u08sl k|b]zsf] l:ytlkq kf}if,...

$: u08sL k|b]zsf] l:ytLkq kf}if, @)&%ppc.gandaki.gov.np/downloadfile/PPC_Gandaki_Province_Status_Pap… · u08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f gf]6 M k~rjlif{o cfjlws of]hgf th{'df ;DalGw k|f/lDes b:tfa]h$
k|b]z ;/sf/

gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]uu08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f

u08sL k|b]zsf] l:ytLkq kf}if, @)&%

v gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn

u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%

k|b]z ;/sf/

gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]uu08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f

gf]6 M k~rjlif{o cfjlws of]hgf th{'df ;DalGw k|f/lDes b:tfa]h dfu{ @)&% df k|sfzg ePsf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf s]lx cfwf/ aif{ ;"rgf o; l:ylt kqdf cWofjlws ul/Psf] x'bf o;} l:ylt kq cg';f/ x'g]5 .

© k|ltlnlk clwsf/

gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]uu08sL k|b]zkf]v/f, g]kfnkmf]gM )^!–$^@!)@O{d]n : [email protected], [email protected]

j]j;fO{6 : ppc.gandaki.gov.np

ugLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


k|fSsyg

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@, cg';f/ k|hftflGqs lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ;/sf/ u7g eO{ cfˆgf sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] klg cfˆgf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd / ah]6 NofO{ sfo{ k|f/De u/]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx? Aojl:yt Pa+ qmda4 agfpg / hgtfsf cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ub{}} ;d[4 k|b]z / ;'vL k|b]zaf;Lsf] ;f]r oyfy{df abNg cfjlws of]hgfsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cfjlws of]hgf th'{df ;DjGwL k|lqmof yfngL ug{ tYodf cfwfl/t l:yltkqsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; qmddf k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]un] k|b]zsf] k|yd k~rjifL{o ljsf; of]hgf th'{df ug{sf] nflu of] lj:t[t l:yltkq tof/ ul/ k|sfzgdf NofPsf] 5 . o; l:yltkqsf] cWofo Psdf k|b]zsf] kl/roÙ b'O{df k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cly{s, k"jf{wf/ / jg tyf jftfj/0fÙ tLgdf pBf]u, jfl0fHo / ko{6gÙ rf/df ef}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft, ;~rf/ / lj1fg k|ljlwÙ kfFrdf ;fdflhs If]qÙ 5 df cGt{;DalGwt ljifo, / ;ftdf cg'udg, cf7df d"NofÍg / tYof+s k|0ffnL ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . o; l:yltkqdf ;dfj]z ePsf ljifout ;"rgf / ;d:of tyf ;jfnx?sf] cWoogn] u08sL k|b]zaf/] a'em\g / k|b]zsf] cfjZostf klxrfg ug{ ;3fpg] ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . u08sL k|b]zsf] cfjlws of]hgf th'{df k|s[ofdf ;dfj]z x'g] ljz]if1 tyf k|b]zaf/] lh1f;f /fVg] JolQmnfO{ o; l:ylTfkqn] cfjZos ;"rgf k|bfg ug]{ ljZjf; lnPsf] 5' . o; l:yltkq kq tof/ kfg]{ k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIf 8f= lu/Lwf/L zdf{ kf}8]n / ;b:o O{= 8f= lai0f' /fh a/fn tyf cfaZos ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg] dGqfnosf ;lrjx?, pk;lrj, ljleGg laefusf lgb]{zsx? tyf ;a} tKsfsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ xflb{s awfO{ tyf wGoafb lbg rfxG5' .

@)&% kf}if

dfggLo k[YaL ;'Aaf u'?ËcWoIf, u08sL k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u

tyf d'VodGqL u08sL k|b]z

# gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


ljifo ;"rLx¿

ljifo ;"rLx¿ ========================================================================================================= # lrqx¿sf] ;"rL ======================================================================================================= ^tflnsfx¿sf] ;"rL =================================================================================================== &cWofo ! ================================================================================================================= !!= u08sL k|b]zsf] kl/ro ====================================================================================== ! 1=1 ef}uf]lns kl/ro ====================================================================================== 1 1=1=1 cjl:ylt ====================================================================================== 2 1=1=2 l;dfgf ======================================================================================== 2 1=1=3 If]qkmn ======================================================================================== 2 1=1=4 w/ftnLo :j?k ============================================================================= 3 1=1=5 e"ue{ ========================================================================================== 5 1=1=6 jg:klt ======================================================================================= 6 1=2 xfjfkfgL ================================================================================================= 6 1=2=1 jiff{sf] ljt/)f =================================================================== 7 1=2=2 tfkqmdsf] ljj/)f =============================================================== 8 1=3 /fhg}lts k|zf;lgs ljefhg ========================================================== 10 1=4 ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / /Lltl/jfh ========================================================== 11cWofo @ ============================================================================================================== !@@= u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s k"jf{wf/ / jg tyf jftfj/0f ============================= !@ 2=1 k|b]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt =================================================================== 12 2=1=1 s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbg ========================================================== 12 2=1=2 k|ltAolQm cfDbfgL ============================================================== 12 2=1=3 /fh:j tyf ljQ Aoa:yf ====================================================== 13 2=1=4 k|b]zsf] ah]^ / ah]^sf ;|f]tx¿ ============================================ 15 2=1=5 a}+s tyf ljQLo If]q =========================================================== 18 2=1=6 k"“hL ahf/ / aLdf sDkgL ==================================================== 19 2=1=7 ;xsf/L / k"“hL lgdf{)f ======================================================== 19 2=1=8 ljk|]if)f =========================================================================== 20 2=1=9 cfly{s ul/aL =================================================================== 22 2=1=10 dfgj ljsf; ==================================================================== 23

ªgLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


2=1=11 >d zlQm / /f]huf/L ========================================================== 28 2=1=12 lbuf] ljsf; nIo * sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt =============================== 28 2=1=13 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ============================================================ 30 2=1=14 cj;/x¿ ======================================================================== 32 2=2 ljt/)f / pkef]udf c;dfgtf ========================================================== 33 2=2=1 lbuf] lasf; nIo !) sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================== 33 2=3 s[lif, ;xsf/L, kz'k+%L, e"ld;'wf/, jg / jftfj/)f ================================= 35 2=3=1 s[lif =============================================================================== 35 2=3=2 l;+rfO{ / e"–pkof]u ============================================================ 45 2=3=3 kz'k+IfL / kz'hGo pTkfbg ================================================== 47 2=3=4 e"ldAoj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno dftxt ;+rfng ul/g] k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿ ====================================================== 50 2=3=5 lbuf] lasf; nIo !@ sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================== 50 2=3=6 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ =========================================================== 52 2=3=7 cj;/x¿ ======================================================================= 53 2=3=8 jgh+un ========================================================================= 53cWofo # =============================================================================================================== ̂ &#= pBf]u, jfl0fHo / ko{6g ================================================================================== ^& 3=1 pBf]u / jfl)fHo ========================================================================= 67 3=1=1 pBf]ux¿sf] ;+Vof, k|sf/ / d'Vo pTkfbgx¿ ============================= 68 3=1=2 cf}Bf]uLs/)f ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx¿ =========================================== 70 3=1=3 cf}Bf]uLs/)fsf ;d:of / r'gf}tL ============================================= 71 3=1=4 cj;/x¿ ======================================================================= 71 3=2 ko{^g ==================================================================================== 71 3=2=1 ko{^g k"jf{wf/sf] l:ylt ======================================================= 72 3=2=2 ko{^s kbdfu{ ================================================================== 75 3=2=3 ko{^s cfsif{)fsf >f]t ======================================================= 75 3=2=4 ko{^s cfudg laGb' ========================================================== 77 3=2=5 ko{^s cfudg ;+Vof ========================================================== 77 3=2=6 cy{tGqdf ko{^gsf] of]ubfg ================================================= 78 3=2=7 /f]huf/Ldf ko{^gsf] of]ubfg ================================================ 78 3=2=8 ko{^g ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ================================================== 78

r gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


3=2=9 ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ ======================================================== 79 3=2=10 cj;/x¿ ======================================================================= 80 3=3 hn;|f]t / phf{ =========================================================================== 80 3=3=1 hn;|f]t ========================================================================== 80 3=3=2 phf{ ============================================================================= 81 3=3=3 lbuf] lasf; nIo & sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt =============================== 89 3=3=4 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ =========================================================== 91 3=3=5 cj;/x¿ ======================================================================= 92 3=4 cfjf; tyf zx/Ls/)f ================================================================== 93 3=4=1 cfjf; =========================================================================== 93 3=4=2 #/sf] husf] agfj^ ========================================================== 94 3=4=3 #/sf] aflx/L uf/f]sf] agfj^ ================================================ 95 3=4=4 #/sf] aflx/L %fgfsf] agfj^ ================================================ 96 3=4=5 #/sf] :jfldTjsf] cfwf/df #/ ;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ================ 96 3=4=6 cfjf;;“u ;DalGwt ljleGg ;'ljwfx¿sf] ljj/)f ======================== 97 3=4=7 cfjf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd ===================================================== 101 3=4=8 zx/Ls/)fsf] k|j[lQ ========================================================== 101 3=4=9 zx/Ls/)f ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx¿ =========================================== 109 3=4=10 lbuf] ljsf; nIo 11 sf ;"rsx¿sf] cj:yf =========================== 109 3=4=11 zx/Ls/)fsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ ====================================== 110 3=4=12 cj;/x¿ ====================================================================== 111cWofo $ ============================================================================================================= !!@ $= ef}lts k"j{wf/, oftfoft, ;Grf/ / lj1fg k|ljlw ================================================= !!@ 4=1 ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ========================================================================== 112 4=1=1 ;*s =========================================================================== 112 4=1=2 k'n ============================================================================= 114 4=1=3 xjfO{ oftfoft ================================================================ 117 4=1=4 s]ansf/ ====================================================================== 117 4=1=5 /]ndfu{ ========================================================================= 118 4=1=6 k'glg{df{)f ====================================================================== 118 4=1=7 ;+rf/ ========================================================================== 119 4=1=8 lj!fg k|ljlw ================================================================== 121

%gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


4=1=9 lbuf] ljsf; nIo ( sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================== 122 4=1=10 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ========================================================= 123 4=1=11 cj;/x¿ ===================================================================== 123cWofo % ============================================================================================================== !@$%= ;fdflhs If]q ============================================================================================== !@$ 5=1 :jf:Yo ==================================================================================== 124 5=1=1 :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿ =============================================================== 125 5=1=2 ;fa{hlgs :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ ================================================ 128 5=1=3 lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ ====================================================== 134 5=1=4 lghL c:ktfn =============================================================== 135 5=1=5 ;fd'bflos c:ktfn ========================================================= 135 5=1=6 u)*sL k|b]zdf ;+~rflnt d'Vo :jf:Yo sfo{qmd ======================= 135 5=1=7 pkrf/fTds sfo{qmd (Curative Program) ============================= 141 5=1=8 ljljw sfo{qmd =============================================================== 141 5=1=9 :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmd ======================================================= 142 5=1=10 ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmd =================================================== 142 5=1=11 u)*sL k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;"rsx¿sf] /fli^«o ;"rs;“u t'ngf =========== 143 5=1=12 lbuf] ljsf; nIo # sf ;"rsx¿sf] cj:yf ============================ 144 5=1=13 k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] lgoldt ?kdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf ================= 144 5=1=14 :jf:Yo If]qsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL ========================================= 145 5=1=15 cj;/x¿ ===================================================================== 146 5=2 vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if)f ==================================================================== 146 5=2=1 vfB ;'/Iff ==================================================================== 146 5=2=2 vfB ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs xs =============================================== 148 5=2=3 kf]if)f ========================================================================== 148 5=2=4 kf]if)f sfo{qmd ================================================================ 149 5=2=5 lbuf] ljsf; nIo @ sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================== 149 5=2=6 ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL ========================================================== 151 5=2=7 cj;/x¿ ===================================================================== 152 5=3 hg;+Vof / /f]huf/L =================================================================== 152 5=3=1 hg;+Vof ======================================================================= 152 5=3=2 hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft / j[l$b/sf] ultzLntf ============================== 152

h gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


5=3=3 hg;f+lVos ultzLntf ====================================================== 155 5=3=4 ;lqmo pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vofsf] ultzLntf ============================ 157 5=3=5 kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df #/ ;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f =========== 158 5=3=6 hfltsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ======================== 158 5=3=7 efiffsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ======================== 159 5=3=8 j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] ljj/)f ======================= 162 5=3=9 cg'kl:yt tyf lab]lzPsf] hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ============== 163 5=3=10 lge{/tfsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ================================================ 164 5=3=11 ljleGg vfnsf ckfËtfsf] ljj/)f ======================================== 165 5=3=12 u)*sL k|b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l:ylt ======================================== 166 5=3=13 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ========================================================= 166 5=3=14 cj;/x¿ ===================================================================== 167 5=4 lzIff ==================================================================================== 167 5=4=1 z}lIfs k|)ffnL =============================================================== 167 5=4=2 ;fIf/tf ======================================================================= 168 5=4=3 ljleGg txsf] z}lIfs cj:yf ============================================== 170 5=4=4 ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] hg;+Vof ============================================ 188 5=4=5 k|fljlws lzIff ============================================================== 189 5=4=6 ljZjljBfno lzIff ========================================================= 190 5=4=7 k|fljlws / ;fwf/)f lzIff ================================================= 191 5=4=8 lbuf] ljsf; nIo $ sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================ 191 5=4=9 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ======================================================== 192 5=4=10 cj;/x¿ ==================================================================== 193 5=5 vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO ================================================================== 194 5=5=1 cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL ========================================================== 194 5=5=2 cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO ========================================================= 195 5=5=3 lbuf] ljsf; nIo ^ sf ;"rsx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt =================== 196 5=5=4 ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx¿ ====================================================== 196 5=5=5 cj;/x¿ ===================================================================== 197cWofo ^ ============================================================================================================= !(*^= cGt/;DalGwt ljifo ===================================================================================== !(* 6=1 n}+lus ;dtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/)f ================================================= 198

emgLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


6=1=1 dlxnfsf] ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/ ========================================== 198 6=1=2 zf;g clwsf/df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf =================================== 199 6=1=3 ljBfno lzIffdf n}lËs cg'kft =========================================== 200 6=1=4 ljBfnodf k(fpg] lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] cg'kft =========================== 200 6=1=5 cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf dlxnfsf] kx'“r ========================================= 201 6=1=6 dlxnf lx+;f =================================================================== 201 6=1=7 lbuf] ljsf; nIo % sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ======================= 201 6=1=8 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ========================================================== 202 6=1=9 cj;/x¿ ====================================================================== 203 6=2 hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ================================================= 303 6=2=1 hnjfo' kl/jt{g ============================================================== 203 6=2=2 ljkb Joj:yfkg ============================================================== 206 6=2=3 lbuf] ljsf; nIo !# sf ;"rsx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt =================== 207 6=2=4 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ========================================================= 208 6=2=5 cj;/x¿ ===================================================================== 208 6=3 u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf ====================================================================== 209 6=4 ;'zf;g ================================================================================== 210 6=4=1 k|b]z ;ef ===================================================================== 210 6=4=2 k|b]z ;+u&g ;+rgfsf] lgdf{)f ============================================== 210 6=4=3 k|b]zsf clwsf/ ============================================================= 216 6=4=4 k|b]zsf] Gofo Aoj:yf / sfg"gx¿sf] lgdf{)f ============================ 218 6=4=5 zflGt z'/Iff ================================================================== 222 6=4=6 dfgj clwsf/ ================================================================= 222 6=4=7 ;dfj]lztf ===================================================================== 225 6=4=8 e|i^frf/ lgjf/)f ============================================================= 229 6=4=9 lgjf{rg k|)ffnL ============================================================= 232 6=4=10 ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] k|ltlqmof ======================================= 233 6=4=11 hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] rfxgfsf] k|fyldstf ================================= 234 6=4=12 lbuf] ljsf; nIo !^ sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================ 234 6=4=13 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ========================================================= 235 6=4=14 cj;/x¿ ===================================================================== 236 6=5 ;Da[$ g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnLsf] /fli^«o b"/b[li^ lj=;+= @!)) -VISION 2100_ ===== 236

` gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


cWofo & ============================================================================================================ @#*&= cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg / tYof+s k|0ffnL ============================================================== @#* 7=1 kl/ro =================================================================================== 238 7=2 lg/LIf)f ================================================================================== 239 7=3 cg'udg ================================================================================== 241 7=4 d"Nof+sg ================================================================================ 244 7=5 lg/LIf)f cg'udg / d"Nof+sg aLr ;dfgtf / km/s ============================= 246 7=6 u)*sL k|b]zdf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf cf}hf/x¿ ========== 248 7=6=1 ;fj{hlgs hgn]vf k/LIf)f -Public Audit_ ============================== 248 7=6=2 ;fdflhs k/LIf)f -Social Audit_ ========================================= 248 7=6=3 ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ -Public Hearing_ ===================================== 249 7=6=4 hgtfsf] u'gf;f] ;Daf]wg ug{ x]nf] d'VodGqL sfo{qmd ================= 249 7=6=5 ;d"x s]lGb|t %nkmn -Focus Group Discussion_ ====================== 250 7=6=6 cGtls{ofTds a}&s -Interactive Meeting_ ============================ 251 7=6=7 k|fljlws k/LIf)f -Technical Audit_ ====================================== 251 7=6=8 k|j[lQ ;do ljZn]if)f -Trend/time analysis_ ========================== 251 7=7 cg'udg / d"Nofª\sgsf ;"rs ====================================================== 252 7=8 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yf ================================= 253 7=8=1 dGqfno :t/Lo cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg dxfzfvf ===================== 253 7=8=2 ;lrj :t/Lo cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ;ldlt =========================== 255 7=8=3 k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u ============================================= 255 7=8=4 dGqfno :t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt ========================== 255 7=8=5 k|b]z ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt ====================================== 256 7=9 k|b]zdf tYof+s k|)ffnL ================================================================ 257 7=10 ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ ================================================================== 257 7=11 cj;/x¿ ================================================================================ 258*= ;Gbe{ ;"rL =================================================================================================== @%((= cg';"rL ======================================================================================================== @^%

^gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


lrqx¿sf] ;"rL

lrq g+= 1–1 M u)*sL k|b]zsf] cjl:ylt ======================================================== 1

lrq g+= 1–2 M u)*sL k|b]zdf /x]sf lhNnfx¿sf] If]qkmn ==================================== 3

lrq g+= 1–3 M u)*sL k|b]zsf] e"w/ftn ======================================================== 4

lrq g+= 1–4 M u)*sL k|b]zsf] e"ue{ ============================================================= 5

lrq g+= 1–5 M cf};t jflif{s jiff{sf] ljt/)f -DHM, 2017_ ================================== 7

lrq g+= 1–6 M cf};t tfkqmdsf] ljt/)f -DHM, 2017_ ======================================= 9

lrq g+= 2–1 M g]kfnsf] s'n /fli^«o cfodf ljk|]if)fsf] of]ubfg -k|ltztdf_ =============== 21

lrq g+= 2–2 M ljk|]if)fsf] k|b]zut ljj/)f ====================================================== 22

lrq g+= 2–3 M s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] cfsf/ / rngLsf] ljt/)f ================================ 47

lrq g+= 2–4 M u)*sL k|b]zsf jgIf]q ========================================================== 55

lrq g+= 2–5 M u)*sL k|b]zsf ;+/lIft If]qx¿ ================================================ 61

lrq g+= 3–1 M ufp“kflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr If]qkmnsf] ljefhg -k|ltztdf_ ======== 106

lrq g+= 3–2 M ufp“kflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr hg;+Vofsf] ljefhg -k|ltztdf_ ====== 107

lrq g+= 3–3 M ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] k|lt ju{ lsnf]ld^/ hg#gTj ============ 107

lrq g+= 5–1 M k|fb]lzs :jf:Yo ;"rgf k|jfx /]vflrq ======================================= 125

lrq g+= 5–2 M k|fb]lzs :jf:Yo ;+/rgf ======================================================= 126

lrq g+= 5–3 M vfB ;'/Iffsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ============================================== 147

lrq g+= 5–4 M hg;+Vofsf] lk/fld*sf] cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] hg;f+lVos

ultzLntfsf] ljj/)f =========================================================== 157

lrq g+= 5–5 M ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] hg;+Vof ================================================ 189

lrq g+= 6–1 M u)*sL k|b]zsf] ;fª\u&flgs ;+/rgf ========================================= 211

& gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


tflnsfx¿sf] ;"rL

tflnsf g+= 1–1 M k|b]zsf] /fhg}lts tyf k|zf;sLo ljefhg ================================ 10

tflnsf g+= 2–1 M cfly{s aif{ @)&)÷)&! df k|ltAolQm ;/b/ cfo ======================= 12

tflnsf g+= 2–2 M cfly{s aif{ @)&#÷@)&$ df s/btfsf] ljj/)f ========================= 13

tflnsf g+= 2–3 M ;+slnt /fh:jsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ========================================= 15

tflnsf g+= 2–4 M lj= ;+= @)&%÷)&^ sf] ah]^sf] cfwf/df k|b]z ah]^sf ;|f]tx¿ ==== 16

tflnsf g+= 2–5 M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ============================ 18

tflnsf g+= 2–6 M ;xsf/Lsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ================================================= 20

tflnsf g+= 2–7 M cfly{s ul/aLsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ========================================== 23

tflnsf g+= 2–8 M dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+ssf] lhNnfut ljj/)f =============================== 24

tflnsf g+= 2–9 M dfgj ul/aL ;"rsf+ssf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ================================ 25

tflnsf g+= 2–10 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo ! sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================== 27

tflnsf g+= 2–11 M >d zlQm / /f]huf/L lhNnfut ljj/)f ================================== 28

tflnsf g+= 2–12 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo * sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================= 30

tflnsf g+= 2–13 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo !) sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================ 34

tflnsf g+= 2–14 M s[lifsf] nfe nfut ljZn]if)f =============================================== 36

tflnsf g+= 2–15 M dx tyf df%fsf] If]qkmn -dxsf] #f/df / df%fsf] x]S^/df_, pTkfbg

-d]l^«s ^g_ / pTkfbsTj -d]l^«s ^g k|lt#f/ / x]S^/_ sf] lhNnfut ljt/)f ==== 39

tflnsf g+= 2–16 M sRrf pTkfbgaf^ pkef]Uo pTkfbg lgsfNg] ;"q ====================== 40

tflnsf g+= 2–17 M ljleGg vfB j:t'sf] pknAwtf / cfjZostf aLrsf] ;Gt'ng ========= 41

tflnsf g+= 2–18 M k|fyldstfsf v]tL tyf Joj;fo =========================================== 42

tflnsf g+= 2–19 M k|d'v afnL tyf To;sf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'g] If]qx¿ ===================== 43

tflnsf g+= 2–20 M v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] k|ltJolQm pknAwtf ================================== 45

tflnsf g+= 2–21 M s[lifof]Uo hldg k|of]usf] l:ylt ============================================ 46

tflnsf g+= 2–22 M #/kfn'jf kz'k+IfLx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ;+Vofdf ==================== 48

tflnsf g+= 2–23 M kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ==================================== 49

tflnsf g+= 2=24 M lbuf] lasf; nIo !@ sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================ 51

tflnsf g+= 2–25 M u)*sL k|b]zsf jgIf]qsf] ljj/)f ========================================= 56

tflnsf g+= 2–26 M jGohGt'af^ ePsf] Ifltsf] /fxtsf] ljj/)f ============================= 57

*gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


tflnsf g+= 2–27 M u)*sL k|b]zdf pTkflbt lj?jf / j[Iff/f]k)fsf] ljj/)f =============== 58

tflnsf g+= 2–28 M jg k}bfjf/sf] laqmL ljt/)f / agaf^ k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] ljj/)f ======= 59

tflnsf g+= 2–29 M u)*sL k|b]zsf ;+/lIft If]qx¿sf] ljj/)f ============================== 60

tflnsf g+= 2–30 M lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo !% sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ========================= 63

tflnsf g+= 2–31 M u)*sL k|b]zsf /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t tfnx¿sf] ljj/)f ================= 66

tflnsf g+= 3–1 M k|d'v pBf]ux¿sf] ljj/)f ==================================================== 69

tflnsf g+= 3–2 M k|lti&fgx¿sf] ;+Vof / To;af^ l;h{gf ePsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/)f =========== 70

tflnsf g+= 3–3 M u)*sL k|b]zdf /x]sf ljdfg:ynsf] ljj/)f =============================== 73

tflnsf g+= 3–4 M u)*sL k|b]zdf ;~rflnt xf]^n, /]i^'/])^ / xf]d:^]sf] ljj/)f ========== 74

tflnsf g+= 3–5 M u)*sL k|b]zdf /x]sf d'Vo wfld{s tyf ko{^sLo :ynx¿ ============= 76

tflnsf g+= 3–6 M u)*sL k|b]zsf ;+/lIft If]qdf ko{^s cfjfudgsf] l:ylt ============== 77

tflnsf g+= 3–7 M vfgf ksfpg] phf{sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ==================================== 81

tflnsf g+= 3–8 M aQL afNg] phf{sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ======================================= 83

tflnsf g+= 3–9 M g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/)f -g]=lj=k|f=_ åf/f u)*sL k|b]zdf lgdf{)f ul/Psf

hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] hl*t Ifdtf / lj=;= @)&$ df pTkflbt pmhf{ ========= 84

tflnsf g+= 3–10 M lghLIf]q -lg=If]=_ åf/f u)*sL k|b]zdf lgdf{)f ul/Psf hnljB't\

cfof]hgfx¿sf] hl*t Ifdtf / lj=;= @)&$ df pTkflbt pmhf{ ===================== 85

tflnsf g+= 3–11 M lghL If]q / g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/)fåf/f u)*sL k|b]zdf lgdf{)ffwLg

hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] hl*t Ifdtf / ;Defljt jflif{s pmhf{ ==================== 86

tflnsf g+= 3–12 M ljB't\ ljt/)f s]Gb| / ljtl/t ljB't\sf] ljj/)f ============================= 87

tflnsf g+= 3–13 M ljB't\ ljt/)f / /fh:j ;+sngsf] If]qut cfwf/df ljj/)f ============ 88

tflnsf g+= 3–14 M n#' hnljB't, ;f}o{ tyf jfo' pmhf{sf] ljj/)f ========================= 89

tflnsf g+= 3–15 M lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt ======================= 90

tflnsf g+= 3–16 M kl/jf/ a;]sf] #/sf] husf] agfj^sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f -k|ltztdf_ ==== 94

tflnsf g+= 3–17 M kl/jf/ a;]sf] #/sf] aflx/L uf/f]sf] agfj^sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f

-k|ltztdf_ ================================================================================== 95

tflnsf g+= 3–18 M kl/jf/ a;]sf] #/sf] aflx/L %fgfsf] agfj^sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f

-k|ltztdf_ ================================================================================== 96

tflnsf g+= 3–19 M kl/jf/ a;]sf] #/sf] :jfldTjsf] cfwf/df #/ ;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut

ljj/)f ======================================================================================= 97

( gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


tflnsf g+= 3–20 M kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f

-k|ltztdf_ ================================================================================== 98

tflnsf g+= 3–21 M cfjf;sf] ;'lawfsf] ljj/)f -k|ltztdf_ ================================= 100

tflnsf g+= 3–22 M ;flassf kflnsfx¿sf] hg;+Vof j[l$b/ =============================== 103

tflnsf g+= 3–23 M k|b]zsf k|d'v ahf/ If]qx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ====================== 108

tflnsf g+= 3–24 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo !! sf ;"rsx¿sf] cj:yf ========================= 110

tflnsf g+= 4–1 M u)*sL k|b]znfO{ %f]Psf ljleGg /fhdfu{ / ;xfos /fhdfu{x¿sf]

ljj/)f ======================================================================================= 112

tflnsf g+= 4–2 M u)*sL k|b]zdf /x]sf ljleGg vfnsf ;*sx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f 114

tflnsf g+= 4–3 M u)*sL k|b]zdf /x]sf ljleGg cj:yfsf emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] lhNnfut

ljj/)f ======================================================================================= 115

tflnsf g+= 4–4 M u)*sL k|b]zdf /x]sf df]^/]jn k'nx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f =========== 116

tflnsf g+= 4–5 M u)*sL k|b]zdf lgdf{)fsf] ljleGg r/)fdf /x]sf df]^/]jn k'nx¿sf]

lhNnfut ljj/)f =========================================================================== 116

tflnsf g+= 4–6 M k'glg{df{)f l:ylt ;DaGwL lhNnfut ljj/)f ============================== 119

tflnsf g+= 4–7 M k|b]zdf /x]sf x'nfs sfof{nox¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ================ 120

tflnsf g+= 4–8 M k|b]zdf /x]sf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ================== 121

tflnsf g+= 4–9 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo ( sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================= 123

tflnsf g+= 5–1 M u)*sL k|b]zsf cfo'j]l{\bs :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ ============================== 127

tflnsf g+= 5–2 M u)*sL k|b]zdf :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] l:ylt ==================================== 129

tflnsf g+= 5–3 M u)*sL k|b]zsf ;/sf/L c:ktfnx¿ ==================================== 132

tflnsf g+= 5–4 M u)*sL k|b]zdf cfw'lgs kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u b/ ========== 136

tflnsf g+= 5–5 M u)*sL k|b]zsf aRrfx¿df lgdf]lgof /f]u / o;sf] pkrf/ =========== 138

tflnsf g+= 5–6 M u)*sL k|b]zdf s*f emf*fkvfnf / :jf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]usf] l:ylt === 138

tflnsf g+= 5–7 M u)*sL k|b]zdf /f]ux¿sf l:ylt ========================================== 141

tflnsf g+= 5–8 M u)*sL k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;"rsx¿ ========================================= 143

tflnsf g+= 5–9 M u)*sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo 3 sf ;"rsx¿sf] cj:yf ========== 144

tflnsf g+= 5–10 M vfB c;'/lIft hg;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ======================== 148

tflnsf g+= 5–11 M u)*sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============ 150

tflnsf g+= 5–12 M If]qkmn, #/;+Vof, hg;+Vof / hg#gTjsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ======== 152

)fgLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


tflnsf g+= 5–13 M hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft / j[l$b/sf] ultzLntf ============================ 154

tflnsf g+= 5–14 M hg;+Vofsf] ultzLntf ==================================================== 156

tflnsf g+= 5–15 M kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ============= 158

tflnsf g+= 5–16 M hfthfltsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f k|ltztdf

-@)^* sf] /fli^«o hgu)fgfsf] cfwf/df la:n]lift_ ================================== 160

tflnsf g+= 5–17 M efiffsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f k|ltztdf

-@)^* sf] /fli6«o hgu0fgfsf] cfwf/df la:n]lift_ ================================= 161

tflnsf g+= 5–18 M !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vofsf] j}jflxs cj:yfsf]

lhNnfut ljj/)f ========================================================================== 162

tflnsf g+= 5–19 M cg'kl:yt tyf ljb]lzPsf] hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ============ 163

tflnsf g+= 5–20 M a[xt\ pd]/sf] cfwf/df hg;+Vof tyf lge{/tfsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ========= 164

tflnsf g+= 5–21 M ckfËtfsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ============================================ 165

tflnsf g+= 5–22 M s'n ;fIf/tfsf] ljj/)f =================================================== 169

tflnsf g+= 5–23 M k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf] ljj/0f ================================================== 170

tflnsf g+= 5–24 M k"j{ k|fylds lzIff k|bfos -;fd'bflos / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t

afnlasf; s]Gb| / ;+:yfut k"j{ k|fylds ljBfno_ ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof /

pkl:yt %fq÷%fqfx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f =========================================== 171

tflnsf g+= 5–25 M k"j{ k|fylds txsf] s'n egf{ b/sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f =============== 172

tflnsf g+= 5–26 M cfwf/e"t lzIffdf s'n k|j]z b/ ======================================== 175

tflnsf g+= 5–27 M cfwf/e"t lzIffdf v'b k|j]z b/ ======================================== 176

tflnsf g+= 5–28 M ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljleGg tx cg';f/ lzIfsx¿sf] ;+Vof

/ dlxnf lzIfs/k'?if lzIfs cg'kft ================================================== 178

tflnsf g+= 5–29 M ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljleGg txcg';f/ ljBfyL{ / lzIfs cg'kft ===== 179

tflnsf g+= 5–30 M dfWolds lzIff k|bfos ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf]

;+Vofsf] ljj/)f ============================================================================= 180

tflnsf g+= 5–31 M dfWolds lzIff k|bfos -;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut_ ljBfnox¿sf]

;+Vofsf] ljj/)f ============================================================================ 181

tflnsf g+= 5–32 M dfWolds lzIffdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof =========================== 182

tflnsf g+= 5–33 M dfWolds lzIffsf] s'n egf{ b/ ========================================== 182

tflnsf g+= 5–34 M dfWolds lzIffsf] v'b egf{ b/ ========================================== 183

t gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


tflnsf g+= 5–35 M dfWolds txsf] pQL)f{b/ ================================================ 184tflnsf g+= 5–36 M sIff bf]xf]/fpg] b/ ========================================================= 185tflnsf g+= 5–37 M sIff %f*\g] b/ ============================================================= 186tflnsf g+= 5–38 M dfWolds txsf] s'n lzIfs ;+Vof / dlxnf / k'?if lzIfs cg'kft 187tflnsf g+= 5–39 M dfWolds txsf] s'n lzIfs / ljBfyL{ aLrsf] cg'kft ============== 188tflnsf g+= 5–40 M tflnd s]Gb| tyf l*Knf]df sf];{ ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+VofTds ljj/)f ========================================================================== 190tflnsf g+= 5–41 M pRrlzIff k|bfos SofDk; / ljZjljBfnox¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ======== 191tflnsf g+= 5–42 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo $ sf ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ============================ 192tflnsf g+= 5–43 M vfg]kfgLaf^ nfeflGjt hg;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f ============== 195tflnsf g+= 5–44 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo ^ sf ;"rsx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt ================== 196tflnsf g+= 6–1 M #/–hUuf dlxnfsf] gfddf ePsf] of gePsf] cfwf/df #/ ;ª\Vofsf]

lhNnfut ljj/)f =========================================================================== 198tflnsf g+= 6–2 M :yfgLo lgjf{rg @)&$ df lgjf{lrt dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] cg'kftsf]

lhNnfut ljj/)f =========================================================================== 199tflnsf g+= 6–3 M u)*sL k|b]zsf ljBfnox¿df cWoog/t %fqf / %fqsf] cg'kft ============ 200tflnsf g+= 6–4 M u)*sL k|b]zsf ljBfnox¿df k(fpg] lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] cg'kft ========== 201tflnsf g+= 6–5 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo % sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt ======================= 202tflnsf g+= 6–6 M lbuf] ljsf; nIo !# sf ;"rsx¿sf] jt{dfg l:ylt =================== 208tflnsf g+= 6–7 M u)*sL k|b]zdf btf{ e} ;rfngdf /x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;:yfsf] lhNnfut ljj/)f =========================================================================== 209tflnsf g+= 6–8 M k|b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt ============================================== 222tflnsf g+= 6–9 M u)*sL k|b]zdf #^]sf dfgj clwsf/sf #^gf ========================= 224tflnsf g+= 6–10 M lghfdlt ;]jf k|j]zdf ;dfj]lztfsf] Aoj:yf ========================== 227tflnsf g+= 6–11 M ljBfyL{ egf{df ;dfj]lztf ================================================= 228tflnsf g+= 6–12 M u)*sL k|b]zdf cfjlws lgjf{rg ;DaGwL Aoj:yf =================== 232tflnsf g+= 6–13 M u)*sL k|b]zdf ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] k|ltlqmof ================== 233tflnsf g+= 6–14 M u)*sL k|b]zsf hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] rfxgfsf] k|fyldstf ============ 234tflnsf g+= 6–15 M u)*sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo !^ sf ;"rsx¿sf] cj:yf ========= 235tflnsf g+= 7–1 M lg/LIf)f, cg'udg / d"Nof+sg aLr ;dfgtf / km/s ================== 247tflnsf g+= 7–2 M gd"gf ;"rs lg)f{o k|lqmof ================================================== 253

1gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


cWofo !u08sL k|b]zsf] kl/ro

!=! ef}uf]lns kl/rog]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf ;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu # cflZjg, @)&@ df ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ g]kfn ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo sfod x'g k'Uof] . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd g]kfnnfO{ & k|b]zdf ljefhg ul/of] . oL dWo] ;flas wjnflu/L c~rnsf $ lhNnf -d':tfª\, DofUbL, kj{t / afUn'ª_, u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNnf -uf]/vf, ndh'ª, tgx'F, :ofª\hf, sf:sL / dgfª\_ / n'lDagL c~rnsf] gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{sf] e"–efu -gjnk'/ lhNnf_ ;d]6L s'n !! lhNnfsf] u08sL k|b]z sfod eof] -lrq g+= !=!_ .

lrq g+= !–!M u08sL k|b]zsf] cjl:ylt

k|b]zsf !! lhNnf dWo] uf]/vf, dgfª\ / d':tfª\ lhNnfn] pQ/L ldq/fi6« rLgnfO{ 5f]Psf 5g\ eg] gjnk'/ lhNnfn] blIf0fL ldq/fi6« ef/tnfO{ 5f]Psf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zn] s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf, k|b]z % sf k"aL{ ?s'd, /f]Nkf, u'NdL / kfNkf, / k|b]z # sf wflbª / lrtjg lhNnfnfO{ 5f]Psf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ?kdf o; k|b]zn] lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ u/L ltg} w/ftnLo :j?knfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . To:t} xfjfkfgLsf] b[li6sf]0fn] klg o; k|b]zdf g]kfndf kfOg] ;a} k|sf/sf -pi0f dg;'gL b]lv 6'G8«f_ xfjfkfgL ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] lj:t[t kl/ro tnsf v08x?df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

2 gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u, u08sL k|b]z, g]kfn


!=!=! cjl:yltg]kfnsf] dWo efudf cjl:yt lxdfnb]lv t/fO{;Dd km}lnPsf] ;+3Lo g]kfnsf] u08sL k|b]z @&) @^Ú !%ÚÚ pQ/L cIff+zb]lv @() !(Ú %)ÚÚ pQ/L cIff+z;Dd / *@) %@Ú $%ÚÚ k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv *%) !@Ú )%ÚÚ k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 -lrq g+= !=!_ .

!=!=@ l;dfgfu08sL k|b]zsf] l;dfgf k"j{df # g+= k|b]zsf wflbË / lrtjg lhNnf, kZrddf % g+= k|b]zsf k"jL{ ?s'd, /f]Nkf, u'NdL, kfNkf / gjnk/f;L -;':tf ab{3f6 k"j{_ / ^ g+= k|b]zsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnf kb{5g\ . To:t} pQ/df rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat / blIf0fdf % G+f k|b]zsf] ?kGb]xL / ef/tsf] ljxf/ /fHo /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zsf cGt/f{li6«o ;LdfjtL{ lhNnfx?df pQ/df rLgsf] :jzfl;t If]q ltAat;Fu ;Ldfgf hf]l8g] lhNnfdf uf]/vf, dgfË / d':tfË /x]sf 5g\ eg] blIf0fdf ef/t;Fu ;Ldfgf hf]l8g] lhNnf gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{sf] e"–efu -gjnk'/ lhNnf_ /x]sf] 5 . o;dWo] blIf0fL ;Ldfdf o; k|b]z cGtu{t s'g} ;Ldf:tDe sfod /x]sf] 5}g . oxfFsf] Ps k|d'v ;Ldf gfsf lqj]0fL ;':tf /x]sf] 5 . pQ/df /x]sf j}b]lzs ;Ldfgfsf] ;Ldf:tDe ljj/0f b]xfo adf]lhd /x]sf] 5 M

dgfªM dgfË lhNnf gfkm{" ufpFkflnsf -;fljs km" uf=lj=;=_ sf] km" ufpFaf6 !& ls=ld=sf] b"/Ldf /x]sf] :tDe g+= ## :tDe lgwf{/0f ePsf]df xfn;Dd csf]{ lgdf{0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . uf]/vfM uf]/vf lhNnf cGtu{t kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldfgfdf s'n ^ j6f ;Ldf:tDe /x]sf 5g\ . o; lhNnfsf Uofnf e~Hofª -:tDe g+=#$_, nflhª e~Hofª -:tDe g+= #%_, nfDHo'ª e~Hofª -:tDe g+= #^_, :yfg lgwf{/0f gePsf]df b'O{ :tDe -:tDe g+= #& / #*_ / yfKn] e~Hofª -:tDe g+= #(_ df j}b]lzs ;Ldf :tDe /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a} :tDex?sf] cj:yf ;fdfGo /x]sf] 5 . d':tf·M d':tfË lhNnfdf kg]{ cGt/f{li6«o sf]/nf ;Ldfgf ;b/d'sfd hf]d;f]daf6 sl/a !!) lsnf]ld6/ -hf]d;f]d – sf]/nf !!) ls=ld=_ 6f9fsf] b"/Ldf kg]{ ;Ldf Onfsfdf ;Ldf :tDe g+= !* b]lv ## ;Ddsf hDdf !^ j6f ;Ldf :tDe /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;Ldf:tDesf] cj:yf ;fdfGo /x]sf] 5 .

!=!=# If]qkmnlj=;= @)&% df gfkL ljefuåf/f pknAw u/fOPsf] tflnsf cg';f/sf] tYof+ssf] cfwf/df u08sL k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmn, !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=ld=, dWo] @!,(&$ ju{ ls=ld=



cyf{t\ !$=( k|ltzt If]qkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 -lrq g+= !–@_ . u08sL k|b]z d'VotM lxdfn / kxf8L If]qsf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] k|b]z xf] . o; k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmndf lxdfnL e"–efu %,*)( ju{ ls=ld= -@^=$! k|ltzt_, kxf8L e"–efu !$,&$$ ju{ ls=ld= -^&=! k|ltzt_ / t/fO{ e"–efu !,$@^ ju{ ls=ld= -^=$( k|ltzt_ kb{5 . If]qkmnsf] lx;fjn] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lhNnf d':tfª\ xf] eg] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] lhNnf kj{t xf] . g]kfns} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] dxfgu/kflnsfsf] ?kdf sf:sL lhNnfdf cjl:yt /x]sf] kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf ;d]t oxL k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 .

lrq g+= !–@M u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf lhNnfx¿sf] If]qkmn

!=!=$ w/ftnLo :j?kef/tsf] ;Ldfgf glhs gf/fo0fL gbLsf] u08s gx/ glhssf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] efu ;d'› ;tx b]lv (# ld6/sf] pFrfO{df /x]sf] 5 . of] pFrfO{ qmdzM a9\b} uP/ wjnflu/L lxdfn *,!^& ld6/, dgf:n' *,!^# ld6/ / cGgk"0f{ k|yd *,)(! ld6/ cUnf lxdr'nLx? /x]sf] ljzfn lxd>[Înf ag]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf /x]sf cUnf] lxdfno kj{t >]0fL b]zsf] em08} aLr efu;Dd em/]sf] 5 . cGgk"0f{ / wf}nflu/L lxd>[Înf xFl;of cfsf/df blIf0ftkm{ lj:tf/ ePsf sf/0f oL lxd>[Înfsf] pQ/df klg cGt/\kj{tLo pRr lxdfnL d}bfgx? 5g\ . dgfË, d':tfË / uf]/vfsf] dflyNnf] efudf /x]sf pkTosf k|d'v 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm e"–w/ftn, kxf8L kfvf, xfjfkfgL, df6f], kof{j/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf h:tf cg]sg\ ljifdtf o; k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 .



g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts Pj+ w/ftnLo :j?ksf cfwf/df tLg efudf ljefhg ul/P cg'?k of] k|b]z klg w/ftnLo ?kdf tLg efudf ljeQm 5 -lrq g+= !–#_ .

lrq g+= !–#M u08sL k|b]zsf] e"w/ftn

-s_ lxdfnL e"–efuM lxdfnL k|b]z g]kfnsf] tyf o; k|b]zsf] klg pQ/L e]udf /x]sf] df]8bf/ kj{tLo If]q xf] . ;fwf/0ftof #,))) ld6/ b]lv dflysf] e"–efu o; If]qdf kb{5 . ljZjs} k|l;4 lxdr'r'/fx? cGgk"0f{, wf}nflu/L tyf df5fk'R5|]« o;} k|b]zdf kb{5g\ . ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] uN5L -cGw uN5L %,&(! ld6/_ DofUbL lhNnfdf tyf g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] lxd/]vf -?kgfnf $,%)) ld6/_ o;} k|b]zsf] uf]/vf lhNnfdf kb{5 . u08sL k|b]zsf lxdfnkfl/sf @ lhNnf dgfË / d':tfË klg o; If]qdf kb{5g\ -lrq g+= !–#_ .

-v_ dWokxf8L e"–efuM pQ/df lxdfn / blIf0fdf t/fO{sf] e"–efu aLr kg]{ ;fwf/0ftof ^)) ld6/ b]lv #,))) ld6/ ;Ddsf] If]q dWokxf8L e"–efu gfdn] lrlgG5 . o;df gbLx?åf/f lgld{t kmfF6 Pj+ pkTosf, a];L, 6f/ tyf dxfef/t kj{tsf >[+vnfx? ;d]t



kb{5g\ . u|fdL0f a:tLx?sf] afx'No ePsf] o; If]qdf k|b]zsf] :yfoL /fhwfgL kf]v/f ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . o; dWokxf8L e"–efudf DofUbL, kj{t, afUn'Ë, ndh'ª, uf]/vf, tgx'F, sf:sL / :ofËhf u/L hDdf * lhNnfx? /x]sf 5g\ -lrq g+= !–#_ . -u_ t/fO{ e"–efuM g]kfnsf] blIf0fL efudf cjl:yt ;dtn e"ld dWo] o; k|b]zdf cToGt} yf]/} e"–efu cyf{t\ !,$@^ ju{ ls=ld=If]qkmn /x]sf] 5 . ;fljssf] gjnk/f;L lhNnfnfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L agfOPsf] ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{sf] gjnk'/ lhNnf k|b]zsf] t/fO{ e"–efu cGtu{t kb{5 . gjnk'/ lhNnfdf kg]{ lqj]0fL ;':tf gfsf o; k|b]znfO{ ef/t;Fu hf]8\g] Ps dfq cGt/f{li6«o gfsf xf] -lrq g+= !–#_ .

!=!=% e"ue{e"ueL{o agfj6sf cfwf/df k|b]zsf] dgfª\, d':tfª\ / uf]/vf lhNnfsf] pQ/L e"–efu ltAa]tg 6]ly; lxdfno If]qdf kb{5, h'g y'lk|P/ ag]sf r§fg h:t} Shale, Sandstone

and Limestone cflb af6 ag]sf] 5 -lrq g+= !–$_ .

lrq g+= !–$M u08sL k|b]zsf] e"ue{



k"j{–klZrd km}lnPsf] pRr lxdfnL e"–efu pRr lxdfnL If]q / dWo] kxf8L e"–efu tNnf] lxdfnL If]qdf kb{5 h'g kl/jlt{t r§fgn] ag]sf] 5 . o;}u/L t/fOsf] ;dy/ e"–efu l;jflns If]q cGtu{t kb{5, h'g y'lk|P/ ag]sf r§fgaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 -lrq g+= !–$_ .

!=!=^ jg:kltjgh+Ën / jg:kltn] o; k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn @!,(&,$)) x]S6/ dWo] *,#),^!& x]S6/ cyf{t\ #&=* k|ltzt e"–efu jg If]qn] 9fs]sf] 5 . jg tyf jfg:klts ljefhg cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf pi0f ;bfaxf/, ktem/ df};dL, sf]0fwf/L, n]sfnL, / cNkfOg (Tundra Vegetation) u/L g]kfndf kfOg] ;a} k|sf/sf] jgIf]q kfpg ;lsG5 . oL jgIf]q d'Votof sfi7 tyf u}/sfi7 k}bfjf/sf k|d'v >f]t /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]zdf /x]sf] jgIf]qn] e"ldut hn tyf vfg]kfgLsf] d'xfg hf]ufO /fVg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 .

!=@ xfjfkfgLo; k|b]zdf t/fO{sf] ;dy/ e"–efu b]lv *,!^& ld6/sf] pFrfO{df /x]sf] wjnflu/L lxdfn;Dd km}lnPsf] x'Fbf g]kfndf kfOg] ;a} k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL kfOG5 . pFrfO{, jiff{ Pj+ tfkqmdsf cfwf/df oxfFsf] hnjfo'nfO{ pi0f k|b]zLo, Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f, 7G8f ;dzLtf]i0f, n]sfnL / cNkfOg -6'G8«f_ xfjfkfgL u/L % lsl;dn] juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . s_ pi0f k|b]zLo xfjfkfgLM u|Lid Ct'df clt udL{ / hf8f]df clt lr;f] -zLtnx/ rNg]_,

udL{df tfkqmd $) l8u|L eGbf dfly /xg] / jiff{ @)) ;]=ld= sf] xf/fxf/Ldf x'g] ub{5 .

v_ Gofgf] ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgLM o; k|b]zdf cf};t tfkqmd @! l8u|Lsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /xg], dWod vfnsf] hnjfo' /x]sf], jiff{df a9L kfgL kg]{ / lxpFbdf sd kg]{ If]q kb{5 .

u_ 708f ;dzLtf]i0f xfjfkfgLM dxfef/t kj{tsf] dflyNnf] v08 / lxdfnosf] tNnf] If]q, jflif{s cf};t tfkqmd !& l8u|Lsf] xf/fxf/Ldf /xg], hf8f]df ) l8u|L ;Dd emg]{ / cf};t jiff{ !%) ;]=ld= ;Dd x'g] If]q kb{5 .

3_ n]sfnL xfjfkfgLM u|Liddf tfkqmd !# l8u|L ;]lN;o; ;Dd k'Ug] x'Fbf s]xL Gofgf] x'g] t/ lxpFbdf )) l8u|L ;]N;Lo; eGbf sd x'g] x'Fbf clt g} lr;f], jiff{sf] t'ngfdf lxdkft a9L x'g] If]q kb{5 .

ª_ cNkfOg -6'G8«f_ xfjfkfgLM pRr lxdfnL If]qdf kfOg] xfjfkfgL, „'jLo If]qsf] xfjfkfgL;Fu d]n vfg], jif{el/ g} lxpF kl//xg] cToflws lr;f] If]q kb{5 .



!=@=! jiff{sf] ljt/0fu08sL k|b]zdf g]kfns} ;a}eGbf w]/} jiff{ x'g] sf:sL / ;a}eGbf sd jiff{ x'g] d':tfª lhNnf kb{5g\ . k|b]zsf !! lhNnfsf] dg;'gL ljj/0f tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . s_ cf};t jflif{s jiff{M cf};t jflif{s jiff{ d':tf+ª\df @)) b]lv $)) ldlnld6/Ù dgfª\df

$)) b]lv !,))) ldlnld6/Ù uf]/vfdf !,))) b]lv !,%)) ldlnld6/Ù nDh'ª, tgx'F, DofUbL, afun'ª / gjnk'/df !,%)) b]lv @,))) ldlnld6/, / sf:sL, :ofª\hf / kj{tdf @,))) b]lv %,@)) ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'g] ub{5 -lrq g+= !–%_ .

lrq g+= !–%M cf};t jflif{s jiff{sf] ljj/0f (DHM, @)!&)

v_ cf};t jiff{ March – Mid-June: k"j{ dg;'gL dlxgfx¿df cf};t jiff{ d':tf+ª\df #) b]lv %) ldlnld6/Ù uf]/vf, dgfª, DofUbL / afUn'ªdf !)) b]lv @)) ldlnld6/, / ndh'ª, sf:sL, kj{t :ofª\hf, tgx'F / gjnk'/df @)) b]lv $)) x'g] ub{5 -DHM,

@)!&_ . u_ cf};t jiff{ Mid June – Mid-September: dg;'gL dlxgfx¿df cf};t jiff{ d':tf+ª\df



!)) b]lv @)) ldlnld6/Ù dgfª\df @)) b]lv $)) ldlnld6/Ù uf]/vf, dgfª, DofUbL / afUn'ªdf !,#)) b]lv !,%)) ldlnld6/Ù ndh'ª / :ofª\hfdf !,%)) b]lv @,))) ldlnld6/, / sf:sL / kj{tdf @,))) b]lv %,))) ldlnld6/ jiff{ x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ .

3_ cf};t jiff{ Mid September-November: dg;'g k5fl8sf dlxgfx¿df cf};t jiff{ d':tf+ªdf @) b]lv #) ldlnld6/Ù uf]/vf / dgfªdf #) b]lv %) ldlnld6/Ù nDh'ª, tgx'F, :ofª\hf, kj{t, afun'ª DofUbL / gjnk'/df %) b]lv !)) ldlnld6/, / sf:sLdf !)) b]lv @)) ldlnld6/ x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ .

!=@=! tfkqmdsf] ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf sd tfkqmd ePsf lhNnfx?df dgfª\ / d':tfª\ kb{5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf a9L tfkqmd ePsf lhNnfx?df gjnk'/, tgx'F / :ofª\hf kb{5g\ . k|b]zsf !! lhNnfsf] tfkqmd ljj/0f tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .s_ cf};t jflif{s tfkqmdM clwstd cf};t tfkqmd dgfª\df )=! b]lv % l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù

d':tfª\df % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù ndh'ª, sf:sL / afun'ªdf % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù kj{tdf @) b]lv @% l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / :ofª\hf, tgx'F / gjnk'/df @% b]lv #) l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ . o:t} Go"gtd tfkqmd dgfª\ / d':tfª\df –%) b]lv –)) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf )=! b]lv % l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù kj{t / :ofª\hfdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / tgx'F / gjnk'/df !% b]lv @) l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -lrq g+= !–^_ .

v_ cf};t tfkqmd March-Mid-June: k"j{ dg;'gL dlxgfx¿df clwstd cf};t tfkqmd dgfª\ / d':tfª\df % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù ndh'ª / sf:sLdf !% b]lv @) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù afun'ªdf @) b]lv @% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù :ofª\hf / kj{tdf @% b]lv #) l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / tgx'F / gjnk'/df #) b]lv #% l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ . o:t} Go"gtd tfkqmd dgfª\df – !) b]lv – % l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù d':tfª\df – % b]lv ) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf )=! b]lv % l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù ndh'ª, sf:sL / afun'ªdf % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù :ofª\hf / kj{tdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / tgx'F / gjnk'/df !% b]lv @) l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ .



lrq g+= !–^M cf};t tfkqmdsf] ljj/0f -DHM, @)!&_

u_ cf};t tfkqmd Mid June–Mid-September: dg;'gL dlxgfx¿df clwstd cf};t tfkqmd dgfª\df % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù d':tfª\df !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù ndh'ª / sf:sLdf !% b]lv @) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù afun'ªdf @) b]lv @% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù :ofª\hf / kj{tdf @% b]lv #) l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / tgx'F / gjnk'/df @) b]lv @% l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ . o:t} Go"gtd tfkqmd dgfª\ / d':tfª\df )=! b]lv % l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù ndh'ª, sf:sL / afun'ªdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù kj{tdf !% b]lv @) l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / :ofª\hf, tgx'F / gjnk'/df @) b]lv @% l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ .

3_ cf};t tfkqmd Mid September-November: dg;'g k5fl8sf dlxgfx?df clwstd cf};t tfkqmd dgfª\ / d':tfª\df )=! b]lv % l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù ndh'ª, sf:sL / afun'ªdf !% b]lv @) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù kj{tdf @) b]lv @% l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / :ofª\hf, tgx'F / gjnk'/df @) b]lv @%



l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ . o:t} Go"gtd tfkqmd dgfª\ / d':tfª\df –!) b]lv –% l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù DofUbL / uf]/vfdf –% b]lv ) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù ndh'ª\, sf:sL / afun'ªdf % b]lv !) l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù kj{t, :ofª\hf / tgx'Fdf !) b]lv !% l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / gjnk'/df @) b]lv @% l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g] ub{5 -DHM, @)!&_ .

!=# /fhg}lts k|zf;lgs ljefhgg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g]kfnsf] zf;sLo :j?k ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf g]kfnnfO{ &%# :yfgLo tx, & k|b]z / ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ?kdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . of] ljefhg dWo] u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t ;fljs wf}nflu/L c~rnsf $ lhNnf DofUbL, d':tfË, kj{t / afun'ËÙ u08sL c~rnsf ^ lhNNff uf]/vf, ndh'ª, dgfË, :ofËhf, sf:sL / tgx'F, / n'lDagL c~] gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] ab{3f6 ;':tf k"j{sf] e"–efu, gjnk'/, u/L hDdf !! lhNnf /x]sf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t ! dxfgu/kflnsf, @^ gu/kflnsf / %* ufpFkflnsf u/L hDdf *% :yfgLo tx /x]sf 5g\ . To:t} o; k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf nflu !* lgjf{rg If]q / k|b]z ;ef ;b:o lgjf{rgsf nflu #^ lgjf{rg If]q /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]z ;efdf ;dfg'kflts ;lxt s"n ^) ;b:o /xg] ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg 5 -tflnsf g+= !=!, cg';"rL !=!_ .

tflnsf g+= !–!M k|b]zsf] /fhg}lts tyf k|zf;sLo ljefhglhNnf :yfgLo txsf] ;+Vof lgjf{rg If]q

gu/kflnsf÷dxfgu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf k|ltlglw ;ef k|b]z ;efuf]/vf @ -gu/kflnsf_ ( @ $nDh'ª $ -gu/kflnsf_ $ ! @

tgx'F $ -gu/kflnsf_ ^ @ $

:ofªhf % -gu/kflnsf_ ^ @ $

sf:sL ! -dxfgu/kflnsf_ $ # ^

dgfª\ – $ ! @

d':tfª\ – % ! @DofUbL ! -gu/kflnsf_ % ! @kj{t @ -gu/kflnsf_ % ! @

afUn'ª $ -gu/kflnsf_ ^ @ $

gjnk'/ $ -gu/kflnsf_ $ @ $

u08sL @& %* !* #^

>f]tM ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, @)&%



!=$ ;+:s[lt, k/Dk/f / /Lltl/jfho; k|b]zdf a;f]af; ug]{ ;d'bfox?sf] cfˆg} df}lns ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f tyf /Lltl/jfh /x]sf 5g\ . lxdfnL If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ w]/}h;f] ;d'bfon] af}4 tyf af]Gkf] wd{ dfGg] ub{5g\ eg] logLx?sf] k|d'v rf8kj{df Nxf];f/, a'4 k"l0f{df cflb kb{5g\ . kxf8L If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?sf] k|d'v rf8df tLh, hg}k"l0f{df, df3];Í|flGt, r}t] bz}+, cflb kb{5g\ eg] t/fO{ If]qdf dgfOg] rf8kj{df d'Votof 57, /fdgjdL cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o; afx]s bz}+, ltxf/ h:tf rf8kj{ k|fo ;a} If]qdf dgfOg] ub{5g\ .

ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]qdf ljBdfg /x]sf] xfjfkfgL, wd{, hfthfltsf] afx'No h:tf s'/fx?n] To; If]qsf] ;+:s[ltdf k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ljleGg hfthflt / ;Dk|bfo aLr logLx?sf] cfˆgf] pTklQsf] ynf] / d"n klg km/skm/s kfOG5 . d'Votof o; k|b]zdf cfo{ tyf d+uf]nx?s} afx'No /x]sf] 5 . y/ tyf uf]qsf cfwf/df ljleGg ;+:sf/ h:t} hGd, kf:gL, r"8fsd{, ljjfx tyf d[To' ;+:sf/x? k|rngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf ;+:sf/x? k|foM lxGb" wd{ / ;+:sf/af6 lgb]{lzt / k|efljt /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ oL ;+:sf/df hftLo ?kdf ljljwtf eg] /x]sf] 5 . u'?Ë ;d'bfodf kfOg] k'6k'6] ;+:sf/, g]jf/ ;d'bfodf kfOg] OxL k|yf -a]n ljjfx_, afx| tou' ;+:sf/x? cGo ;Dk|bfodf kfO{+b}g . To:t} 5GTofn hfltx?df ntfg]{ ljjfx k|Voft /x]sf] 5 .

lxGb" wd{sf] afx'No ePsf sf/0f o; k|b]zdf d7dlGb/sf] ;+Vof c?sf] t'ngfdf clws kfOG5 eg] wfld{s :ynx? klg o;} wd{;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cnfjf lxdfnL If]qdf af}4 wd{;Fu ;DalGwt af}4 u'Dafx? /x]sf 5g\ eg] zx/L If]qdf ;a} k|sf/sf wd{ dfGg] dflg;sf] a;f]af; ePsf sf/0f d7 dlGb/, u'Daf, dl:hb tyf rr{x? ldl;P/ /x]sf 5g\ .



cWofo @u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s k"jf{wf/ / jg tyf jftfj/0f

@=! k|b]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt@=!=! s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgcfly{s aif{ @)&$÷&% df g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbg #) va{ &@ ca{ $^ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] u08sL k|b]zsf] # va{ !% ca{ &! s/f]8 ^) nfv -s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] !)=% k|ltzt_ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, @)&%_ . g]kfnsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif If]qn] @*=@ k|ltzt, pBf]u If]qn] !$=@ k|ltzt / ;]jf If]qn] %&=^ k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 eg] If]qut lx;fjdf u08sL k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdWo] s[lif If]qdf !!=* k|ltzt, pBf]u If]qdf !)=^ k|ltzt / ;]jf If]qdf (=$ k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, @)&%_ .

