that the production will continue for a long period of time in the current operations.What is the importance of marble and natural stone mining in Turkey? We can say that currently there are ap-proximately 2500 marble and/or natu-ral stone producing operations in our country. There are 350.000 employees working in marble and natural stone sector discarding the small workshops. As it is known that the jobs related with the marble sector are mainly labor-intensive and it has a high contribution on employment directly or indirectly.Turkish marble industry is special-ized in quarry production, processing marble, marble application techniques and the design and implementation projects. Marble sector today has the technical and economical capability to make new investments to significantly increase the volume of production. Also the machinery used in marble and natural stone industry is designed and manufactured by local expertise and being sold globally for international marble and natural stone producers.Although our industry has adequate skilled workforce, our association TÜM-MER worked under the Vocational Qualifications Authority roof to create

M. Turgut ÇOPUROĞLU

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Anytime and anywhere with android appl icat ion developed by our team

Madencilik TürkiyeMining Turkey

Tünel TeknolojisiMT Bilimsel

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occupational standards for providing high quality workforce for our indus-try’s sustainable future. The occupa-tional standards we worked on are of-ficially announced and our association is presently working on the setup for becoming the national occupational accreditation center. The value of natural stone market is about 15 billion dollars within the world trade market. As being Turkish marble producers our aim is to go beyond 5 bil-lion dollars export figure. As being the components of this sector, we are work-ing hard to achieve our purpose.What are your solution suggestions, goals and efforts for improving the sector? TÜMMER is also a member of institu-tions like TOBB Mining Sector Council, İMSAD (Association of Turkish Building Material Producers), MIA (Marble Insti-tute of America), Turkish Mining Devel-opment Foundation, Republic of Tur-key Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology/ Technical Committee of Soil and Industrial Products. Our union has become the designated authority for applications due to the works of our management regarding our sector and appreciated business acumen and se-riousness before all ministries, institu-tions and organizations. The works that

have been conducted in this regard could be summarized as follows:Law and Regulations: Like all other min-ing operations, operations in our sector do also face with several difficulties in relation with the regulations of many ministries, institutions and organiza-tions. For the settlement of these diffi-culties, we work on Mining, forestry and environment regulations as well as the draft laws and regulations on several matters including pasture areas, wet-land, highways, transportation, work-place health and safety, mining residue and participate in all and every kind of meetings in this regard. Marble Natural Stone Mirror Commit-tee (MTC 109):As is known, Turkish Standards Insti-tute (TSE) is the only institution that has the authority to represent our country in the international platform (ISO and IEC) and in European Union (CEN and CENELEC) standardization agencies. TSE also became a full mem-ber to European Committee for Stan-dardization (CEN) and has the right to vote since 2012. The mirror com-mittees within TSE participate in the standards preparation work within the International and European standard-ization agencies and are authorized to express opinion in line with the inter-

ests of the country. Mirror committees that are representing Turkey in stan-dardization programmes involve spe-cialized universities, departments, sec-tors, volunteers from civil society and government institutions which should comprise to certain qualifications.Our union has started the work to create the sectoral marble and natural stone mirror committee and the committee was established in December 2008. “Turkish Natural Stones Mirror Commit-tee”, which includes our team, has pre-sented opinion on behalf of our country for 20 different standards until now.Marble and Natural Stone Industry Professional Standards Studies:The year of 2011 “Preparation of Oc-cupational Standards Cooperation Protocol” was signed with the Voca-tional Qualifications Authority to find a solution starting from the basic steps to fulfill the needs of qualifield staff. TÜMMER is considered to be the com-petent authority for the preparation of professional standards in the mar-ble-natural stone industry under the protocol. Until now, TÜMMER has pre-pared totally 5 occupational Standarts for the quarry and factory production and these standards are approved and published on the Official Gazette.

www.tummer.org.tr

60Fall 2016

Energy Security Dilemma of Turkey in the Context of Domestic Coal Policies

CONTACTS

Metin Aktan

Mining Engineer, MSc; PhD Candidate at Hacettepe

University; Technical Consultant of General Manager of

Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI)

[email protected]; [email protected]


IntroductionEnergy security is defined as the avail-ability of energy sources in sufficient quantities and the reasonable prices at the proper time. Disruption of energy supply may occur at any point in the en-ergy supply chain and it can create ener-gy crisis in a country, in a region or in the whole world [1]. There are some factors that cause energy supply disruptions:a. Political reasons: Since energy can be considered as a highly political issue, conflicts between energy producing countries and energy consuming coun-tries (or energy transit countries) can cause some supply disruptions [1].b. Economic reasons: Sudden increase of energy price can lead to the supply disruption. For example, the latest nat-ural gas conflict between Ukraine and Russia was grounded on the disagree-ment between two countries on the price of natural gas [1].c. Export restrictions or any embargo from producers. For example, the oil crisis in 1973 was caused by export re-strictions that were made by OPEC [1].d. War, terrorist attack or political insta-bility in energy producing countries: These factors may disrupt exploration, production, processing or transporta-tion of energy. One of the vivid exam-ples in that respect is terrorist attacks on pipeline infrastructures in Iraq [1].e. Natural disasters, accidents or tech-nical reasons: For example, hurricane Katherine, gave rise to fundamental damages to energy infrastructure and caused some disruptions of energy supply in USA [1].

