tuyhw - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tgr11_tg history.pdf · · 2017-01-23mf;fg;gl;ls;s ,t;thrpupau;...

ii

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Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

k`ufk

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,izaj;jsk;: www.nie.lk kpd;dQ;ry; : [email protected]

mr;rpLjYk; tpepNahfKk; - fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;

ii

tuyhW

juk; - 11

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

Kjw; gjpg;G: 2015

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw


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k`ufk

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,izaj;jsk; : www.nie.lkkpd;dQ;ry;: [email protected]

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rprhuh gpupd;l;Nt gpiutl; ypkpl;ll;

mr;rfj;jpy; mr;rplg;gl;L> ntspaplg;gl;lJ.

iii

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v

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk;

vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;.

kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk;

mwpthw;wypdhy; ,dq;fz;l> epakkw;wtw;iwf; fistjw;Fk;. ey;ytw;iwg;

gz;gLj;jp Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fw;wYf;fhf ngWkjpkpf;fit vitNah mitAk;> fw;wy; Kiwapay;fSk; trjpfSk;

fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;>

trjp nra;Nthu; Nghd;witnay;yhk; ,t;tifapNyNa fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Nru;e;J

nfhs;fpd;wd.

,yq;if etPd nry;newpfisAk; gz;ila mUQ;nry;tq;fisAk; fyf;fr; nra;J

jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika

kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiw ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk;

fiyj;jpl;lj;Jf;Fupa xU fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; tskhf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bfs;

jahupf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikia Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;.

vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk;

gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhf gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;>

Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fis miltjw;fhfg; ghltplaq;fspd; %yk; fw;ww; NgWfis

mz;kpg;gjw;fhf fw;wy; Kiwapay;fis Mf;fg+u;tkhdjhf khw;wpaikj;Jf;

nfhs;tjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk;

mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk; MrpupauJ tfpghfj;jpw ;F

ce;Jjyspg;gjw;fhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs;

kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $l gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd;

ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; XU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b

kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa

,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

me;je;jg; ghlj;jpd; milT njhlu;ghf kjpg;gPL elj;Jk;> Njrpa kl;l guPl;rfu;fshy;

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; milTfis> khztu;fs; mile;Js;sduh vd;gJ gw;wpg;

ghlepiwtpy; tFg;giwapy; trjpnra;J nfhLg;gtu;fs; kjpg;gply; Ntz;Lk;.

fspg;g+l;lj;jf;f nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf

,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;


Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

vi

Kd;Diu

rKjha Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhfg; ngUk; Nritahw;WNthupy; Mrpupau;fNs Kd;dpiy

tfpf;fpd;wdu;. Rakhd tho;f;ifia mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;F

topfhl;LNthu; Mrpupau;fNs.

2015 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fpzq;f

fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Mrpupau;fis topfhl;Lk;

tz;zk;> ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bia mr;rpl;L tpepNahfpg;gjw;F fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;

jpizf;fsk; eltbf;if Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wJ. Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; %yk;

Mf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ> khztu;fSf;Fr; rpwe;jnjhU

fw;wy; #oiy mikj;Jf; nfhLg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis

Mrpupau;fshfpa cq;fSf;Fg; ngw;Wj; jUk; vd;gJ vdJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

,k;Kaw;rp> xU rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwj; jUtJ ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;biag;

gad;gLj;jpg; ngWk; mDgtq;fisf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfspy;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;F vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpapd; %yNkahFk;. ,e;ew;nraYf;fhf

mu;g;gzpf;ff; $ba cq;fSf;F vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfl;Lk;.

jp];] N`thtpjhd

fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafk;>

fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;>

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gj;juKy;y.

22.09.2015

vii

fiyj;jpl;lf;FO

topfhl;lYk; mDkjpAk;fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

ghl xUq;fpizg;GB.vr;.re;jpkh ep\hdp ju;kghy rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

ghlepGzj;Jt NritNguhrpupau;. ,e;jpuhzp Kzrpq;f nfhOk;G gy;fiyf;fofk; (jifrhu; Nguhrpupau;)

Nguhrpupau;. uh[; NrhkNjt fsdp gy;fiyf;fofk; (njhy;nghUspay;

gl;lg;gpd; epWtdk;)

Nguhrpupau;. gj;krpup fd;dq;fu = [atu;j;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;

vOj;jhsu; FO (ntspthup)Nf.v];. uQ;rdp Mrpupa MNyhrfu;> tyaf; fy;tp mYtyfk;>

n`huiz

lgps;A+.V. gparPyp Mrpupau; Nrit>

= uhFy kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyak;> mst;it

vk;.vk;. espd; gz;lhu Mrpupau; Nrit>

FUtpl;l kj;jpa kfh tpj;jpahyak;> FUtpl;l

rNfhjup Nkup nlhNdl;lh Xa;T epiy (mjpgu; Nrit)

Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Njrpa ghlrhiy> tj;jis

vOj;jhsu; FO (cs;thup)B.vr;.re;jpkh ep\hdp ju;kghy rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

lgps;A+.v];.v];. Fztu;j;jd cjtp tpupTiuahsu;> r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

nkhopr; nrt;itahf;fk;jpU. vk;.vr;.vk;. ahf;$j; Kd;dhs; gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup> Nj.f.ep.

viii

Mrpupau;; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy;; ikag;ghlq;

fSs; xd;whf ,Ue;JtUk; tuyhW vDk; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd;

gpd;dUk; mNj tpjkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 6-9 Me; juq;fSf;fhf

thunkhd;Wf;F ,uz;L ghlNtisfSk; 10-11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf thunkhd;Wf;F

%d;W ghlNtisfSk;; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug; guPl;irapy; 10-11 Mk; juq;fSf;Fupa ghlj;jpl;lq;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gPl;il elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

6-11 Me;juq;fSf;fhf Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l mZFKiwapd;

gb gpujhdkhf ,Ugj;njhU Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; tuyhw;Wg;ghlf; fiyj;jpl;lk;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jahupf;fg;

gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau;; topfhl;b ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;

gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.

‘tuyhW’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk;

Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ ghlq;fSk; mg;ghlq;fisg; gapYtjw;fhfg;

gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. njhu;ghf Mrpupaupd; gzp/

fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;Jk; nghUl;L> ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,U gFjpfs; cs;slq;FkhW

khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;sd. jkJ Mf;fpay; jpwikfisg; gad;gLj;jp>

tFg;giwj; Njitapd;gb> ,r;nraw;ghLfis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tNjhL

Gjpa nraw;ghLfisAk; Mrpupau;fs; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;syhk;. 'tuyhW" vDk;

,g;ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milaj;jf;f tifapy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 50 rjtPjNkDk;

nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fis

jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk; ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjpy; khztiu topg;gLj;JtNj

,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtjhFk;.

mjw;fika ‘tuyhW’ vDk; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwT nra;jthW

Nju;r;rpkpf;f> Gjpa cyFf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,sQ; re;jjpapdiu cUthf;Ftjw;F

topfhl;LtNj ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. ,J njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ

Mf;fg+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; MNyhridfisAk; vkf;F mDg;gp itf;FkhW

jaTld; Ntz;LfpNwhk;.

ix

-

cs;slf;fk;

gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

ghlj;jpl;lf;FO

Mrpupau; topfhl;biag; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs;

ghlj;jpl;lk;

mwpKfk;

Njrpa ,yf;Ffs;

mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpfs;

tuyhW ghlNehf;fq;fs;

tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;

myF 11.1 ifj; njhopy; Gul;rp

myF 11.2 ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpau; mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gly;

myF 11.3 ,yq;ifapy; rka> gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rp

myF 11.4 gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;if murpay;

myF 11.5 gpupj ;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; r%f

khw;wq;fs;

myF 11.6 ,yq;iff;Fr; Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jy;

myF 11.7 cyfpd; Kf;fpakhd Gul;rpfs;

myF 11.8 cyf kfh Aj;jq;fSk; ,zf;fg;ghLfSk;

gf;fk;

iii

iv

v

vi

ix

x

xi

xii

xiv

01-09

10-19

20-24

25-28

29-35

36-41

42-47

48-57

x

tuyhWtuyhWtuyhWtuyhWtuyhW

ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;ghlj;jpl;lk;

juk; 11juk; 11juk; 11juk; 11juk; 112016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ2016 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J mKy;gLj;Jtjw;fhdJ

r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

kùfkkùfkkùfkkùfkkùfk

fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwf;fhd

mwpTWj;jy;fs;

1

myF 1 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp

kdpjd; jdJ ifj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;L nra;j gz;l cw;gj;jpapd; tpisjpwid

mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ,ae;jpuq;fisf; fz;L gpbj;J> ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;

njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa fhj;jpukhd khw;wNk ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp MFk;

vdr; RUf;fkhff; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

mJ tiuapy; rpw;wstpy; khj;jpuNk ,lk;ngw;w gz;l cw;gj;jp> ,ae;jpuq;fspd;

JizAld; ghupa mstpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik ,k;khw;wj;jpd; xU

rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;il Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L INuhg;ghtpy;

Muk;gpj;j ,j;njhopDl;g khw;wk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vida fz;lq;fis Nehf;fpAk;

tpuptile;J nrd;wJ. cyfpd;> nghUshjhu> r%f murpay; Mfpa vy;yhj;

JiwfspYk; ghupa khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjpy; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;jpaJ. mjdhy; rhjfkhd tpisTfSk; ghjfkhd tpisTfSk; Vw;gl;ld.

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; Muk;gKk; jd;ikAk; tsu;r;rpAk; kw;Wk; ifj;njhopw;

Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; Mfpad Fwpj;J ,q;F ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : tuyhw;W uPjpahd cyfpd; Nghf;Ffs; ,e;ehl;L

tuyhw;wpy ; nry;thf;Fr ; nrYj;jp cyfpd;

Nghf;Ffis vjpu;nfhs;Sk; typikia Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 1.1 : ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;ifg; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vd;gij tpsf;Fthu;.

• ifj;njhop;w;Gul;rpapd; Gj;jhf;fq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; guk;giy tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :gpd;tUk; ghl tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

11.1 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp

1.1 mwpKfk;

kdpjd; jdJ ifj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;L nra;j gz;l cw;gj;jpapd;

tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ,ae;jpuq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J> FWfpa

fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa

fhj;jpukhd khw;wNk ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

2

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L>

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp ,q;fpyhe;J ehl;by; Muk;gkhfpaik> mjd; kPJ

gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhuzq;fs;> ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp fhuzkhfg; gy;NtW

Jiwfspy; FWfpa fhyj;Js; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk;

njhopDl;g tpUj;jpapd; tpupthf;fKk; mjd; tpisTfSk;> ,yq;if

kPJ ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F Mfpatw;iw tpsf;Ff.

1.2 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; Muk;gKk; tsu;r;rpAk;

18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,Wjpg;gFjpapy; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopw;

Gul;rp Muk;gkhjy;

Vwj;jho miu E}w;whz;L fhyk; fopAk; tiuapy; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp

,q;fpyhe;Jf;F khj;jpuk; tiuaiwg;gl;bUe;jnjdpDk; 19 Mk;

E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ INuhg;ghtpd; Vida ehLfSf;Fk; cyfpd;

Vida fz;lq;fSf;Fk; mJ tpahgpj;jJ.

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Muk;gpj;jikf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;

- gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; cWjpepiy

- epykhdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp

- kdg;ghq;FfSk; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fSk; gpugy;akile;jik

- gz KjyPL nra;Ak; Mw;wy; nfhz;l nry;te;ju;fs; gyu;

fhzg;gl;lik

- tpUj;jpaile;j tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

- %yg;nghUs;fis ,yFthfg; ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Ue;jik

- Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs; tpUj;jpaile;jik

- FbNaw;w ehLfs; mjpfupj;jikAk; tpahghuk; tsu;r;rpaile;jikAk;

- Fbrdj;njhif (Population) mjpfupj;jik

1.3 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; tsu;r;rp

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp> gpujhdkhf %d;W Jiwfspd; topNa tsu;r;rpile;jJ.

- nerTf; ifj;njhopy;

- epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;

- ,Uk;Gf; ifj;njhopy;

,j;Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp> gbg;gbahf Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlu;ghly;>

tptrhak; Mfpa JiwfspYk; tprhypj;jJ.

nerTf; ifj;njhopy;

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;F Kd;du;> tPLfspy; Fbirf; ifj;njhopyhfNt

Gilit cw;gj;jp ,lk;ngw;wJ.

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; mgptpUj;jp fhuzkhfg; nghwpfs;> ,ae;jpuq;fisg;

gad;gLj;jpg; ghupa mstpy; Gilit cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;fj;jf;f

tifapy; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffs; tpUj;jpaile;jd.

mjw;Fj; Jizahf mike;j Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;

- 1733 Mk; Mz;by; ,y; N[hd; Nf vd;gtuhy; E}dhop (gwf;Fk; jwp

xlk;) cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik

- vypa]; NfNt vd;ghu; Gilit ijay; ,ae;jpuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jik.

3

- N[k;]; ̀ hfpuPt;]; vd;ghu; n[dp ( jenny) ,ae;jpuj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jik

- upr;rl; Mu;j;iuw; vd;gtupd; E}y; Ew;Fk; ,ae;jpuk;

- Gjpa ,ae;jpuq;fs;> nghwpfs; gy;NtW Gilit tbtikg;Gf;fs; (De-signs) vd;gdtw;wpy; tpUj;jpaile;j nerTf; ifj;njhopypd; tsu;r;rp

,d;Wtiuapy; gy;NtW fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspd; topNa njhlu;fpd;wik.

,Uk;G> cUf;Ff; ifj;njhopy;

nerTf; ifj;njhopypd; msTf;F Jupjkhf tsu;r;rpailahj NghjpYk;

gpupj;jhdpahtpd; ifj;njhopy; kakhjYf;F ,J Jizahf mike;jik.

gpup;j;jhdpah ,Uk;Gj; jhJg;gbTfs; ngUkstpy; fhzg;gLk; xU ehlhf

,Uj;jy;.

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpf;F Kd;dUk; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ,Uk;G cUf;F cw;gj;jp

fhzg;gl;likAk; mit MAjq;fs; tPl;Lj; jsghlq;fs; tptrha

cgfuzq ;fs ; Ngd ;wtw ;iw cw ; gj ; j p nra ;tjw ;fhfg ;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;likAk;.