@=!=@ k|ltJolQm cfDbfgLu08sL k|b]zdf cf=a= @)&)÷)&! df k|ltJolQm ;/b/ cfo cd]l/sL 8n/ &#$ /x]sf] lyof] -tflnsf g+= @–!_ . cf=a= @)&$÷)&% df a9]/ !,)@! k'u]sf] 5 -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, @)&%_ . laut rf/ aif{df k|ltJolQm cfo ;/b/ aflif{s (=&* k|ltztn] a[l4 ePsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= @–!M cfly{s aif{ @)&)÷)&! df k|ltAolQm ;/b/ cfo

lhNnf k|ltJolQm cfo -cd]l/sL 8n/df_ k|ltJolQm cfo -kLkLkL cd]l/sL 8n/_uf]/vf ^$# !)#(nDh'ª &#$ !!*^tgx'F ^^# !)&@:ofªhf &%@ !@!%sf:sL (^^ !%^!dgfª\ !(%( #!^^d':tfª\ !!*( !(@@DofUbL ^#^ !)@*kj{t ^@& !)!#afUn'ª %#& *^*gjnk'/ &!^ !!%&u08sL &#$ !!*^

>]ftM dfga ljsf; k|lta]bg, @)!$



u08sL k|b]zsf] ;/b/ k|ltJolQm cfo /fli6«o k|ltJolQm cfo cd]l/sL 8n/ !,))$ eGbf yf]/}dfly / k|b]z # sf] !,%)) 8n/ / k|b]z ! sf] !,)@$ 8n/ eGbf sd / k|b]z @ sf] &((, k|b]z % sf] *^*, k|b]z & sf] ^^) / s0ff{nL k|b]zsf] ^&& 8n/ eGbf a9L 5 -g]kfn /fi6« a}Í, @)&%_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df k|ltJolQm cfo cd]l/sL 8n/df / kLkLkL cd]l/sL 8n/df tflnsf g+= @–! df x]g{ ;lsG5 . lhNnfut ?kdf dgfË / d':tfË a9L cfDbfgL ePsf / uf]/vf / DofUbL lhNnf sd cfDbfgL x'g] lhNnf x'g\ -tflnsf g+= @–!_ . dgfË / d':tfË lhNnfdf k|ltAolQm ;/b/ cfo cGo lhNnfdf eGbf a9L eP tfklg lat/0fsf] c;dfgtfn] ubf{ ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt cGo lhNnfsf] t'ngfdf a9L 5 .

k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfufdL kfFr jif{ leq k|ltJolQm cfo cd]l/sL 8n/ @,%)) k'of{pg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . ;f] cg';f/sf] k|ltJolQm cfosf] nIo xfl;n ug{ jflif{s j[l4 b/ @% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 h'g lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

@=!=# /fh:j tyf ljQ Aoa:yf@=!=#=! s/bftf btf{sf] ljj/0f;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ ;+3 k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] cf–cfkmgf] clwsf/ If]qdf ;+ljwfg / sfg"gn] tf]s] cg';f/sf s/ tyf u}/s/ ;+sng ug]{ k4ltsf] ;'?jft ePsf] 5 . @)&% c;f/ d;fGt;Dd ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zdf :yflkt cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no, sf:sL tyf s/bftf ;]jf sfof{no dfkm{t\ :yfoL n]vf gDa/ lnPsf s/bftfsf] s'n ;+Vof aof;L xhf/ gf} ;o afx| tyf d"No clej[l4 s/df btf{ ePsf s/bftfsf] ;+Vof ;ft xhf/ ;ft ;o aofnL; / cGtM z'Ns cg'dlt lnPsf s/bftfsf] ;+Vof tLg xhf/ 5 ;o PsfgAa] /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= @–@M cfly{s aif{ @)&# ÷ @)&$ df s/btfsf] ljj/0f -?= s/f]8df_s/ cfly{s jif{ @)&#.&$ cfly{s jif{ @)&$.&%

cfos/ !(#=$ @^)=$3/axfn s/ !%=* @!=@Jofh s/ !&=) @%=&d"No clea[l4 s/ *%=^ !$#=^cGtM z'Ns ##@=& $*#=%:jf:Yo ;]jf s/ ^=* &=&lzIff ;]jf z'Ns #=% $=%hDdf ^$$=^ ($^=^

>f]tM cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf:sL, @)&$



gf]6M ;+slnt /fh:jdf gjnk/f;L ;':tfk"j{ If]qsf] ;+slnt /fh:j tyf 7"nf s/bftf sfof{nodf l;w} hDdf ePsf] /fh:j jfx]ssf] /sd ;dfj]z 5 .

7"nf s/bftf sfof{nodf l;w} hDdf ePsf] /fh:j jfx]s cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ df cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] ;+sng u/]sf] s'n /fh:j /sd ?= ^ ca{ $$ s/f]8 /x]sf] 5 eg] cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] s'n /fh:j /sd ?= ( ca{ $^ s/f]8 k'u]sf] 5 . -tflnsf g+= @–#_ . k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf /x]sf s/bftfx?sf] ljj/0f k|fKt x'g ;s]g .

u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ sf] ah]6df ;dfj]z u/]sf] ljj/0f cg';f/ 3/hUuf /lhi6«]zg z'Ns ? *) s/f]8, ;jf/L ;fwg s/ ? &% s/f]8, bxQ/ axQ/ s/ ? !* s/f]8, /f]oN6L jfkt\ k|fKt x'g ;Sg] ? @% s/f]8 / cGo /fh:j ? @ s/f]8 u/L hDdf ? @ ca{ ;+sng x'g] cg'dfg u/]sf] 5 .

o; k|b]zdf /x]sf *% j6f :yfgLo txn] ;d]t cf–cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleq /fh:j ;+sng ub{5g\ ;f] sf] PsLs[t ljj/0f k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . cgf}krfl/s ?kdf ;+slnt tYofÍsf] cfwf/df cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% sf] ^& :yfgLo txn] ? $ ca{ !# s/f]8 /fh:j ;+sng u/]sf 5g\ eg] cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ df &( j6f :yfgLo txn] sl/a ? * ca{ /fh:j ;+sng ug]{ cg'dfg u/]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL @=!_ .

@=!=#=@ ;+slnt /fh:jsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f@)^*÷^( b]lv @)&@÷&# sf] /fh:jsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fnfO{ x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L / pNn]Vo /fh:j sf:sLdf p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . To;kl5 qmdzM tgx'F, gjnk'/, afUn'ª, uf]/vf, ndh'ª, :ofª\hf, ka{t, DofUbL, d':tfª\ / dgfª\df p7\g] u/]sf] 5 . lxdfnL lhNnf dgfª\ / d':tfË tyf DofUbLsf] /fh:j ;+sngdf gu0o of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @–#_ .



tflnsf g+= @–#M ;+slnt /fh:jsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f;+slnt /fh:j, ? nfvdf ;+slnt /fh:j, k|ltztdf

lhNnf )^*÷^( )^(÷&) &)÷&! &!÷&@ &@÷&# )^*÷^( )^(÷&) &)÷&! &!÷&@ &@÷&# >]0fL

uf]/vf *% !)@ !@& !^! @)@ @=* @=( @=( @=$ @=# %

nDh'ª &^ () !!^ !#( !^( @=% @=^ @=& @=! !=( ^

tgx'F !#% @!% #)@ #^^ $^! $=$ ^=! &=) %=% %=@ @

:ofªhf (! !)^ !#) !%( !%( #=) #=) #=) @=$ !=* &

sf:sL @@%* @%)! #)#! %)$% ^(*% &#=% &!=# ^(=( &^=! &*=& !

dgfª\ !) !@ !% !! !@ )=# )=# )=$ )=@ )=! !!

d':tfª\ @# @# @^ #$ #& )=& )=& )=^ )=% )=$ !)

DofUbL %) %^ &) *! &! !=^ !=^ !=^ !=@ )=* (

kj{t %* &) *@ ($ (& !=( @=) !=( !=$ !=! *

afUn'ª !#! !^) @)& @#& @^% $=# $=% $=* #=^ #=) $

gjnk'/ !%% !&$ @@^ #)! $!$ %=) %=) %=@ $=% $=& #

u08sL #)&! #%)* $##% ^^@^ **&# !)) !)) !)) !)) !))

>f]t M dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfo{fno j]a;fO6, @)&$

@=!=$ k|b]zsf] ah]6 / ah]6sf ;|f]tx?@=!=$=! rfn' tyf k'FhLut ah]6 cfly{s aif{ @)&%÷&^ df u08sL k|b]zn] rfn' ?= * ca{ !! s/f]8 / k"FhLut ?= !% ca{ ul/ s'n= ?= @$ ca{ @ s/f]8sf] ah]6 k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] . k|b]zsf] s'n ah]6df ?= !$ ca{, g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cg'bfg ?= ^ ca{ %& s/f]8 /fh:j afF8kmfF6af6 / cGtl/s ;|f]taf6 ?=@ ca{ k|fKt u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . dGqfnout cfwf/df k"FhLut ah]6 ljlgof]hg ;a}eGbf a9L ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf ljsf; dGqfnotkm{ ? !) ca{ $( s/f]8 k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 h'g s'n k"FhLut ah]6sf] ^^ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . o;}u/L ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnotkm{ ? ! ca{ $! s/f]8 -* bzdnj (! k|ltzt_, / pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnotkm{ ? ! ca{ #$ s/f]8 -* bzdnj % k|ltzt_ k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 . rfn' tyf k"FhLut ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] ljj/0f -tflnsf g+= @–$_ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= @–$M lj= ;+= @)&%÷)&^ sf] ah]6sf] cfwf/df k|b]z ah]6sf ;|f]tx? -?= xhf/df_

dGqfno tyf lgsfo s'n ah]6s'n ah]6 k|ltzt

rfn'rfn'

k|ltztk"+hLut

k"+hLut k|ltzt

k|b]z ;ef ;lrjfno !$@%^! )=%( !)#^^! !=@* #*()) )=@$

d'Vo GofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no @@*#^ )=!) !@*() )=!^ (($^ )=)^

d'VodGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifb\sf] sfof{no

@###!$ )=(& !$(&^$ !=*^ *#%%) )=%#

cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno

!$@%(& )=%( !)@%!$ !=@& $))*# )=@%

cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfno

#@())) !=#& !%(@%) !=(& !^(&%) !=)&

pBf]u ko{6g jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

@@)!%*^ (=!* *%##*( !)=%& !#$*!(& *=$*

e"ld Joj:yf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno

@@(@%!* (=%^ @)%)#!% @%=$! @$@@)# !=%@

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno

!)**&@!) $%=$) #*(!@@ $=*@ !)$(*)** ^%=((

;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno #!*!$() !#=@& !&^#%&$ @!=*% !$!&(!^ *=(!

cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno cy{ ljljw

##$$(@@ !#=(% !@*%&@@ !%=(# @)%(@)) !@=($

cGt/;/sf/L x:tfGt/0f !@))))) %=)) !@))))) !$=*& ) )=))

k|b]z ;l~rt sf]ifdfly Jooef/

$%#!$ $%#!$

s'n ah]6 @$)@##))

>f]t M cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno, @)&% u08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f

@=!=$=@ cfGtl/s /fh:jo; cfly{s jif{df s/ tyf u}/s/ /fh:jaf6 ? @ ca{ /fh:j ;+sng x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . h;dWo] 3/hUuf nufotsf /lhi6«]zg z'Nsaf6 ? *) s/f]8, ;jf/L ;fwg s/ ? &% s/f]8, k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt x'g] /f]oN6L ? @% s/f]8, bxQ/ axQ/ -9'Fuf, lu§L, afn'jf_ df s/ ? !* s/f]8 dgf]/~hg s/, s[lif cfodf s/ / lj1fkg s/ ko{6g z'Nsdf u/L hDdf sl/a ? @ s/f]8 ;+sng x'g] cg'dfg 5 .



@=!=$=# /fh:j afF8kmfF8 / cg'bfgcfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ sf nflu ;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 /fh:j afF8kmfF6af6 ? ^ ca{ %& s/f]8, ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg jfkt\ ? ^ ca{ && s/f]8 / ;zt{ cg'bfgjfkt\ ? ^ ca{ %) s/f]8 k|fKt x'g] cg'dfg 5 . ;fy}, ljz]if cg'bfg jfkt\ ? #% s/f]8 / ;dk"/s cg'bfgjfkt\ ? &! s/f]8, cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

k|b]z ;/sf/af6 o; cfly{s jif{df :yfgLo txx?nfO{ /fh:j jfF8kmfF6 jfkt\ ? #) s/f]8 tyf ;dfgLs/0f cg'bfg jfkt\ Ps ca{, ljz]if / ;dk"/s cg'bfgjfkt\ ? @) s/f]8 5'§\ofOPsf] 5 .

@=!=$=$ cfGtl/s C0fcGt/ ;/sf/L ljQ Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf @$ df /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]usf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;Ldfleq /xL k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s C0f lng ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfof]un] cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ sf nflu k|b]z ;/sf/sf] /fh:j afF8kmfF6 / cfGtl/s /fh:jsf] !) k|ltztdf ga9\g] u/L cfGtl/s C0f lng ;Sg] ;Ldf tf]s]sf] / ;f]xL ;Ldfdf /xL o; cfly{s jif{df ? *) s/f]8 cfGtl/s C0f k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5 .

@=!=$=% jfXo ;xof]ug]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] :jLs[ltdf dfq k|b]z ;/sf/n] j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . cfly{s jif{ @)&$.&% sf] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ah]6 k"0f{t ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] cg'bfgdf cfwfl/t 5f]6f] cjlwsf] nflu tof/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf j}b}lzs ;xof]u kl/rfng ul/Pg . cfly{s jif{ @)&%÷&^ sf] ah]6 th{'dfsf] qmddf ;d]t j}b]lzs ;xfotf kl/rfngsf nflu bft[ lgsfo;Fu 5nkmn tyf k/fdz{ ug{ / ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] cg'dlt lng] k|lqmof k"/f ug{ kof{Kt ;do cefj /x]sfn] j}b]lzs tyf cg'bfg k|:tfj ul/Psf] 5}g .

lghL If]qn] pBf]u wGbfsf] la:tf/sf] nflu ljb]zdf /xg] u}x| cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf u|}x g]kfnL gful/sjf6 pBf]u ljefu tyf /fi6«a}ssf] :jLs[ltdf ;fgf] :t/df C0f lnO{ cfly{s lqmofsnfkx? ;+~rfng u/]sf 5g\ tyflk o;sf] PsLg tYof+s pknAw 5}g .

@=!=$=^ :yfgLo txsf] ah]6o; k|b]zleq *% j6f :yfgLo txx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;a} :yfgLo txsf] ah]6 tyf /fh:j



;+sngsf] cj:yf ljZn]if0f ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;"rgfsf] cefj /x]sf] / Jofjxfl/s ?kn] ;d]t sl7gfO{ x'g] b]lvbf :yfgLo txaf6 k|fKt ck|zf]lwt / ck|sflzt tYofÍsf] cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] ah]6 tyf /fh:j ;+sngsf] l:ylt emNsg] laj/0f tflnsf cg';"rL @=! df ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

cfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% df ^* j6f :yfgLo txsf] s'n ah]6 sl/a ? !* ca{ %) s/f]8 / o; cfly{s jif{ -@)&%÷&^_ df *@ j6f :yfgLo txsf] sl/a ? #^ ca{ && s/f]8 /xg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .

@=!=% a}+s tyf ljQLo If]qg]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf cg';f/ k|b]zdf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf %&* zfvfx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= @–%_ . of] k|b]z ;du|df a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvf ;+Vofsf] lx;fjn] bf];|f] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df sf:sLdf ;a}eGbf a9L !() / dgfªdf ;a}eGbf sd * a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:ysf zfvfx? /x]sf 5g\ . sf/f]af/sf] lx;fadf ljZn]if0f ubf{ sf:sL lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] sf/f]jf/ s]lG›t /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= @–%M a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf s ju{ v ju{ u ju{ 3 ju{ hDdf s'n shf{ afFsL, ?

!) nfvdflgIf]k, ? !)

nfvdfuf]/vf !% & ) !( $! %**@ ^#&)nDh'ª !# !@ ) !( $$ &&#& %!%)tgx'F @* @& ) #! *^ !%*!@ !#)#%:ofªhf !( !( ! #@ &! !)#!% !)))#!sf:sL &@ *) !) @* !() !))%*$ (*)%@dgfª\ $ ! ) # *d':tfª\ % # ) $ !@ %&& @)&*DofUbL ( ( ! % @$ $^%! #!^^kj{t * !@ ! !& #* %%$! $%!#afUn'ª !( !! ) & #& &!$& ^$@%gjnk'/ !! ( ) & @&u08sL @)# !() !# !&@ %&* !%*@$^ @#**@)

>f]t M g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 k|sflzt k|ltj]bg, @)&#, kf}if



;+rfngdf /x]sf ;a} a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx¿sf] lx;fadf sl/a ## k|ltzt / s'n shf{ nufgLsf] lx;fan] sl/a ^$ k|ltzt tyf lgIf]k ;+sngsf] lx;fan] sl/a ^^ k|ltzt sf/f]af/ sf:sL lhNnfdf s]lG›t /x]sf] b]lvG5 . jfl0fHo a}+s tyf ljsf; a}+ssf zfvfx? sf:sL / tgxF'df ;a}eGbf w]/} 5g\ eg] dgfª\df Ps dfq ljsf; a}+ssf] zfvf /x]sf] 5 . u ju{sf a}+s tyf ljQ ;+:yfx? eg] sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kj{t / DofUbL lhNnfdf dfq /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L n3'ljQ ;]jf k|bfos ;+:yfsf zfvfx? ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hf / tgx'Fdf qmdzM #@ / #! j6f /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\ / d':tfª\df qmdzM # / $ j6f dfq /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfn /fi6« a}+saf6 Ohfht kq k|fKt ;a} ju{sf a}+s tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf] s'n shf{ tyf lgIf]k ljj/0fdf ljj/0f -tflnsf g+= @–%_ df /flvPsf] 5 . o;df gjnk'/ / dgfª\ lhNnfsf] tYofÍ k|fKt gePsfn] ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

@=!=^ k"FhL ahf/ / aLdf sDkgLhf]lvd lj?4 ckgfOg] ;fdflhs Pj+ cfly{s ;'/Iff /0fgLltsf] k|efjsf/L cf}hf/sf] ?kdf aLdf If]q lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o;n] artsf] a[l4 u/L nufgL a9fpg] / /f]huf/L l;h{gf ub}{ cy{tGqdf of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf sfo{/t ;a} !& hLjg aLdf / lghL{jg aLdf sDkgLx¿n] o; k|b]zdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ . ljz]if u/L o; k|b]zsf d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]G›x¿ kf]v/f, afun'ª, jflnª, :ofª\hf, bdf}nL, a];L;x/, a]gL nufotsf :yfgx?af6 sf/f]af/ ul//x]sf aLdf sDkgLx¿n] ut cfly{s jif{df sl/a *% s/f]8 a/fa/sf] lk|ldod jfkt\ aLdf /sd ;+sng u/]sf lyP . o;/L ;+rfngdf /x]sf d'Vo aLdf / lghL{jg aLdf sDkgLx?df nfOkm OG:of]/]g; skf]{/]zg, g]kfn nfOkm P+8 hg/n OG:of]/]G; sDkgL / g]zgn nfOkm OG:of]/]g; sDkgL cflb /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL cy{tGqdf kl5Nnf] sfnv08df km:6fpFb} cfPsf] k"FhLahf/sf] pkl:ylt o; k|b]zdf ;fdfGo cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ljz]ifu/L o; k|b]zsf] d'Vo Jofkfl/s s]G› kf]v/fdf g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{sf] cg'dltk|fKt ;ftj6f a|f]s/ sDkgLx?n] zfvf lj:tf/ u/L ljleGg sDkgLx?sf] ;]o/ v/LblaqmLsf] lgoldt sf/f]af/ ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . kf]v/fdf &, afun'ªdf ! / ndh'ªsf] a];Lzx/df ! u/L s'n ( sDkgLn] ;]o/ v/LblaqmLsf] sf/f]af/ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ .

@=!=& ;xsf/L / k"FhL lgdf{0f;xsf/L ljefuaf6 k|fKt tYof+scg';f/ o; k|b]zdf s'n #,%@( ;xsf/L ;+:yfx? ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/Lx¿sf] ;+Vofsf lx;fjn] klxnf] k|b]z # /x]sf] 5 eg] To;kl5 bf];|f] :yfgdf u08sL k|b]z kb{5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df sf:sLdf ;a}eGbf w]/} ;xsf/Lx? /x]sf



5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]zsf ;a} ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?df u/L & nfv $( xhf/ &@@ z]o/ ;b:ox? /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?af6 ^ ca{ $ s/f]8 z]o/ k"FhL hDdf ePsf] 5 eg] #$ ca{ $) s/f]8 art tyf lgIf]k ;+sng u/L #( ca{ *$ s/f]8 C0f nufgL ePsf] cj:yf 5 -tflnsf g+= @=^_ .

tflnsf g+= @–^M ;xsf/Lsf] lhNnfut ljj/0flhNnf ;xsf/L ;+Vof z]o/ ;b:o ;+Vof ;]o/ k"FhL, ? xhf/df lgIf]k, ? xhf/df shf{, ? xhf/df

uf]/vf $#$ $#$$( !)(%&@ #**(($ %@%!$&

nDh'ª #!^ (&))% @%%$($ !)@$$$( !@!$&@)

tgx'F #() @!@## &@$%@* #@)(^$@ #%*&^&)

:ofªhf #^( !)%^&# *&##%& #^&*&#( #*$)^#)

sf:sL ^#) @!^($) !&$###& !&@*&!#$ !(@$)#%)

dgfª\ !( *@( @^^% %*@( ^@(!

d':tfª\ #* !%%) $%^(@ !)@% $**#

DofUbL @!) $@(@) $&#&$( @!#&#*( @#%)&&(

kj{t ##$ @%@^! @&$*)^ #^*&%) $^$&@!

afUn'ª $&# ^($#% !@(@!^@ @^@)@!* $)%^*^*

gjnk'/ @#& !@%$@& ^)*%@* #^&*!)) $%$*#(@

u08sL #$%)

-!) k|ltzt_ &$(&@@

-!!=( k|ltzt_^$)#*()

-*=* k|ltzt_#$$))@^(

-!!=$ k|ltzt_#(*$)$%!

-!$=^ k|ltzt_

g]kfn #$%!@ ^#)%%*! &#!&*&!% #)@!^$%!# @&#&!)$#(

>f]t M s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, ;xsf/L ljefu, @)&#÷)&$ cfiff9

@=!=* ljk|]if0fg]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf ljk|]if0fsf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L u|fdL0f O{nfsfx?df /x]sf] ul/aL sd ug{sf nflu ljk|]if0fn] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . k|yd ljZjo'4tfsf ef/tLo la|l6z ;]gfdf g]kfnL o'jfx¿sf] k|j]z eP;Fu} g]kfndf ljk|]if0f cfpg ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . of] qmd lj=;+= @))$ b]lv g]kfnL o'jfx? ef/tLo ;]gfdf etL{ x'g / dhb'/Lsf nflu ef/t hfg yfn] ;+u} a9\b} uof] . @)$& df k|hftGq pbo;+u} g]kfnLsf nflu dn]l;of tyf cGo vf8L d'n'sx?df sfd ug{ hfg] cj;/x? cfof], h;n] tLj| dfqdf ljk|]if0f a9fof] . xfn ef/t, dn]lzof, vf8L /fi6«x¿, blIf0f sf]l/of, Oh/fon / hfkfg, o'/f]k]nL b]z, ci6«]lnof / ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, clk|msf nufotsf b]zx?df /x]sf g]kfnL ;d'bfoaf6 7"nf] dfqdf



ljk|]if0fdf of]ubfg e}/x]sf] 5 . tyflk ljk|]if0fdf ;a}eGbf w]/} of]ubfg ug]{ d'Vo rf/ b]zx?df stf/, ;fpbL c/a, ef/t / ;+o'Qm c/a kb{5g\ . ljZj a}+såf/f k|sflzt tYofÍsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] s'n /fli6«o cfodf ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg lj= ;= @)%( eGbf cufl8 !) k|ltzt eGbf tn /x]sf] lyof] eg] To;kl5 tLj| dfqfdf ljk|]if0f j[l4 eof]] / xfn sl/a Ps ltxfO{sf] xf/fxf/Llt/ /x]sf] 5 -lrq g+ @–@_ .

lrq g+= @–!M g]kfnsf] s'n /fli6«o cfodf ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg -k|ltztdf_

xfn lak|]if0f kl/df0fsf] k|b]ztxdf v08Ls[t ;"rgf pknAw 5}g tyflk Nepal Living

Standards Survey (NLSS), @)!! sf] cfwf/df s]xL cg'dfg eg] nufpg ;lsG5 -lrq g+=@–@_ . k|b]zut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L ljk|]if0f k|b]z # df leqg] u/]sf] 5 eg] To;kl5 qmdzM ;'b'/ klZrd k|b]z, u08sL k|b]z, k|b]z %, k|b]z @, k|b]z ! / s0ff{nL k|b]zdf leqg] u/]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!)÷!! df g]kfn lelqPsf] s'n ljk|]if0f # va{ !) ca{ #! s/f]8 dWo] !@= ^ k|ltzt k|b]z ! df, !#=! k|ltzt k|b]z @ df, @@= % k|ltzt k|b]z # df, !%= % k|ltzt u08sL k|b]zdf, !$=$ k|ltzt k|b]z % df, !=& k|ltzt s0ff{nL k|b]zdf / @)=& k|ltzt ;'b"/ klZrd k|b]zdfdf lelqPsf] lyof] . ;g\ @)!^÷!& df g]kfndf ^ va{ (% ca{ $% s/f]8 ljk|]if0f lelqPsf] cg'dfg 5 . ;g\ @)!^÷!& sf] s'n ljk|]if0fnfO{ ;g\ @)!)÷!! sf] k|b]zut cg'kftsf] cfwf/df u0fgf ubf{ u08sL k|b]zdf dfq ! va{ & ca{ ^# s/f]8 ljk|]if0f lelqPsf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . of] /sd k|b]zsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] #$



k|ltzt a/fa/ xf] . ljutdf ljk|]if0fn] ul/aL 36fpg 7"nf] of]ubfg u/]klg ut s]xL jif{x?df ljb]zaf6 cfpg] /sd cg'Tkfbs If]q h:t} 3/ hUufdf a9L vr{ x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] kxndf ljb]zaf6 cfpg] /sdnfO{ j}1flgs ljQLo Aoj:yfkg ub}{ 7"n7"nf cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0fdf nufpg ;s] cy{tGqdf yk ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 .

lrq g+= @–@M ljk|]if0fsf] k|b]zut ljj/0f

@=!=( cfly{s ul/aLg]kfndf @)%@÷)%# df klxnf] k6s hLjg dfkg ;e]{If0f u/L ul/aLsf] b/ u0fgf ul/Psf]] lyof] / To;a]nfsf] ul/aL b/ $!=&^ k|ltzt lyof] . To;sf] cf7 jif{kl5 @)^!÷)^@ df bf];|f] ;e]{If0f eof] / To;a]nf ul/aLsf] b/ #)=*% k|ltzt lyof] . t];|f] ;e]{If0f @)^^÷)^& df ePsf] lyof] / ul/aLsf] b/ @%=!^ k|ltzt lyof] . t]x|f} of]hgfsf] cGt, @)&!÷)&@, df of] 36]/ @!=^ k|ltztdf em/\of] . ljZj a}+s / s]Gb|Lo TfYof+Í ljefun] @)^* df t];|f] ;e]{If0f @)^^÷)^& sf] TfYof+ÍnfO{ yk ljZn]if0f ub}{ g]kfndf ul/aLsf] n3'If]q cg'dfg u/] . o; cg'dfgdf jflif{s ?kdf vfgfsf] nflu ?= !!,(@( / cGo k|of]hgsf] nflu ?= &,##@ u/L ?= !(,@^! jflif{s cfDbfgL gug]{ JolQmnfO{ u/La kl/eflift u/\of] . of] kl/efiff cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zdf @)^* df ul/Psf] ul/aLsf] n3'If]q cg'dfg / ljZn]if0f cg';f/ !$=(! k|ltzt hgtf cfly{s ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= @=&_ . lhNnfut



cfwf/df d':tfË lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L cyf{t\ $) k|ltzt hgtf cfly{s ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ . d':tfËkl5 dgfËdf klg cfly{s ul/aL] ePsf] hg;+Vof pNn]Vo dfqfdf 5 . oL b'a} lhNNffdf k|ltJolQm cfo cGo lhNnfdf eGbf a9L ePtf klg lat/0fdf c;dfgtf ePsf] x'Fbf cfly{s ul/aLsf] dfqf a9L b]lvG5 . kxf8L lhNNff afUn'Ë, DofUbL / uf]/vf a9L ul/aL ePsf lhNnfx? x'g\ eg] sf:sL lhNnf ;a}eGbf sd ul/aL ePsf] lhNnf xf] .

tflnsf g+= @–&M cfly{s ul/aLsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf hg;+Vof @)^* ul/a hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt ul/aL >]0fL

uf]/vf @&!)^!=) %%@(^=) @)=$ %ndh'ª !^&&@$=) @*!&*=) !^=* &tgx'F #@#@**=) $&*$&=) !$=* *:ofª\hf @*(!$*=) #$!!(=) !!=* !)sf:sL $(@)(*=) !(^*$=) $=) !!dgfª\ ^%#*=) @$!#=) #^=( @d':tfª\ !#$%@=) %#*!=) $)=) !DofUbL !!#^$!=) #@%)!=) @*=^ #kj{t !$^%()=) !*^!&=) !@=& (afUfn'ª @^*^!#=) ^!%!@=) @@=( $gjnk'/ #!!^)$=) %@*$&=) !&=) ^u08sL @$)#&%&=) #%*#(%=) !$=(

>f]t M g]kfndf ul/aLsf] n3'If]q cg'dfg, s]Gb|Lo TfYof+Í laefu, @)&)

@=!=!) dfgj ljsf;@=!=!)=! dfgj ljsf; ;'rsfª\scfly{s ul/aLsf] dfkgn] dfq ul/aLsf] k"0f{ lrq k|:t't ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ljxËd b[li6n] ljZn]if0f ug{ dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s ljZn]if0f ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s hlGdbfsf] cfo' ;+efJotf, !% aif{ dflysf] ;fIf/tf, @% jif{ a9L pd]/ ePsfsf] cf};t ljBfno cWoog jif{ / k|ltJolQm cfonfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ dfkg ul/G5 . dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s g]kfnsf] )=$( 5 eg] u08sL k|b]zsf] )=%!@ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @–*_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf sd dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s ePsf # lhNnf qmdzM afUn'ª, uf]/vf / DofUbL /x]sf] 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf a9L dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+s ePsf # lhNnf qmdzM sf:sL, dgfª\ / :ofª\hf /x]sf 5g\ .



tflnsf g+= @–*M dfgj ljsf; ;"rsf+ssf] lhNnfut ljj/0f -;g\ @)!!_

lhNnf

hlGdbfsf] cfo'

;+efJotf-jif{_

!% aif{ dflysf] ;fIf/tf-k|ltzt_

@% jif{ a9L pd]/ ePsfsf] cf};t

ljBfno cWoog jif{

k|ltJolQmcfo

dfgj ljsf;;"rsf+s

ul/aL >]0fL

uf]/vf &!=& %*=@ #=% !)#(=) )=$*! !)

ndh'ª )=%)& ^

tgx'F )=%)^ &

:ofªhf ^(=& &)=$ $=& !@!%=) )=%@& #

sf:sL &)=% &*=^ %=* !%^!=) )=%&^ !

dgfª\ ^%=) &)=* $=* #!^^=) )=%^* @

d':tfª\ ^%=) ^!=$ #=( !(@@=) )=%)* %

DofUbL &)=! ^%=@ #=* !)@*=) )=$() (

kj{t &)=^ ^&=^ $=^ !)!#=) )=%!) $

afUn'ª ^*=* ^%=% #=( *^*=) )=$&* !!

gjnk'/ ^&=* ^#=* $=) !!%&=) )=$(# *

u08sL ^*=* ^^=* )=%!@

>]ft M dfga lasf; k|lta]bg, @)!$Ù HofldtLo cf};tsf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

@=!=!)=@ dfgj ul/aL ;'rsfª\scfly{s ul/aLsf] dfkgn] dfq ul/aLsf] k"0f{ lrq k|:t't ug{ g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ljxËd b[li6n] ljZn]if0f ug{ dfgjLo ul/aL ljZn]if0f ul/b} cfPsf] 5 . dfgjLo ul/aLsf tLgj6f kIf h:t} nfdf] / :Jff:Yo cfo', pbfx/0fsf] nflu $) aif{eGbf sd af+Rg] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt, 1fg, h:t} lg/If/tf / hLjg ofkgsf] :t/, h:t} kf+r aif{d'lgsf s'kf]if0f ePsf aRrfx?sf] k|ltzt / cfly{s jl~rtLs/0fdf k/]sf] hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ dfkg ul/G5 . dfgjLo ul/aL g]kfnsf] #!=! k|ltzt 5 eg] u08sL k|b]zsf] @&=) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @–(_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L dfgjLo ul/aL ePsf # lhNnf qmdzM uf]/vf, d':tfª\ / tgx'F /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dfgjLo ul/aL ePsf # lhNnf qmdzM sf:sL, ka{t / :ofªhf /x]sf 5g\ .



tflnsf g+= @–(M dfgj ul/aL ;"rsf+ssf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf

$) jif{eGbf sd af+Rg] hg;+Vof-k|ltzt_

!% aif{ dflysf]

lg/If/tf-k|ltzt_

;'/lIft vfg]kfgL pknAw gePsf]

hg;+Vof-k|ltzt_

kf+rjif{ d'lgsf s'kf]if0f ePsf

aRRffx?-k|ltzt_

cflY{fs al~rlts/0fdf k/]sf] hg;+Vof

-k|ltzt_

dfgaLo ul/aL ;'rf°

dfgaLo ul/aL >]0fL

uf]/vf ^=^ $!=* #&=@ #!=# #$=@ ##=^ !nDh'ª %=& #^=$ !!=& #@=@ @!=( @&=) &tgx'F &=# #!=& @$=* $&=# #^=) @(=& #:ofªhf ^=( @(=^ !&=@ #(=! @*=@ @%=# (sf:sL $=^ @!=$ &=^ @@=( !%=@ !^=% !!dgfª\ !@=) @(=@ @=$ %$=& @*=^ @%=% *d':tfª\ !@=) #*=& *=# %$=& #!=% #!=@ @DofUbL &=# #$=* !@=^ $&=% #)=) @*=% $kj{t ^=! #@=$ !&=% @^=@ @!=* @$=^ !)afUn'ª *=% #$=% !!=! $@=( @&=) @&=# ^gjnk'/ *=! #^=# !#=! #*=( @^=) @*=) %u08sL &=& ##=# !$=( #(=* @&=# @&=)g]kfn &=% $)=$ !&=! $)=% @*=* #!=!

>]ft M dfga lasf; k|lta]bg, @)!$

@=!=!)=# ax'cfoflds ul/aLul/aL laZn]if0fnfO{ e/kbf]{ agfpg ax'cfoflds ;"rsx? h:t} :jf:Yo, lzIff / hLjg:t/ h:tf tLgj6f d'Vo / bzj6f ;xfos ;"rs k|of]u u/]/ ul/aLsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|s[of cS;kmf]8{ laZj ljBfnon] ;'? u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnn] klg oxL lalwsf] k|of]u u/]/ @)&$ df ax'cfoflds ul/aLsf] dfkg u/]sf] lyof] . o;df :jf:Yo cGtu{tsf b'O{ pk;"rs h:t} pd]/ cg';f/ tf}n sd ePsf kf+r aif{ d'lgsf aRrfx?sf] k|ltzt / kf+r aif{d'lgsf] jfn d[To'b/ . lzIff cGtu{t klg b'O{ pk;"rs h:t} bzaif{ dflysf kf+r sIff kf; gug]{ o'jfsf] k|ltzt / cf7sIff kf; ug]{ pd]/;Dd ljBfno ghfg] o'jfx?sf] k|ltzt . hLjg:t/ cGtu{t 5 j6f pk;"rs h:t} u'O+7f, bfp/f / laqm]6n] vfgf ksfpg] 3/ kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt, cGo 3/;+u zf}rfno ;fem]bf/L ug]{ 3/ kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt, #) ldg]6sf] ofqfdf -hfg] cfpg] b'a} u/]/_ vfg]kfgL k|fKt ug{ g;Sg] 3/kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt, ljB't\ ;'lawf gk'u]sf 3/kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt, uf]a/ tyf df6]fn] e'O{ lnk]sf tyf v/ tyf k/fnsf] 5fgf ePsf 3/ kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt / ljB't\ ;'lawf gk'u]sf 3/kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt cflb 5g\ . dfly pNn]lvt ;"rsx?sf]



cfwf/df dfkg ul/Psf] ax'cfoflds ul/aL -AolQm u0fgf_ cg';f/ g]kfndf @*=^ k|ltzt hgtf u/La 5g\ . ax'cfoflds ul/aL k|ltzt k|b]z ! sf] !(=&, k|b]z @ sf] $&=(, k|b]z # sf] !@=@, u08sL k|b]zsf] !$=@, k|b]z % sf] @(=(, s0f{fnL k|b]zsf] %!=@ / k|b]z & sf] ##=^ /x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf ax'cfoflds ul/aL k|b]z tLg eGbf a9L / cGo k|b]zeGbf sd /x]sf] 5 .

@=!=!)=$ lbuf] ljsf; nIo ! sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lbuf] lasf; nIo ! n] x/]s If]qdf /x]sf] ;a} :j¿kx¿sf] ul/aLsf] cGTo ug]{ Wo]o lnPsf] 5 . of] nIosf] nflu M -s_ @)*& ;Dddf h'g;'s} :yfgdf /x]sf ;a} hgtfsf] ljifd ul/aL pGd"ng ug]{, -v_ /fli6«o kl/efiffx¿ adf]lhd ul/aLdf afFlr/x]sf ;a} pd]/sf k'?ifx¿, dlxnfx¿ / afnaflnsfx¿sf] cg'kft sDtLdf cfwf 36fpg], -u_ pko'St ;fdflhs ;'/Iff k|0ffnLx¿ / pkfox¿ ;a}sf nflu sfof{Gjog ug]{, -3_ cfly{s ;|f]t;fwgx¿, k|fs[lts ;|f]t;fwgx¿ / k|ljlwdf ;dfg clwsf/ sfod ug]{ / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df logLx¿sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, / -ª_ ul/a / c;'/lIft cj:yfx¿df /x]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs / jftfj/0fLo gsf/fTds wSsfx¿ / ljkb\x¿ Pjd\ hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu ;DalGwt 7"nf 36gfx¿ ;xg;Sg] t'Nofpg ;dfg's"ng (Resilience) lgdf{0f ug]{ kl/df0ffTds nIo to ePsf 5g\ .

lg/k]If ul/aLsf] cj:yfsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o y|];xf]N8 -k|ltlbg !=@% cd]l/sL 8n/_ nfO{ cfwf/dfGbf g]kfnn] ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf 7"nf] k|ult xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/Psf] ul/aL ;g\ @))$ sf] #! k|ltztaf6 ;g\ @)!% df @!=^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 . o:t}, k|ltlbg !=( cd]l/sL 8n/sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ul/aL #^ k|ltzt /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfª\sn] @*=^ k|ltzt g]kfnLx¿ ax'cfoflds b[li6sf]0fn] ul/a /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . o;n] g]kfnn] cfk\mgf] ;/sf/L ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfª\s ;g\ @))^ / @)!$ sf] aLrdf cfwf -)=#!# af6 )=!@& df_ 36fPsf] :ki6 kfb{5 .

g]kfnn] lg/k]If ul/aLnfO{ kfFr k|ltzteGbf sd ug{ / ;g\ @)!% df &^^ cd]l/sL 8n/ /x]sf] k|ltJolSt cfonfO{ lj ; @)*& df @,%)) cd]l/sL 8n/ k'¥ofpg k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, /fli6«o ¿kd} kl/eflift ul/Psf] lg/k]If ul/aL @)*& df kfFr k|ltzteGbf sd x'g]5 . ax'cfoflds ul/aL ;"rsfª\snfO{ @)*& df & k|ltzteGbf sd u/fpg] nIo



/flvPsf] 5 . ul/aLnfO{ xfnsf] cfosf] j[l4eGbf a9Ln] 36fpg cfosf] b[li6sf]0fn] tn /x]sf] @) k|ltzt kl/jf/x¿sf] lx:;f @)&@ sf] &=^ k|ltztaf6 @)*& df !@ k|ltztdf j[l4 ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L, ;fdflhs ;+/If0f vr{ @)*& df s'n ;ª\3Lo ah]6sf] !% k|ltzt k'Ug] cg'dfg 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo ! sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDgcg';f/ 5 .

tflnsf g+= @–!)M lbuf] ljsf; nIo ! sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt

;"rsx¿g]kfn cfwf/ jif{ @)!%

u08sL k|b]z cfwf/ jif{

/fli6«o nIo @)#)

lnª\u / pd]/cg';f/ /fli6«o ul/aL /]vfd'lg /x]sf hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft!

@!=^ !$=(! $=(

/fli6«o ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf ;a} pd]/sf dlxnfx¿ -k|ltzt_!

@)=(& !%=%& %

ax'cfoflds ul/aL -AoflQm u0fgf_ Headcount -k|ltzt_@

@*=^ !$=@ ^=$*

sfd ul//x]sf t/ k|ltlbg !=( cd]l/sL 8n/ gsdfpg] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt #

!^=%$ !!=*( $=(

k|ltlbg !=( 8n/ -kLkLkL d"Nodf_ gsdfpg] hg;+Vofsf] k|ltzt #

!$=(( !!=!) *

k|ltJolQm s'n /fli6«o cfo -cd]l/sL 8n/_ ;g @)!* df+_$ !))$ !)@! @%))

/fli6«o ul/aL /]vfd'lgsf dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf # #^ @)=*^ %

#) ldg6sf] k}bnofqfdf ahf/sf] s]Gb|;DDf kx'Fr ePsf kl/jf/x¿ -s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltzt_ #

$% @)=^@ ()

ljkb\sf 36gfx¿af6 d[To' -;ª\Vof_ % @#&@ !*# !))

x/fO/x]sf / ljkb\sf] sf/0f k|efljt ePsf JolQmx¿ -;ª\Vof, k|lt ! nfv hg;ª\Vofdf_ %

)=)@#$ )=))@ )=)))!

lakbn] k|tIo ?kdf u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf ePsf] gf]S;fgL -k|ltztdf_#

!=)( )=)( )=%

s'n vktdf tNnf] @) k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] vktsf] c+z -k|ltzt_

&=)# ^=() !@

>f]tM !s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu @)^* n3' If]q ul/aL k|If]k0f, @/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&$, #ljZj a}+s / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&%, $ /fi6« a}+s, @)&%, %u[x dGqfno, @)&@÷)&#



@=!=!! >d zlQm / /f]huf/Lk|b]zdf !% aif{ b]lv %( aif{sf] sfd ug]{ ;lqmo pd]/ ;d"xdf !#,^&,&#* hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 To; dWo] !),&#,*%* -&*=% k|ltzt_ cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @–!!_ . >ldssf] jflif{s pTkfbsTj ;a}eGbf a9L ePsf k|d'v tLg lhNnfx?df dgfª\, d':tfª\ / sf:sL /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd pTkfbsTj ePsf lhNnfx?df afun'ª, kj{t / uf]/vf kb{5g\ .

tflnsf g+= @–!!M >d zlQm / /f]huf/Lsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf hg;+Vofcfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo !% jif{ b]lv %( jif{sf] hg;+Vof

cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo >ldssf] jflif{s pTkfbsTj ?= df

pTkfbsTj >]0fL

uf]/vf @&!)^!=) !#@!*^ *^#(!=) (

ndh'ª !^&&@$=) &&&&! !)#^!)=) ^

tgx'F #@#@**=) !#@@^# !)%*!&=* %

:ofªhf @*(!$*=) !#!)!! !)*@#$=) $

sf:sL $(@)(*=) !&@^#* !*)($#=$ @

dgfª ^%#*=) #^#% @#@$%#=% !

d':tfª !#$%@=) &&*$ !#%%@(=! #

DofUbL !!#^$!=) %$!$^ *&@)$=^ *

kj{t !$^%()=) &)&)$ *$(@$=) !)

afUn'ª @^*^!#=) !!)^&( *$()#=# !!

gjnk'/ #!!^)$=) !*!)$! (&&#!=% &

u08sL @$)#&%&=) !)&#*%* !!***%=&

>f]t M g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg, ;g @)!$

@=!=!@ lbuf] ljsf; nIo * sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltnIo * n] ;a}+sf nflu, ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] cfly{s j[l4, k"0f{ tyf pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L / dof{lbt sfdnfO{ k|j4{g ug{ Wofg lbPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIo * sf lgwf{{l/t kl/df0ffTds nIox?dfM -s_ k|ltJolSt pRr cfly{s j[l4nfO{ sfod /fVg] / s'n u|fx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] j[l4nfO{ sDtLdf k|ltjif{ & k|ltzt sfod /fVg], -v_ k|ljlwsf] ljljwLs/0f, :t/f]Gglt / gjk|jt{gsf] dfWodaf6 dflyNnf] :t/sf] cfly{s pTkfbsTj xfl;n ug]{, -u_ ;a} dlxnf / k'?ifx¿nfO{ k"0f{ Pjd\ pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L / dof{lbt sfd pknAw u/fpg,]



-3_ >f]tx¿sf] bIftf÷k|efjsfl/tfdf ;'wf/ ug]{, -ª_ lgs[i6 :j¿ksf] afn>dsf] cGTo ug,]{ / -r_ ljQLo ;]jfx¿df ;a}sf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug]{ nufotsf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ljut b'O{ bzsdf s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] cf};t j[l4 b/ Go"g /x\of] / u08sL k|b]zdf klg b]zs} xf/fxf/Ldf /x\of] . o:tf] j[l4 Hofbfh;f] df};ddf e/ kg]{ / s[lifdf cf+lzs ¿kdf lge{/ /x]sf] 5 . 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] s'n pTkfbgdf d]6]l/on OG6]gl;l6 pRr -^^ k|ltzt_ ePsfn] pBdLx?nfO k|ltkmn Go"g /x\of] . u08sL k|b]zdf !% b]lv %( jif{ pd]/sf hg;ª\Vof dWo] #) k|ltzt hgtf cw{a]/f]huf/ 5g\ . o'jf cw{a]/f]huf/ b/ -!%—@$ jif{_ pRr /x]sf] 5 . ;Lldt ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / >d ahf/df Psftkm{ cgf}krfl/s If]qsf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{ o:fdf n}ª\lus cfwf/df Hofnfdf e]befjx¿ af+sL 5g\ . afn>d cem} k"/} ¿kdf pGd"ng ePsf] 5}g, / o;/L afn>d ug]{x¿dWo] s]xLn] xflgsf/s 7fpF÷cj:yfx¿df sfd ub{5g\ .

of] nIo cGtu{t g]kfnn] lj=;= @)*& ;Ddsf jif{x?df & k|ltztsf] k|ltJolSt s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbg j[l4 b/ xfl;n ug]{, 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] s'n pTkfbgsf] d]6]l/on OG6]gl;l6nfO{ ^) k|ltztdf emfg]{, cw{ a]/f]huf/L b/nfO{ !) k|ltzteGbf sd ug]{, / lgs[i6 afn>dsf] cGTo ug]{h:tf nIox¿ 5g\ . ko{6g If]qdf /f]huf/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof !) u'gfn] j[l4 ug]{, s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf ko{6g If]qsf] of]ubfg rf/ u'gfn] j[l4 ug]{, k|lt Ps nfv jo:sx¿sf] nflu jfl0fHo a}Fsx¿sf] zfvfx¿sf] ;ª\Vof xfnsf] eGbf bf]Aa/ a9fpg], #) ldg]6sf] k}bnofqf leq ;xsf/L ;+:yf h:tf ;fd'bflos ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df kx'Fr x'g] kl/jf/x¿sf] k|ltzt *) k'¥ofpg] nufotsf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ klg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zn] lbuf] ljsf; nIo * sf ;"rsx?sf] dfgs tof/Lsf] qmddf 5 / /fli6«o nIonfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ tof/ ul//x]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo * sf ;"rsx?sf] cfwf/ jif{ l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ 5 .



tflnsf g+= @–!@M lbuf] ljsf; nIo * sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt

;"rsx¿g]kfn cfwf/ jif{ @)&@


@)&%

/fli6«o nIo @)*&

k|lt AolQm ufx{:Yo pTkfbg a[l4 b/ -u08sL k|b]zsf] k|:tflat_ @=# !) &

u}/s[lif /f]huf/Ldf cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/L -Kf|ltzt_! #*=#@ $!=!@ !)

;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr -3/af6 #) ldg]6 leqsf] k}bnofqfdf ;xsf/Ldf kx'Fr ePsf kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt_@

%#=%^ ^)=$* *)

a}sdf vftf x'g] jo:sx? -k|ltzt_@ $)=! $)=* ()

aLdfn] ;d]6]sf] hg;+Vof -Kf|ltzt_@ *=@$ %=$@ @%

cw{a]/f]huf/L Kf|ltzt -!% jif{b]lv %( jif{ pd]/sf_@ @&=* #)=)! !)

o'jf cw{a]/f]huf/L Kf|ltzt -!% jif{b]lv @$ aif{_ @ @(=*( @*=*^ !)

!% b]lv @$ jif{sf] lzIffdf kx'Fr gePsf] hg;+Vof -k|ltzt_ @ $&=@ $!=( !)

!% b]lv @$ jif{sf] /f]huf/df gePsf] hg;+Vof -k|ltzt_ @ ^)=$* ^)=)%

afn>ddf nfu]sf] hg;+Vof -! b]lv !& jif{ pd]/sf]_ @ %&*^@@ $*$*$ )

>f]t M !cy{ dGqfno , @)&#, @ljZj a}+s / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&%

@=!=!# ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿ • k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfGtl/s /fh:j

lbuf] / k|efjsf/L ?kdf kl/rfng ug]{, /fh:j kl/rfng ug]{ cfˆg} ;+/rgf agL g;s]sf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo tx;Fusf] ;xsfo{df /fh:j ;+sng ug]{, ah]6 tyf sfo{qmdnfO{ tLg} txsf] ;/sf/sfaLrdf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf bf]xf]/f]kgf cfpg glbO{ ;doa4 s'zn ldtJooL ;dfj]zL ?kdf ljt/0f Pj+ sfof{Gjog ug]{, ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] ;dGjodf j}b]lzs ;xfotfnfO{ k|b]zsf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf If]qdf kl/rfng / pkof]u ug]{, k|b]zsf] ef}uf]lns ;fF:s[lts k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ pw{\jufdL / lIflthLo cfly{s ;fdflhs k|fljlws / jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng / ljsf; ug]{, j}lsË ljQLo If]q / k"FhLahf/sf] ;dGoflos lj:tf/ / ljsf; u/L ljQLo If]qdf ;a} gful/sx?nfO{ ;/n tyf ;xh kx'Fr pknAw u/fpg], cfGtl/s C0f kl/rfngsf nflu ;+:yfut, sfg"gL tyf ljQLo pks/0fsf] k|aGw ldnfpg] ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ .

• bIf o'jf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; tyf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ j[l4 ug]{, u'0f:t/Lo



k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu ;|f]t Joj:yfkg, dfgj ;+;fwgsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{, tLg txsf ;/sf/sf aLrdf ah]6 tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo ug]{, b]zleqsf ;LdfGts[t ;d"x / ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ;dGoflos ljsf; ub}{ ul/aL pGd"ng ug]{ h:tf r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .

• u08sL k|b]zdf ljut jif{x?df /x]sf] Go"g cfly{s a[l4 b/ k"FhL lgdf{0fdf r'gf}tLx? /x]sf 5g\ . Go"g cfly{s a[l4 b/n] k|b]zdf nufgL ug{ rflxg] k"FhL k|ofKt dfqfdf x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• ljQLo If]qsf] sdhf]/ nufgL Ifdtf u08sL k|b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df csf]{ ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf nufgLsf] jftfj/0f cg's"n x'b} uPsf] ;Gbe{df ljQLo ;+:yf;Fu t/ntf cefjn] 7"nf lgdf{0f If]qsf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ C0f k|jfx ug]{ Ifdtf ljQLo ;+:yfx?;Fu sdhf]/ /x]sfn] lghL If]qn] cfjZos nufgL h'6fpg ;s]sf] 5}g .

• k|b]zdf /fh:j kl/rfngsf >f]t / bfo/f ;Lldt /x]sfn] k|b]zn] cfly{s ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos k"FhL kl/rfng ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• k|b]zsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf s[lif / ;]jf If]qsf] of]ubfg pNn]Vo /x]tf klg pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg sdhf]/ /x]sf] / k|b]zsf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f geO{ ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ sl7g x'g] x'gfn] k|b]zsf] ;d[l4sf] nflu k|b]znfO{ cf}Bf]lus lbzftkm{ n}hfg' cfjZos 5 . k"FhL, k|ljlw / l;ko'Qm hgzlQmsf] cefjn] k|b]zsf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0f r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• k|b]zsf] cfoftd'vL cy{tGqnfO{ rnfodfg /fVg] ljk|]if0fsf] clwsf+z c+z pkef]udf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] / 3/kl/jf/df cGo j}slNks cfo ;Lldt /x]sfn] ljk|]if0fsf] d"n c+z art u/L k|b]zsf] pTkfbg If]qdf nufgL ug'{ cfjZos 5 t/ 3/ kl/jf/sf] art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; u/L ljk|]if0fsf] d"n c+z pTkfbgtkm{ n}hfg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f k|b]z cy{tGqsf] 7"nf] r'gf}tL xf,] k|b]zdf lgof{tof]Uo j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg u/L lgof{t a9fpg / cfoft k|lt:yfkg ug]{ pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf u/L Jofkf/ 3f6fnfO{ ;Gt'ng ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• k|b]zdf cfly{s ul/aL b/ /fli6«o b/ ;/b/ eGbf tn /x] tfklg k|b]zsf] k"jL{ tyf pQ/L If]qdf cfly{s ul/aL pRr /x]sfn] b'u{d a:tLx?df ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu 7"nf] nufgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5



/ k|b]z;Fu k|ofKt ;|f]tsf] cefj /x]sf]n] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf] nflu rflxg] ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• u08sL k|b]zn] ljut jif{x?df b]zsf cGo k|b]zeGbf sd dfqfdf j}b]lzs nufgL k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ;'wf/f]Gd'v ;fdflhs ;"rsn] ubf{ ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf tyf b]zaf6 k|b]z ?kfGt/0fsf] nflu ljb]zL ;xof]u pNn]Vo dfqfdf cfslif{t ePsf] 5}g .

• k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgL klg o; k|b]zdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf ePsf] 5}g . k|b]z nuLgd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf] nflu lqmofzLn xF'b} uPsf] 5 tfklg k|ToIf ljb]zL nufgLnfO{ cfjZos dfqfdf kl/rfng ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .

• >ldssf] pTkfbsTj sd / cf}krfl/seGbf cgf}krfl/s /f]huf/df lge{/ hg;+Vof pNn]vgLo /x]sfn] pTkfbg / /f]huf/ j[l4 ub}{ n}hfg' kg]{ 5, h'g r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• k|b]zdf /x]sf] k|fs[lts >f]t ;fwgsf] klxrfg tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkg / >lds tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf j[l4 ub}{ pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• b]zleqsf ;LdfGts[t ;d"x / ef}uf]lns If]qsf] ;dGoflos ljsf; ub}{ ul/aL pGd'ng ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• k|b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;sf nfuL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] kxndf ;+3 / :yfgLo tx;+u ;dGjo ub}{ sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg ;Sg] cfof]hgfx¿sf] klxrfg ub}{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

@=!=!$ cj;/x¿ • /fhgLlts :yfloTj x'g', k|b]z ;/sf/sf] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug]{

k|lta4tf, k|b]zsf u|}x g]kfnL gful/sx?sf] xf]6]n Jofj;fodf nufgL ug]{ OR5f x'g' cflb cj;/x? x'g\ .

• Go'gtd cfwf/e"t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ h:t} ;8s, vfg]kfgL, ljdfg:yn, lzIff / :jf:Yodf u08sL k|b]zsf] cj:yf ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] xF'bf cGo If]q h:t} ko{6g, s[lif tyf phf{df yk nufgL leq\ofpFb} cy{tGqnfO{ yk dha'b agfpg] cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .

• u08sL k|b]z hnljB't\, ;f}o{ tyf jfo' phf{sf] >f]tsf] lx;fan] wgL k|b]z ePsf] xF'bf phf{sf] ljsf;, vkt / lgof{tsf] j}1flgs df]8n ljsf; /



sfof{Gjog ub}{ k|b]zsf] /fh:j tyf cfodf pNn]vgLo j[l4 Nofpg] ;'j0f{ cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .

• ljb]zaf6 cfpg] /sd cg'Tkfbs If]qdf a9L nufgL eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df k|b]z ;/sf/sf] kxndf j}1flgs ljQLo Aoj:yfkgsf] 9fFrf ljsf; u/L 7"n7"nf cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0fdf nufpg ;s] cy{tGqdf yk ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg] cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .

@=@ ljt/0f / pkef]udf c;dfgtfcy{tGqdf cfosf] ljt/0fsf] k|j[lt klg x]g]{ ul/G5 . cfosf] ;dfgtf dfkg ug{ O6flnog j}1flgs sf]/{bf] lhgLåf/f k|ltkflbt lhgL sf]lkml;oG6 ljZjAofkL ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . lhgL sf]lkml;oG6 ) eg]sf] ;a}n] a/fa/ sdfpg] eGg] a'lemG5 eg] ! eGgfn] Ps JolQmn] ;a} sdfpg] eGg] xf] . lj= ;+= @)&@ df g]kfnsf] lhgL sf]lkml;oG6 )=## / u08sL k|b]zsf] /fli6«o cf};t eGbf a9L, )=#&, lyof] . o; lx;fan] u08sL k|b]zdf /fli6«o cf};t c;dfgtf eGbf a9L c;dfgtf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . lhgL sf]lkml;oG6sf] k|of]u w]/} e} /x]klg dflyNnf] !) k|ltzt / tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] cfo tyf pkef]usf] ;+j]bgzLntf lrq0f ug{ g;Sg] x'gfn] kfNdf cg'kftsf] k|ltkfbg ePsf] xf] . kfNdf cg'kftn] dflyNnf] !) k|ltzt wgL / tNnf] $) k|ltzt ul/a hg;+Vofsf] cfosf] cg'kft lrq0f ub{5 . kfNdf cg'kft lj=;= @)&@ df g]kfnsf] !=@( / u08sL k|b]zsf] /fli6«o cf};t eGbf a9L, !=$!, lyof] . o;n] cfodf dflyNnf] !) k|ltzt wgL hg;+Vofsf] g} babaf /x]sf] lrq0f ub{5 .

@=@=! lbuf] lasf; nIo !) sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lbuf] ljsf; nIo !) n] b]zleq / b]zx?aLr /x]sf] c;dfgtfnfO{ x6fpgdf a9L Wofg lbPsf] 5 . of] nIo xfl;n ug{ lgDg kl/df0ffTds nIo lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ M -s_ cfosf] b[li6sf]0fn] tnsf] txdf /x]sf $) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] cfosf] j[l4 /fli6«o cf};teGbf a9Ln] cu|ufdL ¿kdf xfl;n ug,]{ -v_ ;a} hgtfsf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s / /fhgLlts ;dfj]lztfnfO{ ;zSt agfpg] / k|j4{g ug,]{ -Uf_ ;dfg cj;/sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ / k|ltkmn÷c;/sf c;dfgtfx¿nfO{ 36fpg], / -3_ gLltx¿, ljz]if u/]/, ljQLo, Hofnf / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff gLltx¿ cª\uLsf/ ug]{ . o;}u/L, of] nIon] ljQLo ahf/x¿ / ;+:yfx¿sf] lgod / cg'udgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ / o:tf lgodx¿sf] sfof{GjognfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg], ljZjJofkL cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s / ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ljsf;zLn b]zx¿sf] ;'b[9 k|ltlglwTj / cfjfh ;'lglZrt ug]{, / dflg;x¿sf] Jojl:yt, ;'/lIft,



lgoldt / lhDd]jf/k"0f{ a;fOF;/fO / cfjfudgnfO{ ;xh t'Nofpg] kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ klg lnPsf] 5 .

lhgL sf]lkml;oG6 (Gini coefficient) af6 dfkg ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] pkef]udf c;dfgtf ljqmd ;Dat\ @)&@ df )=#@ / u08sL k|b]zsf] cfodf c;dfgtf )=#$ lyof] . s'n pkef]udf tnsf $) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;f !*=%! k|ltzt dfq 5 . o;}u/L, s'n cfodf tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx::ff sl/a &=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . o:tf] ;ª\qmd0f cj:yfdf kfNdf cg'kft (Palma ratio) -tnsf] $) k|ltztsf] cfosf] lx::ffnfO{ dflyNnf] !) k|ltztsf] cfosf] lx:;fsf] cfwf/df dfkg ul/g] o:tf] cg'kft_ ljqmd ;Dat\ @)^&÷@)&@ sf] aLrdf !=$! lyof] . c;dfgtfsf cGo ;"rsx¿df lzIffdf kx'Fr / ljBfnosf] lzIff k"/f ug]{, :jf:Yo tyf kf]if0f, >dahf/sf ;t{x¿ / Hofnf b/x¿, / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffh:tf ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . of] nIosf nflu k|:tfljt ljz]if kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df pkef]u c;dfgtf -;"rsfª\s_ cfosf] c;dfgtfnfO{ 36fpg] / kfNdf cg'kftnfO{ oxL cjlwdf ;'wf/ u/]/ ! df emfg]{ nufotsf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ /flvPsf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo !) sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDgcg';f/ 5 .

tflnsf g+= @–!#M lbuf] ljsf; nIo !) sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt

;"rsx¿g]kfn

cfwf/ jif{ @)&@


@)&%

/fli6«o nIo @)*&

pkef]u–vktdf c;dfgtf -lugL sf]lkml;oG6åf/f dfkg ul/Psf]_! )=#@ )=#$ )=!^

s'n pkef]udf tNnf] @) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;f -k|ltzt_! &=#^ &=(! @#=)

s'n pkef]udf tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;f -k|ltzt_! !*=(! !*=+%! @#=$

s'n cfodf tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofsf] lx:;f -k|ltzt_! %=#$ &=* !*

PALMA cg'kft ! !=@( !=$! !

n3'ljQåf/f ;d]l6Psf v]tL ug]{ kl/jf/x¿sf] -k|ltzt_! @)=*% @!=$^ $)

>f]t M !ljZj a}+s / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&%



@=# s[lif, ;xsf/L, kz'k+5L, e"ld;'wf/, jg / jftfj/0f@=#=! s[lifs'g} klg b]zsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu s[lif Ps dxTjk"0f{ If]q xf] . s[lif If]qn] s[lif pBf]usf nflu rflxg] sRrf kbfy{, s[lif pBf]udf cfwfl/t /f]huf/L / vfB ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ of]ubfg ug{ ;S5 . g]kfndf cem} klg &) k|ltzt eGbf a9L 3/kl/jf/ s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ eg] ̂ % k|ltzteGbf a9L /f]huf/L s[lif If]q;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] 5 . @)^! b]lv @)&$ ;Ddsf] ah]6sf] k|j[lt x]bf{ cf};tdf g]kfnsf] s'n ah]6sf] @=( k|ltzt /sd s[lif If]qnfO{ 5'§\ofOPsf] b]lvG5 . s[lif If]qn] g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf], lj= ;= @)@!–@)#! df cf};t ̂ &=% k|ltzt, lj= ;= @)#!–@)$! df cf};t ̂ @=& k|ltzt, lj= ;= @)$!–@)%! df cf};t $* k|ltzt, lj= ;= @)%!–@)^! df cf};t #(=^ k|ltzt / lj= ;= @)^!–@)&! df @* k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . lj=;= @)&$–@)&% ;Dd cfOk'Ubf s[lif If]qn] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf cf};t @*=@ k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 -s]G›Lo tYofÍ laefu, @)&%_ .

lj=;= @)^* sf] tYof+s cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zdf s'n $,!&,%@# s[ifs kl/jf/ -&@=$ k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'n !,*^$,!(^ hg;+Vof -&&=^ k|ltzt_ s[lif k]zf ub{5g\ . s[lifdf cfwfl/t s'n 3/kl/jf/ dWo *^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgLsf] d'Vo >f]t s[lif /x]sf] 5 eg] afFsL !$ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/sf] s[lifafx]s cGo d'Vo >f]t /x]sf] 5 . s[lif k]zfdf ;+nUg /x]/ s[lif cfDbfgLn] hLljsf u'hfg{ k'Ug] kl/jf/ hDdf #@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] afFsL ^* k|ltzt kl/jf/nfO{ s[lif cfDbfgL ck'u x'G5 -s]G›Lo tYofÍ, @)^* af6 ljZn]lift_ .

k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu lgjf{xd'vL] s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ Jofj;flos Pj+ k|lt:kwf{Tds k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f u/L lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf] dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs–cfly{s :t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg] b[li6sf]0fsf ;fy cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;sf nflu pknAw k|fs[lts >f]t, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;b'kof]u, ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ub}{ s[lif pTkfbg Pj+ pTkfbsTj a9fpg], Jofj;flos tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds s[lif k|0ffnLsf cfwf/x?sf] ljsf; u/L If]qLo / ljZj ahf/;Fu k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] s[lifsf] la:t[t cj:yfaf/] tnsf v08x?df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .



@=#=!=! s[lif jfnLx?sf] If]qkmn, pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj vfBfGg afnLu08sL k|b]zsf d'Vo vfBfGg afnLx¿df wfg, ds}, sf]bf], ux'F, kmfk/, hf} / pjf kb{5g\ . cf= j= @)&#÷)&$ df wfgsf] s'n pTkfbg $^%=@# xhf/ d]=6=, ds}sf] $$@=!) xhf/ d]=6=, sf]bf]sf] (&=(% xhf/ d]=6=, ux'Fsf] *^=%* xhf/ d]=6, kmfk/sf] @=$* xhf/ d]=6=, hf}sf] @=%% xhf/ d]=6= / pjfsf] !=@^ xhf/ d]=6 lyof] -cg';"rL @=@_ . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbg wfg gjnk'/df, ds} :ofªhfdf, ux'F+, sf]bf] / hf} afUn'ªdf, kmfk/ / pjf d':tf+ªdf ePsf] lyof] . k|lt x]S6/ cf};t pTkfbsTj wfgsf] #=$ d]=6=, ds}sf] @=& d]=6=, sf]bf]sf] !=! d]=6=, ux'Fsf] @=@ d]=6, kmfk/sf] !=@ d]=6, hf}sf] !=# d]=6 / pjfsf] !=$ d]=6= /x]sf] lyof] . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbsTj wfgsf] gjnk'/df, ds}sf] afUn'ªdf, sf]bf]sf] DofUbLdf, ux'F+sf] kj{tdf, kmfk/sf] dgfªdf, hf} / pjfsf] d':tf+ªdf /x]sf] lyof] . ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL @=@ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

;du|df, vfBfGgsf] pTkfbsTj cToGt} Go"g /x]sf] b]lvG5, h;sf sf/0f nfut / vr{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ vfBfGg pTkfbg k]zfdf d'gfkmf Go"g /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @–!$_ .

tflnsf g+= @–!$M s[lifsf] nfe nfut ljZn]if0f

km;nnfut k|lt x]S6/

g]= ?=k|ltkmn k|lt x]S6/

g]= ?=gfkmfg]= ?=

wfg cf= j= @)&@÷)&# &!!#@ *)&@# (%(!

ds} cf= j= @)&@÷)&# ^)#)^* ^&&%# $^*%

ux'+ cf= j= @)&@÷)&# ^#)^* *)(#* !&*&)

;a} km;nsf] ;/b/ cf= j= @)&@÷)&# ^)))) *)))) @))))

cf= j= @)$^.$& sf] ;/b/ ())) !)))) !)))

>f]t M s[lif ljefu, @)&#, g]kfndf s[lif jfnLsf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .

bnxg afnLu08sL k|b]zsf d'Vo bnxg afnLx¿df d';'/f], rgf, df;, e6df;, af]8L, l;dL / s]/fp kb{5g\ . @)&#÷)&$ df s'n pTkfbg d';'/f]sf] $&*^=! d]=6=, rgfsf] !*!=& d]=6=, df;sf] %)@!=$ d]=6=, e6df;sf] #$@@=! d]=6=, af]8Lsf] !$*$=@ d]=6=, l;dLsf] @@($=& d]=6= /



s]/fpmsf] *$#=## d]=6= lyof] -cg';"rL @=#_ . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbg d';'/f] gjnk'/df, rgf / l;dL uf]/vfdf, df;, af]8L / s]/fp tgx'Fdf, e6df; DofUbLdf ePsf] lyof] . k|lt x]S6/ cf};t pTkfbsTj d';'/f]sf]] !=! d]=6=, rgfsf] )=( d]=6=, df;sf] )=& d]=6=, e6df;sf] !=) d]=6=, af]8Lsf] !=@ d]=6=, l;dLsf] !=! d]=6= / s]/fpmsf] !=)% d]=6= /x]sf] lyof] . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbsTj d';'/f]sf] ndh'ªdf, rgfsf] kj{tdf, df;sf] :ofª\hfdf, af]8L, e6df;, l;dL / s]/fpsf] afUn'ªdf /x]sf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwL ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL @=# df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

d;nfhGo afnLu08sL k|b]zsf d'Vo d;nfhGo afnLx¿df cb'jf, cn}+rL, n;'g, a];f/, v';f{gL, wlgof / Kofh kb{5g\ . @)&$ df s'n pTkfbg cb'jfsf] #@,#&^=^ d]=6=, cn}+rLsf] !%(=^ d]=6=, n;'gsf] #,^)(=( d]=6=, a];f/sf] %,^@^=( d]=6=, v';f{gLsf] !,&*%=% d]=6=, wlgofsf] @*$=^ d]=6= / Kofhsf] &,#@&=! d]=6= lyof] -cg';"rL @=$_ . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbg cb'jf gjnk'/df, cn}+rL ndh'ªdf, n;'g / Kofh tgx'Fdf, a];f/, v';f{gL / wlgof sf:sLdf ePsf] lyof] . k|lt x]S6/ cf};t pTkfbsTj cb'jfsf] !)=# d]=6=, cn}+rLsf] )=# d]=6=, n;'gsf] %=( d]=6=, a];f/sf] &=@ d]=6=, v';f{gLsf] $=$ d]=6=, wlgofsf] @=$ d]=6= / Kofhsf] !)=! d]=6= lyof] . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbsTj cb'jfsf]] afUn'ªdf, cn}+rLsf] kj{tdf, n;'gsf]] kj{t / afUn'ªdf, a];f/sf] sf:sLdf, v';f{gLsf]] gjnk'/df, wlgofsf] dgfªdf, / Kofhsf] :ofª\hfdf /x]sf] lyof] . o; ;DaGwL ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL @=$ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

t/sf/L afnLu08sL k|b]zsf d'Vo lxpFb] t/sf/L afnLx?df sfpnL, aGbf, d'nf, uf]ne]8f, /fof] / rD;'/ nufot kb{5g\ eg] jif]{ t/sf/L afnLx?df l;dL, af]8L, s/]nf, km;L{, l3/f}nf, nf}sf / uf]ne]8f nufot kb{5g\ . cf=a= @)&#÷)&$ df s'n pTkfbg lxpFb] t/sf/Lsf] !,)!,$^!=% d]=6=, jif]{ t/sf/Lsf] *%,&(*=& d]=6= / a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] #%,)&!=( d]=6= lyof] -cg';"rL @=%_ . ;a}eGbf w]/} lxpb] t/sf/L sf:sLdf, jif]{ t/sf/L ndh'ªdf, / a]df};dL t/sf/L afUn'ªdf pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . k|lt x]S6/ cf};t pTkfbsTj lxpFb] t/sf/Lsf] !@=) d]=6=, jif]{ t/sf/Lsf] !!=* d]=6=, / a]df};dL t/sf/Lsf] !!=) d]=6= lyof] . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbsTj ;a} vfnsf] t/sf/L -lxpFb], jif]{ / a]df};dL_ sf]]] afUn'ªdf /x]sf] lyof] . lxpFb], jif]{ / a]df};dL t/sf/LnfO{ hf]8\bf hDdf t/sf/L ;a}eGbf a9L afUn'ªdf pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] / cf};t pTkfbsTj klg afun'ªdf g} a9L b]lvG5 .



u08sL k|b]zsf cGo d'Vo gub] t/sf/Lx?df cfn' / Rofp kb{5g\ . cf=a= @)&#÷)&$ df s'n pTkfbg cfn'sf] !,*$,#))=% d]=6= / Rofpsf] !*)=% d]=6= lyof] . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbg cfn' afUn'ªdf / Rofp sf:sLdf ePsf] lyof] . k|lt x]S6/ cf};t pTkfbsTj cfn'sf] !!=* d]=6= / Rofpsf] )=))!* d]=6= lyof] . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbsTj cfn'sf]]] kj{tdf / Rofpsf] tgx'Fdf /x]sf] lyof] . t/sf/L afnL ;DaGwL laleGg lhNnfx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL @=% df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

kmnkm"n afnLu08sL k|b]zdf pAhgL x'g] d'Vo lxpFb] -ktem8_ kmnkm"nx?df ;'Gtnf, :ofp, gf;kftL, cf]v/, cf?, cf?av8f, nK;L / cgf/ tyf aif]{ -;bfaxf/ _ kmnkm"nx?df cfFk, lnrL, cDaf, s]/f, d]jf, s6x/ / e'OFs6x/ kb{5g\ . cg';"rL @=^ df k|b]zdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf pTkfbg x'g] ;'Gtnf tyf ;'Gtnfhft, :ofp, s]/f, cfFksf] If]qkmn tyf pTkfbg 5'§} b]vfOPsf] 5 eg] cGo kmnkm"nnfO{ Psd'i6 ?kdf cGodf /flvPsf] 5 .

cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df ;'Gtnfsf]] s"n pTkfbg $*,!#^=) d]=6=, ;'Gtnf hft kmnkm"nx?sf]] $&, ()&=^ d]=6=, :ofp ̂ ,)*$ d]=6=, s]/fsf] !,*(,$^=!@ d]=6=, cfFksf]] ̂ ,(#% d]=6= /x]sf] lyof] -cg';"rL @=^_ . ;'Gtnf hft / ;'Gtnf :ofª\hfdf, s]/f / cfFk gjnk'/df, / :ofp d':tfª\df ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . k|lt x]S6/ cf};t pTkfbsTj ;'Gtnf hft kmnkm"nx?sf]] &=** d]=6=, ;'Gtnfsf]] (=@# d]=6=, s]/fsf]] !$=!& d]=6=, cfFksf]] &=&* d]=6= / :ofpsf]] !!=$! d]=6= /x]sf] lyof] . ;a}eGbf w]/} pTkfbsTj ;'Gtnf / s]/fsf] afUn'ªdf, ;'Gtnf hft kmnkm"nx?sf] uf]/vfdf, :ofpsf]] d':tfª\df, cfFksf] sf:sLdf /x]sf] lyof] . kmnkm"n afnL ;DaGwL ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] ljj/0f cg';"rL @=^ df x]g{ ;lsG5 . dx / df5fcf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df u08sL k|b]zdf dxsf] s'n pTkfbg @#% d]=6= tyf df5fsf] (*(=* d]=6= /x]sf] lyof] . ;a}eGbf a9L pTkfbg dx gjnk'/df / df5f sf:sLdf ePsf] lyof] . ;/b/ pTkfbsTj dxsf] -k|lt 3f/_ )=))% d]=6= tyf df5fsf] -k|lt x]S6/_ )=%%& d]=6= /x]sf] lyof] -tflnsf g+= @–!%_ . ;a} eGbf a9L pTkfbsTj dxsf] gjnk'/df tyf df5fsf] afUn'ªdf /x]sf] lyof] . dx tyf df5f ;DaGwL ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @–!% df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



tflnsf g+= @–!%M dx tyf df5fsf] If]qkmn -dxsf] 3f/df / df5fsf] x]S6/df_, pTkfbg -d]l6«s 6g_ / pTkfbsTj -d]l6«s 6g k|lt3f/ / x]S6/_ sf] lhNnfut ljt/0f

lhNnf 3f/ pTkfbg pTkfbsTj If]qkmn pTkfbg pTkfbsTj

dx df5f

uf]/vf %&) @=( )=)! ^ @)=@ #=#&

ndh'ª %()) #@=% )=)! !^ @@=! !=$)

tgx'F $*!( !&=% )=)) #& $*=) !=#)

:ofª\hf %^)) @&=) )=)! !# !&=) !=#!

sf:sL (&%% @*=# )=)) !%^% %!!=) )=##

dgfª\ !#* )=^ )=)) ) )=) )=))

d':tfª\ ) )=) )=)) @ @=) !=##

DofUbL $(#% @#=! )=)! ^ @=* )=$&

kj{t #&)) ##=) )=)! ^ ^=) !=))

afUfn'ª %&!) #@=) )=)! ^ @)=# #=#*

gjnk'/ @))) #*=@ )=)@ !@) #$)=% @=*$

u08sL $#!@& @#%=! )=)! !&&^ (*(=* )=%^

>f]t M e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, @)&%

@=#=!=@ pTkfbg / pkef]usf] ;Gt'ngdfly pNn]lvt vfBfGgsf] tYof+s sRrf pTkfbgsf] xf], t;y{ pkef]Uo pTkfbg tflnsf g+= @–!^ df pNn]v u/] cg';f/ u0fgf u/L tflnsf g+= @–!& df ;+If]kdf /flvPsf] 5 . cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df s'n pkef]Uo pTkfbg vfBfGgsf] %,&$,)*) d]=6=, bnxgsf] !*,$%! d]=6=, t]nxgsf] ^,&^$ d]=6=, t/sf/Lsf] @,)),)(( d]=6= / cfn'sf] !,@%,$&! d]=6= lyof] -tflnsf g+= @–!&_ . pkef]Uo vfBfGg ;a}eGbf w]/} :ofª\hfdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\dfÙ bnxg ;a}eGbf w]/} gjnk'/df / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfªdfÙ t]nxg ;a}eGbf w]/} gjnk'/df / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\dfÙ t/sf/L ;a}eGbf w]/} ndh'ªdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\dfÙ cfn' ;a}eGbf w]/} afun'ªdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] .



tflnsf g+= @–!^M sRrf pTkfbgaf6 pkef]Uo pTkfbg lgsfNg] ;"q

afnLe08f/0f

gf]S;fgL k|ltzt

aLpsf] nflu cfjZos s]hL k|lt

x]=

kz'k+IfL cfxf/f k|ltzt

cGo k|of]u / Iflt k|ltzt

k|zf]wg gf]S;fgL k|ltzt

wfg !) %% @ # #%

ds} !) @) $) !) #

ux'F !) !)) @ !) $

sf]bf] !) @) @ @% &

hf}, pjf, kmfk/ !) !@) %) #) ^%

bnxg % $%

t]nxg % !)

t/sf/L !) )

cfn' !% @)))


k|b]zdf k|ltJolQm pkef]Uo vfBfGg cfjZostf eGbf ## s]=hL= a9L b]lvG5 . t/ pTkflbt vfBfGg ;DalGwt lhNnfdf dfq vkt ul/Psf] cj:yfdf sf:sLdf s]xL dfqfdf / dgfª\ / d':tfª\df pNn]vgLo dfqfdf ck'u b]lvG5 eg] cGo lhNnfdf cfjZostfeGbf s]xL a9L b]lvG5 . k|ltJolQm pkef]Uo bnxg / t]nxg cfjZostfeGbf qmdzM @^ s] lh / * s] lh ck'u b]lvG5 / ;DalGwt lhNnfdf dfq vkt ul/Psf] cj:yfdf klg ;a} lhNnfdf ck'u b]lvG5 . k|ltJolQm pkef]Uo t/sf/L cfjZostf eGbf @* s]=lh= ck'u b]lvG5 . t/ ;DalGwt lhNnfdf dfq vkt ul/Psf] cj:yfdf ndh'ª / d':tfª\df cfjZostfeGbf qmdzM &&÷*^ s]=lh= a9L b]lvG5 eg] cGo lhNnfdf ck'u b]lvG5 . k|ltJolQm pkef]Uo cfn' cfjZostfeGbf @! s]= lh= a9L b]lvG5Ù t/ ;DalGwt lhNnfdf dfq vkt ul/Psf] cj:yfdf sf:sLdf s]xL dfqfdf ck'u / tgx'F / gjnk'/df pNn]vgLo dfqfdf ck'u b]lvG5 eg] cGo lhNnfdf a9L b]lvG5 . o; ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @–!& df x]g{ ;lsG5 .


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%tf

lns

f g+= @

–!&M

ljle

Gg v

fB j

:t's

f] pkn

Awtf

/ c

fjZo

stf

aLr

sf] ;

Gt'ng

lhNn

f

pke

f]Uo p

Tkfb

g pk

nAwt

f @)&

$ df

-d

]=6=_

hg;

+Vof

@)&%

df

pke

f]Uo p

Tkfb

g pk

nAwt

f k|lt

Jol

Qm

@)&%

df

-s]= h

L=_cf

jZos

k|lt

Jol

Qm k

|lt a

if{ -s

]= hL=_

vfB

fGg

bnxg

t]nxg

t/s

f/L

cfn'

vfB

fGg

bnxg

t]nxg

t/s

f/L

cfn'

vfB

fGg bn

xgt]n

xgt/

sf/

Lcf

n'

uf]/v

f ^!

#@@

###%

^)%

!%@(

*!^

^#*

@%%!

%&@$

)!#

@^)

^%@)

!##

!!!)

*@(

ndh

'ª$&@

@%!$

$&

*^*

#@!@

%!#

(!&

!&#@

(*@&

#*

%!*

%*)

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

tgx'F

&(!&

@#&

^$$^#

@(*!

#$*(

$#$

@)^%

@#!

!!!

*&!$

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

:ofª\hf

!)!)

*)!!

##@#

&@^

&#(

($%)

@^^)

@$#*

)$

!!)

!#^

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

sf:sL

(!)(

$*!

*$#)

@%(#

#!%

$#)

%%^@

&@!^

$!

!$&

@*@)

!##

!!!)

*@(

dgfª\

%*#

!$)

#%^

$%^

%!^#

$!

(@@@

)*(

*(!

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

d':tfª\

!@$(

!#!

@^@#

*!@%

&$!@

@&%

!)@

!!@

!($

@!)

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

DofUb

L @(

#@@

!)*&

@%*

!)%!

*!!

!)!

!!)*

$$

@^%

!)@

(%!)

)@)

!##

!!!)

*@(

kj{t

#%%%

&^@

%@*

&*%

)@!^

&&)

!%)%

)$@#

^$

@%^

!!!

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

afun

'ª^(

%)&

!&%@

&$@

@$^#

^@$

@^(

@*@)

)@@$

^^

#*&

*^@)

!##

!!!)

*@(

gjnk'/

^^(*

^$@@

)@*

$^

@#%*

($&&

*##

(%^%

!(&

!@*

^(!$

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

u08s

L %*

#)(&

!*$%!

^&^$

@)))

((!@

%$&!

@$()

$#&

@#$

&#

*)%)

@)!

##!!

!)*

@(

>f]t

M e"ld

Joj

:yf,

s[lif t

yf ;

xsf/L dGq

fno, @

)&%



@=#=!=# k|b]zdf k|fyldsLs/0f ul/Psf afnL tyf Aoj;foE"fld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnon] b]xfosf afnL tyf Joj;fonfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ s[lif tyf kz' ljsf; ;DaGwL ljljw sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @–!*_ .

tflnsf g+= @–!*M k|fyldstfsf v]tL tyf Joj;fo

k|fyldstf g+= afnL÷Aoj;fo

! b'Uw Aoj;fo

@ ;'Gtnf v]tL

# t/sf/L v]tL

$ s'v'/fkfng

% :ofp v]tL

^ afv|fkfng

& d;nf afnL -cn}rL, cb'jf_

* slkm v]tL

( vfBfGg afnL -wfg, ds}, sf]bf], cfn'_

!) d'VodGqL jftfj/0f d}qL gd"gf s[lif ufpF :yfkgf

!! k|fËfl/s s[lif ko{6g


@=#=!=$ k|d'v afnL tyf ks]6 If]qau08sL k|b]zsf lhNnfx?sf k|d'v afnL tyf To;sf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'g] If]qx? lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= @–!(_ .



tflnsf g+= @–!(M k|d'v afnL tyf To;sf] pTkfbg /fd|f] x'g] If]qx?

lhNnf afnL k|d'v ks]6 If]q -uf=kf=÷g=kf / jf8{_

uf]/vf! ;'Gtnf hft ZfxLb nvg uf=kf= -@,#,$,%,^_, u08sL uf=kf= -@_, tfª\nLrf]s uf=kf=

-$_, eLd;]g uf=kf= -%,&,*_, uf]/vf g=kf= -! b]lv %_, kfn'Ë6f/ g=kf= -(,!)_

@ cfn' r'dg'a|L uf=kf=, wfr]{ uf=kf-$,%,&_

# ds} kfn'Ë6f/ g=kf=, u08sL uf=kf=, l;/fgrf]s uf=kf=

ndh'ª! t/sf/L dWog]kfn g=kf= -^,&,*_, /fOgf; g=kf= -@,#,$_, ;'Gb/ahf/ g=kf=

-$,^,&_, a];Lzx/ g=kf= -!,@,#,!)_

@ cn}rL /fOgf; g=kf= -@_, b'wkf]v/L uf=kf= -! b]lv ^_, bf]lb{ uf=kf=-! b]lv (_, a];Lzx/ g=kf= -!),!!_, d:of{ËbL uf=kf= -! b]lv *_, SJxf]nf;f]yf/ uf=kf= -! b]lv (_

# dx ;'Gb/ahf/ g=kf= -%,!!_, a];Lzx/ g=kf= -$_, b'wkf]v/L uf=kf= -^_, dWog]kfn g=kf=-#_, /fOgf; g=kf=-*_

tgx'F! wfg Aof; g=kf= -!$_, efg' g=kf= -#,$,%_, DofUb] uf=kf= -^_, z'Snfu08sL

g=kf=

@ t/sf/L ledfb g=kf=, DofUb] uf=kf= -#_, Aof; g=kf=, efg' g=kf=, cfa'v}/]gL uf=kf=, aGbLk'/ uf=kf=

# ;'Gtnf hft b]j3f6 uf=kf=, aGbLk'/ uf=kf=, DofUb] uf=kf= -! b]lv %_, l/l;Ë uf=kf= -#,$_, Aof; g=kf= -(,!!_, aGbLk'/ uf=kf=, cfa'v}/]gL uf=kf=, ledfb g=kf=-@_, z'Snfu08sL g=kf= -!!_

:ofËhf! t/sf/L jflnË g=kf= -!_, uNofË g=kf= -@,(_, km]bLvf]nf uf=kf= -@,$_,

sfnLu08sL uf=kf= -$_, jflnË g=kf= -#_

@ ds}÷ljp uNofË g=kf= -!_, rfkfsf]6 g=kf= -!_, km]bLvf]nf uf=kf= -$_, sfnLu08sL uf=kf= -!_, k'tnLahf/ g=kf= -!$_, xl/gf; uf=kf= -%_

# ;'Gtnf hft cfFwLvf]nf uf=kf= -^_, jflnË g=kf= -@,!)_, uNofË g=kf= -%,^,&_, rfkfsf]6 g=kf= -&_

sf:sL! t/sf/L cGgk"0f{ uf=kf= -@_, kf]v/f d=g=kf= -!#, !$, !(, @), @!, @@, @#,

@%, @&, ##_, df5fkR'5«] uf=kf= -$_

@ Dff5f kf]v/f d=g=kf= -!(,@^,@(,#),#!_, ?kf uf=kf=, df5fk'R5«] uf=kf= -@,&_

# ;'Gtnf hft kf]v/f d=g=kf= -@!,@@,@#_, ?kf uf=kf= -!_

dgfË! :ofp gfzf]Ë uf=kf= -@,^,&,*,(_, rfd] uf=kf= -!,@,#,$_, lª:ofË uf=kf=

-!,@,#_

@ cfn' gfzf]Ë uf=kf= -@,$,*_, rfd] uf=kf= -!,@,#_, lª:ofË] uf=kf= -%,^,&_

# t/sf/L gfzf]Ë uf=kf= -!,@,$,*,_, rfd] uf=kf= -!,@,#_



lhNnf afnL k|d'v ks]6 If]q -uf=kf=÷g=kf / jf8{_

d':tfË! :ofp w/k´f]Ë uf=kf= -! b]lv %_,

@ cfn' w/k´f]Ë uf=kf= -! b]lv %_, yf;fË uf=kf= -! b]lv %_,afx|ufpF d'lQmIf]q uf=kf= -!,@,#,$_ bfnf]d] uf=kf= -! b]lv %_, nf]dfGyfË uf=kf= -! b]lv %_

# t/sf/L÷ljp w/k´f]Ë uf=kf= -! b]lv %_, yf;fË uf=kf= -!,@_, afx|ufpF d'lQmIf]q uf=kf= -!,$_, nf]dfGyfË uf=kf= -#,$,%_

DofUbL! t/sf/L÷ljp cGgk"0f{ uf=kf=-&_, dËnf uf=kf=

@ ;'Gtnf hft a]gL g=kf= -^,(_, dËnf uf=kf= -!,#,%_, dflnsf uf=kf= -%,&_, wjnflu/L uf=kf= -&_, cGgk"0f{ uf=kf= -^,&_

# cfn' cGgk"0f{ uf=kf= -%,^,&,*_, dËnf uf=kf= -!,#,%_, /3'uËf uf=kf= -^,&,*_, dflnsf uf=kf= -!,(_

kj{t! t/sf/L÷ljp hnhnf uf=kf= -^,&_, kmn]af; g=kf= -!!_

@ ;'Gtnf hft hnhnf uf=kf= -!,@,%,^,(_, df]bL uf=kf= -@,%,^,*_, dxflznf uf=kf= -!,@,$_, k}o'F uf=kf= -!,@,%,^_, kmn]af; g=kf= -& b]lv !!_

# nK;L s':df g=kf= -#,!),!@_, df]bL uf=kf= -@,%,^_, kmn]af; g=kf= -@,#,$,*,(,!)_

Affun'Ë! t/sf/L÷ljp Affun'Ë g=kf= -# b]lv !$_, h}ldgL g=kf= -!,@,#,$,%,*,(,!)_, uNsf]6

g=kf= -!,@,$,%,&_, 9f]/kf6g g=kf= -@ b]lv *_, sf7]vf]nf uf=kf= -!,@,#,%,^,(_, a/]Ë uf=kf= -! b]lv %_, tf/fvf]nf uf=kf= -!,@,#_, a8Luf8 uf=kf= -%,^,&_, tdfgvf]nf uf=kf= -@,#_, lglzvf]nf uf=kf= -!,@_

@ ds}÷ljp Affun'Ë g=kf= -!!,!@,!#,!$_, h}ldgL g=kf= -$,%,^,(,!)_, uNsf]6 g=kf= -&,(,!),!!_, 9f]/kf6g g=kf= -@,#,$_, sf7]vf]nf uf=kf=-!,@,#,$_, a/]Ë uf=kf= -! b]lv %_, tf/fvf]nf uf=kf= -!,@,#_, a8Luf8 uf=kf= -!,#,$,^,&_, tdfgvf]nf uf=kf= -!,@_, lglzvf]nf uf=kf= -!,@,#_

# ;'Gtnf hft Affun'Ë g=kf= -% b]lv !#_, h}ldgL g=kf= -@,#,$,%,!)_, uNsf]6 g=kf= -#,$_

gjnk'/! Wffg u}8fsf]6 g=kf=, b]jr'nL g=kf=, sfjf;f]tL g=kf=, lagoLlqj]0fL uf=kf=

@ t/sf/L dWoljGb' g=kf=, u}8fsf]6 g=kf=, b]jr'nL g=kf=, sfjf;f]tL g=kf=

# cb'jf x'K;]sf]6 uf=kf=, a'lnË6f/ uf=kf=, a'ËbLsfnL uf=kf=




@=#=@ l;+rfO{ / e"–pkof]u@=#=@=! v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] k|ltJolQm pknAwtfu08sL k|b]zsf] s'n e"–efu @!,(&,#^* x]S6/ dWo] @@=@ k|ltzt hldg v]tLof]Uo /x]sf] 5 . @)$* df s[lifof]Uo hldg pknAwtf cf};tdf k|ltJolQm $=( /f]kgL -)=@% x]S6/_ /x]sf] lyof] eg] @)$*–@)%* sf] hg;+Vof j[l4;Fu} @)%* df $=! /f]kgL -)=@! x]S6/_ / @)%*–@)^* df $=) /f]kgL -)=@) x]S6/_ df em/]sf] lyof] -tflnsf g+= @–@)_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df, k|ltJolQm pknAwtf, ;a}eGbf a9L ndh'ªdf / ;a}eGbf sd sf:sLdf /x]sf] 5 . lj:t[t lhNnfut ljj/0fsf] nflu tflnsf g+= @–@) x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= @–@)M v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] k|ltJolQm pknAwtf

lhNnfhldg -x]S6/_ hg;+Vof

v]tLof]Uo hldgpknAwtf k|ltJolQm -/f]kgL_

s'n v]tLof]Uo @)$* @)%* @)^* @)$* @)%* @)^*

uf]/vf #^$%*& %%^(^ @%@%@$ @**!#$ @&!)^! $=# #=* $=)

ndh'ª !^^@$) ^!*!( !%#^(& !&&!$( !^&&@$ &=( ^=( &=@

tgx'F !%&!*$ ^%)^! @^*)&# #!%@#& #@#@** $=* $=! $=)

:ofª\hf !)#&$* &@&#! @(#%@^ #!&#@) @*(!$* $=( $=% $=(

sf:sL @)*$#* ^*(^& @(@($% #*)%@& $(@)(* $=^ #=^ @=*

dgfª\ @#@)^! @!%# %#^# (%*& ^%#* &=( $=$ ^=%

d':tfª\ #%^#@! #^$) !$@(@ !$(*! !#$%@ %=) $=* %=#

DofUbL @@*$&* #)*%^ !))%%@ !!$$$& !!#^$! ^=) %=# %=#

kj{t %$!%% @*%(@ !$#%$& !%&*@^ !$^%() #=( #=^ #=*

afUfn'ª !*#%&$ $^!$* @#@$*^ @^*(#& @^*^!# #=( #=$ #=$

gjnk'/ !$@%*@ %!(!% @!*!)( @*!$#% #!!^)$ $=& #=^ #=#

u08sL @!(&#^* $*&%&* !(&%!!$ @#@%%*) @$)#&%& $=( $=! $=)


@=#=@=@ s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] k|of]u / l;+rfO{sf] l:yltu08sL k|b]zsf] s'n e"–efu @!,(&, #^* x]S6/ dWo] @@=@ k|ltzt hldg v]tLof]Uo /x]sf] 5 eg] hDdf v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] &^ k|ltzt hldgdf dfq v]tL ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf g+=



@–@!_ . v]tL ul/Psf] hldg dWo] s"n l;+lrt hldg #^=! k|ltzt 5, h;df $^=@ k|ltzt hldgdf afx|} dlxgf l;+rfO{ k'u]sf] 5 eg] afFsL %#=* k|ltzt v]tL ul/Psf] hldg df};dL l;+rfOdf e/ kg{'kg]{ x'G5 .

tflnsf g+= @–@!M s[lifof]Uo hldg k|of]usf] l:ylt

lhNnfs'n If]qkmn

-x]S6/_v]tLof]Uo-k|ltzt_

v]tL u/LPsf]-k|ltzt_

afFemf]-k|ltzt_

l;+lrt-k|ltzt_

l;+lrt dWo afx|}dlxgf l;+lrt

-k|ltzt_

df};dL l;+lrt-k|ltzt_

uf]/vf #^$%*& !%=$ *#=) !&=) #@=^ @)=) *)=)

ndh'ª !^^@$) #^=% &@=( @&=! #@=! #$=^ ^%=$

tgx'F !%&!*$ $@=! &(=@ @)=* @^=$ $^=& %#=#

:ofª\hf !)#&$* ^@=% &$=& @%=# #@=( ^)=& #(=#

sf:sL @)*$#* #$=@ &)=% @(=% %%=) $%=) %%=)

dgfª\ @#@)^! !=) (#=& ^=# %@=( $$=$ %%=^

d':tfª\ #%^#@! !=) &(=% @)=% *&=) !))=) )=)

DofUbL @@*$&* !#=$ ^#=@ #^=* @@=@ #*=( ^!=)

kj{t %$!%% %#=# *$=% !%=% #^=# &)=$ @(=^

afUfn'ª !*#%&$ @%=@ ^^=) #$=) !(=^ $$=) %^=)

gjnk'/ !$@%*@ #*=& **=) !@=) %!=@ $&=$ %@=^

u08sL @!(&#^* @@=@ &^=) @$=) #^=! $^=@ %#=*


@=#=@=# s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] cfsf/ cg';f/ rngLsf] ljt/0fu08sL k|b]zsf] s'n 3/kl/jf/ %,&&,^*@ dWo] $,!&,%@# -&@=$ k|ltzt_ 3/kl/jf/ s[ifs /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'n $,*&,%&* x]S6/ hldgdf v]tL ul/Psf] 5 -lrq g+= @–#_ . s'n s[ifs kl/jf/sf] !=@ k|ltzt 3/ kl/jf/ hUuf ljxLg /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;f] ;d"xn] s'n v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] )=)$ k|ltzt hUuf rngL ub}{ cfPsf]] 5 . ! x]S6/ eGbf sd hUuf rngL ug]{ s[ifs kl/jf/ -;fgf ls;fg kl/jf/_ *@=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;f] ;d"xn] s'n v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] ^%=@ k|ltzt hUuf rngL ub}{ cfPsf]] 5 . ! x]S6/ eGbf a9L hUuf rngL ug]{ s[ifs kl/jf/ -7'nf ls;fg kl/jf/_ !)=*@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;f] ;d"xn] s'n v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] #$=* k|ltzt hUuf rngL ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . hUufsf] cfsf/ cg';f/ rngLsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f -k|ltztdf_ lrq g+= @–# df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



lrq g+= @–#M s[lifof]Uo hldgsf] cfsf/ / rngLsf] ljt/0f

@=#=# kz'k+IfL / kz'hGo pTkfbgcf=j= @)&#÷@)&$ df kz'k+IfLkfng If]qn] b]zsf] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf sl/j !! k|ltzt / s'n s[lif u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf @^=* k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] lyof] -jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, @)&$, s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/_ . cf= a= @)&#÷@)&$ df b'w !,&#$ xhf/ ln6/, df;' #)# xhf/ d]l6«s 6g / c08f () s/f]8 j6f pTkfbg ePsf] lyof] . o; lx;fan] k|ltJolQm k|ltaif{ b'w, df;' / c08fsf] pknAwtf qmdzM ^$ ln6/, !! s]hL / #@ j6f x'g cfpF5 . ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df k|lt JolQm k|lt jif{ b'w, df;' / c08fsf] Go"gtd pkef]u qmdzM (! ln6/, !$ s]hL / $* j6f /x]sf] 5 -gf]6 M lasl;t b]zdf df;'sf] aflif{s vkt &(=$ s] lh 5_ . t;y{, g]kfndf pTkflbt b"w, df;' / c08fn] Go"gtd cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;Sg] b]lvG5 -jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, @)&$, s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/_ . b"w, df;' / c08fsf] k|of]uaf6 xfd|f] z/L/nfO{ rflxg] k|f]l6g, SoflN;od, lh+s, cfO/g, le6fldg P, la !@ / 8L kl/k"lt{ ub}{ /fli6«o ;d:ofsf] ¿kdf b]lvPsf] dft[ tyf afnaflnsf s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . kz'k+IfLkfng Aoj;foaf6 /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ / ef/t tyf rLg nufot ljleGg b]zx?df lgof{t u/L b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf yk ;'wf/ Nofpg ;lsG5 . o;y{, pGgt gZn, kz' cfxf/, kz' :jf:Yo / Joj;foLs/0f tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf If]qdf, /fli6«o :t/df, yk cg';Gwfg / ljsf; ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] kz'k+IfL tyf kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] cj:yf af/] tnsf v08x?df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .



@=#=#=! kz'k+IfLx?sf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zdf ufO{ $,*(,$@$ j6f, e};L ^,&@,)#) j6f, afv|f !%,$),&(! j6f, e]8f !,@$,!(! j6f, ;'Fu'/ !,(%,&!* j6f / s'v'/f tyf xfF; %^,^&,^$% j6f /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= @–@@_ . ufO{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf 5g\ . e+};L ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf /x]sf 5g\ . afv|f ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf 5g\ . e]8f ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd tgx'Fdf /x]sf 5g\ . ;'+u'/÷a+u'/ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df /x]sf 5g\ eg] s'v'/f÷xfF; ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfut lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @–@@ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= @–@@M 3/kfn'jf kz'k+IfLx?sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f ;+Vofdf

lhNnf ufO{, uf]? e};L, /fFuf] afv|f e]8f ;F'u'/ s'v'/f,xfF;k|ltJolQmkz'k+IfL

uf]/vf *$@^% ^(^^# @)*$^( #)@*) !@@(% $^#((# #=$

ndh'ª !&$@) $%@)( !!%(@& !%(!( ^%$( @*^^#) @=*

tgx'F (%@(^ !!(@($ #((^&^ *@# &^(*$ %#)&*$ #=^

:ofª\hf #(^@! (#$#@ @@*^%( @#** @^%!^ %$*^(! #=%

sf:sL $)#@* !%)#@& !#@)*( !($#( !&^$& @^(&((& %=%

dgfª\ #!(& ^$!* %&#( !(! !)#!@ $=!

d':tfª\ &&^# !*( ^%(#( ^*)* $$ !#((& &=&

DofUbL #*(&) #)!(@ !)%%%( @%!$% !!!!! @)#!&# #=&

kj{t $!!@& #$@(^ $@@!$ %%)@ !#@&$ @(&#^% @=(

afUfn'ª %@&!@ *!#)! !!@&!^ &### &(*$ ##&&&@ @=!

gjnk'/ ^*&@% $*!@& !@#!@% $*!% @#!@# @&^(#! !=^

u08sL $*($@$ ^&@)#) !%$)&(! !@$!(! !(%&!* %^^&^$% #=%

>f]t M klZrdf~rn If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno -@)&#÷&$ sf] tYof+s sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift . gjnk'/sf] xsdf ;fljs gjnk/f;Lsf] tYof+snfO{ cfwf ul/Psf]_

@=#=#=@ kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zdf xfn k|ltjif{ b'w @&$=&@ xhf/ d]=6=, df;' #*=^$ xhf/ d]l6«s 6g / c08f !)=&# s/f]8 uf]6f pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . k|ltJolQm k|ltaif{ b'w, df;' / c08fsf]



pknAwtf qmdzM !!) ln6/, !% s]hL / $# uf]6f /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= @–@#_ . ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?df k|ltJolQm k|lt jif{ b'w, df;' / c08fsf] Go"gtd pkef]u qmdzM (! ln6/, !$ s]hL / $* j6f /x]sf] 5 -jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, @)&$, s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL dGqfno, g]kfn ;/sf/_ . o; lx;fan], b"w / df;'df u08sL k|b]z Go"gtd cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 eg] c08fdf s]xL sdL b]lvG5 .

lhNnfut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L b'w / df;' sf:sLdf / c08f :ofª\hfdf pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5, eg]] dgfª\ / d':tfª\df cToGt} sd pTkfbg x'g] u/]sf] 5 . k|ltJolQm pknAwtf, b'wsf] ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdfÙ df;'sf] ;a}eGbf a9L d':tfªdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df / c08fsf] ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf / ;a}eGbf sd afun'ªdf, /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @–@# df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= @–@#M kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfk|If]lkt hg;+Vof -@)&%_

b'w df;' c08f

jflif{s pTkfbg -ln=_

k|ltJolQm pknJwtf

-ln=_

jflif{s pTkfbg -d]=6=_

k|ltJolQm pknJwtf -s]hL_

jflif{s pTkfbg -xhf/ uf]6f_

k|ltJolQm pknJwtf -uf]6f_

uf]/vf @%%!%& ^##* @$=* !(@) &=% !%^& ^=!

ndh'ª !&#@(* !^))) (@=# #$(@ @)=@ &^^( $$=#

tgx'F #$@)^% $($^& !$$=^ $%$% !#=# !$@#) $!=^

:ofª\hf @^^)@$ %!()( !(%=! %&)! @!=$ ##(#@ !@&=^

sf:sL %%@@&@ &!^@* !@(=& *$&* !%=$ @*((^ %@=%

dgfª\ ^#$! !%( @%=! #^ %=& !*^ @(=#

d':tfª\ !@@&% $*# #(=$ #%$ @*=* $!* #$=!

DofUbL !!)*$$ %%(@ %)=% @))$ !*=! #)(@ @&=(

kj{t !%)%)$ !@@() *!=& @#!! !%=$ *%)# %^=%

afun'ª @*@))@ @^#)) (#=# @($% !)=$ @^&$ (=%

gjnk'/ ##(%^% #$%%@ !)!=* ^*^@ @)=@ ^)(! !&=(

u08sL @$()#$& @&$&!* !!)=# #*^$* !%=% !)&#%* $#=!

>f]t M klZrdf~rn If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno -@)&#÷&$ sf] tYof+s sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift . gjnk'/sf] xsdf, ;fljs gjnk/f;Lsf] tYof+snfO{ cfwf ul/Psf]_



@=#=$ e"ldAoj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno dftxt ;+rfng ul/g] k|d'v sfo{qmdx?o; k|b]znfO{ s[lif tyf kz'k+IfL hGo pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ agfpg, ;fy} s[ifsx?sf] cfDbfgLdf a[l4 u/L k"0f{?kdf vfB ;'/lIft k|b]z agfpg e"ld Aoj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno tyf dftxtsf sfof{nox?åf/f ;+rfng ul/g] k|d'v sfo{qmdx? lgDg cg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ .• d'VodGqL jftfj/0f d}qL gd"gf s[lif ufpF :yfkgf sfo{qmd• k|fËfl/s v]tL xf]d:6] k|j4{g• d"No>[+vnfdf cfwfl/t kl/of]hgf ;+rfng -b'w, df;', gub] afnL_• s[lif oflGqs/0f÷u|Lgxfp; lgdf{0f ;xof]u -:yfgLo tx;+usf] ;xsfo{df_• Aofj;flos s[lif / kz'k+IfL kfng ;DaGwL o'jf :j/f]huf/ tflnd• ;fgf tyf cfw'lgs l;+rfO{ of]hgf 5gf}6 / sfof{Gjog• s[lif jg k|0ffnL k|j4{g sfo{qmd• k|zf]wg s]Gb| / lr:ofg s]Gb| :yfkgf ;xof]u sfo{qmd• s[lif / kz'k+IfL ks]6 If]q k|j4{g ;xof]u sfo{qmd• kz'k+IfL gZn ;'wf/ sfo{qmd• pTkfbgd"ns ;xsf/L ;+3 ;+:yf k|j4{g÷;xof]u sfo{qmd• rSnfaGbLdf cfwfl/t ;xsf/L÷;fd"lxs v]tL k|j4{g ;xof]u• ljleGg afnL j:t' / kz'k+IfLx?sf df]8]n kmfd{ :Yffkgf ;xof]u• k|sf]k p¢f/ tyf /fxt sfo{qmd ;+rfng• ljkGg dlxnf nlIft :j/f]huf/ tyf cfod"ns tflnd• :yfgLo tx;+usf] ;xsfo{df ;f´]bf/L s[lif ahf/ s]Gb| :yfkgf / cTofw'lgs

awzfnf lgdf{0f• k|fËfl/s dn pTkfbg ljt/0f÷;xof]u• Aofj;flos s/f/ v]tL k|f]T;fxg• ljleGg lgsfox?af6 ;+rfng x'g] ul/aL lgjf/0f sfo{qmdx?sf] cWoog tyf k|efj

d"Nof+sg• lk|l;hg kmfld{Ë sfo{qmd ;+rfng rSnfaGbL k|j4{g sfo{qmd• dfnkf]t tyf gfkL sfof{nosf] >]:tf ;+/If0f / e"pkof]u ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;

@=#=% lbuf] lasf; nIo !@ sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltlbuf] ljsf; nIo !@ n] lbuf] pTkfbg / pkef]u 9fFrfx¿ ;'lglZrt ug{df hf]8 lbPsf]



5 . of] nIo cGtu{t M -s_ lbuf] pkef]u / pTkfbg sfo{qmdx¿sf] !) jif]{ 9fFrf÷vfsf sfof{Gjog ug]{, -v_ ljqmd ;Dat\ @)*& ;Dddf k|fs[lts >f]tx¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ub}{ logLx¿sf] k|of]u k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ug]{, -u_ v'b|f tyf pkef]Stf txdf x'g] k|ltJolSt vfBj:t'sf] b'?kof]unfO{ @)*& ;Dddf cfwf 36fpg] / afnL leq\ofO;s]kl5 x'g] Iflt 36fpg], -3_ @)&& ;Dddf /f;folgs kbfy{x¿ / ;a} kmf]xf]/d}nfx¿sf] hLjgrqmel/ g} jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{, -ª_ kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] pTkfbgnfO{ @)*& ;DDfdf /f]syfd tyf Go"gLs/0f u/]/ ;fy} v]/ uPsf j:t'x¿nfO{ k'gM k|zf]wg Pjd\ k'gM k|of]u u/]/ ;f/e"t ¿kdf 36fpg], / -5_ lbuf] ljsf; / k|s[lt;Fu tfnd]n÷;ª\ult ePsf] hLjgk4ltsf ;fGble{s ;"rgfx¿ /x]sf] ;fy} ;r]tgf ePsf] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf k|z:t hn;|f]t 5 t/ Jofj;flos ¿kdf Ifdtf cg';f/ hnljB't\ pTkfbg ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . s[lifdf ePsf] Go"g pTkfbsTjnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ s[lifsf] nflu v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] lj:tf/ ug'{eGbf hldgsf] pTkfbsTjnfO{ bf]Aa/ kfg'{ pko'St x'G5 . of] nIo cGtu{t hLjfZd–OGwg pmhf{sf] vktnfO{ s'n pmhf{ vktsf] !% k|ltztdf ;Lldt /fVg] / cf}Bf]lus 7f]; / t/n kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ 36fpg] h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf o; nIosf ;"rsx?sf] dfg lgwf{/0f ug]{ qmddf 5 . s]xL 5gf}6 ul/Psf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ 5 .

tflnsf g+= @=@$M lbuf] lasf; nIo !@ sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt


u08sL k|b]z cfwf/ jif{ @)&%

/fli6«o nIo @)*&

k|of]u ul/Psf] hn;|f]t;Fu s'n hn;|f]tx¿sf] cg'kft -k|ltzt_!

!) @)

hLjfZd OGwg (Fossil fuel) pmhf{sf] vkt -s'n pmhf{sf] k|ltzt_@

!@=% !%

jg If]qn] jfo'd08naf6 zf]if0f u/]/ lnPsf] s'n sfa{g (Carbon sink)@

@,@&^ #@))

s[lif pTkfbgsf] lglDt hldgsf] k|of]u-v]tL ul/Psf] hldgsf] k|ltztsf] ¿kdf vfBfGg_(Cereal as % of cultivated land)#

*) &%

df6f]sf] h}ljs (Organic) kbfy{ -k|ltzt_# ! $





/fli6«o nIo @)*&

k|ltJolSt sf7sf] k|of]u -So"las ld6/_! )=!! )=)%

afnL leq\ofO;s]kl5 x'g] Iflt -k|ltzt_# !% !

vfB Iflt–gf]S;fgL ;"rsfª\s# !) @

>f]t M !ljZja}+s, @)&%, @s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu 3/ kl/jf/ ;j]{If0f, @)&!, #s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, @)&@

@=#=^ ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? • t/sf/L, bnxg, t]nxg afnL pTkfbgn] k|b]zsf] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ g;Sg]]

b]lvG5 . • pTkfbsTj cToGt} Go"g /xg] / s[lif Aoj;foaf6 hLljsf u'hfg{ ufx|f]

kg]{ cj:yfsf sf/0f pNn]Vo ;+Vofdf :j:y / lzlIft o'jf hgzlQm ljb]z knfog x'g k'Ug' Ps ;d:of g} /x]sf] 5 .

• ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] sf/0f l;+rfO{ ;'lawf nufot s[lif ;fdu|Lsf] Aoj:yfkgdf sl7gfO{ tyf sfd ug]{ hgzlQmsf] sdL xF'bf v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] sl/a @$ k|ltzt hUuf afemf] /xg k'u]sf] 5 . ;fy;fy} cJojl:yt zx/Ls/0f, hUufsf] v08Ls/0f, 38]/Ls/0f, bf]xf]/f] e"–:jfldTjsf] l:ylt / hUuf afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQnfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ s[lif e"ldnfO{ pkof]udf Nofpg'kg]{ sfd r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• s[lif k]zfnfO{ k|lt:kwL{, gfkmfd"ns, ;Ddfghgs / Jofj;flos ?kdf :yflkt ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• pGgt aLp, dn, l;FrfO, s[lif shf{, k|ljlw tyf pks/0fx? / bIf hgzlQm h:tf s[lif ;fwg;|f]tsf] kof{Kt Joj:yf ldnfO{ pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f, Jofj;foLs/0f tyf ahf/;Fu hf]8\g] sfo{ sfo{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

• k|b]zdf *) k|ltzt s[ifs ;fgf / demf}nf :t/sf ePsf] x'gfn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] cj:yfdf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• vfB c;'/lIft tyf s'kf]lift ;d'bfosf] oyfy{ ;+Vof tyf :yfg klxrfg ug]{ / vfBfGgsf] ;Gt'lnt pkef]u (Balanced diet) k|lt hgr]tgf a9fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .



• kxf8L e"–w/ftnsf] ofGqLs/0f u/L s[lifnfO{ lgjf{xd'vL Joj;foaf6 nfek|b Joj;fo agfpg r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 .

• dg;'g Ct';Fu jif]{gL x'g] e"IfoLs/0fn] hldgsf] pj{/f zlQmdf x|f; ePsf] / hldgsf] clDnotf a9\b} uPsf]n] hldgsf] pTkfbsTj sfod /fVg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• xfnsf s[lif cg';Gwfgn] kxf8L e"w/ftnnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] / a9L pTkfbsTj lbg] afnLx?sf] klxrfg ug{ sl7g /x]sf] 5 .

• xfn ;a} vfBfGg, t]nxg / d;nfhGo jfnLx?sf] k|lt x]S6/ pTkfbsTj Go"gtd /x]sf]n] pRr pTkfbg lbg] afnLsf lapx? cGj]if0f ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• @)&* df kf]v/f cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO{ ;+rfndf cfP kZrft\ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df vf;u/L vf8L /fi6«df s[lifsf] pkh lgof{t ug]{ ;+efjgf /x]sf] t/ k|b]z ls;fgnfO{ lgsf;Lof]Uo s[lif j:t'sf] pTkfbg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

@=#=& cj;/x?k|b]zdf ef}uf]lns tyf h}ljs ljljwtf /xg', vfBfGg afnL pTkfbg /fd|f] /x]sf] ;fy} pTkfbg a[l4sf] k|r'/ ;+efjgf /xg', kxf8 / b'u{d If]qdf oftfoftsf] kx'Frdf a[l4, t/sf/L, cfn', cn}rL, ;'Gtnf nufotsf gub] afnLsf] If]q lj:tf/sf] ;+efjgf a9\b} hfg'Ù ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf o'jfx?sf] ;Lk, 1fg, k"FhL tyf pGgt k|ljlw;lxt s[lif If]qdf cfsif{0f a9\b} hfg'Ù k|wfgdGqL s[lif cfw'lgsLs/0f kl/of]hgfsf] ;'?jft eO{ ;'k/hf]g, hf]g, Ans tyf ks]6 cg';f/ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog x'g'Ù d'VodGqL jftfj/0f d}qL s[lif cjwf/0fx? cfpg'Ù k|fËfl/s s[lif nufot ko{6g, kof{ko{6g tyf s[lif ko{6gk|lt rf;f] a9\|b} hfg' cflb cj;/x? x'g\ .

@=#=* jgh+unu08sL k|b]zsf] lbuf] ljsf;df jg If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg /lx cfPsf] 5 . k|b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf, cfo j[l4, :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf h:t} sf7, bfp/f, 3fF;kft, u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/x¿sf] cfk"lt{sf ;fy} ko{6g, s[lif, kz'kfng, k"jf{wf/ ljsf; / l;FrfOdf ;d]t jg If]qsf] pNn]vgLo e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . hg;xeflutf d"ns jg Joj:yfkgsf dfWodaf6 :yfgLo cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; tyf :yfgLo g]t[Tj ljsf;df



klg jg If]qsf] k|ToIf of]ubfg /x]sf] x'Fbf jg If]q k|b]zsf] k|fyldstf k|fKt If]qsf] ¿kdf /xg uPsf] 5 .

@=#=*=! jg Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLljz]if u/L o; k|b]zsf] kxf8L If]qdf jg If]qsf] j[l4 ePsf] / emf8L a'6\ofgn] 9fs]sf If]qx¿ klg s|dzM jg If]qdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g'sf ;fy} jg If]q aflx/sf] e"–efudf ;d]t jgsf] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . k|b]zsf] tNnf] Gofgf] If]qdf pi0f k|hfltsf ;fn, ;fh tyf s8f hftsf ?vx? kfO{G5g\ . dWo kxf8L If]qdf lrnfpg], s6';, 6'gL, pQL; h:tf dWod vfn] sf7sf ?v / dflyNnf] lr;f] k|b]zdf sf]0fwf/L hftsf ?vx? / pFrfO{ a9] cg';f/ a'6\ofg / 3fF;] k|hfltsf jg:klt kfO{G5 . of] k|b]z jg:kltsf b[li6sf]0fdf klg cToGt laifd 5 .

jg P]g @)$( sf] kl/efiff cg';f/ o; k|b]zdf ^ k|sf/sf jg Joj:yfksLo df]8nx?sf] ;kmnLe"t k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . o; k|b]zdf cjnDjg ul/Psf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg tyf ;+/lIft If]q Joj:yfkg -;fd'bflos jg, ;fem]bf/L jg, dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg, ;+/If0f If]q, sa'lnotL jg cflb_ ljZjd} pbfx/0fLo /x]sf] 5 . xfn gjnk'/ / tgx'Fsf s]xL jgx?df j}1flgs jg Joj:yfkg klg ;'?jft ul/Psf] 5 . ;d'bfoåf/f Joj:yfkg ul/Psf] jg If]qsf] xsdf lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hdf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t dWojtL{ If]qx¿sf] Joj:yfkg eO/x]sf] 5 eg] 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/Ifdf dWojtL{ If]q k|:tfljt cj:yfdf 5 . o; afx]s cGgk"0f{ / dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q hgtfsf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf ;+/If0f If]qx? x'g\ .

@=#=*=@ jgsf] jt{dfg l:yltk|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn dWo] #&=*Ü jg If]qn] 9fs]sf] 5 . ;g\ !(*) kl5sf] ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;+/If0fdf o; k|b]zn] pbfx/0fLo sfo{ u/]sf] k|z:t} k|ltj]bgx?n] pNn]v u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/d} pbfx/0fLo / gd"gf ;fd'bflos jgn] k|b]zsf] s'n jg If]qsf] sl/a @(=$Ü -@$$!=(& ju{ ls=ld=_ 9fs]sf] 5 -lrq g+= @–$, tflnsf @–@%_ . o; k|b]zdf xfn;Dd #,*$$ j6f ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g u/L @$$!=(& ju{ ls=ld= /fli6«o jg ;d'bfonfO{ x:tft/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o:t} !,)&# j6f sa'lnotL jg, !* j6f wfld{s jg, ! j6f k~rf;] ;+/lIft jg / #&& j6f lghL jg /x]sf] tYofÍn] b]vfpF5 . km]jftfn;Fu hf]l8Psf] cGt/f{li6«o dxTjsf] !^$=& x]S6/ If]qkmn /x]sf] ljZj zflGt h}ljs ljljwtf kfs{ klg o;} k|b]zdf kb{5 .



k|b]zsf] dflyNnf] lr;f] If]qdf sf]0fwf/L hftsf ?vx? / prfO{ a9] cg';f/ a'6\ofg / 3fF;] k|hfltsf jg:klt kfOG5 . dWo kxf8L If]qdf lrnfpg], s6';, 6'gL, pQL; h:tf dWod vfn] sf7sf ?v kfOG5 . tNnf] Gofgf] If]qdf pi0f k|hfltsf ;fn, ;fh tyf s8f hftsf ?vx? kfOG5g\ / of] k|b]z jg:kltsf b[li6sf]0fdf klg cToGt laifd 5 -tflnsf @–$_ .

lrq g+= @–$M u08sL k|b]zsf jgIf]q



lns

f g+= @

–@%M

u08

sL k

|b]zs

f jgI

f]qs

f] ljj

/0f

lhNn

fjg

sf]

If]qk

mn-j

u{ ls

=ld=_

;fd'b

flos

jg

sa'l

nolt

jg

wfld

{s j

g;+/

lIft

jg

lgh

L jg

ljZj

zflGt

h}lj

s lj

ljwt

f kfs

{

;+Vof

If]qk

mn

-ju{

ls=ld

=_;+V

ofIf

]qkmn

-x]S6

/_;+V

ofIf

]qkmn

-x]S6

/_;+V

ofIf

]qkmn

-ju{

ls=ld

=_;+V

ofIf

]qkmn

-x]S6

/_;+V

ofIf

]qkmn

-x]S6

/_

uf]/v

f!#

@!=!

$*(

@(%=

%@&

*(&

%=)

$^)

=%

$^

ndh

'ª(@

)=$

##$

@!^=

&!^

@%&

(=$

!

%@

tgx'F

*#!=$

^!#

%!!=#

$*%

@)%#

=^^

!&=$

*$$^=

^

:ofË

hf

$&(

=%%!

@!%

$=&

!$(&

=(

k~

rf;

]sf]

s]xL e

fu@)

=#$%

#&=)

sf:sL

(#(=

@$(&

!(@=

@!

)=*

$&=

$(

k~rf;

]sf]

s]xL e

fu@@

=(#$

!(=(

!!^

$=&

dgfË

@*!=#

$#%

=*

d':tfË

@*$=(

DofUb

L*$

$=%

#!)

@$@=

)!

!=)

!!)

=#%

!)$=$

%

kj{t

@&^=

$#*

@!#

$=&

^!#

=%

k~

rf;

]sf]

s]xL e

fu!$

=$#*

!^=*

afUn

'Ë(@

&%@

)#)

&=*

$&=

$@

%=@

!)=

*

gjnk'/

&&*=

$!*

##)

)=^

!@@

!)&@

^&^^

=$

hDd

f*!

$^=#

#*$$

@#(!

=#!)

&#$*

))=^

!*!)

)=(

!%&

=^#&

&!(

@

>f]t

M p

Bf]u

, ko

{6g, jg

tyf jftfj/0

f dGq

fno, u

08sL k|b

]z, @)

&%



@=#=*=# dfgj–jGohGt' åGå Joj:yfkgjGohGt'x?n] ;+/lIft If]q, dWojtL{ If]q, ;fd'bflos jg nufot cGo jg If]qaf6 ufpF÷a:tLdf k|j]z u/L :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLp wgsf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] s'/f ;j{ljlbt} 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf klg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkgsf] cjnDjg kZrft\ jg If]qsf] j[l4 ePsf] / pQm jgx? / ;+/lIft If]qx?af6 jg k|j]z ubf{sf avt of hgtfsf] 3/b}nf]df cfO{ cfs|d0f ug]{, afnLgfnL gi6 ug]{ sfdx? x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;af6 jg / jGohGt' ;+/If0fk|lt :yfgLosf] rf;f] sd / gsf/fTds aGb} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5, h;sf sf/0f :yfgLo hgtf / ;+/If0f lgsfo tyf :yfgLo k|zf;gsf aLr tgfj / åGå ;[hgf x'+b} cfPsf] 5 .

cf=j= @)&)÷&! b]lv @)&$÷&% ;Ddsf] kfFr jif{sf] cjlwdf o; k|b]zdf $@) j6f aGohGt' ;DaGwL 36gf 36]sf] / pQm 36gfdf /fxt :j?k ?= !,)(,*$,$*& afF8]sf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= @–@^_ . pQm cjlwdf sfo{ljlwdf pNn]lvt jGohGt'sf] cfs|d0faf6 * hgfsf] d[To', !& hgf ;fdfGo 3fOt] / @% hgf ;Vt 3fOt] ePsf] b]lvG5 . kxf8L lhNnfdf ljz]if u/L efn' / lrt'jfsf] cfs|d0f ePsf b]lvof] eg] gjnk/f;Ldf aFb]n, af3 / u}F8fsf] cfs|d0f ePsf] kfOof] . ;a}eGbf a9L afFb/sf] k|efj /x]sf] kfOPtf klg afFb/sf] Ifltaf6 /fxt lbg] Joj:yf gePsf] x'Fbf afFb/af6 x'g] IfltnfO{ /fxt pknAw u/fOPsf] 5}g .

tflnsf g+= @–@^M jGohGt'af6 ePsf] Ifltsf] /fxtsf] ljj/0f -cf=j= @)&)÷&! b]lv @)&$÷&% ;Dd_

lhNnfhDdf 36gf

kz'wg Iflts]/f

jf/L gi6

dfgjLo Ifltljtl/t /fxt

/sd ?=afv|f af]sf

e]8f a+u'/ufO{÷ uf]?

/fFuf÷ e}F;L

;fdfGo 3fOt]

;Vt 3fOt]

d[To'

uf]/vf

ndh'ª !$ ! @ & $ !%$(^!

tgx'F @ ) ! ! !!)))))

:ofËhf #)@ #^( !& #! % ^ % ! $(%#$^)

sf:sL $& ^* !^ # @ % ^@@#@)

dgfË ! ! %))))

d':tfË

DofUbL

kj{t #^ $& ! !# @ ! !)!%)))



lhNnfhDdf 36gf

kz'wg Iflts]/f

jf/L gi6

dfgjLo Ifltljtl/t /fxt

/sd ?=afv|f af]sf

e]8f a+u'/ufO{÷ uf]?

/fFuf÷ e}F;L

;fdfGo 3fOt]

;Vt 3fOt]

d[To'

afUn'Ë

gjnk/f;L ! !* ! ! !)$ ! ( % #)**&$^

u08sL $@) $*^ ! !& ^! !@ !)$ !& @% * !)(*$$*&

>f]tM klZrdf~rn If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno, @)&% . !;fljssf] k'/} gjnk/f;L lhNnfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

@=#=*=$ pTkflbt lj?jf / j[Iff/f]k0fsf] ljj/0flhNnf jg sfof{nox? / lhNnf e"–;+/If0f sfof{nox?n] jflif{s ?kdf ljleGg k|sf/sf jghGo k|hfltsf lj?jfx? pTkfbg u/L lghL tyf ;fj{hlgs hUufdf j[Iff/f]k0fsf nflu lgMz'Ns ?kdf lj?jfx?sf] ljt/0f ug]{ ub{5g\ . cf=j= )&$÷&% sf] cjlwdf o; k|b]zsf dgfª\ / d':tfª\ afx]ssf lhNnfdf sfi7 k|hflt, 8fn]3fF;, hl8a'6L / ;f}Gbo{ k|bfos u/L sl/a !% nfv lj?jfx? pTkfbg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . lhNnf jg sfof{nox?sf] kxndf g} @)$=@* x]S6/ jgIf]qdf j[Iff/f]k0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= @–@&_ .

tflnsf g+= @–@&M u08sL k|b]zdf pTkflbt lj?jf / j[Iff/f]k0fsf] ljj/0f

lhNnf sfi7 k|hftL 8fn]3fF; hl8a'6L ;f}Gbo{j4{s hDdf j[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]q -x]=_

uf]/vf @@()) &%)) @%%) !!)) #$)%)ndh'ª &&(#% $*@(% #!#(% !$)&% !&!&))tgx'F @%@&$# ^$))@ ^%)) !*^%& #$!()@ !)%=@*:ofËhf %*$@@ &^#@& #$&^! !^^#$ !*^!$$sf:sL %^((@ %!*!( !!^$)) @*&(( @%$)!) *)dgfËd':tfËDofUbL ^!^! ^@**( !#!!) ^%%) **&!)kj{t !*$&) @&*)) !@&%) #@)@) (!)$) (afUfn'Ë !#^)) ^!$)) &%)))gjnk/f;L ! !@$$)) *&)) $%$)) @!&)) @))@)) !)u08sL ^#!^@# $)*&#@ @^@*^^ !#(%#% !$$@&%^ @)$=@*>f]t M If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno, @)&% . !;fljssf] k"/} gjnk/f;L lhNnfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .



@=#=*=% jg k}bfjf/sf] laqmL ljt/0f / jgaf6 k|fKt /fh:jsf] ljj/0fcf=j= )&$÷&% df u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t /x]sf /fli6«o jg, ;fd'bflos jg, lghL jg / lhNnf jg k}bfjf/ cfk"lt{ ;ldltaf6 pTkflbt sf7, bfp/f, vf]6f] / hl8a'6Lx?sf] las|L ljt/0f / pQm jg k}bfjf/af6 k|fKt cfDbfgL / ;+/lIft If]qx?af6 ;+slnt cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0fnfO{ tflnsf g+= @–@* df b]vfOPsf] 5 . pQm cjlwdf sl/a !! nfv sf7, @,%^( r§f bfp/f / sl/a ! nfv lsnf]u|fd hl8a'6Laf6 $) s/f]8eGbf a9L ;/sf/L cfDbfgL ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= @–@*_ .

tflnsf g+= @–@*M jg k}bfjf/sf] laqmL ljt/0f / agaf6 k|fKt cfDbfgLsf] ljj/0f

lhNnf

jg k}bfjf/ las|Lljt/0f kl/df0f jg k}bfjf/sf] las|Lljt/0f k|fKt cfDbfgL ?=

sf7 So'lkm6

bfp/f -r§f_

hl8a'6L -s]=lh=_

;/sf/L cfDbfgL

cfk"lt{ ;ldltsf] sf]if

;d"xsf] sf]if

uf]/vf #)@@) ^^& !)#$^ ^@&#!!(ndh'ª ^@%&@ ^) @@&) !)*)&%^tgx'F @!&%*% @*( %)) $@)!!*@% @%$$@@!:ofËhf (!*!# #$ %(!%!**sf:sL &*)@% ^%* @*@()&%dgfË !^* ##^)d':tfËDofUbL !&@(& !% ^!!) *@)!#(kj{t ^*%#( & #@$* !(&&@^*afUfn'Ë ^(&() @( *)!(% !!$()#% &^&(#*gjnk/f;L! $%%&&$ *!# ##&!##@^) !)%*!((*cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q #&)# $##%$!%dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q &(( %^()9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If %)@@)u08sL !)(!^!% @%^( !)&##* $)#%*$#%) !#!@^@!( &^&(#*

>f]t M If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f . !;fljssf] k"/} gjnk/f;L lhNnfnfO{ hgfpFb5 .

@=#=*=^ ;+/lIft If]q/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g @)@( jdf]lhd o; k|b]zdf ! j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h / ! j6f lzsf/ cf/Ifsf] cf+lzs efu / @ j6f ;+/If0f If]qsf] k"/} efu u/L s'n !),)#(=%!



ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmn ;+/lIft If]q kb{5 -tflnsf g+= @–@(, lrq g+= @–%_ h'g g]kfnsf ;+/lIft If]qx?sf] s'n @(=!& k|ltzt, g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] ^=*@ k|ltzt / u08sL k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] $%=^* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . h'g g]kfnsf] /fli6«o se/]h eGbf em08} bf]Aa/ -/fli6«o se/]h @#=#( k|ltzt_ x'g cfpF5 .

tflnsf g+= @–@(M u08sL k|b]zsf ;+/lIft If]qx?sf] ljj/0f

s|=;=

;+/lIft If]q:yfkgf

jif{-;g\_

u08sL k|b]zdf kg]{

lhNnf

hDdf If]qkmn -ju{

ls=ld=_

u08sL k|b]zdf kg]{ If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_

u08sL k|b]zdf dWojtL{ If]qkmn -ju{

ls=ld=_

u08sL k|b]zdf kg]{

hDdf If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld=_

! cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q !((@ d':tfª, dgfª, ndh'ª, sf:sL / DofUbL

&,^@( &,^@( ) &,^@(

@ dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q !((* uf]/vf !,^^# !,^^# ) !,^^#

# 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If

!(*& afUfn'ª / DofUbL

!,#@% %)! ) %)!

$ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h

!(&# gjnk'/ (%# (^ !%! @$^

s'n hDdf !!,%&) (,**( !%! !),)$)

>f]t M /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu, @)&%



lrq g+= @–%M u08sL k|b]zsf ;+/lIft If]qx?

@=#=*=& h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / k|a4{gof] k|b]z jg hËn, ;+/lIft If]q / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] If]qdf cu|0fL :yfgdf 5 . ljZj ;Dkbf ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t\ g]kfns} klxnf] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] s]xL c+z oxL k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 eg], g]kfns} Psdfq lzsf/ cf/If 9f]/kf6g klg oxL k|b]zdf /x]sf] 5 . ;d'bfosf] k|ToIf ;xeflutfdf Joj:yfkg ul/Psf cGgk"0f{ / dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q klg oxL k|b]zdf /x]sf 5g\ . d':tfË, dgfË h:tf ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf e"–agf]6 ePsf] of] k|b]zsf] cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q k"jL{o jfg:klts If]q (Eastern Floristic Region) / klZrdL jfg:klts If]q (Western

Floristic Region) sf] ;+ud :yn ePsf] x'Fbf g]kfns} ;a}eGbf a9L h}ljs ljljwtf ePsf] If]qdf kb{5 . o; afx]s !!* lsl;dsf ;'gfv/L (Orchids) kfOg] k~rf;] If]q klg oxL k|b]zdf kb{5 .

g]kfn h}ljs ljljwtf dxf;lGw, !((@ sf] kIf/fi6« ePsf]n] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;df dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . /fli6«o :t/df lgdf{0f ePsf h}ljs ljljwtf



/0fgLlt, h}ljs >f]tsf] cfg'j+lzs jfF8kmfF8, ;fOl6; P]g, @)&$, jg P]g, @)$( / /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( sf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog ub}{ ;'?jftL cj:yfdf /x]sf] of] k|b]zn] klg k|b]zleqsf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ;fy{s kxn / k|of;x? ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

@=#=*=* jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgljleGg lsl;dsf dfgjlgld{t s[ofsnfkx?n] ubf{ jftfj/0fsf] ljgfz lbgfg'lbg eO/x]sf] 5 . clgolGqt / cJojl:yt u|fdL0f ;8ssf] sf/0f e"–Ifo, af9L, klx/f] h:tf ljkb\x? a9L/x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf tfntn}of k'l/Fb} uPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf k|lt au{ lsld e–"Ifo tyf df6f] axfa k|ltjif{ !^#! 3gld6/ /x]sf] 5 . o; lx;fan] u08sL k|b]zdf dfq k|ltjif{ #,%*,%%,@(& 3gld6/ e"–Ifo e}/x]sf] b]lvG5 -pBf]u ko{6g jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, @)&%_ . o;afx]s hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ jg, jftfj/0f, h}ljs ljljwtf, s[lifIf]q, h}ljs ljljwtfdf g/fd|f];Fu c;/ u/]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] nueu ;a} e"–efu r'/], lxdfn / kxf8n] 9fs]sf] x'gfn] df6f] / kfgLsf] ;+/If0f u/L lbuf] ljsf; tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg tyf gbL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t e"–hnfwf/ ;+/If0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{If]q tyf sfo{ef/nfO{ lj:tfl/t ul/bF}5 eg] jg:klt ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg / k|;f/sf nflu ;d]t gofF ;f]r cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5 .

@=#=*=( jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f sfo{qmdx?k|b]zsf] jg tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu ;/sf/n] l8lehg jg sfof{nodfkm{t\ ljleGg lsl;dsf jg Joj:yfkg df]8]nåf/f jgsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ul/g'sf ;fy} zx/L If]qdf gu/ pBfg lgdf{0f ug]{, k|s[ltsf ax'd"No jGohGt'x?sf] ;+/If0fsf] Joj:yf ug]{ nufotsf ;+/If0fsf nflu ljz]if kxn / k|of;x¿ eO/x]sf 5g\ . o:t} e" tyf hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfof{nox? dfkm{t\ PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng x'Fb} cfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s :yfgLo tx;Fu ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ u/L kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg ub}{ æ:jR5 jftfj/0f, :j:y hLjgÆ gf/fnfO{ cleofgsf] ?kdf ;'?jft ul/Psf] 5 . jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljsf; sfo{;Fu cfa4 ug]{ qmddf jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sgnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ k|oTg ePsf] 5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/;DaGwL dfkb08 Pjd\ k|b]z ;jf/L k|b"if0f;DaGwL dfkb08x¿ lgwf{/0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg k|of; ul/Fb} 5 .



@=#=*=!) bLuf] ljsf;sf nIo !% sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltlbuf] ljsf; nIo !% n] k[YjLsf] e"–kl/lw :t/Lo kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx¿sf] lbuf] pkof]u, /Iff / k'g:y{fkg ug]{, jghª\unsf] lbuf] ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{, jghª\unsf] ljgfznfO{ /f]Sg] / hldgsf] IfoLs/0f /f]Sg'sf ;fy} o:fnfO{ pN6\ofpg] / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] xf|;nfO{ /f]Sg] sfo{df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIo !% cGtu{t @)&& ;Dddf cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tfx¿ cGtu{tsf bfloTjx¿ cg'¿k e"kl/lw / hldgsf] :jR5 kfgL kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;]jfx¿ ljz]ifu/L jghª\un, ;Ld;f/ If]q / ;'Vvf If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f, k'g:yf{kgf / lbuf] k|of]u ;'lglZrt ug]{, ;a} k|sf/sf jghª\unx¿sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg], ;fy} lbuf] ljsf;sf lglDt cfjZos nfex¿ k|bfg ug]{ vfnsf Ifdtf j[l4 ug{sf] lglDt h}ljs ljljwtf nufotsf kj{tLo kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx¿sf] ;+j4{g÷;+/If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zsf] jghª\udWo] @( k|ltzt jg ;d'bfox¿n] Joj:yfkg u/]sf 5g\ . h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu sl/a $^ k|ltzt e"ldnfO{ ;+/lIft If]q 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 . k|b]zdf nIo !% sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ 5 .

tflnsf g+= @–#)M lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo !% sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt

;"rsx¿g]kfn cfwf/ aif{ @)&@

u08sL k|b]z cfwf/ aif{ @)&%

/fli6«o nIo @)*&

;+/lIft If]q ;lxt jgn] 9fs]sf] If]q-s'n e'efusf] k|ltzt_!

$$=&$ $&=$ $%

;d'bfodf cfwfl/t Joj:yfkgcGtu{t /x]sf] jg -s'n 3gf jg If]qsf] k|ltztsf] ¿kdf_!

#( @( $@

;+/lIft If]q -jg;lxt, s'n e"–efusf] k|ltzt_! @#=@ $%=$ @#=#

tfn, ;Ld;f/ / tnfp–kf]v/Lx¿ -;ª\Vof_! !,&@& ! %)))

>f]t M !jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, @)&@

@=#=*=!! ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?• g]kfn ;+3Lo zf;g k4ltsf] ;'?jftL cj:yfdf /x]sfn]] gofF ;+/rgf;Fu} jg /

jftfj/0f ;DjGwL gLlt, sfg"g / sfo{qmdx¿ tof/ ug'{, ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf /



k"jf{wf/x?sf] tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg', jg If]qsf] n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, d"nk|jfxLs/0f /0fgLlt, @)^% sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{, jg If]qaf6 pTkfbg x'g] nfe tyf ;]jfnfO{ Gofof]lrt cfwf/df afF8kmfF8 ug{ zf;sLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿ -sf7, bfp/f, 3fF;, :ofpnf_ sf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d'bfo:t/b]lv k|b]z:t/;Dd Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L jgsf] lbuf] / j}1flgs Joj:yfkgnfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug'{ jg If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .

• e"sDkaf6 kl/l:yltsLo ;]jfdf ePsf] ljgfz / gf]S;fgLsf] k"lt{ ug{ tyf e"sDk kLl8tx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu j}slNks of]hgf th'{df u/]/ yk ;|f]t h'6fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• pkNnf] t6Lo If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0f x'g g;Sbf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds k|efj / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhg}lts cj:yfdf jg If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf ;fy} r'/] If]qsf] sdhf]/ e"ue{ / cJojl:yt bf]xgaf6 efj/ / t/fO{ If]qsf] hLjgwf/df k/]sf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• d'n'ssf] blIf0fjtL{ e"–efudf a;f]jf; ug]{ jgIf]qaf6 6f9f /x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• jg clts|d0f lgoGq0f tyf jg 89]nf] lgoGq0f ug{' / o;sf nflu :yfgLo Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/L j[l4 ug'{ tyf k|b]zsf] ef}lts Pjd\ cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; / jg ;+/If0f sfo{sf aLr pTkGg x'g] åGå Joj:yfkg ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• jg kmF8fgLaf6 x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f, ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f / jg tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf nflu lbuf] cg's"ngsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• kxf8L If]qdf ;fd'bflos jg / ;+/lIft If]qn] k|b]zsf] eGbf a9L e"–efu cf]u6]sf] / b'a} If]qdf jgh+un 3gf x'Fb} hfg] / jGohGt' j[l4 klg qmdzM a9\b} uPsf]n] ls;fgx?n] nufPsf jfnL gfz ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? a9\b} uPsf]n] ls;fg / jGohGt'aLr a9\bf] åGå Joj:yfkg ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• ljutsf jg gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?n] jgsf] ;+/If0fdf a9L hf]8 lbPsf] / jgnfO{ cfly{s cfo cfh{g ug]{ >f]tsf] ?kdf sd cf+sng u/]sf]n] jg If]qsf] ;+/If0f /fd|f] ePsf] t/ k|b]zsf hgtfn] jg If]qaf6 k|fKt ug'{kg]{ cfly{s nfe pNn]Vo ?kdf k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df jgsf] ;+/If0f / cfly{s cfh{gnfO{ ;+u;+u} n}hfg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .



@=#=*=!@ cj;/x?jgn] cf]u6]sf] e"–efu j[l4 x'Fb} hfg', jgsf] lbuf] / j}1flgs Joj:yfkgaf6 sfi7 tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Joj;flos pTkfbg / ljt/0f x'g] cj:yf aGg', ljZj pi0fLs/0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ jgsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'g] ePsf]n] jg ;+/If0f / ljsf;af6 sfa{g ;+/If0f / ;l~rltsf] kmfObf k'Ug], jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0faf6 ko{6gnfO{ ;+:yfut / ljsf; ug]{ tyf hnfwf/ If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgåf/f e"Ifo lgoGq0f ub}{ hn;|f]t clej[l4 / s[lif ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] cj;/x¿ jg If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . h}ljs tyf xl/t j:t'x¿sf] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf dfu a9\b} uPsfn] jghGo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t Joj;fox¿af6 xl/t /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf x'g ;Sg] / kfl/l:ylts ;]jfsf] dfu a9\g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . ;fy} jg;|f]tsf] 3gTj, ljljwtf / jg pBdzLntf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] u/L jg;|f]tsf] plrt / lbuf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ o; If]qsf] cj;/ xf] .

@=#=*=!# tfn ;+/If0f% j}zfv @)$% b]lv g]kfndf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] /fd;f/ dxf;GwL cGtu{t g]kfndf /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o dxTj ePsf s'n ^),%^! x]S6/ If]qkmn ePsf !) j6f tfntn}of / l;d;f/ If]qx?nfO{ /fd;f/ If]qdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf g+ @–#!_ . tL dWo] u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf cGtu{t kg]{ ( j6f tfntn}of / l;d;f/ If]qx?sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ pQm tfnx?nfO{ kf]v/f pkTosf tfn Sni6/ cGtu{t !( df3 @)&@ df /fd;f/ If]qsf] ;fO6 g+ @,@%& df /flvPsf] 5 . kf]v/f / cf;kf;sf If]qdf /x]sf pQm tfnx?n] hnrs|sf (Hydrological Cycle) ;fy} oxfFsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, jftfj/0fLo ;]jf / :yfgLosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ tyflk ut %) aif{df dfgj cltqmd0f, cTolws u]u|fg y'lk|g uO{ tfnsf] ulx/fO{ 36\g]], kfgL k|b"if0f a9\g], kfl/l:ylts cj:yfdf x|f; cfpg] qmd a9\bf]] 5 . t;y{, oL tfnx?sf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu tfn k|flws/0f u7gsf] k|lqmof cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= @–#!M u08sL k|b]zsf /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t tfnx?sf] ljj/0f

qm=;= tfntn}of l;d;f/sf] gfdIf]qkmn ju{

ls=ld=kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] If]qkmn

ju{ ls=ld=k|sf/

! km]jf !!(=$ $=## Meso-eutrophic

@ a]ugf; !*=^ #=!# Olio-mesotrophic

# ?kf @^=)@ !=!! Eutrophic

$ lbkfË @=#( )=!$ Eutrophic

% d}bL !=^ )=)! Eutrophic

^ vf:6] @=^( )=!# Eutrophic

& Go"/]gL )=!* )=)# Eutrophic

* sdnkf]v/L !=#% )=)! Eutrophic

( u'Fb] )=^! )=)* Eutrophic

hDdf !&@=*# *=(&



cWofo #pBf]u, jfl0fHo / ko{6g

#=! pBf]u / jfl0fHopBf]u If]qn] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, cfoft k|lt:yfkg tyf lgof{t k|j4{gdf of]ubfg ub}{ ;du| cy{Joj:yfnfO{ dha't agfpg ljlzi6 of]ubfg ub{5 . ;/sf/n] lj=;= @))^ b]lv pTkfbg If]qsf] ;'wf/nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf /fv]sf] 5 . lj=;= @))^–@)!^ sf] bzsdf ;/sf/L ;+/If0fdf g]kfnn] ;f]leot o'lgog, rLg, hfkfg nufotsf ldq /fi6«x?sf]] ;xfotfdf s]xL pBf]ux¿ ;~rfngdf NofPsf] lyof] . w]/}h;f] pBf]ux?n] s[lif;+u ;DalGwt sRrfkbfy{ h:t} h'6, lrgL / lrof k|of]u ug]{ ub{y] eg] cGo pBf]ux? ef/taf6 cfofltt sRrfkbfy{df lge{/ /x]sf lyP .

@))^ b]lv @)#^ ;Dd ;/sf/n] b]zleq pTkfbg ePsf ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ k|j4{g ug{sf] nflu ljb]zaf6 cfoftLt ;fdu|Lx?nfO{ pRr z'Ns / dfqfTds k|ltaGwx¿ nufpg] gLlt lnPsf] lyof] . kmn:j?k, lj/uGh lrgL sf/vfgf ;f]leot ;+3sf] ;xfotfdf lj=;= @)#@ df :yfkgf eof] . o;/L g} x]6f}+8f l;d]G6 sf/vfgf hfkfgsf] ;xfotfdf @)#! df, ;'gjn lrgL sf/vfgf rLgsf] ;xfotfdf @)#$ ;fndf :yfkgf eof] . lxdfn l;d]G6 sf/vfgf hd{gLsf] ;xfotfdf @)#% df tyf a'6jn wfuf] sf/vfgf rLgsf] ;xfotfdf @)#* ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf rLgsf] ;xfotfdf @)$! ;fndf :yfkgf eof] . pbok'/ l;d]G6 sf/vfgf hfkfg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf @)$# df :yfkgf eof] . ;fy} uf]/vsfnL 6fo/ pBf]u rLg ;/sf/sf] ;xof]udf lj=;+= @)$& ;fndf :yfkgf eof] .

lj=;+= @)#^ lt/ 3/]n' sRrf ;fdfgx¿ k|of]u ug]{ sf7, KnfO{p8, sfuh, l;d]G6, O{6f / 6fOnx¿ ;+u ;DalGwt pBf]ux¿nfO{ k|fyldtfdf /fv]/ sfd u/\of] . lj=;+= @)$^–@)%* df pBf]u tyf ahf/nfO{ k|lt:kwf{Tds agfpFb} pTkfbgd'vL / /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug]{ pBf]ux?sf] ljsf;sf] nflu w]/} h;f] ;/sf/L pBf]ux? @)$^ ;fnkl5 lghL If]qnfO{ ;'lDkof] / j}b]lzs nufgL leq\ofpg] gLlt cuf8L ;f/\of] . xfn ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ;fem]bf/Ldf cfwfl/t pBf]u ljsf;sf] gLltnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . ;fy;fy} j}b]lzs nufgLdf cfwfl/t pBf]u ljsf;nfO{ klg k|fyldstfdf /fv]sf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]z ef}uf]lns, h}ljs / xfjfkfgLsf] ljljwtfn] ubf{ pBf]ux?sf] :yfkgf ug{



pko'Qm :yfg x'Fbfx'Fb} klg cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k5fl8 k/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; If]qdf pTkfbg x'g] kmnkm"nsf nflu k|zf]wg pBf]u, sf7 / h8La'6LhGo pBf]usf] eg] k|z:t ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . xfn kxf8L If]qdf /x]sf Jofkfl/s s]G›x?df b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdfu|Lx?sf] pTkfbg ug]{ pBf]usf] dfq :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvG5 eg] o; k|b]z cGtu{t kg]{ t/fO{sf] e"ld sd ePsf sf/0f pBf]u wGbfsf] ;+Vof Go"g /x] klg k"jf{wf/sf] lj:tf/ / s[lifof]Uo e"ld a9L ePsf sf/0f 7"nf pBf]ux?sf] ;Defjgf alnof] /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf :yfkgf ePsf ljleGg cf}Bf]lus If]qdWo o; k|b]zdf Pp6f kf]v/f cf}Bf]lus If]q /x]sf] 5 . o;afx]s gjnk'/df lghL If]qaf6 ;~rflnt rf}w/L pBf]uu|fd /x]sf] 5 eg] e[s'6L sfuh sf/vfgf / uf]/vsfnL 6fo/ pBf]u aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf 5g\ .

#=!=! pBf]ux?sf] ;+Vof, k|sf/ / d'Vo pTkfbgx?u08sL k|b]zdf :yflkt 7"nf pBf]usf] ;+Vof Go"g /x] klg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] ;+Vof eg] nueu ;a} lhNnfx?df pNn]vgLo /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;dli6ut ?kdf cf=j= @)&$÷&% sf] cGt;Dd o; k|b]zdf ;]jfd"ns, pTkfbgd"ns, ko{6gd"ns, phf{d"ns, s[lif / jg k}bfjf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t u/L !@& lsl;dsf pBf]ux? lhNnfl:yt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{nox?df btf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . h; cg';f/ @*,@%$ j6f ;fgf pBf]u Joj;fo btf{ ePsf 5g\ . o; afx]s cfly{s jif{ @)&@÷)&# sf] cGTo ;Dddf gjnk'/ afx]ssf lhNnfdf /x]sf $#& j6f pBf]ux? pBf]u ljefudf btf{ eO;s]sf 5g\ . o:t} kf]v/f cf}Bf]lus If]qdf &@ j6f pBf]u rfn' cj:yfdf, % j6f pBf]u lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf, # j6f aGb cj:yfdf / ( j6f ljleGg ;+3;+:yf u/L s'n hDdf *( j6f pBf]u 5g\ . xfn o; pBf]un] b'w tyf b'whGo kbfy{x?, a]s/L pTkfbg, rfprfp, la:s'6, bfgf, x\ofr/L, lk|lG6Ë tyf Kofs]lhË, lah'nLsf tf/, k|zf]lwt lkpg] kfgL, d]6n km]la|s]zg, 6fon tyf Ans, xf]lhof/L, Knfli6s Kn]6, af]Qn, Knfli6s l/;fOsn, l;/s 8;gf, sf7 tyf kmnfdsf kmlg{r/, clS;hg Uof;, ;fa'g, k]g :6s kfOk, d]l;g/L, k]G6\;, x\o'd kfOk, 6«fG;kmd{/ pTkfbg / dd{t ;Def/ nufotsf j:t'x?sf] pTkfbg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . btf{ ePsf pBf]u / ;–;fgf k;nx¿ ;d]tsf k|lti7fgx¿ / logLx?af6 l;lh{t /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/0f tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

#=!=!=! k|d'v pBf]ux?sf] ljj/0f cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿sf] /fli6«o u0fgf, @)^( cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zdf #(# j6f k|d'v pBf]ux? /x]sf 5g\ eg] pQm pBf]ux?df sl/a *,%)) hgfn] /f]huf/L kfPsf 5g\ . of]



/f]huf/L ;lqmo pd]/ ;d"x -!% b]lv %( aif{_ sf] hg;+Vofsf] hDdf )=% k|ltzt dfq xf] -tflnsf g+= #–!_ .

tflnsf g+= #–!M k|d'v pBf]ux?sf] ljj/0f

lhNnfpBf]usf] ;+Vof

/f]huf/Lsf] ;+Vof

cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] juL{s/0f

uf]/vf ( %$% vfB -@_, sfi7 -@_, cwft' vlgh -#_ndh'ª\ # $)) kmlg{r/ -!_, cwft' vlgh -@_tgx'F ^@ !)$! kmlg{r/ -!#_, cwft' vlgh -#$_, vfB -*_, k]o kbfy{ -!_, wft' vlgh -^_ :ofª\hf $% %^^ kmlg{r/ -##_, cwft' vlgh -$_, k]o kbfy{ -#_

sf:sL !(* $&)^

kmlg{r/ -^(_, vfB -#!_, km]a|Ls]6]8 wft' -#)_, cwft' vlgh -!&_, sfi7 -!!_, /]s8{ d]l8of -*_, 6]S;6fOn -%_, jfofl/+u ;fdu|L -%_, k]o kbfy{ -$_, sfuh -#_, /f;folgs -#_, Knfl:6s -#_, cfwf/e"t vlgh -@_, d]lzg/L -@_, 5fnf -!_

dgfª\ ) )d':tfª\ # %# k]o kbfy{ -@_, kmlg{r/ -!_DofUbL ^ !!$ kmlg{r/ -^_

kj{t @# #!$kmlg{r/ -!)_, vfB -#_, cwft' vlgh -#_, k]o kbfy{ -@_, sfi7 -@_, sfuh -!_, km]a|Ls]6]8 vlgh -!_

afUf\n'ª % !)# kmlg{r/ -#_, vfB -!_, km]a|Ls]6]8 wft' vlgh -!_

gjnk'/ #( ^%*cwft' vlgh -!^_, vfB -!)_, kmlg{r/ -#_, km]a|Ls]6]8 wft' vlgh -!_, k]o kbfy{ -@_, sfi7 -!_, sfuh -@_, Knfl:6s -@_, wft' vlgh -@, /f;folgs -@_, r'/f]6 -!_

u08sL #(# *%))

>f]t M cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿sf] /fli6«o u0fgf, @)^(

#=!=!=! k|lti7fgx¿sf] ;+Vof / /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zdf ;fgf k;nx? b]lv 7"nf pBf]ux? ;a} u/]/ s'n !,)),^^* k|lti7fgx? /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} k|lti7fgx? sf:sLdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf /x]sf 5g -tflnsf g+= #–@_ . k|lti7fgsf] cf};t 3gTj k|lt !,))) hg;+Vof $) /x]sf] 5 -gf]6M /fli6«o ?kdf k|lti7fgx¿sf] k|lt !,))) hg;+Vof 3gTj #^=@ /x]sf] 5_ h;df ;a}eGbf a9L 3gTj dgfª\df &&, / ;a}eGbf sd ka{tdf !&, /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= #–@_ . k|lti7fgsf] cf};t k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ 3gTj $=^ /x]sf] 5 -gf]6M /fli6«o ?kdf k|lti7fgx¿sf] k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ 3gTj ^=@ /x]sf] 5_ h;df ;a}eGbf a9L 3gTj sf:sLdf, !$=& / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\ /



d':tfª\df, )=@, /x]sf] 5 . oL k|lti7fgx?af6 !,*^,)*$ k'?if, / !,%%,&#$ dlxnf u/L s'n #,$!,*!* hgfn] /f]huf/L kfPsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= #–@_ . of] /f]huf/L u08sL k|b]zsf] @)&% sf] k|If]lkt cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo hg;+Vof -!%–%( jif{ pd]/ ;d"x_, !#, ^&,(&* sf]] !#=^ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df k|lti7fgsf] /f]huf/Laf6 nfeflGjt x'g] hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L dgfª\df / ;a}eGbf sd kj{tdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . u08sL k|b]zdf ;+rflnt k|lti7fgx?n] ;/b/ #=$ hgf JolQmnfO{ /f]uuf/ lbPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= #–@M k|lti7fgx¿sf] ;+Vof / To;af6 l;h{gf ePsf] /f]huf/Lsf] ljj/0f

lhNnfk|lti7fgsf]

;+Vof

k|lt k|lti7fg !)))

hg;+Vofdf

k|lti7fgsf] 3gTj k|lt ju{ lsld

/f]huf/sf] ;+Vofs'n

/f]huf/ k|ltzt

k|lt k|lti7fg ;/b/

/f]huf/k'?if dlxnf hDdf

uf]/vf !)(*) $# #=) !^(!# !$&#! #!^$$ !@=$ @=(

ndh'ª\ ^$!% #& #=( !%#!) !$!)) @($!) !&=) $=^

tgx'F !@$$@ #^ &=( !(!*@ !^()# #^)*% !)=% @=(

:ofª\hf &$!@ @* &=! !@^%% !)*!( @#$&$ *=* #=@

sf:sL #)&$^ %^ !$=& ^%%%) $^$$( !!!((( @)=# #=^

dgfª\ $*& && )=@ !@&# !!)@ @#&% #&=% $=(

d':tfª\ &%% ^@ )=@ !&&% !##) #!)% @%=# $=!

DofUbL %)^% $^ @=@ *#@! *)&^ !^#(& !$=* #=@

kj{t $&#% !& *=& &$*) ^##@ !#*!@ $=( @=(

afUfn'ª **$( %( $=* !^!@) !%&!% #!*#% @!=@ #=^

gjnk'/ !@&*@ #* (=) @!%)% @)!&& $!^*@ !@=# #=#

u08sL !))^^* $) $=^ !*^)*$ !%%&#$ #$!*!* !#=& #=$

>f]t M cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&% / u08sL k|b]zsf] @)&% sf] k|If]lkt hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ljZn]lift

#=!=@ cf}Bf]uLs/0f ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx?t/fO{b]lv lxdfn;Ddsf] e"ld /x]sf] u08sL k|b]zdf ef}uf]lns If]q cg';f/ pTkfbgdf klg ljljwtf 5 . o;/L k|b]zdf pTkfbg x'g] / x'g ;Sg] j:t'x?sf] k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0f ug{sf nflu æPs :yfgLo tx, Ps pBf]u u|fdÆ, k|fb]lzs txdf Ps cf}Bf]lus If]q :yfkgf ug]{ / :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf k/Dk/fut 1fg, :yfgLo ;Lk, k|ljlw / sRrf kbfy{df cfwfl/t 3/]n' tyf n3' pBd, ;fgf / demf}nf pBf]u ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L /f]huf/L / cfocfh{g



j[l4 ub}{ pkef]Uo j:t' / ;]jfdf s|dzM cfTdlge{/ x'g] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf cnfjf ;+3;Fusf] ;dGjodf sfnLu08sL / d:of{ËbL pkTosfdf cfly{s sf]l/8/ / ljz]if cfly{s If]qsf] lgdf{0f ug{ kxn u/L o'jf nlIft r'gf}tL sf]ifaf6 o'jf pBdzLntfsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ gLltut Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

#=!=# cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf ;d:of / r'gf}tLcf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf u'0f:t/Lotf sfod ug{', >d gLlt pBf]ud}qL agfpg', cf}Bf]lus If]qdf k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; a9fpFb} hfg', ;~rflnt pBf]ux¿nfO{ pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTjsf b[li6n] k|lt:kwL{ agfpg', df}h'bf pBf]unfO{ ¿U0f x'gaf6 hf]ufpg', ¿U0f pBf]unfO{ k'g:yf{kgf ug{', gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L k|b]zsf pBf]unfO{ k|lt:kwL{ agfpg', cf}Bf]lus gLltsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ cfly{s P]gn] ;Daf]wg ug{' / ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfly{s pbf/Ls/0fn] ;[hgf ub}{ NofPsf] k|lt:kwf{Tds jftfj/0fsf] ;fdgf ug{' o; If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .

#=!=$ cj;/x¿l:y/ ;/sf/ x'g', :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLsf nflu cg's"n jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'Fb} hfg', u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df kl/rfng ug]{ ;Defjgf a9\g', >d ;DaGwdf ;'wf/ x'g', k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/sf] nufgL a9\b} hfg', e"d08nLs/0f;Fu} cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgsf] >[ª\vnf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿tkm{ lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg', ;"rgf tyf cfw'lgs ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ x'g' / lzlIft Pjd\ ;Lko'Qm hgzlQm :jb]zd} tof/ x'Fb} uPsf] sf/0fn] pTkfbsTj / pTkfbgdf j[l4 x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgfx¿ ljBdfg x'g', hgtfsf] cfodf ePsf] a[l4 ;+u} hgtfsf] qmozlQm a9\b} hfg'n] 3/]n' pTkfbsf] ahf/ lj:tf/ x'g', k|ToIf j}b]lzs nufgLsf] nflu ;/sf/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx?n] hf]8 lbg', ljb]zdf /x]sf u}x| g]kfnL gful/sx?n] k|b]zdf nufgL ug{ rfv JoQm ug'{, a9\bf] ko{6gn] dfu ug]{ vfB ;fdfu|L / cGo pTkfbgx?sf] dfu qmdzM a9\b} hfg' cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf nflu cj;/x¿ x'g\ .

#=@ ko{6gko{6g If]q /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{, ul/aL lgjf/0f ug{, lgof{t a9fpg tyf ;du| cy{Aoj:yfnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg w]/} h;f] b]zx?n] k|fy\ldstfdf /fv]sf] If]q xf] . ljZj ofqf / ko{6g kl/ifb\n] ;g\ @)!* df u/]sf] cWoog cg';f/ ;g\ @)!& df ljZj cy{tGqdf ko{6g If]qn] s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] !)=% k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] lyof] eg] #!,#),)),))) /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL cWoog cg';f/ ;g\ @)!& df ;du| ko{6g If]qn] g]kfnsf] s'n u|fx:Yo



pTkfbgdf k|ToIf $=) k|ltzt / ck|ToIf #=* k|ltzt u/L s'n &=* k|ltzt of]ubfg u/sf] cg'dfg lyof] . o;}u/L k|ToIf $,(&,%)) / ck|ToIf %,@(,%)), u/L s'n !),@&,))) /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

u08sL k|b]z k|fs[lts, ef}uf]lns, h}ljs, wfld{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s nufotsf ljljwtfn] ubf{ ko{6sLo j:t'x?df wgL 5 . ljZjd} k|l;4 kf]v/f pkTosf, cGgk"0f{ If]q, clt ;'Gb/ / dgf]/d xfjfkfgL tyf oxfFsf ljleGg ;d'bfosf df}lns ;+:s[lt Pj+ /Lltl/jfh o; k|b]zsf] ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf d'Vo ljifoj:t' x'g\ . ljZjsf] ;jf]{Rr pFrfO{df /x]sf] dgfËdf cjl:yt ltlnrf] tfn -;d'› ;tx b]lv $,(!^ ld= pFrfOdf_, ljZjsf] xf]rf] sfnLu08sLsf] uN5L, DofUbLsf] ;'Gb/ ?K;] em/gf, ljZjljVoft kbdfu{x?, jfg:klts ljj/0fsf] b[li6sf]0fn] k"jL{o tyf klZrdL jg:klt klxrfgsf nflu sfnLu08sL g]kfnsf] ;LdfjtL{ gbLsf] ?kdf dflgg] :yfg klg oxL k|b]zdf kb{5 . o:t} ;d'› ;tx b]lv * xhf/ ld6/ eGbf j9L pFrfO{sf tLgj6f lxdfnx? qmdzM wjnflu/L -*,!^& ld=_, dgf:n' lxdfn -*,!*# ld=_, cGgk"0f{ -*,)(! ld=_ lxdfn, u'kmf, tfntn}of cflbn] o; k|b]zsf] ko{6gnfO{ a9fpg 7"nf] dxTj /fv]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] ko{6g If]qsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf cg'R5]bdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@=! ko{6g k"jf{wf/sf] l:yltko{6gsf] ljsf;sf nflu ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?sf] 7"nf] dxTj x'G5 . xjfO{ oftfoftsf] ?kdf o; k|b]zdf cfGtl/s p8fgsf nflu ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kf]v/f ljdfg:yn o; k|b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ljdfg:yn xf,] h'g ljdfg:yn sf7df08f}F cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, g]kfnu~h ljdfg:yn / lj/f6gu/ ljdfg:yn k5fl8 ;a}eGbf a9L ofq' af]Sg] ljdfg:ynsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= #–#_ . b'u{d lhNnf dflgg] dgfËdf xf]ªb] / d':tfËsf] hf]d;f]ddf kSsL ljdfg:yn /x]sf 5g\ eg] xfn d':tfË ljdfg:yn dfq rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . ljutdf ;~rfngdf cfO{ aLrdf s]xL ;do /f]lsPsf] afu\n'Ë an]jf ljdfg:yn klg k'gM ;~rfngdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . uf]/vfsf] kfn'Ë6f/ ljdfg:yn rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5}g . To:t} kf]v/fdf If]qLo :t/sf] cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? eO{ ;s]sf] 5 / ;g\ @)@! sf] h'nfO{ ;Dddf ;~rfngdf Nofpg] u/L o'4:t/df sfd eO/x]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= #–#M u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf ljdfg:ynsf] ljj/0f

qm=;=

ljdfg:ynsf] gfd :yfgprfO{ -ld6/_

ljdfg:yn sf]8

wfjgdfu{p8fg uGtJo

s}lkmot

! kf]v/f ljdfg:yn kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf, sf:sL

*@& PKR kSsL hf]d;f]d, e/tk'/, e}/xjf, sf7df08f}F

;~rfngdf /x]sf]

@ hf]d;f]d ljdfg:yn hf]d;f]d, d':tfË @&#^ JMO kSsL kf]v/f ;~rfngdf /x]sf]

# an]jf ljdfg:yn an]jf, afUn'Ë !,)!@ BGL sRrL sf7df08f}F ;~rfngdf /x]sf]

$ dgfË ljdfg:yn xf]ªb], dgfË #,#%# NGX kSsL kf]v/f ;+rfngsf] tof/Ldf /x]sf]

% uf]/vf ljdfg:yn kfn'Ë6f/, uf]/vf $$& GKH sRrL aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf]

^ kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn

kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf, sf:sL

&@% lgdf{0ffwLg

>f]t M pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, u08sL k|b]z, @)&%

k|fb]lzs ko{6sLo uGtJonfO{ ;8s ;~hfnn] ;xhtf NofPsf] 5 . b]zsf] /fhwfgL sf7df8fF}b]lv @)) lsnf]ld6/ klZrd kf]v/f pkTosf;Dd k[YjL /fhdfu{n] hf]8]sf] 5 . d':tfËsf] sf]/nfb]lv :ofËhfsf] ldld{;Dd sfnLu08sL nf]sdfu{, d':tfË–DofUbL–dfn9'+uf x'Fb} gjnk/f;L u}+8fsf]6-lqj]0fL;Ddsf] sfnLu08sL sf]/L8f]/, e}/xjfb]lv kf]v/f;Dd l;4fy{ nf]sdfu{, kf]v/f–afUn'Ë e"kL z]/rg nf]sdfu{, uf]/vfb]lv afu\n'Ë;Dd k'iknfn dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ nufotsf ;8s ;~hfnn] ;Dk"0f{ lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd nufot :yfgLo txsf ;a} a:tLx?nfO{ hf]8]sf] 5 . lhNnfut ?kdf ;8s oftfoftsf] kx'FrnfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ o; k|b]zsf ;a} lhNnf ;b/d'sfd;Dd df]6/af6f]n] hf]8]sf] b]lvG5 . xfn kf]v/f–sf7df8f}F / kf]v/f–;f}/fxf b}lgs ;'ljwfo'Qm ko{6s a; nufot k|To]s 306fdf ;fj{hlgs a; tyf k|To]s !) ldg]6df kf]v/f sf7df8f} dfOqmf] a;sf] ;'ljwf 5 .



o; k|b]zsf] kf]v/fdf dfq} @ j6f kfFr tf/] xf]6ndf jflif{s !,&&,#() sf]7f pknAw 5 -tflnsf g+= #–$_ . o;sf] pkof]u nueu $) k|ltzt 5 tyflk xfnsf] cj:yfdf km"njf/L l/;f]6{ aGb cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 h;nfO{ v'nfpgsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;afx]s ! tf/] xf]6n @ j6f, @ tf/] xf]6n !! j6f / # tf/] xf]6n @ j6f /x]sf 5g\ . zx/L If]qdf ko{6snfO{ ;'ljwf lbg ;Sg] tf/f ljxLg xf]6nx?n] klg ko{6snfO{ cfjf;sf] ;'ljwf lbO/x]sf 5g\ . o:t} u|fdL0f ko{6gnfO{ a9fjf lbg :yfgLo :t/df ^* j6f xf]d:6] ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ h;sf] b}lgs %)& z}of;+Vof /x]sf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= #–$_ . ljZj k|l;4 cGgk"0f{ kl/qmdf kbdfu{, gf/, k"m, pkNnf] d':tfË tyf dgf:n' If]qdf vfgf / cfjf;sf ;'ljwfo'Qm Ps xhf/ eGbf a9L xf]6nx? 5g\ .

tflnsf g+= #–$M u08sL k|b]zdf ;~rflnt xf]6n, /]i6'/]06 / xf]d:6]sf] ljj/0f

btf{ :yfg ljj/0f ;+Vof sf]7f ;+Vofb}lgs pknAw

z}of ;+Vofaflif{s pknAw

z}of ;+Vofk|ToIf

/f]huf/L ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f kfFrtf/] xf]6n @ @$# $*^ !&&#() !!)ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f tLgtf/]] xf]6n @ !@( !&& ^$^)% %)ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f b'O{tf/] xf]6n !! #^* &@& @^%#%% !*(ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f Pstf/] xf]6n @ %^ !!^ $@#$) ^)ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f ko{6s xf]6n #%* $&*% (#!@ ##(***) ##*@ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f /]:6'/]G6 % ) ) ) )ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f xf]d:6] ^* %)& !@!) $$!^%) )dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q xf]6n, nh,

/]:6'/]G6*! *@^ !&$^ ^#&@() )

cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q xf]6n !^( ) !!#% $!$@&% )cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q /]:6'/]G6 ^^ ) $! !$(^% )3/]n' ;ldlt sfof{no! xf]6n, nh,

/]:6'/]G6^**% ) ) ) )

hDdf &^$( ^(!$ !$(%) %$%^&%) #&(!

>f]t M ko{6g sfof{no, kf]v/f, @)&%Ù dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q, @)&%Ù cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q, @)&%Ù 3/]n' ;ldlt / sfof{nox?, @)&%



!3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljsf; ;ldlt / sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf lhNnfl:yt xf]6nx? ;+VofTds

?kdf dfq pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cfGtl/s ko{6ssf nflu dfq pko'Qm x'g] x'Fbf pQm xf]6nx?nfO{

ko{6s xf]6nsf] ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . /f]huf/Lsf lx;fan] k|To]s ;fgf xf]6n, nh /

/]i6'/]G6n] ;/b/ # . $ hgfnfO{ kfl/jfl/s /f]huf/L lbPsf 5g\ .

#=@=@ ko{6s kbdfu{u08sL k|b]z 6«]lsËsf nflu ;+;f/e/ k|l;4 5 . g]kfndf cfpg] klZrdf b]zsf ko{6sx? g]kfn cfpg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f ljZj k|l;4 cGgk"0f{, wjnflu/L, dgf:n' nufotsf kbdfu{df 6«]lsËsf nflu cfpg] u5{g\ . a9\bf] u|fdL0f ;8ssf] ljsf;;Fu} xfn ;~rfngdf /x]sf kbdfu{x? ;d:ofu|:t cj:yfdf /x]sf]n] pQm kbdfu{x?sf] j}slNks Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . 6]«lsË P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn, kf]v/fsf] kl5Nnf] tYofÍ cg';f/ of] k|b]zdf ;fgf 7"nf u/L sDtLdf % lbgb]lv a9Ldf @* lbg;Dd nfUg] #* j6f kbdfu{x? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL #=!_ .

#=@=# ko{6s cfsif{0fsf >f]tu08sL k|b]zdf ko{6sLo cfsif{0fsf If]qx? w]/} 5g\ . ljZj ;d'bfonfO{ cfslif{t ug{ ;kmn ljZj rlr{t cGgk"0f{ kbdfu{ 5 . o; kbdfu{n] l;lh{t ko{6ssf] uGtJonfO{ ljljlws/0f pTkfbg kl:sg] qmddf ufFp ko{6g / kof{ko{6g, 3/jf; sfo{qmd h:tf ko{6sLo uGtJox? o;} k|b]zdf ljsf; eP . :ofËhfsf] l;?jf/L, ndh'ªsf] 3n]ufFp / sfpn]kfgL, DofUbLsf] gfuL cflb ufFp ko{6gsf k|l;4 uGtJox? x'g eg] sf:sLsf] l;Sn]; / 3n]vs{ g]kfnsf] klxnf] kof{ko{6g kbdfu{ xf] -tflnsf g+= #–%_ . ljZj k|Voft uf]vf{nL jxfb'/Lsf] k|tLs uf]vf{ ;+u|fxno, ;fNd] 8fF8f l:yt jL/ uf]vf{nLsf] P]ltxfl;s :df/s, g]kfndf lxdfn cf/f]x0fsf] Oltxf; k|bz{g ug]{ kj{tLo ;+u|xfno, /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t kf]v/fsf gf} tfnx?, ljZj zflGt :t'kf tyf g]kfnsf] hfthfltsf] efiff, e]ife"iff, rfnrng, snf nufotsf ;f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ ;lhn} cjnf]sg ug{ ;lsg] ;f+:sl[ts ;+u|xfnob]lv ljleGg af}4 tyf lxGb' wd{fjnDjLx?sf] d7, dlGb/, u'Djf, :t"kf nufot cGo kf}/fl0fs tyf P]ltxfl;s :ynx? o; k|b]zdf k|z:t} 5g\ . o;afx]s k|frLg P]ltxfl;s zx/ nf]dfGyfª, u'?Ësf] cflbd ynf] Sxf]nf;f]y/, lxGb" / jf}4 wdf{jnDjLx?sf] ;+ud tLy{:yn d'lQmgfy, lxGb"sf nflu k|l;4 dlGb/ uf]vf{sf] dgsfdgf, jfUfn'ªsf] sflnsf dlGb/, DofUbLsf] un]Zj/ dxfb]j, kf]v/fsf] ljGWjfl;gL dlGb/, :ofËhfsf] ;tf}F rl08sf, :ofËhfsf] >j0fs'df/ / cGwfcGwL, tgx'Fsf] 9f]/j/fx tyf 5fAbLjf/fx, g]kfnL /fhg}lts Oltxf;sf] ;'?jftsf] s]G› dflgg] uf]vf{ b/jf/,



ndh'ªsf] ufFpzx/ b/jf/ nufot uf]vf{sf] lnulnu sf]6, :ofËhfsf] le/sf]6 tyf g'jfsf]6, kj{tsf] b'n{'Ësf]6 / dNnfh, sf:sLsf] sf:sLsf]6 nufot ljleGg :yfgdf /x]sf P]ltxfl;s tyf wfld{s s]G›sf ?kdf rlr{t 5g\ . o;}u/L kbofqf, ;fOsn ofqf, jDhL hlDkË, hLk /fOl8Ë, Kof/fUnfOl8Ë, cN6«fˆnfO6, lkml;ª, jf]l6ª, ndh'ªdf sfoflsË, sfnLu08sL tyf ;]tLdf hnljxf/, v]ns'b nufot ljleGg lsl;dsf dgf]/~hgsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfngdf 5g\ .

tflnsf g+= #–%M u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf d'Vo wfld{s tyf ko{6sLo :ynx?

lhNnf k|d'v ko{6sLo j:t'x?

uf]/vfdgsfdgf dlGb/, uf]/vf b/af/ ;Fu|xfno, dgf:n' lxdfn, lnulnu sf]6, r'd EofnL, af/kfs, uf]/vgfy u'kmf, l9s] 8fF8f, uf]/vsfnL, s]ansf/

ndh'ª3n]ufFp, dx lzsf/ ug{] :yfg, e'h'Ë, 3g kf]v/f, sf}8f r'6\sf / ;f]/7L g[To, a]+;Lzx/, afx| kf]v/L, Ond kf]v/L, d]d] kf]v/L

tgx'F b]j3f6, alGbk'/, 5fAbL af/fxL, 9f]/ af/fxL, Jof; u'kmf, tgx'F;'/, l5Ds]Zj/, efg' hGd:yn

:ofËhfcGwfcGwL, >j0fs'df/, ØflK6Ë, 5fË5fËbL dlGb/, l;?jf/L, le/sf]6 b/af/, Kof/fUnfOl8Ë, k~rd"n

sf:sL

km]jf, j]ugf;, ?kf, cflb ljleGg tfntn}ofx?, df5fk'R5|], cGgk"0f{, ;/fËsf]6 b[Zofjnf]sg, kftfn] 5fFuf], u'Kt]Zj/ dxfb]j u'kmf, dx]G› u'kmf, ljZj zflGt :t'kf, df6]kfgL u'Djf, tfnaf/fxL, e›sfnL, cGt/f{li6«o kj{tLo ;+u|xfno, ljGWojfl;gL dlGb/, Kof/fUnfOl8Ë, Sofgf]OË, lhk km\nfo/, cN6«fnfO6, 3fGb'|s, l;sn];, wDk';, c:tfd, k~rf;]

dgfË gf]km{", ltlnrf] tfn, yf]/f]Ë nf kf;, dfy{'Ë d]nf, ;'Gb/ a;fO{, au|f

d':tfË hf]d;f]d, sfua]gL, nf]dfGyfË, d'lQmgfy, sf]/nf, bfdf]b/ s'08, dfkm{f, 6's'r], n]t]

DofUbLtftf]kfgL, k'glxn, 3f]/]kfgL, un]Zj/, ?K;] em/gf, cGw uN5L, wf}nflu/L lxdfn, dflnsf w'/L, u'hf{ ufFp, a]gL ahf/,

kj{tcUnf emf]n'Ë]k'n, cNk]Zj/ u'kmf, ;x;|wf/f, u'Kt]Zj/ u'kmf, kfy]Zj/L dlGb/, df]lbj]0fL, ;]tLj]0fL, k~rf;] If]q, 8x/] b]p/fnL, lr;fkfgL, zflnu|fd, dxflznf, lhld/] b]jL dlGb/

afUfn'Ë afUfn'Ë sflnsf dlGb/, 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If, k~rsf]6, ufhfbx, 3'D6]sf] n]s, pQ/u+uf

gjnk'/ yf? len]h xf]d :6], df}nfsflnsf dlGb/, lqj]0fL wfd, ;fZjt wfd, sflnsf l/;f]6{




#=@=$ ko{6s cfudg laGb'u08sL k|b]zdf :ofËhfsf] /fDbL, uf]/vfsf] cf?3f6 / dgsfdgf, tgx'Fsf] d'lUnË, gjnk'/sf] k'nrf]s / ab{3f6, a'6jn, j'lt{jfª / ?s'd ko{6ssf] cfudg x'g] 7fFpx? x'g\ . o; afx]s eljiodf sf]/nf gfsfsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePdf of] k|d'v cfudg ljGb'sf] ?kdf /xg]5 .

#=@=% ko{6s cfudg ;+Voflj=;+= @)&$÷)&% df g]kfndf cfPsf s'n ljb]zL ko{6s ;+Vof (,$),@!* lyof] -tflnsf g+= #–^_ . g]kfn lelqg] s'n ljb]zL ko{6sdWo] $) k|ltzt ko{6s u08sL k|b]zdf cfPsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] cfwf/df lj=;+= @)&$÷)&% df u08sL k|b]z lelqPsf s'n ljb]zL ko{6s sl/a $ nfv /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f cfof]hgf kf]v/f, dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]q cfof]hgf / 9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/Ifsf] tYofÍ cg';f/ lj= ;+= @)&#÷)&$ df ljb]zL ko{6ssf] ;+Vof !^^,^%! /x]sf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= #–^_ . h; cg';f/ cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] of]ubfg ;a}eGbf pNn]vgLo 5 . :jb]zL ko{6sx¿sf] nflu klg u08sL k|b]z k|Voft dflgG5 . lj= ;+= @)&#÷)&$ df sl/a ^ nfv hlt :jb]zL ko{6s kf]v/f nufot u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg 7fpFx¿sf] e|d0f u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . o; cfwf/df u08sL k|b]z lelqg] s'n b]zL tyf ljb]zL ko{6s sl/a !) nfv /x]sf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= #–^M u08sL k|b]zsf ;+/lIft If]qdf ko{6s cfjfudgsf] l:ylt

;+/lIft If]qsf] gfdlj= ;+=

@)&)÷)&!lj= ;+=

@)&!÷)&@lj= ;+=

@)&@÷)&#lj= ;+=

@)&#÷)&$lj= ;+=

@)&$÷)&%

cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f cfof]hgf !!^!@) !@(^@$ &*(#) !!$%)& !%(%^)

dgf:n' ;+/If0f cfof]hgf $(&* %(!* @$!$ $*&@ ^(@*

9f]/kf6g lzsf/ cf/If ** *( ) (! !^#

hDdf cGgk"0f{, dgf:n', 9f]/kf6g

!@#!(( !#&^$% *##%( !@!$*^ !^*^^*

aflif{s j[l44/ !@ –#( $^ #(

s'n g]kfn &(&,^!^ &(),!!* %#*,(&) &%#,))@ ($),@!*

aflif{s j[l44/ g]kfn –)=($ –#!=&( #(=&! @$=*^




#=@=^ cy{tGqdf ko{6gsf] of]ubfgxfn;Dd o; k|b]zdf ko{6g If]qn] u/]sf] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf cfDbfgLsf] d"Nof+sg geP tfklg cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f cfof]hgfn] lj= ;+= @)&$÷)&% df !,%(,%^) ko{6saf6 ?= @^,#),@$,@)) k|j]z z'Nsaf6 dfq /fh:j c;'n u/]sf] lyof] . g]kfn cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6ssf] cf};t a;fOF !@=^ lbg /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 eg] u08sL k|b]z lelqg] ko{6ssf] a;fOF sl/a % lbg /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ljb]zL ko{6sn] k|ltlbg %$ 8n/ vr{ u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 eg] :jb]zL ko{6sn] k|ltlbg ?= %,))) vr{ u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 . ko{6g xf]6n ;+Vof ^%^, k|lt xf]6n k"0f{ /f]huf/L !% hgf, cf+lzs -# dlxgf_ /f]huf/ ;+Vof %),))), cf}ift dfl;s tna ?= @),))) cflb cg'dfg u/L s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbg u0fgf ubf{ ko{6g If]qn] sl/a g]= ?= #) ca{ of]ubfg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; lx;fan] ko{6g If]qn] u08sL k|b]zsf] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf u/L s"n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] !) k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

#=@=& /f]huf/Ldf ko{6gsf] of]ubfgko{6g If]q ;a}eGbf a9L ;]jfd"ns, ;dfj]zL / /f]huf/d"ns If]qsf] ?kdf lrlqt 5 . o;af6 of] k|b]zdf 7"nf] /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 tyflk ;f] ;DjGwdf PsLg tYofÍ 5}g . ko{6ssf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nueu !%# j6f 6]«lsË Ph]G;L, @$$ j6f 6«fen Ph]G;Lx?df /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ eg] ;]jfd"ns If]qsf ?kdf /x]sf ko{6sLo xf]6n, xf]d:6], tfndf 8'+uf ;~rfng, ufO8 / ko{6sLo a;x?af6 7"nf] dfqfdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] b]lvG5 . u08sL k|b]zdf ko{6g If]qn] s"n /f]huf/Lsf] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf u/L !% k|ltzt of]ubfg u/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

#=@=* ko{6g ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx?ko{6g If]qnfO{ o; k|b]zsf] klxnf] k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmdsf] ?kdf 3f]if0ff u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L ;]jfd"ns, ;dfj]zL / /f]huf/d"ns If]qsf] ?kdf lrlqt ko{6g If]q o; k|b]zsf ljZjljVoft ;+/lIft If]qx?, lxdfnx?, wd{, ;+:s[lt / k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] ce"tk"j{ ljz]iftfsf sf/0f ;+;f/d} k|l;4 ePsf] 5 . oxL s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ k|b]z ;/sf/n] cf=j= @)&%÷)&^ nfO{ æcfGtl/s ko{6g aif{Æ, cf=j= @)&^.)&& nfO{ æl5d]sL b]z ko{6g jif{Æ / cf=j= @)&(.)*) nfO{ ækf]v/f ko{6g jif{Æ dgfpFb} cf=j= @)&(÷)*) ;Dd -@)&%÷@)*)_ df @) nfv ko{6s leq\ofpg] nIo lnPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu k|b]z ;/sf/n] k|b]z :t/Lo ko{6g u'?of]hgf tof/ ub}{5 eg] l5§} k|fb]lzs ko{6g gLlt klg tof/ ub}{ 5 . o;afx]s ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/ ljsf; sfo{qmd, ko{6ssf] tYofÍ Joj:yfkg



sfo{qmd, af;:yfg Joj:yfkg ;xof]u sfo{qmd, eO/x]sf kbdfu{x? / gofF kbdfu{sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx?sf] dd{t, ljsf;, lj:tf/ Pj+ ;f}Gbo{s/0fsf] Joj:yf ub}{5 . o;afx]s ko{6g k|j4{gsf nflu k|rf/ k|;f/nfO{ 3gLe"t ?kdf cufl8 a9fpFb} 5 .

#=@=( ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?• lj=;+= @)&@ sf] e"sDk tyf cfk"lt{ cj/f]waf6 cGt/f{li6«o hut\df g]kfnsf] ko{6g

If]qdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ k|j4{g tyf ahf/Ls/0fsf dfWodaf6 lg/fs/0f ub}{ o; If]qsf] k'g¿Tyfg ug'{, k|frLg ;Dkbfx¿df a9\bf] cltqmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg', kof{Kt ko{6sLo ;"rgfsf] Joj:yf ug'{, xjfO{ ;]jfnfO{ yk e/kbf]{ agfpg', ko{6g If]qaf6 k|fKt nfesf] Gofof]lrt ljt/0f tyf gofF ko{6sLo uGtJo :ynx¿sf] vf]hL;Fu} k"jf{wf/ ljsf;dfkm{t\ ko{6sLo pkhsf] ljsf; u/L ko{6sLo ;]jf tyf uGtJosf] ljljwLs/0f ug{' ;d]t r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

• cf=j= @)&(÷)*) ;Dddf @) nfv ko{6s leq\ofpg] nIo cg'?k /fd|f] xf]6]nsf] Joj:yf, :j:y vfgf tyf k]o kbfy{, l/6]n, u]ld+u If]q, cd"No ;f+:s[lt, rf8 ka{ tyf pT;ax?sf] k|;f/ / a|fG88LË, a}7s, ;ef, ;Dd]ng tyf of]uf xnx? / k|fs[lts ?kn] cfsif{s 7fpFx?sf] a|flG8Ë tyf oyf]lrt Aoa:yfkg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• k|b]zdf lelqg] ko{6sx?sf nflu vkt ul/g] vfgf tyf k]o kbfy{ k|b]z leq g} pTkfbg ug{ ;s] cfoft sd x'g uO cy{tGqdf yk ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ko{6gnfO{ s[lif pTkfbg;+u hf]8\g kg]{ x'G5 h'g r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• ko{6g ljsf;n] jftfj/0fdf kfg{ ;Sg] b"/ufdL c;/x¿sf] ;dodf g} Vofn ub}{ lbuf] ko{6g Joj:yfkg ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• g]kfndf cfpg] ko{6sx?sf] b}lgs vr{ gu0o -b}lgs hDdf %$ cd]l/sL 8n/_ /x]sf] 5 . b}lgs vr{ sDtLdf klg ? !)) cd]l/sL 8n/ a/fa/ jf ;f] eGbf dfly k'/\ofpg' cfjZos 5 . ;f] sfo{sf nflu b}lgs vr{ /fd|f] ug{ ;Sg] u'0f:t/Lo ko{6ssf] ;+Vof a9fpg' kg]{ x'G5, h'g r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• ko{6snfO{ g]kfnaf6 kms{bf a]Rg] ko{6sLo ;fdfg k|b]zleq pTkfbg x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . ko{6sLo ;fdfg k|b]zleq pTkfbg geO{ o; If]qaf6 dgUu] cfly{s nfe lng ;lsb}g . t;y{, ko{6sLo pkxf/ nufot ko{6snfO{ a]Rg] ;fdfgx?sf] pTkfbg ug'{ h?/L 5, h'g sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .



#=@=!) cj;/x¿ko{6sLo k|b]zsf] ?kdf ;+;f/e/ k|l;4 u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf clåtLo :yflkt eO;s]sf ko{6sLo If]qx?, ko{6sLo k"jf{wf/df eO/x]sf] ljsf;, ko{6g If]q u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/sf] k|yd k|fyldstf k|fKt If]q, ;g\ @)@! sf] h'nfO;Dd ;DkGg x'g] kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, sf]/nfb]lv kf]v/f;Ddsf] ;8ssf] :t/f]Gglt, l5d]sL /fi6«x¿sf] pRr cfly{s j[l4af6 tL /fi6«x¿df dWod cfoju{sf] tLj| j[l4|, ko{6g k"jf{wf/ j[l4df ;+3Lo / k|b]z ;/sf/sf] hf]8 / lghL If]qsf] ko{6g If]qdf nufgL j[l4 ko{6g If]qsf] ljsf;sf cj;/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

#=# hn;|f]t / phf{#=#=! hn;|f]thn;|f]tsf] wgL b]zsf] ?kdf lrlgPsf] g]kfndf 7"nf / ;fgf u/]/ sl/a ^,))) gbLx? /x]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] !,))) gbLx¿ !) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf 5g\ -@$ gbLx? !)) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf 5g\ . gbLx?sf] s'n nDafO $,%)) ls ld /x]sf] 5 eg] hn lgsf;L 3gTj )=# lsld k|lt ju{ lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . gbLgfnfx¿sf] ;/b/ jflif{s axfj sl/a @@% ca{ 3gld6/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . k'ge/0fof]Uo e"ldut hn !@ ca{ 3g ld6/ /x]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]] 5 . o; lx;fan] g]kfndf s'n @#& ca{ 3gld6/ kfgL pknAw /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . @)^* sf] hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] eg] k|ltJolQm ;/b/ (,))) 3gld6/ kfgL jflif{s ?kdf pknAw x'G5 . pknAw hn;|f]tdWo] l;FrfOdf @*=* ca{ 3gld6/, pBf]udf )=% ca{ 3gld6/ / ;]jf If]qdf )=! ca{ 3gld6/ kfgL pkof]u eO/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .

u08sL] k|b]z hn k|jfxdf cToGt wgL 5 . u08sL gbL If]q tyf gf/fo0fL a]l;gsf gfdn] k|Voft o; If]qdf lqz'nLsf] s]xL hnfwf/, a'9Lu08sL, d:of{ËbL, b/f}bL, ;]tL, dfbL, dbL{, df]bL, DofUbL vf]nf, sfnLu08sL / a8Luf8 u/L !! j6f gbLx? lxdfnaf6 pTklQ eP/ aUg] :yfoL gbLx? x'g\ . o;afx]s o; k|b]zdf yk #^* j6f ;fgf 7"nf pkhnfwf/x? /x]sf 5g\ . oxfFsf cUnf kxf8x¿ x'Fb} aUg] lxdgbLx?df hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] nflu rflxg] kof{Kt pFrfO{ / kfgL 5, h'g xfd|f] nflu k|s[ltn] lbPsf] ax'd"No pkxf/ x'g\ . o;sf ;fy}, dgf]/~hgfTds lqmofsnfkx?sf nflu klg u08sL] k|b]zsf gbLx? plQs} k|Voft dflgG5g\ . % j}zfv @)$% b]lv g]kfndf sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] /fd;f/ dxf;lGw cGtu{t g]kfndf /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o dxTj ePsf s'n ^),%^! x]S6/ If]qkmn ePsf !)



j6f tfntn}of / l;d;f/ If]qx?nfO{ /fd;f/ If]qdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . tL dWo] u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf cGtu{t kg]{ ( j6f tfntn}of / l;d;f/ If]qx?sf] cGt/f{li6«o dxTjnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ pQm tfnx?nfO{ ækf]v/f pkTosf tfn Sni6/Æ cGtu{t !( df3 @)&@ df /fd;f/ If]qsf] ;fO6 g+ @,@%& df /flvPsf] 5 . kf]v/f / cf;kf;sf If]qdf /x]sf pQm tfnx?n] hnrs|sf (Hydrological Cycle) ;fy} oxfFsf] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f, jftfj/0fLo ;]jf / :yfgLosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ .

#=#=@ phf{#=#=@=! vfgf ksfpg] phf{sf] ljj/0fvfg ksfpgsf nflu zx/L If]qdf ef/taf6 cfoftLt UofF; tyf afof]UofF; / u|fdL0f e]udf bfp/f tyf afof]UofF;sf] a9L k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . bfp/f u'OF7f tyf 3fF; k/fnaf6 lg:sg] w'jFfn] :jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ x'Fbf To;nfO{ sd ug{ u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf]sf] pNn]Vo k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . la= ;= @)^* sf] tYof+s cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zsf s'n %,&&,^*@ 3/kl/jf/dWo] vfg ksfpgsf nflu sf7–bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ ^*=% k|ltzt, dl§t]n k|of]u ug]{ )=^ k|ltzt / u'OF7f k|of]u ug]{ )=@! k|ltzt u/L k/Dk/fut phf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'n 3/kl/jf/ ^(=# k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= #–&_ . o;}u/L, PnkL UofF; k|of]u ug]{ @%=^ k|ltzt, uf]a/ UofF; k|of]u ug]{ $=% k|ltzt / ljh'nL k|of]u ug]{ )=!@ k|ltzt u/L cfw'lgs phf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'n 3/kl/jf/ #)=@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . cGo phf{ k|of]u ug]{ )=% k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfut cfwf/df vfg ksfpgsf nflu k/Dk/fut phf{ k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L dgfª\df / ;a}eGbf sd sf:sLdf /x]sf 5g . l7s lakl/t, cfw'lgs phf{ k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf 5g . vfgf ksfpg] phf{sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #–& df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= #–&M vfgf ksfpg] phf{sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf 3/ ;+Vofk/Dk/fut

hDdf k/Dk/fut

cfw'lgshDdf

cfw'lgscGo

sf7 bfp/f

d§Lt]n u'O7fPnkL Uof;

uf]a/ UofF;

lah'nL

uf]/vf ^^,$%* *$=# )=$ )=)# *$=* !)=( #=* )=)^ !$=* )=$&

ndh'ª $@,)$* ^(=^ )=$ )=!$ &)=! !(=) !)=$ )=!# @(=% )=$!

tgx'F &*,@*^ ^&=( )=$ )=!# ^*=$ @@=# *=% )=!$ #)=( )=^$

:ofªhf ^*,*%^ *@=! )=$ )=)$ *@=% !$=@ @=& )=## !&=@ )=#!



lhNnf 3/ ;+Vofk/Dk/fut

hDdf k/Dk/fut

cfw'lgshDdf

cfw'lgscGo

sf:sL !@%,$%( #@=% !=# )=)% ##=( ^!=! $=# )=!! ^%=% )=%(

dgfª\ !,$$* (&=( )=! )=)) (*=! !=^ )=) )=)) !=^ )=#%

d':tfª\ #,#)% %$=) !=^ @$=(( *)=^ !*=! )=) )=&# !*=( )=%&

DofUbL @&,&@& *^=^ )=# )=)$ *^=( !@=! )=& )=)# !@=* )=@*

kj{t #%,^(* *^=# )=$ )=)$ *^=& !@=^ )=$ )=)^ !#=) )=@&

afUfn'ª ^!,$*@ **=% )=# )=)# **=( !)=% )=@ )=)) !)=^ )=%)

gjnk'/ ^^,(!% &)=* )=$ )=)* &!=@ @)=( &=! )=!) @*=! )=^#

u08sL %&&,^*@ ^*=% )=^ )=@! ^(=# @%=^ $=% )=!@ #)=@ )=%)

>f]t M s]G›Lo tYofÍ @)^* af6 ljZn]lift

#=#=@=@ aQL afNg] phf{sf] ljj/0fla ; @)^* sf] tYof+s cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zsf s'n %,&&,^*@ 3/kl/jf/ dWo] aQL afNgsf nflu dl§t]nsf] k|of]u ug]{ (=( k|ltzt / cGo phf{ k|of]u ug]{ !=( k|ltzt u/L k/Dk/fut phf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'n 3/kl/jf/ !!=* k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= #–*_ . o;}u/L, lah'nL k|of]u ug]{ *@=% k|ltzt, uf]a/ UofF; k|of]u ug]{ )=@ k|ltzt / ;f]nf/ k|of]u ug]{ %=) k|ltzt u/L cfw'lgs phf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ s'n 3/kl/jf/ *&=* k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . cGo phf{ k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ )=$ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfut cfwf/df aQL afNgsf nflu k/Dk/fut phf{ k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L DofUbLdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf 5g\ . l7s lakl/t, cfw'lgs phf{ k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L dgfª\df / ;a}eGbf sd DofUbLdf /x]sf 5g\ . tyflk, ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] lah'nL gk'u]sf s]xL ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf tyf k|zf;sLo clws[tx?nfO{ kmf]g ;Dks{sf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] ;j]{ cg';f/ (% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/x¿n] n3' hnljB't\, ;f}o{ tyf jfo' pmhf{sf] dfWodaf6 cfkm" a;f]af; u/]sf] 3/÷cfjf;Lo OsfOdf jQL afNgsf nflu cS;/ lah'nL k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 -ef›, @)&%_ . aQL afNg] phf{sf] k"0f{ ljt/0f tflnsf g+= #–* df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



tflnsf g+= #–*M aQL afNg] phf{sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf 3/ ;+Vofk/Dk/fut hDdf

k/Dk/futcfw'lgs

hDdf cfw'lgs

gv'n]sf]dl§t]n cGo lah'nL uf]a/ UofF; ;f]nf/

uf]/vf ^^,$%* !^=& !=( !*=& &^=$ )=@ $=# *)=( )=$ndh'ª $@,)$* !$=^ !=# !%=( &^=* )=# ^=^ *#=& )=$tgx'F &*,@*^ !)=! @=% !@=^ &&=! )=# (=% *^=* )=^:ofª\hf ^*,*%^ (=@ )=* !)=) *^=% )=@ #=) *(=* )=#sf:sL !@%,$%( @=( )=# #=@ (%=% )=@ )=& (^=$ )=$dgfª\ !,$$* !=& )=^ @=@ **=( )=) *=^ (&=$ )=#d':tfª\ #,#)% @=! )=& @=* &!=@ )=) @%=% (^=& )=%DofUbL @&,&@& !#=# ^=# !(=^ ^*=^ )=@ !!=# *)=! )=#kj{t #%,^(* !$=$ )=^ !%=) *)=@ )=@ $=% *$=* )=#afUfn'ª ^!,$*@ !!=& @=@ !#=( *!=& )=@ #=& *%=^ )=%gjnk'/ ^^,(!% (=! $=) !#=! &*=% )=@ &=^ *^=$ )=%u08sL %&&,^*@ (=( !=( !!=* *@=% )=@ %=) *&=* )=$


#=#=@=# hnljB't\hn tyf phf{ ljefun] lj=;+= @)&@ df tof/ kf/]sf] ljB't\ dfu / k|If]k0f l/kf]6{ -@)&@–@)(&_ df ;du|df g]kfnsf gbLgfnfx?sf] ;}4flGts ljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf *#,@() d]ufjf6 /x]sf] pNn]v 5 . h;dWo], $%,^!) d]ufjf6 k|fljlws ?kdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] / $@,!## d]ufjf6 cfly{s ?kdf klg cfsif{s ePsf] pNn]v 5 . To:t}, u08sL gbL a]l;gdf /x]sf gbLx¿sf] dfq} s'n ;}4flGts ljB't\ pTkfbg Ifdtf @),^%) d]ufjf6 /x]sf] pNn]v 5 . h;dWo], ^,^^) d]ufjf6 k|fljlws ?kdf pTkfbg ug{ ;lsg] / %,@&) d]ufjf6 cfly{s ?kdf klg cfsif{s ePsf] pNn]v 5 . tyflk, lj=;= !(^& sf] hxfFlgof /f0ffzf;g b]lvg} ;'? ePsf] g]kfnsf] hnljB't\ -kmlk{Ë, %)) lsnf]jf6, Plzofsf] bf];|f] k'/fgf]_ pTkfbgsf] ofqf clxn];Dd klg !,)!^ d]ufjf6df ;Lldt 5 . kmn:j?k, aQL afNgsf nflu @^ k|ltzt g]kfnL 3/kl/jf/ k/Dk/fut OGwgdf lge{/ /xg' k/]sf] 5 -hn tyf phf{ ljefun] lj=;+= @)&@ df tof/ kf/]sf] ljB't\ dfu / k|If]k0f l/kf]6{, @)!%–@)$)_ eg] /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgaf6 ljB't\ cfk"lt{ x'Fb} cfPsf If]qx?df klg yd{n pmhf{ -%$ d]ufjf6_ / ef/taf6 sl/a $%) d]ufjf6 ;Dd ljB't\ cfoft u/]/, sl/a !,%@# d]ufjf6 ;Ddsf] dfuk"lt{ ug{'kg]{ afWotf 5 -pmhf{ hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfO dGqfno, @)&%_ .



hnljB't\ ljsf;u08sL k|b]zn] xfn;Dd g]kfnåf/f lgdf{0f ul/Psf] / /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgdf hl8t hnljB't\ -!,)!^ d]ufjf6_ sf] $$=! Ü -ljB't\ k|flws/0fåf/f lgld{t @((=% d]ufjf6 / lghL If]qaf6 lgld{t !$( d]ufjf6 u/L s'n $$*=% d]ufjf6_ of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . xfn g]kfndf $,(*( d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0ffwLg 5g\ . h;dWo], u08sL k|b]zdf dfq ^%$ d]ufjf6 Ifdtfsf cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0ffwLg 5g\ . oL ;a} cfof]hgfx? la= ;= @)*) ;Dd lgdf{0f e};Sg] cfFsng ul/Psf] 5 -pmhf{ hn;|f]t tyf l;FrfO dGqfno, @)&%_ . o; lx;fan] la= ;= @)*) ;Dddf u08sL k|b]zdf lgld{t !,!)# d]ufjf6 laB't\ /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgdf hf]l8Psf] x'g]5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm u08sL k|b]zdf dfq} 7"nf cfof]hgf h:t} a'9Lu08sL -!,@)) d]=jf=_, ck/ d:o{fª\bL -^)) d]=jf=_, a]ugf;–?kf -!%) d]=jf=_, pQ/u+uf -*@* d]=jf=_, sfnLu08sL uh{ -!^$ d]=jf=_, a'9Lu08sL -#$! d]=jf=_, cFfwLvf]nf -!*) d]=jf=_, a'9L u08sL -$@) d]=jf=_, ck/ a'9Lu08sL -@)# d]=jf=_ / a'9Lu08sL v -@^) d]=jf=_ tyf ;fgf cfof]hgf u/L s'n ^@,)) d]ufjf6 eGbf a9L Ifdtfsf cfof]hgfx? cWoogsf] ljleGg r/0fdf 5g\ -ljB't\ ljsf; ljefusf] j]a ;fO{6df ef›, @)&% ;Dddf /flvPsf] ;fdu|Lsf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift_ . t;y{, hnljB't\ ljsf;df u08sL k|b]zsf] of]ubfg cToGt} pNn]vgLo /lx/xg] b]lvG5 . k"0f{ ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #–(, tflnsf g+= #–!), tflnsf g+= #–!! df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= #–(M g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f -g]=lj=k|f=_ åf/f u08sL k|b]zdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] hl8t Ifdtf / la= ;= @)&$ df pTkflbt pmhf{

qm=;+= cfof]hgfsf] gfd hl8t Ifdtf -d] jf_ jflif{s pmhf{ -lu jf cf_ :yfg

! km]jf! !=)) != %) sf:sL!

@ ;]tL != %) *=)) sf:sL

# d:o{fª\bL ^(=)) $^%=#) tgx'F

$ df]bL !$=)) ^(=^) kj{t

% sfnLu08sL …PÚ !$$=)) *$@=@) :ofª\hf

^ dWod:o{fª\bL &)=)) $%$=@) ndh'ª

hDdf @((=%) !,*$)=&)

>f]t M ljB't\ ljsf; ljefu, @)&%, pmhf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfno, @)&% !xfn jGb /x]sf]



tflnsf g+= #–!)M lghLIf]q -lg=If]=_ åf/f u08sL k|b]zdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] hl8t Ifdtf / la= ;= @)&$ df pTkflbt pmhf{

qm=;+= cfof]hgfsf] gfd hl8t Ifdtf -d]= jf=_ jflif{s pmhf{ -lu= jf= cf=_ :yfg

! v'bL vf]nf $=)) @$=@* sf:sL

@ ;]tL )=(* ^=(* sf:sL

# dbL{ vf]nf $=*) #@=%# kj{t

$ l;p/L vf]nf $=(% #@=!) nDh'ª

% tNnf] df]bL !)=)) ^!=)! kj{t

^ ljhok'/ $=$! @(=)( sf:sL

& ck/ dfbL @%=)) !$)=$( sf:sL

* /flw vf]nf $=$) @^=@^ nDh'ª

( cKk/ d;{\ofª\bL …PÚ %)=)) #!&=^@ nDh'ª

!) b/f}bL vf]nf …PÚ ^=)) #@=*^ uf]/vf

!! ldlbd s/fk" #=)) !^=&* nDh'ª

!@ :ofFu] vf]nf )=!* !=!( nDh'ª

!# ;fbL{ vf]nf $=)) @!=*@ sf:sL

!$ yfkf vf]nf !#=^) &&=@! d':tf+u

!% cfwL vf]nf (=$) #&=#* :ofª\hf

!^ r08L vf]nf @=)) pknAw 5}g

!& 8/d vf]nf …PÚ @=%) pknAw 5}g afun'+u

hDdf !$(=)) *%&=^

>f]t M ljB't\ ljsf; ljefu, pmhf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfno, @)&%



tflnsf g+= #–!!M lghL If]q / g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fåf/f u08sL k|b]zdf lgdf{0ffwLg hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] hl8t Ifdtf / ;Defljt jflif{s pmhf{

qm=;+= cfof]hgfsf] gfd hl8t Ifdtf jflif{s pmhf{ :yfg lgdf{0fstf{ ! tNnf] df]bL @)=)) !!&=!$ kj{t lg If]@ ?bL vf]nf …PÚ *=*) $^=*& sf:sL÷ndh'ª lg If]# bf]bL{ vf]nf @&=)) !$@=#@ ndh'ª lg If]$ dflyNnf] bf]bL{ …PÚ @%=)) !@#=(@ ndh'ª lg If]% gfdh{'g dfbL !!=*) ^^=#$ sf:sL lg If]^ ObL vf]nf )=(* %=%% sf:sL lg If]& bjf{Ë DofUbL @%=)) !%)=)* DofUbL lg If]* dflyNnf] dbL{ &=)) #%=** kj{t lg If]( dWo ldlbd #=!) !(=(( ndh'ª lg If]!) ldlbd vf]nf )=!) )=*! ndh'ª lg If]!! dWo df]bL !%=!) *#=(% kj{t lg If]!@ bf]bL{ vf]nf !)=#) %^=!% ndh'ª lg If]!# ;'k/ bf]bL{ …vÚ $(=%) @*(=$^ ndh'ª lg If]!$ GofbL vf]nf #)=)) !^*=%% ndh'ª lg If]!% ljhok'/ @ $=%) @*=(& sf:sL lg If]!^ dflyNnf] DofUbL @)=)) !!$=#! DofUbL lg If]!& dflyNnf] b/f}bL ! !)=)) %!=*# uf]/vf lg If]!* tNnf] df]bL @ !)=%) ^@=!% kj{t lg If]!( b/d vf]nf &=#) #(=#$ afun'+u lg If]@) ;'k/ dfbL $$=)) @$@=^% sf:sL lg If]@! ;'k/ GofbL $)=@& @#%=&^ ndh'ª lg If]@@ ;]tL vf]nf #=%) @)=^( sf:sL lg If]@# dflyNnf] ldlbd &=%) $@=!& ndh'ª lg If]@$ ;]tL vf]nf @@=)) !##=$# tgx'F÷sf:sL lg If]@% tgx'F hnljB't !$$=)) %)@=%* tgx'F g] lj k|f@^ dflyNnf] df]bL …PÚ $@=)) @$)= kj{t g] lj k|f@& dflyNnf] df]bL !*=)) !)&=@! kj{t g] lj k|f@* /fx'3f6 $)=)) @^$= DofUbL g] lj k|f@( ?bL vf]nf …laÚ ^=^) $^=*& sf:sL÷ndh'ª lg If]

hDdf ^%$ #,$@%=#!

>f]t M ljB't\ ljsf; ljefu, @)&%, pmhf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfno, @)&%



hnljB't\ pkof]uu08sL k|b]zsf] hnljB't\ ljsf;df pNn]vgLo e"ldsf /xFbf/xFb} klg xfn;Dd oxfFsf cf7 j6f :yfgLo txdf dfq k"0f{ ljB'tLs/0f ePsf] 5 eg] cf7 j6f :yfgLo txdf ljB'tLs/0f x'g g} afFsL 5 . afFsL :yfgLo txdf klg cf+lzs ?kdf dfq} ljB'tLs/0f ePsf] 5 -cg';"rL #=@_ . k|b]zdf ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] k|;f/0f nfOgsf] lah'nLsf] kxF'r k'u]sf] 3/ ;+Vof @)&#÷)&$ df #,#&,^)* /x]sf] 5, h'g hDdf 3/ w'/Lsf] sl/a %* k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 tyflk, ljB't\ k|flws/0fåf/f ljtl/t lah'nLsf ;fy;fy} n3' hnljB't\, ;f}o{ tyf jfo' pmhf{sf] dfWodaf6 (% Ü 3/kl/jf/x¿n] cfkm" a;f]af; u/]sf] 3/÷cfjf;Lo OsfOdf jQL afNgsf nflu cS;/ lah'nL k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvPsf] 5 . ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] k|;f/0f nfOgdfkm{t\ ePsf] ljB'tLs/0fsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f cg';"rL #=@ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

hnljB't\df cfwfl/t /fh:j ;+sngsf] l:yltcfly{s jif{ @)&$÷&% df u08sL k|b]zdf k|;f/0f nfOgaf6 laqmL ljB't\ s'n #,^&,^,&*,(** o'lg6 -ls=jf=cf=_ /x]sf] lyof] . pQm ljB't\ laqmL u/L ljB't\ k|flws/0fn] g]= ?=, #,^^,!@,)$,!@@ /fh:j ;+sng u/]sf] lyof] -tflnsf g+= #–!@_ .

tflnsf g+= #–!@M ljB't\ ljt/0f s]Gb| / ljtl/t ljB't\ sf] ljj/0f lj= ;+= @)&$÷)&%

ljt/0f s]Gb| u|fxs ;+Vof s'n laqmL pmhf{ s'n /fh:j -g]= ?=_kf]v/f &&,^@^ !#*,(!$,!#$ !,%)(,@#!,%@%tgx'F #$,!!^ #$,@)$,$$& #!&,^*#,%*)n]vgfy $#,@@# #&,)%%,)^( #&&,!@!,)$!:of+ªhf @$,(%& !#,($&,*!* !!%,%@$,@@!uf]vf{ #&,)^# !^,&)^,**^ !##,(@*,!@)ka{t !*,!!^ !#,)@#,^(% !!!,(((,#@$afun'+ª @%,*@@ !@,!%&,!&! !!%,^%#,^)*DofUbL !%,&!* &,@*$,*&* &),@)$,#%*nDfh'+u &!* @),^^(,^^! !@$,%%%,*#*tftf]kfgL !,@)$ !,&*^,*(& !^,!)&,$^$cf?3f6 @,^@( **,%$$% *,^&@,&@^sfjf;f]tL -a'6jn_ %^,$!^ *),)$@,*** &^),%@@,#!^hDdf u08sL k|b]z ##&,^)* #&^,^&*,(** #,^^!,@)$,!@@

>f]t M g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f, @)&%



tYof+s cg';f/, ;a}eGbf a9L 3/]n' If]qn] -%%=%( k|ltzt_, To;kl5 qmdzM cf}Bf]lus If]qn] -!&=^& k|ltzt_ / jfl0fHo If]qn] -!)=^$ k|ltzt_ vkt u/]sf] lyof] . oftfoft If]qdf ;a}eGbf sd vkt -)=)! k|ltzt dfq_ ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+ #–!#_ .

tflnsf g+= #–!#M ljB't\ ljt/0f / /fh:j ;+sngsf] If]qut cfwf/df ljt/0f lj ;+ @)&$÷)&%

ljt/0fsf] k|sf/ laqmL pmhf{ -ls=jf=cf=_ s'n laqmL pmhf{sf] k|ltzt s'n /fh:j -g]= ?=_

3/]n' @)(,$)%,(!* %%=%( !,*^&,@^%,!&@

u}/ jfl0fHo !%,#^!,)*) $=)* @@),#$$,*#(

jfl0fHo $),)(!,&$$ !)=^$ %*%,%*$,^@&

cf}Bf]lus ^^,%^(,)#( !&=^& &!&,*^(,()!

hn cfk"lt{ &,^#),@^( @=)# ^#,)*&,*##

l;+rfO{ @,&#!,*$$ )=&# !@,^*!,*^!

:6«L6 nfO6 @,&)),%*# )=&@ @^,$$),())

c:yfoL !$^,^@& )=)$ @,*!#,$**

oftfoft @#,!(* )=)! #$!,*$%

dlGb/ ^&),^#& )=!* $,)#*,%*%

;fd'bflos #,)%*,*(#% *=!@ !$*,%%(,)$)

u}/ 3/]n' #*(,^^^ )=!) ^,**!,$!@

dgf]/~hg !^%,#)( )=)$ #,!%@,@!(

cfGtl/s @)$,!#* )=)% @,!$@,$))

hDdf #&^,^&*,(** !)) #,^^!,@)$,!@@

>f]t M g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f, @)&% sf] tYof+ssf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

#=#=@=$ n3' ljB't\k|;f/0f nfOg gk'u]sf u|fdL0f Onfsfdf ljB'tLs/0fsf nflu n3' ljB't\ cfof]hgfx¿sf] klg pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f -cf]km lu|8 ljB'tLs/0f_ sfo{qmd cGtu{t ljleGg lhNnfx?df u/L s'n ^,^@! ls=jf= Ifdtfsf n3' hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L, ;f}o{ phf{ / jfo' pmhf{ pTkfbg qmdzM !,#&# / !) ls=jf= /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= #–!$_ .



tflnsf g+= #–!$M n3' hnljB't, ;f}o{ tyf jfo' pmhf{sf] ljt/0f

lhNnf n3' hnljB't\ -ls jf_ ;f}o{ pmhf{ -ls jf_ jfo' pmhf{ -ls jf_

uf]/vf !,)))=)) !$)=))

ndh'ª $#(=)) !%%=))

tgx'F @&#=)) @*#=))

:ofªhf !%&=)) !#@=))

sf:sL @$*=)) $(=))

dgfª\ @#*=)) $=))

d':tfª\ )=)) @(=$%

DofUbL %^(=)) !@!=))

kj{t !($=)) !@#=))

afUfn'ª #,@##=)) !@%=@%

gjnk'/ @&)=)) @!#=)) !)=))

hDdf ^,^@!=)) !,#&$=)) !)=))

>f]t M j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]G›, @)&%

;du|df, cf]km lu|8 ljB'tLs/0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t s'n * d]ufjf6 a/fa/sf] ljB't\ pTkfbg ePsf] kfOG5 . cGo lhNnfsf] t'ngfdf afUfn'ª / uf]/vfdf k|;f/0f nfOgdf hl8t ljB't\sf] pknAwtf sd 5Ù t/ ;a}eGbf a9L cf]km lu|8 ljB'tLs/0f afUn'ª / uf]/vf lhNnfdf ePsf] kfOG5 . u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf]] k"0f{ ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #–!$ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

#=#=# lbuf] lasf; nIo & sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltcfw'lgs pmhf{df kx'Fr s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ;d[l4sf nflu Pp6f d'Vo cfwf/ xf] . t;y{, ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] ;a}nfO{ lbuf] pmhf{ sfo{qmd (SE4ALL) tyf lbuf] ljsf; nIo & n] lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf ;a}nfO{ cfw'lgs phf{ pknAw u/fpg] nIo /fv]sf] 5 . o; nIon] lskmfotL, vr{ j]xf]g{ ;lsg], e/kbf]{, lbuf] / cfw'lgs pmhf{df ;a}+sf] kxF'r ;'lglZrt ug{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; nIo cGtu{t ljqmd ;Dat\ @)*& ;Dddf xfl;n ug{ /flvPsf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ M -s_ vr{n] wfGg ;lsg], e/kbf]{ / cfw'lgs pmhf{ ;'ljwfx¿df ;j{JofkL kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, -v_ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ljleGg k|fylds pmhf{ ;|f]tx¿sf] ;ld>0f (Energy mix) df gjLs/0fLo pmhf{sf] lx:;f ;f/e"t ¿kdf a9fpg], / -u_ pmhf{ bIftf÷k|efjsfl/tfdf ul/g] ;'wf/sf] b/nfO{ bf]Aa/ kfg]{ /x]sf 5g\ .



k|b]zdf sl/a &) k|ltzt kl/jf/x¿ vfgf ksfpg pmhf{sf] k|fylds ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf 7f]; OGwgsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . vfgf ksfpg Pn=kL= UofF;k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/x¿ Ps rf}yfO{ 5g\ . ljB't\df *#=% k|ltzt dfq 3/ kl/jf/x¿sf] kx'FRf 5 / ljB't\sf] jf:tljs cfk"lTf{ eg] kof{Kt 5}g . u|fdL0f If]qx¿df ckm–u|L8 hnljB't\ KnfG6x¿af6 x'g] ljB't\ cfk"lt{ ;Lldt 5 / o;sf]] w]/}h;f] k|of]u aQmL afNg / df]afOn kmf]gh:tf ;fgf pks/0fx¿ rfh{ ug{df x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;f]nf/ kL=eL=h:tf 3/fo;L k|0ffnLx¿af6 ljB't\ pTkfbg al9/x]sf] 5 tfklg aQL afNgsf] nflu dfq of] kof{Kt 5 .

vr{n] wfGg ;lsg], e/kbf]{ / cfw'lgs pmhf{ ;'ljwfx¿df ;j{JofkL kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{] sfo{ Hofb} ufx|f] 5 . tyflk, k|b]zdf /x]sf] hnljB't\sf] ljzfn ;Defjgf / pmhf{ pTkfbg ug{] sfo{df lghL If]q klg a9L ;Ifd eO/x]sf], u|L8;Fu hf]8\g] sfo{ klg lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] / j}slNks pmhf{sf ;|f]tx¿ ;d]tsf] k|of]u a9\b} uO/x]sf] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ k|b]zn] of] nIo xfl;n ug{ ;Sg] b]lvG5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIosf nflu k|:tfljt ljz]if kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df ljB't\df !)) k|ltzt kl/jf/x¿sf] kx'FRf k'¥ofpg], vfgf ksfpgsf nflu bfp/f k|of]u ul//x]sf kl/jf/x¿sf] cg'kft 36fpg] cflb nIodf k|b]z ;Ifd x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5 . u08sL k|b]zdf o; nIo cGt/utsf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ 5 .

tflnsf g+= #–!%M lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt



@)&%

/fli6«o nIo @)*&

ljB't\df kx'Fr ePsf hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft! &$ *@=% ((

vfgf ksfpgsf lglDt pmhf{sf] k|fylds ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf sf]Onf, bfp/f, u'OF7\7f nufotsf 7f]; OGwg k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ -k|ltzt_!

&$=& ^(=# #)

vfgf ksfpg / sf]7f tftf] /fVgsf nflu PnkL UofF; k|of]u ug]{ hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_!

!* @%=^ #=()

hnljB't\sf] hl8t Ifdtf -d]ufjf6_, @)&$@ !))^=* $$*=% !%)))

>f]t M !s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^*, @ljB't\ ljsf; ljefu, pmhf{, hn;|f]t tyf l;+rfO{ dGqfno, @)&%



#=#=$ ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?u08sL k|b]zdf cfPsf] hnljB't\ pTkfbgsf] nx/n] b]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;d[l4df kSs} klg of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 / ug]{5 tyflk lgDg ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? eg] cufl8 /x]sf 5g\ . • g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f cGtu{tsf] k|;f/0f nfOgsf] dfWodaf6 ljB'tLs/0f ge};s]sf

If]qx?df k|;f/0f nfO{g yk ub}{ jf cGo s'g} k|ljlw h:t} ;f]nf/ of cGosf] tl/sfaf6 ljB't\ pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f ub}{ cfw'lgs pmhf{df !)) k|ltzt kx'Fr k'¥ofpg r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

• u08sL k|b]zsf @%=^ k|ltzt 3/df vfg ksfpg PnkL UofF;sf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] 5 h'g ef/taf6 cfofltt x'g] ub{5 . o;}u/L k|b]zdf vkt ul/Psf] s'n ljB't\ dWo] )=)! k|ltzt dfq} oftfoft If]qdf vkt x'g] u/]sf] 5 / ef/taf6 cfoftLt k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf] !)) k|ltzt lge{/tf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{, OGwg k|of]usf] 9fFrfdf kl/jt{g ub}{ PnkL Uof; / k]6«f]lnod kbfy{nfO{ ljB't\n] k|lt:yfkg u/L cfoft 36fpg] / ljB't\sf] cfGtl/s vkt a9fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

• u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf;df hnljB't\ If]qn] k|ToIf / ck|ToIf pNn]vgLo of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 tyflk clxn];Dd ag]sf / aGb} u/]sf ;a} cfof]hgfx? ;+3 ;/sf/ dftxtdf ;+rflnt 5g\ . o;y{, k|b]z ;/sf/sf] kxndf g} ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df lghL If]qdf pknAw ;fwg;|f]t tyf k|ljlwnfO{ cfslif{t ub}{ s]xL /fd|f cfof]hgfx? agfP/ k|b]zsf] /fhZjdf j[l4 ub}{ lbuf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nIox? xfl;n ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• cfˆg} kxnaf6 cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f ubf{ :yfgLo tx, k|b]z ;/sf/ / s]G› ;/sf/aLr ;fem]bf/Lsf] df]8n s:tf] x'g] tyf /fhZj / /f]oN6Lsf] j}1flgs afF8kmfF8 s;/L ug]{ :ki6 eP/ cufl8 a9\g' kg]{df gLltut cGof]ntf /xg' ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

• u08sL k|b]zcGtu{t cWoog tyf lgdf{0f r/0fdf /x]sf ;a} cfof]hgfx?df cfpg] ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿sf] af/]df ;+3 tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/;+u ;dGjo ub}{ cfof]hgfx? ;dod} ;DkGg ug{ :yfgLo tx, k|b]z ;/sf/ / s]G› ;/sf/aLr ljz]if sfo{bn u7g u/L ;dGjo ub}{ hfg' kg]{df ;f] x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

• g]kfndf hnljB't\ cfof]hgfx? lgdf{0f b"/ufdL] kfl/l:ylts tyf ;fdflhs–cfly{s nfex¿sf] PsLs[t ¿kdf d"Nof+sg u/L cufl8 a9\g' kg]{df tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] cfly{s nfenfO{ dfq x]/]/ lgdf{0f ug]{ k|j[lt ljBdfg 5 . h:t} vf]nfsf] s'g v08df hnljB't\ cfof]hgf agfpg] s'g v08df l;+rfO{ of gbL ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug]{ cflb lj:t[t cWoog u/]/ lgs{\of]n gx'g'n] cfof]hgfx?sf] lbuf] ljsf; / Aoj:yfkgdf



;d:of cfpg ;Sb5 .• u08sL k|b]zsf] dgfË lhNnf g]kfns} cToflws tfkqmd a9]sf] lhNnfdf kb{5 / cGo

lhNnfx?df klg tfkqmd j[l4 pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] tfkqmd a9\g uO{ ›'t ultdf lxpF klUng], Unfl;o/ cfp6 a|:6 x'g], gbLx?df af9Lsf] cfj[lQ tyf dfqf a9\g] tyf ;'Vvf l;hgdf gbLdf kfgLsf] dfqf 36\g] / klx/f] hfg] ;d:ofx? a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;sf] c;/nfO{ glhsaf6 lgu/fgL ub}{ cfof]hgfx?sf] l8hfO{g ug{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• xfnsf] ljB't\ ljt/0f k|0ffnL jQL jfNg] k|of]usf nflu ePsf] / lgs6 eljiodf ylkg] hnljB't\ k|b]zsf] ljB't\ jQL afNgsf] nflu dfu geP/ vfgf ksfpg / ;jf/L ;fwg rnfpg k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . t/ jQL afNg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'wf/ u/L vfgf ksfpg] ljB't\ ;KnfO{ ug{ ;Sg] ljt/0f k|0ffnL ljsf; ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• g]kfndf ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwgsf] pTkfbg / cfoft ul/Psf ;Lldt ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwg lgoldt ?kdf ;'rf/ ug{ dd{t ;+ef/ ug{ / ljB't\ rfh{ ug{ rflh{Ë s]Gb|x?sf] lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

#=#=% cj;/x¿• ljutdf k|;f/0f nfOgsf] cefjdf sltko cfof]hgfx? aGg g;s]sf] jf ;dodf g}

k|;f/0f nfOgdf vkt u/L kmfObf lng g;s]sf] cj:yf xf] . t/ xfn u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t d:o{fª\bL / sfnLu08sL sf]l/8f]/df ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOgx?sf] lgdf{0f x'Fb} u/]sf] 5 hxfFaf6 sl/a #,))) d]ufjf6 ljB't\ /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgdf vkt ug{ ;lsG5, h'g ljB't\df nufgLsf nflu cj;/ xf] .

• g]kfnL k|fljlwsx? / lgdf{0f sDkgLx? hnljB't\ ljsf;df kf]Vt e} ;s]sf 5g\ / o;}u/L g]kfnsf] hnljB't\df b]zL tyf ljb]zL nufgLstf{x? klg cfslif{t xF'b} uO{ /x]sf 5g\ h'g hnljB't\ ljsf;sf] nflu cj;/ xf] .

• hnljB't\ ljsf;df cfPsf] dfxf]ndf s]xL cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo ?kn] /fd|f cfof]hgfx? 5gf]6 ub}{ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L df]8]n to u/]/ nufgL stf{x?nfO{ rfF8} uf]na4 ug{ ;s] k|b]zn] hnljB't\ pTkfbgdfkm{t\ pNn]vgLo cfly{s nfe lng] ;Sg] cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .

• ;g\ @)#) cyf{t\ lj= ;+= @)*& kl5 k]6«f]n / l8h]nn] rNg] ;jf/L ;fwgnfO{ ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;wfgn] k|lt:yfkg ug]{ ljZj 3f]if0ffn] u08sL k|b]zdf klg ljB'tLo ;jf/L



;fwgsf] k|of]u a9fpg] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . • bLuf] ljsf; nIo & n] lj= ;+= @)*& ;Dddf cfw'lgs phf{sf] kxF'r ;a} gful/sdf

k'/\ofpg] lbuf] ljsf; nIo & df g]kfnn] klg k|lta4tf hgfPsf] x'Fbf ljB't\ pTkfbg / ljt/0f If]q ;/sf/L k|fyldstfdf k/]sf]n] yk cj;/ pknAw 5g\ .

• ;f}o{ / afo' phf{df d':tfª\ lhNnf g]kfns} ;a}eGbf w]/} ;Defjgf ePsf] If]q xf], hxfFaf6 ;f}o{ phf{ sl/a @,))) d]ufjf6 / jfo' phf{ #,))) d]ufjf6 u/L s'n %,))) d]ufjf6 ljB't lgsNGg ;lsg] ljleGg k|f/lDes cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf 5g\ . ;f]nf/ kL eL Kofgnsf] ;f}o{ phf{nfO{ ljB't\df ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;Sg] bIftfdf ut s]xL jif{x?df 7"nf] ultdf j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 eg] ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf] nfut klg ›'t ultdf 36\b} uO{/x]sf] 5 . t;y{, k|s[ltn] xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] ;f}o{ phf{sf] ;xL tl/sfn] ;b'kof]u ub}{ k|b]zsf] cfly{s cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] cj;/x? /x]sf] 5 . o:t} jfo' phf{ pTkfbgsf] klg plQs} cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .

#=$ cfjf; tyf zx/Ls/0f#=$=! cfjf;cfjf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ g;Sg' eg]sf] gful/snfO{ cfwf/e"t ;'/Iff lbg g;Sg' xf], h'g ;d'bfo tyf ;/sf/sf] Joj:yfksLo c;kmntfsf] Ps dfkg xf] . xfn ljZjdf sDtLdf !% s/f]8 cyjf @ k|ltzt hg;+Vof 3/af/ljxLg /x]sf] cg'dfg 5 . To;}u/L k|To]s % hgfdf Ps hgf;+u cfjf; t 5, t/ kof{Kt ;'lawf pknJw 5}g . g]kfndf @=% nfv dflg;x? 3/af/ ljxLg cg'dfg /x]sf] 5 . h'g g]kfnsf] hDdf hg;+Vofsf] sl/a )=* k|ltzt xf] . To;}u/L @* nfv dflg;x? :nd If]qdf a:b5g\, h'g g]kfnsf] hDdf hg;+Vofsf] sl/a !) k|ltzt xf] . cfjf; ePsfx? klg cToGt Go"g -ckof{Kt_ ;'ljwfdf hLjg ofkg ul//x]sf 5g\ . ckof{Kt cfjf;sf] cj:yfdf JolQm g t :j:y /xg ;S5, g t z}lIfs pGglt ug{ ;Sb5, of ck]lIft ¿kdf cfk\mgf] j[lQljsf; ug{ ;Sb5 . b]zsf] ;lqmo jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jfo'jtLx? cfjf;sf] Joj:yfs} nflu, d'Vo u/L cfˆgf] hLjgsf] cd"No ;dodf, b]zL tyf ljb]zL e"lddf ;+3if{ ul//x]sf] jt{dfg kl/k|]Ioklg ;j{ljlbt} 5 . o;sf] cltl/Qm, ckof{Kt cfjf;sf sf/0f kfl/jfl/s åGå tyf snxx? klg lglDtg] u/]sf] 36gfx? k|z:t} ;'lgG5 / b]lvG5 . t;y{, ;a} gful/snfO{ kof{Kt cfjf;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ /fHosf] clgjfo{ bfloTj k"/f ug{ 7f]; sfo{of]hgf agfP/ cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ x'G5 . u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf cfjf;x?sf] agfj6 tnsf cg'R5]bx?df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .



#=$=@ 3/sf] husf] agfj6@)^* sf] cf+s8f cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zdf s'n %,&&,^*@ 3/x? /x]sf 5g\, h;dWo] df6f]hl8t O6f÷9'Ëfsf] hu ePsf 3/x? ^&=@ k|ltzt, l;d]G6 hl8t O6f÷9'Ëfsf] hu ePsf 3/x? !%=@ k|ltzt, lkNn/;lxt 9nfgsf] hu ePsf 3/x? !@=) k|ltzt / sf7sf] hu ePsf 3/x? %=) k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .

sf:sL / gjnk'/ afx]ssf lhNnfx?df df6f]hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf] hu ePsf 3/x?sf] k|e'Tj /x]sf] 5 . sf:sL lhNnfdf df6f]hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëf, l;d]G6hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf tyf lkNn/;lxt 9nfgsf 3/x? a/fa/L h:t} 5g\ . gjnk'/ lhNnfdf df6f]hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëf, l;d]G6hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf tyf sf7sf] hu ePsf 3/x? a/fa/L h:t} 5 . 3/sf] hu ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #–!^ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= #–!^M kl/jf/ a;]sf] 3/sf] husf] agfj6sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f -k|ltztdf_

lhNnfhDdf

3/;+Vofdf6f] hl8t OF6f÷9'·f

l;d]G6 hl8t OF6f÷9'·f

lkNn/ ;lxtsf] 9nfg

sf7 cGo gv'n]sf]

uf]/vf ^^$%* *&=& #=$ %=% @=^ )=# )=%

ndh'ª $@)$* &(=( *=! (=) @=$ )=! )=%

tgx'F &*@*^ ^(=$ !$=* !!=) #=( )=@ )=&

:ofªhf ^**%^ *@=( *=) &=@ !=$ )=! )=$

sf:sL !@%$%( #&=* ##=% @&=@ )=^ )=# )=^

dgfª\ !$$* (@=) #=) )=# $=@ )=) )=%

d':tfª\ ##)% (#=& $=$ )=! )=( )=@ )=^

DofUbL @&&@& ()=! @=* %=& )=( )=) )=$

kj{t #%^(* **=# ^=^ #=^ )=( )=! )=$

afUfn'ª ^!$*@ ()=( @=( $=% !=) )=) )=&

gjnk'/ ^^(!% @(=& @^=^ !@=^ @(=& )=^ )=*

u08sL %&&^*@ ^&=@ !%=@ !@=) %=) )=@ )=^




#=$=# 3/sf] aflx/L uf/f]sf] agfj6u08sL k|b]zdf, s'n %,&&,^*@ 3/x? dWo, df6f] hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf] aflx/L uf/f] ePsf ^$=! k|ltzt, l;d]G6 hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf] aflx/L uf/f] ePsf #)=@ k|ltzt, sf7÷kmNofs uf/f] ePsf @=) k|ltzt / afF;sf] uf/f] ePsf !=( k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . -tflnsf g+= #–!&_ .

tflnsf g+= #–!&M kl/jf/ a;]sf] 3/sf] aflx/L uf/f]sf] agfj6sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f -k|ltztdf_

lhNnf hDdfdf6f] hl8t O6f÷9'·f

l;d]G6 hl8t O6f÷9'·f

sf7÷kmNofs afF; sfrf] OF6f cGo

uf]/vf ^^$%* *^=% !)=! !=$ !=) )=) )=#ndh'ª $@)$* &%=^ @)=$ !=@ !=( )=) )=@tgx'F &*@*^ ^%=$ @(=# @=$ !=% )=! )=$:ofªhf ^**%^ *)=! !*=) )=@ !=) )=! )=!sf:sL !@%$%( #@=# ^$=& )=% )=% )=) !=@dgfª\ !$$* *@=# &=% (=% )=@ )=) )=)d':tfª\ ##)% &!=^ (=@ )=( )=# !&=! )=#DofUbL @&&@& **=$ (=@ !=@ )=$ )=) )=@kj{t #%^(* *^=$ !!=# )=$ !=) )=@ )=#afUfn'ª ^!$*@ *(=# *=$ )=( )=% )=) )=!gjnk'/ ^^(!% @(=& @^=^ !@=^ @(=& )=^ )=*u08sL %&&^*@ ^$=! #)=@ @=) !=( )=# )=(


sf:sL / gjnk'/ afx]ssf lhNnfx?df df6f] hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf] aflx/L uf/f] ePsf 3/x? a9L /x]sf 5g\ . sf:sL lhNnfdf l;d]G6hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf uf/f] ePsf 3/x?sf]] k|e'Tj 5 eg] df6f]hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf] uf/f] ePsf 3/x? klg pNn]Vo dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ . gjnk'/ lhNnfdf df6f]hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëf tyf sf7sf] hu ePsf 3/x?sf] k|e'Tj a/fa/L h:t} 5 eg] df6f]hl8t OF6f÷9'Ëfsf] uf/f] ePsf 3/x? klg pNn]Vo dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L sfFrf] OF6fsf] uf/f] ePsf 3/x? d':tfª\ lhNnfdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ eg] cGo lhNnfx?df gu0o dfqfdf /x]sf 5g\ . 3/sf] uf/f]sf] agfj6 ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f tflnsf g+= #–!& df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



#=$=$ 3/sf] aflx/L 5fgfsf] agfj6u08sL k|b]zdf s'n %,&&,^*@ 3/x? /x]sf 5g\, h;dWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} h:tf÷l6gsf] 5fgf ePsf 3/x?, $^=( k|ltzt / To;kl5 qmdzM 6fon÷:n]6sf] 5fgf ePsf 3/x?, @)=@ k|ltzt, l;d]G6sf] 9nfg ePsf 3/x?, !(=% k|ltzt, v/ / k/fnsf] 5fgf ePsf 3/x?, !!=! k|ltzt, sf7÷kmNofssf] 5fgf ePsf 3/x?, )=& k|ltzt, / df6fsf]] 5fgf ePsf 3/x? )=^ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= #–!*_ . sf:sL, dgfª\, d':tfª\, afUfn'ª, / DofUbL afx]ssf lhNnfx?df h:tf / l6gsf] 5fgf ePsf 3/x? pNn]Vo 5g\ . dgfª\ / d':tfª\df df6f] ePsf 3/x? a9L 5g\ eg] afUfn'ª / DofUbLdf 6fon / :n]6sf] 5fgf ePsf 3/x? a9L 5g\ . sf:sLdf h:tf / l6g / l;d]G6 9nfg ePsf 3/x? sl/a a/fa/L h:t} 5g\ . 3/sf] uf/f]sf] agfj6 ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0ftflnsf g+= #–!* df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= #–!*M kl/jf/ a;]sf] 3/sf] aflx/L 5fgfsf] agfj6sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f -k|ltztdf_

lhNnf hDdfv/ / k/fn

h:tf / l6g

6fon / :n]6

l;d]G6 9nfg

sf7 / kmNofs

df6f]cGo / gv'n]sf]

uf]/vf ^^$%* !)=^ %!=$ @%=# &=! $=$ )=) !=!

ndh'ª $@)$* !!=^ ^@=* (=& !$=^ )=& )=) )=^

tgx'F &*@*^ !^=# $&=( !%=$ !(=@ )=@ )=) !=)

:ofªhf ^**%^ !*=^ ^#=$ #=( !#=% )=! )=) )=%

sf:sL !@%$%( @=$ $%=% ^=) $$=( )=! )=) !=)

dgfª\ !$$* )=# #)=( @=% )=& !^=% $*=% )=^

d':tfª\ ##)% )=( %=* @=% )=* )=^ *&=* !=%

DofUbL @&&@& ^=@ !#=( &@=! &=) )=@ )=) )=&

kj{t #%^(* !!=* %)=( @(=@ &=% )=) )=) )=%

afUfn'ª ^!$*@ !%=# !^=( ^)=@ ^=$ )=% )=) )=*

gjnk'/ ^^(!% !@=# %*=% *=* !(=) )=@ )=) !=!

u08sL %&&^*@ !!=! $^=( @)=@ !(=% )=& )=^ )=(


#=$=% 3/sf] :jfldTjsf] cfwf/df 3/ ;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zsf ax';+Vos -*!=& k|ltzt_ hgtf cfkm\g} 3/df a:5g\ eg] !%=* k|ltzt hgtf ef8fsf] 3/df a:b5g\ . lhNnfut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L ef8fdf a:g] hg;+Vof sf:sLdf, #%=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 / To;kl5 dgfª\ / d':tfª\df qmdz @@=& / @!=$ k|ltzt



/x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= #–!(_ . 7"nf zx/x? tyf ko{6g Joj;fo km:6fPsf lhNnfx?df ef8fdf a:g] hg;+Vof a9L b]lvG5 .

tflnsf g+= #–!(M kl/jf/ a;]sf] 3/sf] :jfldTjsf] cfwf/df 3/ ;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf hDdf 3/;+Vof 3/;+Vof k|ltztdf

cfˆgf] 3/ ef8fdf ;:yfut cGo

uf]/vf ^^$%* (!=@ &=$ )=$ !=)

ndh'ª $@)$* *%=) !@=( )=^ !=$

tgx'F &*@*^ *$=& !#=@ )=^ !=$

:ofªhf ^**%^ *(=# (=@ )=$ !=@

sf:sL !@%$%( ^!=! #%=@ !=# @=$

dgfª\ !$$* ^@=$ @@=& @=% !@=$

d':tfª\ ##)% ^*=( @!=$ %=% $=@

DofUbL @&&@& *$=! !!=! )=( $=)

kj{t #%^(* *&=! !)=! )=% @=@

afUfn'ª ^!$*@ **=& (=& )=@ !=$

gjnk'/ ^^(!% **=& (=& )=^ !=)

u08sL %&&^*@ *!=& !%=* )=& !=&


#=$=^ cfjf; ;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;'ljwfx?sf] ljj/0f#=$=^=! vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tu08sL k|b]zsf *) k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ wf/f tyf kfO{ksf] kfgL, *=! k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ ;fd"lxs d"n wf/fsf] kfgL, % k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ v'nf s'jf tyf vf]nfsf] kfgL, @=(^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ 9flsPsf] s'jf / @=@& k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ 6\o'a]n tyf xft] kDksf] kfgL k|of]u ub{5g\ -tflnsf g+= #–@)_ . ;a}eGbf a9L wf/f tyf kfO{ksf] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf dgfª\, d':tfª\ / sf:sL lhNnf kb{5g\ eg]] tNnf] tLg k|d'v lhNnfdf gjnk'/, uf]/vf / tgx'F lhNnf kb{5g\ . ;a}eGbf w]/} 6\o'j]n÷xft] kDk / 9flsPsf] Ogf/÷s'jfk|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ gjnk'/dfÙv'Nnf Ogf/÷s'jfsf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ tgx'Fdf ;fd"lxs d"n wf/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ uf]/vfdf / gbL÷vf]nf k|of]u ug]{ 3/kl/jf/ d':tfª\df a:b5g\ .



tflnsf g+= #–@)M kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf] vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f -k|ltztdf_

lhNnf hDdf

wf/f

÷kf

Ok

6\o'j]n

÷xf

t] kD

k

9fls

Psf]

Ogf/

÷s

'jf

v'Nn

f Og

f/÷

s'jf

d"nwf

/f

gbL÷

vf]n

f

cGo

gv'n]s

f]

uf]/vf ^^$%* ^@=*! )=)# @=## %=!$ @*=)% !=@! )=)% )=#*

ndh'ª $@)$* **=)& )=@$ )=*( @=$( &=$% )=#& )=!% )=#$

tgx'F &*@*^ &$=(& )=@& %=%# !!=&# ^=#@ )=%$ )=!) )=%%

:ofªhf ^**%^ *@=^* )=!@ #=(! %=^( ^=^& )=%( )=!) )=@%

sf:sL !@%$%( (@=#@ )=!$ !=)! !=$^ @=*! )=#* !=%$ )=#$

dgfª\ !$$* (&=%* )=)) )=)) )=)) !=*) )=@* )=)) )=#%

d':tfª\ ##)% (!=^% )=)# )=)# )=@! @=#) %=@^ )=)^ )=$%

DofUbL @&&@& *&=$@ )=)@ )=$( !=() *=!& !=$* )=@& )=@%

kj{t #%^(* *@=$% )=)& )=^* @=!@ !#=^) )=^$ )=!* )=@$

afUfn'ª ^!$*@ **=*# )=)% )=$$ #=#% %=)$ !=%! )=#! )=$&

gjnk'/ ^^(!% %*=&* !*=^! (=#) (=@( @=$$ )=#* )=&@ )=$(

u08sL %&&^*@ *)=)@ @=@& @=(^ %=)! *=!) )=&$ )=%@ )=#*


@=$=^=@ ;"rgf, ;+rf/, oftfoft tyf cGou08sL k|b]zsf !) k|ltzt cfjf;x?df s'g} klg ;'ljwf /x]sf] 5}g . s'g} klg cfjf; ;'ljwf gePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, DofUbL, uf]/vf / afUfn'ª kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf sf:sL, gjnk'/ / :ofª\hf kb{5g\ -tflnsf g+= #–@!_ . /]l8of] ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf %*=$ k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq /]l8of] /x]sf] 5 . /]l8of] ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, uf]/vf, sf:sL / kj{t kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf d':tf+ª\, gjnk'/ / dgfª\ kb{5g\ .l6eL ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf #^=& k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq l6eL /x]sf] 5 . l6eL ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, gjnk'/ / tgx'F kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf d':tfª\, DofUbL / afUfn'ª kb{5g\ .s]jn l6eL ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf @&=@ k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq s]jn l6eL /x]sf] 5 . s]jn l6eL ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, :ofª\hf / d':tfª\ kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf uf]/vf, gjnk'/ / DofUbL kb{5g\ .



sDo'6/ ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf ^=$ k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq sDKo'6/ /x]sf] 5 . sDKo'6/ ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, gjnk'/ / tgx'F kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf uf]/vf, dgfª\ / DofUbL kb{5g\ . OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf #=) k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq OG6/g]6 /x]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, :ofª\hf / gjnk'/ kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf uf]/vf, afUfn'ª / dgfª\ kb{5g\ .n]08nfog 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf ̂ =$ k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq n]08nfog 6]lnkmf]g /x]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, dgfª\ / d':tfª\ kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf ndh'ª, uf]/vf / DofUbL kb{5g\ .df]afOn ;'ljwf ePsf M lj=;= @)^* df u08sL k|b]zsf &$=% k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq df]afOn lyof] . xfn s]xL ckjfbnfO{ 5f]8]/ ;a} 3/df df]jfOn ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 . 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj !!) k'u]sf] 5 . df]afOn ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, :ofª\hf / gjnk'/ kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf DofUbL, uf]/vf / afUfn'ª kb{5g\ . df]6/ ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf !=! k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq df]6/ /x]sf] 5 . df]6/ ;'ljwf ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, d':tfª\ / gjnk'/ kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf dgfª\, afUfn'ª / uf]/vf lhNnf kb{5g\ . df]6/ ;fOsn ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf &=! k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq df]6/;fOsn /x]sf] 5 . df]6/ ;fOsn ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, d':tfª / gjnk'/ kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf dgfª\, afUfn'ª / uf]/vf lhNnf kb{5g\ .;fOsn ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf !!=^ k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq ;fOsn /x]sf] 5 . ;fOsn ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, gjnk'/, sf:sL / tgx'F kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf d':tfª, uf]/vf / DofUbL lhNnf kb{5g\ .lk|mh ;'ljwf ePsf M u08sL k|b]zsf *=@ k|ltzt cfjf;x?df dfq lk|mh /x]sf] 5 . lk|mh ePsf dflyNnf] tLg lhNnfdf, sf:sL, gjnk'/ / tgx'F kb{5g\ eg] tNnf] tLg lhNnfdf dgfª\, afUfn'ª / uf]/vf lhNnf kb{5g\ .

dfly pNn]lvt ;'ljwfx¿ dWo] uf]/vf lhNnf ( ;'ljwfdf tNnf] # df kb{5 eg] dgfª\, afUfn'ª / DofUbL ^ ;'ljwfdf tNnf] # df kb{5g\ . o:t} sf:sL !! ;'ljwfdf, gjnk'/ * ;'ljwfdf, tgx'F $, ;'ljwfdf dflyNnf] # df kb{5 . o;y{, u08sL k|b]zsf ;a}eGbf sd cfjf; ;'ljwf ePsf lhNnfx?df uf]/vf, dgfª, DofUbL / afUfn'ª b]lvG5 eg] ;a}eGbf a9L cfjf; ;'ljwf ePsf lhNnfx?df sf:sL, gjnk'/ / tgx'F kb{5g\ -tflnsf g+= #–@!_ .



lns

f g+= #

–@!M

cfj

f;s

f] ;'la

wfs

f] ljj

/0f -

k|ltz

tdf_

lHfNn

fs

'g} ;'l

awf

gePs

f]

sDt

Ldf

Ps ;

'lawf

e

Psf]

/]l8o

f] l6

eL

s]jn

sD

o'6/

OG6/

g]6 6

]lnkm

f]g d

f]afO

ndf

]6/

df]6/

;f

Osn

;fOs

n cG

o of

tfof

t ;f

wg

lk|mh

gv'nf

OPs

f]

uf]/v

f!^

=(*!

=#^%

=##@

=#!!

=)!=&

)=%

@=&

^!=^

)=@

!=%

)=^

)=!

@=)

!=(

ndh

'ª!@

=)*%

=*^)

=*@)

=!@$

=$#=

!!=#

@=$

&!=!

)=@

!=&

!=!

)=!

$=(

@=@

tgx'F

!!=^

*^=)

%$=!

#$=(

@%=!

$=%

!=%

%=#

&$=&

)=&

$=$

$=#

)=!

&=%

@=$

:ofªhf

(=!

*(=#

%&=%

@%=#

#!=*

#=$

!=(

#=#

&(=&

)=^

#=^

!=*

)=!

%=!

!=%

sf:sL

$=$

($=@

^#=#

^#=%

$@=

^!^

=%*=

^!%

=**$

=#@=

*!(

=!!)

=^)=

$@)

=!!=$

dgfª\

!@=@

*&=#

%#=(

#@=(

@(=*

@=*

!=#

*=)

^^=%

)=)

)=!

@=)

#^=#

!=)

)=%

d':tfª\

!@=)

*&=%

#&=$

!#=^

#!=#

#=!

!=%

&=#

&!=@

@=&

^=*

)=#

!#=*

^=!

)=%

DofUb

L!&

=@*)

=%^)

=$!^

=^@@

=@#=

)!=&

#=@

^!=!

)=#

!=&

)=(

)=@

$=!

@=@

kj{t

!)=$

*&=*

^@=%

@%=%

@&=%

#=!

!=$

#=@

&^=)

)=$

!=%

!=)

)=!

@=*

!=*

afUfn

'ª!@

=(*$

=@%*

=#!(

=!@$

=)#=

!!=@

#=*

^*=!

)=@

!=!

)=(

)=@

!=*

@=(

gjnk'/

%=&

(@=*

$%=

%$^=

*!*

=&%=

^!=(

$=^

&^=^

!=^

!)=*

&)=&

)=(

*=$

!=%

u08s

L!)

=)**

=!%*

=$#^

=&@&

=@^=

$#=

)^=

$&$

=%!=!

&=!

!!=^

)=%

*=@

!=(

>f]t

M s]G›

Lo t

YofÍ @

)^* a

f6 ljZ

n]lift



#=$=& cfjf; ;DaGwL sfo{qmd #=$=&=! hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $@ pkwf/f @ df cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs x'g] Joj:yf ePsfn] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ah]6 jQmJodfkm{t\ ;Daf]wg u/L ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf ljkGgsf nflu zx/L lasf; dGqfnodfkm{t\ hgtf cfjf; sfo{qmd NofOPsf] 5 . hgtf cfjf; s'n @),))) lgdf{0f ePsf] / oxL cfly{s jif{df !$ cf]6f ljz]if cfjf;, h]i7 gful/s cfjf; / ;fd'bflos cfjf; lgdf{0f ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 . k|wfgdGqL cfjf; of]hgf cGtu{t #,))) cfjf; PsfO{ lgdf{0f e};s]sf] 5 & cf]6f gd"gf PsLs[t a:tL ljsf; ug]{ of]hgf /x]sf] 5 .

#=$=&=@ u08sL k|b]zsf] @)&%÷)&^ sf] cfjf; sfo{qmdcfjf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t u08sL k|b]zdf lgDg sfo{qmdx? /x]sf 5g\M• k|fb]lzs ejg lgdf{0f dfkb08 tyf cfrf/;+lxtf lgdf{0f u/L sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg]Ù • :yfgLo tx;+usf] ;x–nufgLdf klxnf] r/0fdf #) ufpFkflnsfsf] s]G›df ax'p2]ZoLo

;fd'bflos ;efsIf lgdf{0f ug]{Ù • :yfgLo tx ;+usf] ;xsfo{df dxfgu/kflnsf gu/kflnsf tyf gu/f]Gd'v kflnsfsf

cfjZos If]qnfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{ .