Conventional fossil energy resources like coal, natural gas and oil drive the world economy today and have an 86% of energy consumption in total accord-ing to BP [2]. Coal’s share is 30% in the energy consumption of the world [2]. After 1973 oil shock and together with long-term energy wars in the Middle East and Russia’s aggressive policies; energy security and the concept of sup-ply security gained highly importance since oil prices led to negative impacts on economies like reduction of produc-tion and high levels of inflation. Con-ventional fossil fuels have still the dom-inant share in energy consumption that created a problem for national and en-ergy security of countries that are lack-ing oil and natural gas. Turkish primary energy consumption doubledwith high growth rates, economic expansion and increased levels of urbanization. As Tur-key is targeting to be one of the most developed economies in the world in the Republic’s 100th establishment an-niversary in 2023, energy consumption is going to increase yielding the prob-lem of supply security. According to the MENR, Turkey’s energy import is 59% of its total energy consumption in 2014. This is one of the main problems of Tur-key in terms of energy security that also drives Turkish Foreign Policy. As a coun-try who is highly dependent on foreign energy resources, supply security is one of the most important issues in Turkish energy policies. Yet, MENR highlights triple challenge that will drive Turkey’s future energy policies that are achiev-ing substantial reduction of carbon emissions while at the same time en-suring supply security, all at a reason-able price. Therefore, energy efficiency and utilization of renewable resources come to the picture in energy policies. According to the Strategic Plan, issued in 2015 by MENR, there are mainly seven energy related goals of Turkey. Those are:

1.Increase renewable energy share in energy supply2.Diversification of importing countries and reduction of import vulnerabilities3.Priority for the usage of domestic energy resources and diversification of energy sources4.Liberalization of energy market and enhancement of investments on en-ergy sector5.Increase in energy efficiency6.Reduction of environmental effects7.Being energy transit route and an en-ergy hub.Along with the energy supply security, environmental issues are highly im-portant and on the agenda of Turkey since Turkey will be responsible to its emissions indicated in the Kyoto Pro-tocol after 2012 and Paris Climate Deal signed early in 2016. Therefore, energy efficiency, use of renewable resources, utilization of clean coal technologies and use of nuclear energy are the main targets of Turkey [3].Turkey has become extremely depen-dent on Russian natural gas and oil since then, allowing Russian energy companies to get involved in the Turk-ish energy sector. Gazprom purchased assets of Turkish energy companies; Ro-satom was chosen to construct Turkey’s first nuclear power plant in Mersin- Ak-kuyu. All above are creating energy se-curity problem for Turkey.Energy Outlook of TurkeyAlthough Turkey has neighbors to rich oil and natural gas reserves in the Middle East and Caspian region, Tur-key’s proven oil and gas reserves seem to be very low. Like many countries, Turkey has large lignite resources. But Turkish lignite has low calorific and high sulphur values. Primary energy production of Turkey is insufficient for the Turkey’s energy requirements. The quantity of Turkish total energy de-mand was 123,94 mtoe in 2014 while it was 52,9 mtoe in 1990. The amount

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of imported energy was nearly 97,04 mtoe in 2014 while it was 30,9 mtoe in 1990. Turkey’s oil consumption was 26% and natural gas consumption was 32% of total primary energy needs and approximately over 95% of them were imported [4].

Turkey’s natural gas import from Russia takes the biggest share with a percent-age of 55% of total in 2014 [5]. Turkey needs to import natural gas from other countries in order to satisfy grow-ing energy demands. This, eventually, brings Turkey to be entirely dependent on imported oil, and natural gas.The growing import dependency brings, indeed, serious problems for a country in respect to its cost and im-ported quantity. For example, the costs of energy imports are given in table be-low respectively:

The energy import cost was 60 billion dollars in 2012 and after 3 years from 2012; it decreased to 37,8 billion dol-lars because of low oil and gas prices in 2015. USA’s energy policy against Rus-sia has gained a big acceleration and low energy prices began to influence the economy of the Russian Federation. The installed electric power generation capacity of Turkey, which was 2.234 MW back in the 1970’s, increased by 33-fold in the last 46 years to reach 74.626,7 MW by May 2016 [7]. Approximately 56,4 mil-lion tons of coal were produced in Tur-key in 2014, while thereof 85% was con-sumed by thermal power plants, 7,4% by the industry, and 7,6% by households.

Natural Gas32%

Oil26%

Other6%

Wind1%

Solar1%Hydro

3%

Coal(Domestic+Import)

31%

Fig. 1 Primary energy consumption of Turkey [5].