,Uk;Gj;jhJ cUf;Ftjw;fhf tpwF gad;gLj;jg;gl;L te;jik

,Uk;Gj;jhJ cUf;Ftjw;fhf GjpaKiwfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

Vgpufhk; lu;gp vd;gtu; ,Uk;Gj;jhij cUf;Ftjw;F epyf;fupiag;

gad;gLj;jpaikAk; thu;g;gpUk;G cw;gj;jp nra;jikAk;

n`d;up Nfhl; vd;gtuhy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l cUis (Nuhtu;)

,ae;jpuj;jpdhy; gjg;gLj;jpa ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik

n`d;up ng]ku; vd;gtu;> ,Uk;Gj; jhJtpypU;eJ fopTg;nghUs;fis

mg;Gwg;gLj;jp cUf;F cw;gj;jp nra;aj;jf;f ciyiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jik

jpwe;j ciy Kiwapy; cau;ju cUf;F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik

tpypak; rPkd;]; vd;ghuhy; ,Uk;Gj;jhij cUf;Ftjw;fhf kpd; ciy

cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik

cUf;Fj; njhopYld; Muk;gpj;j fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; ,d;W tiuapy;

njhlu;e;j tz;zKs;sd.

epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy; (tYrf;jp)

gpupj;jhdpah epyf;fup> fdpaq;fs; Mfpa ,aw;if tsq;fs; ngUkstpy;

fhzg;gLk; xU ehlhf ,Uj;jy;

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpAld; $lNt epyf;fupf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik

kypthd> tpidj;jpwDs;s xU tYrf;jp %ykhf epyf;fup

gpugy;akile;jik

vdpDk; epyf;fup mfo;T xU fbdkhd Ntiyahf mike;jik

- epyf;fupr; Ruq;fj;jpDs; xd;WNrUk; ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy; fbdhf

mike;jik

- epyf;fupr; Ruq;fq;fspd; mbg;gFjpapy; er;R thAf;fspd; msTk;

ntg;gepiyAk; cau;thff; fhzg;gl;lik

Nkw;gb ,lu;g;ghLfis eptu;j;jpg;gjw;fhd Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;:

epAnfhkd; vd;ghuhy; epyf;fupr; Ruq;fq;fspy; xd;W NrUk; ePiu

ntspNaw;Wk; KiwAk; Foha;fs; %yk; Fspuhd tspiar; Ruq;fq;fspDs;

mDg;Gk; KiwAk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

N[k;]; Nthl; vd;gtupdhy; nfhjpePuhtp ,ae;jpuk; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

4

`k;g;up Nltp vd;ghuhy; ghJfhg;ghd tpsf;F fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

epyf;fupr; Ruq;fq;fspypUe;J ,Uk;G tlq;fspd; JizAld; epyf;fupia

ntspNa nfhz;L tUk; Kiw fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopypd; gf;f tpisTfshf gy;NtW ifj;njhopy;fs;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wikahy; ,f;ifj;njhopy; NkYk; tsu;r;rpile;jik

cjhuzk;:

- ghijfs; mikg;gjw;F epyf;fupj; jhu; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik> Gilitr;

rha tiffs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik> kUe;Jtif moF rhjdg;

nghUs;fs;> vz;nza;> gris tiffs; Nghd;wit cw;gj;jp

nra;ag;gl;lik

jw ;fhyj ;j pYk ; ,f ;ifj ;njho py ; ,lk ;ngWtNjhL GJg ;GJ

fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; ntspte;jtz;zKs;sd.

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; tpupT

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpupT ,uz;L topfspD}lhf epfo;fpd;wik

NtW Jiwfspy; tpuptiljy;

NtW ehLfspy; tpuptiljy;

NtW Jiwfspd; tpuptiljy;

tptrhak; Nghf;Ftuj;J> njhlu;ghly; Mfpa Jiwfspy; tpuptile;Js;sik

tptrhaj;Jiwapy; tpuptiljy;

- gy;NtW nghwpfs;/ ,ae;jpuq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wik

- ghupa mstpyhd gapu; epyq;fs;/ gz;izfs;

- Row;rpg; gapu;r;nra;if

- tpyq;F (fhy;eil) tsu;g;Gf;fhf Gjpa njhopDl;g Kiwfisg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;

- mjpf msT tpisnghUs; ngwj;jf;f Gjpa Kiwfs; Fwpj;J

Muha;r;rp elj;Jjy;

- ,j;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpahdJ jw;fhyj;jpYk; epfo;e;jtz;zKs;s

,ilawhj xU nrad;KiwahFk;.

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

njhopw;rhiyfSf;F %yg;nghUs;fisAk;> re;ijf;F cw;gj;jpg;

nghUs;fisAk; nfhz;L nry;y Neu;e;jikahy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw

kPJ ifj;njhopy; Jiw gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jik

,jw;fhfg; Gjpa ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fSk; ghijj; njhFjpfSk;

Njitg;gl;lik

mjw;fika gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ghijfSk; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhy;tha;fSk;

Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lik

jdpahu;Jiwj; njhopy; Kaw;rpahsu;fs;> gzk; KjyPL nra;jik

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;

- N[hd; kf;flk; vd;ghuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l kf;flk; ghij Kiw

- nuhgl; /Gy;ud; vd;ghuhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Gifg;glF

- n`d;up ngy; vd;guhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Giff;fg;gy;

- N[hu;[; ];Bntd;rd; vd;guhy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l nfhjpePuhtp

tYtpdhy; njhopw;gLk; Gifapuj ,ae;jpuk;

5

- nlk;yu; vd;ghupdhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l Nkhl;lhu; fhu;

- iuw; rNfhjuu;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l Mfha tpkhdk;

,t;thwhf epyk;> ePu;> thd; Mfpatw;iwnay;yhk; ntw;wp nfhz;L

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw tsu;r;rpaile;jJld; jw;NghJk; mJ njhlu;e;Jk;

tpUj;jpaile;jtz;zKs;sJ.

njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

njhlu;ghly; JiwapYk; Jupj tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lik

cyfpd; ve;jnthU ehl;Lf;Fk; xU ngd;R nrytpy; fbjnkhd;wpidf;

nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;f mQ;rw;Nrit

rhKNty; Nkhu;]; vd;gtuhy; mikf;fg;gl;l je;jp Kiw

fpufk; ngy; vd;gtuhy; njhiyNgrp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

kdpjf; Fuiyf; fk;gp topNa nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;f xU Kiw

Ff;yp khu;f;Nfhdpapd; thndhyp miyfs; %yk; nra;jp mDg;Gk;

Kiw

N[hd; nyhfp ngahl; vd;ghu; njhiyf;fhl;rpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jik

njhlu;ghly; JiwahdJ jw;fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW njhopDl;g rhjdq;fs;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;Ls;sikapd; tpisthf ghupa mgptpUj;jp fz;Ls;sNjhL

njhlu;e;Jk; mgptpUj;jpaile;J tUfpd;wik.

Vida ehLfspy; guTjy;;

,q;fpyhe ;j py ; Muk;g pj ;j ifj;njhopw ;Gul ;r p > kpfj ;Jupjkhf

INuhg;ghf;fz;lj;jpd; Vida ehLfspYk; Mrpahf;fz;lj;jpYk;

tpahgpj;Js;sJ.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ gpuhd;R> N[u;kdp Mfpa ehLfspy;

%yg;nghUs;fSk; kw;Wk; re;ij trjpAk; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy;

ifj;njhopy;fs; Muk;gkhapd.

ngy;[pak; ehl;by; nthNydpah> N[u;kdp ehl;by; irY}\pah gpuNjrq;fs;

,Uk;G cw;gj;jpf;F gpurpj;jp ngw;W tpsq;fpd.

Rtpw;ryhe;J> N[u;kdpapd; njd;gFjp vd;gd gUj;jpg; Glit cw;gj;jpapy;

gpugy;ak; mile;jd.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ngy;[pak;> mT];jpupah> ̀ q;Nfup> gpu\pah

Mfpa INuhg;gpa ehLfspYk; mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbaurpYk; Mrpa

ehLfSs; xd;whfpa ag;ghdpYk; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp gutpaJ.

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; Vida ehLfspYk; ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fk;

gutpaikapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;

- cynfq;Fk; Fbrdj;njhif Jupjkhf tsu;r;rpaile;jikahy;

gz;lq;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik

- INuhg;ghf;fz;lj;jpy; Ml;Nghf;Ftuj;Jk; gz;lg; Nghf;Ftuj;Jk;

tsu;r;rpaile;jik

- gpuhd;R> N[u;kdp Mfpa ehLfspy; epyf;fup fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; ,izg;G 1 ,y;

jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfis khztu;fisf; nfhz;L nra;tpAq;fs;.

,tw;iwj; jdpahl; nraw;ghLfshf toq;Ff.

me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhfg; NghJkhd Neu fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;Ff.

6

xt;nthU nraw;ghl;ilAk; kjpg;gpLf.

tFg;G khztu; njhif mjpfkhapd; tpilfisf; fye;JiuahLf.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : ,izg;G 1

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp njhlu;ghd tplaq;fslq;fpa E}y;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : ,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfSf;fhfj; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fs;

njhlu;ghf khztupd; ghl mwpT> Fwpj;j ghl tpla cs;slf;fk; njhlu;ghf

khztupd; kdg;ghq;Ffs;. khztUf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghLfisr;

rupahfr; nra;Ak; jpwd;

cjhuzk;: fl;Liu vOJjy;> nra;jpj;jhSf;Ff; fl;Liu vOJjy;>

Njrg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;jy; Nghd;wit

nraw;ghl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; nra;jy;> Fwpj;j Neu

tiuaiwapDs; epiwT nra;J xg;gilj;jy; Nghd;w jd;ikfs; msf;fj;jf;f

thwhf epakq;fisj; jahupj;Jg; Gs;sp toq;Ff.

xt;nthU nraw;ghl;Lf;fhTk; NkNy jug;gl;l mwpTWj;jy;fspd;gb fzpg;gPl;L

kjpg;gPl;L epajpfisj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

7

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;

,izg;G 1

nraw;ghL: 1. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vDk; ,g;ghlj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd FW tpdhf;fslq;fpa

tpdhg;Gj;jfnkhd;W jahupj;jy; (,jw;fhf xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;fyhk;.)

2. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpia tpsf;fp> mJ gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Muk;gkhfpaikf;fhd

fhuzq;fis Ie;J tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L njspTgLj;Jf.

nerTj; njhopypy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpia gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; tpsf;Ff.

nerTj; njhopy; ,ae;jpu kakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

nerTj; njhopypy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; mtw;wpd; %yk; fpilj;j

gad;fSk;

nerTj; njhopypd; ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fyhdJ ,ilawhJ epfo;e;j

tz;zKs;sik

,Uk;G - cUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpiag; gpd;tUk;

jiyg;Gf;fspd;fPo; tpsf;Ff.

,Uk;G - cUf;Fj; njhopy; ifj;njhopy; kakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

,Uk;G - cUf;Fj; njhopypd; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; mtw;wpd; %yk;

fpilj;j gad;fSk;

,Uk;G - cUf;Fj; njhopypd; ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fyhdJ ,ilawhJ

epfo;e;j tz;zKs;sik

epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopypy; Vw;gl;l Gul;rpiag; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;

tpsf;Ff.

epyf;fupj; njhopy; ifj;njhopy; kakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

epyf;fupj; njhopypy; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; mtw;wpd; %yk; fpilj;j

gad;fSk;

epyf;fupj; njhopypd; ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fyhdJ ,ilawhJ epfo;e;j

tz;zKs;sik

3. ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd;fPo; nra;jpj;jhnshd;wpy;

ntspapLtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW fl;Liufs; jahupf;Ff.

njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; mgptpUj;jp ,ilawhj xU nra;KiwahFk;.

njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp - md;Wk; ,d;Wk;

Nghf;Ftuj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp - md;Wk; ,d;Wk;

tptrhaj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp - md;Wk; ,d;Wk;

4. ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp Muk;gpj;J tpahgpj;j gpd;tUk; ehLfis cyfg; GwTUtg;

glnkhd;wpy; Fwp;j;Jg; ngaupLf.

,q;fpyhe;J> N[u;kdp> gpuhd;R> Rtpl;ryhe;J> ngy;[pak;> M];jpupah>

`q;Nfup> u\pah> mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbauR> ag;ghd;

8


tuyhw;wpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jp> cyfpd;


nfhs;thu;.


ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; ngWNgWfis tptupg;ghu;.


ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp fhuzkhf murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%fj; Jiwfspy;

gw;gy khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;lik

cynfq;Fk; Vw;gl;l ,k;khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd ,ay;GfNshL ghjkhd

,ay;GfisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd.

murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

- Kjyhsp tu;f;fj;jpdUk; ghl;lhsp tu;f;fj;jpdUk; Njhd;wpaik

- gy;NtW murpay; jj;Jtq;fs; Njhd;wpaik

cjhuzk;: nghJTlik thjk;> jhuhz;ik thjk;

- FbNaw;w ehLfisf; ifg;gw;Wk; Nghl;b cUthfpaik

- njhopyhsu; Mu;ghl;lq;fSk; njhopw; rq;fq;fs; Njhd;wpaikAk;

nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

- ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp tpuptile;jik

- tzpf tFg;gpdUk; njhopw;rhiy cupikahsu;fshd Kjyhspj;Jt

tFg;gpdUk; cUthfpaik

- Kjyhspj;Jtg; nghUshjhu Kiw cUthfpaik

- rk;gsj;ij ek;gp tho;Nthu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

- tq;fp eltbf;iffSk; fhg;GWjp KiwfSk; tpUj;jpaile;jik

- ,ize;j tzpfq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

- ,wf;Fkjp> Vw;Wkjp tzpfk; tpUj;jpaile;jik

r%fj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

- efuq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wikAk; efuq;fspy; rdg;ngUf;fk;

Vw;gl;likAk;

- r%f tFg;G NtWghL nfhz;l r%fk; Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

- njhopyhsu; eyNdhk;gy; Kiw tpUj;jpaile;jik

- Rw;whly; khriljy;

9

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilnaOjr; nra;f.

,tw;iwj; jdpahl; nraw;ghLfshf toq;Ff.

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilnaOJkhW khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.

tFg;giwapy; ,Ue;jthNw tpilaspf;fr; nra;f.

khztuJ tpilfis kjpg;gpLf.


1. ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp fhuzkhf murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l %d;W khw;wq;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLf.

2. nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l %d;W khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

3. r%fj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l %d;W khw;wq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :

gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fj;jpd; tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.

tpdhf;fSf;Fr; rupahf tpilaspg;ghu;.

ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fj;jpd; rhjfkhd tpisTfis kjpg;gpLthu;.

Fwpj;j NeutiuaiwAs; Ntiyfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

10


tuyhw;wpy ; nry;thf;Fr ; nrYj;jp cyfpd;


nfhs;thu;.


ghlNtisfs; : 01

fw;ww;NgWfs; : ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp xU G+Nfhsg; Nghf;fhFk;

vdg;gFj;jha;thu;.


,yq;if kPJ ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F

,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;Jf;F cl;gl;likahy;

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F ,e;ehl;bYk; Vw;gl;lik

- ghupa mstpyhd gapu; epyq;fs; - ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;if tpahgpj;jik

- ifj;njhopy;fSk; mtw;wpy; gy;NtW nghwpfs; ,ae;jpuq;fs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;likAk;

- Njhl;l cupikahsu;fs; jdte;ju;fshdik

- rk;gsj;Jf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsu; tu;f;fk; Njhd;wpaik

- mQ;ry; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

- ghijfSk; Gifapujg;ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lik

- tq;fp Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW jahupj;Jf; nfhs;f.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthWk; fw;ww;NgWfis msf;fj;jf;f tifapYk;

epakq;fisj; jahupj;J fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

11

myF 11.2 ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpau; mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gly;

tzpfj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jy;> FbNaw;w ehLfisj; Njhw;Wtpj;jy;>

rkaj;ijg;gug;Gjy; Nghd;w Nehf;fq;fis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L INuhg;gpau;fs;

fPioj;Njaj;ij ehbte;jdu;.

fp.gp . 1796 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fis

xy;yhe;ju;fsplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wpa Mq;fpNyau;fs; 1815 Mk; Mz;by; KO

ehl;ilAk; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo;f; nfhz;L te;jdu;. ,yq;ifapy; jkJ

Mjpf;fj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhf Mq;fpNyau; ifahz;l toptiffs;> gpupj;jhdpaupd;

Mjpf;fj;jpy; ,Ue;J ehl;il tpLtpg;gjw;fhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Rje;jpug;

Nghuhl;lq;fs;> ,yq;ifau;fspd; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf Ml;rp Kiwapy;

Vw;gl ;l khw;wq;fs; Mfpad njhlu ;ghf ,e;j myfpy; fw;gjw;Fr ;

re;ju;g;gkspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ehnlhd;wpy; ntspehl;L Mjpgj;jpak; fl;bnaOg;

gg;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis

Nkiyj; Njrq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; mjpfhuj;ijj;

jhgpj;jikA+lhf EZfpaha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.1 : gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp ,yq;ifapy; jhgpjkhdikiaAk;mjd; njhopw;ghl;Lj; jd;ikiaAk; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• g p u p j ; j hd pau ; fs ; Mr pah k PJ ftdQ ;

nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• g p u pj ; jhd pau ; fs ; ,yq ;if k PJ ftdQ ;

nrYj;jpajw;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• gpu pj ;jhdpau;fs; ,yq;ifapy; mjpfhuj;ij

epiyepWj;jpa tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.


