tuyhw ghljj; pll; k;nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/talsyl history.pdf4 cs;slf;fk; 1. mwpkfk; i 2. cs;slf;fk; iii...

1

tuyhW

ghlj;jpl;lk;

12> 13 Me; juq;fs;(2017 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;)

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk

,yq;if

www.nie.lk

2

mwpKfk;

2017 Gjpa fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; fy;tpg; nghJj;juhjug; gj;jpu cau;jug; guPl;irf;Fupa tuyhW ghlg; ghlj;jpl;lk;> ehd;F

gFjpfisf; nfhz;lJ.

,yq;if tuyhW (gz;L njhl;L fp.gp. 1978 tiuapy;)

,e;jpa tuyhW (gz;L njhl;L gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp KbT tiuapy;)

INuhg;gpa tuyhW (fpNuf;f> cNuhk ehfupf fhyj; njhlf;fk; fp.gp 1989 tiuapy;)

etPd cyf tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 njhlf;fk; fp.gp. 1989 tiuapy;)

,yq;ifapd; jw;Nghija epiyiaf; fUJifapy; gz;L njhl;L jdpikahftd;wp> gy;NtW G+Nfhsj; jhf;fq;fSf;F cl;gl;lthW

RNjrj;Jtkile;J Nghrpg;Gg; ngw;W tsu;r;rpaile;Js;sikiaf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. mt;thwhd Nghf;FfisAk; mtw;wpd; jhf;fq;fisAk;

,dq;fhz;gjw;fhf ,yq;if tuyhw;Wld; ,e;jpa tuyhW> INuhg;gpa tuyhW> etPd cyf tuyhW Mfpa ghltplaq;fSk; f.ngh.j.

cau;ju tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

f.ngh.j. cau;ju tuyhW ghlj;ijj; njupT nra;Ak; khztu;f;Ff; fl;lhakhf ,yq;if tuyhW vDk; gFjpiag; gapw;w Ntz;Lk;.

mj;Jld; ,e;jpa tuyhW> INuhg;gpa tuyhW> etPd cyf tuyhW Mfpa %d;W gFjpfSs; xd;iwj; jkJ tpUg;Gf;Nfw;gj; njupT

nra;J nfhs;syhk;.

2017 ,y; eilKiwf;F tUk; ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fika fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nrad;KiwiaAk; tpla cs;slf;fk; njhlu;ghd Fwpf;Nfhs;fis

miljiyAk; ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhf fw;ww; NgWfs; tFf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,yq;if tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gk; NghJ mJ rhu;e;j g+Nfhs

Nghf;Ffis ,dq;fhzg;gl;lNjhL tuyhW njhlu;ghf mz;ikf; fhyj;jpy; elj;jg;gl;l Ma;Tfs; %yk; fz;lwpag;gl;ltpjj;Jf;fika>

tpla cs;slf;fj;jpy; rpw;rpy khw;wq;fs; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.

,yq;if tuyhW:

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhyk; njhlu;ghf> Kd;ida ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,Ue;jijtpl $ljyhd msT ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

%yhjhu tifg;ghl;bw;fhf rkfhy tpje;Jiug;Gf;fs; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; vkJ gz;ila njhopDl;gk; vDk; gFjp Nru;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3

,e;jpa tuyhW:

Kd;ida ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; fp.gp. 1206 tiuapNyNa ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpuk; tiuapy;

tpupTgLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

xlLnkhj;j ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; mz;ba ,yq;if kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghf $Ljyhd ftDq;

nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

INuhg;gpa tuyhW:

g+Nfhs uPjpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa> g+Nfhsr; rf;jpfs; njhlu;ghf ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

etPd cyf tuyhW:

cyfpy; ,lk;ngw;w g+Nfhs uPjpahd Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;J $ljyhd ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;;sJ.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lk; 12 Mk;> 13 Mk; juq;fsf;FupaJ. mjw;fika me;je;j juj;jpy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf tpla cs;slf;fj;ij

xOq;FgLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.

4

cs;slf;fk;

1. mwpKfk; i

2. cs;slf;fk; iii

3. Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs; iv

4. mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; v - vi

4. ghl ,yf;Ffs; vii

5. Njrpa nghJ ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ghl ,yf;FfSf;Fkhd njhlu;G viii

6. ghlrhiy jtizf;fhd jpl;lk; jahupj;jy; ix

7. ghlj;jpl;lk; 1 - 54

8. ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk; 55

9. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 56

10. ghlj;jpl;lj; jahupg;Gf; FO 57

5

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

Njrpa fy;tp KiwikahdJ jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nghUj;jkhd ngUk;ghyhd Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F jdpegUf;Fk;

FOtpdUf;Fk; cjtp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fle;j fhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; ngUk;ghyhd fy;tp mwpf;iffSk; Mtzq;fSk; jdpegu; NjitfisAk;> Njrpa NjitfisAk;

epiwT nra;tjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis epu;zapj;Js;sd. rkfhy fy;tp mikg;GfspYk; nrad;KiwfspYk; ntspg;gilahff; fhzg;gLk;

gytPdq;fs; fhuzkhf epiyNgWila kdpj tpUj;jpapd; vz;zf;fU jpl;l tuk;gpDs; fy;tpapD}lhf milaf; $ba gpd;tUk; ,yf;Fj;

njhFjpapid Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO ,dq;fz;Ls;sJ.

i. kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; vDk; vz;zf;fUTf;Fs; Njrpag;gpizg;G> Njrpa KOik> Njrpa xw;Wik> ,zf;fk;>

rkhjhdk; vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;jy; %yKk; ,yq;ifg; gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; fyhrhu NtWghl;bid mq;fPfhpj;jy; %yKk;

Njrj;ijf; fl;b vOg;GjYk; ,yq;ifaH vDk; milahsj;ij Vw;gLj;jYk;.

ii. khw;wKWk; cyfj;jpd; rthy;fSf;Fj; jf;fthW Kfq;nfhLj;jNyhL Njrpa ghuk;ghpaj;jpd; mjp rpwe;j mk;rq;fis mq;fPfhpj;jYk;

NgZjYk;.

iii. kdpj chpikfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;> flikfs;> fl;Lg;ghLfs; gw;wpa tpopg;GzHT> xUtH kPJ xUtH nfhz;Ls;s Mo;e;j>

,ilawhj mf;fiwAzHT vd;gtw;iw Nkk;gLj;Jk; r%f ePjpAk;> [dehaf tho;f;ifKiw epakq;fSk; cs;slq;fpa Rw;whliy

cUthf;FjYk; Mjhpj;jYk;.

iv. xUtuJ cs> cly; eyidAk; kdpj tpOkpaq;fSf;F kjpg;gspg;gij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiyNgWila tho;f;iff;

Nfhyj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;jy;

v. ed;F xd;wpizf;fg;gl;l rkepiy MSikf;Fhpa Mf;f rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> Ma;e;J rpe;jpj;jy;> nghWg;G> tif$wy; kw;Wk;

cld;ghlhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

vi. jdpeguJk; Njrj;jpdJk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ijg; Nghrpf;ff; $baJk; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspf;ff;

$baJkhd Mf;fg; gzpfSf;fhd fy;tpA+l;Ltjd; %yk; kdpjts mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.

vii. jdpegHfspd; khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;g ,zq;fp thoTk;> khw;wj;ij Kfhik nra;aTk; jahHgLj;jTk; tpiuthf khwptUk; cyfpy;

rpf;fyhdJk;> vjpHghuhjJkhd epiyikfisr; rkhspf;Fk; jifikia tpUj;jp nra;jy;.

viii. ePjp> rkj;Jtk;> gu];gu khpahij vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L rHtNjr rKjhaj;jpy; nfsutkhdNjhH ,lj;ijg;

ngWtjw;Fg; gq;fspf;ff; $ba kdg;ghq;FfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; tsHj;jy;.

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

6

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

fy;tpapD}lhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs; Nkw;Fwpj;j Njrpa ,yf;Ffis miltjw;F toptFf;Fk;.

(I) njhlu;ghly; Nju;r;rpfs;

njhlu;ghly; gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs; ehd;F Jizj; njhFjpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lit. vOj;jwpT> vz;zwpT> rpj;jpu mwpT>

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik.

vOj;jwpT: ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;> njspthfg; NgRjy;> fUj;jwpa thrpj;jy;> rupahfTk;> nrk;ikahfTk;

vOJjy;> gad;jUtifahd fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wk;

vz;zwpT: nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk; vd;gtw;Wf;F vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;> vz;Zjy;> fzpj;jy;> xOq;F Kiwahf

msj;jy;

rpj;jpu mwpT: NfhL> cUtk; vd;gtw;wpd; fUj;ij mwpjy;> tpguq;fs;> mwpTWj;jy;fs;> vz;zq;fs; Mfpatw;iw

NfhL> cUtk;> tu;zk; vd;gtw;why; ntspg;gLj;jYk; gjpT nra;jYk;

jfty; njhopDl;gj; jifik: fzpdp mwpT> fw;wypy;> njhopy; Rw;whlypy;> nrhe;j tho;tpy; jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gq;fisg;

(ICT) gad;gLj;jy;.

(II) MSik tpUj;jp njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

- Mf;fk;> tpupe;j rpe;jid> jw;WzpG> jPu;khdk; vLj;jy;> gpur;rpid tpLtpj;jy;> EZf;fkhd kw;Wk; gFg;gha;Tr; rpe;jid>

mzpapduhfg; gzp nra;jy;> jdpahs; ,iltpidj; njhlu;Gfs;> fz;L gpbj;jYk; fz;lwpjYk; Kjyhd jpwikfs;.

- Neu;ik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> kdpj nfsutj;ijf; fz;zpag;gLj;jy; Mfpa tpOkpaq;fs;

- kd vOr;rpfs;> Ez;zwpT

(III) #oy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

,j;Nju;r;rpfs; #oNyhL njhlu;GWfpd;wd. r%fk;> capupay;> ngsjPfk;

r%fr; #oy;: Njrpa ghuk;gupak; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;T> gd;ikr; r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; njhlu;GWk; Ez;Zzu;Tj;

jpwd;fSk;> gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gLk; ePjp> r%fj; njhlu;Gfs;> jdpegu; elj;ijfs;> nghJthdJk; rl;lG+u;tkhdJkhd

rk;gpujhaq;fs;> cupikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs;> flg;ghLfs; vd;gtw;wpy; mf;fiw

capupay; #oy;: thOk; cyF> kf;fs;> capupay;> #oy; njhFjp - kuq;fs;> fhLfs;> fly;> ePu;> tsp> capupd jhtuk;> tpyq;F>

kdpj tho;T

ngsjpfr; #oy;: ,lk;> rf;jp> vupnghUs;> rlg;nghUs;> nghUs;fs; gw;wpAk; mit kdpj tho;f;if> czT> cil> ciwAs;>

Rfhjhuk;> nrsfupak;> Rthrk;> epj;jpiu> ,isg;ghWjy;> Xa;T> fopTfs;> capupd fopTg; nghUl;fs; Mfpatw;Wld;

nfhz;Ls;s njhlu;G gw;wpa tpopg;gzu;Tk;> Ez;Zzu;Tj; jpwd;fSk; fw;wYf;Fk; Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk;> tho;tjw;Fk;

fUtpfisAk; njhopDl;gq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk; jpwd;fSk; ,q;F cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