Years 2012 2013 2014 2015Cost

(billion dollars) 60 55,9 54,9 37,8

Table 1 Energy import costs up to the years [5]

Turkey is one of the countries that have managed to overcome the global economic crisis quickest and suffered least from the recent economic uncer-tainty worldwide. It is the fastest grow-ing economy across Europe. Accord-ing to World Bank, between 2002 and 2012, the consumption of the bottom 40% increased at around the same rate as the national average. Over the same period, extreme poverty fell from 13 to 4,5% and moderate poverty fell from 44 to 21%, while access to health, education, and municipal ser-vices vastly improved for the less well-off. Since the global financial crisis, Turkey has created some 6,3 million jobs, although increases in the labor force, including through a rise in the participation of women, has kept un-employment at around 10%. Turkey’s achievements and future potential have been a source of inspiration for other emerging markets.Having achieved a growth rate of an-nually 5% in average during the pe-riod 2002-2015, with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of $ 799.54 billion, Tur-key ranked 17th amongs the world’s largest economies. Also in 2010 with a growth rate of 8,9%; Turkey had the highest rank after China. In less than a decade, income level per capita in the country has nearly tripled and now exceeds $10,5 thousand. Turkey is a member of the OECD and the G20. Moreover, Turkey is a country of high potential in terms of the increase in power consumption. For instance, the country’s power consumption is estimated to reach approximately 390.000 GWh, i.e. 390 billion kWh by 2020, which means that there is a need for additional capacity in power generation of about 3.000-4.000 MW annually.What needs to be done first and fore-most to solve the problem of security of supply is to make more use of domestic resources, and then to diversify both the imported energy resources and the countries which these energy resources are imported from.The established energy capacity in Tur-key is at 74.626,7 MW. This comes to

310 billion kWh of energy generated a year. In 2010, Turkey consumed 213 billion kWh, and in 2014 this figure in-creased to 257 billion kWh. By the end of 2015, consumption will be at 264 billion kWh. Turkey has shown an an-nual increase of between 8% and 8.5%. This is higher than the annual overall growth rate of the Turkish economy. In the 2000s, per capita energy consump-tion was at 1,550 kWh per year. Now this figure is at 3,429 kWh per year in 2015. The level of development of a country is directly proportionate to the level of energy consumption. Coun-tries in the OECD have a per capita energy consumption of around 12,000 kWh per year. In Turkey, it’s only a quar-ter of that amount.The Role of Domestic CoalResources in Turkey’s Energy Supply SecurityAccording to the data of the Interna-tional Energy Agency (Coal Information 2014), there are 1,05 trillion tons of coal resources worldwide, while 769 million tons thereof is hard coal.Global coal production in 2014 was 7,8 billion tons. Almost half of that (i.e. 3,56 billion tons) was produced by China alone. In the same period, China imported 312 million tons of coal and consumed a total of 3,872 billion tons. China’s coal production in 2013 was 3,53 billion tons.Compared to many resources, coal is expected to hold the largest share in global power generation projections for the year 2030 by several agencies. Likewise, it is forecasted that electric power generation from fossil fuels will be 20 trillion kWh (IEA, 2013). Ac-cording to different resources, it is forecasted that, despite the leaps in renewable energy, the fossil fuels will gain predominance with ever- increas-ing speed [4].Until 2005, Turkey’s identified coal resources were 8,3 billion tons. Since 2005, new databases were opened for common use, and there were new ex-ploration studies; now Turkey’s identi-fied resources stand at around 16,9 bil-lion tons. These figures are revealed by the exploration efforts of General

62Fall 2016

Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration (MTA) after completing only the 40% of the planned program in Turkey.15,6 billion tons of Turkey’s coal re-sources reaching up to 16,9 billion tons together with the resources re-cently discovered by MTA is lignite coal, whereas the remaining 1,3 billion tons is hard coal and operated by Turk-ish Hard Coal Enterprises.When looking at the distribution of lig-nite coal according to establishments, it can be seen that;•EÜAŞholdsashareof55%with8,5billion tons,•theGeneralDirectorateofTurkishCoal Enterprises holds a share of 23%with 3,7 billion tons;•theprivatesectorholdsashareof19% with 1,6 billion tons; and•MTAholdsashareof3%with0,4bil-liontons.The Turkish government wants to increase energy production in 2023 to over 100 billion MWh per annum, which is 500 million kWh of energy produced per year. Of the installed energy production, mostly comes from natural gas conversion plants. That’s the biggest share. However, by 2023, Turkey wants domestic re-sources to make up the main share rather than imported natural gas. Both private and public sector com-panies have to collaborate to achieve this goal. Of the 78.433 MW installed capacity, 9.848,4 MW is accounted for by domestic coal [4].”Turkey has a lack of sufficient energy supply. Resources of the country are limited in generating necessary ener-gy. With new renewable technologies, such as wind/ solar, Turkey cannot re-spond and fulfill the growing prevail-ing demand fast. They can only enter into the local energy market with some more time elapses. Fast/ easy/ cheap solutions are neither not avail-able, nor practical and feasible.At the tables given below existing do-mestic coal fired thermal power plants, ongoing installation power plants and potential power plants are given re-spectively.