11.2 ,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpaupd; mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gly;

2.1 gpupj;jhdpau;fs; Mrpah kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaikapd; gpd;dzp

Mrpahtpy; tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd Nghl;b

FbNaw;w ehLfisj; jhgpj;jy; njhlu;ghd mjpfhug; Nghl;b

12

2.2 gpupj;jhdpau;fs; ,yq;if kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

,yq;if> ,e;J rKj;jpuj ;j py ; fg ;gw ;ghijfSf;F ,ilNa

mike;Js;sik

tlfPo;> njd;Nky; gUtg; ngau;r;rpf; fhw;Wf; fhyq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf

fg;gy;fis epWj;jp itg;gjw;Nfw;w ,aw;ifj; JiwKfq;fs;

fhzg;gl;lik

cjhuzk;: jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

,yq;ifapy; ,Ue;jthNw ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F> fpof;Ff; fiuNahug;

gpuNjrq;fspy; fly; top mjpfhuj;ij ,yFthff; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbe;jik.

,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gl;l tzpf gz;lq;fspd; caupa ngWkjp

cjhuzk;: fWth

2.3 gpupj;jhdpau;fs; mjpfhuj;ijj; jhgpj;jy;

J}Jg;gazq;fs;

- fp.gp. 1762 Mk; Mz;by; N[hd; igg]; vd;ghiu Kjd;ikahff;

nfhz;l Mq;fpNyaj; J}Jf;FOnthd;W fz;bf;Fr; nrd;W fPu;j;jp

= uh[rpq;f kd;didr; re;jpj;jik

- fp.gp. 1782 Mk; Mz;by; `pA+nghapl; vd;gtupd; jiyikapd; fPo;

,uz;lhtJ KiwahfTk; Mq;fpNyaj; J}Jf;FOnthd;W kd;didr;

re;jpg;gjw;fhf mfl;lg;gl;lik

- 1975 ,y; nuhgl; md;l;&]; kiyehl;Lf;F te;jik

- fp.gp. 1796 Mk; Mz;by;; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; Mjpf;fj;ijj;

jhgpj;jik

mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gl;likapd; gpd;dzp

- fp.gp. 1794 Mk; Mz;by; gpuhd;R ehl;ltu;fs;> xy;yhe;ij

Kw;Wifapl;likAk; xy;yhe;J Ml;rpahsu;> ];ul;N`hy;lu; (,sturu;

5 Mk; tpy;ypak;) ,q;fpyhe;Jf;Fj; jg;gpr; nrd;wikAk;

- xy;yhe;J Ml;rpahsu; “fpA+” khspifapy; ,Ue;J ,yq;ifapd;

xy;yhe;Jj; Njrhjpgjpf;F fbjj;ij mDg;gpaik

- “fpA+” fbjj;jpd;gb> xy;yhe;jupd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fis

Mq;fpNyauplk; xg;gilf;f mg;Nghija xy;yhe;J Njrhjpgjp /gd;

vq;fy;ngf; tpUk;ghik.

- Mq;fpNyau;fs; fp.gp. 1795 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjj;jpy; xy;yhe;jiuj;

jhf;fp jpUNfhzkiyiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik

- gpd;du; KiwNa> aho;g;ghzk;> kd;dhu;> fw;gpl;b> nfhOk;G Mfpa

fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fisAk; ifg;gw;wpdu;.

- xy ;yhe ; ju pd ; Mj pf ; fj ; j pd ; f P o ; ,Ue ;j ,yq ;ifa pd ;

fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fis /gd; vq;fy;ngf; Njrhjpgjp Mq;fpNya

fpof;fpe;jpa tzpfr; rq;fj;jplk; xg;gilg;gjw;fhf xg;ge;jj;jpy;

ifr;rhj;jpl;lik

- (fp.gp. 1796 - 1798 Mk; Mz;L tiuapy;) Mq;fpNya fpof;fpe;jpa

tu;j;jf rq;fj;jpdhy; nghWg;Ngw;fg;gl;l fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fs;

mf ;fk ;gd pa pd ; nrd ;id> fl ;Lg ;ghl ;L e piyaj ;j pdhy ;

fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;lik

- Mq;fpNya tu;j;jf rq;fk;> ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;

eilKiwg;gLj;jpa nfhs;isf;F vjpuhf fpsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lik

13

- fp.gp. 1802 ,y; ,yq;iff; fiuNahug;gpuNrq;fspy; mjpfhuk;

Kw;WKOjhf gpupj;jhdpa murpd; fPo; te;jik

- 1798 - 1802 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy;

,ul;il Ml;rp eilKiwapypUe;jik

- 1815 Mk; Mz;by; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik

- Nehu ;j ; Njrhjpgjpapd ; fhyj ;jpy ; fz;b ,uhr ;r paj ;ijf;

ifg ;gw ;Wtjw ;fhf Kw;Wif ,lk ;ngw ;w Nghj pYk ; mJ

Njhy;tpaile;jik

- fp.gp. 1805 Mk; Mz;by; epakdk; ngw;W te;j Njhk]; nkapl;yd;l;

Njrhjpgjp> N[hd; nlhapyp vd;gtuJ cjtpAld; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf;

ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fj; Njitahd gpd;dzpia cUthf;fpaik

- kd;dd; = tpf;uk uh[rpq;fdpd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf>

gpf;Fkhu;fSk; cau;Fbg; gpuGf;fSk; nghJ kf;fSk; kd;du; Fwpj;J

mjpUg;jpAld; ,Ue;jik

jho; ehl;bypUe;J fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Nehf;fpr; nrd;w tzpfr;

FOnthd;Wf;F kd;du; fLk; jz;lid tpjpj;jikiaf; fhuzkhff;

nfhz;L Mq;fpNyau;fs; 1815 Mk; Mz;by; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij

Kw;Wifapl;lik

rpq;fsj; jiytu;fs; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;didg; gpbj;J> Mq;fpNyag;

gilapduplk; xg;gilj;jik

1815 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; 03 Mk;jpfjp fz;b “kFs; kLt” vDkplj;jpy;

fz;b xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;likAk; fz;b ,uhrjhdp> gpupj;jhdpaupd;

mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; te;jikAk;

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW gpd;tUk; nraw;ghl;by; khztiu

<LgLj;Jf.

fp.gp. 1796 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J gpupj;jhdpau;fs; fz;b ,uhrjhdpiaf;

ifg;gw;Wjy; tiuapyhd tuyhw;Wj; jfty;fisj; jpul;Ltjw;fhf>

tpdhf;nfhj;njhd;W jahupj;jy;.

,jid xU FOr; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

tFg;G khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshg; gpupf;Ff.

“gpupj;jhdpau; mjpfhuj;ijj; jhgpj;jy;” gw;wpa ghlj;ij thrpg;gjw;F

FOf;fSf;F re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;> ghlE}iyj; Jizahff;

nfhz;L> FWtpdhf;fs; jahupf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

jiyg;Gf ;Fg ; nghUj;jkhdthW mu;j ;jG\;bahd tpdhf ;fs;

jahupf;FkhWk;> mt;tpdhf;fSf;Fupa tpilfisAk; jahupf;FkhW

mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff. tpdhf;fis xU epwj;jpYk; tpilfis kw;WnkhU

epwj;jpYk; vOJtJ nghUj;jkhdJ vd;gij mwptpf;Ff.

,r;nraw;ghlbw;fhf Vwj;jho 02 ghlNtisfis toq;Ff.

me;je;jf; FO jahupj;j tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fis> tFg;G khztu;

midtuJk; gad;ghl;Lf;F Vw;wtifapy; rpW E}y; tbtpy; jahupf;FkhW

mwpTWj;Jf.

FOf;fs; jahupj;j tpdh tpilg; Gj;jfq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;f.

14

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpau;fs; jkJ Mjpf;fj;ijj; jhgpj;jik njhlu;ghd

jfty;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

jahupj;j tpdh tpilfis me;je;jj; jiyg;Gf;Nfw;g xOq;FgLj;Jthu;.

tpdhf;fspd; jFjpiaAk; nrk;ikiaAk; ghJfhg;ghu;.

FOepiyapy; xj;Jioj;Jr; nraw;gLthu;.

tpdhtpilg; Gj;jfnkhd;W jahupg;ghu;.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : rpwpa mg;gpahrg;Gj;jfk; (40 gf;fk;)

,izg;G 1

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; tpdh tpilfisj; jahupf;Ff.

,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpau;fspd; mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik njhlu;ghf rfy

jiyg;Gf;fSk; cs;slq;FkhW tpdhf;fs; jahupf;Ff.

gpupj;jhdpau;fs; MrpahTf;F tUif je;jikf;fhd gpd;dzp

gpupj;jhdpau;fs; ,yq;if kPJ ftdQ; nrYj;jpaik

,yq;ifapy; gpupj;jhdpauJ mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gly;

15

Nju;r;rp 2.0 : ehnlhd;wpy; ntspehl;L Mjpgj;jpak; fl;bnaOg;

gg;gLtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis

Nkiyj; Njrq;fs; ,yq;ifapy; mjpfhuj;ijj;

jhgpj;jikA+lhf EZfpaha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 2.2 : gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf vOe;j RNjr

vjpu;g;Gf;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 07

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• gpupj;jhdpaUf;F vjpuhf Vw;gl;l RNjr vjpu;g;Gf;fisf;

Fwpg;gpLthu;.

• RNjr vjpu;g;Gf;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; tpisTfisAk;

tpsf;Fthu;.


2.4 ntspehl;L Mjpgj;jpaj;jpw;F vjpuhd Nghuhl;lq;fs;

1818 ,d; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

1818 Mk; Mz;L Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs;

kd;dd; ,y;iyNa vDk; Vf;fKk; jkNjahd xU kd;did epakpj;Jf;

nfhs;Sk; mtrpaKk;

Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rp njhlu;ghff; fz;b kf;fspd; mjpUg;jp

rkak; kw;Wk; gz;ghl;bd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs; fhzg;gl;lik

fz;b cau;Fb tu;f;fj;jpdupd; me;j];J> tUkhd topfs; Nghd;wit

tPo;r;rpaile;jik

kbNf Kfhe;jpuk; gjtpf;F `[;[p kupf;fhu; vd;gtu; epakpf;fg;gl;lik

1818 Mk; Mz;L Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ik

murpw;F cupikNfhupa Jiurhkp vd;ghUld; Cth - nty;y];i]g;

gpuNjrj;jpy; Nghuhspfs; xd;W jpuz;lik

gJis cjtp mur mjpgUf;F Nghuhspfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j Kbahkw;

Nghdik

nfg;ngl;bg;nghy cl;gl NkYk; gy jiytu;fs; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Nru;e;J

nfhz;lik

Nghuhl;lk; gutyile;jik

Mq;fpNyaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;L eltbf;iffspd; jd;ik

Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jik (jiytu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;lik)

f p .g p . 1818 Mk ; Mz;bd ; KjyhtJ Rje ;j p ug ; Nghuhl ;lk ;

Njhy;tpaile;jikf;Ff; fhuzq;fs;

Nghuhl;lk; ed;F xOq;FgLj;jg;glhik. ntt;NtW gpuNjrj;

jiytu;fSfl;F ,ilNa Nghjpa xOq;fikg;G fhzg;glhik

je;jjhJ gpupj;jhdpau; iftrkhjy;

cau; Fb tu;f;fj;jpdUf;F ,ilNaahd jdpg;gl;l FNuhjq;fs;

16

Mq;fpNyau; ifahz;l gapu; mopg;Gf; nfhs;if fpuhkg; gapu; epyq;fspy;

gapu;fis mopj;njhopj;jy;

Jiurhkp vd;gtu; rpk;khrdj;Jf;F cupj;Jila xUtu; my;y vd;gJ

mwpag;gl;lik

RNjr kf;fSf;F Mq;fpNyaupd; GJtif MAjq;fis vjpu;nfhs;s

Kbahkw; Nghdik

1818 Mk; Mz;L nrg;uk;gu; 21 Me; jpfjpf;F Kd;du; ruzilNthUf;F

mgajhdk; toq;fg;gLk; vd gpupj;jhdpa muR mwptpj;jik

1818 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

Mq;fpy murhq;fj;jpd; fLikahd fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;F fz;b kf;fs;

Mshfpaik

fpsu;r;rpj; jiytu;fshfpa nfg;ngl;bg;nghy> kLfy;Ny MfpNahu; mur

JNuhfpfshff; fUjg;gl;L fz;b Nghfk;giwapy; rpur;Nrjk; nra;ag;gl;L

capu; ePj;jik

Vida jiytu ;fs ; ehL flj ;jg ;gl ;likAk; nrhj ;Jf ;fs ;

muRilikahf;fg;gl;likAk;

1818 Mk; Mz;bd; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;lik

mg;gpufldj;jpd;gb mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fg;gl;lik

cjhuzk;: cg tpjhdkhiu epakpg;gjw;fhf fz;b RNjr mjpfhupfSf;F

toq;fg;gl;bUe;j mjpfhuk; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik

fz;b cau;Fbapdu; gpupj;jhdpau;fsplj;Nj rk;gsk; ngWNthuhf khwpaik

fz;b RNjr mjpfhupfSf;F nghJkf;fsplkpUe;J md;gspg;Gf;fs; ngw

mDkjp fpilahJ vd;gJ mwptpf;fg;gl;lik

Njrhjpgjpapd; mDkjpapd; Ngupy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; Vida

rkaq;fisg; gug;Gtjw;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fg;gl;lik

Mq;fpNyaupd; ePjpkd;w Kiwik fz;bg; gpuNjrq;fspy; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

1848 Mk; Mz;L ,uz;lhk; Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk;

Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpdJ tpje;Jiug;gpd; Ngupy; 1833 Mk; Mz;by;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l kWrPuikg;Gf;fspd; tpisTfNs 1848 Mk; Mz;by;

,uz;lhk; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;fhd gpd;dzpia cUthf;fpaik

1848 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs;

rptpy; Nrit rPu;Fiye;jikAk; murhq;fj;Jf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk;

,ilapyhd njhlu;G Fiwtile;jikAk;

RNjr tptrha eltbf;iffSf;F murpd; mDruiz fpilf;fhkw;

Nghdik

khtl;l ePjpkd;w Kiw fhuzkhf fpuhkpa kf;fs; ,d;dy;fSf;F

Mshfpaik

];Ltu;l; kf;fd;rp vDk; Njrhjpgjpapdhy; 1840 ,y; tpjpf;fg;gl;l jupR

epyr; rl;lk;

ngsj;j rkaj;Jf;F mur mDruiz toq;FtJ epWj;jg;gl;lik

nlhupq;ld; Njrhjpgjpapd; Gjpa tupf; nfhs;if

ePy VL (Blue Book) vDk; Gs;sptptuj; jpul;Lf;fhd jfty; Nrfupj;jy;

njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fsplj;Nj fhzg;gl;l Iag;ghL

17

Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ik

kiyehl;ltu;fs; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsuplk; tpz;zg;gk; (Petition)xd;wpidf; ifaspf;fr; nrd;w re;ju;g;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l fytu epiyikapd;

NghJ Njrhjpgjp Aj;jr; rl;lj;ij tpjpj;jik

khj;jisapy; Muk;gpj;j Nghuhl;lk; fz;b> jk;Gs;is> thupag;nghiy>

FUzhfy; Nghd;w gpuNjrq;fSf;Fk; Jupjkhfg; gutpaik

1848 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpy; jiyikj;JtNkw;Nwhu;

- tPu Gud; mg;G

- nfhq;fhNynfhl gz;lh

- jpnd]; mq;Fuhq;nfj;ij bq;fpuhy

- Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jik

1848 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs;

- Nghuhl;lk; ed;F xOq;fikf;fg;glhikAk; mDgtk; NghjhikAk;

