turkish traditions

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Page 1: Turkish traditions

Turkey Dialed 2012 / Turkey – Spain - Poland

Page 2: Turkish traditions

Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast.

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The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.

Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish.

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Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with an ancient cultural heritage. Turkey has become increasingly integrated with the West through membership in organisations such as the Council of Europe, NATO, OECD, OSCE and the G-20 major economies. Turkey began full membership negotiations with the European Union in 2005, having been an associate member of the European Economic Community since 1963 and having joined the EU Customs Union in 1995.

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Turkish Traditions and

Customs

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Wedding CustomsBefore the wedding

I. Matchmaking and asking for the hand of a daughter

II. a. Verbal agreement to betrothal

b. Sherbet

c. Engagement

III. Koran-accompanied wedding gift announcement

IV. Sending and exhibiting the trousseau

V. Bridal bath

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Wedding

I. Henna night

a. Bride henna

b. Groom henna

II. Receiving the bride

III. Marriage

IV. Bridal Chamber

V. After the Bridal Chamber

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Military Service and Leaving Home

The beginning and end of military service, which Turkish society in general attaches such a great importance, like the other major landmarks in life, marked with ceremonies. There are regional differences in the ceremonies for sending someone off and welcoming him back.

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Beliefs

Good Luck- Bad Luck

Many of them have no scientific basis and are not linked to any particular religious faith. Although they often appear illogical or unreasonable, they are still an integral part of peoples’ hearts, brains and minds.

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Popular Beliefs Related to Spirits, Graveyards, Holy Tombs and Visits:

- It is considered bad luck to break a mirror. - If a child constantly cries, it is believed that

someone will die in that house. - The howling of a dog is considered a sign of

approaching death. - If a cat jumps over a dead body before it is

taken out of the house, it is believed that the body will become a fearsome ghost.

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Popular Beliefs Related to Animals:

- A snake in a house, guards it. - When a wolf howls, the weather will be very

cold, or there will be snow. - A black cat passing in front of a person and the

hooting of an owl are both considered bad luck.

- It is good to see scorpions in one’s dreams.

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Evil Eye and Amulets Used for the Evil Eye

People who suffer from the evil eye, its effects and characteristics, the act of being stricken by the evil eye, the evil eye and amulets used for protection against it for goods, property and animals, measures taken against the evil eye, talismans such as the muska (a necklace containing hidden prayers) used against evil eye, practices such as pouring lead, turning salt and making incense.

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Fortune Telling

Traditional popular practices such as fortune telling and fortune tellers, the reasons why people go to fortune tellers, different kinds of fortune telling such as using coffee,

tea, tarot cards, playing cards etc., materials used in fortune telling, interpretation of events, interpretation of dreams,“istihare” (making a wish before sleeping)

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and its different varieties, practices carried out before “istihare,” making contact with supernatural beings, necromancy, mediums, reading others’ thoughts, influencing another’s faith, destiny and luck, and making wishes.

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Vows

"If my wish comes true, I will sacrifice an animal”. There are also other vows for the good of a person or a group, such as lighting candles. Vows may be aimed at an animal or object as well as behavior or a change in attitudes. Fasting is one example. Places near rocks, trees, water and the graves of holy figures may be used for votive offerings.

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Prayers for RainA number of religious and traditional practices

are particularly to be found on mountains, high hills or near the graves of holy figures, either to encourage rain or stop heavy rain which may cause floods. Prayers for sufficient rainfall may also be offered.

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FOLK CULTURESNevruz

Nevruz, a combination of Persian words Nev (New) and Ruz (Day), means the new day and it is celebrated as New Year's day by Turks living in Central Asia, by Anatolian Turks and Persians. It is March 22nd according to the western and March 9th according to the moslem calendars, when the day and night are equal.

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Hıdırellez

Arrival of Spring or Summer which means revival of Nature and its starting to live again is an important event in the life of human being in every corner of the World. A widespread belief in connection with tradition of “Hıdırellez” is performance of a celebration for commemoration of the date on which “Hızır” and “İlyas” came together. The day of “Hıdırellez” has been generally celebrated on May 6th.

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• Death Traditions and Graveyards

• Beliefs, Traditions, Places to Visit

• Wedding Tradition

• Local Theatres

• Turkish World

• Folk Medicaments

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• Common Usage, Custom, Tradition and Convention

• Local Calendar

• Local Meteorology

• Folk Literature

• Superstitions

• Village Shows

• Karagöz

• Puppet Theater

• Ortaoyunu

• Meddah (Public story teller and mimic)

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Places, Dancers, Preparations and Reasons for the Performance of Folk Dances

Folk dances are performed at weddings, engagement ceremonies, when sending young men off to perform their military service, at national and religious festivals, after victories, going to and coming back from from the high plateaus and at meetings such as ferfene, yaren talks, barana or sira gezmesi.