7

IV). Ntiy cyfj;jpw;F jahu; nra;jy; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

mtu;fsJ rf;jpia cr;r epiyf;Ff; nfhz;L tUtjw;Fk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wiyg; Ngh\pg;gjw;Fk; Ntz;ba njhopy;rhu; jpwd;fs;.

nghUshjhu tpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;

mtu;fsJ njhopy; tpUg;GfisAk; csr;rhu;GfisAk; fz;lwpjy;

mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyiaj; njupT nra;jy;

gadspf;ff; $baJk; epiyNgWilaJkhd [PtNdhghaj;jpy; <Lgly;

(V). rkaKk; xOfyhWk; njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

md;whl tho;f;ifapy; kpfg; nghUj;jkhdtw;iwj; njupT nra;aTk;> ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; xOf;fnewp> mwnewp> rkanewp

njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisg; nghUj;jKw Nkw;nfhs;sTk; tpOkpaq;fisj; jd;kakhf;fpf; nfhs;sYk; cs;thq;fYk;

(VI).Xa;T Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;> tpisahl;L gw;wpa Nju;r;rpfs;

mofpaw; fiyfs;> ,yf;fpak;> tpisahl;L> nka;ty;Yeu; Nghl;bfs;> Xa;T Neug; nghOJNghf;Ffs; kw;Wk; tho;tpd; Mf;fG+u;tr;

nraw;ghLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,d;g Efu;r;rp> kfpo;r;rp> kdntOr;rpfs; ,itNghd;w kdpj mDgtq;fs;

(VII)“fw;wYf;Ff; fw;wy;” njhlu;ghd Nju;r;rpfs;

tpiuthf khWfpd;w> rpf;fyhd xUtupy; xUtu; jq;fp epw;fpd;w cynfhd;wpy; xUtu; RahjPdkhff; fw;gjw;fhd typikaspj;jYk;

khw;wpaikf;Fk; nrad;Kiw Clhf khw;wj;jpw;Nfw;g ,aq;fTk; mjid Kfhik nra;aTk; Ntz;ba czu;itAk; ntw;wpiaAk;

ngwr; nra;jy;.

(%yk; : Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO mwpf;if - 2003)

8

tuyhW - ghl Nehf;fq;fs;

6 Mk; juj;jpypUe;J 11 Mk; juk; tiu fiyj;jpl;lj;jpidf; fw;gjd; %yk; fPo;tUk; Nehf;fq;fis khzth;fs;miltu; vd vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

1. tuyhw;W Nghf;F> tsh;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk; ,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.

2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjd; %yk; ngWk; tpsf;fj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; epfo;fhyj;ijg; Ghpe;Jnfhs;sYk;vjph;fhy epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.

3. Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;jpid ,dq;fz;L> Njrpa mUQ;nry;tq;fisg; ghJfhj;J ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s gpuirahf cUthjy;.

4. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf Nehf;Fjy;.

5. Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

6. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rdk;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd %yk; fl;b vOg;gg;gLk; gFj;jwpTuPjpahd fy;tpawpit eilKiw tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

7. Kf;fpa tuyhw;W khe;ju;fspd; rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;.

8. tuyhw;W hPjpahd cyfg;; Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpsq;fp cyfpd;Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Mw;wiyg; ngwy;.

9. fhyk;> ntsp Mfpad njhlh;ghd mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

10. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Clhf ,lq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

viii

Njrpa nghJ ,yf;FfSf;Fk; ghl Fwpf;Nfhs;fSf;Fkhd njhlu;G

1. tuyhw;W Nghf;F> tsh;r;rp vd;gd gw;wp tpsq;fp tuyhnwq;fpYk;

,lk;ngw;w khw;wq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhs;sy;.

2. fle;jfhyk; njhlh;ghfg; gapYtjd; %yk; ngWk; tpsf;fj;jpd;

mbg;gilapy; epfo;fhyj;ijg; Ghpe ;Jnfhs;sYk; vjph ;fhy

epiyikfisf; fz;lwpjYk;.

3. Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;jpid ,dq;fz;L> Njrpa mUQ;nry;tq;fisg;

ghJfhj;J ehl;Lg;gw;Ws;s gpuirahf cUthjy;.

4. Njrpa gpur;rpidfis xg;gPl;L uPjpahf Nehf;Fjy;.

5. Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.

6. fhy xOq;F> %yhjhu tpku;rdk;> fhuz fhupaj; njhlu;Gfs; vd;gd

%yk; fl;b vOg;gg;gLk; gFj;jwpT uPjpahd fy;tpawpit eilKiw

tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.

7. Kf;fpa tuyhw;W khe;ju;fspd; rhpijfis Kd;khjphpahff; nfhs;sy;.

8. tuyhw;W hPjpahd cyfg;; Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehl;L tuyhw;wpy; Vw;gLj;jpa

jhf;fq;fs; njhlh;ghf tpsq;fp cyfpd; Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

Mw;wiyg; ngwy;.

9. fhyk;> ntsp Mfpad njhlh;ghd mwpit tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.

10. tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fspd; Clhf ,lq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.

ghl Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; Njrpa nghJ ,yf;Ffs;

i

ii

iii

iv v

vi

vii

viii

ghlj;jpl;lj;ij ghlrhiyj; jtizfSf;fika tFj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd cj;Njr jpl;lk;

jtiz

jtiz 1

jtiz 2

jtiz 3

jtiz 1

jtiz 2

jtiz 3

juk;

1 2

13

,yq;if tuyhW

1.1> 2.1> 3.1> 4.1> 5.1

5.2

6.1

7.1> 8.1

9.1> 10.1

11.1

ix

,e;jpa tuyhW

1.1> 2.1> 3.1

4.1> 5.1

5.1> 6.1

7.1> 8.1 (Kjy; gFjp

,uz;Lk;)

8.1 (gFjp ,uz;L)>

9.1

10.1> 11.1

INuhg;gpa tuyhW

1.1> 2.1

2.2> 3.1> 4.1

5.1> 6.1> 7.1

8.1> 9.1> 10.1

11.1> 12.1> 13.1

13.2> 14.1

etPd cyf tuyhW

1.1> 2.1

3.1> 4.1

5.1> 6.1> 7.1

8.1> 9.1

10.1

11.1> 12.1

ghlj;jpl;lk;

juk; 12

x

f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ghlj;jpl;lk;

,yq;if tuyhW (Mjp fhyk; njhlf;fk; 1978 tiu)

Nju;r ;rp

tuyhw;Wg; ngWkhdj;

njhFjpfs;> fhy xOq;F

vd;gd njhlu ;ghff ;

fw;wwpe;J> mjd; %yk;

ngwg;gLk; topfhl;liy

eilKiw tho;f;ifapy;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

fhyk; mtfhrk; vd;gd

tw;iw mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L ehfupfk; gutpa

tpjk; njhlu;ghf tpsf;

fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

1.1 tuyhW vd ;why ;

vd ;d vd ; gijj ;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

1.2 tuyhW fw ; gjd ;

%yk; ngwg;gLk; gad;

fis vLj;Jf;fhl;L

thu;.

1.3 tuyhW fw;gjw;Fupa

fhyr;rl;lfj;ijAk;

m t f h r j ; i j A k ;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;

1. tuyhW - mwpKfk;

1.1 tuyhW- tiutpyf;fzk;

1.2 tuyhW fw;gjd; gad;fs;

1.3 fhyg;gFjp

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l

fhyk; njhlf;fk; fp.gp.

1978 tiu

ghl

Ntisfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;

tuyhW njhlu;ghd tiu

tpyf;fzq;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.

tuyhW vDk; ghlj;Jf;nfd

nghJthd tiutpyf;fzk;

xd;wpidf; fl;bnaOg;Gthu;.

tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjd; %yk;

ngwj;jf;f gad;fis tpgupg;

ghu;.

tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjd; ngWkh

dj;ij kjpj;J fUj;Jiug;

ghu;.

tuyhw;Wg; ghlj;jpw;Fupa

fhy NtWghl;il vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

fw;wiy ,yFg;gLj;Jtjw;

fhf fhy NtWghLfis

tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.

1

07

2

ghl

Ntisfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghl cs;slf;fk; fw;ww; NgWfs;

juk; 12 f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ghlj;jpl;lk;

2.1 ,yq;if tuyhw;wpy;

fw;f Ntz;ba Gtpap

aw; fhuzpfs; njhlu;

ghf tpsf;Fthu;.

2.2 Gtpa pay ; mikg ;

g hdJ ,yq ;if

tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;

Fr; nrYj;jpa tpjj;

jpid EZfpaha;

thu;.

2 . Gtpapaw; fhuzpfs;

Fiwtus; tyak;

kj;jpa kiyehL

fiuNahu rkntsp

2.2 Gtpapay;> miktplKk;

kdpj eltbf;iffSk;

,e ; j pahTf ;F mUf py ;

mike;jpUj;jy;

,e;jpahtpy; ,Ue;J gpupe;

jpUj;jy;

,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy;

mike;jpUj;jy;

cs ;ehl ; L Gt pa pay ;

mk;rq;fs;> kiyfs;> MWfs;>

rkntspfs;> Jiw Kfq;fs;

vd;gd kdpj eltbf;iffspy;

Vw;gLj;Jk; nry;thf;F

tsq;fspd; guk;gYf;Fk;

khdpl nraw;ghLfSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlu;G

,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fw;f

Ntz;ba fhyepiy tyaq;

fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

,yq;if tuyhw;wpy; fw;f

Ntz;ba gpuNjrq;fisj;

Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;L

thu;.

,yq;ifapd; mfj;Nj cs;s

Gtpapay; mikg;gpidAk;

Gwj;NjAs;s Gtpapay; mk;rq;

fisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.

Gtpapd; ngsjPf NtWghL

kdpj eltbf ;iffspy ;

Vw;gLj;Jk; nry;thf;fpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

,yq;ifapd ; Gtpapay ;

mikg;g pid ,yq;ifg;

glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ehl;bd; tuyhW fl;b

n aO g ; g g ; g L t j p y ;

Gtpapaw; fhuzpfspd;

jhf;fj;jpid tpsq;fp

nraw;gLthu;.

10

3

ghl



3.1 tuyhw;iwf; fl;bna

Og;Gtjw;F cjTk;

%yhjhuq;fs; njhlu;

g hf t p r h uiz

nra;thu;.

3.2 %yhjhug;gFg;gha;T

%yk ; tuyhw ;W

tplaq;fs; fl;bnaOg;

gg ; gLk ; tpjj ;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

3. %yhjhuq;fs; - guprPyid

nra;jYk; tpku;rpj;jYk;

3.1 ,yq;ifapd; tuyhw;iwf;

fw;f cjTk; %yhjhuq;fs;

%yhjhuz;qfis

tifg;gLj;jy;

- ,yf;fpa %yhjhuq;

fs;

- njhy;nghUs; %yhjh

uq;fs;

- fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

- ehzaq;fs;

- fu;z guk;giuf; fij

fs;

3.2 %yhjhuq;fisg; gFj;

jwpT uPjpapy; tprhuiz

nra;jy;

tuyhw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;g

gq;fspf ;Fk ; %yhjhuq;

fisg; ngaupLthu;.

%yhjhuq;fspd; jd;ikf;F

Vw;g mtw;iw tifg;gLj;J

thu;.

%yhjhu tiffSf;F Vw;g

tuyhw ;W t plaq ;fs ;

fl;bnaOg;gj;jf;f tpjj;ijj;;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

tuyhw;W %yhjhuq;fisg;

gFj;jwpT uPjpapy; EZfpaha;

thu;.

%yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;

Jk;NghJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s

Ntz;ba tplaq;fisj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

%yhjhuq;fis gFg;gha;

Tf;F cl;gLj;Jtjd;

%yk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;

mw pit eilKiw

tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLj;

Jthu;.

18

4

ghl



4.1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l

fhyk; gw;wpa jfty;

fis EZfpaha;thu;.

4.2 Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy

khdpl nraw;ghLfs;

njhlu;ghfj; Njba

wpthu;.

4. FbNaw;wq;fspd; Muk;gKk;

guk;gYk; (fp.K. %d;whk;

E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjp tiu)

4.1 tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l

fhyk;

4.2 Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;

,yq;ifapy; tuyhw;Wf;F

Kw;gl;l fhyj;ijj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

gz;ilf ; fhyk ; Kjw ;

nfhz;Nl ,yq;ifapy ;

FbapUg;Gf;fs; ,Ue;jikia

Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.

tuyhw;Wf;F Kw;gl;l fhy

FbapUg;Gf;fis ,yq;ifg;

glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;ijj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy tpUj;

jpia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

Kd; tuyhw;Wf; fhy ,lq;f

is ,yq;ifj; Njrg;glj;jpy;

Fwpg;ghu;.

,yq;if ehfupfj;jpd;

tuyhw ;W u P j pa hd

tsu ;r ;r p Nghf ;Ffs ;

njhlu;ghf tpsf;fj;Jld;

nraw;gLthu;.

5

ghl



tuyhw ;Wf ; fhyj ;ijj ;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

tuyhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; Fb

apUg;Gf;fs; cUthfpa tpjk;

gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

tuyhw;Wf; fhy FbapUg;Gf;

fis ,yq;ifj; Njrg;

glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

4.3 tuyhw;Wf; fhyk;

,e;jpahtpd; gy;NtW

gFjpfspypUe;J

kf;fs; FOf;fspd;

tUif

4.3 tuyhw ;Wf ; f hyk ;

kw;Wk; mjd; Fb

apUg;Gf;fs; njhlu;

ghf EZfpaha;thu;.

20

6

ghl



,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd;

mbg;gilia tpsf;Fthu;.

,uhrul ;il ehfupj ;j pd ;

tpUj;jpf;F mjd; mbg;gil

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

,uhrul;il ehfupfk; njhlu;

ghd jfty;fis Kd;itg;

ghu;.


mbg;gilia tYg;gLj;J

tjw;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j

muru;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;L

thu;.

,uhrul;il ehfuPfj;jpd;

mgptpUj;jpia Vw;Wf; nfhs;

thu;.

5 . ,uhrul;il ehfupfk;

(nghyd;dWitf;fhy

,Wjp tiu)

5.1 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpd;

mbg;gil njhlu;ghd

mwpKfk;


murpay;> nghUshjhuk;>

r%fk;> gz;ghL> njhopy;

El;g eltbf;iffs;

murpay;

- Ml;rpahsu;fs;

- Ml;rp Kiwfs;

- Aj;j cghaq;fs;

- ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;

rkaKk; gz;ghLk;

- Gj;j rkak; epWtg;gly;

- guty;

- Vida rkaq;fs;

- fiy> gz;ghL

rKfk;

,yq;if ehfupfj;jpd;

tuyhw ;W tsu ; r ; r p

Nghf;Ffs; njhlu;ghf

tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;

gLthu;.

5.1 ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;

j pd ; njhopy ;El ;g

m b g ; g i l i a

mwpKfk; nra;thu;.


jpd; murpay;> nghU

shjhuk ; > r%fk; >

gz;ghL> njhopy ;

El;gk; vd;gdtw;iw

tpsf;Fthu;.

100

7

ghl




tuyhw;W Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

tha;e;j ,lq;fs;> Fsq;fs;>

mizfs; vd;gdtw;iwg;

glnkhd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.


mbg;gil gytPdk; mile;

jikf;fhd fhuzq;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

,uhrul;il ehfupfk; tPo;r;rp

aile;j tpjj;ijj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

nghUshjhuk;

- tptrhak;

- ifj;njhopy;

- tu;j;jfk;

tpQ;QhdKk; njhopy;

El;gKk;

- ePu;g;ghrdk;

- fl;blf;fiy

- itj;jpak;

- fdpg;nghUl;fs;

- flw;nwhopy;


tPo;r;rpAk; KbTk;


j pd ; mbg ; gil

gytPdkile;jikahy;

tPo ;r ;r pAw;W Kbt

ile ; j t pjj ;ij

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

8

ghl



6. ,uhrul;il ehfupfj;jpw;Fg;

gpw;gl;l fhyk;

6.1 Ml;rp ikaq;fs;

- mwpKfk;

- jk;gnjdpa> ahg;gFt>

FUzhfiy> fk;gis

- ntspehl;Lj; njhlu;Gfs;

- rkak;> gz;ghL> r%fk;

6.2 aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdp

nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd;

gpd ;du ; Njhw;wk; ngw ;w

,uhrjhdpfis mwpKfk;

nra;thu;.

,uhrul;il ,uhrjhdpfSf;

Fk; nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;

jpd; gpd;du; Njhw;wk; ngw;w

,uhrjhdpfSf;Fkpilapyhd

NtWghLfisj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

nghyd;dWitf; fhyj;jpd;

gpd ;du ; Njhw;wk; ngw ;w

,uhrjhdpfis ,yq;ifg;


aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpapd;

Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd

tw;iw tpgupg;ghu;.

aho;g;ghz ,uhrjhdpapd;

tPo;r;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

,yq;if ehfupfj;jpd;



vd;gd njhlu;ghf tpsf;


6.1 ,yq;if ehfupfkh

dJ mjd; Muk;g

fhy mbg ;gilap

ypUe;J khw;wkile;j

xU Afj ;j py ;

g puNtrpj ;jiyAk;>

mjd; nraw;ghl;il

Ak; Ma;T nra;thu;.

6.2 aho ;g ;ghz ,uhr

jhd p njhlu ;ghf

EZfpaha;thu;.

50

9

ghl



Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdpapd;

Muk;gk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd

njhlu;ghfj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.


rpwe;j muru;fis cau;thf

kjpg;ghu;.


tPo;r;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

6.3 Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp6.3 Nfhl;il ,uhrjhdp

njhlu;ghf EZfp

aha;thu;.

10

ghl


juk; 12 f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ghlj;jpl;lk;,e;jpa tuyhW

fhy xOq ;FKiw>

%yhjhuq;fs; mjd;

gad;fs; vd;gtw;iw

mZfp fl;bnaOg;gg;

gLk; Ma;T uPjpahd

mwptpid jk; tho;f;if

apy ; gbg ;g pidahff;

nfhs;tu;.

1.1 ,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf;

fw;gjw;fhd %yhjh

uq;fis tpku;rpg;gu;.

1. %yhjhuq;fis Ma;T

nra;jYk; tpku;rpj;jYk;

,e;jpa tuyhw;iw fw;gjw;

fhd %yhjhuq;fs;

%yhjhuq ;fis tifg ;

gLj;jy;

%yhjhuq;fisg; gad;gLj;

Jtjpy; cs;s rthy;fs;

%yhjhuq;fs; njhlu;ghd

tpku;rdq;fs;

%yhjhuq;fis xg;gpl ;L

Ma;T nra;tjd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtk;

,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;

Fs;s %yhjhuq;fisg;

ngaupLtu;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fw;gjw;

Fs ;s %yhjhuq ;fis

tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;iwf; fl;b

naOg;Gk; NghJ %yhjhuq;

fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba

Kiwiaj; njspTgLj;Jtu;.

08

11

ghl



xU ehl;bd; tuyhW

fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;NghJ

ngsjpff; fhuzpfs;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;

tpjk; gw;wp Gupe;Jzu;

Tld; nraw;gLtu;.

2.1 Gtpapay; miktplk;

,e ; j pa tuyhW

njhlu;gpy; nry;thf;F

n r Y j ; j p A s ; s

t pjj ;ij Ma ;T

nra;tu;.

2 . Gt pa paw ; f h uz pfs ;

,e ; j pa tuyhw ; w py ;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;s

tpjk;

Gtpapay; miktplk;

- ntspg;Gw mikT

- cs;sf mikT

Gtpapay; fhuzpfs;

,e ;j pa tuyhw ;w py ;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy;

,e;jpahtpd; tprhyKk;

,dg; gy;tifikAk;

,e;jpahtpd; Gw mikT

kw;Wk; cs;sf mikit

tpgupg;gu;.

,e;jpahtpd; miktplk ;

cs;ehl;L ntspehl;L kdpj

njhlu ;Gfs; rk ;ge ;jkhf

nry ;thf ;Fr ; nrYj ; j p

As;sij ,dq;fhl;Lthu;.

,e;jpahtpd; ngsjpf mk;rq;

fis ,e;jpa GwTUtg;

glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Ltu;.

15

12

ghl



,e ;j pa tuyhw ;w pd ;


tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; Nghf;F

fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;


3.1 rpe;Jejp ehfupfj;jpd;

Muk;gk;> tsu;r ;rp>

tPo;r;rp vd;gd njhlu;

ghfj; jfty;fis

EZfpaha;thu;.

3 . rpe;J ejpia ikakhff;

nfhz;L Njhw;wk; ngw;w

efu ehfupfk;

ùg ;g h ehfu pfj ;ij

mwpKfk; nra;jy;

Muk ;gk ; > tpu pthf ;fk ;

njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fSk;

rkfhy ehfupfq;fSf;

fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk;

efuj;jpl;lkply;

r%f> nghUshjhu> rka

epiy

fiyj;jpwd;fs;

tPo;r;rpAk; mJ njhlu;ghf

Ma;thsu;fspd; fUj;Jk;

ùg;gh ehfupfk; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

ùg;gh ehfupj;jpd; rpwg;

gpid kjpg;ghu;.

ùg;gh ehfupfk; rpwg;Gw;W

t psq ;f pa ,lj ;j pid

Njrg;glj;jpy; milahskpL

thu;.

30

13

ghl



,e;jpa tuyhw;W tpupthf;

fk;> tsu;r ;rp vd;gd

njlu;ghf tpsf;fj;Jld;

nraw;gLthu;.

4.1 Ntj fhyk; njhlu;

ghd jfty ;fis

tpgupg;ghu;.

4 . fq;ifr; rkntsp topNa

gutpa khdpl FbapUg;G

,Wf;F Ntj ,yf;fpaj;jpd;

%yk; ntspg;gLk; khdpl

FbapUg;G tpupthf;fj;jpd;

epiy

,Wf;F Ntj fhyj;jpd;

murpay;> rKf> nghUsh

jhu> gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs;

g p e ; j pa Ntj fhy

FbapUg;G tpupthf;fk;

gpe;jpa Ntj fhyj;jpd;

murpay;> nghUshjhu>

r%f> gz;ghl;L tsu;r;rp

Ntj fhyk; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Ntj fhyNk ,e ;j pa

ehfu pfj ;j pd ; mbg ;gil

vd;gjw;fhd jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

,Wf;F Ntj fhyk;> gpe;jpa

Ntj fhyk; Mfpatw;wpy;

FbapUg;Gf;fspd; tpupthf;fj;

ijj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

30

14

ghl




tpupthf;fk;> tsu;r ;r p



5.1 gjpdhW ngUq;Fb

N a w ; w q ; f s p d ;

tpupthf;fk; njhlu;

ghf tpgupg;ghu;.