- kiyehnlq;fpYk; jpUg;jpfukhd ghijj; njhFjp fhzg;glhik

- Mq;fpNyaUf;F> Njitg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspd; Nkyjpf gil

fpilj;jik

- rpq;fstUf;F Gjpa tif MAjq;fNsh gapw;wg;gl;l gilapdNuh

,d;ik

1848 Mk; Mz;L Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;

nlhupq;ld; Njrhjpgjp mg;NghJ gjtpapypUe;j FbNaw;w nrayhsu;

vku;rd; nldd;w; MfpNahu; kPs ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F miof;fg;gl;lik

- Fw;wthspfs; vd epUgpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F jz;lid toq;fg;gl;likAk;

nrhj;Jf;fis muRilikahf;f eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;likAk;

- nghJ kf;fspd; vjpu;g;Gf;F cs;shfpa rpy tup tiffs; - filfs;

tup> eha; tup

- rpy tuptiffs; kWrPuikf;fg;l;lik - Kj;jpiu tup> Jtf;F tup>

tz;b tup> glF tup> Ms;tup

- fkj;njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s kf;fs; njhlu;ghf fhl;ba ftdk; NghjhJ

vd;gijg; gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; Gupe;J nfhz;likahy;

tptrhaj;ijAk; ePu;g;ghrdj;ijAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F murpd;

mDruiz toq;fg;gl;lik

ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r; nra;iff;Fj; Njitahd ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;lik

gpuNjr kw;Wk; khfhz epUthf eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;JkhW 1852

Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; Ml;rpahsUf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lik

cjhuzk;: efu rigfSk; fpuhk rigfSk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

tupfis ,uj;Jr; nra;jy;> tupfis kWrPuikj;jik> tptrhaj;ijAk;

ePu;g;ghrdj;ijAk; Nkk;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jik Nghd;wit

,g;Nghuhl;lk; epahakhdJ vd;gij gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpahsu;fs; Vw;Wf;

nfhz;likiaf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

18

Nkw;gb tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW fp.gp. 1818> fp.gp. 1848 Mk;

Mz;Lfspy; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghf Xu; ml;ltiz

jahupj;jy;

- ,jw;fhf xU ghlNtis mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

- ,jid FOr; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

- tFg;G khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltizia gpup];ly; ml;ilnahd;wpy;

my;yJ nghUj;jkhd msTila xU fljhrpapy; gpujp nra;J nfhs;f.

ghlE}iyAk; Vida %yhjhuq;fisAk; fw;wha;e;J ml;ltiziag;

G+u;j;jp nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

G+u;j;jp nra;j ml;ltizfisr; Rtupy; fhl;rpg;gLj;JkhW mwpTWj;jy;

toq;fp kjpg;gPL nra;f.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : ,izg;G 1 ml;ltiz

gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;

ngy;w; Ngidfs;


gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

1818> 1848 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lq;fs; gw;wpa jfty;fis

Kd;itg;ghu;.

ml;ltiziar; rupahfg; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jiytu;fis kjpg;ghu;.

cupa Neu tiuaiwapDs; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

nraw;ghl;il ntw;wpfukhfg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F xj;Jiog;G ey;Fthu;.

19

Mz;L

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Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F

VJthfpa

fhuzq;fs;

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Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

jiytu;fs;

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Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

tpisTfs;

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,izg;G 1

20

myF 11.3 ,yq;ifapy; rka> gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rp

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; ,yq;iff;F te;j gy;NtW kp\dup

mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ rkaj;ij ,e;ehl;by; gug;Gtjw;Ff; ifahz;l eltbf;iffspd;

tpisthf ,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j> ,e;J> K];ypk; kf;fSf;fpilNa rka kyu;r;rp

Vw;gl;lJ. mjidr; rka kw;Wk; Njrpa kWkyu;r;rp vdyhk;.

Nju;r;rp 3.0 : ,yq;ifapd; kfj;Jtj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhfr;

nraw;gl;l jiytu;fis kjpj;J> mk;Kd;khjpupfis

elj;ijahf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 3.1 : ntspehl;Lr; rf;jpfspd; Kd;dpiyapy; Njrpaj;

jiytu;fs; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 07

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• ,yq;ifapd; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; gpd;dzpia

tptupg;ghu;.• ,yq;ifapd; rka> gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rpf;Fj; Njhs;

nfhLj;j jiytu;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.• Njrpag; gpur;rpidfspd;NghJ jiytu;fspd;

nghWg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.


rka> gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rpapd; gpd;dzp

gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kjw;gFjpapy; ,yq;iff;F te;j gy;NtW kp\dup

mikg;Gf;fs; jkJ rkaj;ij ,e;ehlby; gug;Gtjw;fhfg; gpujhdkhd %d;W

Kiwfisf; ifahz;ld.

vOj;J topahf - gy;NtW nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; mr;rpl;L

kf;fspilNa tpepNahfpj;jy; (‘khjhe;jg; gupR’>ciufy;> yq;fh Gijay; Nghd;w rQ;rpiffs;)

ciuahw;Wjy; topahf - nghJkf;fs; xd;WNrUk; ,lq;fSf;F te;J ciu>

fye;Jiuahly; Nghd;w topfisf; ifahz;L

rkaj;ijg; gug;Gjy;

fy;tp topahf - rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F gad;kpf;fjhf mike;j top

fy;tp MFk;. vdNt gy kp\dup mikg;Gf;fs;

ghlrhiyfis mikj;jy; mg;ghlrhiyfis elj;jpr;

nry;yy; Mfpatw;iwj; jkJ nghWg;ghff; fUjpr;

nraw;gl;ldu;.

21

,e;ehl;L ngsj;j> ,e;J> K];ypk; kf;fs; vOj;J> ciu> fy;tp Mfpa mNj

topfisf; ifahz;L kp\dupfSf;F vjpu;g;gpidf; fhl;baik rka kWkyu;r;rp

,af;fj;jpd; rpwg;gpay;ghFk;. nghJthf ehl;bd; ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fshfpa

ngsj;ju;fspd; rka kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fk; Kjd;ik ngw;Wf; fhzg;gl;lJ.

ngsj;j kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fk;

ghze;Jiw> tshid tz = rpj;jhu;e;j mtu;fs; ,uj;kyhidapy; gukjk;kNrj;jpa

gpupNtdhitj; jhgpj;j gpd;du; mg;gpupntdhtpd; Clhf Jwtpfshd fy;tpkhd;fs;

kl;Lkd;wp Jwtpfs; my;yhj fy;tpkhd;fSk; cUthapdu;. mf;fy;tpkhd;fs;

xd;W jpuz;L 1873 Mk; Mz;by; tpj;jpNahja gpupntdhitAk; 1875 Mk; Mz;by;

Ngypanfhilapy; tpj;jpahyq;fhu gpupntdhitAk; jhgpj;jikapdhy; NkYk; gy

fy;tpkhd;fs; cUthapdu;. mt;thwhf cUthfpa fy;tpkhd;fs; ngsj;j kWkyu;r;rp

,af;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffSf;Fj; jiyikjhq;f Kd;te;jdu;.

vOj;J topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;

mr;rfq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

“yq;fhgptd tp];Uj;j” mr;rfk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

“rurtp re;jur” mr;rfk;> = Rju;rd mr;rfk;> “ftl;l fj;jpf;fah” mr;rfk;

Nghd;w NkYk; rpy mr;rfq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rQ;rpiffs; mr;rplg;gl;lik

“yf;kpzp gfd” nra;jpj;jhs; “rurtp re;jur” nra;jpj;jhs; Vida NtW nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;

nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> rQ;rpiffs; %yk; tpthjq;fs; elj;jg;gl;lik

ciuahw;Wjy; topahf gug;gy; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;

rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhd xU topahf> kp\dupkhu;; ciuahw;wy; Kiwiaf;

ifahz;lik> ngsj;ju;fSk; mNj Clfj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> kp\dupkhUf;F

gjpy; nfhLj;jik

tz kpnfl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; Ik;ngUk; tpthjq;fs;

elj;jg;gl;lik.

c-k;: 1873 Mk; Mz;by; ghze;Jiwapy; tpthjk; elj;jg;gl;lik

fy;tp topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;

n`d;up ];By; xy;nfhl; vd;ghu; tUif je;jik; guk tpQ;Qhu;j;j rq;fk;

jhgpf;fg;gl;lik; ngsj;j ghlrhiy epjpak; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

ngsj;j ghlrhiy epjpaj;Jf;F cjtpfs; ngWtjw;fhf xy;nfhl; mtu;fSk;

gpf;FkhUk; ehnlq;fpYk; nrd;wik

ghlrhiyfs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

nfhOk;G Mde;jhf; fy;Y}up

khj;jis tp[a fy;Y}up

fhyp kpfpe;j fy;Y}up

fz;b ju;kuh[ fy;Y}up

1900 Mk; Mz;L MFk; NghJ ,t;thwhd gy ghlrhiyfisj; jhgpf;f

Kbe;jik

22

ngsj;j kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpd; Clhfj; Njhd;wpa ehl;Lg;gw;whsu; ,af;fq;fs;

19 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; ,WjpahFk; NghJ> ngsj;j kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpd;

eltbf;iffs;> kp\dupkhupd; eltbf;iffSf;Fg; gjpyspj;jy; vDk;

epiyia tpQ;rpr; nrd;wNjhL NkYk; %d;W ,af;fq;fs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

1 . RNjrpfsplj;Nj Njrg;gw;iw Vw;gLj;Jk; ,af;fk;gpajhr rpupNrd mtu;fs;> jkJ Gid fijfs; kw;Wk; “rpq;fs [hj;jpa”vDk; nra;jpj;jhs; Nghd;wtw;wpd; %yk; ,jw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jhu;.mdfhupf ju;kghy mtu;fs;> typrpq;f `up];rj;jpu mtu;fs; Nghd;wJwtpfsy;yhj jiytu;fSk; ngsj;j gpf;FfSk; ,jw;Fg; gq;fspj;jdu;.RNjrpfs; Ma;e;Njha;e;J ghuhJ Nkw;fj;Nja gz;ghl;ilg; gpd;gw;wpaikiatpku;rpj;jYk; RNjr gz;ghl;by; mlq;fpAs;s caupa gz;Gfisr;RNjrpfSf;F tpsf;FtJNk ,jd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fshf mike;jd.

2 . ngsj;j Gz;zpaj;jyq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; eltbf;iffs;mdfhupf ju;kghy mtu;fs;> ,e;jpahtpy; ngsj;j Gz;zpaj; jyq;fisg;ghJfhg;gjw;fhf eltbf;if vLj;jik; typrpq;f `up];re;jpu mtu;fs;>mDuhjGuj;jpy; Gz;zpaj;jyq;fisg; ghJfhf; eltbf;if vLj;jik.

3 . kJ xopg;G ,af;fk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; kJghdkUe;Jk; gof;fk; ,yq;ifapy;

Jupjkhfg; gutpr; nrd;wtz;zk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd; tpisthf ngsj;jkWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jiytu;fs; kf;fis kJghdg;ghtidapypUe;JkPl;nlLg;gjw;fhd> gpurhu ,af;fnkhd;wpid Muk;gpj;jdu;. mdfhupf ju;kghy mtu;fs; “rpq;fs ngsj;jah” vDk; nra;jpj;jhspd;

%yKk; gfpuq;fr; nrhw;nghopTfs; %yKk; ,jw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jik. gpajhr rpupNrd mtu;fs;> jkJ Gidfijfspy; gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis

cUthf;fp kJghdk; mUe;Jtjd; jPatpisTfisj; njspTgLj;jpaik N[hd; j rpy;th mtu;fs; ehlfj;jpd; %yk; ,jw;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr;

nra;jik.

,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rp

f pw p] ;jt k p\du pkhu pd ; eltbf ;iffs ; k pf ntw ;w pfukhf

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ghlrhiyfshy; toq;fg;gl;l

fy;tp fhuzkhf jkJ gz;ghLfSk; tof;fhWfSk; ghuk;gupaq;fSk;

mope;J Nghff; $Lk; vDk; mr;rk; ,e;Jf;fspd; kdjpy; Njhd;wpaik. mjd; tpisthf ,e;Jf;fSf;F ,ilNaAk; rka kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;lik ,e;J kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpd; jiytuhf =y= MWKf ehtyu; mtu;fs;

nraw;gl;lik =y= MWKf ehtyu; mtu;fs; Mw;wpa rpy Nritfs;

jkpo;>rk];fpUjk;> Mq;fpyk; Mfpa nkhopfspy; jhk; ngw;wpUe;j cau;kl;lmwpitj; jkJ NritfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpaik

,e;J rkag; gps;isfSf;fhf jkJ tPl;by; tFg;Gfs; elj;jpaik

irt gupghyd rig> ,e;J fy;tpr; rig Mfpatw;iwj; jhgpj;jik

aho;g;ghzj;jpy; ,e;J Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyia Muk;gpj;jik

,e;Jg; gps;isfSf;fhf E}y;fis vOjpaik> jkpo; nkhopapy; vOjg;gl;l

ciueilfs;> nra;As;fs;> ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy; nkhopngau;j;jik.

mtw;wpd; topNa ,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpaik

23

,tuJ ,af;fj;jpid> nghd;dk;gyk; ,uhkehjd; mtu;fs;> nghd;dk;gyk;

mUzhryk; mtu;fs; Nghd;w jiytu;fs; njhlu;e;J Kd;ndLj;Jr;

nrd;wik.

irt gupghyd rig> ,e;J fy;tpr;rig Mfpa ,uz;L mikg;Gf;fSk;

,e;Jg; gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rpf;fhf Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;lik.

,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rp

,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

mwpQu; vk;.rP. rpj;jpnyg;ig mtu;fs; ,];yhkpa rka kWkyu;r;rpapd;

Kd;Ndhbahfr; nraw;gl;lik mwpQu; vk;.rP. rpj;jpnyg;ig mtu;fs; Mw;wpa Nritfs;

muG nkhopia kl;Lkd;wp Mq;fpy nkhopiaAk; fw;FkhW K];ypk;fisj;J}z;baik.

nfhOk;G K];ypk; fy;tpr; rq;fj;ij epWtpaik nfhOk;G ]h`pwhf; fy;tpr; rq;fj;ij epWtpaik K];ypk; kfspu; ghlrhiyfis epWtpaik “K];ypk; Nerd;” nra;jpj;jhis ntspapl Muk;gpj;jik Nky; ehl;ltupd; eltbf;iffSf;F vjpuhf RNjr gz;ghl;ilAk;

ghuk;gupaq;fisAk; tof;fhWfisAk; NgZtjw;fhf RNjrjiytu;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;gl;lik.

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slf;FkhW gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu<LgLj;Jf.

1. rka gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;Jf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpNahu; (tz.`pf;fLNt Rkq;fy mtu;fs;> tz. kpnfl;Ltj;Nj Fzhde;j mtu;fs;>gpajhr rpupNrd mtu;fs;> =y= MWKf ehtyu; mtu;fs;> mwpQu; vk;.rp.rpj;jpnyg;ig mtu;fs; njhlu;ghf rpwpa kbg;Ngnlhd;W jahupj;jy;. ,tu;fSs; %d;W jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisj; Njbg;ngw;W

vOj topg;gLj;Jf. ,jidj; jdpahl; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff. ngsj;j> ,e;J> ,];yhk; kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fq;fisr; Nru;e;j jiytu;fs;

Mw;wpa gzpfis khztu;fSf;F tpsf;Ff. ,j;jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fisg; ngwj;jf;f NtW %yhjhuq;fs;

Fwpj;J khztu;f;F mwpT+l;lk; nra;f. kbg;Ngl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhd tifapy; jahupg;gjw;fhf rpj;jpuk;> xspg;glk;

Nghd;wtw;iwAk; gad;gLj;JkhW mwpT+l;lk; nra;f. jkJ mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy; xl;b itj;Jg; gad;gLj;jf; $bathwhf

kbg;Ngl;ilj; jahupf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf. khztuJ Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;kg;gkspj;J fzpg;gPL

kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf. gpd;njhlu; Ntiyahf ,izg;G 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;sjw;fpzq;f RUf;ff;

Fwpg;G vOJkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

24

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : ,izg;G 1 ghlE}y;> Vida %yhjhuq;fs; V4 fljhrpfs; gir> ngy;w; Ngidfs; glq;fs;> xspg;glq;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : rka gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rpf;Fj; Njhs;nfhLj;j jiytu;fisg; ngaupLthu;. rka gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rpf;Fj; Njhs;nfhLj;j jiytu;fspd; Nritfis

kjpg;ghu;. rka gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rpf;Fj; Njhs;nfhLj;j jiytu;fs; njhlu;ghf

NghJkhd msT jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;. kjpg;gPl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fis nghUj;jkhdthW jpul;Lthu;. kjpg;gPl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhd tifapy; jahupg;ghu;.

jhk; Njbawpe;j tplaq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;ghu;.