#=$=* zx/Ls/0fsf] k|j[lQhg;+Vof u|fdL0f If]qaf6 zx/L If]qdf kl/jt{g xF'b} hfg] k|lqmofnfO{ zx/Ls/0f elgG5 . ck]Iffs[t\ pRr hg3gTj / hg;+Vofdf ljljwtfÙ >dsf] ljlzi6 ljefhgÙ ;8s tyf r':t oftfoft ;'lawfÙ kof{Kt vfg]kfgL, lah'nL tyf ;"rgf k|0ffnLÙ lzIff :jf:Yo tyf /f]huf/df kx'FrÙ kof{Kt ;'lawf;lxtsf] cfjf;sf] Joj:yfÙ k|lalwdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg k|0ffnLÙ ultzLn cfly{s ultljlwÙ ;'/IffÙ k|b"if0fd'Qm, / pknAw ;fwg >f]tx¿sf] plrt pkof]u tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkg cflb zx/Ls/0f;+u ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t l;4fGt x'g\ . log} cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx?nfO{ Vofn ub}{ ul/Psf] zx/Ls/0fn] ul/aL sd ub}{{ lbuf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf; xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

g]kfndf zx/Ls/0fsf] ;'?jft lnR5jL sfndf sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf sf7df8f}, eQmk'/ / nlntk'/af6 ;'? ePsf]] kfOG5 . lj=;+= !*@% df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxåf/f g]kfn PsLs/0f



u/]kl5 sf7df8f}+ cfly{s, ;fdflhs ;fy} /fhgLlts lx;fan] zlQmsf] s]G›df /xof] . sf7df8f}+sf] aflx/ vf;u/L g]jf/ ;d'bfox? kxf8L If]qx?df Jofkf/ Aoj;fosf nflu hfg yfn] ;+u} ef}lts / cfly{s ljsf; x'g uO{ y'k|} gofF a:tLx? ljsl;t eP . b'ef{Uojz, t/fO{ If]qdf eg] /fhgLlts, hg;f+lVosLo / hnjfo'sf sf/0fn] lj=;= @)#^ ;Dd 7"nf] :yfoL zx/sf] ljsf; x'g ;s]g . t/, lj=;+= !(*) sf] g]kfn / la|l6z O+l8of Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf / kl5 lj=;+= !(*& df hgsk'/ tyf jL/uGh nufotsf 7fpFdf cf}Bf]lus s]G› :yfkgf eP;Fu} zx/ ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ yfNof] . k|hftGqsf] pbo;Fu} ljleGg /fhdfu{x?sf] lgdf{0f eP;Fu} /fhdfu{ jl/kl/ a:tLx?sf] ljsf; x'g yfNof] / ef/t nufot cGo d'n's;+u klg g]kfnsf] kx'Fr ;xh x'g yfNof] . kmn:j¿k oftfoftsf] ;xhtf tyf t/fO{sf] s[lif of]Uo e"ldsf] dxTj a9\g uO{ kxf8af6 t/fO{df a;fO{ ;/fO{ ug]{ qmd klg a9\b} uof] .

g]kfn lj=;+= @))& df zx/L hg;+Vof @=& k|ltzt ;lxt ljZjsf b]zx¿sf] ;"rLdf tNnf] ;ftf}+ gDa/df /x]sf] lyof] . lj=;= @)$^ df *=( k|ltzt ;lxt rf/f}df plSnof] eg] lj=;= @)&) df km]l/ !*=@ k|ltzt ;lxt 5}7f}+df em/]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @!)^ df zx/L hg;+Vof #) k|ltzt dfly k'Ug] / g]kfn tNnf] 6k !) sf] ;"rL eGbf aflx/ cfO;Sg] cg'dfg 5 -;+o'Qm /fi6«;‹sf] l/kf]6{, ljZj zx/L ;+efjgfx?, ;g\ @)!$, k]h %#_ . o;}u/L g]kfn, lj=;+= @)$^–@)&! df aflif{s # k|ltzt zx/L hg;+Vof j[l4b/ ;lxt ›'tultdf zx/Ls/0f eO/x]sf] b]zx¿sf] dflyNnf] 6k !) ;"rLdf kb{5 . zx/L hg;+Vof j[l4 b/ lj=;= @!)^ ;Dd jflif{s !=( k|ltzt ;lxt dflyNnf] 6k !) ;"rLdf /xg] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^& ;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfndf %# j6f gu/kflnsf, $ pk–dxfgu/kflnsf / ! dxfgu/kflnsf ;lxt %* j6f gu/kflnsf /x]sf lyP . xfn sf7df8f}F, kf]v/f, nlntk'/, eQmk'/, e/tk'/, jL/u~h / lj/f6gu/ u/L & j6f dxfgu/kflnsfÙ hgsk'/, 3f]/xL, x]6f}F8f, wgu9L, t'n;Lk'/, O6x/L, g]kfnu+h a'6jn, w/fg, sn}of / lhtk'/, l;d/f u/L !@ pk–dxfgu/kflnsf / cGo !(* gu/kflnsf u/L s'n gu/kflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof @!& k'¥ofOPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] zx/Ls/0fsf] k|j[lQ tnsf cg'R5]bx?df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

#=$=*=! zx/Ls/0fsf] b/ -kflnsfx?sf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/_;fljssf] kf]v/f, n]vgfy, Aof;, uf]/vf, k'tnLahf/, afUfn'ª / jflnª gu/kflnsfx?sf] @)$* b]lv @)^* ;Ddsf] tYof+snfO{ x]bf{ u08sL k|b]zdf zx/L hg;+Vof jflif{s $=@ k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= #–@@_ .



tflnsf g+= #–@@M ;flassf kflnsfx?sf] hg;+Vof j[l4

;fljssf gu/kflnsfjflif{s hg;+Vof

j[l4b/@)$*–@)%*

jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4b/

@)%*–@)^*

jflif{s hg;+Vof j[l4b/

@)$*–@)^*

aL; jif{df hg;+Vof j[l4b/

@)$*–@)^*kf]v/f pk–dxfgu/kflnsf ^=$ ^=# *=$ !^*n]vgfy gu/kflnsf #=& $=@ $=* (%=$Aof; gu/kflnsf $=) %=@ %=& !!#=@uf]/vf gu/kflnsf @=% @=^ @=( %&=$k'tnLahf/ gu/kflnsf !=% )=# )=( !*=&afUfn'ª gu/kflnsf #=& $=! $=^ (#=)jflnª gu/kflnsf @=@ !=* @=@ $#=^cf};t #=$ #=% $=@ *$=@

>f]t M s]G›Lo tYofÍ @)$*, @)%* / @)^* af6 ljZn]lift

;fljssf] kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsfsf] hg;+Vof j[l4 b/ aflif{s *=$ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] eg]sf] @)$* b]lv @)^* sf] aL; aif{df !^* k|ltztsf] hg;+Vof j[l4 xf] . o;}u/L hg;+Vof j[l4 b/, ;fljssf] n]vgfysf] jflif{s $=* cyf{t\ aL; jif{df (%=$ k|ltztÙ Aof;sf] jflif{s %=& cyf{t\ aL; aif{df (%=$ k|ltztÙ uf]/vfsf] jflif{s @=( cyf{t\ aL; aif{df !!#=@ k|ltztÙ k'tnLahf/sf] jflif{s )=( cyf{t\ aL; jif{df !*=& k|ltztÙ afUfn'ªsf] jflif{s $=^ cyf{t\ aL; jif{df (#=) k|ltzt / jflnªsf] jflif{s @=@ cyf{t\ aL; jif{df $#=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;du|df, kf]v/f, n]vgfy, Jof; / afun'ª gu/kflnsfdf @)$* b]lv @)^* sf] aL; jif{df ›'t ultdf hg;+Vof j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= #–@@_ .

#=$=*=@ u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf kflnsfx¿sf] hg;f+lVos ljj/0fzx/ pGd'v If]qx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ gu/kflnsf agfpg] k|rng g]kfndf /lxcfPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t xfn ! dxfgu/kflnsf, @^ gu/kflnsf / %* ufpFkflnsf u/L hDdf *% :yfgLo tx /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]zsf ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n &%^ j8f /x]sf 5g\ . kflnsfx?sf] hg;+Vof, If]qkmn / hg3gTj ;DaGwL lj:t[t ljj/0f cg';"rL #=# df x]g{ ;lsG5 . gu/kflnsf tyf ufpFkflnsfx?sf] ljj/0f lgDg 5g\ M

!_ uf]/vf M uf]/vf lhNnfdf uf]/vf / kfn'ª\6f/ u/L @ gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj uf]/vf gu/kflnsfsf] #&* /x]sf] 5 eg] kfn'ª6f/ gu/kflnsfsf] @$# /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnfdf % j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ h;df k|lt ju{



ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L eLd;]g ufpFkflnsfdf, @@), / ;a}eGbf sd r'dg'a|L ufpFkflnsfdf, $, /x]sf] 5 . cGo ufpFkflnsfsf] t'ngfdf wfr]{ / clh/sf]6 ufpFkflnsf klg hg3gTj sd ePsf ufpFkflnsfdf kb{5g\ . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n ($ j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

@_ ndh'ª M ndh'ª lhNnfdf a];Lzx/, ;'Gb/ahf/, /fOgf;, / dWog]kfn u/L $ gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj a];Lzx/sf] #!%, ;'Gb/ahf/sf] #*), /fOgf;sf] @)^, / dWo g]kfnsf], @!) /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnfdf $ j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\, h;df k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L b'wkf]v/L ufpFkflnsfdf, &#, / ;a}eGbf sd d:o{fª\bL ufpFkflnsfdf, #@, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n &@ j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

#_ tgx'F M tgx'F lhNnfdf Aof;, efg', z'Snfu08sL / ledfb u/L $ gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . k|lt au{ ls=ld= hg3gTj Aof;sf] @*^, efg'sf] @%!, z'Snfu08sLsf] @(^ / ledfbsf], @$% /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnfdf ^ j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L aGbLk'/ ufpFkflnsfdf, !(*, / ;a}eGbf sd b]j3f6 ufpFkflnsfdf, !)@, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n *% j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

$_ :ofªhf M :ofªhf lhNnfdf k'tnLahf/, rfkfsf]6, le/sf]6, uNofª\ / jfln+ª u/L % gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj k'tnLahf/sf] #)&, rfkfsf]6sf] @!&, le/sf]6sf] #@( / uNofª\sf], #)# / jfln+usf], $)! /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnfdf ^ j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L sfnLu08sL ufpFkflnsfdf, @(&, / ;a}eGbf sd la?jf ufpFkflnsfdf, !(#, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n (& j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

%_ sf:sL M sf:sL lhNnfdf !, kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf /x]sf] 5 h;sf] k|lt ju{ ls=ld=hg3gTj &@& /x]sf] 5 . cGo dxfgu/df sf7df8f}Fsf], @!)), nlntk'/sf] !#^$, eQmk'/sf] !@&%(, e/tk'/sf] ^%), jL/u~hsf] @,&)) / lj/f6gu/sf] #,!)) /x]sf] 5 . o; lx;fan] kf]v/fsf] hg3gTj e/tk'/ dxfgu/sf] eGbf a9L / cGo dxfgu/sf] eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L sf:sL lhNnfdf $ j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L cGgk"0f{ ufpFkflnsfdf, %&#, / ;a}eGbf sd dfbL ufpFkflnsfdf, @^, /x]sf] 5 . cGo ufpFkflnsfsf] t'ngfdf df5fk'R5|] ufpFkflnsfdf klg hg3gTj cToGt} sd, ##, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n &@ j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

^_ dgfª\ M dgfª\ lhNnfdf Pp6f klg gu/kflnsf 5}g eg] ufpFkflnsf $ j6f /x]sf 5g\ .



h;df k|ltju{ ls=ld=hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L rfd] ufpFkflnsfdf, @^, / ;a}eGbf sd gfkm{' ufpFkflnsfdf, !, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n @* j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

&_ d':tfª\ M d':tfª\ lhNnfdf Pp6f klg gu/kflnsf 5}g eg] ufpFkflnsf % j6f /x]sf 5g\ . h;df, k|ltju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L y;f+ª ufpFkflnsfdf, !@, / ;a}eGbf sd afx|ufp d'lQmIf]qdf / 8fnf]ld ufpFkflnsfdf, @, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n @% j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

*_ DofUbL M DofUbL lhNnfdf !, a]gL, gu/kflnsf /x]sf] 5 h;sf] k|ltju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj $$^ /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L % j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|ltju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L d+unf ufpFkflnsfdf, !##, / ;a}eGbf sd wjnflu/L ufpFkflnsfdf, !$, /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L cGo ufpFkflnsfsf] t'ngfdf cGgk"0f{ / /3'u+uf ufpFkflnsfdf klg hg3gTj cToGt} sd /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n $% j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

(_ kj{t M kj{t lhNnfdf s'Zdf / kmn]jf; u/L @ gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj s'Zdfsf] $@& / kmn]jf;sf], @() /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnfdf % j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|ltju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L k}o' ufpFkflnsfdf, #^#, / ;a}eGbf sd df]bL ufpFkflnsfdf, !$(, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n ^! j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

!)_ afUfn'ª M afUfn'ª lhNnfdf afUfn'ª, uNsf]6, h}ldgL / 9f]/kf6g u/L $ gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj afUfn'ªsf] %)%, uNsf]6sf] !$^, h}ldgLsf] @@& / 9f]/kf6gsf], !)! /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnfdf ^ j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L sf7]vf]nf ufpFkflnsfdf, @#^, / ;a}eGbf sd tfdfgvf]nf ufpFkflnsfdf, %!, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n *% j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

!!_ gjnk'/ M gjnk'/ lhNnfdf sfjf;f]tL, u}+8fsf]6, b]jr'nL, dWolaGb' u/L $ gu/kflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj sfjf;f]tLsf] %$$, u}+8fsf]6sf] #$*, b]jr'nLsf] #%& / dWolaGb'sf] @!( /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L lhNnfdf $ j6f ufpFkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . h;df k|ltju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L a'lGUbsfnL ufpFkflnsfdf, !^@, / ;a}eGbf sd ljgoL ufpFkflnsfdf, *(, /x]sf] 5 . ;a} kflnsfx?df u/L s'n (* j8f /x]sf 5g\ .

#=$=*=# ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr If]qkmnsf] ljefhgu08sL k|b]zsf] s'n If]qkmn dWo] !(=$ k|ltzt gu/kflnsfx?n] / *)=^ k|ltzt



ufpFkflnsfn] cf]u6]sf] 5 . :ofª\hf dfq Pp6f lhNnf xf] hxfF gu/kflnsfx¿sf] s'n If]qkmn ufpFkflnsf x?sf] s'n If]qkmn eGbf a9L 5 -lrq g+= #–!_ .

lrq g+= #–!M ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr If]qkmnsf] ljefhg -k|ltztdf_

#=$=*=$ ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr hg;+Vofsf] ljefhgu08sL k|b]zsf] ^! k|ltzt hg;+Vof gu/kflnsfdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ eg] #( k|ltzt hg;+Vof ufpFkflnsfdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . dgfª\ / d':tfª\df s'g} klg gu/kflnsf gePsf] x'gfn] ;a} hg;+Vof ufpFkflnsfdf kb{5g\ . dgfª\ / d':tfª\ afx]s cGodf ufpFkflnsfsf] s'n hg;+Vof gu/kflnsfsf] eGbf ufpFkflnsfsf] hg;+Vof # lhNnfx? uf]vf{, DofUbL / kj{tdf a9L 5 eg] eg] c? ;a} lhNnfdf gu/kflnsfsf] hg;+Vof ufpFkflnsfsf] eGbf a9L 5 -lrq g+= #–@_ .



lrq g+= #–@M ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsf aLr hg;+Vofsf] ljefhg -k|ltztdf_

#=$=*=% ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] k|lt ju{ lsnf]ld6/ hg3gTju08sL k|b]zdf cf};t k|ltju{ lsnf]ld6/ hg3gTj gu/kflnsfsf] #$$ / ufpFkflnsfsf] %# /x]sf] 5 -lrq g+= #–#_ .

lrq g+= #–#M ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] k|lt ju{ lsnf]ld6/ hg3gTj



gu/kflnsf hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L ePsf tLg lhNnfx?df sf:sL, DofUbL / kj{t kb{5g\ eg] sd ePsf tLg k|d'v lhNnfx?df afun'ª, ndh'ª\ / tgx'F kb{5g\ . o;} u/L ufpFkflnsf hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L ePsf lhNnfx?df :ofª\hf, kj{t / tgx'F kb{5g\ eg] sd ePsf tLg k|d'v lhNnfx?df dgfª\, d':tfª\ / ndh'ª\ kb{5g\ -lrq g+= #–#_ .

#=$=*=^ k|b]zsf k|d'v ahf/ If]qx?k|b]zdf lhNnf ;b/d'sfd / ;8s ;'lawf t'ngfTds ?kdf /fd|f] ePsf 7fpFx?df k|d'v zx/L s]G›x? /x]sf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lhNnfdf /x]sf k|d'v zx/x? -tflnsf g+= #–@#_ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= #–@#M k|b]zsf k|d'v ahf/ If]qx?sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf Jofkfl/s s]Gb| sf/f]af/ x'g] k|d'v j:t'

uf]/vfuf]/vf ahf/, dgsfdgf, kfn'ª6f/, cf?3f6, £ofDk];fn, 5]k]6f/ er]s

vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / kmnkm"n

ndh'ªa];Lzx/, ;'Gb/ahf/, ef]n]{6f/, s/fk'6f/ / ef]6]j8f/, b'OlkKn]

b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdfg, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, kmnkm'n

tgx'Fbdf}nL, cfFa'v}/]gL, 8'd|] ahf/, aGbLk'/, efg', v}/]gL6f/, b'n]uf}8f, ledfb

vfBj:t', kz'rf}kfof, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, nQfsk8f

:ofªhfk'tnLahf/, ao/3f/L, jflnË, uNn\of+u, rfkfsf]6, la?jf, cr{n], l;4ag, lddL{, sf]Ndf

b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdfg, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, kmnkm'n

sf:sLkf]v/f, n]vgfy, x]Dhf, b]p/fnL, y'lD;sf]6, gf}8fF8f, gofFk'n la/]7f6L, vf]/fsf] d'v, ;fbL{ vf]nf

vfBfGg, nQfsk8f, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, ko{6g Joj;fo, cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg, cfn', t/sf/L, kmnkm"n

dgfª\rfd], wf/fkfgL, 3'D6], dgfª, vfª;f/, tfnahf/, ltdfª

vfBfGg, t/sf/L, nQfsk8f, kmnkm"n

d':tfª\ hf]d;f]d, dfkmf{, nf]dGyfª, sfua]gL, r/fª b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdfg / kmnkm"n

DofUbLa]gL, un]Zj/, l;+xf tftf]kfgL, b/jf+ª, 3f]/]kfgL, jfaLofrf}/, e'?ª tftf]kfgL, ltKNofª

vfBj:t', nQfsk8f, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, kmnkm'n

kj{ts'Zdf, kmn]af;, l8d'jf, gofFk'n, ;]lta]gL, n'+v'b]p/fnL, k}o' x'jf;

b}lgs pkef]Uo ;fdfg, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L / kmnkm"n

afUfn'ªafun'ª ahf/, uNsf]6, a'lt{afª, vaf{ª, h}ldgL3f6, s'lZdz]/f

vfBj:t', lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, nQfsk8f, kmnkm'n

gjnk'/u}+8fsf]6, k|ultgu/, sfjf;f]tL, cf?Ëvf]nf, b'DsLaf;, /hx/ bnbn]

vfBj:t', kz'rf}kfof, lgdf{0f ;fdu|L, nQf sk8f



#=$=( zx/Ls/0f ;DjGwL sfo{qmdx?;+3Lo ;/sf/;Fu ;xsfo{ / ;xhLs/0f u/L a'lt{afª, jflnË, 8'd|]–eG;f/ / kfn'ª6f/sf] cf;kf;sf] If]qdf :df6{ l;l6 / uf]/vf ahf/ ;f+:s[lts–zx/sf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/g] sfo{qmdx¿ /x]sf 5g\ .

#=$=!) lbuf] ljsf; nIo !! sf ;"rsx?sf] cj:yflbuf] ljsf; nIo !! n] ;x/ Pjd\ dfgj a:tLx¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL, ;'/lIft, ;an÷;dfg's"lnt / lbuf] agfpg] Wo]o /fv]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{t M -s_ ;'/lIft / Ifdtfn] wfGg ;Sg] 3/ / cfwf/e"t ;]jfx¿df ;a}sf] kx'Fr, -v_ ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf] lj:tf/åf/f ;'/lIft, Ifdtfn] wfGg ;Sg], kx'Frof]Uo / lbuf] oftfoft k|0ffnLx¿df ;a}sf] kx'Fr, -u_ ;dfj]ZfL tyf lbuf] ;x/Ls/0f -3_ ;f+:s[lts / k|fs[lts ;Dkbfx¿sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;'/If0f, -ª_ ul/a / cf/lIft cj:yfx¿df /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] ;+/If0fdf s]lGb|t eP/ kfgLhGo nufotsf ljkb\x¿sf] sf/0f s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf x'g] cfly{s xfgLgf]S;fgLx¿nfO{ sd ug]{, / -r_ ljz]if u/]/ dlxnf / afnaflnsf, k|f}9 JolStx¿ / ckfª\utf ePsf JolStx¿sf] nflu ;'/lIft, ;dfj]zL, kx'Frof]Uo / xl/t ;fj{hlgs :ynx¿df ;j{JofkL kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ /flvPsf 5g\ .

u08sL k|b]zsf 3/x¿ dWo] @&=@ k|ltzt 3/x¿ dfq ;'/lIft /x]sf 5g\ . zx/L If]qdf ;'/lIft 3/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ 7"nf] dfu 5 . zx/L cfjf; lgdf{0fdf lghL If]q ;lqmo v]nf8Lsf] ¿kdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 . tyflk 3/x¿ ckof{Kt x'g'sf ;fy} dxFuf klg 5g\ . sl/a $# k|ltzt 3/ kl/jf/ kfFr jf ;f]eGbf a9L dflg;x¿ Pp6} 3/df a:g] u/]sf 5g\ . gofF ;]6]nfO6 zx/x¿ lgdf{0f ug]{, @)&@ sf] ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] elTsPsf 3/x?, :jf:Yo / lzIff ;DaGwL ;+/rgfx¿, k'/fgf ;+f:s[lts / wfld{s ;Dkbfx¿sf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{] nIo 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo !! sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ 5 .



tflnsf g+= #–@$M lbuf] ljsf; nIo !! sf ;"rsx?sf] cj:yf



/fli6«o nIo @)*&

v/–k/fn–kftn] 5fPsf] kl/jf/ PsfO -k|ltzt_! !( !)=&& %

;'/lIft 3/x¿df a;f]af; ug]{ kl/jf/ -k|ltzt_@ @(=* @&=@ ^)

ck|ofKt ;f+3'/f] 3/df a:g] zx/L hg;+Vofsf] k|lt;t@ ^&=*# ^@=%*

3/af6 #) ldg6sf] k}bnofqfdf kSsL ;8ssf] kx'Fr ePsf hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_@

%)=%$ $&=%& *)

kfFr hgf / ;f]eGbf a9L JolStx¿ a;f]af; ug]{ kl/jf/x¿ -k|ltzt_#

%%=@* $@=^( @)

>f]t M !cy{ dGqfno, @)&#, @/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ax';"rfÍ ;e]{If0f , @)&!, #ljZj a}+s, @)&%

#=$=!! zx/Ls/0fsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx?• gu/kflnsfx?sf] ;a} j8fdf afx|} dlxgf oftftftsf] Joj:yf x'g] u/L ;8sx?sf]

u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug{', vfg]kfgL, 9nlgsf;, kmf]x/d}nfsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg, !)) k|ltzt ljB'tLs/0f OG6/g]6, :jf:Yo tyf lzIffsf] Joj:yf cflbsf] Joj:yfkg r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• u08sL k|b]zdf gu/kflnsfsf] cfwf/df zx/L hg;+Vof kl/eflift ul/P klg sfo{ rl/qsf] cfwf/df ^) k|ltzt hg;+Vof zx/L rl/qsf] 5}g . u|fdL0f rl/qsf] hg;+VofnfO{ e"uf]nsf] cfwf/df zx/L kl/efiff ul/P klg vf; u/]/ sfo{k4lt / rl/qsf] cfwf/df zx/L hg;+Vof x'g zx/L yk sfo{ ug'{kg]{ 5 h'g r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

• ;/sf/L :t/df gof zx/sf] ljsf; ug{ nfluPsf jfUn'ªsf] j'lt{jfª / tgx'+sf] 8'd|]df zx/ lgdf{0f k|s[of ;':t ultdf ;~rflnt 5 . gofF zx/x?sf] lgdf{0f ug{ zx/L k"jf{wf/df k|z:t nufgL ug{ cfjZos 5 / nufgL h'6fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

• clgolGqt / cJojl:yt zx/L ljsf; u08sL k|b]zsf] Ps r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . klxnf zx/L k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f kZrft gLlh 3/x? lgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{df gLlh 3/x? lgdf{0f kZrft zx/L k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ k|of; u/LPsf 5g\, h'g lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5g\ .



#=$=!@ cj;/x?• gu/kflnsf 3f]if0ff e};s]kl5 ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx?n] Ps vfnsf] ult lng] x'bf

:yfgLo ?kdf /f]huf/sf ;Defjgfx¿ a9\b} hfG5, h;nfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

• zx/pGd'v kxf8L gu/kflnsfx¿sf] ljsf;n] :yfgLo :t/df ;Defjgfsf] w]/} 9f]sfx? vf]Ng] x'Fbf ufpFaf6 7'nf tyf k'/fgf zx/x?df a;fOF;/fO ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfG5 h;nfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .



cWofo $ef}lts k"jf{wf/, oftfoft, ;Grf/ / lj1fg k|ljlw

$=! ef}lts k"jf{wf/$=!=! ;8s;fdflhs, :jf:Yo / lzIff ;]jfdf kx'Fr pknAw u/fpb} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{, ul/aL lj?4 n8\g / ;du{ b]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;d[l4sf nflu ;8s ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . g]kfnsf] klxnf] df]6/ u'8\g] ;8s lj=;+= !(*) /f0ffzf;g tfsf sf7df8f}+df ag]sf] xf] . /f0ffzf;gsf] cGTo lt/ af6f]sfh c•fsf] :yfkgf ;+u} sf7df8f}F}F–x]6f}8f hf]8\g] ;8s kl/of]hgf ;'? eof] . ToxL ;dodf 9'+uf / OF6fn] 5fk]/ Ps n]gsf] eLdkm]bL cdn]vu+h / a'6jn e}/xjf ;8ssf] lgdf{0f eof] . lj=;= @))& df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo / k|hftGqsf] pbo;Fu} lj=;= @)!@ df ef/tLo ;xof]udf sf7df8f}F–gf}la;] / jL/uGh–/S;f}n ;8ssf] lgdf{0f eof] / g]kfnb]lv ef/t;Dd a; ;]jf ;+rfngdf cfof] . ToxL tfsf sf7df8f}F x]6f}+8f hf]8\g] sflGt/fhkysf] 6«ofs vf]Ng] sfd / x]6f}8f gf/fo0f3f6 ;8s ;DkGg eof] . lj=;+= @)@^ df ;8s ljefusf] :yfkgf / kl5 lj=;+= @)%$ df :yfgLo k"jf{wf/ tyf s[lif ;8s ljefusf] :yfkgf eP;Fu} ;8s lgdf{0f cem tLj| ultn] ePsf] b]lvG5 . xfn g]kfndf sfnf]kq]], u|fj]n / w'n] u/L %*,#(* xhf/ ls=ld= eGbf a9L ;8s lgdf{0f e} ;s]sf 5g\ -cy{ dGqfnoåf/f hf/L u/LPsf] cfly{s ;j]{If0f, @)&)÷&!_ .

u08sL k|b]znfO{ k[YjL /fhdfu{ -sf:sL, tgxF'_, l;4fy{ /fhdfu{ -sf:sL, :ofËhf_ k"j{–klZrd /fhdfu{ -gjnk'/_ / dWokxf8L -uf]/vf, ndh'ª, tgx'F, sf:sL, kj{t, jfUn'Ë_ u/L hDdf #(@ ls=ld= nDafOsf /fhdfu{n] 5f]Psf] 5 . To:t} ;a} lhNnfx?nfO{ u/L !,@&@ ls= ld= nDafOsf ljleGg ;xfos dfu{x?n] hf]l8Psf] 5 -tflnsf g+= $–!_ .

tflnsf g+= $–!M u08sL k|b]znfO{ 5f]Psf ljleGg /fhdfu{ / ;xfos /fhdfu{x?sf] ljj/0f

l;=g++= /fhdfu{sf] gfd /fhdfu{n] 5'g] lhNnf nDafO{ -ls+ dL=_ cj:yf

! k[YjL /fhdfu{ sf:sL, tgxF' () kSsL

@ l;4fy{ /fhdfu{ sf:sL,:ofËhf (# kSsL

# k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{ gjnk'/ &% kSsL

$ dWo kxf8L /fhdfu{uf]/vf,ndh'ª, tgx'F,sf:sL, kj{t, jfUn'Ë

!#$ lgdf{0fflwg



l;=g++= /fhdfu{sf] gfd /fhdfu{n] 5'g] lhNnf nDafO{ -ls+ dL=_ cj:yf

! kf]v/f – jfUn'Ë sf:sL, kj{t, jfUn'Ë ^( kSsL

@ cfFj'v}/]gL – uf]/vf uf]/vf, tgx'F @$ kSsL

# 8'd|] – j]lzzx/ tgx'F, ndh'ª $) kSsL

$ Aof; dfu{ tgx'F ( kSsL

% j]lg3f6 – cf?3f6 – nfs]{ uf]/vf, dgfË !*) sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

^ If]k]6f/ – jfs{kfs – efn':jf/f uf]/vf $& sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

& uf]/vf cf? ;8s uf]/vf $^ sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

* j]lzzx/– rfd] ndh'ª, dgfË ^* sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

( j]ugf; – ef]n]{6f/ sf:sL, ndh'ª @& sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

!) v}/]gL – ledfb tgx'F & sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

!! k'tnLv]t – sfl{{sg]6f – s'Zdf :ofËhf, kj{t ^) sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

!@ sfnLu08sL sl/8f]/ :ofËhf, kj{t jfUn'Ë, gjnk/f;L

$#% sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

!# sfnLu08sL sl/8f]/ -sf]/nf_ jfUn'Ë, DofUbL, d':tfË !** sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

!$ jfUn'Ë – j]gL ;8s jfUn'Ë, DofUbL !& sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

!% ldbL{ – ledfb ;8s :ofËhf, tgx'F %% sRrL÷lgdf{0fflwg

>f]tM ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno, u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|fKt tYof+s, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df la:n]lift

u08sL k|b]zdf lgdf{0f eO;s]sf / lgdf{0ffwLg, sfnf]kq]] ;8s (#& ls=dL]], u|fe]n ;8s !,#%* ls=dL= / w'n] ;8s, *%@^ ls=dL= u/L s'n !),*@! ls=dL= ;8s /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= $–@_ . s'n ;8ssf cfwf/df ;8s 3gTj k|lt ju{ ls dL )=$( ls= dL= /x]sf] 5 . ;8s 3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L tgx"Fdf k|lt ju{ ls= ld= !=!& ls= dL=/ ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf k|lt ju{ ls= dL=)=)$ ls= dL= /x]sf] 5 . cGo lhNnfsf] t'ngfdf ;8s 3gTj DofUbL, afUn'ª / d':tf+ªdf klg cToGt} sd /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= $–@_ .

sfnf]kq]] ;8s ;a}eGbf a9L gjnk'/df ##( ls dL 5 eg] dgfªdf sfnf]kq]] ;8s g} ag]sf] 5}g -tflnsf g+= $–@_ . u|fe]n ;8s ;a}eGbf a9L gjnk'/df, *(%=@ ls= dL=, 5 eg] d':tfË / dgfªdf u|fe]n ;8s 5}g . w'n] ;8s ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfdf, *$* ls dL, 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf, *@ ls dL /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= $–@_ .



tflnsf g+= $–@M u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf ljleGg vfnsf ;8sx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfsfnf]kq]] ;8s

-ls=dL=_

u|fe]n ;8s

-ls=dL=_

w'n] ;8s -ls=dL=_

s'n ;8s-ls=dL=_

lhNnfsf] If]qkmn

-ju{ ls dL_

;8s 3gTj -k|lt ju{ ls dL_

uf]/vf %) ^^=^ *$* (^$ #^$%=( )=@^

ndh'ª ## !!)=! (@@ !,)^% !^^@=$ )=^$

tgx'F !#& *!=( !^!* !,*#& !%&!=* !=!&

:ofËhf !$% #^=$ (^* !,!%) !)#&=% !=!!

sf:sL !$( !)&=^ !)(@ !,#$( @)*$=$ )=^%

dgfË *@ *@ @#@)=^ )=)$

d':tfË !@ #@$ ##^ #%^#=@ )=)(

DofUbL & &=& %&% %*( @@*$=* )=@^

kj{t #* %)=# %#^ ^@$ %$!=^ !=!%

jfUn'Ë @& @=$ ($# (&@ !*#%=& )=%#

gjnk'/ ##( *(%=@ ^!( !,*%$ !$@%=* !=#

u08sL (#& !#%* *%@^ !),*@! @!(&$ )=$(

>f]tM ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno, u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|fKt tYof+s, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df la:n]lift

$=!=@ k'nufpF tyf zx/nfO{ Ps cfk;df hf]8\b} ;d|u cfly{s / ;fdflhs ultlawLx?nfO{ a9fpgsf] nflu k}bn 6«]N; tyf df]6/]jn ;8s ;~hfn cGqut cfpg] ljleGg vf]N;fvfN;L tyf vf]nfgfnfx?df k'n lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . u08sL k|b]zsf emf]n'Ë] tyf df]6/]jn k'nx¿sf] cj:yf tnsf cg'R5]bx¿df rrf{ u/LPsf] 5 .

$=!=@=! emf]n'·] k'nemf]n'+u] k'nx? u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] k|f/lDes cfwf/sf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . hxfF ;8s oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf 5}g, To:tf] 7fpFdf b}lgs cfjZosLo ;fdfgx? cf]xf]/–bf]xf]/ ug{ / u/fpg / Ps ufpFaf6 csf]{ ufpF;Dd ;Dks{sf nflu k'n geO{ x'Fb}g . ;a} 7fpFdf kSsL k'n agfpg ;Dej klg 5}g . To;}n] ef}uf]lns ?kdf Hofb} sl7g /x]sf] g]kfn h:tf] b]zsf nflu emf]n'+u] k'n clt cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf /x]sf xhf/f}+ gbLgfnfx?sf sf/0f emf]n'+u]k'nsf] cfjZostf clgjfo{h:t} 5 . o:tf k'nx?n] ufpFx?df ljsf;sf] cfef; dfq ub}{g, x/]s s[lifpkhx? pTkfbg / laqmL ljt/0fsf nflu klg dfWod j:t'sf] ?kdf ;xof]u u5{ .



u08sL k|b]zdf ;'/lIft emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] ;+Vof *^)Ù tTsfn k'gM:yfkgf ug{'kg]{ emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] ;+Vof #$!Ù a[xt\ dd{t ug{'kg]{ emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] ;+Vof !%!Ù x6fpg'kg]{ emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] ;+Vof %&Ù ;+/If0f ug{'kg]{ emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] ;+Vof @* / cj:yf klxrfg x'g afFsL emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿sf] ;+Vof !%( u/L s'n !,%(^ emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿ /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= $–#_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df emf]n'Ë] k'nx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L afun'ªdf, $)&, /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd gjnk'/df, $^, /x]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf g+= $–#M u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf ljleGg cj:yfsf emf]n'·] k'nx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf ;'/lIfttTsfn

k'g:y{fkgf ug'{ kg]{

a[xt\ dd{t ug'{ kg]{

x6fpg' kg]{;+/If0f ug{' kg]{

cj:yf klxrfg x'g jf+sL

hDdf

uf]/vf #( # !* ) ) &^ !#^

ndh'ª !!$ $ !( ! # $& !**

tgx'F &! % !@ ! ! * (*

:ofËhf () !$ !# $ @ # !@^

sf:sL ** $% !) @ # ( !%&

dgfË $& ) % ) ) ^ %*

d':tfË $# ! # $ @ ! %$

DofUbL !!( $& !& !( ^ ) @)*

kj{t (! !@ % ) ! ( !!*

jfUfn'Ë !#! @)* ## @^ ( ) $)&

gjnk'/ @& @ !^ ) ! ) $^

hDdf *^) #$! !%! %& @* !%( !%(^

>f]t M ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno, u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|fKt tYof+s, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

$=!=@=@ df]6/]an k'nu08sL k|b]zdf /0fgLlts ;8ssf df]6/]jn k'nx?sf] ;+Vof, !((, / :yfgLo ;8sdf kg]{ ;8s k'nx?sf] ;+Vof, *(, u/L s'n @** df]6/]jn k'nx? /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= $–$_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df, df]6/]jn k'nx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, %$ /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfËdf, # /x]sf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zdf s]G› ;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0ffwLg, !!), / k|b]z ;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0ffwLg, &), u/L s'n !*) df]6/]jn k'nx? lgdf{0fsf] ljleGg r/0fdf /x]sf



5g\ -tflnsf g+= $–%_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df, lgdf{0ffwLg df]6/]jn k'nx¿, ;a}eGbf a9L :ofËhfdf, #) / ;a}eGbf sd dgfËdf, # /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= $–%_ .

tflnsf g+= $–$M u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf df]6/]jn k'nx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf /0fgLlts ;8ssf k'nx?sf] ;+Vof :yfgLo ;8sdf kg]{ ;8s k'nx?sf] ;+Vof hDdf

uf]/vf !! ^ !&

ndh'ª ( ^ !%

tgx'F $! !# %$

:ofËhf @$ !( $#

sf:sL !( @$ $#

dgfË ) # #

d':tfË % $ (

DofUbL * ) *

kj{t !) & !&

jfUfn'Ë & % !@

gjnk'/ ^% @ ^&

hDdf !(( *( @**

>f]tM ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno, u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|fKt tYof+s, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

tflnsf g+= $–%M u08sL k|b]zdf lgdf{0fsf] ljleGg r/0fdf /x]sf df]6/]jn k'nx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfs]Gb| ;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0ffwLg

-;+Vof_k|b]z ;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0ffwLg

-;+Vof_hDdf

uf]/vf * % !#

ndh'ª & & !$

tgx'F !( ( @*

:ofËhf !( !! #)

sf:sL !^ ( @%

dgfË @ % &



lhNnfs]Gb| ;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0ffwLg

-;+Vof_k|b]z ;/sf/åf/f lgdf{0ffwLg

-;+Vof_hDdf

d':tfË ) # #

DofUbL # % *

kj{t * # !!

jfUfn'Ë !% & @@

gjnk'/ !# ^ !(

hDdf !!) &) !*)

>f]t M ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno, u08sL k|b]zaf6 k|fKt tYof+s, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

$=!=# xjfO{ oftfoftu08sL k|b]zdf xjfOdfu{sf] k|f/De lj=;+= @)!% cfiff9 @! df kf]v/fdf ePsf] xf] . xfn # j6f cfGtl/s ljdfg:yn -kf]v/f, hf]d;f]d, dgfª_ clxn] ;+rfngdf 5g\ eg] uf]vf{sf] kfn'Ë6f/ ljdfg:yn, jfUfn'Ësf] an]jf ljdfg:yn, rfn' cj:yfdf /x]sf 5}gg\ . o; k|b]z cGtu{t ljdfg ;]jf ;+rfng ug]{ sDkgLx?df g]kfn jfo' ;]jf lgudsf ;fy} lghL If]qsf a'4 Po/, l;ld|s Po/, clUg Po/, olt Po/ / tf/f Po/ /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]zsf] s]G›df /x]sf] kf]v/f ljdfg:ynaf6 sf7df8f}+, e/tk'/, e}/xjf / hf]d;f]dsf nflu lgoldt p8fg ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . o; k|b]zdf ko{6sLo uGtJo w]/} /x]sf]n] x]lnsK6/ ;]jf;d]t\ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . ko{6sLo lx;fan] dxTj /x]sf] o; k|b]zdf oxfFsf ljdfg:ynx?n] ct'ngLo e"ldsf v]n]sf] kfOG5 .

u08sL k|b]zsf] kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsfdf lgdf{0ffwLg cj:yfdf /x]sf] kf]v/f If]qLo cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn, /fli6«o uf}/jsf] cfof]hgf xf] . lj=;+= @)&* df ;lsg] nIo /fv]sf] o; ljdfg:yndf tLj| ?kdf sfd ;'rf? eO/x]sf] 5 . #,!)^ /f]kgL hUufdf lgd{f0f sfo{ ;'? ul/Psf] ;f] ljdfg:ynn] xfn ^)) /f]kgL yk hUuf clwu|x0f u/]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] xfn;Dd ef}lts k|ult nIosf] t'ngfdf !% k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . Runway df Sub Grade

layer/terminal building sf] @) k|ltzt sfo{ ;DkGg eO;s]sf] 5 .

$=!=$ s]ansf/ oftfoftsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofpg d'n'ssf] kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qsf s]ansf/nfO{ ljz]if



k|fyldstfdf /fVb} ko{6s cfsif{0fsf nflu s]ansf/ lgdf{0f cfjZos b]lvG5 . dgsfdgf bz{g k|f=ln= n] dgsfdgfdf s]ansf/ -#=)@ ls=ld, s'l/g6f/–dgsfdgf dlGb/_ lgdf{0f u/];Fu} g]kfndf s]ansf/sf] o'u z'? ePsf] xf] . b]zsf Ps bh{geGbf a9L :yfgdf s]ansf/ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . ;fy} kf]v/fsf] km]jftfnb]lv ;/fªsf]6;Dd s]jnsf/ lgdf{0f sfo{ ;'? ePsf] 5 . To:t} d'lQmgfy bz{g k|f=ln=n] kf]v/fsf] jL/]7Ff6L b]lv sfua]gL x'Fb} /fgLkf}jf d'lQmgfy dlGb/;Dd klg s]jnsf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cWoog cg'dlt lnb} ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfnodf cfj]bg lbPsf] 5 . ;f] s]jnsf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos ;xhLs/0fsf] sfd nufgL af]8{n] ul//x]sf] 5 . dgsfdgf bz{g k|f=ln= n] sf:sLsf] k'DbLe'DbLdf ! ls=ld nfdf] s]jnsf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu cWoog cg'dlt dfu]sf] 5 . o:t} gjnk/f;Lsf] /fgLtfn b]lv df}nfsfnL dlGb/;Dd s]jnsf/ lgdf{0fsf nflu @ j6f k|:tfj cfPsf] 5 -/f]kj] g]kfn, @)&%_ . tgx'Fsf] ;q;o kmfF6b]lv alGbk'/;Dd, kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsfsf]] 3fF6Ll5gf b]lv k~rf;] ;Dd / df]bL uf=kf= b]lv cGgk"0f{ cfwf/ lzlj/ ;Ddsf] s]a'nsf/ ;DjGwL cWoog e}/x]sf 5g\ .

$=!=% /]ndfu{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s ljsf;, ;fdflhs ;dfof]hg / ;]jf lj:tf/ Pj+ kx'Frsf ;fy} b]zsf] ;du| / cfly{s ;d'Ggltsf] nflu ljleGg c+usf ?kdf /]nj] If]qsf] klxrfg ePsf] 5 . ljutdf sd} k|fyldstfdf /xg] u/]sf] / gu0o ;'ljwf ePsf] ePtf klg /]nj] ;]jfsf] dxTj cf+sng eO k"j{ -d]rL _ klZrd -dxfsfnL_ -($% ls=ld_, /;'jfu9L–sf7df8f}+–kf]v/f–n'lDagL -%!( ls=ld_, lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] :ki6 ;f]r ag]sf] 5 . xfn k"j{ klZrd ljB'tLo /]ndfu{sf] u08sL k|b]z v08sf] lj:t[t kl/of]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] 5 eg] /;'jfu9L–sf7df08f}+–kf]v/f–n'lDagL /]ndfu{sf] ;DefJotf cWoog eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} u08sL k|b]zdf rLgsf] l;dfgf sf]/nfb]lv kf]v/f /]ndfu{ lgdf{0f sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 -/]n laefu, @)&%_ .

$=!=^ k'glg{df{0flj=;+= @)&@ ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] g]kfndf cfPsf] …uf]/vf e"sDkÚ / To;kl5sf k/sDkx?af6 #! lhNnfdf wghgsf] Iflt k'Uof] . e"sDkkl5sf] :yfgLo cfjZostf cf+sng k|ltj]bg -lkl8Pg_ cg';f/ *,&() hgfn] Hofg u'dfP eg] @@,#)) hgf 3fOt] eP . o:t} $,(*,*%@ lghL 3/, @,^%^ ;/sf/L ejg / ljBfnosf !(,))) eGbf a9L sIff sf]7f k"0f{ ?kdf Iflt ePsf lyP -tflnsf g+= $–^_ .



tflnsf g+= $–^M k'glg{df{0f l:ylt ;DaGwL lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfIflt ePsf 3/sf] ;+Vof

k'glg{d{f0f ;Demf}tf ePsf 3/sf] ;+Vof

klxnf] ls:tf nfg]sf] ;+Vof

bf]>f] ls:tf nfg]sf] ;+Vof

t]>f] ls:tf nfg]sf] ;+Vof

k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg 3/x?sf] ;+Vof

uf]/vf ^%,#&) %(,$() %(($) $(#)% @(**) ##!@)

ndh'ª !#,(%( !#,!** !#!@) @(@( ) )

tgx'F !#,*@! !#,*@! !@&%@ $$* (# )

:ofªhf *,&^^ *,&^^ *%$^ !)!! ) !)&

sf:sL ^,)@^ %,%!& %#@^ ^*% ) )

dgfª\ ) ) ) ) ) )

d':tfª\ ) ) ) ) ) )

DofUbL *^* &*) &*) @#) !^ )

kj{t %,@^( $,&() $&&$ !)@@ $ )

afUfn'ª @,#&% @,!@& @)!# $*@ $& )

gjnk'/ *&@ *&@ *&) $$* (# )

u08sL !,!$,(%# !,)(,#%! !,)*,!@! %^,%^) #)!## ##,@@&

>f]t M g]kfn k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f, >fj0f @)&%

u08sL k|b]zdf e"sDkdf elTsPsf] lghL 3/x?sf] ;+Vof !,!$,(%# /x]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf a9L Iflt ePsf] lhNnf uf]/vf xf] eg] cGo pNn]Vo Iflt ePsf lhNnfx?df qmdzM ndh'ª, tgx'F, :ofª\hf cflb kb{5g\ . dgfª\ / d':tfª\df s'g} klg Iflt ePsf] 5}g . k'glg{df{0f ;Demf}tf ePsf 3/sf] ;+Vof !,)(,#%! /x]sf] 5 . h;dWo] @)&% sf] cfiff9 d;fGt;Dd klxnf] ls:tf n}hfg]]] !,)*,!@!Ù bf]>f] ls:tf n}hfg] %^,%^)Ù t]>f] ls:tf n}hfg] #)!##, / k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 3/ ;+Vof ##,@@& -@( k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . k'glg{df{0f ;DaGwL lhNnfut ljj/0f tflnsf g+= $–^ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

$=!=& ;~rf/gful/ssf] ;+ljwfg k|bQ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;"rgfsf] xssf] k|of]udf ;+rf/ If]qsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . ljutdf lgs} nf]slk|o /x]sf] / xfn;Dd klg ;+rfngdf /x]sf] x'nfs ;]jfsf] cfkm\g} ljlzi6 klxrfg /x]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= $–&M k|b]zdf /x]sf x'nfs sfof{nox¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfIf]qLo x'nfs

sfof{no lhNnf x'nfs

sfof{no Onfsf x'nfs

sfof{no cltl/Qm x'nfs

sfof{no hDdf

uf]/vf ! !@ %^ ^(

ndh'ª ! !) %) ^!

tgx'F ! !$ #* %#

:ofª\hf ! !@ %# ^^

sf:sL ! !# #& %!

dgfª\ ! % % !!

d':tfª\ ! * & !^

DofUbL ! !) @( $)

kj{t ! !! $# %%

afUfn'ª ! !# $* ^@

gjnk'/ * #) #*

u08sL ! ( !!^ #(^ %@@

>f]t M If]qLo x'nfs lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f, @)&$

u08sL k|b]zdf If]qLo x'nfs !, lhNnf x'nfs (, Onfsf x'nfs !!^, cltl/Qm x'nfs #(^ u/L s'n x'nfsx?sf] ;+Vof %@@ /x]sf] 5 . x'nfssf] s'n ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfdf -^(_ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -!!_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= $–&_ .

$=!=&=! ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zdf s'n l6=le= :6]zgsf] ;+Vof @^, /]l8of] :6]zg &#, kqklqsf !)%, OG6/g]6 #) / n]08nfOg 6]lnkmf]gsf] ;+Vof ^!,^%& /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut ?kdf x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L l6=le= :6]zg uf]/vfdf -&_ / ;a}eGbf sd ndh'ª, tgx'+, dgfª\, d':tfª\ / jfUfn'ªdf /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} /]l8of] :6]zgtkm{ ;a}eGbf w]/} sf:sLdf -@^_ / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df -!_ /x]sf] 5 eg] dgfª\df s'g}klg /]l8of] :6]zg /x]sf] 5}g . kqklqsfdf ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf -$#_ / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df -!_ 5g\ eg] dgfª\df s'g} klg kqklqsf k|sflzt gePsf] kfOG5 . OG6/g]6 ;]jf k|bfosdf :ofª\hfdf % 5g\ eg] gjnk'/ d':tfª\ / kj{tdf g/x]sf] b]lvG5 . n]08nfOg 6]lnkmf]g ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf -#*,@^@_ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -!#&_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= $–*_ .



tflnsf g+= $–*M k|b]zdf /x]sf ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf l6 eL :6]zg /]l8of] :6]zg kqklqsf OG6/g]6 n]08nfOg

6]lnkmf]g ;]jf

uf]/vf & ( # % @@&$

ndh'ª ! $ ( $ !($$

tgx'F ! !! !# # %#)$

:ofª\hf # % * % #%@$

sf:sL $ @^ $# $ #*@^@

dgfª\ ! @ !#&

d':tfª\ ! ! ! pknAw ePg $@*

DofUbL @ @ ^ $ !#!!

kj{t ! $ !@ !$*!

afUfn'ª ! & & # #%@)

gjnk'/ $ $ # #$&@

u08sL @^ &# !)% #) ^!^%&

$=!=* lj1fg k|ljlwtYo, k|df0f / j:t'ut cfwf/n] dfu{l{gb]l{z{t ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfx? sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lhnf] / lbuf] x'G5, h;sf nflu lj1fg tyf k|lalw If]qsf] ljsf; / lg/Gt/ cg';Gwfg cfjZos x'G5 . kf]v/f ljZjljBfno / o;sf cf+lus / ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;x?df OlGhlgol/Ë / :jf:Yo lj1fgsf] cWoog cWofkg / cg';Gwfg sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 o;}u/L kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf :jf:Yo lj1fgsf] cWoog cWofkg ;fy} cg';Gwfg sfo{x? ;'? x'g] tof/Ldf 5 . k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;df lj1fgsf :gfts txsf] ljleGg ljwfx?df / :gftsf]Q/ txsf] ef}ltszf:q / ul0ft ljifodf cWoog cWofkg ;fy} cg';Gwfg sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;}u/L klZrdf~rn SofDk; nfdfrf}/df OlGhlgol/Ë ljwfsf ljleGg ljifox?df :gfts / :gftsf]Q/ txsf cWofkg / cg';Gwfg sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . kf]v/f jg SofDk;df jg jftfj/0f / k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg ljifodf :gfts, :gftsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lw ;Ddsf] cWoog cWofkg / cg';Gwfg sfo{ sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . kf]v/f gl;{ª SofDk;df gl;{ª ljifodf :gfts / :gftsf]Q/sf] cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfg sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . s[lif tyf jg ljZjljBfnosf] k'/Grf}/ / lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] ;'Gb/ahf/ /x]sf s[lif SofDk;x?df :gfts txsf] cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfg sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .



/fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg s]G›, n'Dn] / If]qLo s[lif cg';Gwfg s]G›, dfn]kf6gn] s[lif If]qdf cg';Gwfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ eg] dT:o cg';Gwfg s]G›, a]ugf;n] dT:o If]qdf cg';Gwfg ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L /fli6«o afv|f cg';Gwfg s]G› alGbk'/n] klg ;f] If]qdf cg';Gwfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] /fli6«o jfujfgL cg';Gwfg s]G›, dfkmf{df :ofpv]tLsf] ljsf; / cg';Gwfgsf] sfo{ x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

ljleGg If]qdf w]/ yf]/} cg';Gwfgsf sfo{x? cfˆgf cfˆg} txdf e}/x]sf] eP klg To;nfO{ Psa4 / kl/is[t ub}{ k|b]zsf] gLlt tyf of]hgf lgdf{0f;+u hf]8\b} sfo{of]hgf ;lxt cufl8 a9\g ;s] k|b]zsf] ljsf; gLlt tyf of]hgfx? yk Aojl:yt / kl/0ffd pGd'v x'g] b]lvG5 .

$=!=( lbuf] ljsf; nIo ( sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltlbuf] ljsf; nIo ( n] ;dfg's"lnt÷alnof] k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f, ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fsf] k|j4{g / gjk|jt{gnfO{ k|]l/t ug{ Wofg lbPsf] 5 . o; cGtu{tM -s_ cfly{s ljsf; / dfgjsf] ;'v ;d[l4nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ / ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ u'0f:t/Lo, e/kbf]{, lbuf] / ;dfg's"lnt (Resilient) ljsf; ug]{, -v_ ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{, -u_ ;fgf:t/sf pBdx¿ / cGo pBdx¿df kx'Fr a9fpg], -3_ k"jf{wf/x¿sf] :t/f]GGflt ug]{, / -ª_ j}1flgs cg';GwfgnfO{ a9fjf lbg] tyf gjk|jt{gnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ to ul/Psf 5g\ .

u08sL k|b]z ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] 7"nf] cefj em]ln/x]sf] 5 . @)&$÷)&% sf] cGTo ;Dddf sl/a *,%@^ lsnf]ld6/ w'n] sRrL ;8s, !,#%* lsnf]ld6/ u|fe]n ;8s / (#& lsnf]ld6/ sfnf]kq] ul/ !),*@! lsnf]ld6/ ;8sx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . /fhgLlt1x¿n] ;8s lgdf{0fdf w]/} k|fyldstf lbP klg xfnsf] ;8s 3gTj Hofb} sd -)=$( ls=ld=÷ju{ ls=ld=_ dfq /x]sf] 5 . w]/}h;f] ;8sx¿n] tf]lsPsf] ;'/Iff dfkb08 klg k"/f ub}{gg\ . csf]{tkm{, b"/ ;~rf/sf dfWodx¿sf] k|of]u gf6sLo ¿kdf a9]sf] 5 . df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u k|b]]zsf clwsf+z hgtfdf k'u]sf] 5 . ljz]if u/]/ 7"nf pBf]ux¿ Go"g nufgL / k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfsf] cefjn] u|l;t 5g\ . s'n pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] lx:;f !% k|ltzt dfq 5 eg] o:fn] >dzlStsf] & k|ltzteGbf sdnfO{ dfq /f]huf/L lbPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] lasf; nIo ( sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ 5 .



tflnsf g+= $–(M lbuf] ljsf; nIo ( sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt



/fli6«o nIo @)*&

;8s 3gTj -ls=ld=ju{ ls=ld=_! )=%% )=$( !=%)

cf}Bf]lus j:t'x¿df ePsf] d"No clej[l4 (Value added) -s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kft / k|ltJolStsf] ¿kdf_@

^=^) @=)) !%

s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] lx::ff -k|ltzt_@ !% @%

s'n /f]huf/Ldf 7"nf pBf]ux¿sf] /f]huf/Lsf] cg'kft@ ^=^ !#

s'n /f]huf/Ldf pBf]u If]qsf] /f]huf/Lsf] k|ltzt@ !)=&^ ^=%(

>f]t M !cy{ dGqfno ,@)&#, @s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)&!

$=!=!) ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?• k|b]zdf /x]sf] ;a} ufpFx?df ;8s ;+hfn k'¥ofpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . • k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] a9\bf] dfu / cfjZostfnfO{ cWoog cg';Gwfgdfkm{t\ lbuf]

Joj:yfkg ub}{ n}hfg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . • k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf of]hgfx? th{'df ubf{ cWoog cg';Gwfgn] dfu{ lgb]{zg u/]

cg';f/ ug{' kg]{df To;f] x'g g;Sg' ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . • sfo{qmdx? th{'df ubf{ g} of]hgfdf /flvPsf cfof]hgfx?sf] cWoog / sfof{Gojgsf

nflu ;do tyf k|fljlws kIfsf] af/]df :ki6 e} cufl8 a9\g'kg]{ 5 h'g r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

$=!=!! ca;/x?

• gofF /fhgLlts ljsf;qmd / /fHok'g;{+/rgfsf] ljBdfg dfxf]nn] cfd hgtfdf pd+u, cfzf / pT;fx j[l4 u/]sf] 5 h'g gLltlgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ljleGg tKsfsf /x]sf /fhgLlt1 tyf sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu b]z lgdf{0fdf P]Soa4 eP/ cufl8 a9\g] cj;/ xf] .

• ;/sf/n] yk gu/kflnsfx? 3f]if0ff u/]sf] / xfn k|b]zsf sl/a ^! k|ltzt hg;+Vof gu/kflnsf cGtu{t /x]sf] xF'bf of]hgfa4 / Aojl:yt zx/ tyf a:tL ljsf;sf] nflu k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .

• /fh:jsf] bof/fdf lj:tf/ / ljsf; Pjd\ ;]jf k|afxsf cj;/ a9\g' cj;/ xf] . • :yfgLo txdf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] k|jfx a9\b} hfg' / :yfgLo cfjZostf cg';f/

ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x? xF'b} hfg' ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; ug]{ cj;/ xf] .



cWofo %;fdflhs If]q

%=! :jf:Yo:jf:Yo ;]jf k|0ffnL eGgfn] hgtfsf] :jf:Yo cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ k|jfx ug{' kg]{ ;]jfx¿sf] Joj:yfsf nflu ul/Psf] dfgj ;+;fwg, :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿ / cfjZos ;|f]tx¿sf] plrt ;+of]hg xf] . ljleGg b]zdf ljleGg lsl;dsf :jf:Yo k|0ffnLx¿ 5g\ . g]kfnsf] :jf:Yo k|0ffnLaf6 k|j4{gfTds, k|ltsf/fTds, pkrf/fTds / k'g:{yfkgfTds ;]jfx¿ k|bfg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ljleGg :jf:Yo ;+:yfdfkm{t\ ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnon] ;du| :jf:Yo ;]jf k|0ffnLsf] g]t[Tj u/L /x]sf] 5 .

k|j4{gfTdsM s'g} klg /f]u nfUg glbg] p2]Zon] ul/g] :jf:Yo ;]jfx? o; leq kb{5g\ . o;n] ubf{ Psflt/ /f]ux? nfUg] b/ sd x'G5 . dflg;sf] :jf:Yo ;r]tgfsf] tx a9\5 . ;+qmd0f tyf gofF /f]ux?sf] ljsf;nfO{ klg s]xL xb;Dd /f]syfd ub{5 . :jf:Yo lzIff k|bfg ug]{, kf]if0f ;Fu ;DalGwt ;]jfx?, kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf, k/fdz{ ;]jf tyf Jofofd of]u h:tf ;]jf tyf sfo{qmdx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ . of] ;]jf k|b]zdf /x]sf %,(#( dlxnf :jo+;]ljsf, !,&&) vf]ks]Gb|, !,$!^ ufpF3/ lSnlgs cflb dfkm{t\ k|bfg ul/G5 . k|ltsf/fTdsM ;Defljt /f]u, b'a{ntf Pj+ ;f] cj:yfsf] lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfdsf] nflu ul/g] :jf:Yo ;]jfx? o;leq kb{5g\ . k|j4{gfTds ;]jfx?n] dflg;sf] cfr/0f Jojxf/ vfgkfg /xg;xgnfO{ :j:Yf agfpg d2t ub{5 eg] k|ltsf/fTds :jf:Yo ;]jfn] j:t'ut lglZrt /f]ux?sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0f ug]{ ub{5 . vf]k ;]jf, le6fldg P ljt/0f, cfO/g rSsL ljt/0f, h'sfsf] cf}ifwL ljt/0f, ue{ tyf ;'Ts]/L hfFr, ;?jf /f]u k/LIf0f tyf lgoGq0f cflb ;]jfx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

pkrf/fTdsM s'g} klg /f]u nflu ;s] kZrft\ :jf:Yo ;+:yf tyf c:ktfnx?df k'uL k|bfg ul/g] ;Dk"0f{ vfnsf] :jf:Yo ;]jfx? o;leq kb{5g\ . of] ;]jf d'VotM cfsl:ds, jlx/+u / cGt/+u x'g] ub{5 . o;df z'?df la/fdLx? cfsl:ds tyf jlx/+u ljefudf pkrf/ ug{ cfpF5g\ / hl6n cj:yf /x]df cGt/+u ljefudf egf{ eP/ pkrf/ ;]jf k|fKt ub{5g\ . /f]usf] pkrf/ tyf lgbfg, k|;"lt ;]jf, ue{ktg ;]jf, zNolqmof ;]jf cflb ;]jfx? o; cGtu{t kb{5g\ . oL ;]jfx? k|b]zdf /x]sf Ps :ffj{hlgs :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg, !$



c~rn tyf lhNnf c:ktfn, @% k|fylds pkrf/ s]Gb|, $*% :jf:Yo rf}sL, * ;fd'bflos c:kftfn, #$ lghL c:ktfn / b'O lghL lzIf0f c:ktfn dfkm{t\ lbOG5 .

k'g:y{fkgfTdsM la/fdLsf] /f]usf] pkrf/ tyf Pp6f km/s cj:yf kl5 pgLx?nfO{ k'gM ;dfhdf :yfkgf u/fO{ ;xh Pj+ :j:Yf ?kdf b}lgs hLjg ofkg ug{ Pj+ k]zf Joj;fo jf cGo s'g} ;fdflhs lqmofsnfkx?df ;+nUg x'g ;s"g\ egL ul/g] ;]jfx? o;leq kb{5g\ . hGdhft jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] s'kf]if0f eP/ ;d:ofu|it ePsf afnaRrfx?sf] nflu kf]if0f ;]jf, k'g:y{fkgf u[xaf6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jf, nfu" cf}ifw b'Jo{;gLdf /x]sfx?nfO{ k|bfg ul/g] cf]=P;=6L ;]jf nufot cGo k'g:y{fkgf s]Gb|af6 k|bfg ul/g] ;]jfx? o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .

%=!=! :jf:Yo ;]jfx¿pkrf/ k4ltsf lx;fjn] g]kfnsf :jf:Yo ;]jfx? d"ntM k/Dk/fut / cfw'lgs u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L x]g{ ;lsG5 .

lrq g+= %–!M k|fb]lzs :jf:Yo ;"rgf k|jfx /]vflrq



lrq g+= %–@M k|fb]lzs :jf:Yo ;+/rgf

%=!=!=! k/Dk/fut :jf:Yo ;]jfdfgj ;Eoftfsf] z'?b]lv g} cyf{t\ k|frLg sfnb]lv g} k|of]udf cfPsf ljleGg vfn] :jf:Yo ;]jfx? o;leq kb{5g\ . d'Vot cfo'j]{b ;]jf, xf]ldof]]KofyL ;]jf, o'gfgL ;]jfx? k|d'v dflgG5g\ o; afx]s k|fs[lts lrlsT;f, cfDrL nufot wfdL emfFqmL, emf/km's tflGqs nufotsf k/Dk/fut ;]jfx? klg o;} cGtu{t kb{5g\ . cem} klg g]kfnL ;dfhdf o:tf ;]jfx?n] klg h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGot ;fO{8 Okm]S6 /lxt elgg] of] ;]jf cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] lasNksf] ?kdf ;d]t x]l/Psf]n] o;nfO{ j}slNks :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ?kdf ;d]t dflgFb} cfPsf] 5 .

cfo'j]{bsf d'Vo If]qx?sfo lrlsT;f -/f]ux? lgsf] agfpg_sf}df/ e[To / afn /f]u -afn /f]ux? ;DaGwL_zNotGq -zNo lqmof ;DaGwL_



;nSotGq -cfFvf,gfs,sfg bfFtsf] pkrf/ ;DaGwL_e"t ljBf -cb[Zo zlQmsf] k|efj ;DaGwdf_cubf tGq -ljif / ljiffQm j:t' ;DaGwL_/;fog tGq -a'9\of}nL ;DaGwL_eflhs/0f tGq -;Gtfgf]klQ ;DaGwL_

cfo'j]{b ;:yfx¿jf6 k|bfg ul/g] d'Vo ;]jfx¿s= cfo'j]{b lrlsT;f ;DaGwL alx/u ;]jf .v= :g]xg :j]bg ;DaGwL ;]jf .u= :tgkfoL dlxnfnfO{ b'Uwj4{s cf}ifwL ljt/0f ;]jf .3= h]i7 gful/sx¿sf] :jf:Yo k|j4{g ;DaGwL sfo{qmd .ª= hLjgz}nL Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL k/fdz{ ;]jf .r= g;g]{ /f]u Joj:yfkgsf] nflu zx/L / ufpF3/ lSnlgsx¿ ;~rfng cflb .

dfly pNn]lvt cfo'j{]lbs ;]jfx? u08sL k|b]zdf cjl:yt %% ;/sf/L cfo'j]{b :jf:Yo s]Gb| / cfo'j{]b cf}ifwfnodfkm{t\ k|bfg ul/G5 -tflnsf g+= %–!_ .

tflnsf g+= %–!M u08sL k|b]zsf cfo'j{]lbs :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?

lhNnf c~rn cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfno lhNnf cfo'j]{b :jf:Yos]Gb| cfo'j]{b cf}ifwfno

uf]/vf ) ! ^

ndh'ª ) ! &

tgx'F ) ! !!