Fig. 2 Major Coal Fields in Turkey [6]

No Power Plant Name Installed Power (MW) Year of Built1 Soma Termik Santralı (B ) 6x165=990 1981-1982-1985-1985-1991-1992

2 Çayırhan Termik Santralı 2x150+2x160=620 1987-1987-1998-1999

3 Kangal Termik Santralı 3x150=457 1989-1990-2000

4 Tunçbilek Termik Santralı 2x150+1x65=365 1977

5 Seyitömer Termik Santralı 4x150=600 1973-1977-1989

6 Orhaneli Termik Santralı 1x210=210 1992

7 Afşin-Elbistan-A Termik Santralı (EÜAŞ) 3x340+1x335=1355 1984-1985-1986-1988

8 Afşin-Elbistan -B Termik Santralı (EÜAŞ) 4x360=1440 2006

9 Çan Termik Santralı (EÜAŞ) 2x160=320 2006

10 Yeniköy Termik Santralı 2x210=420 1986-1987

11 Kemerköy Termik Santralı 3x210=630 1994-1995

12 Y atağan Te r mik S an tralı 3x210=630 1982-1983-1984

13 Zonguldak Çatalağzı 2x150=300

14 AKSA, Göynük, Bolu–(Ruhsat:TKİ) 2x135=270 2015

15 PARK, Silopi (H arbul)–(Ruhsat:TKİ) 3x135=405 2015

16 Enerjisa, Tufanbeyli 3x150=450 2016

17 Polat Elekt., Tunçbilek 1x50=50 2014

18 Others 336,4

Total 9.848,4

Table 2 Turkey’s coal fired existing power plants [6]

No Power PlantName

Owner of the Plant

Lowcalorific Value(Kcal/Kg)

Installed Power(MW)

1 ESKİŞEHİR-MİHALIÇÇIK E ÜA Ş +T Kİ+KİAŞ 2.100 290

2 ZONGULDAK TTK 5.500 1.200

3 ADANA-TUFANBEYLİ (Teyo)

T Kİ

1.300 700

4 MANİSA-SOMA (Kolin -Hidrogen ) 1.500 510

5 BURSA-KELES (Çelikler) 2.100 270

6 KÜTAHYA-DOMANİÇ (Çelikler) 2.300 300

7 BİNGÖL-KARLIOVA (Flamingo) 1.350 150

8 ŞIRNAK-MERKEZ (Valilik) 4.500 270

9 ŞIRNAK-ÜÇ KA RDEŞLER (Valilik) 4.500 135

Total 3.825

Table 3 Turkey’s coal fired ongoing installation thermal power plants [6]

No Power PlantPlace

Owner of the Plant

Resource (Million tons)

Low Calorific Value

(Kcal/Kg)

InstalledPower(MW)

1 Çayırhan

EÜAŞ

213 2.640 750

2 K.Maraş-Elbistan (E Sector) 1.217 1.100 3.000

3 Konya-Karapınar 1.832 1.370 3.000

4 Eskişehir-Alpu TKİ 1.500 2.200 3.345

5 K.Maraş-Elbistan (C+D Sectors) EÜAŞ 1.517 1.100 3.000

6 Kırklareli-Vize TKİ 140 1.700 300

7 Trakya Çerkezköy+ÇatalcaEÜAŞ

494 1.700 1.000

8 Afyon-Dinar 941 1.600 2.000

9 Zonguldak TTK 600 5.500 3.000

Total 8.454 19.395

Table 4 Turkey’s coal fired potential thermal power plants

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All of the existing domestic coal fired thermal power plants + ongoing in-stallation power plants + potential power plants have a total capacity of 33.000 MW. This is equal to half of installed capacity of Turkey and has a value of 231 million kWh of energy produced per year.Fossil fuels give rise to environmentally damaging emissions, and this of course also includes coal. Until the 1990s, coal was very important. With environmen-tal factors, the Kyoto Protocol, Paris Cli-mate Deal and the importing of natural gas to Turkey in the 2000s, coal receded somewhat as an energy source. Never-theless, the sheer amount of available coal not only in Turkey but throughout the world, as well as the development of new technologies, means that coal will continue to be very important. In Turkey, coal is now referred to as the en-ergy source of the future.It’s impossible to achieve Turkey’s vision 2023 goals without coal. Turkey wants minimum 30% of the targeted energy production of 100 billion MWh per year in 2023 to be from coal. Considering that present day share of domestic coal is at 13,2%, then coal’s share in the overall production of energy will be doubled. Coal is essential as an energy source. Of course, energy production diversity is very important. No country wants to be reliant on a single source. Prices, politics, and environmental factors always fluc-tuate, so it’s good to diversify the portfo-lio, not just in terms of energy types, but also the countries that imported energy and technologies from.According to Mr. Aktaş, who is the Gen-eral Manager of Turkish Coal enterpris-es, maybe in the future developing the technology to utilize deep-water mag-ma and produce electricity from the vapor that results. In that case, maybe coal should be forgotten. But until a revolutionary new technology is devel-oped, you have to rely on coal.Diversity is very important, and nu-clear power should also be added to Turkey’s energy production portfolio. The nuclear disaster in Japan has re-focused the world’s attention on the importance of coal,