,izg;G 1

gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf> jkJ mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy; RUf;ff;

Fwpg;Gfs; vOJkhW khztu;f;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

1. 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;l kp\dup ,af;fq;fs;

2. ghze;Jiw tpthjk;

3. guk tpQ;Qhdhu;j;j ngsj;j rq;fk;

4. kfhNghjp rq;fk;

5. ngsj;j ,isQu; rq;fk;

6. irt gupghyd rigAk; ,e;Jf; fy;tpr; rigAk;

7. K];ypk; fy;tpr; rq;fk;

25

myF 11.4 gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;if murpay;

1815 Mk; Mz;by; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa gpd;du; Mq;fpNyau;fshy;

Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l murpay;> nghUshjhu kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; fhuzkhf ehl;bd;

vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; ngUksT khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. mtu;fshy; 1833 Mk;

Mz;by; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gf;fspd;fPo;> RNjr

kf;fsplj;Nj vt;tpj nghWg;Gf;fSk; xg;gilf;fg;glhik Fwpj;J ,Ugjhk;

E}w;whz;bd; Muk;gk; KjNy ,yq;iff; fy;tpkhd;fs; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fis elj;jpdu;.

,t;thwhf eLj;ju tu;f;fj;jpdu; elj;jpa Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs; fhuzkhf> ,ilapilNa

murpyikg;G kWrPuikg;Gf;fisr; nra;a Ntz;ba epiyia Mq;fpNyau;fs;

vjpu;nfhs;s Neupl;lJ. mk;kWrPuikg;Gj; njhlupy; ,lk;ngw;w ,Wjpahd

kWrPuikg;G Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;ghFk;. mg;NghJ ,yq;ifj;

jiytu;fspd; mOj;jk; fhuzkhf 1948 Mk; Mz;by; Ml;rp mjpfhuq;fisr;

RNjr kf;fsplj;Nj xg;gilf;f Ntz;ba epiyf;F Mq;fpNyau;fs; Mshapdu;.

,yq;ifapy; kPz;Lk; Rje;jpuj;ij ntd;nwLg;gjw;F Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l murpay;

Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;> ,ilapilNa nra;ag;gl;l murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;>

kPsTk; Rje;jpuj;ij ntd;nwLj;jy; Mfpad njhlu;ghf ,q;F ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;r;rp 4.0 : Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Clhf> Njrpa xUikg;ghl;ilAk;

Njrpa xw;WikiaAk; NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 4.1 : murpayikg;G tsu;r;rpiaAk; Njrpa ,af;fj; ijAk;

gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• Nfhy;G&f; njhlf;fk; Nrhy;gup tiu gpupj;jhdpaupd;

fPo; murpayikg;gpd; tsu;r;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.• kJnthopg;G ,af;fj;jpdJk; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpdJk;

vOr;rpia tptupg;ghu;.• Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Muk;gf; fl;lj;jpy; Njrpaj;

jiytu;fspd; xw;Wikia tptupg;ghu;.• Njrpa xw;Wikiag; NgZtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

26


11.4 gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; khw;wq;fs;

4.1 1833 Mk; Mz;L Nfhy;GWf; kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;

Nfhy;GWf; Mizf;FOtpd; tUif

1833 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;G rl;lthf;f> epiwNtw;Wr; rig

jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

INuhg;gpa tzpfupd; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;

4.2 1910 Mk; Mz;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fSk; gpd;dzpAk;

,yq;if kj;jpaju tFg;gpdupd; Nfhupf;iffs;

1910 Mk; Mz;L kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;

kJnthopg;G ,af;fk;

,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; nry;thf;F

- ,e;jpa Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ik

- kfhj;kh fhe;jp mtu;fs; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;jik

,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd ghj;jpuq;fs;

,yq;if ngw;w jhf;fq;fs;

,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

1920> 1924 Mk; Mz;Lfspd; murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;G

4.3 1931 Mk; Mz;L nlhd%u; murpayikg;G

mur rig

epiwNtw;Wr; nraw;FO Kiw

ru;trd thf;Fupik

NjrhjpgjpAk; mur mjpfhupfSk;

4.4 Rje;jpuj;Jf;fhd Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;

mur rig fhy Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;

,lJrhup ,af;fKk; Mu;g;ghl;lq;fSk; (#upa ky; ,af;fk;)

mikr;ruitf; Nfhupf;iffs;

Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; eltbf;iffs;

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;Gk; Ml;rpia ,yq;ifauplk; xg;gilj;jYk;

g pu pj ;jhd pau ; ,yq;ifapy ; mw pKfQ ; nra ;j mur payikg ;G

kWrPuikg;Gf;fisf; ftdj;jpw; nfhz;L ,izg;G 01 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s

ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

,jid FOr; nraw;ghlhf eilKiwg;gLj;Jf.

,jw;fhf ,uz;L ghlNtisfis xJf;fpf; nfhs;f.

gpupj;jhdpau; mwpKfQ; nra;j murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghf

khztUld; fye;JiuahLf.

tFg;G khztiug; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

27

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;l ml;ltiziar; Rz;zg;gyifapy; gpujp

nra;J tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW gpup];ly;

ml;ilapy; my;yJ mJ Nghd;w ngupa jhspy; mt;tl;ltiziag;

gpujp nra;J nfhs;SkhW FOf;fSf;F mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

ghlE}iyj; Jizahff; nfhz;L FO epiyapy; fye;Jiuahb>

ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;AkhW mwptpf;Ff.

nraw;ghl;bd; ,Wjpapy; jkJ FO Mf;fj;ij tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;J

tptupg;gjw;F xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

khztuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l tplq;fisf; Fiwepug;Gr;

nra;J> Rz;zg;gyifapy; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.

Rz;zg;gyifapy; G+u ;j;jp nra;ag;gl;l ml;ltiziaj; jkJ

mg;gpahrg;Gj;jfj;jpy; gjpT nra;J nfhs;SkhW khztu;f;F mwpTj;jy;

toq;Ff.

gpd;njhlu; Ntiyahf> ~~gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; murpay;

khw;wq;fs;|| vDk; ghlj;Jf;Fupa tplaq;fs; cs;slf;FkhW FWtpdh

tpilfslq;fpa rpw;Nwnlhd;W jahupf;FkhW mwpTWj;jy; toq;Ff.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;

ngy;w; Ngidfs;

,izg;G 1

,izg;G 1

Mz;Lmurpayikg;G

kWrPuikg;G

rl;lthf;f

mikg;gpd;

cWg;gpd;

njhif

rl;lthf;f

mikg;gpw ;fhf

epakpf;fg;gl;l

cWg;gpdu; njhif

Kf;fpakhd

kWrPuikg;Gg;

gpNuuizfs;

28


gpd;tUk; epakq;fSf;fika fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

gpupj;jhdpau;fs; mwpKfQ; nra;j murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gf;fisg;

ngaupLthu;.

RNjr jiytu;fspd; murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gf;fs; %yk; Ml;rp

mjpfhuj;ijg; gbg;gbahf ngw;w tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

mur payikg ;G kWr Puikg ;G njhlu ;ghf jfty;fis ru pahf

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

nraw;ghl;il ntw;wpfukhfg; G+u;j;jp nra;a xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.

ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;J tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;ghu;.

29

myF 11.5 gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; r%f khw;wq;fs;

fp.gp. 1796 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;iff;;F te;j gpupj;jhdpau; fp.gp. 1815 Mk; Mz;L

mstpy; KO ,yq;ifiaAk; jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;Lf;Fs; nfhz;L te;jNjhL> 1948

Mk; Mz;by; Rje;jpuk; fpilf;Fk; tiuapy; ,e;ehl;il Ml;rp nra;j tpjk;

gw;wp Kd;ida ghlq;fspy; fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;

,e;ehl;by; Vw;gl;l> nghUshjhu> r%f> gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fs; gw;wpAk; gpupj;jhdpaupd;

Ml;rp fhuzkhf vkf;Ff; fpilj;j gad;kpf;f mk;rq;fs; gw;wpAk; ,q;F ftdQ;

nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;r;rp 5.0 : Gwthupg; gz;ghl;Lf; Nfhyq;fs;> RNjr r%ff;

fl;likg;Gld; ,irtile;j tpjj;ijg; gFj;jha;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifr; r%fj;Jld;

,ize;J nfhz;l Gj;jhk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; nghUshjhu

khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.


11.5 gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;gl;l r%f khw;wq;fs;

5.1 mwpKfk;

ghuk;gupakhd murpay; r%ff; Nfhyk; gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo;

Nkw;fj;Nja ghuk;gupaq;fSf;F mika khw;wkile;j tpjj;ij

tpsf;Fjy;.

5.2 nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

- Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd; nghUshjhu kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;

fp.gp. 1833 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l

Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpd; gpNuuizfs; %yk; gjpa

nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;Jf;fhd mbj;jsk; mikf;fg;gl;lik

INuhg;gpaUf;F fhzpfis cupj;jhf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; fhzg;gl;l

jilfs; ePf;fg;gl;lik

muR ,ytrkhff; fzpfis toq;fpa Kiw ,uj;Jr; nraa;g;gl;L>

mjw;Fg; gjpyhf fhzp tpw;gidf; nfhs;if mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;lik.

30

jdpahu;Jiw Kaw;rpahz;ikahsUf;Fj; Njitahd ciog;igj;

jlq;fypd;wpg; ngw tif nra;tjw;fhf fl;lha Nritg; gzp

Kiw ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik.

murpd; tpahghu Vfhjpgj;jpak; uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik

ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp

,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifapd; Muk;gk;

ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapuhf Kjd; Kjy; Nfhg;gp nra;if gz;zg;gl;lik

n`kPypah nt];lhu;bf;f]; vDk; gq;fR/ G+Q;rz Neha;

Vw;gl;likahy; Nfhg;gpr; nra;if mopTw;wik

Gjpa ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;ifahf rpq;Nfhdhr; nra;if

mwpKfQ; nraa;g;gl;likAk; mJ Njhy;tpaile;jikAk;

ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;ifahsu; Njapiyr; nra;ifapd; ghy; ftdQ;

nrYj;jpaik

Njapiyr; nra;if ntw;wpaspj;jik

njq;Fr; nra;ifapy; <LgLtjw;F RNjrpfs; Kd;te;jik

fp.gp. 1890 Mk; Mz;;lhFk;NghJ ,yq;ifapy; ,wg;gu; gapu;r;

nra;if tzpf kl;lj;jpy; tpuptile;jik

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if fhuzkhf> fz;b> gJis> cl;gl

ehl;by; Vida gpuNjrq;fisj; njhLf;Fk; ngUe;njUf;fSk;

Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lik

nra;jpg ; gupkhw ;w eltbf;iffs;> njhlu ;ghly; Jiw

tpUj;jpaile;jik.

cjhuzk;: mQ;rw; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;l;lik

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf ,e;ehl;bd;

jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuf;Nfhyk; rPu;f;Fiye;jikAk; ,wf;Fkjp

- Vw;Wkjp nghUshjhuk; cUthfpaikAk;

Nkw;gb ghl tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW>

- “vkJ ehL Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;Jf;Fcs;shfpa tpjk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; nra;jpj;jhnshd;Wf;Fg;

nghUj;jkhd fl;Liunahd;W vOJkhW khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.

- ,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

- Nkw;gb jiyg;gpy; fl;Liuia vOJk; NghJ> ,yq;ifapy;

fhzg;gl;l> ghuk;gupa nghUshjhu Kiw> gpupj;jhdpaupd;

fPo; tzpfg; gapu;r;nra;if Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik> mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;l Gjpa gapu;fs; RNjr nghUshjhuf; Nfhyk;

gbg ;gbahf ,wf ;Fkjp Vw ;Wkjpg ; nghUshjhukhf

khw;wkile;jik

Mfpa tplaq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tifapy; vOJkhW mwpTWj;jy;

toq;Ff.

,r;nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf xU ghlNtis mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

ghlE}iyj; Jizahff; nfhz;L fl;Liuia vOJkhW

mwpTWj;Jf.

khztuJ Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf.

31

gpd;njhlu; Ntiyahf ,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilnaOJkhW mwpTWj;Jf.



gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd;gb fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;; nra;if Muk;gpj;j

tpjj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

ghuk;gupakhd tptrhaj;ij tpQ;rp ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r; nra;if tpUj;jpaile;j

tpjj;ij vLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;if fhuzkhf Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd mgptpUj;jpia

kjpg;ghu;.

nra;jpj;jhSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW Mf;fG+u;tkhd fl;Liuia vOJthu;.

Fwpj;j Neu tiuaiwapDs; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

,izg;G 1

gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyg; ngUe;Njhl;lr; nra;if njhlu;ghff; ftdQ;

nrYj;jpg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpiljUf.

1. Nfhy;GW}f; Mizf;FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l nghUshjhu kWrPuikg;Gg;

gpNuuizfs; %d;W jUf.

2. gpupj;jhdpau; ,e;ehl;by; gapupl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fs; ehd;iff; Fwpg;gpLf.

3. ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r; nra;iff;fhf ,e;ehl;Lf; fhzpfs; ngwg;gl;l tpjj;ij>

,uz;L tplaq;fis Kd;itj;J tpsf;Ff.

4. ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r; nra;if fhuzkhf ,e;ehl;Lg; nghUshjhuj; Jiwapy;

Vw;gl;l ,uz;L ed;ikfisAk; ,uz;L ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; tptupf;Ff.

32



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.2 : gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifr; r%fj;Jld;

,ize;J nfhz;l Gj;jhk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• gpupj;jhdpaupd;fPo; ,yq;ifapd; r%f> gz;ghl;L

khw;wq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.


5.3 r%f khw;wq;fs;

r%fq;fs;

gz;ila cau;Fb tFg;G Nja;Tw;wikAk; Gjpa kj;jpa ju tFg;G

cUthfpaikAk;

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fhuzkhf INuhg;gpag; gz;ghl;il kjpf;Fk;> Nky;

el;ltUf;Fr; rhu;ghd xU njhFjpr; RNjrpfs; cUthfpaik

RNjr cau;Fb tFg;gpdu; tupNrfupg;G cupikiaf; nfhs;tdT nra;jy;

kw;Wk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;iff;Fj; Njitahd gz;lq;fs; -

Nritfis toq;Fjy; Mfpad %yKk; ngUe;Njhl;l cupikahsu;fshf

khwpaikapdhy; jkJ nry;tj;ij NkYk; ngUf;fpf; nfhz;lik.