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Dances are generally performed in all suitable open areas, but may also be performed in close areas as well.

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People who enjoy reputations as good folk dancers are especially invited to wedding ceremonies. These are respectable people who have knowledge of that region’s music and folk dances. Folk dances owe their rich variety of moves to such people,

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who happily improvise while performing in order to show off their skills. In this way, dances are successfully passed on to people who may or may not be capable of dancing themselves, especially the young ones.

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Turkish Music CultureTurkey’s cultural fabric is made up of a rich combination of diverse cultures rooted deeply in history. By virtue of its geographical position, Turkey lies at the axis of the cultures of the East, the West, the Middle Eastern, the Mediterranean and Islam.

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Anatolia is one of the world’s oldest human habitats – hosts of civilizations have called it home – and it enjoys a unique cultural richness with its thousands of years of history. Anatolia’s cultural variety is so rich that we can see great cultural differences even in areas geographically quite close to each other.

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This colorful portrait holds just as true for Turkey’s music.

We can categorize the types of music heard through the years of Anatolia’s long history into three groups:

• Traditional/Local Music• Modern Turkish Classical Music• Popular Music• Other Music Examples

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Romany Folk Culture Photography Exhibition

• There were 52 black and white photographs in the exhibition, which was open to the public from 29th September to 6th October, 2000.

Bride ( Edirne )

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Drummer and Zurna Player Groom( Edirne ) ( Sakarya )

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Romany Entertainment Clarinet Player( Edirne ) ( Sakarya )

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Basket-making Romany Girls Dancing

( Edirne ) ( Edirne )

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THE OTTOMAN CUISINE

The Turkish tribes that once took the long trek from Asia to Anatolia had carried with much success this rich culture which stemmed from the Far and which they had enriched with the materials gathered from every country along their pathway to their new homeland cradling so many civilisations. It was quite logical that the culinary culture would receive its right place in this process.

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The task in their new homeland was communicated to the newcomers with the sacrosanct order of “feed the hungry, cloth the poor, rebuild the ruins and increase the population”. Thus have evolved, developed and acquired renown the Ottoman culture.There were a lot of elements to develop this flexible cultural acquis in the new homeland: The country was first of all encircled by three seas: Black Sea, Aegean Sea and Mediterranean and the two straits (İstanbul strait and Dardanelles) connecting

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them were offering their unmatched fertility to the squatters while the Anatolia, with the benefit of living all four seasons at the same time was providing fresh vegetables and fruits to the entire country that had the luxury of a springtime in the West, summer in the South and a mild autumn along the Black Sea coast.

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Traditional Theatre

KARAGÖZThis is a shadow play based on the

movements of representations of people, animals or objects called “tasvir” made of water buffalo or camel skin with the help of sticks against a curtain with s strong source of light behind it. The play takes name from its main character, Karagöz.

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Southeast Asia is considered to be the origin of shadow theatre. There are different opinions as to its existence in Turkey. According to one view, the “kor kolcak” and “ cadir” games of Central Asia were in fact examples of shadow theatre and came to Anatolia by means of migration. Another opinion holds that Sultan Yavuz Selim brought shadow theatre artists to Turkey when he captured Egypt in 1517.

Karagöz, which took its final shape in the 18th century, was always one of the most popular forms of entertainment. Karagöz shows are performed by one single artists. Movements of the models on the curtain, their voices, different accents and mimicry are all carried out by a single person.

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PUPPET

Puppets, meaning “baby” in Turkish, are one of the oldest forms of entertainment, and have been found in Anatolia under different names such as korcak, kudurcuk, kaburcuk, kogurcak, kaurcak, lubet etc. Puppet shows “Korkolcak” and “Cadir Hayal” (puppet with ropes) are also known by the same names in Central Asia, which is therefore believed to be the origin of the whole tradition.

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Puppet shows can be seen in many Turkish communities, and have their own basic techniques. They have been performed in Turkish cities since the 17th century, and are generally known as “bebek, cömce, gelin or karacor” in villages. The puppet show a play of movement and considerable volume that takes its topics from daily life and literary stories. It has been performed since the 14th century. The main characters of the play are “Ibis” and “the old man.” While Ibis is cunning and good at making quick replies, the old man is wise and wealthy.

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MEDDAH

Meddahlik (the art of the meddah) is the art of storytelling and mimicry. The curtain, stage, decoration and costumes are all found in a single person, and it is therefore a one-man show.

The meddah tells stories to audience while sitting on a chair. His stories deal with events from daily life, folk tales, epics, stories and legends.