meaning we should continue to pur-sue and develop R&D efforts and tech-nologies to make coal production and related emissions as environmentally friendly as possible.According to the Domestic Resource Based Energy Production Program Ac-tion Plan elaborated within scope of the 10th Development Plan (2014–2018), it is known that 62% and 49% of the trade deficit resulted from net energy imports in 2012 and 2013 respectively, that oil, natural gas and hard coal imports are continuously increasing to meet rapidly growing energy demand, and that this situation leads to continuation of high import dependency in energy and cre-ates pressure on current account bal-ance and energy supply security.To establish high and stable growth in Turkish economy, utilization of all pos-sible domestic resources in energy pro-duction is deemed as a priority, which is of crucial importance for enabling sustainable development.In this scope, the aim is to increase the share of domestic resources, includ-ing domestic and international oil and natural gas drillings, in primary en-ergy production to 35% by the end of 2018 which was 27%. It is also aimed at increasing electricity generation from domestic coal sources to 57 bil-lion kWh in 2018 which was 54,9 billion kWh in 2014.Hence, the existing coal resources are quite important for Turkey, considering

that the country has neither natural gas nor oil, which leaves coal as the only en-ergy resource to decrease the country’s current deficit.By means of the “Electricity Energy Mar-ket and Supply Security Strategy Paper” which was put into effect in 2009 by Resolution of the Higher Board of Plan-ning in order to reduce external depen-dency of Turkey’s country in energy supply, it has been decided to put in use the entire domestic coal potential of Turkey’s country by 2023 and, in this scope, to increase the country’s electric energy production capacity to 100.000 MW and the domestic coal based pow-er generation capacity to 30.000 MW.The domestic coal based thermal pow-er plants in Turkey have currently an installed capacity of about 9.848,4 MW which is 13,2 percent of total installed capacity as of May 2016 [7]. To reach the targets for 2023, there is need for addi-tional capacity of 21.150 MW in addition to the currently available capacity.Adopting a new approach which can be summarized as “collecting share from unit electric power generated from coal (royalty)”, Turkish Coal Enter-prises has opened its coal sites to the use by private sector, with the condi-tion to construct thermal power plants.Within scope of this new method which is employed in tenders that have been and will be made and is summarized above as “collecting share from unit electric power generated

64Fall 2016

from coal”, the investor is given 6 years to construct a power plant without collecting any fee for the use of coal sites put at the disposal of the inves-tor. Starting from the end of that pe-riod, a share will be collected in return for the unit electric power (kWh) that will be generated at the constructed power plant.The thermal power plant investment period is about 5-6 years. In order to accomplish the targets, set for 2023, it is required that the foundations of these coal-based power plants are laid until 2016 at the latest. Within scope of the mentioned targets and for the pur-pose of increasing the share of Turkey’s electric power requirement met from domestic resources, the coal site Bolu-Göynük-Himmetoğlu with reserves reaching up to 39 million, the owner-ship of which is held by the General Directorate of TKI, is being operated by AKSA Göynük Enerji Üretim A.Ş since 04.08.2006 under a royalty granted to the company with the condition to construct a thermal power plant. Con-struction of the thermal power plant’s both units with a capacity of 2x135 MW was completed by AKSA Göynük Enerji Üretim A.Ş. in the first half of 2015. The company started to generate power under the royalty in July 2015, while the power plant’s opening ceremony took place on August 14th, 2015. The power plant will provide employment to 600 people directly, and 6000 people indirectly. This project will allow for the generation of electric power of 1,9 bil-lion kWh annually, which is more than the 2-fold of the electricity that was consumed in the entire province of Bolu in 2014.In order to reach Turkey’s targets for 2023 by making use of coal as the only domestic resource available to us, all necessary efforts are made at great pace to make sure that the foundations of relevant thermal plants are laid until 2016.Turkey’s existing power plants and planned power plants capacity are evaluated below in terms of economi-cally and employment issues regarding the 2023 goals.

Fig. 3 Economic and social value of Turkey’s coal fired existing power plants [6]

Fig. 4 Economic and social value of Turkey’s planned additional coal fired power plant capacity [6]

All domestic lignite and asphaltite coal based power plants to be constructed will be state-of-the-art, in other words environment-friendly in terms of their emission values.Different models should be applied to use domestic coal as fuel to decrease energy dependency of Turkey. What is more important to be done first and foremost to achieve supply security is to make more use of domestic lignite and other suitable resources, and then to diversify both the imported energy resources and the countries which these energy resources are imported from.ConclusionsTo improve energy efficiency and to supply energy security, Turkey should put in practice some effective policies.1.The fact that sustainable energy poli-

cies and security of energy supply are the fundamentals of a country’s de-velopment as well as economics and national security is nowadays acknowl-edged by almost everybody.2.To solve the problem of security of supply is to make more use of domes-tic lignite and other suitable resources, and then to diversify both the import-ed energy resources and the countries which these energy resources are im-ported from.3.A new coal mining law should be prepared (MENR is about to finish the studies).4.Coal resource reports and feasibil-ity projects should be prepared with re-spect to internationally accepted codes and standards such as JORC and Crisco. Together with best feasibility projects,