Gjpa njhopy;tha;g;Gf;fs; cUthfpaik

ngUe;Njhl;lr; Nritfs; rhu;ghf gz;lq;fis Vw;wpapwf;Fjy;> khl;L

tz;bNahl;ly;> Jzp Jitj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nra;j efug;Gw njhopyhsu;

tFg;gpdUk; ,e;jpahtpypUe;J ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; Nrit nra;tjw;fhf

te;Njhuhd ngUe;Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdUk; cUthfpaik

,j;njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopw;rq;fq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.

nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

Mq;fpyf; fy;tp fhuzkhf Mq;fpy nkhop fw;w xU njhFjpapdu; r%fj;jpy;;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

Nkw;fj;Nja gz;ghl;ilAk; tof;fhWfisAk; kjpf;Fk; xU njhFjpapdu;

Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

Nkw;fj;Nja ghzpfs;> czTfs;> Milazpfs;> fl;ll epu;khz mk;rq;fs;

Nghd;wd ,e;ehl;Lg; gz;ghl;Lld; Nru;e;jik

33

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rp fhuzkhf ,e;ehl;Lg; gz;ghl;by; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;

gw;wpa tplaq;fslq;fpa E}y;fs;> jpiug;glq;fs; Nghd;wit

cjhuzk;: fpuhkg; gpwo;r;rp (fk;ngupypa)

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fisAk; fw;ww; NgWfisAk; msf;fj;jfthW fzpg;gPL

kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

34



Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 5.1 : gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifr; r%fj;ij

,izj;J nfhz;l Gj;jhk;rq;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• gpupj;jhdpauJ Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifr; r%fj;Jld;

,ize;j rhjfkhd> ghjfkhd mk;rq;fisvLj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.


5.2 gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rp fhuzkhf fpilj;j gad;kpF mk;rq;fs;

Mq;fpy nkhop> Mq;fpyf; fy;tp ngw tha;g;Gf;fpilj;jik

Nghf;Ftuj;J> nra;jpg;gupkhw;wk; vd;gd tpUj;jpaile;jik

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F ,yq;iff;Ff;

fpilj;jik

cjhuzk;: cgfuzq;fs;> nghwpfs; mit njhlu;ghd njhopDl;gk;>

ghijfs; Nghd;wit

rpW ifj;njhopy;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;

Vw;Wkjpg; ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fs; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lik

5.3 ghjfkhd tpisTfs;

RNjr gz;ghL rPu;Fiye;jik

kJghdk; mUe;jg; gofpaik

jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuKk; RNjr mwpTk; tPo;r;rpaile;jik

fpuhk rig Nghd;w gaDs;s mikg;Gf;fs; mopTw;wik

epy cupikaw;w kf;fs; gpuptpdu; Njhd;wpaik

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ~~gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;

,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpw;F ed;ikfNs fpilj;jd jPikfNs fpilj;jd|| vDk;

jiyg;gpd; fPo; tpthjk; elj;Jjy;.

tpthj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW khztiuf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.

,uz;L FOf;fs; mikj;J tpthjj;jiyg;Gf;is toq;Ff.

tpthjk; elj;j ehs; Fwpj;J FOf;fspuz;Lf;Fk; jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;

Maj;jkhf tUkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

tpthjj;Jf;fhf xU ghlNtisia xJf;fpf; nfhs;f.

tpthjk; njhlu;ghd rl;ljpl;lq;fspd;gb tpthjj;ij elj;Jf.

35

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; r%f khw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd tplaq;fslq;fpa

E}y;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapd; fPo; ,yq;ifr; r%fj;Jld; Nru;e;j rhjfkhd

mk;rq;fisAk; ghjfkhd mk;rq;fisAk; tptupg;ghu;.

rhjfkhd ey;y mk;rq;fis kjpg;ghu;.

tplaq;fisj; ju;f;f uPjpapy; Kd;itg;ghu;.

tpthjj;jpy; gq;Fnfhs;thu;.

tpthjk; njhlu;ghd epge;jidfisg; gpd;gw;wpr; nraw;gLthu;.

36

myF 11.6 ,yq;iff;Fr; Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jy;

xd;wiu E}w;whz;LfSf;F Nkyhf epytpa gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpaj;jpyp;Ue;J

1948 Mk; Mz;L ngg;utup 04 Me; jpfjp ,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jJ.

Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijj; jhgpj;Jf;nfhs;sy;

njhlu;ghfTk; 1972 Mk; Mz;L kw;Wk; 1978 Mk; Mz;L FbauR murpay;

ahg;Gr; rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; RUf;fkhff; fw;wha;tJ ,e;j myfpd;

%yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd;

mgptpUj;jpf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; fy;tp> tptrhak;> mur

Kaw;rpahz;ikfs;> ifj;njhopy;fs;> r%f eyNdhk;gy; njhlu;ghf vLf;fg;gl;l

eltbf;iffisf; fw;wYk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpr;

nra;Kiwia tprhupj;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.1 : Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; murpay;

epiyikiag; gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 06

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; mjpfhue;

jhgpf;fg;gl;likia tpsf;Fthu;.

• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; murpayikg;G

kWrPuikg;Gf;fis tpsf;Fthu;.


6.1 Nrhy;gup murpayikg;Gk; ,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jYk;

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;G kWrPuikg;Gf;fspd; fPo; fp.gp. 1947 Mk; Mz;by;

Kjy; jlitahf murpaw; fl;rp Kiwikapd;fPo; nghJj; Nju;jy;

elj;jg;gl;lik Fwpj;J khztu;f;F tpsf;fkspf;Ff.

- mj;Nju;jypy; If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;wik

- mf;fl;rpapd; jiytu; B.v];. Nrdhehaf;f mtu;fspd; jiyikapy;

muR jhgpf;fg;gl;lik.

,yq;ifau; elj;jpa Mu;g;ghl;lq;fspd; tpisthf 1948.02.04 Mz;L

,yq;iff;Fr; Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jik

Nrhy;gup murpayikg;gpd; ,ay;Gfs;

mjd; gpd;du; murpay; fl;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Nju;jy;fs;

elj;jg;gl;lik ,yq;if murpaypd; xU rpwg;gpay;ghFk;.

37

,yq;ifapy; jhgpf;fg;gl;l rpy murpay; fl;rpfisf; Fwpg;gpLjy;.

- 1935 Mk; Mz;L ,yq;if rk rkhrf;fl;rp

- 1946 Mk; Mz;L If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp

- 1951 Mk; Mz;L =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp

6.2 1956 Mk; Mz;L Nju;jYk; r%fg; Gus;Tk;

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,lk;ngw;w ,yq;ifj; Nju;jy;fSs; 1956 Mk; Mz;by;

elj;jhg;gl;l Nju;jy; rpwg;ghdJ.

6.3 1972 Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if Fbaurhjy;

,yq;if Fbaurhdikapd; Kf;fpj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fjy;

1947 Mk; Mz;by; jhgpf;fg;gl;l Nrhy;gup murpay; ahg;G ,uj;Jr;

nra;ag;gl;L 1972 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 22 Me; jpfjp ,yq;if> Kjy;

jlitahf RahjPdkhd ,iwikAs;s Rje;jpuf; Fbaurhf khwpaik.

mJ 1972 Mk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ FbauR murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk;

nra;ag;gl;lJ.

1972 Mk; Mz;bd; murpay; ahg;gpd; %yk; rl;lthf;fj;Jiw>

epiwNtw;wjpfhuj; Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw Mfpad nraw;gl;l tpjk;

mbg;gil cupikfs;

rdhjpgjp

ngausT epiwNtw;wjpfhukhFk;

gpujkuhy; ngau; Fwpf;fg;gl;L epakpf;fg;gLjy;

rdhjpgjpapd; rpy mjpfhuq;fisAk; gzpfisAk; Fwpg;gpLjy;

cWg;gpdu; rig

Njrpa mur rig Fbaurpd; kPAau; epWtdkhjy;

gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;

ePjpkd;w Kiwik

6.4 1978 Mk; Mz;L Gjpa murpayikg;G

G+uz epiwNtw;wjpfhuKs;s rdhjpgjpiaf;nfhz;l murpayikg;ghFk;.

rdhjpgjp

epakpf;fg;gLk; tpjk;

mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

rdhjpgjp murpd; jiytUk; murhq;fj;jpd; jiytUk; gilr;

Nritfspd; jiytUk; Mthu;.

gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;

ghuhSkd;wk;

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; fl;likg;G

mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk;

ePjpkd;wj; njhFjp

mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghf ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Vw;ghLfs;

38

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW 1972 Mk; Mz;L> 1978 Mk;

Mz;Lfspd; murpayikg;G> ahg;Gf;fspd; khw;wq;fs; njspthFkhW

ml;ltiznahd;wpidg; g+u;j;jp nra;jy;.

,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.

,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; gapw;rpg; Gj;jfj;jpy; gpujp

nra;J nfhs;sr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

mq;F jug;gl;Ls;s tplag;gug;Gf;fspd; fPo; jfty;fis ,l;L

ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;a topg;gLj;Jf.

Vida khzUld; fye;Jiuahb> jfty; ngwr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

khztuJ nraw;ghLfis kjpg;gpLf.

,jw;fhf xU ghlNtis mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; :

,izg;G 1

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : FbauR murpayikg;G %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Gjpa mk;rq;fisg;

ngaupLthu;.

1972 Mk; Mz;L murpayikg;gpd; %yk; ,yq;if> Rje;jpukhd xU

Fbaurhfpaik Fwpj;Jg; ngUikAld; gpu];jhgpg;ghu;.

FbauR murpayikg;Gf;fspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis xl;g Pl ;L uPjpapy;

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.

jhk; Njbawpe;j jfty;fis VidNahUf;F vLj;Jf;; $Wthu;.

Fwpj;j Neuj;Js; Ntiyfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

1972 Mk; Mz;L

murpay; ahg;G

1978 Mk; Mz;L

murpay; ahg;G

1. rl;lthf;fk;

2. epiwNtw;wjpfhuk;

3. ePjpj;Jiw

4. mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;

39

Nju;r;rp 6.0 : Rje;jpuk; fpilj;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpr;

nra;Kiwia tprhupj;jwpthu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 6.2 : Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp

cj;jpfisAk; mtw;wpd ; tpidj;jpwidAk;

gFj;jha;thu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 10

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jp

eltbf;iffis tpsf;Fthu;.

• mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffspd; tpidj;jpwid vLj;Jf;

fhl;Lthu;.

• r%f eyNdhk;gy; vd;why; vd;d vd tpsf;Fthu;.

• Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwapy;

,Ue;j eyNdhk;gy; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis tptupg;ghu;.


6.2 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs;

tptrhaj;Jiw Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;lik

tptrhaf; FbNaw;w ,af;fq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

Fsq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lfs;> Gduikf;fg;gl;likAk; ePu;g;ghrd topfs;

jhgpf;fg;gl;likAk;

fhzp kWrPuikg;Gf;fs;

kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lKk; Vida Mw;Wg;gs;sj;jhf;F mgptpUj;jpj;

jpl;lq;fSk;

tptrha Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

tptrhapfspd; epiyikia Nkk;;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr; nraw;gl;lik

tzpf tptrhaj;Jiw

rpW Vw;Wkjpfs; mgptpUj;jpfs;

ifj;njhopy; kakhf;fy; nfhs;if

muR jiyapl;L> gy;NtW njhopw;rhiyfs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

cUf;Fj; njhopw;rhiy

nerTj; njhopw;rhiyfs; - nfhFtis> Ngrhiy> Jy;fpupah

xl;Lg;gyiff; $l;Lj;jhgdk; - fpe;Njhl;il> nfh];fk

rPdpj; njhopw;rhiy - `pq;Fuhid

fdpakzy; - Gy;Nkhl;il

,wf;Fkjpg; gpujpaPl;Lf; nfhs;if

ntspehLfspypUe;J ,yq;iff;Fj; jUtpf;fg;gLk;> tptrha>

ifj;njhopw; gz;lq;fSf;fhf ghupa msT ntspehl;Lr; nryhtzp

nrythfpd;wikahy;> Njrpa epjpia kPjg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf

cs;ehl;bNyNa mtw;iw cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhf xU

Ntiyj;jpl;lk; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lik. 1970 - 1977 fhyg;gFjpapy;

,wf;Fkjpg; gpujpaPl;Lf; nfhs;if Nkd;NkYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;

gl;lJ.

40

fy;tp

,ytrf; fy;tp Kiwik njhlu;;e;Jk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lik

gfw;Nghrid Ntiyj;jpl;lk; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;lik

ghlrhiyfspy; trjpfs; mjpfupf;fg;gl;lik

xt;nthU ghlrhiyf;Fk; xt;nthU tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$lk;

toq;Fjy;

cau; fy;tp

tpj;jpNahja> tpj;jpahyq;fhu gpupNtdhf;fs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;

fhzg;gl;lik

,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nguhjidf;Fr; nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;likAk;

mJ mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;likAk;

NkYk; gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

63 r%f eyNdhk;gy;

muR mjd; gpuirfsJ eyDf;F tif nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk; vDk;

Nfhl;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mg;gpuirfspd; nghUshjhu>

r%f eyDf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gf;Fkhf muR jiyapl;L mu;g;gzpg;Gld;

nraw;gLjy;.

eyNdhk;Gk; murpd; rpy Fwpf;Nfhs;fisg; gpd;tUkhW ,dq;fhzy;

rk re;ju;g;gq;fs; toq;Fjy;

tsq;fisr; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;

r%fj;jpd; eypthd gFjpapdUf;F Kd;NdWtjw;fhf fld; trjpfSk;

epthuzKk; toq;fpr; re;ju;g;gkspj;jy;

gpuirfs; ey;tho;T tho;tjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;if muRfshy; r%f eyNdhk;gYf;fhf

Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l rpy Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;

Rfhjhuj;Jiw

- Neha; jtpu;g;G> njhw;WNeha;f;fl;Lg;ghL> kNyupah> the;jpNgjp

fl;Lg;ghL Nghd;w murpd; Neubj; jiyaPL Njitg;gLk;

re;ju;g;gq;fs; njhlu;ghff; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;

- Rfhjhu mbj;jsf; fl;likg;G trjpfisAk; Nritfs;

toq;FjiyAk; tpupTgLj;jy;

Vida eyNdhk;G eltbf;iffs;

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw

- Nghf;Ftuj;J kf;fs; kag;gLj;jg;gl;lik

twpNahu; epthuz Kiw

- muprp $g;gd; Kiw

- czTg; gq;fPl;L Kiw

- tPlikg;Gj;jpl;l Kiw

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;ifapd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l

eltbf;iffs;> r%f eyNdhk;gYf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;

Mfpatw;iw tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf ,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s

nraw;ghl;ilr; nra;tpf;Ff.

41

,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhfg; gad;gLj;Jf.

,izg;gpy; jug;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspg;gjw;fhf XupU ehs;fs;

mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

khztuJ tpilfis kjpg;gpLf.

gpd;du; XupU ghlNtisfis xJf;fp mt;tpdh tpilfis khztUld;

fye;JiuahLf.


ghlE}iyAk; NtW %yhjhuq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpg; gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F

tpilaspf;Ff.

1.

i. ,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l %d;W tptrhaf; FbNaw;wj;jpl;lq;fisg;

ngaupLf.

ii. ,yq;ifapy; jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s tptrha Muha;r;rp epWtdq;fs; rpytw;iwg;

ngaupLf.

iii. kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Ff.

iv. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;> murpd; jiyaPL %yk; ,yq;ifapy; elKiwg;

gLj;jg;gl;l ifj;njhopy;kaf; nfhs;if njhlu;ghfr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

2. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; ,yq;iff; fy;tpj;;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l mgptpUj;jpiag;

gpd;tUk; tplaq;fspd;fPo; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

gfw;Nghrd Ntiyj;jpl;lk;

trjpfis mjpfupj;jy;

gy;fiyf;fofq;fs; jhgpj;jy;

3.

i. ~eyNdhk;GjYf;fhf muR jiyaply;| muR vd;gijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Ff.

ii. Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du;> ,yq;if murpdhy; nghJkf;fspd; eyDf;fhf

vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : ghlE}y;fisAk; NtW %yhjhuq;fisAk; crhTjy;> rupahf tpilaspj;jy;>

Mu;tj;Jld; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;jy;> Rj;jKk; Neu;j;jpAk; Nghd;w

mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fp> epakq;fisj; jahupj;Jg; Gs;sp toq;Ff.

