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5

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21

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23

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24

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

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32

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q&m}uD;uxdkodk@v$wf&ef toifhawmfqkH; ausmif;om;tjzpfjzifh ay:xGef;atmif/ ausmfxGef;atmif nDtpfukd ESpfa,mufukdyifar;&mynmoifvkdpdwfjyif;aeaom nDtpfukdESpfa,mufuvnf; tvGefyifpdwfxufoefv#uf vkdufygvkda=umif;ukdajym=u.//

33

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34

q&mawmf OD;OwWr


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35

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37

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40

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*syefjynfta=umif;udk xdkpOfutxl;pdwf0ifpm;=uojzifhpmtkyfa&;om;xkwfa0&ef OD;xGef;atmif(&efukefaq;&Hk}uD;)ESifh jynfòrd@tpdk;&[dkufpul;ausmif; q&m}uD;OD;pHa&$ (trfat-0wfvHkawmf) wdk@u awmif;yefonfhtwdkif; 1912-ck*syefjynfodk@ jyefoGm;+yD;aemuf xdkpmtkyfudk *syefjynfwGif a&;om;pkaqmif;+yD; *syefwdk@ vkH@v0d&d,&SdyHk/ynmudkóud;pm;yHkESifh aumif;aomtydkif;wdk@udk tm;uszG,f&m a&;om;xm;onf? xdkacwfu ol&d,owif;pmwdkufuyif &dkufEdSyf+yD; ol&d,uyif a&mif;cscJhonf? odk@wGufyif q&mawmfESifhol&d,OD;baz/ OD;vSazwdk@rSm tawmfyif&if;ESD;+yD;v#if 1919-ckESpf *syefrS wpfacguf jyefvmaomtcg q&mawmfudk ae@tcsdefwGif ql;avbk&m;vrf; ol&d,owif;pmwdkufwGif trsm;tm;jzifh awG@ae&ayonf?

pma&;q&m}uD;wpfOD;u t,fvpP¹ENm[,frdvwef. twWKywdudk a&;om;&mwGif vlrsKd; wrsKd;ESifh vlwOD;. }uD;yGm;wdk;wufr_onfopfyifESif hopfacgufuJhodk@om &Sdoifh.? ausmif;om;uav;wpfa,muf. ukwftuôsuJhodk@ aemufwpfESpf/ ESpfESpf&dSaomtcg tuôsuwdkvlu}uD;aom tjzpfrsKd;ESifhrwltyf[lI azmfjyzl;onf? opfyif}uD;jrifhoavmuf opfacgufuvnf; &ifha&mfxlxJI vmjcif;omv#if obm0usaom wdk;wufjcif;[lI qdktyfonf[kazmfjyonf? wdk;wuf}uD;yGm;r_onf a&jrifhv#if=umjrifhouJhodk@ tqifhtwef;nDaom atmufajc

60

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cdkif+rJr_udk vdktyfonf[k qdkxm;cJhonfrSm rSwfom;xdkufaom pum;wpf&yfyifjzpfonf?

q&mawmfOD;OwWronf olem;vnfor#/ olwwfodor#ESifhArmjynfwpfav#mufudkav#mufI a[majymaeaomfvnf; c&D; a&mufoifhoavmufa&mufrnf r[kwfay? tqifhtwef;csif;rSm uGmjcm;+yD;rdrd.w&m;pum;wdk@udk vlrsm;vufcHem,lrnf r[kwf[lI od&Sd+yD;jzpf&myxrajcvSrf;tjzpf ol&d,owif;pmrS acgif;}uD;ydkif;ESifh tjcm;aqmif;yg;wdk@udk ulnDa&;om;ay;vsuf &dSaeavonf?

trsm;qHk;a&;om;aom t}uHay;csufrsm;um; 0HomEk&udQww&m;udk jrefrmrsm; apmifhpnf;zdk@&mESifh EdkifiHjcm;t0wftxnfwdk@udk wwfEdkifoavmufy,f&Sm;+yD;v#if trsKd;om;rsm;udk,fwdkif &ufvkyfaom 0HomEkyifeDESifh a,mxrDudkom qif;jref;=u&ef v_H@aqmfcsufrsm;jzpfonf?