:ofªhf ) ! &

sf:sL ! ) %

dgfª\ ) ! !

d':tfª\ ) ! @

DofUbL ) ! @

kj{t ) ! $

afUfn'ª ! ) %

gjnk'/ ) ! %

u08sL @ ( %%

>f]t M ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno, @)&%



%=!=!=@ cfw'lgs :jf:Yo ;]jfljZje/L k|of]udf /x]sf] / 7f]; j}1flgs cfwf/ ePsf] e/kbf]{ lrlsT;f k4lt ;d]l6Psf] of] ;]jf g]kfndf klg Pnf]KofyL ;]jfsf] gfddf k|rlnt 5 . clxn] w]/}h;f] :jf:Yo ;+:yf tyf c:ktfnx?af6 k|bfg ul/g] of] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf la/fdLsf] /f]u k/LIf0fkZrft\ ;DalGwt lrlsT;sx?n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] cf}ifwL ;]jg u/L /f]u lgsf] kfl/G5 . of] ;]jfdf j}slNks lrlsT;f eGbf l56f] / ljZjfl;nf] tl/sfn] /f]usf] pkrf/ x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . cfw'lgs :jf:Yo -lrlsT;f_ ;]jf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L, lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿dfkm{t\ k|bfg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

%=!=@ ;fa{hlgs :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?%=!=@=! dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsflj=;+= @)$%÷$^ ;fnb]lv g]kfn ;/sf/n] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]js sfo{qmd ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . z'?df dWodf~rnsf !( j6f lhNnfx? / dWoklZrdf~rnsf * lhNnfx?af6 k|f/De ePsf] of] sfo{qmd r/0fa4 ?kdf b]zsf ;a} lhNnfx?df ;~rfngdf cfPsf] xf] . k|f/Dedf, k|To]s uf=lj=;= sf] k|To]s j8fdf Pshgf :jo+;]js 5gf}6 ul/g] ul/Psf]df kl5 uP/ @* lhNnfx¿df hg;+Vofsf] cg'kftdf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]js rog ug{ yflnof] . h;cg';f/ t/fO{df x/]s $)) hgfsf nflu, kxf8L lhNnfx?df x/]s @%) hgfsf nflu / lxdfnL lhNnfx¿df x/]s !%) hgfsf nflu Ps hgf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jod\;]js /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ljz]iftM ;d'bfodf dft[ lzz' :jf:Yo, ;'/lIft dft[Tj, kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf nufotsf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ljljw laifodf ;r]tgf a9fpg / ;f] ;DaGwdf ;sf/fTds e"ldsfsf] ck]Iff;lxt lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;+/rgfdf xfn u08sL k|b]zdf %,(#( dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf sfo{/t 5g\ .

%=!=@=@ ufpF 3/ lSnlgs (Primary Health Care Outreach Clinics)

ufpF3/ lSnlgsx¿ :jf:Yo rf}sLsf ;fd'bflos :t/df /x]sf lj:tfl/t ¿k x'g\ . ;fljssf uflj;df # b]lv % sf] ;+Vofdf /xg] oL ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng dlxgfdf ! k6s k"j{ lgwf{l/t :yfg / lbgdf x'g] ub{5 . :yfgLo cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df to ul/g] of] lSnlgsdf kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;DaGwL ;]jf / k/fdz{, ue{jtL k/LIf0f / ;Nnfx, :jf:Yo lzIff / ;fdfGo pkrf/ ug]{ ul/G5 . cf};tdf k|ltlSnlgs !( hgf JolQmx?nfO{ cf=j @)&#÷)&$ df ;]jf k|bfg ePsf] lyof] . u08sL k|b]zdf !,$!^ ufpF3/ lSnlgsdfkm{t\ oL ;]jfx? k|bfg ul/Psf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–@_ .



%=!=@=# pk–:jf:Yo rf}sLg]kfnsf] :jf:Yo ;+/rgfsf] ;j}eGbf ;fgf] ;+/rgf pk–:jf:Yo rf}sL x'g\ . x/]s ;d'bfodf /x]sf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx?n] ;d'bfo :t/df ;"rgf cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ ynf]sf] ?kdf pk:jf:Yo rf}sLsf] ;+/rgf cfjZos eO{ ;f]xL cg';f/ ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . pk:jf:Yo rf}sL ;flassf] uf=la=; txdf :yfkgf ePsf] ;+/rgf xf], o;n] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfx? h:t} kl/jf/ lgof]hg, ;'/Ilft dft[Tj, ue{jtL k/LIf0f, vf]k, le6fldg …PÚ SofK;'n ljt/0f,:jf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]ux?sf] ;fdfGo pkrf/ nufotsf :jf:Yo ;]jfx? k|bfg ub{5 . ;fy} ufpF3/ lSnlgs nufotsf ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t eO{ u/Lg] ;]jfx? ;~rfng ug]{ ;fy} g]kfn ;/sf/af6 lgMz'Ns elg tf]sLPsf cf}ifwLx? ljt/0f ug]{ sfd ub{5 . of] g} hgtfsf] klxnf] ;Dks{ laGb' ePsf]n] :jf:Yo lzIff, ;/;kmfO{ nufot cGo :jf:Yo ;DaGwL ;fdfGo k/fdz{ k|bfg ub{5 . c=x]=j sf] g]t[Tjdf /xg] of] ;+:yfn] hgtfnfO{ /fHo;Fu hf]8\g] k'nsf] ?kdf klg sfd ub{5 . xfn u08sL k|b]zsf ;a} pk:jf:Yo rf}sLx? :jf:Yo rf}sLdf :t/a[l4 eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

tflnsf g+= %–@M u08sL k|b]zdf :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] l:ylt

lhNnf c:ktfnk|fylds

:jf:Yo s]Gb|:jf:Yo rf}sL

;fd'bflos :jf:Yo OsfO{

zx/L :jf:Yo s]Gb|

ufpF3/ lSnlgs

vf]k lSnlgs

dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]js

uf]/vf @ # ^^ * * @$) @%* ^@$

ndh'ª ! @ %& * & !** !(% &@(

tgx'F # @ $^ !# !# !%# @!& $^^

:ofª\hf @ # ^$ ( & !(# @@* ^!@

sf:sL # $ $# !# !% !*$ @!$ !)^(

dgfª\ ! ) !# # ) ( @) !!*

d':tfª\ ! ! !% ) ) @@ @@ !#%

DofUbL ! ! #( * @ &* !!& #&)

kj{t ! @ %@ % # !)% !^! %))

afUfn'ª ! # %* !$ $ !$$ !*^ (%)

gjnk'/ ) $ #$ ! # !)) !%@ #^^

u08sL !^ @% $*& *@ ^@ !$!^ !&&) %(#(

>f]t M ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno, @)&%, u08sL k|b]z



%=!=@=$ :jf:Yo rf}sLpk:jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|]lift eO{ cfPsf la/fdLx?nfO{ ;Nnfx ;'emfj,k/fdz{ / ;fdfGo pkrf/ ug]{ 7fpFsf] ?kdf of] ;+/rgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;flassf] uf=lj=; txdf g} :yfkgf ePsf] of] ;+/rgfn] pk:jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|bfg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub{5 eg] yk ;'/lIft k|;"lt ;]jf klg k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] la/fdLx?sf] ;fdfGo hfFr u/]/ cfjZos cf}ifwL tyf k/fdz{ lbg] Pj+ dflyNnf] lgsfodf k|]if0f ug]{ sfd ub{5 . o;n] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfx?nfO{ cfjZos lgb]{zg ug]{ / k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb| tyf dflyNnf] lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ub}{ :jf:Yosf sfo{qmdx? ;d'bfo txdf k'/\ofpg] sfd ub{5 . o;n] klg ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t :jf:Yo ;DaGwL lqmofsnfkx?sf] g]t[Tj ub}{ ufpF 3/ lSnlgs,vf]k s]Gb| ;~rfng nufotsf sfo{ ub{5 . u08sL k|b]zdf o;sf] g]t[Tj x]Ny cl;:6]G6 jf l;lgo/ c=x]=j n] ub{5 eg] c=x]=j, c=g=ld x? jf ;f] ;/xsf] sd{rf/Lx? /xg] ub{5g\ . u08sL k|b]zdf $*& :jf:Yo rf}sLdfkm{t\ oL ;]jfx? k|bfg ul/Psf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–@_ .

%=!=@=% zx/L :jf:Yo s]Gb| / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo OsfO{;fljssf uflj;x¿df klg :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 kx'Frdf g/x]sf ;d'bfonfO{ ;xh ¿kdf k|ltsf/fTds / k|j4{gfTds :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg gu/ If]qdf zx/L :jf:Yo s]G› / u|fdL0f e]udf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo OsfOx¿ :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ . ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] k|To]s j8fdf :jf:Yo ;+:yf :yfkgf ug]{ gLlt cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf xfn *@ j6f ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo OsfO sfo{/t 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–@_ .

%=!=@=^ k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|g]kfnsf] @)$* sf] :jf:Yo gLltcg'¿k k|To]s lgjf{rg If]qdf Pp6f k|fylds :jf:Yo s]G› / k|To]s uf= lj= ;= df Pp6f :jf:Yo rf}sL jf pk:jf:Yo rf}sL :yfkgf ePsf x'g\ . :jf:Yo rf}sL eGbf glhssf] dflyNnf] lgsfosf] ?kdf /x]sf] of] ;+/rgf ;fljssf] Onfsf tyf lgjf{rg If]q txdf :yfkgf ePsf] x'G5 . o;n] :jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|]lift la/fdLx?nfO{ s]xL lalzi6 :jf:y ;]jf k|bfg ub{5 ;fy} dftxtsf lgsfodf lg/LIf0f u/L cfjZos ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg] sfd ub{5 . sDtLdf # z}ofsf] pkrf/ sIf;lxt ePsf] of] ;+/rgfsf] g]t[Tj d]l8sn clws[t -lrlsT;s_ n] ub{5 ;fy} o;df x]Ny cl;:6]G6, l;=c=x]=j, :6fkm g;{, c=g=ld, sDtLdf @ j6f c=x]=j, @ j6f c=g=ld nufot Nofj cl;:6]G6x? x'g] ub{5g\ . o; ;+:yfaf6 :jf:Yo rf}sLaf6 k|bfg x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;]jf;lxt cfsl:ds ;]jf,jGWofs/0f,;'/lIft



ue{ktg nufotsf ;]jfx? k|bfg ub{5 . lhNnf / ;f] eGbf dflyNnf] txdf ;dGjo ug]{ tyf la/fdLsf] cj:yf x]/L dflyNnf] lgsfodf k|]lift ug]{, sfo{;Dkfbgsf] l/kf]l6{ª\ ug]{ u/fpg] ;d]t lhDd]jf/L lnPsf] x'G5 . xfn u08sL k|b]zdf @% j6f k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb|dfkm{t\ oL ;]jfx? k|bfg ul/G5 -tflnsf g+= %–@_ .

%=!=@=& c:ktfnx¿c:ktfn eg]sf] la/fdLx¿sf] pkrf/ ug]{ ljz]if lsl;dsf hgzlQm / lrlsT;sLo cf}hf/, pks/0f, k|ljlw / ;'ljwfo'Qm :jf:Yo ;+:yf xf] . c:ktfndf pkrf/fy{ la/fdLnfO{ egf{ u/L /fVg] Joj:yf x'g'sf ;fy} /f]u lgbfgsf nflu lgbfgfTds ;]jfx¿ klg k|bfg ul/G5g\\ . c:ktfndf ;fdfGo rf]6k6ssf]] pkrf/b]lv Hofb} hl6n vfnsf zNolqmof;Dd x'g ;S5g\ . ;/sf/L c:ktnfx¿dfkm{t\ ljz]ift pkrf/fTds ;]jfx¿ k|jfx ul/P klg k|j4{gfTds, k|ltsf/fTds / k'g:y{fkgfTds ;]jfx¿ klg k|bfg x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . ;fdfGot lhNnf txdf lhNnf c:ktfn, ;flassf] c+rn txdf c+rn c:ktfn, ljsf; If]qsf] txdf If]qLo c:ktfn / s]Gb|df s]Gb|Lo c:ktfsf] ;+/rgf ;/sf/Lafx]s lghL / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿af6 klg c:ktfnx¿ ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf c:ktfnsf] Ifdtfsf cfwf/df c:ktfnx¿nfO{ ljleGg lsl;ddf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . ;/sf/L :t/df s]G›Lo c:ktfn, If]qLo c:ktfn, pkIf]qLo c:ktfn, c~rn c:ktfn, lhNnf c:ktfn / cGo c:ktfnx¿df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 eg] lghL / u}/;/sf/L c:ktfnx¿nfO{ z}of Ifdtf / pknAw ;]jfx¿sf cfwf/df 5'6\ofOPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf lgMz'Ns ;]jfx¿ oL c:ktfnx¿af6 k|bfg ul/G5g\ . xfn u08sL k|b]zdf !$ ;/sf/L, * ;fd'bflos, #$ lghL / @ lzIf0f c:ktfn u/L %* c:ktfnx?n] pkrf/fTds ;]jf k|bfg ul//x]sf 5g\ . c:ktfnsf k|sf/s= lhNnf c:ktfn;fdfGotM lhNnf txdf ag]sf lhNnf c:ktfnx? lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{nosf] ;xof]u / ;dGjodf ;~rflnt x'G5g\ . lhNnf c:ktfnx? pk :jf:Yo rf}sL,:jf:Yo rf}sL / :jf:Yo ;]jfs]Gb|x?n] k|]if0f ug]{ 7fpF xf] . oL c:ktfnaf6 d'VotM k|ltsf/fTds / pkrf/fTds cfsl:ds, alx/+u / cGt/+u ;]jf ;d]t k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;'/lIft dft[Tj, ;'/lIft ue{ktg, k|;"lt ;]jf, ;h{/L ;]jf nufotsf cGo pkrf/fTds ;]jfx? oxfF k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . oL c:ktfnx?df xfn &) yl/sf cf}ifwLx? g]kfn ;/sf/n] lgz'Ns ljt/0f ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 . Go"gtd !% b]lv %) z}of;Ddsf oL c:ktfnx?sf] g]t[Tj d]l8sn clws[t



jf sG;N6]G6 txsf] lrlsT;sn] ub{5g\ eg] cGo lrlsT;s, :6fkm g;{, Nofj cl;:6]G6 nufotsf cf};tdf $) hgf eGbf a9L sd{rf/Lx? /xg] ub{5g\ .

v= c~rn c:ktfn;flassf] c~rn :t/Lo c:ktfn h:t} wf}nflu/L c~rn c:kfnn] lhNnf c:ktfnaf6 pknAw x'g] ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jfx? k|bfg ub{5 . %) z}ofsf] o; c:ktfnn] ljz]if1 ;]jf;lxtsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub{5 . of] c:ktfnsf] g]t[Tj sG;N6]G6 jf jl/i7 sN;N6]G6 txsf] lrlsT;sn] ub{5g\ eg] cfjZostf / z}of cg';f/ lrlsT;s Pj+ :jf:YosdL{x?sf] b/aGbLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

u= If]qLo c:ktfn;flassf] ljsf; If]q :t/df :yflkt ePsf] klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn kf]v/f xf] . xfn o;n]] :jf:Yo ;+/rgf cg';f/ k|]if0f ul/Psf / cGo la/fdLx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ ub{5 . :t/Lo / cfw'lgs k|of]uzfnf;lxtsf] ljz]if1 ;]jfx? o; c:ktfnaf6 k|bfg ul/G5 . jl/i7 sN;N6]G6 jf k|d'v sN;N6]G6 txsf] lrlsT;sn] o;sf] g]t[Tj ub{5g\ . xfn o; If]qLo c:ktfnnfO{ kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf ?kfGt/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

3= /f]u ljz]if c:ktfn/f]u ljz]ifsf] nflu dfq eg]/ :yfkgf ul/Psf c:ktfnx? h:t} lxdfnog cfFvf c:ktfn, xl/of] vs{ 5fnf /f]u c:ktfn, lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf Zjf;k|Zjf; c:ktfn cflb o; k|b]zsf /f]u ljz]ifsf c:ktfnx? x'g\ -tflnsf g+= %–#_ .

tflnsf g+= %–#M u08sL k|b]zsf ;/sf/L c:ktfnx¿lhNnf :yfgLo tx c:ktfnsf] gfd c:ktfnsf]] lsl;d

sf:sL kf]v/f dxf gu/kflnsf kf]v/f :jf:Yo la1fg k|lti7fg k|lti7fg

sf:sL kf]v/f dxf gu/kflnsf lzz'jf c:ktfn c:ktfn

sf:sL kf]v/f dxf gu/kflnsf dft[lzz' c:ktfn c:ktfn

tgx'F z'Snf u08sL gu/kflnsf lh=lk sf]O{/fnf /fli6«o Zjf;k|:jf; s]Gb| s]Gb|Lo c:ktfn

tgx'F Jof; gu/kflnsf bdf}nL c:ktfn c:ktfn

tgx'F aGbLk'/ ufpFkflnsf aGbLk'/ c:ktfn c:ktfn

:ofªhf k'tnLahf/ guf/kflnsf lhNnf c:ktfn :ofªhf lhNNff c:ktfn



lhNnf :yfgLo tx c:ktfnsf] gfd c:ktfnsf]] lsl;d

:ofªhf rfkfsf]6 gu/kflnsf rfkfsf]6 c:ktfn c:ktfn

ndh'ª ;'Gb/ahf/ gu/kflnsf ;'Gb/ahf/ c:ktfn c:ktfn

afUfn'ª afUn'ª gu/kflnsf wf}nflu/L c~rn c:ktfn c~rn c:ktfn

uf]vf{ kfn'ª6f/ gu/kflnsf lhNnf c:ktfn uf]/vf lhNnf c:ktfn

uf]vf{ uf]/vf gu/kflnsf cfFk lkkn c:ktfn c:ktfn

dgfª\ rfd] ufpFkflnsf lhNnf c:ktfn dgfª\ lhNNff c:ktfn

d':tfª\ 3/kemf]ª ufpFkflnsf hf]d;f]d lhNnf c:ktfn d':tfª\ lhNnf c:ktfn

kj{t s'Zdf gu/kflnsf lhNnf c:ktfn kj{t lhNnf c:ktfn

DofUbL a]gL gu/kflnsf a]gL c:ktfn,DofUbL lhNnf c:ktfn

ª= lzIf0f c:ktfnlrlsT;f lj1fgsf] :gfts / ;f] eGbf dflysf] cWoog cWofkg x'g] c:ktfnx? h:t} dl0fkfn lzIf0f c:ktfn / u08sL lzIf0f c:ktfn d'Vo lghL lzIf0f c:ktfn x'g\ . logLx?n] k7g kf7gsf] ;fy} pkrf/fTds ;]jf klg k|bfg ub{5g\ . r= kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg:jf:Yo ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|fl1s ynf]sf] ?kdf ;d]t ljsl;t ub}{ hfg] / g]kfnsf] :jf:Yo If]qnfO{ rflxg] bIf lrlsT;s nufotsf :jf:YosdL{x? pTkfbg ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gLlt adf]lhd c:ktfnsf ;]jf ;lxtsf] kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg u7g / ;+~rfng ul/Psf] 5 .

kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg u7g cfb]z cg';f/sf] P]g lj=;+= @)&@ r}qdf agL kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg :yfkgf eof] . ;flassf] klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn;lxtsf] ;+/rgf g} kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgsf] ?kdf ljsl;t eO{/x]sf] 5 . s'n kfFr ;o z}of :jLs[t eO{ xfn hDdf #^# z}ofx? ;~rfngdf /x]sf] u08sL k|b]zsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] ;/sf/L c:ktfn k|lti7fgsf] ljsf;;Fu} cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . z'?df kf]i6 u|ofh'P6 -Pd=l8_ sf] cWoog cWofkgsf] tof/Ldf h'6]sf] of] k|lti7fgn] ;f] ;DaGwL cfjZos k"jf{wf/x? tof/ ul//x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf k|wfgdGqL s'nklt x'g] of] ;+:yfdf xfn pks'nklt, l8g, ;xfos l8g / lgb]{zs nufotsf k|fWofks, ;x–k|fWofks, lzIfs cflb lgo'lQm ;s]/ sfo{qmdx?nfO{ cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 . k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/fdf cjl:yt of] k|lti7fgdf



k|fl1s lqmofsnfkx? z'? ePkl5 :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / ;xh kx'Fr ;lhn} a9\g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o; c:ktfnsf] alx/Ë ljefudf dfq b}lgs ;/b/ !,))) eGbf a9L la/fdL pkrf/ u/fpg cfpg] ub{5g\ .

5= u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0fIf]qLo c:ktfn !If]qLo Ifo/f]u s]G› !If]qLo :jf:Yo tflnd s]G› !hDdf ;/sf/L c:ktfn ;+Vof !$cf+ˆgf] kmfd]{;L ePsf ;/sf/L c:ktfn !!k|fylds :jf:Yo s]G› @$;~rfngdf cfPsf PDa'n]G; ;+Vof $):jf:Yo rf}sL $*%lghL c:ktfn #$;fd'bflos c:ktfn *lzIf0f c:ktfn @

>f]t M a:t'ut ljj/0f,u08sL k|b]z,@)&$

%=!=# lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?%=!=#=! dl0fkfn lzIf0f c:ktfnlj=;+= @)$* df g]kfn ;/sf/;Fu ;Demf}tf u/L ;~rfngdf cfPsf] of] sn]h lj=;+= @)%) df kf]v/fdf Pd=la=la P; sf] cWofkg;+u} :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . of] g]kfndf d]l8sn sn]h vf]Ng] klxnf] lghL ;+:yf klg xf] . s'n &%) z}of Ifdtfsf] of] c:ktfn ;lxtsf] d]l8sn sn]h kf]v/fsf] pQ/L efu sfx'F 8fF8fsf] sfvdf cjl:yt 5 . !%) hgf ljBfyL{nfO{ Pd=la=la P; sf] nflu egf{ ug{ cg'dlt kfPsf] of] sn]hn] kf]i6 u|ofh'P6 nufotsf gl;{ª / Nofa ;DaGwL lawfdf ;d]t cWofkg ug]{ ub{5 . o;sf] alx/Ë ljefudf b}lgs ;/b/ ()) la/fdLx? pkrf/sf] nflu cfpg] ub{5g\ . of] lghL lzIf0f ;+:yf sf7df08f}+ ljZjljBfnosf] ;Dawgdf ;~rflnt 5 .

%=!=#=@ u08sL d]l8sn sn]hof] u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf] csf]{ lghL If]qsf] d]l8sn sh]h xf] . of] d]l8sn sn]h k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/fsf] s]Gb| efudf cal:yt 5 . k|fl1s lqmofsnfkx? sf:sL lhNnfs} n]vgfy



If]q cGtu{tsf] l/7]kfgL If]qdf /x]sf] of] sn]hsf] d'Vo c:ktfn ;fljssf] k[YjLrf]seGbf s]xL pQ/ lt/ /x]sf] 5 . o;df Pd la=la=P; df jfl{if{s *% hgf ;Dd ljBfyL{x? cWoog ub{5g\ eg] ut jif{af6 g} kf]i6 u|ofh'P6sf] cWofkg ;d]t z'? eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;sf ;fy ;fy} o; sn]hdf la=l8=P;=, la=lk=Pr=, la=Pd=Pn=6L, la=P:;L gl;{ª, la=kmfd]{;L / la=Pg ;lxtsf] cWoofkg x'g] ub{5 . lq=la af6 ;Dawg k|fKt of] d]l8sn sn]h cGtu{tsf] c:ktfndf %%) z}of :jLs[t eO{ cTofw'lgs k|ljlwsf] ljz]if1 ;lxtsf] ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfO{/x]sf] 5 .

%=!=$ lghL c:ktfns]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefun] u/]sf] lghL c:ktfnx?sf] ;e]{ -lj=;+= @)&)_ cg';f/ g]kfndf hDdf #)! j6f lghL c:ktfnx? /x]sf 5g\ . h;df !(,*%^ z}of :jLs[t ePsf]df !(,%*) z}ofdfq k|of]udf ePsf] b]vLG5 ;fy} pQm c:ktfnx?df @@,%*! sd{rf/Lx? sfo{/t ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;flassf] klZrdf~rn ljsfz If]qdf hDdf %( j6f lghL c:ktfn /x]sf]]df xfn u08sL k|b]zdf #$ lghL c:ktfnx? /x]sf 5g\ . oL lghL c:ktfnx?n] k|b]z ;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo ;]jfnfO{ ;Dk"/ssf] / kl/k"/ssf] e"ldsf lgaf{x ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . oL c:ktfnx?n] d"ntM pkrf/fTds ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g\ .

%=!=% ;fd'bflos c:ktfnu08sL k|b]zdf * j6f ;fd'bflos c:ktfnx? 5g\ . oL c:ktfnx?sf] Joj:yfkg / ;]jf ;+~rfng ;d'bfoaf6 ul7t ;ldltn] ub{5 . ;fd'bflos c:ktfnn] pkrf/fTds :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ub{5g\ / ;/sf/sf] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|bfg ug]{ sfdnfO{ ;3fpF5g\ .

%=!=^ u08sL k|b]zdf ;+~rflnt d'Vo :jf:Yo sfo{qmd%=!=^=! lgz'Ns :jf:Yo sfo{qmdlgz'Ns :jf:Yo gLlt lj=;+= @)^$ af6 ljlwjt\ ?kdf lgz'Ns :jf:Yo sfo{qmd z'? ul/Psf] xf,] h;df @)^% df :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb| / lhNnf c:ktfndf cf}ifwL;lxtsf] lgMz'Ns ;]jf z'? eof] . @)^% af6} ;+:yfut k|;"lt ;]jf ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 lgMz'Ns agfOof] . To:t} &) yl/sf cf}ifwLx? lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ug{ z'? ul/of] . clxn] klg lhNnf c:ktfn / ;f]eGbf tnsf ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfjf6 pNn]vLt cf}ifwLx? lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ul/G5 . d'6' d[uf}nf nufotsf hl6n /f]u nfu]sf c;xfo / u/Ljx?sf] nflu lrlsT;ssf] l;kmfl/;df ? ! nfv ;Ddsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf;d]t\ lgMz'Ns /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . cfdf ;'/Iff sfo{qmd nfu"



ePsf ;/sf/L tyf lghL :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 k|;"lt ;]jf lng cfPsf ue{jtL dlxnfx?sf] nflu $ k6s lgodfg';f/ ue{ k/LIf0f u/]df ? $)) k|f]T;fxg eQf lbOG5 . :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf k|;"lt ug{ hfg] dlxnfx?nfO{ oftfoft vr{afkt\ t/fO{sf lhNnfdf ?= !,))), kxf8L lhNnfdf ?= @,))) / lxdfnL lhNnfdf ?= #,))) lbOG5 .

tflnsf g+= %–$M u08sL k|b]zdf cfw'lgs kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u b/

lhNnfcf=a @)&#÷)&$ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf gof+ ;fwg k|of]usQf{

-k|hgg pd]/ !%—$( aif{sf dlxnf cg';f/_kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u b/

uf]/vf !& $)ndh'ª !# #$tgx'F !) #):ofªhf ( ##sf:sL !@ $@dgfª\ #) %^d':tfª\ ## ^(DofUbL !* $)kj{t !! @(afUfn'ª !@ #!gjnk'/ !) #)u08sL !^ #&

>f]t M Pr=cfO=Pd=P;, @)&$

To:t} ue{jtL dlxnfnfO{ @@% cfO{/g 6\ofAn]6 / can]G8fhf]n klg lgMz'Ns k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . ;fy} cfdf / aRRffsf] :jf:YonfO{ dWogh/ ub} ;/sf/n] gjhft lzz'sf] nflu cfjZos sk8fx? /flvPsf] lgz'Ns Gofgf] emf]nf sfo{qmd klg nfu" ul//x]sf] 5 . gjhft lzz'sf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofnfO{ dWo gh/ ub}{ gjhft aRrfsf] lgMz'Ns :jf:Yo k/LIf0f / pkrf/ ug]{ ;d]t Joj:yf ldnfPsf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf c:ktfnaf6 d'6', d[uf}nf, sn]hf] SofG;/ h:tf /f]ux?sf] lgMz'Ns pkrf/ u/fpg] Joj:yf klg /x]sf] 5 . tf]lsPsf ;/sf/L c:ktfnx?df d[uf}nf /f]uLx?sf] nflu 8fOnfOl;; ;]jf lgMz'Ns /x]sf] cj:Yff 5 . ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yf nufot tf]lsPsf lghL c:ktfnaf6 kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf c:yfoL ;fwgx? sG8d, lkN; cflb lgMz'Ns ljt/0f eO/x]sf] 5 eg] k'?if / dlxnf b'j}sf] nflu lgMz'Ns :yfoL aGWofs/0fsf] klg Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] Ifo/f]u, s'i7/f]u nufotsf



/f]ux?sf] lgMz'Ns k/LIf0f u/L cf}ifwL ljt/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf cfw'lgs kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u b/ #& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . ;fwg k|of]u b/ d':tfË lhNnfdf pRr /x]sf] 5 eg] tgx'F+df sd /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–$_ .

%=!=^=@ afn :jf:Yo sfo{qmdafn :jf:Yo sfo{qmd cGtu{t u08sL k|b]zdf lgDg sfo{qmdx? ;+~rfng ePsf 5g\M vf]k sfo{qmd M /fli6«o vf]k sfo{qmd cGtu{t cf=j @)&#÷)&$ df BCG, DPT-

HepB-Hib (penta), PCV, OPV (bOPV), Measles, Rubella (MR) / Japanese

Encephalitis, TD ;lxt gofF / k'/fgf] u/L hDdf !! yl/sf] PG6Lh]g ;lxtsf] vf]kx? k|of]udf /x]sf 5g\ . h'g vf]kx? k|b]z e/Lsf !,&&) vf]k s]Gb|af6 k|jfx ul/Psf 5g\ .

kf]if0f sfo{qmd M ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ;g\ @)!^–@)@% nfO{ kf]if0f bzssf] ?kdf dgfpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] cj:yfdf aRrf hGd]kl5sf] klxnf] !,))) lbgnfO{ pRr dxTjsf] ?kdf x]b}{ ax' If]q kf]if0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t xf]rf],k'8\sf],dlxnf /QmcNktf,sd hGd tf}n h:tf ;d:ofsf ;"rsx?df ;sf/fTds k|ulttkm{ sfo{qmdx? pGd'v ePsf] b]lvG5 . u08sL k|b]zdf cf=j @)&%÷&^ b]lv @)&(÷*) ;Ddsf] nflu ax'If]q kf]if0f sfo{qmd–@ (MSNP-2) nfu" eO{;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .

l;=la=cfO{ Pd=Pg=l;=cfO{ sfo{qmd M gjhft lzz' / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ;d:ofnfO{ PsLs[t ?kdf klxrfg u/L x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt czQmtf / d[To'nfO{ /f]Sg] p2]Zosf ;fy of] sfo{qmd ;~rflnt eO{ /x]sf] 5 . o;n] ljz]ift Birth asphyxia,

Bacterial Infection, Jaundice, Hypothermia, Low birth weight h:tf d'Vo cj:yfnfO{ s]Gb|laGb'df /fv]/ cfjZos lgu/fgL ub{5 .

emf8fkvfnf lgoGq0f sfo{qmd (Control of Diarrhoeal Disease Program)

:jf;k|Zjf; ;+qmd0f lgoGq0f sfo{qmd (Control of Acute Respiratory Infection

Program)

Birth Defect Program

dft[ tyf lzz' d[To' lgu/fgL sfo{qmd (MPDR/MPDSR Program)

u08sL k|b]zdf lgdf]lgof nfu]sf clwsf+z kfFr jif{d'lgsf aRrfx?sf] PlG6afof]l6s cf}ifwLdfkm{t\ pkrf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ljut jif{x?df s8f lgdf]lgofsf la/fdLx? 36\b} uPsf



5g\ / cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df s8f lgdf]lgof nfu]sf aRrfsf] ;+Vof Ps k|ltzt eGbf sd lyof] -tflnsf g+= %–%_ .

tflnsf g+= %–%M u08sL k|b]zsf aRrfx?df lgdf]lgof /f]u / o;sf] pkrf/

lhNnf

PlG6jfol6S;af6 lgdf]lgofsf] pkrf/

u/sf lj/fdL jRrfx? -%_

PlG6jfol6S;af6 lgdf]lgofsf] pkrf/ u/sf

lj/fdLx? -%_ :jf:Yo ;+:yf / cf] cf/ l;

gof+ lgdf]lgof ePsf dWo] s8f lgdf]lgof

ePsf lj/fdL jRrfx? -%_

-% jif{ d'lgsf aRrfx?_

% jif{ d'lgsf k|lt !))) aRrfx?df

lgdf]lofsf] OlG;8]G6 /]6

uf]/vf #)! #&$ ) !!(

ndh'ª @!& @%# ) ()

tgx'F @$& #!# ) %*

:ofªhf @^@ #%% ! %(

sf:sL !)( @!# ! $%

dgfª\ @!! @!* ) !#%

d':tfª\ $@% $)@ ) !*)

DofUbL @@) @%! ! *(

kj{t !#^ !*) ) !((

afUfn'ª !$) !*% ) !$&

gjnk'/ @^@ #%) ) $!

u08sL !(& @$$ ) )


tflnsf g+= %–^M u08sL k|b]zdf s8f emf8fkvfnf / :jf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]usf] l:ylt

lhNnfs8f emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf kfFr jif{ d'lgsf jRrfx? k|ltzt


lhGs / cf] cf/ P; af6 pkrf/ u/LPsf]

k|ltzt

% jif{ d'lgsf Zjfz k|Zjf; ;DaGwL ;d:of ePsf jRrfx?sf] OlG;8]G;

-k|lt !))) df_

uf]/vf )=!) (*=)) &((=%)

ndh'ª )=@@ (^=)) &#!=*)

tgx'F )=)^ (*=)) #$&=))

:ofªhf )=!! ((=)) &@^=#)

sf:sL )=)) (#=)) #&*=$)

dgfª\ )=)) (%=)) ^^!=@)



lhNnfs8f emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf kfFr jif{ d'lgsf jRrfx? k|ltzt


lhGs / cf] cf/ P; af6 pkrf/ u/LPsf]

k|ltzt

% jif{ d'lgsf Zjfz k|Zjf; ;DaGwL ;d:of ePsf jRrfx?sf] OlG;8]G;

-k|lt !))) df_

d':tfª\ )=@% &(=)) !@)&=&)

DofUbL )=)% ($=)) &#^=*)

kj{t )=!& (@=)) ($)=*)

afUfn'ª )=!# (%=)) (@(=%)

gjnk'/ )=)% (@=)) #*@=#)

u08sL )=!! (^=)) &!@=))


u08sL k|b]zdf jif]{gL s/La Ps k|ltzt kfFr jif{ d'lgsf aRrfx?df s8f emf8fkvfnf nfUg] ub{5 . o;/L emf8fkvfnf nfu]sf aRrfx?dWo] (^ k|ltztsf] pkrf/ cf]=cf/= P; / lhÍ 6\ofan]6 af6 x'g] ub{5 -tflnsf g+= %–^_ . u08sL k|b]zdf kfr aif{ d'lgsf aRrfx?df Zjf; k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]usf] k|sf]k a9L g} 5 . k|ltxhf/ aRrfx?dWo] &!@ aRrfx?df jif]{gL o; lsl;dsf] /f]u b]lvg] ub{5 .

%=!=^=# cfdf ;'/Iff sfo{qmdkl/jf/ lgof]hg sfo{qmd (Family Planning Program)M :j:y kl/jf/ lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfdf / aRrfsf] :j:ytf sfod ug]{ p2]Zon] kl/jf/sf] of]hgfa4 pko'Qm cfsf/ lgwf{/0f ug{sf] nflu of] sfo{qmd to ul/Psf] xf] . g]kfndf xfn kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]ustf{ b/ (CPR) $$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 (DOHS, 2073/74) h;df ;a}eGbf sd u08sL k|b]zdf #& k|ltzt 5 . ;'/lIft dft[Tj sfo{qmd (Safe Motherhood Program) o;leq ;do ;dodf

ul/g] ue{jtL k/LIf0f, clglR5t ue{ktg, ;'/lIft k|;"lt tyf k|;"ltkZrft\sf] kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;]jf nufotsf sfo{qmdx? kb{5g\ .

;'/lIft ue{ktg sfo{qmd (Safe Abortion Program)

lszf]/fj:yf k|hgg :jf:Yo sfo{qmd (Adolescent Reproductive Health

Program)



%=!=^=$ /f]u lgoGq0f sfo{qmd (Disease Control Program)

dn]l/of lgoGq0f sfo{qmd M g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj=;+= @)*@ leq dn]l/of/lxt g]kfn agfpg] d'Vo p2]Zosf ;fy sfo{qmdx? cufl8 a9fO{/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . xfn g]kfndf /fli6«o dn]l/of /0fg}lts of]hgf (National Malaria Strategic Plan,

2014-2025) lgdf{0f u/L ;f] cg';f/ sfo{ a9fO/x]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf klg o;} of]hgf cg';f/ sfo{ eO/x]sf] 5 .

sfnfhf/ lgoGq0f sfo{qmd, hfkflgh OG;]ˆnfOl6; lgoGq0f sfo{qmd, xfQLkfOn] lgoGq0f sfo{qmd .

l6=la= lgoGq0f sfo{qmdM ;d:ofsf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] of] /f]usf] lgoGq0fsf] nflu g]kfn ;/sf/n] @)%& af6 g} Directly Observed and Treatment Short Course (DOTS) sf] z'? u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofO/x]sf] 5 . xfn u08sL k|b]zdf klg oxL ljlwdfkm{t\ l6=la /f]u nfu]sf la/fdLsf] pkrf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf k|lt Ps nfv hg;+Vofdf aif]{gL *! hgf gof+ l6=la= sf la/fdL kQf nfUg] u/]sf 5g\ . kQf nfu]sf gof+ la/fdL dWo] (@ k|ltzt la/fdLsf] ;kmn pkrf/ ePsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–&_ . s'i7/f]u lgoGq0f sfo{qmd cGt/ut k|ltjif{ k|lt Ps nfv hg;+Vofdf #=% hgf

gof+ s'i7 /f]usf la/fdLx? kQf nfUg] u/]sf 5g . Pr=cfO{=eL P8\; tyf of}g /f]u lgoGq0f sfo{qmd (HIV/AIDS and STD Control

Program) :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb / c:ktfn, ART s]Gb| / dft[ lzz' :jf:Yo lSnlgsaf6 of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng eO{/x]sf] 5 . Pr=cfO le k/LIf0f kf]h]l6e ePdf jf P8\; tyf cGo of}g /f]ux? kQf nufO{ To;sf] cfjZos pkrf/sf] ;d]t\ Joj:yf of] sfo{qmddfkm{t\ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn, wjnflu/L c~rn c:ktfn nufot ( j6f ljleGg c:ktfnx?df ART s]Gb :yflkt eO{ ;]jf k|jfx eO/x]sf] cj:yf 5 . To:t} k/LIf0fsf] nflu hDdf #! a6f CD4 s]Gb|x? :yflkt ePsf 5g\, h;dWo] u08sL k|b]zdf klZrdf~rn If]qLo c:ktfn, wf}nflu/L c+rn c:ktfn, bdf}nL c:ktfn / :ofª\hf lhNNff c:ktfn u/L hDdf $ j6f c:ktfndf dfq CD4 u0fgf ul/G5 .



tflnsf g+= %–&M u08sL k|b]zdf /f]ux?sf l:ylt

lhNnfIfo/f]u s]z gf]l6lkms]zg /]6 -;a} vfnsf Ifo/f]u k|lt !

nfvdf_

Ifo/f]u l6«6d]G6 ;S;]; /]6

s'i7/f]u Pg l; l8 cf/ -k|lt ! nfv

hg;+Vofdf_

s'i7/f]u kL cf/ -k|lt !) xhf/ hg;+Vofdf_

uf]/vf ** (@ )=) )=)ndh'ª && *^ @=( )=)tgx'F ** (@ @=! )=@:ofªhf ($ (@ %=@ )=%sf:sL (@ (# %=* )=$dgfª\ !^ ) )=) )=)d':tfª\ (& %) )=) )=*DofUbL ^* (% ^=@ )=*kj{t ^$ *^ $=& )=$afUfn'ª $( !)# !=! )=!gjnk'/ !)( ($ !*=) !=(u08sL *! (@ #=% )=@(


%=!=& pkrf/fTds sfo{qmd (Curative Program)

cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;]jfM k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb| / c:ktfnaf6 cfsl:ds :jf:Yo ;]jf pknAw u/fOG5 .

alx/++u :jf:Yo ;]jfM :jf:Yo rf}sL, k|fylds :jf:Yo s]Gb| / c:ktfnjf6 alx/+u ;]jf k|bfg ul/G5 .

cGt/+u :jf:Yo ;]jfM c:ktfn / k|fylds :jf:Yo ;]jf s]Gb|af6 cGt/+u ;]jf k|bfg ul/G5 .

%=!=* ljljw sfo{qmd dfgj c+u k|Tof/f]k0f sfo{qmd, :jf:Yo tflnd sfo{qmd, :jf:Yo lzIff sfo{qmd EWARS Program (Early Warning and Reporting System): :jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu

cGtu{tsf] /f]u lgoGq0f dxfzfvfn] ;+rfng ug]{ of] sfo{qmdn] b]zel/sf sl/j ^$ lhNnfsf laleGg c:ktfnx?af6 sfo{ ;~rfng u/]sf] 5, h;df AGE, SARI,

CHOLERA, DENGUE (DHF,DSS) Malaria, Kala-azar u/L d'Vo ̂ j6f /f]ux? ;lxt cGo lgu/fgL cfjZos ePsf /f]ux?sf] ;dod} ;"rgf ;+sng u/L ;fKtflxs



?kdf s]Gb|df k7fpg] ul/G5 / cfjZostf cg';f/ /f]u lgoGq0fsf] nflu cfjZos kxn ul/G5 .

%=!=( :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmdg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] wf/f #% df /flvPsf] :jf:Yo ;DaGwL xssf] sfof{Gjog ug{ tyf wf/f %!, /fHosf gLltx? cGtu{tsf] æhÆ df pNn]lvt gful/ssf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf ;DaGwL gLltsf] a'Fbf g+= !% df pNn]lvt gful/ssf] :jf:Yo aLdf ;'lglZrt ub}{ :jf:Yo pkrf/df kx'Frsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] egL pNn]lvt gLlt cg'?k g} @)&@ r}qb]lv s}nfnL lhNNffaf6 z'? ePsf] :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmd xfn;Dd #) lhNnfdf nfu" eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 eg] 5 lhNNffdf z'? ug]{ ;DaGwdf sfd cufl8 al9;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf s]xL lhNnfdf :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmd z'? ul/Psf] 5 .

of] sfo{qmd cGtu{t xfn k|lt kfFr hgfsf] kl/jf/n] ?= @%)) of]ubfg /sd :j?k a'emfpg'kg]{ x'G5 / ;f] afkt\ aLdf z'? ePsf] Ps jif{;Dddf ? %),))) ;Ddsf] cf}ifwL;lxtsf] :jf:Yo ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . kfFr hgf eGbf yk ;b:o ePdf k|ltyk ;b:o ? $@% sf b/n] yKg'kb{5 eg] ;f] afkt ?= !),))) yk eO{ hDdf ?= ^),))) ;Ddsf] ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 o;/L of]ubfg /sd a[l4 x'Fbf hDdf Ps nfv ?k}of ;Ddsf] clwstd ;]jf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;flassf] ;fdflhs :jf:Yo ;'/Iff ljsf; ;ldltdfkm{t\ ;~rflnt of] sfo{qmd xfn :jf:Yo aLdf af]8{dfkm{t\ cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . nfu" kbfy{ jf nfu" cf}ifwLsf] ;]jgaf6 x'g] :jf:Yo ;d:of, Knfli6s ;h{/L nufotsf s]xL ljifox?nfO{ of] sfo{qmdn] ;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g eg] hDdf !,!!* yl/sf cf}ifwLx? of] sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . :jf:Yo aLdf sfo{qmdsf] nflu ;"rLs[t ul/Psf :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 dfq k|fKt ug{ ;lsg] of] ;]jf kl5Nnf] k6s ;/sf/L :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf clgjfo{ k|yd ;]jf laGb' /fVg'kg]{ k|fjwfg 5 eg] ToxfFaf6 k|]if0f eP kl5 cGo ;"rLs[t :jf:Yo ;+:yfaf6 klg ;]jf lng ldNg] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . xfn u08sL k|b]zdf kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgdf of] ;]jf ;'? ul/Psf] 5 .

%=!=!) ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sfo{qmdu/Lj tyf lgd'vf hgtfn] klg :jf:Yo ;]jf lgMz'Ns k|fKt u?g\ eGg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljutb]lv g} ;fdflhs ;]jf OsfO{ u7g u/]/ ;f]dfkm{t\ ljleGg !! j6f nlIft ;d"xx?nfO{ of] ;]jf k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf If]qLo c:ktfn kf]v/fdf o; lsl;dsf] ;]jf ;+~rfng ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmd cGtu{t la/fdL a;f]af; u/]sf] :yfoL



7]ufgfaf6 lghsf] cfly{s cj:yf hgfpg] l;kmfl/; kq / lghsf] cj:yf;d]t\ cWoog u/]/ cfjZostf cg';f/ /sd 5'6 u/L ;]jf k|bfg ul/G5 . xfn o;df sfod /x]sf nlIft ;d"xx?df clt u/Lj tyf u/Lj, c;xfo, ckfª\utf ePsf JolQmx?, Ho]i7 gful/s, n}ª\lus lx+;f kLl8t, dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf, k|fs[lts ljkb\df k/]sf, zlxb kl/jf/, s'kf]lift afnaflnsf, nf]kf]Gd'v hflt, cleefjs ljxLg b'3{6gfdf k/]sf / y'g'jf cflb JolQm kb{5g\ .

%=!=!! u08sL k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;"rsx?sf] /fli6«o ;"rs;Fu t'ngfu08sL k|b]zsf :jfYo ;"rsx? /fli6«o ;"rs;+u t'ngf ubf{ /fli6«o ;/b/ eGbf pGgt 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–*_ .

tflnsf g+= %–*M u08sL k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;"rsx?:jfYo ;"rsx? /fli6«o u08sL k|b]z

ue{jtL k/LIf0f u/]sf dlxnf -k|ltzt_ *$ *&=#rf/ k6s ue{jtL k/LIf0f u/]sf dlxnf -k|ltzt_ ^( ^^=%s'n k|hgg\ b/ -k|lt dlxnf_ @=# @kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf cfw'lgs ;fwg k|of]u ug]{ k|ltzt $# #&=#k]l/g]6n d[To' b/ -k|lt !))) ue{jtLdf_ #! @)gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ -k|lt !))) hLljt hGddf_ @! !%kfFr aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf d[To'b/ -k|lt !))) hLljt hGddf_ #( @&lzz' d[To' b/ -k|lt !))) hLljt hGddf_ #@ @#aRrf d[To' b/ -k|lt !))) hLljt hGddf_ ^ $;+:yfut k|;"lt -k|ltzt_ %& ^*=#hLljt hGd k|ltzt *! &$=!d[t hGd k|ltzt ! )=(ck/];g u/L x'g] k|;"lt k|ltzt ( !^=&vf]k ;]jf k|fKt k|ltzt -!@ b]lv @# dlxgf_ &* (#kfFr jif{ d'lgsf xf]rf k'8\sf x'g] k|ltzt #^ @(hGd btf{ b/ -k|ltzt_ %^ ^!vfB ;'/Iff -k|ltzt_ $* %^

>f]t M :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @)&#



%=!=!@ lbuf] ljsf; nIo # sf ;"rsx?sf] cj:yflbuf] ljsf; NfIo # n] ;a} pd]/ ;d"xsf JolStsf nflu :j:y hLjgsf] ;'lglZrttf ub}{ ;d[4 hLjg:t/ k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] cj:yf tflnsf g+= %–( df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= %–(M u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo # sf ;"rsx?sf] cj:yf


u08sL k|b]Zf

/fli6«onIo @)#)

dft[ d[To'b/ k|lt ! Nffv hLljt hGddf+ -@)!^_! @#( @#( &)bIf k|;"ltsdL{x¿sf] ;xof]udf u/fOPsf] hGdx¿sf] cg'kft -@)!^_! %*=) ^(=( ()kfFr jif{d'lgsf afn d[To'b/ k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf! #( @& @)gjhft lzz' d[To'b/ k|lt xhf/ hLljt hGddf! @! !% !@Ifo/f]u nfUg] b/ k|lt ! Nffv hg;+Vofdf@ !!! *! @)cf}nf] Hj/f] nfUg] b/ -k|lt ! nfv hg;ª\Vofdf_ @)!&@ )=)* )=)# )=)!xfQLkfOn] /f]u la/fdLsf] ;+Vof@ !#%$ *# !$)))8]ª\u'sf la/fdL ;+Vof @)!&@ (#* ) );lqmo 6«sf]dfsf la/fdLsf] ;+Vof@ @@$@! !)*# $(kl5NNff] b'O{ xKtfdf kvfnf nfu]sf kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt @)!& df!

)=)* )=)* !

kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;DaGwL cfjZostfx¿ cfw'lgs ljlw ;fwgåf/f k"/f ePsf k|hgg pd]/sf -!% b]lv $( jif{ pd]/sf_ dlxnfx¿sf] cg'kft!

^*=( ^!=* *)

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] ;fwg k|of]u b/ -cfw'lgs ljlw_ -k|ltzt_! $#=) #&=) ^)s'n k|hgg b/ -!% b]lv $( jif{ pd]/sf k|ltdlxnfn] hGd lbPsf aRrfsf] cf};t ;ª\Vof_!

@=# @=) @=!

k|f]6f]sn cg';f/ rf/k6s k"j{k|;"lt ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt -hLljt hGddf_!

%*=* ^^=% ()

bIf k|;"ltsdL{sf] ;xof]udf c:ktfn–:jf:Yo ;+:yfx¿df aRrf hGdfpg] dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt!

%& ^*=( ()

aRrf hGd]sf] b'O{ lbg leq :jf:Yo hfr ug]{ dlxnf k|ltzt -@)!& df_! %^=& ^*=# ()pRRf /Strfksf] ePsf AolQmdWo] cf}ifwL ;]jg ul//x]sf !% jif{ / dflysf] hg:fª\Vofsf] k|ltzt!

##=$ #@=! ^)

3/af6 :jf:Yo ;+:yf (Health facility) df k'Ug #) dLg]6 jf ;f]eGbf sd ;do nfUg] kl/jf/x¿sf] k|ltzt!

^!=* #!=* ()

cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; tyf :jf:Yosf] Kf|fylds If]q lasf;sf nflu :jf:Yo If]qsf] ah]6sf] k|ltzt -@)!^_@

!)=@ )=!! #

3/ kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgLsf] 7'nf] lx:;f :jf:Yo If]qdf vr{ug]{ 3/ kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof -k|ltztdf_@

*=#! *=#^

>f]t M !:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hgf;flÎs ;a]{If]0f, @)&$, @ :jf:Yo ;]jf laefu, @)&$



%=!=!# k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] lgoldt ?kdf ;Dkfbg u/]sf jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] k|ultu08sL k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] cfa @)&#÷)&$ df ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{x?sf] k|ult g]kfnsf ;a} :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] ;/b/ ;+u t'nfgfTds k|ult x]bf{ s]xL ;"rsx?df a9L / s]xL ;"rsx?df yf]/} tn b]lvG5 . jflif{s sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjog u08sL k|b]zn] cf=j= @)&#÷)&$ df u/]s]f k|ult cg';"rL %=! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .

%=!=!$ :jf:Yo If]qsf ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLu08sL k|b]zdf :jf:Yo If]qdf lgDg cg';f/sf ;d:of tyf r'g}ftLx? 5g\ M ablnbf] hLjgz}nLn] ubf{ /]fux?sf] l:yltdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . s]xL jif{ klxn]

emf8fkvfnf / ;?jf /f]un] x'g] d[To' a9L lyP eg] xfn lgsf] x'g sl7g x'g] /f]ux? h:t} d[uf}nf, d'6', ca'{b/f]u, :jfzk|Zjf; ;DaGwL /]fuaf6 x'g] d[To'sf] ;+Vof a9]sf] 5 . oL /f]ux?sf] /f]syfd / pkrf/ ug{ xfd|f] :jf:Yo k|0ffnLnfO{ ljlzi6Ls[t ub{} n}hfg' cfjZos ePsf] 5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos 1fg, l;k, k|ljlw / pks/0fsf] Joa:yf ug'{ r'g}ftLk"0f{ 5 .

u08sL k|b]zsf clwsf+z u|fdL0f :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf :jf:Yo sfo{sQf{ ga:g] / hgtfn] cfkm" glhssf] :jf:Yo ;+:yfjf6 ;]jf kfpg g;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . u|fdL0f :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf :jf:Yo sfo{sQfsf] lgoldt pkl:ylt Joj:yfkg ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

:t/a[l4 ul/Psf ?U0f :Jff:Yo ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ csf]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zsf pk:jf:Yo rf}sLx? :t/ a[l4 u/L :jf:Yorf}sL agfOPsf 5g\ t/ :t/ a[l4 cg';f/ cfjZos kg]{ pks/0f, 1fg, ;xof]u ;fdu|L, / ef}lts k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . :t/ a[l4 ul/Psf :jf:Yo ;+:yfx? ?U0f cj:yfdf 5g\ / logLx?sf] cfw'lgsLs/0f ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 / of] sfo{ r'g}ftLk"0f{ 5 .

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf lgoldt ?kdf cfwf/e"t cf}ifwLsf] cfk"lt{ klg r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . lxpFb Ct'df cf}ifwLsf] cfk"lt{ ;xhx'g] / jiff{ ofddf :jf:Yo ;+:yfdf cf}ifwL pknAw gx'g] k|j[ltsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 .

:jf:Yo sfo{sQf{x?nfO{ ;]jf k|jfx ug{ rflxg] 1fg cBfjlws ug]{ / kl/jlt{t k|ljlw;+u kl/lrt u/fpg] sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . o; sfo{sf] nflu rflxg] bIf k|lzIfs, cfw'lgs kf7oqmd, pks/0f / z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] pTkfbg ;xh 5}g .

:jf:Yo ;+:yfdf ljlzi6Ls[t ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg] dfgjLo >f]t pTkfbg b]zleq ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g / ljb]zdf cWogsf nflu k7fpg' Ps dx+uf] / bf]>f] 5fqj[ltdf k7fPsf AolQm klg cWoog ;lsPkl5 cfkmgf] ;+:yfdf gkmls{g] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg' h?/L ePsf] 5 .



%=!=!% cj;/x¿

u08sL k|b]zsf] :jf:Yo If]q ;'wf/sf] nflu pknAw cj;/x? lgDg adf]lhd 5g\ M

u08sL k|b]zdf cf}ifwL pkrf/ ko{6gsf] pRr ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;fj{hlgs

lghL ;fem]bf/L df]8]ndf pRr k|ljlw ePsf c:ktfnx?sf] lgdf{0f u/L cf}ifwL pkrf/

ko{6gsf] a[l4 ug]{ ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 .

k|b]]zdf :yflkt ePsf] kf]v/f :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fgnfO{ cfw'lgsLs/0f u/L k|b]zn]

dfu u/]sf ljlzi6Ls[t :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ k|r'/

;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 . To:t}u/L k|b]zdf lghL If]qdf :yfkgf ePsf dl0fkfn / u08sL

lzIf0f ;+:yf;+u ;Demf}tf u/L k|b]znfO{ rflxg] :Jf:Yf hgzlQm pTkfbg ug]{ ;+efjgf

pRr :t/sf] 5 .

k|b]zdf lghL If]qsf pBdLx?nfO{ cf}ifwL pTkfbg ug]{ sf/vfgf :yfkgf ug{ cfdGq0f

u/L k|b]znfO{ rflxg] cfwf/e"t cf}ifwLsf] pTkfbg k|b]zleq u/L k|b]zsf :jf:Yo

;+:yfdf cf}ifwL cfk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ug]{ k|r'/ ;+efjgf /x]sf] 5 .

xfnsf] :jf:Yo lgb]{zgfnosf] Ifdtf j[l4u/L :jf:Yo hgzlQmsf] 1fg cBfjlws ug{]

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .

;fj{hlgs lghL ;fem]bf/L sfo{qmd ;'b[[9L s/0f u/L sd{rf/Lx?sf] Ifdtf a[l4 sfo{qmd

;+rfng ug]{ .

%=@ vfB ;'/Iff / kf]if0f

%=@=! vfB ;'/Iff

kof{Kt, :jR5 tyf kf]if0fo'Qm / cfkm\gf] cfjZostf / rfxgf cg'¿ksf] vfgfdfly k|To]s

JolQmsf] ;Fw}el/ ef}lts / cfly{s kx'Fr ePdf dfq vfB ;'/Iff ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 -ljZj

vfB lzv/ ;Dd]ng, !((^_ . vfB ;'/Iffsf rf/ cfofd -pknJwtf, kx'Fr, pkef]u /

l:y/tf_ sf cfwf/df s[lif tyf kz' ljsf; dGqfno / ljZj vfB sfo{qmd (WFP) sf]

g]t[Tjdf g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnL (NeKSAP) åf/f ul/Psf] cWoogn] lj=;+=

@)&$ df g]kfnsf wflbª, uf]/vf, sflnsf]6, d'u', x'Dnf / afh'/f u/L ^ j6f lhNnfnfO{

cNksfnLg ?kdf pRrtd vfB c;'/lIft ?kdf /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . pQm cWoogn] uf]/vf

lhNnfsf] pQ/L e]usf ;fljs uf=lj=;=x? ;fdfufpF, Nxf], k|f]s, laxL, r'Dr]t, 5]sDkf/,

l;lb{af;, s]/f}hf / plxofdf pRrtd vfB c;'/Iff -r/0f #_ tyf sfzLufpF, nfk|fs, u'Dbf,



nfk', dfGr', 3\ofrf]s, ;f}/kfgL, :jf/f / y'dLdf dWod :t/Lo vfB c;'/Iff -r/0f @_ /x]sf]

b]vfPsf] 5 -lrq g+= %–#_ .

lrq g+= %–#M vfB ;'/Iffsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f -;+s]t ! eGgfn] vfBsf] r/d cefa, @ eGgfn] dWod cefj / # eGgfn] Go"g cefj hgfpF5_

o;sf] d'Vo sf/ssf] ¿kdf pTkfbgzLn hldgsf] sdL, ul/aL, ef}uf]lns ljs6tf / @)&@ sf] dxfe"sDk / df};d kl/jt{g / e08f/0f ul/Psf] vfBfGgsf] sdL cflbnfO{ lnPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf ax';+Vos 3/w'/L cfwf/e"t ?kdf vfB ;'/lIft cj:yfdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 tyflk k|b]zsf] !*=* k|ltzt hg;+Vofn] df};dL -cNksfnLg_ ?kdf vfB c;'/lIft cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{5 . lhNnfsf] ul/aLsf] b/ / vfB c;'/lIft kl/jf/sf] ;+VofTds ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df vfB c;'/Iffsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ hg;+Vof d':tfª\, dgfª\, DofUbL uf]/vf, / afUfn'ªdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf /x]sf] 5 eg] sf:sLdf ;a}eGbf sd c;'/lIft hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–!)_ . o;/L vfB c;'/Iffaf6 k|efljt x'g]dWo] clwsf+z e"ldxLg, blnt tyf Go"g cfo ePsf u/Lj kl/jf/ /x]sf 5g\ .



tflnsf g+= %–!)M vfB c;'/lIft hg;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf s'n hg;+Vof -@)&%_df};dL vfB c;'/lIft hg;+Vof

hg;+Vof hg;+Vof -k|ltzt_uf]/vf @%%!%& ^&@!^ @^=#ndh'ª !&#@(* #^%%! @!=!tgx'F #$@)^% ^$!)^ !*=&:ofª\hf @^^)@$ $#@!% !^=@sf:sL %%^@&@ $*)*% *=^dgfª\ ^#$! @##! #^=*d':tfª\ !@@&% $^#$ #&=*DofUbL !!)*$$ #*#%( #$=^kj{t !%)%)$ @!*$( !$=%afun'ª @*@))@ &$^%$ @^=%gjnk'/ ##(%^% ^*#() @)=!hDdf @$()$#& $^(#() !*=*

>f]tM g]kfn vfB ;'/Iff cg'udg k|0ffnL (NeKSAP) / lhNNff vfB ;'/Iff ;+hfnsf k|ltj]bgx? / s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, Small Area Estimates of Poverty, 2011, World Bank sf] cfwf/df ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]

%=@=@ vfB ;DaGwL ;+j}wflgs xsg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ wf/f #^ df vfB ;DaGwL xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] k|To]s gful/snfO{ vfB a:t'sf] cefjdf hLjg hf]lvddf kg]{ cj:yfaf6 ;'/lIft x'g] vfB ;+Dk|e'tf xssf] k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ k|b]zsf vfB ;'/Iff tyf kf]if0f gLlt tyf sfo{qmdx? lgb]{lzt 5g\ . oxL k|of]hgsf] lgldQ e"ld Aoj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno / ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnon] cfk\mgf sfo{qmdx? to u/]sf 5g\ .

%=@=# kf]if0f cGt/{fli6«o tyf /fli6«o ?kdf s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] sfo{nfO{ dfgjLo, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf] ;fy} lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ cfwf/sf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . oBlk u08sL k|b]zdf clws kf]if0feGbf Go"g kf]if0fsf] ;d:of hl6n /x]sf] 5 . Go"g kf]if0f x'g'sf k|d'v sf/0fx?df kf]lifnf vfg]s'/fdf kx'Fr gx'g' tyf pknAw vfBj:t' plrt tl/sfn] k|of]u gug'{, b"lift vfg]kfgL tyf Go"g :t/sf] ;/;kmfOaf6 pTkGg x'g] ;+qmfds tyf ltgLx?sf] ;dod} pkrf/ gx'g', 3/ b}nf]df pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] plrt tl/sfn] k|of]u gug'{, clws sfo{ af]em tyf Go"g r]tgf h:tf sfo{x? 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zsf dlxnf tyf



% jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfx? Go"gkf]if0f tyf clws kf]if0fsf] ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5g . clws kf]if0feGbf klg Go"g kf]if0f u08sL k|b]zsf] Ps k|d'v ;d:of xf] .

%=@=#=! u08sL k|b]zdf kf]if0fsf] l:yltu08sL k|b]zdf cem} klg ^ b]lv %( dlxgf pd]/sf afnaflnsfx¿dWo] @( k|ltztdf s'kf]if0f 5 . To:t}u/L @( k|ltzt afnaflnsf k'8\sf -pd]/cg';f/ sd pFrfO x'g]_ 5g\ . pFrfO cg';f/ sd tf}n x'g] Vofp6] afnaflnsfx¿ !$=( k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]zsf s'n afnsflnsfx¿dWo] $^ k|ltzt afnaflnsfx¿df /StcNktfsf] ;d:of 5 . k|hgg pd]/sf @* k|ltzt dlxnfx¿df /StcNktfsf] ;d:of 5 .