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VILLAGE PLAYS

Village plays are ritual plays performed by villagers on special days, festivals and wedding ceremonies, and are aimed increasing abundance and good health or else to welcome in the New Year. These plays are performed either in open spaces or indoors on winter days. These plays have come down from ancient times, although they have changed in the process, but the first examples were performed to give thanks to the god and supernatural powers for abundance and prosperity in life.

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These plays are based on myths and similar beliefs and contain the cultural essence of the people of Anatolia, cultural elements brought in from Central Asia and some other Islamic elements which entered Turkish culture after conversion to Islam.Cemal Play: This is performed on the day of sowing or at the end of the harvest.

Ram mating: This aims to control the reproduction season of the animals, since their young are unable to survive or feed themselves in the winter months. This is one variety of seasonal festival.

Face of Camel, Face of Sheep: Performed on the day when the unborn young grow their first hair inside the wombs of pregnant animals.

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Traditional Sports

The sports in this section are largely variations of wrestling (aba wrestling, grease wrestling), horse race, jereed, camel wrestling, bullfighting, cockfighting, hunting etc.Jereed was very popular all over Anatolia 50-60 years ago, although today it is only seen in some parts of the Kars- Erzurum region and in the Aegean. The great interest felt by Turkish people in horse riding, and their considerable success at it, turned first into an entertainment and later into a sport. The jereed was a kind of a javelin game played either on horse or on foot, although today it appears as a cudgel.

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The mounted variation is played with two teams, each consisting of ten people. Riders throw the jereed while approaching each other at the gallop. Avoiding the jereed, and particularly catching it in mid-air, earns a score. When or how to throw the jereed is pre-determined. The game is played by men, and generally performed at weddings, on special days or at fairs.

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Examples for Traditional Sports

• Bullfighting (Kafkasör)

• Camel Wrestling

• Kırkpınar Wrestling

• The game of Jereed

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Camel Wrestling

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Bullfighting (Kafkasör)

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Kırkpınar Wrestling

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The game of Jereed

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CircumcisionThe tradition of circumcision is mainly separated

into the following headings;

- The best age and time for circumcision, - Preparations for the ceremony, - Preparing the child, - The circumcision procedure and the circumciser, - Gifts and presents.

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Ramadan Bayram

Ramadan is the Muslim holy month, the ninth one in the Lunar year; it is moved 10 days backwards every year. As it is the case with all Muslims in the world.

The very holy day is a strict obligation (farz) for every Muslim. Ramadan is the holiest month in Islam, when the Koran was published in year 610.

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There are traditional dishes for the festivity (Bairam meet, alanditi, and baklava). The celebration lasts for three days and visits are made all the time.

Congratulations on the holy day begin afterwards, firstly to the eldest (kissing the hand). Younger people always pay the visit to older ones.

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Sacrifice Bayram

In sacrifice Bayram, the Muslims cut sheep, goat, cow, ox and camel. The meat of these animals are distributed to the poor people.Some people give money to some associations instead and it is done through them. Moreover, everybody exchanges bayram greetings with each other.

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Do’s and Don’t s

Men OnlyIf you are a woman, the only establishments that you need to be aware of are the Turkish tea houses. Culturally women do not go in there. Instead look for a Turkish tea garden where couples and families will go. If you are in any doubt, take a look at who else is there. Countless amounts of tables filled with men playing cards mean it is a no go area for females.

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An Invitation To Their House

Turkish people invite anybody and anyone around to their house. It might just be for breakfast or a formal evening meal. Remember to say Hos bulduk when entering and they tell you that you are welcome. Shoes in the house are generally not allowed. Instead you will be given a pair of slippers.

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Dressing

In rural areas a modest type of dressing is required. It will be better if you wear knee-height shorts and t-shirts instead of topless tanks.

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Gift Giving

Nobody will think that you are rude or something if you don’t. But bringing a gift to your host is one of the most applied Turkish customs. There are even a phrase for this; "Coming empty handed".

What can you bring as a gift?• * A desert like baklava• * A box of chocolate• * Flowers (Cut or in a pot)

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Meeting and Greeting

• When meeting someone, shake hands firmly.• When departing shake hands again.• Friends and relatives greet each other with two kisses

on the cheek. If you are not that close, you don't have to kiss someone.

• Don’t be surprised if you see children kissing the hands of the elderly. It is the way to show respect.

• When entering a room, if you are not automatically met by someone greet the most elderly first.

• Always greet the people when you enter somewhere. Greeting; “Selam” is very important here.

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So here are basic greetings in Turkish;

• Hello = Merhaba (read as: mer-huh-bach),• Good morning = Günaydın (read as: ghew-ny-

den),• Good evening = Iyi akşamlar (read as: e-yee

akh-shum-lar, "lar" as in large) ,• Thank you = Teşekkürler (read as: ta-shaq-

quer-lar, "lar" as in Larry).