xdktcgu urm&Gwf&yfuGuf ausmif;cef;wpfcef;wGif wyg;wnf;ae+yD; OD;OwWrtm;awG@vdkI vmv#if wdkif;&if;jzpfudk 0wfolrSomvufcHpum;ajym.?

q&mawmf OD;OwWr r-umc%oDwif;oHk;awmfrlcJhzl;onfhurm&Gwfaps;teD; wyfwGif;ausmif;

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odk@aomfvnf; vlrsm;ESifhbkef;}uD;rsm;u OD;OwWrtm; omrefEdkifiHa&;bkef;}uD;wyg;[lI todtrSwfðy+yD; oGm;vmaygif;oif;aom&[ef;oHCFm awmfawmfyifenf;yg;cJh.? 1918-ckESpfrS p+yD; ArmhEdkifiHa&;tajctaeum; awmfawmfyifajymif;vJvmcJhonf? yxrurBmppf}uD;Y*smrefESifht*Fvdyf t}uD;tus,fwdkufwdkif; *smrefwdk@u ta&;omaeonfudkom awG@vdkjrifvdk=u&m owif;pm0,folzwfol awmfawmfuav;rsm;vmonfhtwdkif; ol&d,owif;pmonfvnf; tcgtcGifh&oavmuf awmfawmfóud;pm;I trsKd;om;rsufvHk;udk zGifhay;v#uf&Sdavonf? 1914-ckrS 18-ck yxrurBmppf}uD;twGif;rSmyif jrefrmhtvif; / ynmtvif;[laom &ufjcm;owif;pmESpfapmif xyfrHay:vm+yD;v#if EdkifiHa&;udk a&;om;pðyvmcJh=u&m 0dkif / trf / bD / attoif;rSmvnf; vl}uD;ydkif;ESifh vli,fydkif;[lI ESpfydkif;ay:xGufvmonf?vl}uD;ydkif;wGif trwfOD;bul/ OD;bdk;om/ OD;oif;[lI oHk;OD;wdk@u xifay:vm=uv#uf vli,fydkif;wGif OD;baz/ bdvyfrS jyefvmpjzpfaom 0wfvHkawmf& OD;odrf;armif/ OD;cspfv_difwdk@uwzuf twdkuftcHjzpfcJh=u&onf?

bk&ifcHqm&,f*sDe,f u&ufa'gufuvnf; vl}uD;ydkif;rS 3-OD;tm; twdkifyifcH trwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf cef@xm;vsuf vli,fydkif;.xºuGEdk;=um;r_udk tqifoifhovdk ESdrfeif;&ef Oya'rsm; trsKd;rsKd;ðyjyifay;av&m tqdk;0g;qHk;Oya'rSm xdktcsdefuowif;pmjzpfap/ *sme,fjzpfap xkwfa0v#if tmrcHaiG (3000)wif&rnf[lI yxr ynwfcsufyifjzpfavonf? xdktcgu aemufxyfay:vmaom owif;pmESifh*sme,fuav;rsm;rSm tmrcH rwifEdkifI awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ydwfvdkuf&av&m ol&d,/ jrefrmhtvif;/ ynmtvif;ESifh AE<Kv*sme,f 4-apmifom &efukefòrd@wGif usefaeawmhonf? 1921-ckESpfwGif a0vrif;om;(,ck eef;pGef@bk&if tuf'Gyf0ifqmòrd@pm;}uD;) Armjynfodk@ tvnfvmrnfjzpf&m rE Wav;òrd@ 9-}udrfajrmuf *sD / pD / bD / at ESpfywfvnftpnf;ta0;}uD;u a0vrif;om;tm; oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwfjyef

62

q&mawmf OD;OwWr


onf? 1920-ckESpf jynfòrd@Yusif;yaom 0dkif / trf / bD / at ESpfywfvnfuGefz&ifhp+yD; 0dkif / trf / bD / at Ak'<bmom uvsm%,k0toif;rsm;.toif;csKyfudk *sD/ pD/ bD/ at (*sife&,f aumifpD atmh bm;rD; tqdkpDat;&Sif;) [k EdkifiHa&;toif;csKyf}uD;toGifudk vHk;0ajymif;vJvdkufav+yD?1919-ckESpf ykodrfuGefz&ifhup+yD; armfvòrdifòrd@ odef;aygif;rsm;pGmºuG,f0+yD; rsKd;cspfpdwfwu,fwef;&Sdaom vli,f0wfvHkawmf& OD;cspfv_diftm;OuUXtjzpf wifajr‡mufcJhonf? *sD / pD / bD / at [laom trnfudk &J&Jawmuf owWdAvESifh jynfhpHkol 0wfvHkawmf& OD;pdefvSatmifu a&G;cs,f+yD; tqdkwifoGif;cJhI xdkjynfòrd@ (8) }udrfajrmuf uGefz&ifhrS p+yD;v#ifoCFmawmfrsm;udk ab;csdyfrxm;bJ yifhac:I aqG;aEG;wdkifyif vm=uavonf? 4if;jynfòrd@ uGefz&ifh rwdkifrSDuav;yif ol&d,owif;pmrSaeI&[ef;ESifhvlrsm;onf uGJuGmaumif;onf r[kwf[laom v_H@aqmfcsufbk&m;a[m w&m;uav;rsm;ESifh a&;om;onfudk awG@&onf?

vlESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;vlESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;vlESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;vlESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;vlESifh &[ef;awmfrsm;

“tm*g&mtem*g&mp / Oabm / tanmned\dwm/ t&EN,E Wd o'NrRH / a,m*auQrH tEkwW&H”[lI ygVdawmfvm&Sd.? (teufum;-tm*g&mp vlwdk@onf4if; / tem*g&mp &[ef;wdk@onf 4if;/ OabmESpfOD;aom yk*~dKvfwdk@onf / tanmned\dwm tcsif;csif;wOD;ESifhwOD;trSDo[Jðyv#uf ae=uukef.? a,m*auQrH udavomwdk@ ukef&mjzpfaom/ tEkwW&H jrwfaom edAŠmefudka&mufapjcif;iSm/ o'<rRH olawmfaumif;w&m;udk / t&EN,E Wd yl;wGJIom tm;xkwf=u&m.?)

TuJhodk@aom w&m;jzifhyifv#if bkef;}uD;&[ef;wdk@tm; EdkifiHa&;udk ajcpHkypfvsuf0ifatmif v_H@aqmfvm&m ArmjynfY bkef;}uD;=oZmróudufaomvl[lI &Sm;vS.? bkef;}uD;ujzLqkdjzLI rJqdkv#if rJ=ujcif;tm;jzifh EdkifiHa&;rSm v#ifjrefpGm pnf;&Hk;EdkifvmcJh&m bk&ifcHqm&,f*sDe,f

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u&ufa'gufu (bdkif;aumh) tufOya'[lI vlwa,mufudk oydwfarSmufv#if axmif'g%ftjypfay;Edkifaom Oya'wdk@udk xkwfjyefvmcJhjyef.?

a0vrif;om; &efukefudka&mufcsdef eD;uyfvmaomtcgOuUX OD;cspfvd_ifESifh 'k-OuUX OD;bpD/ owif;pmq&mOD;bvd_if wdk@udk ykvdyfrif;}uD;u &efukefrSzrf;I awmif}uD; / puFmyl paom&yfa0;Y acwWtus,fcsKyfcsxm;+yD;v#if a0vrif;om;tm; arSmufxm;onfh oydwfwpfvHk;udk uJGoGm;apjyef.?

bk&ifcHqm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf. wif;rm=urf;wrf;aomtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vlwdkif;E_wfwGif wzGzGajymqdkvm=uav&m xdktcsdefwGifq&mawmfOD;OwWronf bk&ifcHxHodk@ pmwpfapmifa&;om;ay;ydk@.? xdkpmrSm “qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf rif; ArmjynfrS xGufoGm;vdkufygqm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf rif; ArmjynfrS xGufoGm;vdkufygqm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf rif; ArmjynfrS xGufoGm;vdkufygqm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf rif; ArmjynfrS xGufoGm;vdkufygqm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf rif; ArmjynfrS xGufoGm;vdkufyg”[laom pum;yifjzpf.? xdkpmudk ol&d,owif;pmu xnfhoGif;azmfjyvdkuf&m [m[,fESifhArmrsm; rsufvHk;zGifhvmavonf? yGifhyHkum;OD;OwWru ta&;ydkifESifh ykvdyft&m&Sdavmufudkyif 'l;wkefatmif a=umuf&GH@ &dkaoae&aomacwfY bk&ifcHudk “a[h rif; xGufoGm;a[h rif; xGufoGm;a[h rif; xGufoGm;a[h rif; xGufoGm;a[h rif; xGufoGm;” [k &J&Jawmufajym0Hhygayonf[k txl;yif pdwfxºuGvm=ujcif;jzpf.?