42

myF 11.7 cyfpd; Kf;fpakhd Gul;rpfSk; Njrpa

,af;fq;fSk;

etPd Afj;jpdJ tuyhw;iwf; fw;ifapy; kdpj ,dj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpd;ghy;

ngupJk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j rpwg;ghd rpy Kaw;rpfisf; fhz Kbfpd;wJ.

mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhditahd mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;> gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp>

u\;ag; Gul;rp Mfpad njhlu;ghf ,e;j mj;jpahaj;jpy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nju;r;rp 1.0 : tuyhw;W uPjpahd G+Nfhs> gpuhe;jpa murpay;

Nghf;Ffspd; Kd;khjpupfisg; gpujpaPL nra;J

nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.1 : $l;lhfr; nraw;gLtjhy; jkJ cupikfis

ntd;nwLf;fyhnkd;gij mnkupf;fg; Gul;rpapd;

JizAld; tptupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 02

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• mnkupf;fg; Gul;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

• mnkupf;fr; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; cyf tuyhw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk; tpjj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.


1.1 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; - mwpKfk;

INuhg;gpa ehl;ltu;fs; mnkupf;fhitf; fz;Lgpbj;jikAk; mq;F

FbNaw;wq;fisj; jhgpj;jikAk;

Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;> xy;yhe;J> gpuhd;R> gpupj;jhdpah Mfpait

mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fisj; jhgpj;j ehLfshFk;.

gpupj;jhdpau;fs; 18 Mk; E}w;whz;by; mnkupf;fhtpy; 13 FbNaw;wq;fisj;

jhgpj;jik

mitahtd:

epA+̀ hk;\au;> krhRnrl;];> Nuhl; jPT> fNdbf;fl;> epA+Nahu;f;> epA+N[u;rp>

ngd;rpy;Ntdpah> nlyntahu;> Nkupyd;l;> Ntu;[pdpah> tl fNuhypdh>

njd; fNuhypdh> N[hu;[pah

gpupj;jhdpaupd; fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J Rje;jpuk; ngWtjw;fhf FbNaw;w thrpfs;

Kd;ndLj;j Nghuhl;lNk mnkupf;f Rje;jpuk; Nghuhl;lk; vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

43

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs;

gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpdhy; Gjpa tup tiffs; mwpKfQ;

nra;ag;gl;lik

Kj;jpiu tup

Njapiy> fz;zhb> fljhrp Mfpatw;Wf;F tup mwtpl;lik

“gpujpepjpfs; ,y;iyNay; tupAk; fpilahJ” vDk; FbNaw;w

thrpfspd; ek;gpf;if

Nkw;gb vy;yh tupfs; njhlu;ghfTk; nghJkf;fspd; vjpu;g;G

gpupj;jhdpau;fs; FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J ,yhgkPl;Ltij kl;Lk;

vjpu;ghu;j;jik

ngh];ud; NjePu; tpUe;J

N[hu;[; nth\pq;ld; - Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jiyikj;JtNkw;wy;

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; gpufldk;

Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; ntw;wp ngwy;

tpisTfs;

mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR Rje;jpu ehlhf khwpaik

mnkupf;f murpay; ahg;Gk; mjpy; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd

gpufldKk;

KjyhtJ vOj;J %y $l;L murpay; ahg;G

midj;J kdpj r%fj;Jf ;Fk ; Rje ;j puj ;j pd ; ngWkhdj;ij

vLj;Jf;fhl;baikAk; mJ gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F Kd;khjpupahf

mike;jikAk;

Nkw;$wg;gl;l ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW:

“cyf tuyhw;wpy; mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;

tpjk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu vOJtjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jf.

,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

fl;Liuia vOJtjw;F xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l E}y;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :gpd;tUk; epakq;fspd; fPo; fzpg;gPL> kjpg;gPl;il elj;Jf.

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; %yk; cyFf;Ff; fpilj;j nghf;fprq;fis

kjpg;ghu;.

mnkupf;fr; Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; gw;wpf; fl;Liu vOJthu;.

tplaq;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itg;ghu;.

Fwpj;j Neu tiuapDs; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

44



nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.2 : mbg;gilahd kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf

gpuhd;rpau;fs; Kd;ndLj;j Nghuhl;lj;ij tptupg;ghu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpia tptupg;ghu;.

• Gul;rp %yk; ntd;nwLj;j mbg;gil kdpj

cupikfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.


7.2 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp - mwpKfk;

jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rp elj;jpa 16 Mk; Y}ap

kd;dDf;F vjpuhf me;ehl;L kf;fs; jkJ kdpj cupikfis

ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf Kd;ndLj;j Nghuhl;lNk gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

vdg;gLfpd;wJ vd tpsf;Fjy;.

kdpj cupikfis ntd;nwLj;j Kf;fpakhd xU re;ju;g;gkhf gpuhd;rpag;

Gul;rpia mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.

Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpa vz;zf;fUf;fis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Gul;rp Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;lik.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs;

murpay; fhuzpfs;

kd;du;fs; muRupikia flTs; je;j xU tukhff; fUjpaik

kd;dd; nfhz;bUe;j tiuaiwaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;

vjpupfis klf;Ftjw;F mur mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;

kd;dd; mDgtpj;j RfNghf tho;T

Coy; epiwe;j Kbahl;rp

r%ff; fhuzpfs;

epy khdpa r%fk;

tFg;Gfisf; nfhz;l r%fk; fhzg;gl;likAk; mr;rKf

tFg;Gf;fSf;F ,ilNa fhzg;gl;l tpupry;fSk;

kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F r%fj;jpy; ,lk; fpilf;fhik

nghUshjhuf; fhuzpfs;

gpuhd;Rj; jpiwNrup ntWik epiyia mile;jik

nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUe;j mjpf tupr;Rik

gpuhd;R kj;jpa tFg;gpduplkpUe;J tup mwtpl kd;ddhy; Kbahkw;

Nghdik

45

Vida fhuzpfs;

jj;Jtf; fUj;Jf;fs;

&Nrh> Nthy;Nlau;> nkhd;nu];fpA Mfpa jj;JtQhdpfspd; fUj;Jf;fs;

mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; nry;thf;F

Gul;rpapd; Muk;gk;

];Nll; n[duy; rigiaf; $l;baik

g];uPiyj; jhf;Fjy;

nghJkf;fspd; vOr;rp

Gul;rpf;fhuupd; eltbf;iffs;

Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

1791 Mk; Mz;bd; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd gpufldk;

gpuhd;R muR tPo;r;rpailjy;

tptrhapfSk; njhopyhsu;fSk; ngw;w ntw;wpfs;

epiyaw;w murpay; Kiw Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

neg;Nghypad; mjpfhuj;Jf;F te;jik

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW gpuhd;R kf;fs; ntd;nwLj;j

kdpj cupikfs; vDk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liunahd;W vOJkhW khztiu

topg;gLj;Jf.

,jid xU jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

fl;Liuia vOJtjw;F ,uz;L ehs; fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

khztu; xt;nthUtuJk; fl;Liuia kjpg;gpLf.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp njhlu;ghf tptupg;ghu;.

gpuhd;rpa kf;fs; ntd;nwLj;j cupikfis kjpg;ghu;

fl;Liuia Mf;fG+u;tkhf vOJthu;.

NghJkhd msT tplaq;fis Kd;itg;ghu;.

Fwpj;j NeutiuapDs; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

46



nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 7.3 : r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; fistjw;fhf Kd;ndLf;fg;

gl;l u\;ag;Gul;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 03

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• u\;ag; Gul;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

• Gul;rp %yk; ntd;nwLj;j Nrhrypr vz;zf;fUf;fis

tpsf;Fthu;.


7.3 u\;ag; Gul;rp - mwpKfk; ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;lhFk;NghJ u\;ahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Coy; kpf;f

ru ;thjpfhu kd;duhl;rpf ;F vjpuhf u\;ahtpd; nghJkf;fshy;Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l Gul;rpNa u\;ag; Gul;rp vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

~~rkhjhdk;> fhzp> Coy;|| MfpadNt Gul;rpapd; fUg;nghUs;fshapd. ~~tFg;Gfsw;w r%fk;|| vd;gNj Gul;rpapd; ,Wjp ,yf;fhf mike;jik 1917 Mk; Mz;L khu;r; khjj;jpYk; xf;Nlhgu; khjj;jpYk; ,lk;ngw;w

,uz;L Gul;rpfs; %yk; Gul;rpahsu;fs; ntw;wp ngw;wik

u\;ag; Gul;rpf;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs; u\;ahtpd; Coy; epiwe;j ru;tjpfhu kd;duhl;rp Coy; epiwe;j epykhdpa r%f Kiw nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;l mjpf tupr;Rik u\;a - ag;ghd; Aj;jj;jpy; u\;ah Njhy;tpaile;jikahy; muRf;F

vjpuhf vjpu;g;Gf;fs; Njhd;wpaik Gul;rpf;fhf nydpdpd; jiyikj;Jtk; fpilj;jik Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuiu klf;Ftjw;fhf murpd; fLikahd mlf;FKiwAk;

Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fs; mjid vjpu;nfhz;L xOq;fike;jikAk; Kjyhk; cyfg; Nghupd; NghJ tptrhapfisg; Nghu;tPuu;fshf

Ml;Nru;j;jikahy; Vw;gl;l neUf;fbfs; 1971 Mk; Mz;lhFk; NghJ “rkhjhdk; - fhzp - czT” vd;gijf;

fUg;nghUshff; nfhz;L ehnlq;fpYk; ,lk;ngw;w Mu;g;ghl;lq;fs;>NtiyepWj;jq;fs;

Nghu;tPuu;fSk; Mu;g;ghl;lf;fhuu;fSld; ,ize;J nfhz;lik nfnud;];fpapdJ jiyikapd; fPohd jw;fhypf muRk; mjd; Njhy;tpAk; nydpdpd; jiyikapy; epykhdpa r%f KiwikiaAk; Kjyhspj;Jtg;

nghUshjhu KiwikiaAk; xopj;J tFg;Gfsw;w r%fj;ijf;fl;bnaOg;Gtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L kPz;Lk; ehnlq;Fk; xOq;fikg;G

,lk;ngw;wik

nghJkf;fspd; JizAld; nydpd; ntw;wpngw;wik

47

u\;ag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

ehl;Lf;F rkhjhdk; fpilj;jik

jdpahu; fhzp cupik ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;L> $l;Lg;gz;iz Kiw

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

nghJTilik ,af;fk;

kd;dd; Ml;rpf;Fg; gjpyhf nghJTilik mbg;gilapy; Nrhtpaj; Nrhrypr

$l;lhl;rpr; rq;fk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

nghJTilikj; jj;Jtk; cynfq;Fk; gutpaik

nfhkpAdp];l; fl;rp Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

ghl;lhsp tFg;gpdupd; Gul;rpfs; cynfq;Fk; gutpaik

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW “nghJTilikj; jj;Jtj;jpd;

rhjfkhd ,ay;Gfs;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liunahd;W vOJkhW

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.


fl;Liuia vOJtjw;F xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

khztu; xt;nthUtuJk; fl;Liuia kjpg;gpLf.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : u\;ag; Gul;rp njhlu;ghd E}y;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : nghJTilikj; jj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.

nghJTilikj; jj;Jtj;jpd; rhjfkhd ,ay;Gfis kjpg;ghu;.

fl;Liu vOJk;NghJ ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba tplaq;fis rupahf

gpd;gw;Wthu;.

tplaq;fisj; njspthff; Nfhitg;gLj;Jthu;.

Fwpj;j NeutiuapDs; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

48

myF 11.8 cyf kfh Aj;jq;fSk; ,zf;fg;ghLfSk;

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapy; xl;L nkhj;j cyfk; ,U ngUk; Aj;jq;fis

vjpu;nfhz;lJ. mt;tpU Aj;jq;fSk; INuhg;ghtpy; Muk;gpj;J Vida

fz;lq;fSf;Fk; gutpd.

cyfpd; typik kpf;f gy ehLfs; ,e;j Aj;jq;fspy; njhlu;Ggl;likahy;

mit cyf Aj;jq;fshf fUjg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j ,uz;L Aj;jq;fs; fhuzkhf

ghupa mstpy; capupog;Gf;fSk; nrhj;J ,og;Gf;fSk; Vw;gl;ld. cyf

Aj;jq;fspd; ghjfkhd tpisTfs; fhuzkhf> kPz;LnkhU cyf Aj;jk;

Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfTk; cyfpy; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhfTk; If;fpa

ehLfs; jhgdk; Nghd;w typik kpf;f ru;tNjr mikg;Gf;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.

cyf Aj;jq;fSf;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs;> cyf Aj;jq;fspd; jd;ik> cyf

Aj;jq;fspd; tpisTfs;> If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Mfpad

njhlu;ghf ,e;j myfpd; fPo;f; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : jw;fhy cyfpy; murpay; Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ik

gw;wp tprhuiz nra;J> mt;thwhd Kuz;ghLfisj;

jtpu;g;gjw;fhf kdg;ghq;F khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 : mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gLk; gu];gu Kuz;ghLfspd;

mopTG+u;tj; jd;ikia tprhupj;jwpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 04

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs; vd;gJ ahJ vd tpsf;Fthu;.

• cyf kfhAj;jq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis tptupg;ghu;.

• cyf kfhAj;jq;fspd; mopT G+u;tkhd jd;ikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

49

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy; :gpd;tUk; ghlg;gFjpfs; cs;slq;FkhW ghlj;ijj;jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.

8.1.1 Kjyhk; cyf kfhAj;jk;

,lk; ngw;w fhyg;gFjp 1914 Mk; Mz;L a+iy 28 njhlf;fk; 1918 Mk;

Mz;L etk;gu; 11 tiu

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; Vw;gLtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhuzpfs;

N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ gpuhd;Rk; N[u;kdpAk;

vjpupfshf khwpaik

gpuhd;ir INuhg;ghtpy; jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gpRkhf;F gpd;gw;wpa

ntspehl;Lf; nfhs;if

N[u;kd; Nguurd; ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypaj;jpdJ eltbf;fifs;

FbNaw;wq;fs; jhgpj;jy; Nghl;bAk; ,dthj tsu;r;rpAk;

INuhg;gh ,uz;L gpupTfshfg; gpupj;jik

ehLfSf;F ,ilNa Vw;gl;l MAjg;Nghl;b

M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,sturd; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lik

Nghupd; jug;gpdu;fs;

el;G ehLfs; (Ner ehLfs;) - ngupa gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;R> u\;ah>

mnkupf;f If;fpa FbauR

kj;jpa mjpfhuj;Jt ehLfs; - N[u;kdp> mT];jpupah> ,j;jhyp> JUf;fp>

(mr;R ehLfs;) gy;Nfupah> `q;Nfupah

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; tpahgpj;jik

M];jpupahtpdhy; Nru;gpah Kw;Wifaplg;gl;lik

u\;ahTf;F vjpuhf N[u;kdpapdhy; Aj;jk; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lik

N[u;kdpf;F vjpuhf gpupj;jhdpahtpdhy; Aj;jg; gpufldk; nra;ag;gl;lik

INuhg;ghtpd; FbNaw;w ehLfspy; Aj;jk; gutpaik

mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbauR Aj;jj;jpy; njhlu;Ggl;lik

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

mr;R ehLfs; Njhy;tpaile;jik

ngUksT capu;fSk; nrhj;Jf;fSk; mopTw;wik

Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfSld; ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfs; xg;ge;jq;fs;

ifr;rhj;jpl;L> me;ehLfSf;Fj; jz;lid toq;fpd.