Fall 201665

also health and safety instructions must be applied at the highest level of inter-national standards with the philosophy of Vision Zero to prevent any fatal mine accidents like Soma Mine Accident which caused 301 people to die in May 13th, 2014.5.To prevent rising trend in depen-dency on imported energy sources and to satisfy increasing energy demand, Turkey should restructure coal sector and encourage the use of clean coal technologies that will help to improve indigenous coal resources. Only, in such a way the production of energy and consumption of energy gap will be closed down. Otherwise one can say that Turkey will face serious energy se-curity problems in case of any shortage in oil and natural gas.6.Incentives and guarantee of purchase for electricity should be provided for the investors of the domestic coal fired power plants (MENR is about to finish the studies).7.Cooperation between state estab-lishments and institutions should be reorganized. Even though the Prime Minister’s circular was published and a working group has been established to solve problems in energy investments, due to energy is a strategic and a national security issue; a new structure named as “Resolution of the Higher Board of Ener-gy” should be established with the presi-dency of the Prime Minister to prevent conflictions between the establishments.

8.Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA) should be evaluated with sensitiv-ities of national energy security despite not to the environment of course, to-gether with environmental sensitivity.9.Energy industry areas should be iden-tified by MENR and constructed by the Government.10.Use of domestic industry should be encouraged.11.Turkey’s existing domestic coal fired thermal power plants + ongoing instal-lation power plants + potential power plants have a total capacity of 33.000 MW. This is equal to half of installed apacity of Turkey and has a value of 231 million kWh of energy produced per year. Together with renewables and energy efficiency policies, it is possible to achieve energy independence. Thus, energy security problem should be fixed with domestic coal resources and renewables.12.Turkey needs to have long term en-ergy strategies. Local engineering/ lo-cal design/ local fabrication must have their shares in those national priorities. Turkey must design own thermal pow-er plants based on own design teams to best fit to local available fuels, indig-enous lignite or hard coal [8].13.Thanks to the latest developments in technology, PC (Pulverised Coal Firing) and CFB (Fluid Bed) design coal fired thermal power plants have reached to 46 percent efficiency or even exceeded, with application of supercritical pres-sure and temperatures [8].

14.Today in administrations’ energy policies, the first priority is in securing cheapest, high quality, reliable elec-tricity in the local market. So, effec-tive and rational applications of local fuel resources are of vital importance. Therefore, the energy planning is also the planning of future of the country in order to avoid any foreseen economic crises.15.Local coal resources should have the first priority in exploitation for the thermal power plants. Private and even public capabilities are to be encour-aged both.16.Turkey needs to encourage the local engineering capabilities, and openly discourage foreign labor.That is loss of national income. There is no value added income generation in the local market by foreign labor.17.Turkey needs to allocate more funds to support MSc/ PhD/PostDoc works and that course of action has to be accepted as long term country policy [8].18.Turkey must form more research in-stitutes to make more research on ex-ploration, application and the best use of local coal [8].References• [1] Havva Çaha, 2006; Energy Security of Turkey.• [2] BP, June 2015. Statistical Review of World Energy Outlook.• [3] Politika Akademisi, May 2016; En-ergy Security of Turkey in the Context of Renewable Energy Policies.• [4] Aktaş, M; Aktan, M; Inerma Con-gress Paper, October, 2015; The Impor-tance of Coal in Turkey and The Role of Turkish Coal Enterprises. [5] MENR, 2016; www.etkb.gov.tr.• [6] TKİ, 2016. Coal Information Presen-tation of Turkey.• [7] TEİAŞ Website; 2016. http://www.teias.gov.tr/yukdagitim/kuruluguc.xls• [8] Direskeneli, H; 25 March 2015. 2015 Turkish Country Coal Policy.

This notice has been presented by writer in World Energy Congress 2016 which take place in Istanbul in October.

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This paper is summarized from Dr. Barış G. Yıldırım’s doctorate thesis at Univer-sity of Queensland. The PhD study in-cludes two case studies viz. Highland Valley Copper Porphyry, Canada and Los Bronces Copper Porphyry, Chile.