wu,fpifppf bk&ifcHuvnf;xGufoGm;rnfr[kwf? odk@aomf OD;OwWru wdk@ArmvlrsKd;awGrSm 'DvdkajymEdkifwJhtcGifhta&;[m &Sdaew,fqdk+yD; oifay;vdkufjcif;omjzpfonf? aemufwpfckrSm tpdk;& t&m&Sdqdkaompum;rSm t*FvdyfbmomwGif “jynfol@0efxrf;” [lI qdkonfhtwdkif; t&m&Sdr[kwf? jynfol@tapcHawGomjzpfI olwdk@udk bmrSa=umufp&mrvdk[k v_Haqmfa&;om;onfudkvnf; u|Efkyfwdk@ zwf&_&ao;onf? xdktcsdefu q&mawmfOD;OwWr. v_H@aqmfay;csufrsm;onf rEdk;=um;ao;aom ArmvlrsKd;rsm;twGuf txl;ta&;yg t&ma&mufaomv_H@aqmfcsufjzpfonfudk u|Efkyfwdk@ b,faomtcgr# arhEdkif=urnfr[kwfay?

64

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OD;OwWr. EdkifiHa&;ppfqifyHkOD;OwWr. EdkifiHa&;ppfqifyHkOD;OwWr. EdkifiHa&;ppfqifyHkOD;OwWr. EdkifiHa&;ppfqifyHkOD;OwWr. EdkifiHa&;ppfqifyHk

vufatmufcH Armwdkif;&if;om;rsm;u rdrdwdk@ &oifh&xdkufaom tcGifhta&;twGuf qlqlylyl vkyfvmav/ tkyfcsKyfol vlrsKd;jcm;tpdk;&. &mZyv†ifrSm v_yf&Sm;avav jzpfvmawmh&m bk&ifcH qm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'gufuvnf; twdkifyifcHtrwf}uD;rsm;tjzpf OD;bdk;om/ OD;oif;ESifh OD;bwlwdk@udk cef@xm;+yD;v#if tkyfcsKyfa&;.toGifudk wrsKd;wzHkajymif;vJ+yD; qlylr_rsm;udk wwfEdkifor#aom enf;y&d,m,fwdk@jzifhòzdcGif;&ef tm;xkwfóud;pm;jyefavonf?

xdktcgwGif 0dkif / trf / bD / at toif;csKyf.twGif;Y1919-ckESpfrSp+yD; vl}uD;ydkif; vli,fydkif; [lI uGJjym;cJh&m ol&d,owif;pmrSm/ vli,fydkif;u txl;yg0if v_H@aqmf+yD;v#if a&$wd*Hkbk&m; b¾mawmfxdrf;tzGJ@onfyif vl}uD;awG. oabmus &moufyef a*gyuvl}uD; a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;rnfhtpm; (5)ESpfwpf}udrfusa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;jzifh 'Drdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufawG@usifhoHk;=u&ef E_d;aqmf+yD;oumv a*gyuvl}uD; wpfae&mvpfvyfonfudkbdvyfrSjyefvmump 0wfvHkawmf& OD;odef;armif (,ckEdkifiHawmf w&m;a&;0ef}uD;csKyf)udk yxrqHk;,SOfòydifta&G;cHzdk@ v_H@aqmfay;cJh&m wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@vnf; tawmfyifem;0ifoabmaygufcJhojzifh OD;odrf;armifrSmvlxkrJqENjzifh ta&G;cH&avonf?

1917 ckESpf/ tdENd,twGif;0ef}uD;csKyfrGefaw*l tdENd,odk@ ðyjyifajymif;vJaom tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;tyf&efvmI jyefoGm;+yD;aemuf ArmjynfrSapv$wfaom txl;ojzifh 0dkif / trf / bD / atrS apv$wfonf[kqdk&aom udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;. wifjyajymqdkcsufrsm;rSm c&D;ra&muf&Sdae&onfhtjyif 0dkif / trf / bD / at toif;rS a&;qGJwifjyaomArmjynftkyfcsKyfa&;pnf;rsOf;ESifh bk&ifcHqm&,f*sDe,fu&ufa'guf a&;qGJwifjyxm;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;onfvnf; bmwpfckrS c&D;ra&mufcJhacs?