INuhg;ghtpy; fhzg;gl;l ru;thjpfhu kd;duhl;rpfs; tPo;r;rpaile;jik

cyfpd; typik kpf;f ehLfshf mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbauRk;

gpupj;jhdpahTk; vOr;rp ngw;wik

ru;tNjr rq;fk; jhgpf;fg;gl;lik

50

8.1.2 ru;tNjr rq;fk;

ru;tNjr rq;fj;ij Muk;gpg;gjpy; Kd;dpd;W nraw;gl;Nlhu;

ru;tNjr rq;fk; jhgpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fs;

ehLfSf;F ,ilapy; Vw;gLk; Ngjq;fis mikjpahfj; jPu;j;Jf;

nfhs;sy;

vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Aj;jq;fs; Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;j;jy;

ru;tNjr Gupe;Jzu;itAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

rpwpa muRfspd; Rje;jpuj;ijAk; RahjPdj;ijAk; ghJfhj;jy;

cyfshtpa xw;Wikapd; %yk; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;

ru;tNjr rq;fk;> rkhjhdj;Jf;fhf vLj;j Kaw;rpfs;

RtPlDk; gpd;yhe;Jk;> N[u;kdpAk; Nghyhe;Jk;> fpNuf;fKk; gy;NfupahTk;

<uhDk; JUf;fpAk; Mfpa ehLfSf;fpilNa Njhd;wpa Aj;j

Kuz;ghLfisj; jtpu;j;jik

ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gf;fhf epakpf;fg; ;lbUe;j

FbNaw;wq;fspd; Ml;rp eltbf;ifis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;.

mfjpfisg; GdUj;jhgdk; nra;jy;

rl;l tpNuhj mbik tpahghuk;> Nghijg; nghUs; tpahghuj;ijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

ru;tNjr rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbauRk; u\;ahTk; rq;fj;jpy; Nru;e;J nfhs;shik

epue;jukhd MAjg;gil ,y;yhik

mjpfhukpf;f ehLfSf;F ,ilNa xw;Wik ,d;ik

cyf rkhjhdk; rPu;Fiyf;fg;gl;l rpy re;ju;g;gspy; me;ehLfSf;F vjpuhf

eltbf;if vLf;fj; jtwpaik

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;fkhW rpw;Nwnlhd;W jahupf;FkhW

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.


Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; vDk; jiyg;gpd; fPo; ,izg;G 1 ,y;

jug;gl;Ls;s cgjiyg;gf;Sf;F mikthf jfty;fis cs;slf;fp>

rpw;Nwnlhd;W jahupf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

rpw;Nwl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfj; jahupg;gjw;fhf nghUj;jkhd xspg;glq;fs;>

Njrg;glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwAk; Nru;j;Jf; nfhs;SkhW mwpTWj;Jf.

rpw;NwL jahug;gjw;fhf vwj;jho xUthu fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff.

rfy khztu;fsJk; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf.

rpwe;j Mf;fq;fis tFg;G khztu; midtUk; thrpg;gjw;fhf

re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

51

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs; : cyf kfh Aj;jk; njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;> Njrg;glq;fs;

,izg;G 1 cgjiyg;Gf;fs;

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUk; cg jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo;

rpw;Nwnlhd;W (Booklet) jahupf;Ff. Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;Jf;F VJthfpa fhuzq;fs;

Aj;jk; Muk;gKk; guTifAk;

Aj;jj;jpd; jug;gpdu;fs;

Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

ru;tNjr rq;fk;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; : Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; njhlu;ghf tptupg;ghu;.

Aj;jj;jpd; Nfhuj;jd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

cg jiyg;Gf;fspd; fPo; tplq;fisj; jpul;Lthu;.

rpw;Nwl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfj; jahupg;ghu;.

Fwpj;j NeutiuaiwapDs; Ntiyiag; G+u;j;jp nra;thu;.

52

Nju;r;rp 8.0 : jw;fhy cyfpy; murpay; Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ik



nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.1 : mjpfhuk; njhlu;ghf Vw;gLk; Nkhjypd;NghJ Vw;gLk;

moptpidg; gw;wpj; Njbawpthu;.

ghlNtisfs; : 05

fw;ww;NgWfs; :• cyf Aj;jq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Fthu;.

• cyf Aj;jj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; mopTfis vLj;Jf;

$Wthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW

ghlj;ijj;jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.

8.1.3 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk;

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; ,lk; ngw;w fhyg;gFjp 1939 Mk; Mz;L

nrg;nuk;gu; njhlf;fk; 1945 Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; tiu

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; Vw;gLtjpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhuzpfs;

N[u;kdpapy; `pl;yu; typik ngw;wikAk; mtuJ eltbf;iffSk;

,j;jhypapy; KNrhypdpapdJ eltbf;iffs;

ag;ghdpd; eltbf;iffs;

ehLfspd; rq;fj;jpdJ gyaPdk;

,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; jug;gpdu;fs;

el;G ehLfs; (Ner ehLfs;) - gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;R> u\;ah> mnkupf;f

If;fpa FbauR

kj;jpa mjpfhuj;Jt ehLfs; - N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> ag;ghd;

(mr;R ehLfs;)

Aj;jk; cyf Aj;jkhf tpahgpj;j tpjk;

N[u;kdpapd; Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffs; - (Nghyhe;ij Kw;Wifapl;likAk;

Aj;jj;jjpd; Muk;gKk;)

,j;jhypapd; Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffs;

gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; N[u;kdpf;F vjpuhspfshfpaik

Mrpahtpy; Nguunrhd;iw mikg;gJ njhlu;ghd ag;ghdpd; eltbf;iffs;

Nrhtpaj; u\;ahTk; mnkupf;f If;fpaf; FbauRk; Aj;jj;Jld; njhlu;Ggl;lik

N[u;kdpia u\;ah Kw;Wifapl;lik

N[u;kdp mbgzpe;jik

ag;ghd; mbg;gzpe;jik

53

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; mr;R ehLfs; Njhy;tpaile;jik cyfpy; ,Jtiu epfo;e;j mNfhukhd Aj;jkhf mike;jik p̀Nuh\pkh> ehfrhfp efuq;fspd; mZFz;Lfspd; mNfhuq;fisg; gpw;fhy

re;jjpapdupilNaAk; fhzKbfpd;wik gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;R Nghd;w ehLfspy; nghUshjhu tPo;r;rpAk; mnkupf;f

If;fpaf; FbauRk;> u\;ahTk; cyf ty;yuRfshf vOr;rp ngw;wikAk; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jik nghJTilikiaAk; Kjyhspj;Jtj;ijAk; Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L

cyfpy; ,uz;L mjpfhuf; Nfhl;ilfs; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;lik MAjkpd;wpa Aj;jk; (gdpg;Nghu;)

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW rpw;Nwnlhd;W jahupf;FkhWkhztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

nraw;ghL 1 ,izg;G 1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s xspg;glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf. mg;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sjw;fpzq;f Aj;jj;jpd; mNfhuj;jd;ikia

vLj;Jf;fhl;b> “cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Nthk;”vDk; jiyg;gpd;fPo; nra;jpj;jhSf;nfd xU fl;Liu vOJkhW khztiutopg;gLj;Jf.

,jid jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff. ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; njhlu;ghd glq;fs;/ xspg;glq;fis

cs;slf;fp> fl;Liuiia Mf;fG+u;tkhfj; jahupf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf. nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf Vwj;jho xU thu fhy mtfhrk; toq;Ff. rfy khztu;fsJk; Mf;fq;fis kjpg;gpLf. rpwe;j Mf;fq;fis tFg;G khztu; midtUk; thrpg;gjw;Fr;

re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

nraw;ghL 2 ,izg;G 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;AkhW

khztiu topg;gLj;Jf. ,jid xU FOr;; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff. tFg;G khztu;fis nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff. ,izg;G 2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ml;ltiziaf; fUk;gyifapy; gpujp

nra;f. tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jj;jf;fthW gpup];ly; ml;ilapy;/ ngupa fljhrpapy;

ml;ltiziag; gpujp nra;J Mf;fj;ijj; jahupf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jf. FO cWg;gpdu; midtuJk; xj;Jiog;Gld; ml;ltiziag; g+u;j;jp

nra;AkhW mwpTWj;Jf. ml;ltizia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff. khztuJ Kd;itg;Gf;fspd; gpd;du; Fiwfis eptpu;j;jp nra;J

fUk;gyifapy; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f. fUk;gyifapy; G+u;j;jp nra;j ml;ltizia jkJ mg;gpahrg; Gj;jfj;jpy;

gpujp nra;Jnfhs;s khztu;f;F re;ju;g;gkspf;Ff.

,r;nraw;ghl;Lf;fhf xU ghlNtisia toq;Ff.

54






,iz

g;G 1

,iz

g;G 1

,iz

g;G 1

,iz

g;G 1

,iz

g;G 1

Vic

torie

s o

f

55

• ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;j;jjpd;NghJ `pl;yupd; eh]p gilfs;> xU

fpuhkj;ijr;Rw;wp tisj;J mq;F tho;e;j midtiuAk; Kfhk;fspy;

milj;J itj;J> gpd;du; mtu;fSs; ngUk;ghyhNdhiu nfhiy

nra;Js;shu;. mq;F ,we;j rpWtupd; Qhgfhu;j;jkhf ,e;j epidTr;

rpd;dk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• mg;gUtr; rpWtu;fs; Jf;fg;gLk; tpjk;> ngw;whiu ,oe;j jtpg;G> mr;rk;>

epr;rakpd;ik Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa Jd;g czu;Tfs; ntspg;gLk;

tifapy; ,r;rpw;gf; fiyQu; ,g;gilg;ig cUthf;fpAs;shu;.

• Aj ;jj ;Jld ; vt ;t pj njhlu ;Gk ; mw ;w ,t;thwhd r pWtu ;fs ;

ngUe;njhifahNdhupd; capu;fs; Aj;jj;jpdhy; fhT nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd.

• mjw;fika Aj ;jj ;j pd ; mNfhuj ;jd ;ikiaAk; rkhjhdj ;j pd ;

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk; ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jj;jpd; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;b

“cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Nthk;” vDk; jiyg;gpd;

fPo; nra;jpj;jhnshd;Wf;F fl;Liu vOJkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

,izg;G 2,izg;G 2,izg;G 2,izg;G 2,izg;G 2

• gpwp];ly; ml;ilfs;

• ngy;w; Ngidfs;

• ,uz;lhk; cyf kfhAj;jk; njhlu;ghd xspg;glq;fs;

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :• tpla cs;slf;fk; gw;wpa mwpT> kdg;ghq;Ffs;> Fwpj;j nraw;ghLfisr;

rupahfr; nra;jy;> MfpadTk; fw;ww; NgWfSk; msf;fg;gLk; tifapy;

fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epakq;fisj; jahupj;Jg; Gs;sp toq;Ff.

,uz;lhk; cyf,uz;lhk; cyf,uz;lhk; cyf,uz;lhk; cyf,uz;lhk; cyf

kfhAj;jj;Jf;FkfhAj;jj;Jf;FkfhAj;jj;Jf;FkfhAj;jj;Jf;FkfhAj;jj;Jf;F

VJthfpaVJthfpaVJthfpaVJthfpaVJthfpa

fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;fhuzq;fs;

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gq;Fnfhz;lgq;Fnfhz;lgq;Fnfhz;lgq;Fnfhz;lgq;Fnfhz;l

ehLfs;ehLfs;ehLfs;ehLfs;ehLfs;

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me;ehLfs;me;ehLfs;me;ehLfs;me;ehLfs;me;ehLfs;

ngw;w ntw;wpfs;ngw;w ntw;wpfs;ngw;w ntw;wpfs;ngw;w ntw;wpfs;ngw;w ntw;wpfs;

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Aj;jj;jpd;Aj;jj;jpd;Aj;jj;jpd;Aj;jj;jpd;Aj;jj;jpd;

tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;tpisTfs;

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56

Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp ::::: jw;fhy cyfpy; murpay; Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ik



nfhs;thu;.

Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2Nju;r;rp kl;lk; 8.2 ::::: Nkhjy;fisj; jtpu;g;gjpy; ru;tNjr rkhjhdk;

Vw;gLtJ njhlu;ghf Ma;e;J mwpthu;.

(Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jypd;NghJ ru;tNjr ,zf;fg;ghl;ilg;

gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.)

ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs;ghlNtisfs; ::::: 03

fw;ww;NgWfs;fw;ww;NgWfs;fw;ww;NgWfs;fw;ww;NgWfs;fw;ww;NgWfs; :::::• If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G gw;wp mwpKfk; nra;thu;.

• cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L If;fpa

ehLfs; rigapd; gq;fspg;ig vLj;Jf; $Wthu;.

• jw;NghJ cyf rkhjhdj;jpd; nghUl;L If;fpa

ehLfs ; rigahy ; Nkw ;nfhs ;sf ;$ba

nraw;ghLfis tpsf;Fthu;.

ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpLtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; :,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; njhlu;ghd gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW

ghlj;ijj;jpl;lkpl;Lf; nfhs;f.

8.28.28.28.28.2 If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G

• If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;igj; jhgpg;gjpy; Kd;dpd;Nwhu;;; ;; ;

• 1945 Mk; Mz;L xf;Nlhgu; 24 Me;jpfjp> If;fpa ehLfspd; gpufldk;

cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhf mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;lik

• ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; NgzptUjy;

• ehLfSf;F ,ilNa el;Gj;njhlu;Gfis tsu;j;jy;

• kd pj cu pikfisAk ; mbg ; gilahd Rje ;j p uj ;ijAk ;

cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ru;tNjr xj;Jiog;igg; ngWjy;

If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;GIf;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;G

• nghJr;rig

• ghJfhg;Gr;rig

• nghUshjhu r%f mYty;fs; njhlu;ghd rig

• ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig

• rUtNjr ePjpkd;wk;

• nghJr; nrayhsu; mYtyfk;

cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G vLj;jcyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G vLj;jcyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G vLj;jcyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G vLj;jcyf rkhjhdj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G vLj;j

Kaw;rpfs;Kaw;rpfs;Kaw;rpfs;Kaw;rpfs;Kaw;rpfs;

• mZrf;jp mjpfhu rigiaj; jhgpj;jy;

• jPu;j;J itj;j gpur;rpidfs;

• Rnt]; fhy;tha; neUf;fb

57

• Gulf neUf;fb

• jw;fhy cyf rkhjhdj;ijf; fhg;gjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G

vLf;fjf;f eltbf;iffs;

• nghUdhjhu jil tpjpj;jy;

• mZ MAjq;fis tiuaWj;jYk; fl;Lg;gLj;jYk;

• rkhjhdk; fhf;Fk; gilfis <LgLj;jy;

• fpA+gh VTfiz neUf;fbiaAk; jPu;j;jy;

• jw;fhy cyf rkhjhdj;ijf; fhg;gjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G

vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffs;

Nkw;gb ghltplaq;fs; cs;slq;FkhW ,izg;G I ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s

tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;FkhW khztiu topg;gLj;Jf.

• ,jidj; jdpahs; nraw;ghlhf toq;Ff.

• NghJkhd msT Neuj;ij xJf;fp toq;Ff.

• khztuJ nraw;ghLfis kjpg;gpLf.

jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:jutpUj;jp cs;sPLfs;:

,izg;G 1,izg;G 1,izg;G 1,izg;G 1,izg;G 1

vy;yh tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpil jUf.

• If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G jhgpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fis tpsf;Ff.

• If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;gpd; fl;likg;ig tpsf;Ff.

• cyf rkhjhdj;ijf; fhg;gjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; mikg;G vLj;j

eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.

• jw;fhy cyfpy; rkkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs;

mikg;G vLf;fj;jf;f eltbf;iffis tpsf;Ff.

fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; :• nraw;ghl;lf;Fupa tpla cs;slf;fk; fw;ww;NgWfSk; msf;fg;gLk; tifapy;

fzpg;gPL kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd epakq;fisj; jahupj;Jg; Gs;sp toq;Ff.

58

ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;ml;ilg;glk;nry;tp. re;jpah mj;jgj;J Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

fzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;Gfzpdp tbtikg;GjpUkjp. vk;.vd;.vg;. wp`hdh Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;jpU. gpajpyf;f gu;zhe;J r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw> Nj.f.ep.

tuyhw - nie.lknie.lk/pdffiles/tg/tgr11_tg history.pdf · · 2017-01-23mf;fg;gl;ls;s ,t;thrpupau;...

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