The role of the comminution step in mineral processing is to reduce the size of the ore so that the valuable minerals are liberated from the gangue miner-als, in preparation for beneficiation. The effectiveness of the comminution step is related to the rock strength, which is controlled by the minerals making up the rock, relative mineral abundances, texture, fracture frequency and its as-sociations. Copper porphyry deposits account for approximately two thirds of global copper and form a good ba-sis for investigating the effects of ore structure in comminution. Recent developments in integrated studies between ore variability and mineral processing have driven the need to better understand ore variabil-ity as a means of maximizing the value from the ore. As a result, the developed

Development of a Novel Approach for Integration of Fundamental Geological Parameters with Rock Strength

methodologies are now being adapted for incorporation into geological and metallurgical databases, with the aim of linking ore mineralogy to comminu-tion and beneficiation performance. However, the current developments are driven by statistical correlations rather than a fundamental and mecha-nistic understanding. This study aimed to develop a fun-damental mechanistic relationship between mineralogy, hardness and breakage by focusing on proportional mineral ratio changes caused during copper ore formation. Incorporated geological understanding of porphyry copper ore formation and phyllic alter-ation to processing is studied for two case studies viz. Highland Valley Cop-per Mine (HVC) and Los Bronces Mine (LB) and the approach underpins and strengthens the current methodolo-gies for predicting the mill throughput of copper porphyries. This new approach introduces the key ore forming parameters to mineral processing that affect the processing performance (breakage) to the degree of phyllic alteration. This provides a link of ore genesis with rock strength and breakage behavior. A mechanis-tic method of single impact load cell test was utilized to measure the rock strength. The link between the strength and geological primary features are studied using QXRD, X-ray computed tomography and automated logging instruments. The study establishes that there is a relationship between the proposed porphyry copper process alternation index (PAI) and strength. The methods in this study can be used in develop-ing the relationships between pri-mary geological features and the rock strength; providing a novel and pow-

erful technique to propagate break-age characteristics into the geological model of an ore body.Using Automated LoggingSystem for Key Ore FormingParameters MeasurementUnderstanding of the spatial distribu-tion of the mineral inventory of an ore deposit is important for geologi-cal, geometallurgical modelling, mine planning, blasting, blending, and downstream processing. This study is completed on 33m drill core samples from Los Bronces Cu-Au porphyry de-posit in Chile. A virtual composite drill hole was pre-pared to represent the host rock and hydrothermal alteration relationship, so the samples were collected from weak to intense chlorite – sericite alter-ation and quartz vein and tourmaline breccia. The weak chlorite – sericite al-teration is repeated at the end for qual-ity control reasons. Alteration miner-als identified by both systems include: white sericite, tourmaline, gypsum, chlorite, phlogopite and trace kaolin-ite and montmorillonite. Hylogger-3 had the additional advantage of log-ging non-hydroxyl (anhydrous) mineral species thus providing complementary suite of minerals including feldspars and quartz/silica. Drill core mineral characterisation is a key parameter required by geologists and geometallurgists for assessing the spatial distribution of an ore de-posit’s mineral inventory. The drill core mineral information can be utilised to create ‘domains’ of similar mineral and rock characteristics with predicted processing behaviours. Incorporating the mineralogical domains in geomet-allurgical models can reduce the un-certainty and risk associated with ore processing and extraction.

3D mineralogical analysis by Dr. Barış Yıldırım,

Prof. Dr. Malcolm Powell, Dr. Deming Wang

CONTACTS

Dr. Barış G. Yıldırım

University of Queensland

[email protected]


Conventional logging of core or chips is critical and typically involves the visual identification of the minerals present aided by a hand lens and scribe. This is a subjective procedure often yielding variable results amongst geologists. Visually logging minerals is also often challenging, for example, in intensely altered zones of porphyry deposits where original textures are obliterated, the grain size is very fine grained (sub mm) and the colours reduced to ‘white crud’. Long established analytical tech-niques (e.g. petrography and XRD) and more modern techniques (e.g. MLA and QEMSCAN) provide very detailed, valuable mineral information but are expensive on a per sample basis, can entail lengthy turn-around times and may require elaborate/considerable laboratory-based sample preparation and/or sample destruction. These spa-tially disparate samples can often lead to significant fluctuations at mill feed that may significantly reduce recovery and/or adversely affect plant equipment.

An alternate method to rapidly, objectively and systematically capture more closely spaced drill core mineral information to improve domain characterisation and reduce the risk of dis-continuity is required. Two automated min-eralogical core log-ging systems based on infrared spectros-copy, designed in Australia and com-mercially available, namely the CSIRO de-veloped HyLogger-3 system (FLSmidth, 2014) and Corescan’s Hyperspectral Core Imager Mark III (HCI-3) (Corescan, 2014) have been evaluated herein to address this task.

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Figure 5 3: Hylogger 3 - Mineralogy Results.