65

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Armjynftm; tdENd,vufatmufcH vufzwif eif*g0gemwOD; tkyfcsKyfae&mrS *g0gembk&ifcH tkyfcsKyfaom jynfe,fwpfckomjzpfap&rnf? w&m;pD&if&mY csdyukwftpm; [dkufukwf&Hk; jzpfapxdkufonfqdkaom tcsufESpfcsufom xl;jcm;vmcJhavonf? xdkodk@jzpf&m0dkif/ trf/ bD/ at toif;vli,fydkif;u Tr#ESifh auseyfae=u&efr[kwf?bdvyfygvDrefodk@a&mufatmif udk,fpm;vS,frsm;apv$wf+yD; awmif;qdkrnf[k qHk;jzwf+yD;v#if yxrt}udrf OD;baz ( ol&d,)/ OD;yk (0wfvHkawmf&) ESifh OD;xGef;&dSefwdk@udk a&G;cs,fapv$wf=uaomtcg wdkif;jynfwpfjynfvHk;u aomif;aomif;jzjz p&dwfpu 0dkif;0ef;vSL'gef;=uavonf?

aemufwpf}udrfY 1920-ckESpfwGif OD;xGef;&dSef uG,fvGefoGm;ojzifh OD;odrf;armiftm; tpm;xdk;+yD; apv$wf=ujyefonf?

xdkodk@apv$wf=u&ojzifh ArmjynfrSvdkvm;aom ('dkrDed,H[krR&l;)udk twdtus&onf[k rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; 1921-ckESpf tdEdN,jynftm; ('dkiftmcD) ac: tpdk;&ESifh jynfol@udk,fpm;vS,frsm; xuf0ufpDtm%m,lI tkyfcsKyf&aom tkyfcsKyfa&;udk ay;tyfaomtcgY Armjynfudk rnfonfhtkyfcsKyfa&;r# ray;ao;bJ rpPwm0d_uf }uD;rSL;aom aumfrwDtzGJ@wckudk pHkprf;tpD&ifcH&ef apv$wfvdkufavonf?

q&mawmfOD;OwWrum; ArmEdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifpGufzuf+yD;aemuf EkdifiHa&;tm;jzihf v_yf&Sm;r_uav;rsm;.twGif;Y rkefwdkif;qifIwdkufaom EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,foabmw&m;udkvnf; txl;rSwfom;zkd@oifhojzifh atmufwGifazmfjyvdkufonf? EdkifiHa&;onf trSefpifppfppfqifr_wpf&yfyifjzpf&m &mZ0ifY pEN*kwfrif;. ppfqifr_onf A[dkpcef;udk OD;pGmwdkufojzifh ta&;rvS r=umc% ysufpD;qHk;&H_;&zl;.? xdkrSaemufwGif penf;waygifemap&m rkef@onfrom;onf rkef@tem;om;udkrpm;bJ cv,fom;udk pm;ojzifh b,fawmr# 0rnfr[kwf/ eifrkef@pm;wmu pEN*kwfrif; ppfwdkufovdkom&Sdonf[k trduqHk;raom pum;udk =um;&.?

66

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xdkrSaemufwGif awmpGefaus;vufup+yD; wdkufcdkufodrf;,lojzifh pEN*kwfrif; ppfEdkifzl;onfh xHk;&Sdonf? xdk@twl q&mawmfOD;OwWronf EdkifiHa&;w&m;udk a[m&majym&mY òrd@}uD;jy}uD;rsm;Y rsm;pGmra[mao;bJ awmvufaus;&Gmuav;rsm;odk@ yxrav#mufIa[majymv#ufom &Sdav&m a';'&Jtydkif qkuvyf&GmwGif 1922-ckESpfwGif a[majymaom w&m;yJGtwGuf zsmyHkta&;ydkifu w&m;pGJqdk+yD;v#ifausmif;ukef;òrd@Y w&m;a[maepOf ykvdyfrsm;vma&muf zrf;qD;oGm;av&m owif;pmrsm;Y xl;jcm;aom owif;w&yftjzpf ygvmavonf? ArmvlrsKd;wdk@onf EdkifiHa&;udk aqmif&Gufv#if tzrf;cH&rnf?axmifuscH&rnf? igwdk@vJ 'Dvdkyif tzrf;cH=urnf? axmifuscHawmhrnf[k pdwfrsm;wufºuG+yD;v#if Edk;=um;onfxuf Edk;=um;vm=uavonf?xdktcg rEdk;=um;cJhv#if ,cktcgY vGwfvyfa&; a0;ayao;onf?