5.2 rka> nka ;a pay ;

fUj;Jf;fs; ,e;jpa

ehfupfj;ijf; fl;b

naOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;

Gr; nra;Js;s tpjj;

jpid EZfpaha;

thu;.

5 . murpay;> khdpl rpe;jid

fspd; tsu;r;rp

5.1 FbNaw;wg; guk;gYk;

gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw;

wq;fSk;

5.2 rka rpe;jidfspd;

tsu;r;rp

gz;ghl;L NtWghLfSk;

Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs;

Njhw;wk; ngwYk; guty

iljYk;

mur pay ; r pe ;jidfs;

kw;Wk; Gjpa rka rpe;jid

fspd; jhf;fk; fhuzkhf

khw ;wkilAk ; khd pl

elj;ijfSk; nraw;ghL

fSk;

gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw;wq;

fis tpgupg;ghu;.

gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw;wq;f

spy; gyk; nghUe;jpa muR


gjpdhW ngUq;FbNaw;wq;f

isj; Njrg;glnkhd;wpy ;

Fwpg;ghu;.

,e;jpahtpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j

Gjpa rka rpe;jidfis

tpgupg;ghu;.

Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; murp

aypy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;

jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Gjpa rka rpe;jidfs; kdpj

rKjhaj;jpy; jhf;fk; tpis

tpj;j tpjj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

30

15

ghl



,e;jpa tuyhw;W tpup

thf;fk;> tsu;r;rp vd;gd


nraw;gLthu;.

6.1 NguuR vd;w vz;zf;

fUit nksupag ;

Nguuir mbg;gil

ahff ; nfhz ;L

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

6 . N gu uR vz ;zf ;fUTk ;

nksupag; NguRk;

Ml;rp vz;zf;fUf;fspd;

tsu ; r ; r pAk ; Ngu uR

vz;zf;fUTk;

nksupag; Nguurpd; tsu;r;rp

nksupag; Nguurpd; Ml;rp

ahsdhd mNrhfDk;

mtdJ nfhs;iffSk;

nksupag; Nguurpd; fPo;

murpay; nghUshjhu>

r%f> gz;ghl;Lg;Nghf;Ffs;

nksu pag ; Nguur pd ;

tPor;rpAk; fhuzq;fSk;

NguR vz ;zf ;fUit

tpgupg;ghu;.

gyk; tha;e;j nksupag;

NguuR fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l

tpjj;jpidj; njspTgLj;

Jthu;.

NguuR xd;wpd; rpwg;gpay;G

fis nksupa Ml;rpapd;

mbg;gilapy; tpgupg;ghu;.

nksupag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;

fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;

ghu;.

nksupag; Nguurpd; gutiyj;

Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;L

thu;.

25

1 . INuhg ;g pa ehfu pfj ;j pd ;

mbj;jsk;

fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt

ehfuPf Muk;gk;

,];yhk; guty;

khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp

rpYit Aj;jk;

tu;j;jf Kd;Ndw;wk;

efuq;fspd; tsu;r;rp

kj;jpa tFg;gpdupd; vOr;rp

gy ;NtW nry ;thf ;F

fis Kd ;itj ;J

e hf u p fq ;fs ; fl ; b

naOg;gg ;gLk ; Kiw

gw ;w p j ; njs pTgLj ;

Jthu ;.

1.1 etPd INuhg;gh Njhw;

wk; ngw;w tpjj;jp

idj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

INuhg;gpa ehfupfj;jpd ;

mbg;gilia tpsf;Fthu;.

etPd INuhg;gpa ehfuPf

tsu ; r ; r pa py ; f pN uf ;f >

cNuhk> fpwp];jt ehfupfq;

fs; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpAs;s

tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;L

thu;.

khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp>

etPd INuhg;ghtpd; Njhw;wk;

Mfpatw;wpw;F toptFj;j

fhuzpfisj; njspTgLj;

Jthu;.

fpNuf;f> cNuhk> fpwp];jt>

,];yhkpa ehfupfg; guk;g

iyj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

30

INuhg;gpa tuyhW

(fp.gp. 1500 - 1989)

ghl

Ntisfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; ghl cs;slf;fk;

17

ghl



2 . et Pd INu hg ; g ht pd ;

Muk;gk;

kWkyu ; r ; r pAk ; mw pT

tsu;r;rpAk;

tpQ;Qhdf; fz;Lgpbg;

Gf;fs;

Njrpa muRfspd; vOr;rp

ehLfhz; gazq;fs;

INuhg;gpa tp];jupg;G

2.1 INu hg ; g h et Pd

cyfj;jpw;F khw;wk;

mile;jik njhlu;

ghf tpsf;Fthu;.

2.2 INuhg;gpa ehLfs;

Vida fz;lq;fspy;

Nguuirf; fl;bnaOg;

gpa tpjj;ijg; guPl;

rpg;ghu;.

kWkyu;r;rp gw;wp tpsf;Fthu;.

Gjpa Nghf;F INuhg;ghit

etPd Afj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;l

nrd;w tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fisj;

tpgupg;ghu;.

INuhg;ghtpd; ehLfhz;

gazq;fs; Vida ehL

fspy; Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;

jpid tpku;rpg;ghu;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fisAk;

INuhg;ghtpd; tp];jupg;ig

Ak; cyfg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l

khw ;wq ;fs ; cyf py ;

Vw ;gLj ;j pa jhf ;fj ;

j pid vLj;Jf ;fhl ;L

thu ;.

25

18

ghl



3.1 INuhg;ghtpy; kjr;

rPu;j;jpUj;jk; Vw;gL

tjw;fhd fhuzq;

fis tpsf;Fthu;.

3.2 Gul;l];jhe;J kjr;

rPu;j;jpUj;jk;> vjpu;

kjr; rPu ;j;jpUj;jk;

vd;gtw;wpd; tpisT

fis Muha;thu;.

3.3 rkaj;ij Kd;dpl;L

INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l

Nkhjy;fis Ma;T

nra;thu;.

rka r P u ; j pUj ; jj ; j pd ;

gpd;dzpia tpsf;Fthu;.

rka rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisT


rka r P u ;j pUj ;jj ;Jld ;

njhlu;Gila ehLfisj;

Njrg;glk; xd;wpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

rka rPu;jpUj;jk; gw;wpj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

cNuhkd; fj ;Njhypf ;f

Gul;l];jhe;J rkaq;fspd;

gutiy INuhg;gh glj;jpy;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

vjpu;kjr; rPu ;jpUj;jj;jpd;

tpisTfis tpku;rpg;ghu;.

Kg;gJ Mz;Lg;Nghiuj;

njspT gLj;Jthu;.

Kg;gJ Mz;Lg; Nghupd;

tpisTfis vLj;Jf; fhl;L

thu;.

Kg;gJ Mz;Lg; Nghupd;

,Wj pa py ; fhzg ; gl ; l

INuhg;ghtpidj; Njrg;glk;

xd;wpy; milahskpLthu;.

rkaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLk;

khw ; wk ; r%fj ;j py ;

Vida Jiwfs py ;

Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;jpid

milahsq ; fz ;L

khw ;wj ; j p w ;F Kfq ;

nfhLf;Fk; kdepiyia

tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.

3. rka rPu;jpUj;jKk; vjpu; rka

rPu;jpUj;jKk;

3.1 rka rPu;;jpUj;jj;jpd;

gpd;dzp

3.2

Gul;l];jhe;J rka

rPu;jpUj;jk;

vjpu; kjr; rPu;jpUj;jk;

3.3 Kg;gjhz;Lg; Nghu;

Ngh u pd ; Kf ; f pa

fl;lq;fs;

nt];l;ghypah cld;

gbf;if

25

19

ghl



ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjp

fhuj;ij mjpfupg ;gJ

kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;

wj ;j pw ;F to ptFj ;j

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

4.1 gpupj;jhdpa nghUsh

jhu r%f epiyfspy;

Vw ; gl ; l khw ; wq ;

fSf;F ,irthf

murpay; Jiwapy;

Vw ;gl ;l Kd ;Ndw ;

wj;ij EZfpaha;

thu;.

4.2 gpupj;jhdpa ghuhS

kd;wj;ij mbg;gil

ahff; nfhz;L ghuh

Skd;w Ml;rp Kiw

apd; gpujhd ,ay;G

fis tpku;rpg;ghu;.

4 . gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w

Kiw

4.1 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd;

Muk;gKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

4.2 ghuhSkd;w Kiwapd;

,ay;Gfs;

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; nghUsh

jhu rKf Jiwfspy ;

Vw ; gl ; l khw ; wq ; fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

nghUshjhu> r%fj; Jiw

fspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;f

Sf;F ,irthf murpay;

Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;

wj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

gpupj;jhdpag; ghuhSkd;w

Kiwapd; [dehaf gz;G

fis tpgupg;ghu;.

15

20

ghl



,aw;ifapd; rthy;f

Sf;F Kfq; nfhLg;gjpy;

kdpjd; ngw;w ntw;wp

iaj; njspthf tpsq;fpf;

nfhz;L mjd;gb nraw;

gLthu;.

5.1 cyfpd; Nghf;fpid

khw;wp mikg;gjpy;

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fk;

njhlu;ghd jfty;

fis Nrfupg;ghu;.

5. ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp

Muk;gk;

guty;

tpisT

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gL

tjw;fhd gpd;dzpiaAk;

Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fisAk;

tpku;r;rpg;ghu;.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd;

t pisTfis vLj ;Jf ;

$Wthu;.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd;

gutiyj; Njrg;glk; xd;wpy;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

20

21

ghl



xU ehl ;L kf ;fs ;

xw;WikAld; nraw;gL

tjd; %yk; ntw;wp ngw

KbAk; vd;w Gupe;Jzu;

Tld; nraw;gLtu;.

mnku pf ;fhtpd ; Muk ;g

FbNaw;wthrpfs; njhlu;

ghd jfty;fisj; Njb

awpthu;.

gpupj;jhdpau; mnkupf;fhtpy;

mikj;j FbNaw;wq;fs;

gw ; w p jfty ;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.

tl mnkupf;fhtpy; fhzg;

gl;l gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;wq;

fisj; Njrg;glk; xd;wpy;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghiu

tpsf;Fthu;.

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;

cyf tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpaj;

Jtk; ngWk; tpjj;jpidj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

206.1 mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;

j py ; INuhg ; g pa

ehfu pfk ; gut pa

tpjj;ijg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

6.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;

Nghu; cyf tuyhw;

wpy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngWk; tpjj;jpid

tpsf;Fthu;.

6 . mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu;

6.1 FbNaw;wq;fs; Njhw;wk;

ngwy;

mnkupf;fhtpd; Muk;g

FbNaw;w thrpfs;

INuhg;gpau; mnkupf;

fhtpw;F nrd;W Fb

Naw;wq;fs; mikj;

jik

tl mnkupf;fhtpy;

Mq;fpyf; FbNaw;wq;

fs;

6.2 Rje;jpug; Nghu;

Rje;jpug; NghUf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

Rje;jpug; Nghupd; Kf;

fpa fl;lq;fs;

FbNaw;wthrpfspd;

ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzq;

fs;

Rje ; j p u g ; N g h u pd ;

tpisTfs;

22

ghl



Rje;jpuk; kw;Wk; kdpj

cupikfs; vd;gd kf;fs;

G ul ; r p a pd ; t pisT

vd;gij Gupe;Jzu;e;J

mtw;iwg; ghJfhf;Fk;

tifapy; nraw;gLthu;.