68Fall 2016

Different texture examples of Los Bronces from HyLogger 3

Automated hyperspectral core log-ging is a tool that assists geologists by providing a rapid, non-destructive mineral analysis and imaging tech-nique that scans the drill core or chips in their original trays. Sample prepara-tion is minimal; the core needs only to be clean and dry. Based on infrared spectroscopy, the technique enables

objective mineralogy to be logged en-suring consistency throughout a drill hole and across numerous drill holes within a deposit.The technique of infrared mineral spectroscopy involves the measure-ment of reflected, scattered or emit-ted light as a function of wavelength. Light reflected off a sample is captured

by a spectrometer and split into hun-dreds of contiguous wavelength chan-nels across the visible-near infrared (VNIR: 350-1100 nm), shortwave infra-red (SWIR; 1100-2500 nm) and thermal infrared (TIR; 6000-14,000 nm) regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Min-eral identification, crystallinity, com-positional variation and relative

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70Fall 2016

Quantitative AnalysisAfter the smoothing, the CT data were processed as follows. First, the mini-core was extract-ed from the background using a watershed segmentation ap-proach (Beucher & Meyer, 1990). Then the data were segmented into a 6-class segmentation in-cluding air (≤4250), four gangue phases (gangue phase #1 (4250<G1≤4900), gangue phase #2 (4900<G1≤5600), gangue phase #3 (5600<G1≤6800) and gangue phase #4 (6800<G1≤11000)) and a sul-phide phase (S>11000). The per-centages of the different phases with respect to the total volume of the core were then produced for each of the mini-core sam-ples. A representative segmen-tation result is shown in Figure 6 29 together with its original im-age (the smoothed image).The tomography image is com-pared to an equivalent represen-tative MLA slice in Figure 6 29. The equivalence of the images be-tween the two techniques is clear. Tomography has the advantage of producing images throughout the sample to form 3D images and correct volumetric relation-ships. MLA has the advantage of being more discerning between minerals of similar densities. XCT image colour coding is different than the MLA which is G1 (green) represents quartz, G2 (yellow) is plagioclase, G3 (red) is muscovite, G4 (blue) is the others and Sul-phide is the bright colour.

abundance can be determined from wavelength dependant diagnostic ab-sorption features in the spectra. These features are created by electronic and vibrational processes resulting from the bending and stretching of mo-lecular bonds in a minerals lattice. A range of minerals common to many geological units and hydrothermal alteration assemblages can be identi-fied depending on a spectrometers spectral range. For example, the VNIR is suitable for identifying iron oxy-hydroxides; the SWIR for identifying phyllosilicates, amphiboles, carbon-ates and sulphates; and the TIR for identifying anhydrous silicates such as quartz, feldspars, pyroxenes, garnets, and olivines.3D X-ray TomographyMineralogyMini core samples were prepared from the survivor particles after the first gentle breakage in the jaw crusher. In other words; the survivors are bigger than 19mm after screen-ing. These particles are stronger and even though they have a similar min-eralogical composition to the finer particles; they survived to be present in the +19mm size fraction. The mini-core samples (Figure 6 10) are pre-pared from the coarse size particles after gentle breakage during prepara-tion of the irregular shaped particles for SILC tests. The coarse particles from each domain were collected and drilled using a laboratory scale drill, and cylinders of rock 6mm in diam-eter and 10 mm in length were pre-pared for further mineralogical and breakage testing. The SILC tests were performed at a drop height of 8cm.

Figure 6 29: A representative MLA results together with the original CT image and the segmented image. Figure 6 10: Mini core samples from d1.

Tomography and MLA images of the same compared area.

ROADMAP TO SAFER MININGROADMAP TO SAFER MININGDecember 05-06 2016

Hilton Convention Center- Istanbul

Turkish Miners Association is proudly contributing to the progress of im-proving safety and health conditions in mining industries, and is pleased to announce the 2nd International Conference and Exhibition on Occupational Health and Safety in Mines to be held between December 5 and 6, 2016, in Istanbul, Turkey. The main purpose of the conference is to create a venue to discuss the OHS problems in mining and potential solution strategies, there-by improving OHS for mine workers with a view for proposing a “Roadmap to Safer Mining” in Turkey.

Our first Safety and Heath Conference was held in December 2014 with the participation of more than 400 delegates and exhibitors. The 2014 Confer-ence had mining OHS experts from Turkey and other countries such as Aus-tralia, Canada, and USA.

The 2nd Conference, in 2016, will be attended by mining engineers and man-agers, government organizations, private mining companies, OHS managers,

university faculty and students, as well as manufacturers. This conference will present an opportunity to meet with distinguished speakers of international reputation from Australia, USA, South Africa, Canada, Switzerland and Tur-key. The conference will provide a forum where practical and theoretical OHS problems and solutions will be discussed, and also experiences from differ-ent countries with latest technological improvements will be presented. The culture of safety with its human-capital implications will also be discussed in this year’s conference. In addition, an “Operational Risk Management in The Global Mining Industry” workshop will be given by Davir Reece who is one of the leading risk management experts in the world, This workshop will be on December 3&4, 2016.

The Turkish Miners Association is pleased to organize the second of these premier conferences and cordially invites you to participate in this important event, which will help improving OHS in mining internationally. We look forward to seeing you in Istanbul, in December 2016.

TURKISH MINERS ASSOCIATIONİstiklal Caddesi Tunca Apartmanı No: 233/1-1 Beyoglu-Istanbul/Turkey

Phone: +90 (212) 245 15 03 Fax: +90 (212) 293 83 [email protected] • [email protected] • www.tmder.org.tr

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