oCFmawmft&Sifjrwfwdk@vnf; raeomawmhbJ igwdk@vnf;OD;OwWruJhodk@yif aqmif&Guf=uawmhrnf[k &nfoef+yD;v#if oHCor*~D[lI EdkifiHa&;t"duxm;aom tzGJ@aygif; 37-zGJ@ wdk@udk xdkESpfwGif zGJ@pnf;wnfaxmifvmav&m 4if;tzGJ@rsm;. OuUXtjzpf tv,fawm q&mawmf / tusKd;aqmiftjzpf a&$usifwdkuf OD;"rR"& u aqmif&Gufawmfrl=uavonf? aemuf OD;"rR"& ysHawmfrlI OD;a0ykv†u qufvuf

1922 ckESpf/q&mawmf OD;OwWrEkdifiHa&;w&m;a[mIzsmyHktusOf;axmifYaxmifuscH&pOfu

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aqmif&Gufonf? OD;0dok'< / OD;0dpm& (axmifxJwGiftpmiwfcHI ysHawmfrlaom q&mawmf) ESifh OD;paENmbmo (Am;u&m;q&mawmf) wdk@vnf;EdkifiHa&;udk OD;wdkuf+yD; a[majymaqmif&Gufawmfrl=uonf?

1919-1920-1921 ckESpf txufyg w&m;pGJqdkaom tr_rjzpfrDtwGif;Y q&mawmf OD;OwWronf &efukefESifh umvuwWm;odk@ul;csDjyefcsDESifh aexdkifcJh.? xdkodk@ ul;csDoef;csDaejcif;rSmvnf; eufeJaom&nf&G,frSef;xm;csufwckjzifhyif jzpfa=umif;udkod&ayonf? 1920 ckESpf/wefaqmifrkef;vwGif OD;OwWronf umvuwWm;wGif &SdaecJh.?

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aomf trSefomjzpf&rnf? ,ae@,ck&&Sdaom vGwfvyfa&;onfyif q&mawmf. aus;Zl;w&m;rS aygufzGm;vmjcif;om jzpfavawmhonf?

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q&mawmfbk&m;onf EkdifiHa&;raqmif&GufrDupI TudpPrsm;aqmif&Guf&thHaomtcgY ukd,fhukd,fukdtepfemcH&awmhrnf? qif;&JcH&awmhrnf[k wxpfcs ,kH=unf&if;pGJ&Sdonfhtwkdif; axmifxJwGif aeaomtcgujzpfap/ axmifrSvGwfaomtcgjzpfap pm;a&; aomufa&;rSpI tppòcd;+cH+yD; aeEkdifor#ae.// u|EkfyfrsufjrifwGif &efukef blwm}uD;tayguf0rS b,mausmfukvm;u wae@ b,mausmfwckus ay;vSLonfukd ESpfòcdufpGm pm;aomufv#uf rnfonfh'g,umtdrfokd@r# ºuG+yD;ighqGrf;au|;prf;/ bmprf;[lI ajymonfukd r=um;&ay// a&mufoGm;Iapwemo'Ng apwemjzifh au|;arG;ðypkv#if bkOf;ay;okH;aqmifawmfrl.?bkef;}uD;oGm;rvmeJ@[k ESifxkwfvsifvnf; qif;vmcJh+yD;vsif pdwfqkd;jcif;/a'gojzpfjcif;ukd rawG@&ay? olawmfaumif; ynm&SdyDo.// wcgu 52vrf;wGifaeaom &ckdifjynfom; tdENd,atmufv$wfawmftrwf 0wfvkHOD;vSxGef;jzLonf q&mawmfOD;OwWrtm; rnfonfhtcgrqkd tdrfokd@ºuGvm+yD; qGrf;bkOf;ay;&ef bdwfrE Wuðyxm;ojzifh aumif;pGm rusef;rmvSaomtcgwGifyif xkdtdrfokd@ urm&GwfrS rD;&xm; rpD;/ ajcv#ifºuGIu,drf;u,kdif a&mufvmonfudk jrif&onf? wae@wGif u|efawmfESifhxkdtdrfwGifyif qkHrd=u.//