7.1 r%fj;jpy; Vw;gLk;

gpur;rpidahd re;ju;g;

gq;fisg; Gwf; fzpg;

gjhy; Gul;rp xd;W

Vw;glyhk; vd;gij

gpuhd;rpa Gul;rpia

m b g ; g i l a h f f ;

nfhz;L tpsf;Fthu;.

7 . gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

gpuhd;]pd; Muk;g Ml;rp

Kiw

gpuhd;]pa Gul;rpf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

Gul ;r pa pd ; Muk ;gKk ;

tsu;r;rpAk;

Gul ; r pa pd ; g p uj hd

fl;lq;fs;

Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

gpuhd;r pag; Gul;r pf ;fhd

fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; gpujhd

fl;lq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

g p u hd ;r pag ; Gul ; r pa pd ;

tpisTfis tpgupg;ghu;.

25


etPd cyf tuyhW (fp.gp. 1500 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; - 1989 tiu)

etPd cyfpd; Njhw;wj;

jpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;

gLj;jpa tuyhw;W rf;jp

fs; njhlu;ghd tpsf;


1.1 tzpf Kjyhspj;Jt

Kiwapd ; vOr ;r p

ahdJ etPd cyfpd;

vOr;rpf;F toptFj;j

Kiwapidg; gFj;

jha;thu;.

1.2 Njr pa muRfspd ;

vOr;rp etPd cyfpd;

Njhw;wj;jpy; jhf;fj;

j pid Vw;gLj;j pa

tpjj;jpidg; gFj;jha;

thu;.

1 . etPd cfpd; Njhw;wk;

1.1 khdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp

Ak; tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;

jpd; vOr;rpAk;

1.2 Njrpa muRfs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

ghl

Ntisfs;

35

fw;ww; NgWfs;

tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijg;

gFj;jha;thu;.

INuhg;ghtpy; Kjyhspj;Jtj;

jpd; vOr;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

tzpf Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd;

vOr;rpahdJ etPd cyfpd;

Njhw;wj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;

jpa tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

Njrpa muRfs; Njhw;wk;

ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;

fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

INuhg ;ghtpy ; Njhd;w pa

Njrpa muRfs; gw;wp tpgupg;

ghu;.

INuhg ;ghtpy ; Njhd;w pa

Njrpa muRfisj; Njrg;


Njrpa muRfspd; Njhw;w

khdJ> etPd cyfpd; Njhw;

wj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;

tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghl cs;slf;fk;Nju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

24

ghl



1.3 jdpikg;gLj;jg;gl;

bUe ;j ehLfs ;

cyFld; njhlu; ;G

gl ;l Kiwapid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

1.3 ehLfhz; gazq;fs;

16 Mk; E}w;whz;;by; Mrpah>

Mgpupf;fh> mnkupf;fh Mfpa

fz;lq;fspd; epiyik

INuhg ;ghtpy ; ehLfhz;

gazq;fs;

INuhg ;ghtpd; ehLfhz;

gazq;fSf ;F Kd ;du ;

Mr pah > Mg p u p f ; f h >

mnkupf;ff; fz;lq;fspy;

fhzg;gl;l epiyikiaj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

INuhg;ghtpy; ehLfhz; ga

zq;fs; Muk;gkhfpaikf;

fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

ehLfhz; ,af;fj;ijAk;

mjd ; t pisTfisAk ;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ehLfhz; gazq;fisj;

Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;L

thu;.

25

ghl




jpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;

jpa tuyhw;Wr; rf;jpfs;

njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;

Jld; nraw;gLthu;.

2.1 INuhg;ghtpd; typik

kpf;f muRfs; cy

fk; KOtJk; jkJ

mjpfhuj;ijg; gutr;

nra;j tpjj ;ijg ;

gFj;jha;thu;.

2 . INuhg ;ghtpd ; mjpfhug ;

gutYk; NguuRfs; fl;b

naOg;gg;gLjYk;

tl> njd; mnkupf;fh

Mrpah

Mgpupf;fh

INuhg;gpa ehLfs; Vida

fz;lq;fs; kPJ jkJ ftdj;

ij nrYj;jpaikf;fhd

fhuzq;fisj; njspTgLj;

Jthu;.

INuhg;gpa ehLfs; cyfpd;

Vida ehLfspy; jkJ

mjpfhuj ;ijg ; gug ;g pa

tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;L

thu;.

INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; mjpfh

ug; gutYld; cyfpy; Vw;

gl;l khw;wq;fisj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

INuhg;gpaupd; mjpfhug;

gutiy Njrg;glk; xd;wpy;

Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

20

26

ghl




jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa

tuyhw ;Wr ; rf ;j pfs ;

njhlu;ghd tpsf;fj;Jld;

nraw;gLthu;.

3.1 ghuhSkd ;wj ;j pd ;mjpfhuj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd; gq;fpidg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

3.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; Xu; cyfrf;jpahf mike;jtpjj;jpidg; gFj;jha;thu;.

3.3 kdpj cupikfisf;fhg;gjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpid vLj;Jf;fhl;ba gpuhd ;r paGul ;r piag ; gFj ;

jha;thu;.

3 . etPd cyfpid cUthf;fpa Gul;rpfs;3.1 fp.gp. 1688 Mq;fpyg; Gul;rp

3.2 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

3.3 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd; njhlf;fj;jpidAk; tsu;r;rpiaAk;tpgupg;ghu;.

etPd cyif cUthf;Ftjpy; Mq;fpyg; Gul;rpapd;gq;fspg;ig vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

mnku pf ; f Rje ;j p u g ;Nghuhl;lj;ij tpgupg;ghu;.

mnkupf;fhtpy; gpupj;jhdpauJFbNaw;wq;fisg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk;cyf tuyhw ; w pd ;k PJnrYj;jpa jhf;fj;jpidtpgupg;ghu;.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp Vw;gLtjw;F VJthd fhuzq;fisgFj;jha;thu;.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; %yk;ntd;nwLj;j mbg ;gilkdpj cupikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jyhdJ KO etPdcyfKk; Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sXu; vz;zf;fU vd;gijj;njspTgLj;Jthu;.

10

27

ghl



4 . ifj;njhopy ; Gul ;r papy ;

nry;thf ;Fr ; nrYj;j pa

fhuzpfs;

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp

njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp

guty;

tpisTfs;

ifj;njhopy ; Gul ;r pia

mwpKfk; nra;thu;.

Njitf;F Vw;g cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gl;l Gjpa cw;gj;jp

njhlu;ghf tpgupg;ghu;.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Gjpa

cyfpd; tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fspg;

Gr ; nra;j tpjj;jpidj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gut

iyj; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.


jpy; jhf;fj;jpid Vw;gLj;

jpa tuyhw;Wr; rf;jpfs;


nraw;gLthu;.

4.1 rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;

Fk;NghJ Mf;ftpay;;

r pe ;jid tsu;r ;r p

ailAk; tpjj;jpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

25

28

ghl



5 . ypguy; thjj;jpdJk; Njrpa

thjj;jpdJk; vOr;rp

ypguy; thjj;jpdJk; Njrpa

thjj;jpdJk; tsu;r;rp

1848 Mk; Mz;L Gul;rp

mzpfs;

,j;jhyp If;fpag;gLjy;

N[u;kdp If;fpag;gLjy;

murpay; rpe;jidapd; tsu;r;

rpAld; Gul;rp mzpfs; vOr;rp

ngw;w tpjj;jpid tpgupg;ghu;.

ypguy; thjKk; Njrpa

thjKk ; eilKiwapy ;

nraw ; gl ;l t pjj ;j pid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

N[u ;kd p If ;f pag ; gl ;l

t pjj ;ij tiuglj ;j py ;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

,j ;jhy p If ;f pag ; gl ; l

tpjj;ij tiuglk; xd;wpy;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

etPd cyfpd; gy;NtW

murpay; fUj;Jf;fs;

eilKiwapy; nraw;

ghlhf khw;wkile;j

tpjj;jpidg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

5.1 ypguy;thjk;> Njrpa

thjk; vd;gd eil

Kiwapy; nraw;gLk;

Kiwapidj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

20

29

ghl



mjpfhuk ; njhlu ;ghf

Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs;

moptpid Vw;gLj;Jk;

vd ;gjid tpsq;f pf ;

nfhz;L rkhjhdj;ijg;

ghJfhf;f eltbf;if

vLg;ghu;.

6.1 Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;

jpd; mopTfis vLj;

Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

6. Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;

- Aj;jk; Vw;gLtjpy; jhf;fk;

tpistpj;j tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzp

Gjpa NguuRf; nfhs;if

Mgpupf;fh njhlu;ghd

Nghl;b

Nghy;fd; gpur;rpid

INuhg;gh ,U mzpfshfg;

gpupe;jik

Aj;jj;jpd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs;

Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

Ntu;Nry;]; cld;gbf;if

INuhg;gpa Njrg;glk;

khw;wkiljy;

ru;tNjr kd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;

gl;lik

cyf Aj;jk; eilngw;w

tpjj;jpidj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisT

fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

cyf Aj;jj;Jld; njhlu;G

ila ,lq;fs;> ehLfs;

vd;gtw;iwj; Njrg;glj;jpy;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

15

30

ghl



etPd cyfpy; gy;NtW

murpay; rpe;jidfs;

nraw;ghl;L uPjpapy; eil

Kiwapy; khw;wj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpa tpjj;ijg;

guPl;rpg;ghu;.

7.1 u\;ag; Gul;rp cyf

murpaypy; nry;thf;F

nrYj;jpa tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

7. u\;ag; Gul;rp

Gul;rp mwpKfk;

Gul ; r pf ;F to ptFj ;j

fhuzpfs;

Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

r%f thjk;/ Nrhryprk;

u\;ag; Gul;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

Gul;rp %yk; ntw;wp nfhz;l

rkTilikf; nfhs;ifia

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

Nrhrypr thjk ; cyf

mjpfhu mzpahf cUthd

tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

15

ghlj;jpl;lk;

juk; 13


,yq;if tuyhW

Nju;r ;rp

,yq;if ehfupfj;jpd;


tsu;r;rp Nghf;Ffs; vd;

gd njhlu;ghf Gupe;J

zu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk;

7.1 ,Wjp RNjr ,uhr

jhdp gw;wp EZfpaha;

thu;.

7.2 fiuNahug; gpuNjrj;

jpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau

Jk;> xy;yhe;juJk;

nraw;ghLfisj; Njb

awpthu;.

tpla cs;slf;fk;

7 . 16 Mk; E}w;whz;L Kjy;

18 Mk; E}w;whz;L tiu

,yq;if

7.1 fz;b ,uhrjhdp

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;f

spy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJk;

xy;yhe;juJk; Ml;rp

ghl

Ntisfs;fw;ww; NgWfs;

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Muk;

gKk; tsu;r;rpAk; gw;wp tpg

upg;ghu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; Kf;fpa

Ml;rpahsu;fspd; ngWkjpia

czu;thu;.

fz;b ,uhrjhdpapd; tu

yhw;W uPjpahd ,lq;fis

,yq;ifg; glnkhd;w py ;

Fwpg;ghu;.

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisg;

Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;j

Uk; ifg;gw;wpa tpjj;ij

tpgupg;ghu;.

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;

Nghu;j;Jf;NfauJk; xy;yhe;

juJk; Ml;rpia tpgupg;ghu;.

Nghu;j;Jf;NfaupdJk; xy;yhe;

jupdJk; fl;Lg;ghl;bd;fPo;

,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fis ,yq;

ifg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;L

thu;.