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88

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90

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OuUXtjzpfjzifh aqmif&Gufaom OD;cspfvd_if. rdef@cGef;pum;wGifq&mawmfOD;OwWr. *k%faus;Zl;udk atmufygtwdkif;¹rGufqdkcJhonf?

“,ck u|Efkyfwdk@tv,fodk@ t&SifOD;OwWrudk,fawmf}uD; udk,fwdkifºuGa&muf&yfawmfrlv#uf &SdcJhav+yD? xdkt&Sifonf twW[dw wnf;[laom udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;udk wHaxG;aygufuJhodk@ rSwfxifpGef@ypfawmfrl+yD;rSy&[dwwnf;[laom jynfoltrsKd;om;ta&;udkawG;I pdrfhpdrfh+cdrfh+cdrfhvH_@aqmf aqmif&Gufawmfrljcif;a=umifh rGefjrefrmtrsKd;om;wdk@. pdwfaetmoDoonfum; a&S;uESifhrwl trlajymif;a&$@ a&S@a&;wGifom y'krRm=umv$m0wfrH_wdk@onf aetm&k%fwefcdk;jzifh yGifhòzd;oefpGrf; vef;vef;pGifhpGifh&Sdonfh trlt&m qifhumqifhum omIomIyif vsifvsif uGef@jrL;jcif;&Sdavonf?

xdkt&SifOD;OwWr. axmif'g%ftusOf;cHjcif;wnf;[laom 'kuQp&d,ma=umifh trsKd;om; }uD;yGm;csrf;oma&;vkyfief;onf v#rf;onfxufv#rf; usef;usef;cdkifrmvsuf aqmvsifr=um atmif&rnfh tajc[kololigigwdk@u tm;usrcH pdwfrmefwufºuG &Sdvm=uav+yD?”

q&mawmfonf Todk@v#ifwwdkif;jynfvHk;. OuUXem,u wdk@u av;pm;or_ *&kðytm;udk;jcif; cHcJh=u&avonf?

*sLyvDa[mY ajymcJh+yD;aemuf q&mawmfOD;OwWronfrE Wav;òrd@rSyifhaqmifI ºuGawmfrlonf? 0gacgifvqef; 5-&ufae@rE Wav;òrd@tdrfawmf&m bk&m;twGif; 9 cef;Z&yfwGif tdENd, uGef*&uftoif;/ rlqvif cDvmzuftoif;/ w&kwfAk'<bmomtoif;ESif h&[ef;y&dowf/ vly&dowfwdk@u =obmpmzwf=um;jcif;udk cH,l+yD;vsifjyefvnfajym=um;aom rdef@cGef;pum;rS xkwfEkwfcsufrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.?

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“&[ef;awmft&Sifjrwfrsm;ESifh 'g,um/ 'g,umrtaygif;wdk@/q&mawmfonfrE Wav;òrd@odk@ 0gacgifvqef; 1-&ufae@wGif a&mufvmpOfu òrd@}uD;olòrd@}uD;om;ESifh omuDEG,f0ift&Sif&[ef;wdk@yg róuHpzl;txl;wvnf c&DOD;óudqdk=uonfudk jyefIqyf&ef rukefEdkifavmufatmif aus;Zl;}uD;vSygonf?”

“&efukefòrd@uxGufvmpOfu TuJhodk@ òydifbufr&Sdavmufaom o'Ngw&m;rsKd;jzifh trdjrefrmjynf}uD;. a&S@a[mif;&mZXmaerif;aejynfawmfrS ra&wGufEdkifaom jynfolwdk@onf p&dwfa=u;aiGtajrmuftjrm; tukeftuscHv#uf ,ckavmuf 'kuQrsm;pGm a&muf&rnfudk pdwful;r# rxnfhrdyga=umif;?”