31

30

juk; 13

32

ghl



8.1 gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rp

,yq;ifapy; epiy

ehl;lg;gl;l tpjj;ijj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

8 . ,yq;ifapy ; gpu pj ;jhdp

auJ Ml ; r paj p f h uk ;

epWtg;glYk; epiyehl;lg;

glYk;

Ml;rpajpfhuk; epWtg;gly;

1796 Mk; Mz;L fiu

Nahug; gpuNjrq;fs;

ifg;gw;wg;gly;

1815 Mk; Mz;L

fz;b ,uhr ;r pak ;

ifg;gw;wg;gly;

1818 Mk; Mz;L

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

1 8 3 3 Nfhy ; GW }f ;

rPu;jpUj;jk;

1 8 4 8 Rje ;j p u g ;

Nghuhl;lk;

gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rp ,yq;

ifapy; epWtg;gl;likf;F

VJthfpa fhuzq;fisj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

RNjrpfspd; vjpu;g;Gf;fisAk;

mtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfisAk;

gFj;jha;thu;.

,iwikiag; ghJfhf;fj;

Njhs ;nfhLj ;j RNjrj ;

jiytu;fspd; ngWkjpia

czu;thu;.

,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;l

tupd; Mjpf;fk; njhlu;

ghff; fw;wwpe;J jkJ

ehl;bd; ,iwikiag;

ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;s el

tbf;if vLg;ghu;.

30

33

ghl



9.1 gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rp

apd; fPo; ,yq;ifr;

r%fj;jpy; ,ize;j

Gjpa mk;rq;fisj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

9 . g p u p j ; j h d p a u p d ; f P o ;

n g hUshjhu > r%f

khw;wq;fs; (1948 tiu)

9.1 nghUshjhu> r%f

khw;wq;fs;

ngUe;Njhl;lg; nghU

shjhu tsu;r;rp

Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; njhlu;

ghlYk;

cs;ehl ;Lf ; ifj ;

njhopy;fs;

fy;tp

r%f khw;wq;fs;

gpupj;jhdpaupd;fPo; ,e; ehl;Lg;

nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l

khw;wq;fisj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

gpupj;jhdpauJ nghUshjhuj;

jpw;F mika ,e;ehl;Lr;

r%fj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;ij

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

gpupj;jhdpauJ nghUshjhu

eltbf;iffshy; ,e;ehl;Lg;

nghUshjhuj;jpYk; r%fj;

jpYk; Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd

khw;wq;fis kjpg;ghu;.

gpupj;jhdpauJ ngUshjhur;

nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf

kq;fpa RNjr jdpj;Jtk;

gw;wp vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ntspehl;Lg; gz;ghl;Lg;

g p uthfq ;fs ; > RNjr

r%fj;j py ; ,ize;j

tpjk; gw;wpa Gupe;Jzu;

Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

30

34

ghl



9.2 ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpf

spd; Kd;dpiyapy;

Njrpaj; jiytu;fs;

nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

10.1 gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp

kw;Wk; RNjrrj; jiy

tu;fspd; nraw;ghL

fs; gw;wp EZfpaha;

thu;.

9.2 RNjr rka> gz;ghl;L

vOr;rp

10 .murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fSk;

Njrpa ,af;fKk;

1910> 1920> 1924 murpay;

mikg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

nlhd%u; murpayikg;G

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G

Rje;jpuk; ngwy;

cs;ehl;L rka> fyhrhu

vOr;rpiaj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

ehl ;bd; jdpj ;Jtj;ijg ;

ghJfhf;f Njhs;nfhLj;j

jiytu;fis kjpg;ghu;.

ntspehl;Lr ; rf;jpfspd;

Kd ;d piya py ; ehl ;bd ;

jdpj;Jtj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;

fhfr; nraw;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;

vd;gij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;

,lk ;ngw ; w mur pay ;

rPu;jpUj;jq;fisj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd;

gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa

,af;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

ntspehl;L Mjpf;fj;jpd; Kd;

cs;ehl;Lj; jiytu;fs;

nraw ; gl ; l t pjj ; j pid

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;L

Mjpf;fk; njhlu;ghff;

fw;wwpe;J jkJ ,iwik

iag ; ghJfhf ;f

eltbf;if vLg;ghu;.

30

35

ghl



1972> 1978 Mk; Mz;L

murpay; ahg;Gfis tpgupg;

ghu;.

1972> 1978 Mk; Mz;L ahg;G

fis tpku ;rd u Pjpahf

tpsf;Fthu;.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;if

apd; mgptpUj;jp cj;jpfis

tpgupg;ghu;.

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;if

apd; mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghf

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rp

fisg; ghuhl;Lthu;.

mgptpUj;j p cj;jpfspd;

tpisjpwidg; gFj;jha;thu;.

11 .Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;if

11.1 murpay; ahg;gpd;

tsu;r;rp

- 1972> 1978

11.2 mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;ghL

nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jp

- mur Kaw;rpahz;ikfs;

- tptrhak;

- ifj;njhopy;fs;

r%f eyNdhk;gy;

- fy;tp

- Rfhjhuk;

- gq;fPl;L Kiw

- njhlu;ghly;

11.1 ,iwikAs;s Xu;

muRf;fhf Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;sg;gl;l murp

ay ; ahg ; Gfis

EZfpaha;thu;.

11.2 ,iwikAs;s Xu;

mur hfj ; Njr pa

Kd ; Nd w ; w j ; j p d ;

nghUl;L eilKiwg;

gLj;jpa nfhs;iffs;

kw;Wk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;

fis EZfpaha ;

thu;.

,yq;if ehfupfj;jpd;





60

36

ghl



Rje;jpu ,yq;ifapd; ntsp

ehl ;Lf ; nfhs ;ifiag ;

tpsf;Fthu;.

,yq;ifahdJ ntspehl;l

tupd; ftdj;ij <u;j;jikf;

fhd fhuzq;fisj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

,yq;ifAld; el;Gwitg;

Ngzpa ehLfisj; cyfg;


11.3 ,iwikAs;s Xu;

muR vd;w tifapy;

ntspehl;L muRfS

ld; nraw;gl;l tpjk;

gw;wp Ma;T nra;thu;.

11.3 ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

37

ghl


juk; 13 f.ngh.j (cau;juk;) ghlj;jpl;lk;,e;jpa tuyhW



tsu;r ;r pg ; Nghf;Ffs;


nraw;gLthu;.

,e;jpa tuyhw;W tsu;r;rp

Ng hf ;Ffs ; vd ; gd


nraw;gLthu;.

9.1 ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;

ntspehl;L muRfs;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fq;

fs ; njhlu ; g hd

jfty;fis gFj;jha;

thu;.

10.1 ,e;jpa tuyhW fl;b

naOg ;gg ; gLtj py ;

Fg;j Nguurpd; gq;f

spg;ig tpsf;Fthu;.

9. gpe ;jpa nksupa AfKk;

nts p e hl ; L mur pay ;

jhf;fKk;

Rq;f tk;rk;

,e;Njh-fpNuf;f rhfu;> gy;ytu;

Ml ; r pAk ; mtu ;fsJ

gz;ghLk;

F\hz AfKk; ,e ;j pa

tuyhw ;w pw ;F mtu ;fsJ

gq;fspg;Gk;

rhjthfd AfKk; mtu;fsJ

gz;ghLk;

10. Fg;j Nguurpd; Njhw;wk;

Fg;j Nguurpd; guk;gy;

Fg;j Ml;rpahsu;fspd;

nraw;ghLk; ,e;jpa khdpl

r%fj;jpy ; Vw;gLj;jpa

jhf;fq;fSk;

Fg;ju; fhy r%f> nghU

shjhu> gz;ghl;L eltbf;

iffs;

Fg;j Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpAk;

`_zu;fspd; Mf;fpukpg;Gk;

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; jhf;fk;

nrYj ;j pa nts pehl ;L

muRfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;

fis tpgupg;ghu;.

ntspehl;L muRfspd; jhf;

fq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

nksupaUf;Fg ; g pw ;gl ;l

fhyj;ij Njrg;glj ;j py ;

Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

Fg;j Nguurpd; Njhw;wk; mjd;

vOr;rp> tPo;r;rp vd;gtw;iw

tpgupg;ghu;.

Fg;ju;fspd; murpay;> r%f>

nghUshjhu> gz;ghl ;L

eltbf ;iffs ; ,e ;j pa

r%fj ; j py ; jhf ; fj ;ij

Vw;gLj;jpa tpjj;jpidj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

Fg;j Nguurpd; gutiy Njrg;

glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

30

30

38

ghl



,e ; j pa tuyhw ;w pd ;

tuyhw;W uPjpahd Nghf;F

fs; tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghd

tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;

gLthu;.

11.0 Fg;j Nguurpd; gpd;du;

g p u Njr Ml ; r p

mjpfhuk; tsu;r ;rp

aile;j tpjj;jpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

11. Fg;j fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;

tl ,e;jpahtpd; murpay;

Nghf;Ffs;

gpuNjr mjpfhuk; kPz;Lk;

Njhw;wk; ngwy;

- fd;Ndhrpapd; mjpfhu

tsu;r;rp

- `u;\tu;j;jd kd;dd;

gpuNjr murpay; myF

fspd; mjpfhuk; kPz;Lk;

epWtg;gly;

ghyu;> $u;[u gpujpfhuu;>

,uh\;u$lu; MfpNahupd;

Ml ; r p mj pfhuKk ;

fd;NdhrpAk;

gpuNjr muRfspd; fPo;

mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; murpay;>

ng hUshjhu > r%f>

gz;ghl;L eltbf;iffs;

Fg;ju; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpw;gl;l

fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j typik

tha;e;j gpuNjr muRfs;

njhlu ;ghd jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

gpuNjr muRfs; ,e;jpa

tuyhw ;w py ; Vw ;gLj ;j pa

jhf;fj;jpid vLj;Jf; fhl;L

thu;.

Fg;ju; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpw;gl;l

fhy ,e;jpahit ,e;jpaj;

Njrg ;glj ;j py ; Fwpj ;Jf ;

fhl;Lthu;.

35

39

ghl



20,e ;j pa tuyhw ;w pd ;


tsu;r ;r pg ; Nghf;Ffs;

njhlu;ghf Gupe;Jzu;

Tld; nraw;gLthu;.

12.1 K];yPk;fspd; Mf;fp

ukpg;Gf;F mbg;gil

mike;j tpjj;jpid

tpgupg;ghu;.

12. muhgpau;fsJk;> JUf;fp

au ;fsJk; Mf;f puk pg ;Gk ;

,e ;j pa mur pay ; e piy

ikAk;

muhg pa > JUf ;f pa

Mf;fpukpg;G

rkfhy ,e ;j paht pd ;

murpay; epiy

,e;jpah kPjhd muhgpa -

JUf;fpa Mf;fpukpg;Gf;fis

tpgupg;ghu;.

muhgpa - JUf;fpa Mf;fpu

kpg;Gf;fs; ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy;

jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

muhgpaUk;> JUf;fpaUk;

ifg;gw;wpa gpuNjrq;fis

,e ;j pa Njrg ; glj ;j py ;

Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

40

ghl



,e ; j pa tuyhw ;w pd ;



Gupe;Jzu;Tld; njhlu;

ghf nraw;gLthu;.

13.1 njd;dpe;jpa gpuNjr

muRfs ; ,e ;j pa

tuyhw;wpy; jhf;fk;

nrYj;jpa tpjj;jp

idj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

13.2 njd;dpe;jpa murpay;

epiyik ,yq;if

kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;

j pa t pjj ; j pid

tpsf;Fthu;.

13 . njd;dpe ;j pa mur pay;

gpd;dzp

13.1njd;dpe;jpa murpay;

murpay; nraw;ghLfs;

Muk;gkhjy;

gy;yt> ghz;ba> Nrho>

rhSf;fpa Ml;rpahsu;

fspd; fPo; ,e;jpahtpd;

Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;

njd;dpe;jpa r%f> nghU

shjhu> gz;ghl;L ,ay;G

fSk; mtw;wpd; tsu;r;rp

apy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpait

fSk;

13.2 njd;dpe;jpahTk;

,yq;ifAk;

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jhf;fKk;

,yq;ifAk;

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; vy;iy

fisAk; gpuNjr muRfis

Ak; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpg;ghu;.

njd;dpe;jpa murpay;> nghU

shjhu> r%f> gz;ghl;L

epiyikfisj; njspTgLj;

Jthu;.

njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Nghf;Ffs;

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; jhf;fk;

nrYj;jpa tpjj;jpid tpgupg;

ghu;.

,yq;if kPJ njd;dpe;jpah

jhf;fk; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd

fhuzq ;fis vLj ;Jf ;

$Wthu;.

,yq;if kPJ jhf;fk; nrYj;

jpa muRfisAk; mtw;wpd;

jhf;fq;fisAk; tpgupg;ghu;.

20

41

ghl



8.1 neg;Nghypadpd; rPu;

jpUj;jq;fs; gpuhd;rpd;

Njrpaj;ijf; fl;b

naOg;Gtjpy; gq;f

spg;Gr; nra;j tpjj;jp

idj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

neg ;Nghy pad ; ty pik

tha;e;j Nguuirf; fl;b

naOg;gpa tpjj;ij tpgupg;

ghu;.

gyk; tha;e ;j Nguurd;

t P o ; r ; r p A W t j w ; f h d

fhuzq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

neg;NghypadJ Nguuir

Njrg;glnkhd;wpy; milah

skpLthu;.

gpugy;akhd tuyhw;W

egu;fspd; tPu nraw;ghL

fs; tuyhw;iwf; fl;b

naOg;Gtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra ;j t pjj ;j pidg ;

guPl;rpg;ghu;.

8 . ne g ; N g hy pad ; n ghd

ghl;Lk; mtuJ NguuRk;

neg;Nghypad; gpuhd;

rpy mjpfhuk; ngwy;

neg;Nghypadpd; rPu;

jpUj;jq;fs;

neg;Nghypadpd; ntsp

ehl;Lf; nfhs;ifAk;

gpuhd;rpd; mjpfhug;

guk;gYk;

neg;Nghypad; Njhy;tp

mile ;jikf ;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

20

42

ghl



INuhg;ghtpd; mjpfhu

rkepiyiag; ghJfhf;

Fk; nghUl;L ,dq;fSf;

fpilNa xw;Wik epyt

Ntz;bajd; Kf;fpaj;

Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

9.1 INuhg;ghtpy; rkhjh

dk; epytr; nra;tjpy;

tpad;dh kfh ehl;bd;

gq;fspg;gpidg; guPl;

rpg;ghu;.

9.2 gy;NtW FOf;fs; xd;

wpize;J xw;Wik

Ald; nraw;gLtjd;

Kf ;f paj ;Jtj ;ij

tpsf;Fthu;.

9 . tpad;dh kfhehL

9.1 tpad;dh kfhehL

mwpKfk;

tpad;dh kfhehl;il

$ l ; L t j w ; f h d

fhuzq;fs;

9.2 tpad;dh kfhehL gpd;

gw;wpa nraw;ghLfs;

tpad;dh kfhehl;bd;

tpisTfs;

INuhg;ghtpd; rkhjhdj;

ijg ; ghJfhg ; gjw ;F

tpad;dh kfhehL Nkw;

nfhz;l eltbf;iffisj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk;

nghUl ;L kfhehl ;bd ;

Kf;fpj;Jtj;jpidj; ju;f;f

uPjpahfj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

tpad ;dh kfhehl ;bd ;

gpd;ida ,Ue;j INuhg;

ghit Njrg;glnkhd;wpy;

Fwpg;ghu;.

15

43

ghl



etPd cyfpy; gy;NtW

murpay; rpe;jidfs;

eilKiwapy; nraw;gl;;l

tpjj;jpidg; guPl;rpg;ghu;.

5.1 ypguy; thjj;jpdJk;

Njrpa thjj;jpdJk;

tsu;r;rpapidj; njsp

TgLj;Jthu;.

5 . y p g uy ; thjj ;j pdJk ;

Njr p a thjj ;j pdJk ;

tsu;r ;rp

ypguy; thj> Njrpa thj

,af;fq;fspd; tsu;r;rp

1848 Gul;rp

rf;jpfs;

,j;jhypa If;fpak;

N[u;kdpa If;fpak;

murpay; rpe;jidapd; tsu;r;

rpAld; Gul;rpfur; rf;jpfs;

ntspg ;gl ;l tpjj ;j pid

tptupg;ghu;.

ypguy;thj> Njrpa thj

mur pay ; r p e ; jidfs ;

eilKiwapy; gad;gl;l

tpjj;jpid vLj;Jf; fhl;L

thu;.

,j;jhyp> N[u;kdp If;fpag;

gl;l tpjj;ij Njrg;glj;jpd;

%yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

25

44

ghl



mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghd

Nkhjy;fspdhy; Vw;gLk;

mopTfis tpsq;fpf;

nfhz;L rkhjhdk ;

epytr; nra;jpl elt

bf;if vLg;ghu;.

cyf Aj ;jk ; Vw ;gl ;l

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

cyfg; Nghupd; tpisT


cyfg; NghUld; njhlu;

ghd efuq;fisAk; ehL

fisAk; cyfg; GwTUtg;


1511.1 Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;

njhlu;ghd mopT

fis vLj;Jf;fhl;L

thu;.

11 . Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk;

Nghu; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;

Fr; nrYj;jpa tuyhw;Wg;

gpd;dzp

et FbNaw;wthjk;

Mgpu pf ;fhtpw ;fhd

Nghl;b

Nghy;fd; gpur;rpid

INuhg;gh ,U mzp

fshfg; gpupe;jik

Nghupd; Kf;fpa fl;lq;fs;

Nghupd; tpisTfs;

tu;Nry;]; xg;ge;jk;

INuhg;gpa Njrg;glk;

cUkhWjy;

ru ;tNjr rq ; fk ;

cUthjy;

45

ghl



etPd cyfpy; gy;NtW

murpay; rpe;jidfs;

eilKiwapy; nraw;

ghl;bw;F te;j tpjj;ij

guPl;rpg;ghu;.

mjpfhuj;jpw;fhd Nghuhl;

lq;fspd; mopTfis

t psq ;f pf ; nfhz ;L

rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;

Jf ; nfhs ;tjw ;fhd

eltbf ;ifia Nkw ;

nfhs;thu;.

12.1 u\;ag; Gul;rp cyf

rf ; j pahf khw pa

tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

13.1 ,uz ;lhk ; cyf

Aj ;jj ;j pd ; mopT

ehrq;fis vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

13.2 cyf rkhjhdj;ij

Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F xw;W

ikAld; nraw;gLt

jd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

guPl;rpg;ghu;.

12 . u\;ag; Gul;rp

u\;ag; Gul;rp - mwpKfk;

Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;;

Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

Nrhryprk;

13.,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu;

13.1 Aj;jk;

Nghu; Muk;gk;

Nghupd; guk;gy;

KbTk; tpisTk;

13.2 If;fpa ehLfs; rig

Nehf;fk;

fl;likg;G

nraw;ghLfs;

u\;ag; Gul;rpiaj; njspT

gLj;Jthu;.

Gul;rpapd; %yk; ntw;wp

fz;l Nrhryprf; nfhs;if

ia tpsf;Fthu;.

rkTilikf; nfhs;if

iaAk; mjd; gutiyAk;

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jk; Vw;

gLtjw;fhd fhuzq;fisj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;

tpisTfis tpsf;Fthu;.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

Nehf;fq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJ

fhf;Fk; nghUl;L Nkw;nfhs;

sg ;gl ;l Kaw ;r pfisj ;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

15

20

46

ghl



mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf

Vw;gLk; Nkhjy;fs; mopT

ehrq;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;

vd;gijg; Gupe;J nfhz;L

rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;

gjw;fhf nraw;gLtu;.

14.1 gyk; tha;e;j mzp

fs; cyf murpaypy;

Vw;gLj;jpa jhf;fj;jp

idj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

14.2 gdpg;Nghu; fhyj;jpy;

gyk; tha;e;j mzpf

spilNa Vw ;gl ;l

Nkhjy;fis tpsf;F

thu;.

14 .,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd;

gpd;du; cyfk;

ty;yuR mzpfs;

Kjyhspj;Jtk; - Nel;Nlh

rkTilik -Nthu ;Nrh

thjk;

mzpNruh thj ehLfs;

14.2 gdpg;Nghu;

fUj;J Nkhjy;fs;

mzpfs; tPo;r;rpAw;wik

jw;Nghija cyf murpay;

epiyapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;jpa

fhuzq;fis vLj ;Jf ;

fhl;Lthu;.

mzpfs pd ; mur pay ; >

nghUshjhu> r%f epiy

fis tpsf;Fthu;.

gdpg;Nghiuj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.

jkJ mzpiag; gyg;gLj;J

tjw;F ty;yuR mzpfs;

nraw;gl;l tpjj;jpidj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

cyf ehLfs; mjpfhu

mzpfspd; fPo; gpupe;J nrd;w

tpjj;ij njspTgLj;Jthu;.

25

47

ghl



8.1 Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;

jpd; gpd;du; Njhd;wpa

Gjpa Nghf;Ffis

EZfpaha;thu;.

8. cyf Aj;j ,ilf;fhyk;

cyfg ; nghUshjhu

neUf;fb

ghrpr> ehrpr thj vOr;rp

ag;ghdpd; vOr;rp

ru;tNjr kd;wj;jpd;

Njhy;tp

cyf Aj;j ,ilf;fhyj;

jpidj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

gy;NtW rpf;fyhd epiyik

apd; topahf Gjpa Nghf;F

fs; Njhw;wk; ngWk; tpjj;

jpid vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

rpf;fyhd epiyikfspd;

%yk; Njhw;wk; ngWk; Gjpa

Nghf;Ffspd; jhf;fq;fis

vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

r pf ;fyhd e piyik

fspD}lhf fl;bnaOg;gg;

gLk; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;


nraw;gLthu;.

20

48

ghl



mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf

Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfs;

moptpid Vw;gLj;Jk;

vd ;gjid tpsq ;f p >

rkhjhdj ;ijg ; ghJ

fhf ;f eltbf ;if

vLg;ghu;.

9.1 ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;

jj;jpd; mopTfis

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

9.2 cyf py ; rkhjh

dj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;

nghUl;L rkhjhdj;

Jld; nraw;gLtjpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpidg;

guPl;rpg;ghu;.

9. ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jk;

9.1 Aj;jk;

Aj;jj;jpd; Muk;gk;

Aj;jj;jpd; guty;

Aj;jj;jpd; KbTk; tpisT

fSk;

9.2 If;fpa ehLfs; rig

Nehf;fk;

fl;likg;G

njhopw;ghL

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghupd;

Muk;gj;ijAk; gutiyAk;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.


tpisTfisg; gFj;jha;thu;.