“,ckºuGa&mufvmaom rif;y&dowfwdk@wGif rif;aqGrsKd;&dk;vlrsKd;qufEG,fa[mif;wdk@. om;ajr;rsm; yg0if=uvdrfhrnfjzpfyga=umif;?OD;yO…if;onfvnf; &efukefòrd@teD; urm&GwfY xif&Sm;ausmfaZmaomppfol}uD; 3-OD;wdk@. cHwyfwnf&m wyfukef;[laom trnfa[mif;ae&mwGif wnfaqmufxm;aom ausmif;wGif;rS vma&muf&ygonf?4if;cHwyfa[mif;ae&mwGif cHwyf&ifwm; ta[mif;tjrif;wdk@. tptersm; bmr#r&SdawmhbJ &[ef;ausmif;om &SdaeygI xdkol&owWdESifhjynfhpHkaom ppfol}uD;a[mif;wdk@. wnf&mXmewdk@ESifh ol&Jaumif; owWdaumif;wdk@onfvnf; 4if;cHwyfwdk@ESifhtwl jrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@. pdwfwGifuif;&Sif;aysmufuG,foGm;yga=umif;?”

“,ae@wGif jrefrmwdk@tm; rdrdta&;t&mwdk@udk udk,fwdkif pDrHcef@cGJ&ef roifhavsmfao;aom vlrsKd;nHh[k trSwfðyxm;ygojzifh trsdK;ysuf+yD;vmaom òrd@olòrd@om;wdk@onf &_duf}uD;wiif idk,dk&efom &Sdawmhyga=umif;? xdkodk@ idk,dkoHudk rdrdwdk@em;rsm;rS rjywfyif=um;&zefrsm;Irdrdudk,fwdkifyif pGyfpGJ=uonfhtwdkif; roifhjrwfaom vlrsKd;nhHyif jzpfwef&monf[k xifrSwfp ðyvm=uyga=umif;? avmu"mwfynmwGifpdwf!d_@aom twwfwpfck&Sdonf[k =um;zl;ygonf? 4if;pdwf!_d@aom

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“xyfrHIajym&efrSm jrefrmvlrsKd;jzpfaea=umif;udk arhavsmhapIb,ftcgrS wzefjyefr&Edkifaom bdk;bGm;rdbwdk@ cHpm;cJh=uaom pnf;pdrfcsrf;omESifh ºuG,f0aygrsm;jcif;wdk@udk rrSef;qwwf=uav+yD? bdk;bGm; rdbwdk@ ydkifqdkifcHpm;cJh=uaom jrifhjrwf}uD;rm;aom avmuD avmukwW&mtwwfynmwdk@udk oif=um;EdkifpGrf;onf [lor#wdk@udkvnf; qHk;&_H;=u&av+yD jzpfyga=umif;?”

jrefrmhOD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm; jrefrmhOD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm; jrefrmhOD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm; jrefrmhOD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm; jrefrmhOD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm;

“““““pmoifausmif;wdk@Y4if;/ t*Fvdyfwdk@a&;om;aom owif;pmwdk@Y4if;/ u|efpdwfa&mufaeaom jrefrmowif;pmwdk@Y jrefrmbk&ifwdk@tm; &dkif;pdkif;&ufpufonf[k ajymqdk=uonfwdk@udk ae@pOfyif=um;&apumrl =urf;=uKwf&ufpufa=umif; pHerlemtenf;i,f&Sdrnf jzpfaomfvnf; rkcsod=u&onfrSm trsm;qHk;aom jrefrmrif;{u&mZfwdk@onfykxkpOfjzpf=uonfhtwdkif; rSm;,Gif;ygaomfvnf; jrefrmvlrsKd;&if;rS aygufzGm;v#uf jrefrmwdk@tv,fwGif }uD;jyif;&I rnfr#avmuf rSm;,Gif;c|wfacsmfapumrl jrefrmrsKd;&dk; Zmwdjzpf+yD;v#if jrefrmwdk@ta=umif;udkaumif;pGm odu|rf;em;vnf=uyga=umif; xdkbk&ifwdk@vufatmufwGifjrefrmvlrsKd;wdk@onf }uD;rm;aom OD;pD;acgif;aqmifwdk@jzpfygonf? jrefrmvlrsKd;wkd@tm; rmefwufºuGapvsuf t}uHt^m%faumif;aponf?

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160

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