,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; fhy

kw;Wk; mjw;Fg; gpw;gl;l fhy

cyif GwTUtg;glnkhd;

wpy; Fwpj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;

Nehf;fq;fisj; njspTgLj;J

thu;.


gpd;du; cyfpy; rkhjhdj;

ij Vw;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kaw;rp

fisj; njspTgLj;Jthu;.

35

49

ghl



Njr pa RahjPdj;j pd ;

ngWkhdj;ij tpsq;fp>

Njrpa jdpj;Jtj;ijg;

ghJfhf;f eltbf;if

vLg;ghu;.

10.1 RahjPdj;ij ntd;

nwLg;gjw;fhf Mrpa>

Mgpu pf ;f ehLfs;

nraw;gl;l tpjj;jp

id tprhupj;jwpthu;.

10. FbNaw;wthjk;

MrpahtpYk; Mgpupf;fhtp

Yk; Njrpag; Nghuhl;l

,af;fq;fs;

Mrpah> Mgpupf;fhf; fz;lq;

fspYs;s Nkw;F ehLfspd;

FbNaw;wq;fisj; Njrg;


Mrpa> Mgpupf;f ehLfs;

Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk;

nghUl ;L Kd ;ndLj ;j

Nghuhl;lq;fis tpgupg;ghu;.

RahjPdj;ij ntd;nwLg;

gjw ;F Njhs ; nfhLj ;j

jiytu;fis cau;thf

kjpg;ghu;.

40

50

ghl



jw;fhy cyfg; Nghf;F

fs; kw;Wk; mtw;wpd;

jhf;fq;fs; njhlu;ghd

tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;

gLthu;.

gy;NtW rthy;fspd;

Kd;dpiyapy; ehLfs;

Kd ; Nd w ; w kil e ; j

tpjj;jpid Kd;Djhu

zkhff ; nfhz ;L

ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd;

nghUl;Lr; nraw;gLthu;.

11.1 jw ; f hy cyf py ;

nraw;gLk; murpay;

rf;jpfs; njhlu;ghfj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

12.1 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;

by; Jupj tsu;r;rpa

ile;j Mrpa ehLfs;

njhlu;ghfg; gFj;jha;

thu;.

11 .cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;

fshfg; gpsTwy;

- gdpg;Nghu;fs;

- mzpNruh ehLfs;

- Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd;

tPo;r;rp

12 .Mrpahtpd; vOr;rp

- rPdg; Gul;rpAk; rPdhtpd;

vOr;rpAk;

- ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd;

gpd;du; ag;ghdpd; vOr;rp

cyfk; mjpfhu Kfhk;f

shfg; gpsTw;w tpjj;jpidj;

njspTgLj;Jthu;.

Nrhtpaj; ehL tPor;rpAw;w

Jld; Vw;gl;l epiyik

fis tpsf;Fthu;.

cyf mjpfhu Kfhk;fis

Ak; mtw;wpw;Fupa ehLfis

Ak; Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

rPdhTk; ag;ghDk; cyfpy;

mgptpUj;jp mile;j ehLfs;

vd;w epiyf;F te;j tpjj;jp

id tpgupg;ghu;.

rPdh> ag;ghd; Mfpa ehLf

s plk pUe ;J ngwj ;jf ;f

Kd;khjpupfis vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

30

30

(,) ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffSk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fSk;

tuyhW ghlg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; mlq;fpAs;s ghl tplaq;fis ntw;wpfukhfTk; tpisjpwDs;sthWk; fw;gjw;fhfTk;> mjd;

%yk; fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngWtjw;fhfTk; khztuJ <LghL mjpfupf;Fk; tifapy; ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisj;

jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;tJ ngupJk; gaDilajhFk;.

mt;thwhd rpy ghlrhiy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs; khj;jpuNk ,q;F Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. nghUj;jkhd NtW Mf;fG+u;tkhd

Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk;> nfhs;iffisAk; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; tuyhW fw;gpf;Fk; MrpupaUf;F cz;L vd;gijf;

ftdj;jpy;nfhs;Sq;fs;.

“tuyhW” rq;fnkhd;W mikg;gjd; %yk; khztuJ mwpit tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;> tpthjq;fs;>

fUj;juq;Ffs;> fz;fhl;rpfs; Nghd;wtw;iw xOq;F nra;J elj;Jtjw;Fk; rQ;rpif> RtNuL Nghd;w Mf;fg+u;tkkhd

fUkq;fspy; <LgLtjw;Fk; topg;gLj;jyhk;.

tUlj;jpy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; xU jlitNaDk; Kf;fpakhd Xu; ,lj;Jf;F my;yJ gpuNjrj;Jf;Ff; fy;tpr;Rw;Wyh nry;y

xOq;Ffis nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapy; ngw;w mwpit cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nra;J

nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; JizahFkhW Neufhyj;Jld; jpl;lkpl;L> fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhf;fis xOq;F nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

fUj;juq;Ffis xOq;F nra;J ehl;bd; jiy rpwe;j tuyhw;whrpupau;fisg; ghlrhiyf;F mioj;J> mtu;fsJ mDgtq;fisg;

gfpu;e;J nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;.

gpuNjrj;jpy; njhy;nghUspay; Kf;fpaj;JtKs;s epidTr;rpd;dq;fs; gw;wpj; NjbawptNjhL mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf

ghlrhiy kl;l kw;Wk; rKjha kl;l Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.

tuyhw;Wg; ghl tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Gila Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs;> nrJf;fy; Ntiyg;ghLfs;> Vida mUk;nghUs;fis

mtjhdpg;gjw;Fk; mtjhdpg;G mwpf;iffisj; jahupg;gjw;Fkhf mUk;nghUl;fhl;rpr;rhiyfs; rhu;e;j Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis

xOq;F nra;jy;

tuyhw;Wg; ghl tplaq;fSld; njhlu;Gilajhf ,izaj;jsq;fs; %yk; jfty;fs; jpul;Ljy;

51

(<) fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nrad;Kiwapd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fw;ww; NgWfis khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;tjw;Fk;> khztu; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fkhd tFg;giwapy; ,yFthf eilKiwg;gLj;jj;jf;f

,ilj;njhlu;Gfisf; nfhz;l ,uz;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fshf fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL Mfpatw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. fzpg;gPL rupahf

epfOnkddpd; tFg;gpy; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nju;r;rpfspy; fpl;ba ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ij vl;LtJ xU fbdkhd

fhupakhfhJ. khztd; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lk; ahJ vd;gij ,dq;fhz;gNj kjpg;gPL vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.

fzpg;gPl;by; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ khztu;fs; njhlu;ghf ,uz;L tpjkhd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fyhk;. mt;topfhl;ly;fs;>

nghJthf gpd;D}l;ly; (Feed Back) vdTk; Kd;Kft+l;ly; (Feed Forward) vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;. khztuJ eypTfisf;

fz;lwpe;jtplj;J> mtu;fsJ fw;wy; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfis eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gpd;D}l;liyAk; khztuJ

,aYikfisAk; typTfisAk; ,dq;fz;ltplj;J mj;jpwd;fis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;KfT+l;liyAk;

toq;FtJ Mrpupaupd; gzpahFk;.

fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nra;Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;fhf> ghlj;Nju;r;rpfSs; vj;Nju;r;rpfis; ve;nje;j kl;lj;jpy; mila Kbe;jJ vd;gij

khztu;fs; ,dq;fz;L nfhs;tJ mtrpakhFk;. kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; topNa khztu;fs; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa

kl;lj;ijj; jPu;g;Gr; nra;tNj ,q;F Mrpupauplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s ,g;ghlj;jpl;lk;> khztu; ika> Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs; rhu;e;j

mZFKiwia cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. nraw;ghl;Lf; fw;wypd;ghy; (Active Learning) khztiu Mrpupau; topg;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk; vd

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. khztu;fs; nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; NtisfspYk; nraw;ghLfspd; ,WjpapYk; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPL

Mfpatw;iw elj;jyhk;.

fzpg;gPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPl;il ,yFthf elj;jj;jf;fthwhf nghJ epakq;fisg; gad;gLj;JtJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd

tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j Ie;J epakq;fSs; Kjy; %d;W epakq;fSk; Fwpj;j Nju;r;rpiaf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf xUq;F

Nru;e;Js;s mwpT> jpwd; kdg;ghq;Ffis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. kPjp ,uz;L epakq;fisAk;

tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sj;JizahFk; tifapy; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapy;

khztu;fs; nraw;gLk; NghJ ,e;epakq;fs; njhlu;ghd elj;ij khw;wq;fis ,dq;fhz Mrpupau; Kaw;rp nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

$lNt fzpg;gPl;bd; Clhf me;elj;ijfis NkYk; tYg;gLj;JtjpYk;> kjpg;gPl;bd; Clhf mtw;iw mse;jwptjpYk; Mrpupau;

ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;. ,tw;NwhL> tFg;giwapy; vOj;Jr; Nrhjidfs;> nraw;wpl;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk; khj ,WjpapYk;>

jtiz ,WjpapYk;> Mz;bWjpapYk; elj;jg;gLk; ghlrhiy kl;l> tya kl;lg; guPl;irfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;jyhk;.

52

ghlj;jpl;lk; jahupg;Gf;FO

vOj;jhsu; FO - cs;thup

B.vr;.re;jpkh ep\hdp ju;kghy - rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

lgps;A+.v];.v];. Fztu;j;jd - cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)

Nguhrpupau; `Fud;nj jpuhde;j Njuu; - Nguhnjdpag; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; khydp vjfk - = [atu;j;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)

Nguhrpupau;. ,e;jpuhzp Kzrpq;f - nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)

Nguhrpupau; A+. gP. fUzhde;j - fsdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)

Nguhrpupau; Nf.vk;.gP. FyNrf;fu - fspdpg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; vk;. Nrhkjpyf - Nguhnjdpag; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Nguhrpupau; gj;krpup fd;dd;fu - = [atu;j;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fok;

fyhepjp epu;khy; uQ;rpd; Njtrpup - nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp Nuh`pj jrehaf - Nguhnjdpag; gy;fiyf;fok;

fyhepjp mDj;juh Njtp tpj;jpahyq;fhu - nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofk;

fyhepjp rQ;rPtp ke;jpuj;d - = [atu;j;jdGug; gy;fiyf;fofk;

Mu;. vk;. rj;jpaFkhu; - tpupTiuahsu;> aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fok;

Mu;.lg;.v];. njy vjpuptPu - Mrpupa Nrit I (Xa;T ngw;w)

lg;.B.Nf.B. gpbfy - cg mjpgu; Nrit (Xa;T ngw;w)

ee;jh kdk;Ngup - Mrpupa Nrit I (Xa;T ngw;w)

V. ,e;jpuhzp - Mrpupa Nrit

vr;.vk;. espd;gz;lhu - Mrpupa Nrit II (Xa;T ngw;w)

[Ptd Ruq;f fkNf - Mrpupa Nrit II

vk;.vr;.vk;. ah$j; - gpujhd nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup (Xa;T ngw;w)

mUl; rNfhjup Nkup nlhNdl;lh - cg mjpgu; Nrit (Xa;T epiy)

53

tuyhw ghljj; pll; k;nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/talsyl history.pdf4 cs;slf;fk; 1. mwpkfk; i 2. cs;slf;fk; iii...

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