%=@=$ kf]if0f sfo{qmdg]kfn ;/sf/n] s'kf]if0fsf] l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ax'I]fqLo kf]if0f sfo{qmd lj=;+= @)^( b]lv ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o; sfo{qmdsf] g]t[Tj /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / cGo ljifout ;+3Lo dGqfnox? h:t} :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, s[lif ljsf; tyf kz'k+IfL dGqfno, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfno, lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, dlxnf afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno, ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] ;3fO /x]sf 5g\ . ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf oL sfo{qmdx? u08sL k|b]zdf klg ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno / e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfnodfkm{t\ ;~rfngdf 5g\ .

kf]if0f sfo{qmd cGtu{t k"j{ afn ljsf;, sIffut lzIff, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOdf kxF'r a[l4,lszf/Lx?sf] k|hgg :jf:Yo, ljBfno lzIff, afnaflnsfsf] tf}n dfkg, le6fldg SofK;'nsf] ljt/0f, dft[lzz' sfo{qmd, ;"Id kf]ifs tTj kfp8/ ljt/0f, ;3g s'kf]if0fsf la/fdLsf] pkrf/ / k'g:y{fkgf h:tf sfo{qmdx? ;d'bfo :t/df ;+~rfngdf 5g\ . oL sfo{qmdx?n] s'kf]if0fsf] b/nfO{ qmdzM 36fpb} nu]sf 5g\ t/ cg'dfg u/]sf] ultdf 36fpg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . t;Yf{, o:tf sfo{qmx? ;d'bfo :t/df ;3g ?kdf ;+~rfng ug{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

%=@=% lbuf] ljsf; nIo @ sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltlbuf] ljsf; nIo @ sf d'Vo kl/df0ffTds nIox¿dfM -s_ lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf ef]vd/L cGTo ug]{ / ;a} hgtfsf] ;'/lIft, kf]if0fo'St / kof{Kt vfgfdf jif}{el/ kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, -v_ ;a} k|sf/sf Pjd\ :j¿ksf s'kf]if0fsf] cGTo ug]{, -u_ ;fgf :t/sf vfBfGg



pTkfbgx¿sf] s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj / cfo bf]Aa/ j[l4 ug]{, -3_ lbuf] vfBfGg pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ / ;dfg's"lnt s[lif lqmofsnfkx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{, / -ª_ lj=;+= @)&& ;Dddf /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf cGt/f{li6«o:t/df /fd|f];Fu Joj:yfkg tyf ljljwLs/0f ul/Psf] aLh / jg:klt a}Fsåf/f aLplahgsf] cg'jf+lzs ljljwtf, v]tL ul/Psf jg:klt / kmf/fddf /flvPsf tyf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/x¿ / ltgsf ;DalGwt hª\unL k|hfltx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt t'Nofpg] h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ /flvPsf] 5 . j:t'efp / afnLx¿ b]zsf PsLs[t s[lif k|0ffnLsf d'Vo efux¿ x'g\ . ltgLx¿n] ef]sd/L cGTo ug{, vfB ;'/Iff k|fKt ug{ / kf]if0fdf ;'wf/ ug{ dxTTjk"0f{ of]ubfg ub{5g\ tyflk hldgsf] pTkfbsTj cem} sd 5 . v]tLof]Uo ;a} hldgdf l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5}g / k|b]zsf l;dfGts[t ju{df vfB ;'/Iff e/kbf]{ alg;s]sf] 5}g .

lbuf] ljsf; nIo @ sf] lglDt lj=;+= @)*& df s'kf]if0fnfO{ tLg k|ltztdf -b]zsf] txdf vfBdf kx'Frsf] kof{Kttfsf] dfkg_ / kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf kfOg] sd tf}nnfO{ gf} k|ltztdf emfg{], lj=;+= @)*& ;Dddf k|hgg pd]/sf dlxnfx¿ / afnaflnsfx¿df /x]sf] /StcNktfnfO{ !) k|ltztdf emfg]{, / k|ltJolSt vfBfGg pTkfbg sDtLdf ^^ k|ltztn] a9fpg] nufotsf kl/df0ffTds /fli6«o nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zn] klg /fli6«o nIonfO{ k5\ofpFb} cf+km\gf nIox? to ug]{ qmddf 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIo b'Osf ;a} ;"rsx?sf ;"rgf k|b]z :t/df v08Ls[t ?kdf pknAw 5}gg\ . pknAw ;"rgfx? tflnsf g+= %–!! df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf g+= %–!!M u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo @ sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt

;"rsx¿g]kfn cfwf/

aif{ @)!%u08sL k|b]z

/fli6«o nIo @)#)

s'kf]if0f b/ % aif{ d'lgsf aRrdf (Prevalence of undernourishment)

#^=! @( #

s'n pkef]usf] b'O{–ltxfOeGbf a9L vfgfdf vr{ ug]{ hg;ª\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_%

$#=$# $@=)! #

k|ltJolSt vfBfGg pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ -@)!& df_# !(& @#$ %#)kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf b]lvg] k'8\sf]kgf (Stunting) ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf] afnaflnsf j[l4 dfgx¿ (Height for age <–2 standard deviation from the median)!

#%=* @*=( !%



;"rsx¿g]kfn cfwf/

aif{ @)!%u08sL k|b]z

/fli6«o nIo @)#)

k|sf/ kfFr jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf /x]sf] s'kf]if0f -pFrfO cg';f/ tf}n sd x'g] / a9L tf}n x'g]_ (Weight for height › ± 2 or ‹–2 SD from the median of the WHO Child Growth Standards)!yfroar

(=& %=* $

kfFr jif{d'lgsf sd tf}n x'g] aRrfx¿sf] k||ltzt (–2 SD )! @& !$=( (k|hgg pd]/;d"xsf dlxnfx¿df /St cNktfsf] l:ylt! $)=* @$=@ !)% jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfdf /x]sf] /St cNktfsf] l:ylt -k|ltzt_! %# $^=) !)s'n v]tLof]Uo s[life"ld -xhf/ x]S6/df_ -@)&% df_$ #@!$ $*& #@!$s'n v]tLof]Uo hldgdWo] v]tL ul/Psf] hUufsf] k|ltzt$ &(=# &^=) !))s'n v]tL ul/Psf] e"lddWo] l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] e"ld -k|ltzt_ @)&%$

$%=@ #^=! !))

l;+lrt If]qdWo] jif{{e/L l;rfO{ x'g] v]tLof]Uo hldgsf] k||ltzt$ @^=@& $^=@ *)s[lif If]qdf ;/sf/L :t/af6 k|jflxt ePsf] s'n /sd -clkml;on ljsf; ;xfotf nufot cGo clkml;on ;xof]usf] k|ltzt_ ldlnog cd]l/sL 8n/df%

$%=( !=(

vfB uf]bfdsf] ;+Vof^ *^ ( ;fgf ;LdfGts[t ls;fgx?sf] jflif{s ;/b/ pTkfbsTj ?= df -@)&%_%

#^&@& #(&*!=!

;fgf l;dfGts[t k'?if ls;fgx?sf] jflif{s ;/b/ pTkfbsTj?= df @)&%_%

$)!$& $(^$@

;fgf l;dfGts[t dlxnf ls;fgx?sf] jflif{s ;/b/ pTkfbsTj ?= df -@)&%_%

#(*$^ %)!@$

;fgf ;LdfGts[t cflbaf;L hghflt ls;fgx?sf] jflif{s ;/b/ pTkfbsTj ?= df -@)&%_%

###*^& #*(%$=!

>f]t M !:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hgf;flÎs ;a]{If]0f, @)&#, #s[lif ljefu, @)&#, $g]kfn /fi6« a}s, @)&%, %laZj a}s, @)&%

%=@=^ ;d:of tyf r'gf}tL s'kf]if0fdf /x]sf afnaflnsf tyf dlxnfx? 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ / ltgLx?sf] klxrfg

ug'{, pgLx?nfO{ s'kf]if0f x6fpg ;3fp k'Ug] pko'Qm sfo{qmd klxrfg ug'{ / tL sfo{qmd ;xL ?kdf pgLx?df k'Ug] u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

ax'If]qLo kf]if0f sfo{qmdsf] klxnf] r/0f @)^( b]lv @)&# ;Dd ;+~rfng eof] / xfn bf]>f] r/0f @)&$ b]lv @)&( sfof{Gjogdf 5 . o; sfo{qmd klg ;3g ?kdf ;d'bfo :t/df k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g / ck]Iff cg';f/ s'kf]if0fsf] b/ 36g ;s]sf] 5}g .



u08sL k|b]zdf ;':tf k"j{ gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf leqL u|fdL0f a:tL, d':tfË, DofUbL, uf]vf{ / afun'Ë lhNnfsf kxf8L ufpFkflnsfx?df s'kf]if0fsf] b/ a9L /x]sf 7fpFdf kf]if0f tTjsf] :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg a[l4 ug'{ cfjZos 5 / of] r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

s'kf]if0fnfO{ sd ug{ vfgf vfg] cfgLafgLdf kl/jt{g cfjZos 5 tyflk hgtfsf] vfgf vfg] cfgLafgL / vfgfsf k|sf/df kl/jTf{g Nofpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

%=@=& ca;/x¿ k|b]zdf ;sf/fTds lbzftkm{ cufl8 a9]sf] cfly{s a[l4, ljk|]if0f / a9\bf] ko{6s

ultljlwn] u|fdL0f If]qsf 3/kl/jf/sf] cfo >f]tdf klg qmdzM a[l4 eO{ pgLx?sf] qmozlQm a9\b} uPsf]n] s'kf]if0f b/ sd ug{ d2t k'Ug] b]lvG5 .

:yfgLo txdf klg lgjf{lrt ;/sf/ lqmofzLn ePsf]n] k|b]z, :yfgLo tx / ;d'bfo aLr lqkIfLo ;xsfo{ u/L s'kf]if0f sd ug]{ sfo{ ;+~rfng ug]{ ;Defjgfx? 5g\ .

;fdflhs If]qdf sfd ug{ pT;'s gful/s ;dfh / u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy kf]if0f If]qdf sfd ug{ cg'/f]w ug]{ / pgLx?dfkm{t\ ;d'bfo :t/df sfo{qmd ;+~rfng u/L s'kf]if0f cGTo ug]{ ;+efjgf ljBdfg 5g\ .

%=# hg;+Vof / /f]huf/L%=#=! hg;+Vof%=#=!=! hg;+Vof / hg3gTj/fli6«o hg;+Vof / cfjf; hgu0fgf, @)^* sf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] s'n kl/jf/ ;+Vof -%$,@&,#)@_ dWo] %,&&,^*@ kl/jf/ -!)=^ k|ltzt_ u08sL k|b]zdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–!@_ .

tflnsf g+= %–!@M If]qkmn, 3/;+Vof, hg;+Vof / hg3gTjsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfs'n If]qkmn -ju{ ls= ld=_

kl/jf/ ;+Vof hg;+Vofhg;+Vof k|ltztdf

hg3gTj k|lt ju{ ls=ld=

hg3gTj k|lt3/

uf]/vf #^$^ ^^$%* @&!)^! !!=# &$ $=!

ndh'ª !^^@ $@)$* !^&&@$ &=) !)! $=)

tgx'F !%&@ &*@*^ #@#@** !#=$ @)^ $=!

:ofª\hf !)#& ^**%^ @*(!$* !@=) @&( $=@

sf:sL @)*$ !@%$%( $(@)(* @)=% @#^ #=(



lhNnfs'n If]qkmn -ju{ ls= ld=_

kl/jf/ ;+Vof hg;+Vofhg;+Vof k|ltztdf

hg3gTj k|lt ju{ ls=ld=

hg3gTj k|lt3/

dgfª\ @#@! !$$* ^%#* )=# # $=%

d':tfª\ #%^# ##)% !#$%@ )=^ $ $=!

DofUbL @@*% @&&@& !!#^$! $=& %) $=!

kj{t %$@ #%^(* !$^%() ^=! @&! $=!

afUfn'ª !*#^ ^!$*@ @^*^!# !!=@ !$^ $=$

gjnk'/ !$@^ ^^(!% #!!^)$ !#=) @!( $=&

u08sL @!(&$ %&&^*@ @$)#&%& !)) !)( $=@

g]kfn !$&!$* %$@&#)@ @^,$($,%)$ !*) $=*

u08sL Ü !$=( !)=^ (=!


lj=;+= @)^* sf] cfwf/df k|b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vof @$,)#,&%& /x]sf] 5 h'g g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof -@^,$($,%)$_ sf] (=! k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . u08sL k|b]zsf !! lhNnfdWo] ;a}eGbf w]/} hg;+Vof sf:sLdf -@)=% k|ltzt Ö $(@,)(*_ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -)=# k|ltzt Ö ^,%#*_ /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zsf] k|lt ju{ ls=ld= cf};t hg3gTj -!)( hgf_ g]kfnsf] cf};t hg3gTj -!*) hgf_ eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . k|lt ju{ ls=ld=hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf -@&( hgf_ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -# hgf_ /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L, k|b]zsf] k|lt3/ cf};t hg3gTj -$=@ hgf_ g]kfnsf] cf};t hg3gTj -$=* hgf_ eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . k|lt3/ hg3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L gjnk'/df -$=& hgf_ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd sf:sLdf -#=( hgf_ /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] If]qkmn, kl/jf/ ;+Vof, hg;+Vof / hg3gTj tflnsf g+= %–!@ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

%=#=@ hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft / j[l4b/sf] ultzLntfu08sL k|b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vof @)$* df !,(&%,!!$ /x]sf]df @)%* df @,#@%,%*) / @)^* df @,$)#,&%& lyof] -tflnsf g+= %–!#_ . hg;+Vof j[l4b/ @)$*–@)%* df !&=& k|ltzt -k'?if !^=$ k|ltzt / dlxnf !(=) k|ltzt_ / @)%*–@)^* df #=$ k|ltzt -k'?if – )=$ k|ltzt / dlxnf ^=& k|ltzt_ x'g cfp5 .



tflnsf g+= %–!#M hg;+Vofsf] cg'kft / j[l4b/sf] ultzLntf

lhNnf @)$* @)%* @)^*

hDdf k'?if÷dlxnf hDdf k'?if÷dlxnf hDdf k'?if÷dlxnf

uf]/vf @%@%@$ (@=% @**!#$ *&=$ @&!)^! *)=&

ndh'ª !%#^(& ()=^ !&&!$( *(=) !^&&@$ *@=&

tgx'F @^*)&# ()=$ #!%@#& *&=! #@#@** &(=&

:ofª\hf @(#%@^ *^=& #!&#@) *@=& @*(!$* &&=)

sf:sL @(@($% (#=% #*)%@& ($=^ $(@)(* (@=$

dgfª\ %#^# !)*=$ (%*& !!)=^ ^%#* !@&=#

d':tfª\ !$@(@ !)(=$ !$(*! !@)=# !#$%@ !!!=%

DofUbL !))%%@ ()=$ !!$$$& *^=* !!#^$! *@=^

kj{t !$#%$& *^=% !%&*@^ *%=( !$^%() *)=#

afUfn'ª @#@$*^ *&=# @^*(#& *%=) @^*^!# &*=#

gjnk'/ @!*!)( ((=& @*!$#% (&=* #!!^)$ *$=^

u08sL !(&%!!$ (!=) @#@%%*) *(=) @$)#&%& *#=)

lhNnfhg;+Vofsf] j[l4b/ @)$*–@)%* hg;+Vofsf] j[l4b/ @)%*–@)^*

hDdf k'?if dlxnf hDdf k'?if dlxnf

uf]/vf !$=! !)=* !&=@ –%=( –(=( –@=$

ndh'ª !%=# !$=@ !^=# –%=# –(=) –@=!

tgx'F !&=^ !%=# !(=& @=^ –@=# ^=*

:ofª\hf *=! %=$ !)=% –*=( –!@=$ –^=)

sf:sL @(=( #)=& @(=! @(=# @&=* #)=*

dgfª\ &*=* *)=% &^=( –#!=* –@&=# –#^=*

d':tfª\ $=* (=% –)=# –!)=@ –!#=# –^=%

DofUbL !#=* !!=$ !^=) –)=& –#=$ !=^

kj{t (=( (=^ !)=# –&=! –!)=% –$=@

afUfn'ª !%=& !$=) !&=! –)=! –$=% #=^

gjnk'/ @(=) @&=* #)=# !)=& @=^ !*=^

u08sL !&=& !^=$ !(=) #=$ –)=$ ^=&

>f]t M s]G›Lo hg;+Vof tYofÍ, @)$*, @)%* / @)^* af6 ljZn]lift



lj=;+= @)$*–@)%* df ;a} lhNnfdf hg;+Vof a9]sf] lyof] . @)%*–@)^* df tgx'F / sf:sL afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf 36]sf] lyof] . @)$*–@)%* df k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof ;a} lhNnfdf a9]sf] lyof] eg] dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof d':tfª afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf a9]sf] lyof] . l7s ljkl/t, @)%*–@)^* df k'?ifsf] hg;+Vof sf:sL / gjnk'/df afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf 36]sf] lyof] eg] dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof tgx'F, sf:sL, DofUbL, afUfn'ª / gjnk'/ afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf 36]sf] lyof] . :d/0fLo /xf];\ ls of] tYof+sdf ljb]z uPsf] hg;+Vof ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g . ljleGg lhNnfx¿sf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/ tflnsf g+= %–!# df x]g{ ;lsG5 . @)$* df k'?if / dlxnfsf] cg'kft (! -!)) dlxnf a/fa/ (! k'?if_ /x]sf] lyof] eg] @)%* / @)^* df ;f] cg'kft 36]/ qmdzM *( -!)) dlxnf a/fa/ *( k'?if_ / *# -!)) dlxnf a/fa/ *# k'?if_ ePsf] lyof] . o;n], k'?if hg;+Vof 36]sf] / dlxnf hg;+Vof a9]sf] k|j[lQ O+lut ub{5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df klg dgfª\ / d':tfª\df afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf k'?if÷dlxnf cg'kft !)) eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 . :d/0fLo /xf];\ ls of] tYof+sdf ljb]z uPsf] hg;+Vof ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5}g .

%=#=# hg;f+lVos ultzLntflj=;+= @)$* / @)%* sf] tYof+s t'ngf ubf{ ))–)$ aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof 36]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof a9]sf] b]lvG5 . @)%* / @)^* sf] tYof+s t'ngf ubf{ ))–)$ aif{ pd]/ ;d"x, )%–)( jif{ pd]/ ;d"x / !)–!$ jif{ pd]/ ;d'xsf] hg;+Vof 36]sf] b]lvG5 eg] cGo pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof a9]sf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= %–!$_ . o;n] hGdb/ 36\b} uPsf] O+lut ub{5 .

lj=;+= @)$* df k'?if / dlxnf b'j}sf] xsdf )–)$ jif{, )%–)( jif{ / )(–!$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof sl/a a/fa/ / cGo pd]/ ;d"xsf] eGbf pNn]Vo dfqfdf a9L lyof] -tflnsf g+= %–!$_ . o;n] hGdb/ w]/} ePsf] O+lut ub{5 . @)%* df k'?if / dlxnf b'j}sf] xsdf )–)$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof 36\of] eg] )%–)( jif{ / )(–!$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof cGo pd]/ ;d"xsf] eGbf pNn]Vo /x\of] . @)^* df k'?if / dlxnf b'j}sf] xsdf )–)$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof @)%* sf] t'ngfdf cem} 36\of] eg] )(–!$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"x cGo pd]/ ;d"xeGbf 7'nf] /x\of] . o;n] hGdb/ 36\b} uO/x]sf] / d'Vo hg;+Vof ePsf] pd]/ ;d"x la:tf/} !)–@) jif{ pd]/ ;d"xlt/ ?kfGt/0f e}/x]sf] b]vfpF5 .



tflnsf g+= %–!$M hg;+Vofsf] ultzLntf

pd]/ ;d"x @)$* @)%* @)^*@)$*–@)%*j[l4 k|ltztdf

@)%*–@)^*j[l4 k|ltztdf

))–)$ @*$^*% @^^*(! @)^&!) –^=# –@@=%

)%–)( @()$*( #!$)&# @%(&#! *=! –!&=#

!)–!$ @^$!*# #@!%*( #!$*!( @!=& –@=!

!%–!( !(^#%( @%(^%& @*!$%) #@=@ *=$

@)–@$ !%#@%( !(!@@* @)*@!& @$=* *=(

@%–@( !@*(@* !%@*#^ !&$$!# !*=% !$=!

#)–#$ !!)*$@ !#$((& !$##)( @!=* ^=@

#%–#( !)@&)! !@#@%& !##%$# @)=) *=#

$)–$$ **!!@ !!)^!^ !@@@*! @%=% !)=%

$%–$( &(@%& (&(%$ !!)@!* @#=^ !@=%

%)–%$ &@*!! *&)%* !)%^%& !(=^ @!=$

%%–%( %&$^& &)#!^ **@!! @@=$ @%=%

^)–^$ %$&^& ^$@^& *!^$( !&=# @&=)

^%–^( #&&!) $(^*# ^!^)% #!=* @$=)

&)–&$ @%#(! #&%&@ $&%^& $*=) @^=^

&%+ @*!%^ $#%** ^$#&& %$=* $&=&

>f]t M s]G›Lo hg;+Vof tYofÍ @)$*, @)%* / @)^* af6 ljZn]lift

;a} jif{ -@)$*, @)%* / @)^*_ df, k'?ifsf] xsdf, @) aif{ b]lv $) aif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof d'Vo pd]/ ;d"xsf] t'ngfdf rdTsfl/s ?kdf 36]sf] b]lvG5 eg] dlxnfsf] xsdf la:tf/} 36]sf] b]lvG5 -lrq g+= %–$_ . o;n] v6]/ sfd u/L b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;Sg] pd]/ ;d"xsf o'jf k'?ifx? dlxnfsf] t'ngfdf cToGt} w]/} ljb]lzPsf] O+lut ub{5 . hg;+Vofsf] lk/fld8x?n] &% jif{ jf ;f] a9L pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof la:tf/} a9b} uPsf] klg b]vfpF5, o;n] cfo'–;+efJotf a9\b} uPsf] O+lut ub{5 . o;/L o'jf hg;+Vof b]z aflx/ /xg] / k|f}9 hg;+Vof a9\b} hfg] k|j[lQ /lx/x\of] eg] b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5 . hg;+Vofsf] lk/fld8 / ljleGg pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vofsf] ultzLntfsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f tnsf lrqx?df lbOPsf] 5 .



lrq g+= %–$M hg;+Vofsf] lk/fld8sf] cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] hg;f+lVos ultzLntfsf] ljj/0f

%=#=$ ;lqmo pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vofsf] ultzLntfg]kfndf !% b]lv %( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+VofnfO{ ;lqmo hg;+Vof elgG5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] ;lqmo hg;+Vof @)$* df (,*(,&#^Ù @)%* df !@,@&,(!(, / @)^* df !#,^&,@(( /x]sf] lyof] . o; lx;fan] @)$* b]lv @)%* sf] bz jif{df ;lqmo hg;+Vof j[l4 @=$! k|ltzt lyof] eg] @)%* b]lv @)^* df hg;+Vof j[l4 !=!$ k|ltzt lyof] . s'n hg;+Vofdf cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo x'g] hg;+Vofsf] k|e'Tj a9\b} hfg'sf ;fy} cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ›'ttf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] :jf:Yo / lzlIft hgzlQm ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] hg;f+lVos nfef+z tLg b]vL rf/ bzs;Dd dfq pknAw x'g] cGt/f{li6«o cg'ejn] b]vfpF5 . t;y{ of] ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if of]hgfsf ;fy ljb]z hfg jf knfog x'gaf6 /f]Sb} ljsf; lgdf{0fdf kl/rfng u/L cfly{s ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg]{ ;'j0f{ cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .



%=#=% kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df 3/ ;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zsf] cf};t -$ hgf_ eGbf sd hg;+Vof ePsf] cf};t 3/ ;+Vof -;fgf kl/jf/_ s'n 3/ ;+Vofsf] $)=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cf};t -$ hgf_ eGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] cf};t 3/ ;+Vof -7"nf kl/jf/_ s'n 3/ ;+Vofsf] #* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cf};t -$ hgf_ hg;+Vof ePsf] cf};t 3/ ;+Vof s'n 3/ ;+Vofsf] @!=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;fgf kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof al9 b]lvG5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df klg afun'ª / gjnk'/ afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf ;fgf kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof a9L 5 . ljleGg lhNnfsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= %–!% df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= %–!%M kl/jf/ ;+Vofsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf 3/;+Vof cf};t -$ hgf_ eGbf sd cf};t -$ hgf_ cf};t -$ hgf_ eGbf a9L

uf]/vf ^^,$%* $@=! @)=! #&=*

ndh'ª $@,)$* $$=) @!=! #$=(

tgx'F &*,@*^ $@=& @!=) #^=#

:ofª\hf ^*,*%^ $)=) @)=& #(=#

sf:sL !@%,$%( $%=* @#=@ #!=)

dgfª\ !,$$* $@=* !*=( #*=#

d':tfª\ #,#)% %$=@ !&=( @&=*

DofUbL @&,&@& $#=@ !(=% #&=#

kj{t #%,^(* $!=) @!=@ #&=*

afUfn'ª ^!,$*@ #&=# @)=% $@=@

gjnk'/ ^^,(!% @*=! @!=$ %)=%

u08sL %&&,^*@ $)=* @!=# #*=)


%=#=^ hfltsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] @!=% k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt a|fXd0f klxnf] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5 eg] !!=$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt u'?ª bf];|f] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5 . :ofª\hf, sf:sL / kj{tdf, lhNnfut hg;+Vofsf] qmdzM #)=(, @&=* / #%=& k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt, a|fXd0f klxnf] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5 eg]] du/, u'?ª / If]qL] qmdzM @!=%, !^=^ / !&=# k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt, qmdz bf];|f] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5g\ . uf]/vf, ndh'ª / dgfª\df, lhNnfut hg;+Vofsf] qmdzM !(=&, #!=# / %@=@ k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt, u'?ª klxnf] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5 eg]] a|fXd0f, If]qL / cGo, qmdzM !%=@, !^=) / !^=$ k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt, qmdz



bf];|f] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5g\ . tgx'F, DofUbL, afUfn'ª / gjnk'/df, lhNnfut hg;+Vofsf] qmdzM @^=(, #(=% @*=) / @(=! k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt, du/ klxnf] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5 eg]] a|fXd0f, If]qL, a|fXd0f / a|fXd0f, qmdzM !!=(, !&=@, !(=% / @#=! k|ltzt hg;+Vof ;lxt, qmdzM bf];|f] d'Vo hfltdf kb{5g\ . d':tfªsf] klxnf] d'Vo hflt Nf]Krf /x]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f] d'Vo hflt u'?ª /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= %–!^ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

%=#=& efiffsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] ;a}eGbf a9L -&#=% k|ltzt_ hg;+Vof g]kfnL efiff af]Nb5g\ eg] bf];|f] / t];|f]df qmdzM du/ -(=( k|ltzt_ / u'?ª -*=* k|ltzt_ efiff af]Ng] hg;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df dgfª\ lhNnfdf u'?ª\ efiff af]Ng] hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L] 5 eg] afFsL ;a} lhNnfdf g]kfnL efiff af]Ng] hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L 5 . g]kfnL efiff k|d'v /x]sf lhNnfx?dWo] uf]/vf, ndh'ª / sf:sLdf bf];|f] d'Vo efiff u'?ªÙ d':tfª\df bf];|f] d'Vo efiff Nxf]kf, / afFsL ;a} lhNnfdf bf];|f] d'Vo efiff du/ /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfsf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+ %–!& df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



lns

f g+= %

–!^M

hft

hflt

sf] c

fwf/

df h

g;+Vo

fsf] l

hNn

fut

ljj/

0f k

|ltz

tdf -

@)^*

sf] /

fli6«o

hgu

0fgf

sf] c

fwf/

df la

:n]lif

t_

lhNn

fu0

8sL

u08s

L Üuf

]/vf

ndh

'ªtg

x'F:o

fª\\h

fs

f:s

Ldg

fª\

d':tf

ª\

DofUb

Lkj

{taf

Un'ª

gjnk

'/

If]qL

#@!%

@)!#

=$!!

=^!^

=)!!

=&!!

=%!$

=^#=

*&=

!!&

=@!&

=#!*

=&&=

&

a|fXd

0f

%!%(

*&@!

=%!%

=@!@

=*!!

=(#)

=(@&

=*#=

%#=

&*=

)#%

=&!(

=%@#

=*

du/

$%$

(%*

!*=(

!!=^

@=@

@^=(

@!=%

*=^

#=!

*=#

#(=%

!!=)

@*=)

@(=!

yf?

$!$

))!=&

)=!

)=!

)=!

)=!

)=^

)=@

)=%

)=!

)=@

)=!

!!=*

tfdfª

%)

@@!

@=!

$=(

&=@

!=#

)=!

@=&

!@=^

@=#

)=@

)=@

)=#

!=$

g]jf/

!)

@&*&

$=#

&=*

#=&

&=&

#=#

$=(

!=(

!=)

!=$

@=$

!=!

@=(

sfdL

@)(!

#**=

&%=

^*=

^&=

**=

)&=

(#=

**=

!!%

=#(=

@!^

=)%=

$

d';ndfg

!&^#

))=

&!=!

)=^

!=#

)=&

)=(

)=)

)=)

)=@

)=$

)=#

)=%

ofbj

!!*!

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=!

)=)

)=!

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=!

/fO{

^#&@

)=#

)=!

)=@

)=#

)=!

)=&

)=&

)=*

)=!

)=@

)=)

)=@

u'?ª

@&$#(

%!!

=$!(

=&#!

=#!!

=%(=

)!^

=^%@

=$@!

=$!=)

#=&

)=&

@=(

bdfO{÷9f]nL

(@&%

##=

(@=

(#=

(#=

$#=

&#=

&!=)

$=!

%=*

&=%

$=&

@=%

7s'/L

#($^!

!=^

)=#

!=)

@=#

@=%

!=$

)=@

)=(

@=)

@=%

!=$

!=*

lnDa

'!!

)$)=

))=

))=

))=

))=

))=

!)=

))=

!)=

))=

))=

))=

)

;fsL{

(*(*

&$=!

&=^

%=#

$=#

$=)

@=%

)=#

)=^

#=#

^=&

%=^

!=)

cGo

!&

%*^#

&=#

!!=%

&=)

(=#

$=^

^=(

!^=$

$!=@

%=*

#=)

#=&

(=)

d'Vo

hflt

a|fXd

0fa|fXd

0fu'?

ªu'?

ªdu

/a|fXd

0fa|fXd

0fu'?

ªNf]Kr

fdu

/a|fXd

0fdu

/du

/

bf];|f

] hflt

du/

du/

a|fXd

0fIf]qL

a|fXd

0fdu

/u'?

ªcGo

u'?ª

If]qL

If]qL

a|fXd

0fa|fXd

0f



lns

f g+= %

–!&M

efif

fsf] c

fwf/

df h

g;+Vo

fsf] l

hNn

fut

ljj/

0f k

|ltz

tdf -

@)^*

sf] /

fli6«o

hgu

0fgf

sf] c

fwf/

df la

:n]lif

t_df

t[efif

fu0

8sL

u08s

L Üuf

]/vf

nDh

'ªtg

x'F:o

fªh

fs

f:s

Ldg

fªd':

tfª

DofUb

Lkj

{taf

Un'ª

gjnk

'/

g]kfn

L!&

^%*%

%&#

=%&@

=(%*

=^^!

=(&$

=$&*

=%@!

=)$)=

#($

=@(!

=^(@

=#%%

=#

du/

@#&%

$%

(=(

$=&

)=(

@)=*

!%=!

@=@

!=^

@=#

@=@

$=!

%=$

@%=!

u'?ª

@!)*

*(*=

*!#

=#@(

=**=

#&=

*!!

=(%^

=*!(

=$)=

!#=

))=

!!=(

g]jf/

$!^

%&!=&

)=&

!=*

$=!

!=&

@=@

!=)

)=!

)=^

)=^

)=%

!=^

yf?

#^)!

^!=%

)=)

)=!

)=!

)=!

)=@

)=@

)=!

)=!

)=)

)=)

!)=(

tfdfª

#$((

%!=%

#=(

^=^

)=&

)=)

!=%

*=%

!=)

)=!

)=!

)=@

)=(

ef]hk'/

L!)

#(^

)=$

)=@

)=#

)=$

)=!

)=&

)=@

)=!

)=!

)=!

)=!

!=#

pb{"

*%@(

)=$

)=(

)=#

)=*

)=#

)=$

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=!

s'dfn

%#)*

)=@

)=^

)=!

)=#

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=!

)=&

d}lyn

L%!

##)=

@)=

))=

!)=

!)=

!)=

%)=

))=

!)=

!)=

!)=

))=

$

b/fO

$^@

^)=

@)=

))=

)!=!

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=#

lxGbL

$!(

@)=

@)=

))=

))=

!)=

))=

^)=

))=

))=

!)=

!)=

))=

@

vfd

#*!$

)=@

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=@

)=#

)=!

!=)

)=)

)=%

)=)

3n]

#@@(

)=!

!=!

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

Nxf]kf

@(&^

)=!

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

@!=&

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

ysfn

L@(

&#)=

!)=

))=

))=

))=

))=

@)=

*!@

=!)=

!)=

))=

))=

)

5GTo

fn@&

@#)=

!)=

))=

))=

))=

))=

!)=

))=

))=

()=

))=

%)=

)

e'h]n

@#%!

)=!

)=)

)=)

)=#

)=@

)=!

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=!

af]6]

@@@$

)=!

)=)

)=)

)=@

)=)

)=)

)=@

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=)

)=%

/fO@)

#()=

!)=

))=

!)=

!)=

))=

@)=

@)=

$)=

))=

))=

))=

)

cGo

!^@*

&)=

&!=%

!=$

)=^

)=@

)=^

(=#

@=#

)=$

)=@

)=@

)=&

k|yd

g]kfn

Lg]k

fnL

g]kfn

Lg]k

fnL

g]kfn

Lg]k

fnL

u'?ª

g]kfn

Lg]k

fnL

g]kfn

Lg]k

fnL

g]kfn

L



%=#=* j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f!) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf] hg;+VofnfO{ cfwf/ dfGbf u08sL k|b]zdf cljjflxt dlxnf !^=* k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ eg] cljjflxt k'?if !*=^ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–!*_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df klg ;a} lhNnfdf cljjflxt k'?if hg;+Vof g} a9L 5 .

tflnsf g+= %–!*M !) jif{ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vofsf] j}jflxs cj:yfsf] lhNnfut ljt/0f

lhNnfhDdf hg;+Vof cljjflxt k|ltzt Ps ljjfx k|ltzt ax'ljjfx k|ltzt

k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf uf]/vf ($(%# !@$!#& !&=) !&=! @@=) #$=% !=$ )=$ndh'ª %(&^) &^#^@ !&=^ !%=* @@=! #$=* !=@ )=#tgx'F !!)&%* !$*)&& !&=( !^=# @!=! #^=@ !=% )=%:ofª\hf (&%)( !#^!*) !*=$ !&=! !(=* #^=# !=^ )=#sf:sL !(@@!) @!%&@^ @!=# !^=% @#=! #@=( !=# )=#dgfª\ #@$! @$$$ @!=^ !^=! #!=^ @!=@ )=& )=!d':tfª\ ^!%* %$@^ !(=% !&=# #)=! @$=^ !=@ )=^DofUbL #*^(( $(*&) !*=@ !&=) !(=* #@=^ !=@ )=$kj{t %))*! ^^($& !*=# !^=% @)=* #%=% !=^ )=@afUfn'ª *&#!& !@!@)@ !&=* !&=( !(=* #%=! !=( )=&gjnk'/ !!!$%! !#&&$) !*=@ !^=* @#=@ #$=( !=$ )=$u08sL *%@!#& !)*$!!! !*=^ !^=* @!=& #$=^ !=% )=$

lhNnfk'glj{jfx k|ltzt law'jf / lab'/ k|ltzt ;DaGw ljR5]b k|ltzt 5'§} a;]sf k|ltztk'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf k'?if dlxnf

uf]/vf !=& !=! !=) #=@ )=)* )=!) )=)& )=!(ndh'ª !=& !=! !=! #=& )=!! )=!$ )=!% )=#!tgx'F !=$ !=@ )=& @=* )=)( )=)& )=)& )=!(:ofª\hf !=# )=( )=& #=$ )=)^ )=)& )=)$ )=!@sf:sL )=* )=% )=$ @=$ )=)% )=!@ )=)& )=@@dgfª\ !=$ !=@ !=@ #=% )=@% )=%# )=@% )=$^d':tfª\ )=* )=^ !=! #=) )=!& )=@) )=#% )=%$DofUbL #=@ @=& !=) #=! )=!^ )=!& )=!% )=#^kj{t !=# )=( )=* #=* )=)% )=)& )=)% )=@)afUfn'ª !=^ !=^ )=& @=^ )=)& )=)( )=)$ )=!!gjnk'/ !=! )=& )=& @=# )=)% )=)$ )=)& )=!!u08sL !=$ !=) )=& @=( )=)& )=!) )=)& )=!(




klxnf] k6s ljjfx u/]sf dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf a9L 5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df klg dgfª\ / d':tfª\df afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf klxnf] k6s ljjfx u/]sf dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf a9L 5 . ax'ljjfx / k'glj{jfx ug]{ k'?if hg;+Vof dlxnfeGbf pNn]vgLo /x]sf] 5 / of] k|j[lQ ;a} lhNnfdf Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5 . ljwjfsf] t'ngfdf ljb'/ k|ltzt Psbd} Go"g 5 / of] k|j[lQ ;a} lhNnfdf Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5 . ;DaGw ljR5]b ePsf] hg;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] a9L 5 / of] k|j[lQ gjnk'/ afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5 . ljjfx u/]sf] t/ 5'§} a;]sf]] hg;+Vof k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] a9L 5 / of] k|j[lQ ;a} lhNnfdf Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5 . j}jflxs ;DaGwsf] lj:t[t lhNnfut ljj/0f tflnsf g+= %–!* df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

%=#=( cg'kl:yt tyf lab]lzPsf] hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fu08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf s'n 3/ ;+Vofsf] $) k|ltzt 3/df sf]xL g sf]xL ljb]lzPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–!(_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L kl/jf/sf] Ps ;b:o jf ;f] eGbf a9L cg'kl:yt 3/ ;+Vof :ofª\hfdf -$(=& k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -!!=! k|ltzt_ /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]zsf] s'n hg;+Vof @$,)#,&%& df #@@,&^@ hg;+Vof cg'kl:yt /x]sf 5g\ h'g s'n hg;+Vofsf] !#=$ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .

tflnsf g+= %–!(M cg'kl:yt tyf ljb]lzPsf] hg;+Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf hDdf 3/cg'kl:yt /x]sf] 3/

cg'kl:yt 3/ k|ltzt

cg'kl:yt /x]sf] hg;+Vof

hg;+Vof k|ltzt k'?if k'?if

k|ltzt dlxnf

dlxnf k|ltzt

uf]/vf ^^$%* @!@%* #@=) @*!)$ !)=$ @%#&% ()=# @&@( (=&ndh'ª $@)$* !%(&) #*=) @!!^! !@=^ !(@$@ ()=( !(!* (=!tgx'F &*@*^ #$!!( $#=^ $^#*& !$=# $#!$! (#=) #@$% &=):ofª\hf ^**%^ #$@)& $(=& %)$&^ !&=% $^)@$ (!=@ $$%! *=*sf:sL !@%$%( $)%#! #@=# %&#)% !!=^ $*#)$ *$=# ())! !%=&dgfª\ !$$* !^! !!=! @&( $=# !^^ %(=% !!# $)=%d':tfª\ ##)% *&! @^=$ !$@% !)=^ (*^ ^(=@ $#( #)=*DofUbL @&&@& !!$#( $!=# !$#!$ !@=^ !#@(( (@=( !)!% &=!kj{t #%^(* !%$@@ $#=@ @!&#% !$=* !(&*# (!=) !(%@ (=)afUfn'ª ^!$*@ @(!## $&=$ $@^@# !%=( #*!*) *(=^ $$$@ !)=$gjnk'/ ^^(!% @&(^$ $!=* #*(%# !@=% #$&(( *(=# $!%$ !)=&u08sL %&&^*@ @#!)&% $)=) #@@&^@ !#=$ @*(@(( *(=^ ##$%( !)=$




cg'kl:yt hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf -!&=% k|ltzt_ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -$=# k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . cg'kl:yt hg;+VofdWo] k'?if, @*(,@(( hgf -*(=^ k|ltzt_ / dlxnf, ##,$%( hgf -!)=$ k|ltzt_ 5g\ . lhNnfut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L cg'kl:yt k'?if hg;+Vof tgx'Fdf -(#=) k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -%(=% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . 7Ls ljk/Lt, ;a}eGbf a9L cg'kl:yt dlxnf hg;+Vof dgfª\df -$)=% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 eg] ;a}eGbf sd tgx'Fdf -&=) k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 .

%=#=!) lge{/tfsf] lhNnfut ljj/0fg]kfndf !$ jif{ jf ;f]eGbf sd pd]/ ;d"xsf hg;+Vof / %( jif{eGbf dflysf] hg;+VofnfO{ lgliqmo hg;+Vof dflgG5 eg] !%–%( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+VofnfO{ ;lqmo hg;+Vof dflgG5 -s]G›Lo tYofÍ ljefu_ .

tflnsf g+= %–@)M a[xt\ pd]/sf] cfwf/df hg;+Vof tyf lge{/tfsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf hDdf!$ jif{ jf

;f] eGbf sd -s_

!%–%( jif{ pd]/

-v_

^) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L

-u_

afn lge{/tf cg'kft

k|f}9 lge{/tf cg'kft

s'n lge{/tf cg'kft

uf]/vf @&!)^! #@=( %$=$ !@=& ^)=% @#=$ *$=)ndh'ª !^&&@$ #!=* %%=^ !@=^ %&=@ @@=& &(=(tgx'F #@#@** ##=^ %%=& !)=& ^)=# !(=! &(=%:ofªhf @*(!$* #@=& %%=! !@=@ %(=# @@=@ *!=%sf:sL $(@)(* @*=( ^@=$ *=& $^=# !$=) ^)=#dgfª\ ^%#* @!=^ ^*=) !)=% #!=* !%=$ $&=@d':tfª\ !#$%@ @@=$ ^%=* !!=* #$=! !*=) %@=!DofUbL !!#^$! #%=) %#=^ !!=$ ^%=@ @!=# *^=^kj{t !$^%() ##=$ %%=) !!=^ ^)=& @!=) *!=&afUfn'ª @^*^!# #^=) %#=* !)=@ ^&=) !(=) *^=)gjnk'/ #!!^)$ ##=@ %*=! *=& %&=@ !$=( &@=!u08sL @$)#&%& #@=% %^=( !)=^ %&=! !*=& &%=*


u08sL k|b]zdf !%–%( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L -%^=( k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–@)_ . To;kl5 qmdz !$ jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vof -#@=% k|ltzt_ / %( jif{eGbf dflysf] hg;+Vof -!)=^ k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . of] k|j[lQ ;a}



lhNnfdf Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5 . afn lge{/tfsf] cg'kft %&=! -!)) ;lqmo hg;+Vofn] %& lgl:qmo !$ jif{ jf ;f] eGbf sd pd]/ ;d"xsf hg;+Vofsf] ljQLo tgfj x]g'{ kg]{ cj:yf_, k|f}9 lge{/tfsf] cg'kft !)=^ -!)) ;lqmo hg;+Vofn] !! lgl:qmo ^) jif{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L pd]/ ;d"xsf] hg;+Vofsf] ljQLo tgfj x]g{' kg]{ cj:yf_ / s'n lge{/tfsf] cg'kft &%=* -!)) ;lqmo hg;+Vofn] afn / k|f}9 u/L s'n &^ lgl:qmo hg;+Vofsf] ljQLo tgfj x]g{' kg]{ cj:yf_ /x]sf] 5 . afn lge{/tfsf] cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L afUfn'ªdf -^&=)_ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -#!=*_ /x]sf] 5 . k|f}9 lge{/tfsf] cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfdf -@#=$_ / ;a}eGbf sd sf:sLdf -!$=)_ /x]sf] 5 . ;du|df, s'n -afn / k|f}9_ lge{/tfsf] cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L DofUbLdf -*^=^_ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df -$&=@_ /x]sf] 5 . @)^* df g]kfnsf] s'n lge{/tf ^(=(* /x]sf] lyof] . o; lx;fan] u08sL k|b]zdf sfd ug]{ dfG5]x? / cfl>t dfG5]x? aLrsf] ljQLo tgfj s'n g]kfnsf] eGbf pRr /x]sf] b]vfpF5 . b]zleq} /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/]/ o'jf hg;+VofnfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] / k|f}9 hg;+Vofsf] ;fdflhs / ljQLo ;'/Iff Uof/]G6Lsf] r'gf}tL cufl8 /x]sf] 5 .

%=#=!! ljleGg vfnsf ckf·tfsf] ljj/0f/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] cfwf/df u08sL k|b]zdf s'n %&, )!& hg;+Vof ckfË /x]sf] 5 h'g s'n hg;+Vofsf] @=@% k|ltzt xf] -tflnsf g+= %–@!_ .

tflnsf g+= %–@!M ckf·tfsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfs'n

ckf·tfzf/Ll/sckf·tf

b[li6ljxLg

sfg g;'Gg]

cfFvfgb]Vg]

af]Ng]g;Sg]

dfgl;sckf·tf

;':tdgl:ylt

ax'ckf·tf

uf]/vf ^@^( ##=) !&=( !*=* !=$& !@=% ^=) #=) &=#ndh'ª $&$% @*=@ !#=! @@=) !=*% !^=% $=& #=# !)=#tgx'F ^!^* #$=! !$=( !^=) !=^@ !$=& &=! #=^ *=):ofª\hf %&!$ #^=^ !^=& !@=( !=@^ !#=) *=@ #=^ !#=(sf:sL (@!( #$=* !^=^ !^=! !=&( !!=( &=! #=! *=^dgfª\ @)$ @)=^ %=( @%=) )=$( !^=& ^=$ @=) @#=)d':tfª\ $%@ @@=! !$=@ @#=@ !=!! !&=# &=# %=! (=&DofUbL ^!@@ @^=) !#=% @*=$ !=%% !@=@ $=) #=@ !!=@kj{t #^%# #*=@ !$=% !^=# !=^@ !@=% *=% #=! %=#afUfn'ª ^!&( #(=& !$=% !%=# !=@* !!=$ &=^ #=! &=!gjnk'/ %@$! ##=* !%=@ !^=( !=*& !$=# &=! #=^ &=#u08sL %#(^^ ##=& !%=# !*=! !=%* !#=! ^=& #=# *=(




s'n ckfË hg;+Vofsf] ;a}eGbf w]/}b]lv ;a}eGbf sd ckfËtf qmdzM zf/Ll/s ?kn] czQm -##=& k|ltzt_, >j0f zlQm u'dfPsf -!*=! k|ltzt_, af]Ng g;Sg] -!#=! k|ltzt_, ax'–ckfËtf -*=( k|ltzt_, dfgl;s ;Gt'ng u'dfPsf -^=& k|ltzt_, ;':t dgl:ylt ePsf -#=# k|ltzt_ / cfFvf gb]Vg] -!=%* k|ltzt_ /x]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf /x]sf] of] k|j[lQ dgfª\ / d':tfª\df afx]s ;a} lhNnfdf Pp6} k|sf/sf] 5 . dgfª\ / d':tfª\df sfg g;'Gg] ckfËtf ePsf hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf w]/} 5 eg] cfFvf gb]Vg] hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf sd 5 . lj:t[t lhNnfut ljj/0f tflnsf g+= %–@! df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

%=#=!@ u08sL k|b]zdf /f]huf/Lsf] l:yltu08sL k|b]zdf /f]huf/sf] l:ylt lgDg cg';f/ 5 M j]/f]huf/L b/ @=#$ k|ltzt cw{j]/f]huf/L b/ -!%-%( jif{sf] hg;+Vof_ #)=! k|ltzt o'jf cw{j]/f]huf/L b/ -!%-@$ jif{sf] hg;+Vof_ $!=() k|ltzt !%-@$ jif{sf] lzIff tyf /f]huf/ gePsf] hg;+Vof ^)=)% k|ltzt jfn>ddf nfu]sf] hg;+Vof $*,$*$ hgf >ldsf] ;/b/ pTkfbsTj jflif{s ? !,!),()%

%=#=!# ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?d'n'sleq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf x'g g;Sbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/sf] vf]hLdf pNn]Vo hg;+Vof ljb]lzPsf] 5 . o;/L o'jf zlQm ljb]zdf uO{ >d a]r]/ ljk|]if0fsf] dfWodaf6 ljb]zL d'›f k7fpg] u/]sf] b]lvP tfklg d'n'sleq} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df o'jf zlQmsf] pkof]u x'g g;Sbf bL3{sfnLg ?kdf b]znfO{ cfTdlge{/ agfpg] cj;/ u'd]sf] 5 . !%–%( jif{sf] sfd ug{ ;Sg] cfly{s ?kn] ;lqmo hg;+Vof a9L eP tfklg b]zleq

u}x| s[lif If]qdf kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf x'g g;s]sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ k|b]zn] hg;f+lVos nfef+z lng ;s]sf] 5}g . t;y{, cfly{s ?kn] hg;+VofnfO{ k|b]zleq /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf u/L hg;f+lVos nfe k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

xfn k|b]zdf cw{ja]/f]huf/L b/ tyf o'jfx?df cw{j]/f]huf/L al9/x]sf] 5 . o'jf j]/f]huf/ b/ sd u/fpg] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

o'jfzlQmsf] d'Vo cfsif{0f j}b]lzs /f]huf/L /x]sf] / ljb]zdf sfd ug{ hfg] o'jfx? k|fljlws l;k ge} ;fwf/0f >ldssf] ?kdf sfd ug{ hfgfn] pgLx?af6 k|fKt ug]{ ljk|]if0f ;fdfGo /x]sf] . ljb]zdf sfd ug{ hfg] hgzlQmnfO{ ;se/ b]zleq} /f]huf/



pknAw u/fpg] / ljb]zdf hfg k/] klg klg k|fljlws 1fg;lxt ljb]zdf hfg] Joj:yf ug{' .

%=#=!$ cj;/x?g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} d"ne"t ¿kdf /fhgLlts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'g uO{ d'n's ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;sf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . s'n hg;+Vofdf cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo x'g] hg;+Vof a9\b} hfg'sf ;fy} cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ›'ttf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg] :jf:Yo / lzlIft hgzlQm ljsf; eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] hg;f+lVos nfef+z tLgb]lv rf/ bzs;Dd dfq pknAw x'g] cGt/{fli6«o cg'ejn] b]vfpF5 . t;y{ of] ;d"xnfO{ ljb]z hfgaf6 /f]Sb} ljz]if of]hgfsf ;fy ljsf; lgdf{0fdf kl/rfng u/L cfly{s ljsf;df km8\sf] dfg]{ ;'a0f{ cj;/ /x]sf] 5 .

%=$ lzIff%=$=! z}lIfs k|0ffnLlzlIft, ;';+:s[t, ;d'Ggt, ;dfgtfd"ns tyf ultzLn ;dfhsf] :yfkgf / ljsf; ug{ lzIff ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . nfdf] ;do;Dd g]kfnsf] lzIff 3/d} of u'?s'ndf lng] cgf}krfl/s lzIffdf ;Lldt lyof] . lj=;+= !(!) df b/af/ xfO:s"nsf] :yfkgf eP;Fu} g]kfndf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] k|f/De ePsf] xf] . oBlk Tof] :s"n /f0ff kl/jf/, ltgsf gftfuf]tf / wgL kl/jf/sf] kx'Frdf ;Lldt lyof] . lj=;+= @))& df /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo tyf k|hftGqsf] pbo / lzIff dGqfnosf] :yfkgfkl5 lzIff If]qsf] ;+:yfut ljsf;sf] k|lqmof cl3 a9];Fu} lzIffdf ;fdfGo gful/sx¿sf] klg lj:tf/} kx'Fr x'g] k'Uof] . lj=;+= @))& df hDdf #)) ljBfnodf !),))) xhf/ ljBfyL{x? cWoog/t lyP eg] ;du| g]kfnsf] ;fIf/tf -k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg]_ b/ %=# Ü -(=% Ü k'?if, )=&Ü dlxnf_ dfq lyof] . tyflk lj=;+= @)%& df ;fIf/tf b/ %$=! Ü -^%=% Ü k'?if, $@=* Ü dlxnf_ xF'b} @)!! df ^%=( Ü -&%=! Ü k'?if, %&=! Ü dlxnf_ k'u]sf] lyof]] . o; lx;fan] g]kfnn] lzIff If]qdf pNn]Vo k|ult u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

clxn]sf] ;+ljwfgn]] lzIff ;DaGwL xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf k|Tofe"t u/L ;a}sf nflu cfwf/e"t lzIff lgMz'Ns tyf clgjfo{ / dfWolds tx;Ddsf] lzIff lgMz'Ns x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGtdf lzIffnfO{ gful/ssf] cfwf/e"t clwsf/sf] ?kdf juL{s/0f u/L ;a} gful/snfO{ lzIffsf] clwsf/ pknJw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj /x]sf]



ljifo k|i6 kfl/Psf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo cg'?k ;dfj]zL / ;dGofodf cfwfl/t lzIff ;j}df k'¥ofpg;d]t\ lzIff If]qsf] ljsf; ckl/xfo{ 5 . lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] ;Djfxssf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{, lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/d'vL agfpg], ljBfno lzIffdf ;a}sf] ;dtfd"ns kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrt ug{'sf ;fy} u'0f:t/ ;'wf/df hf]8 lbg] tyf Joj:yfksLo Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ NofO{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf nIo / p2]Zox? xfl;n ug]{ lbzfdf lzIff If]qsf gLlt tyf sfo{qmd pGd'v 5g\ . lzIff If]qdf /fli6«o ah]6sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ljlgof]hg x'g] u/]sf] tYon] g} lzIff /fi6«sf] k|fyldstf If]q ePsf] hgfpF5 . cf=j=)&#÷&$ df s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf lzIff If]qsf] lx:;f &=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . lzIff ah]6sf] em08} *) k|ltzt /sd ljBfno lzIffdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . cf=j=)&$÷&% df s'n /fli6«o ah]6sf] !! k|ltzt /sd o; If]qdf 5'6\ofOPsf]df ufpFkflnsf, gu/kflnsfx?sf] cg'bfgsf ;fy} ;d'bfo / cleefjsx?n] ;d]t nufgL u/]sf] b]lvG5.lzIff P]gsf] cf7f+} ;+zf]wgn] lzIffsf] ;+/rgfdf km]/jbn u/L k"j{k|fylds txnfO{ ljBfno ;+/rgfdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . h; cg';f/ k"j{k|fylds b]lv sIff cf7;DdnfO{ cfwf/e"t tx, sIff ( b]lv !@ nfO{ dfWolds tx u/L @ tx sfod u/]sf] 5 / of] @ txsf] ;dofjlw !# jif{ 5 . cfwf/e"t lzIffsf] cnfjf dfWolds / pRr lzIffdf ;d]t k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIff Pj+ tflndsf] lj:tf/ xF'b} uPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] lzIffsf] lj:t[t cj:yf lgDg v08x?df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

%=$=@ ;fIf/tf%=$=@=! s'n ;fIf/tf b//fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^*, sf] tYofÍcg';f/ u08sL k|b]zsf] cf};t s'n ;fIf/tf b/ &$=*Ü lyof], h;df k'?if ;fIf/tf *#=%Ü / dlxnf ;fIf/tf ^&=&Ü lyof] -tflnsf g+= @@_ .

n]Vg dfq ;Sg] hg;+Vof cf};t @=%Ü -@=)Ü k'?if, @=!Ü dlxnf_ / n]Vg / k9\g b'j} g;Sg] hg;+Vof ;du|df @#=!Ü -!$=%Ü k'?if, #)=!Ü dlxnf_ /x]sf] lyof] . lhNnfut ljj/0f x]bf{ ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf sf:sLdf *@=$Ü -()=!Ü k'?if, &%=$Ü dlxnf_ / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df ^^=@Ü -&%=$Ü k'?if, %%=*Ü dlxnf_ /x]sf] lyof] . lzIff ljefu, ;fgf]l7dL, eQmk'/åf/f k|sflzt ˆnf;\ l/kf]6{ @)&$ sf] cfwf/df /fli6«o ?kdf ^ jif{eGbf dflysf] ;fIf/tf b/ @)^* sf] &$=* k|ltztaf6 a9]/ &* Ü k'u]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= %–@@M s'n ;fIf/tfsf] ljj/0f

lhNnf^ jif{ jf ;f] eGbf

dflysf] hDdf hg;+Vofk9\g / n]Vg ;Sg] hg;+Vof k|ltztdf

n]Vg dfq ;Sg] hg;+Vof k|ltztdf

k9\g / n]Vg b'j} g;Sg] hg;+Vof k|ltztdf

k'?if dlxnf cf};t k'?if dlxnf cf};t k'?if dlxnf cf};t k'?if Dlxnfuf]/vf !)(@&# !#*%*$ ^^=# &%=! %(=$ @=$ @=$ @=$ #!=@ @@=% #*=!ndh'ª ^*&#^ *$*() &!=! *)=& ^#=# @=% @=# @=^ @^=$ !&=) #$=)tgx'F !@($$% !^^!^^ &$=* *#=& ^&=( !=( !=* @=) @#=@ !$=$ #)=):ofª\hf !!##$) !%!^*% &^=^ *^=! ^(=^ !=^ !=^ !=^ @!=& !@=# @*=&sf:sL @!^^@$ @#*#^* *@=$ ()=! &%=$ !=% !=$ !=& !^=) *=% @@=(dgfª\ #$*! @^*) &$=* *#=) ^$=@ )=& )=^ )=& @$=% !^=$ #%=)d':tfª\ ^^&^ %(!@ ^^=@ &%=$ %%=* @=$ @=! @=* #!=# @@=% $!=#DofUbL $%#&@ %^$@! &!=( *!=! ^$=% @=# @=! @=% @%=& !^=* #@=(kj{t %*#)^ &$&$( &#=* *#=$ ^^=$ @=# @=$ @=@ @#=* !$=@ #!=#afUfn'ª !)#*@& !#&@&* &!=( *)=^ ^%=# @=^ @=% @=^ @%=% !^=* #@=)gjnk'/ !@()%! !%^!*# &$=& *@=% ^*=# @=! @=! @=! @#=! !%=# @(=%u08sL (*$!#! !@!@(!^ &$=* *#=% ^&=& @=) @=) @=! @#=! !$=% #)=!

>f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

%=$=@=@ k|f}9 ;f/If/tf b//fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^*, sf] tYofÍ cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zsf] cf};t k|f}9 ;fIf/tf -!% jif{ dflysf] hg;+Vofdf_ ^^=(Ü lyof], h;df k'?if ;fIf/tf &*=$Ü / dlxnf ;fIf/tf %&=%Ü lyof] -tflnsf g+= %–@#_ . k|f}9 ;fIf/tf ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, &*=^Ü, / ;a}eGbf sd uf]/vfdf, %*=@Ü, /x]sf] 5 . k'?if / dlxnf b'j}sf] ;fIf/tf ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf /x]sf] 5 . k'?if ;fIf/tf ;a}eGbf sd uf]/vfdf /x]sf] 5 eg] dlxnf ;fIf/tf ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\\df /x]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= %–@#M k|f}9 ;fIf/tfsf] ljj/0f

lhNnf cf};t ;fIf/tf k'?if ;fIf/tf Dflxnf ;fIf/tfuf]/vf %*=@ ^(=@ %)=@ndh'ª ^#=^ &%=& %$=^tgx'F ^*=# &(=* ^)=@:ofª\hf &)=$ *@=^ ^@=@sf:sL &*=^ **=% &)=)dgfª\ &)=* *!=! %^=^d':tfª\ ^!=$ &@=% $*=%DofUbL ^%=@ &&=@ %^=#kj{t ^&=^ *)=! %*=&afUfn'ª ^%=% &&=) %&=(gjnk'/ ^#=* &%=^ %$=) u08sL ^^=( &*=$ %&=%

>f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

%=$=# ljleGg txsf] z}lIfs cj:yf%=$=#=! k"j{ k|fylds txlzIffsf] hu g} k|f/lDes afnlzIff tyf ljsf; xf] . rf/ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ;j} afnaflnsfx?nfO{ k|f/lDes afnlzIff tyf ljsf; / k"j{ k|fylds lzIff k|bfg ug]{ tyf sIff ! df egf{ ubf{ k|f/lDes afn lzIffsf] cg'ej;lxt egf{ u/fpg] gLlt lnOPsf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf #,#)& ;fd'bflos ljBfno, $&& ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t afnljsf; s]G› / *&@ ;+:yfut ljBfno u/L s'n $,^%^ k"j{ k|fylds sIff ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–@$_ . lhNnfut cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L k"j{ k|fylds sIff :ofª\hfdf, &#%, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, #@, /x]sf 5g\ . @)&$ df ;fd'bflos ljBfnotkm{ ^$,)$^ / ;+:yfut ljBfnotkm{ #%,#^& u/L s'n ((,$!# ljBfyL{ -$^,$^( 5fqf / %@,($$ 5fq_ k"j{ k|fylds sIffdf ;xefuL lyP . lhNnfut cfwf/df k"j{k|fylds lzIffdf ;xefuL hg;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, @^,$)&, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, @)%, /x]sf 5g\ . k|ltljBfno ljBfyL{ 3gTj @@ /x]sf] 5 . of] cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, $), / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, #, /x]sf] 5g\ . 5fqf / 5fq aLrsf] cf};t cg'kft ** -!)) 5fq a/fa/ ** 5fqf_ /x]sf] 5 . of] cg'kft d':tfª\ lhNnfdf afx]s c? ;a} lhNnfdf !)) eGbf sd /x]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= %–@$M k"j{ k|fylds lzIff k|bfos -;fd'bflos / ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t afnlasf; s]Gb| / ;+:yfut k"j{ k|fylds ljBfno_ ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof / pkl:yt 5fq÷5fqfx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf

lzIff k|bfos laBfnosf] ;+VoflaBfnodf pkl:yt ;+Vof, ljBfyL{÷ljBfno /

5fqf÷5fq cg'kft;f

d'bflo

s

;d'bf

o

;+:yf

ut

hDd

f

;fd'b

flos

;d'bf

o

;+:yf

ut

hDd

f

ljBf

yL{

3gTj

5fq

5fq

f

cg'kf

t

uf]/vf #(# #$ $$ $&! ^!$# !(*& *!#) !& #()) $@#) (@

ndh'ª #)$ ^% $& $!^ #*)$ !&#* %%$@ !# @&%( @&*# ((

tgx'F #$& () !(^ ^## !!)#( @@!( !#@%* @! ^@!( &)#( **

:ofª\hf %@& !)# !)% &#% ^@$^ #&#$ ((*) !$ $^@! %#%( *^

sf:sL #(# %! @!^ ^^) !!%&& !$*#) @^$)& $) !!(*# !$$@$ *#

dgfª\ @( @ ! #@ !*@ @# @)% ^ !)@ !)# ((

d':tfª\ $( ! & %& &!( !)) *!( !$ $!$ $)% !)@

DofUbL @#% !& %@ #)$ #)&* %%! #^@( !@ !&@! !()* ()

kj{t #)% #@ $& #*$ @*&^ @)$& $(@# !# @@#( @^*$ *#

afUfn'ª #(! %& *@ %#) *(#* $^^ ($)$ !* $$@) $(*$ *(

gjnk'/ ##$ @% &% $#$ ($$$ &^&@ !&!!^ #( *)(! ()@% ()

u08sL ##)& $&& *&@ $^%^ ^$)$^ #%#^& (($!# @! $^$^( %@($$ **

>f]t M lzIff ljefu, ;fgf] l7dL, eQmk'/åf/f k|sflzt ˆnf;\ l/kf]6{, @)&$ af6 ljZn]lift

k|b]zdf k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf ;xefuL x'g' kg]{ hg;+Vof 5fqf $^,$^( / 5fq %@,($$ u/L s'n !,@#%^) /x]sfdf, 5fqftkm{ $^,$^( / 5fqtkm{ %@,($$ u/L s'n ((,$!# cyjf *)=% k|ltzt hg;+Vof dfq k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf ;xefuL ePsf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–@%_ . lhNnfsf] cfwf/df ;a}eGbf a9L ndh'ªdf / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\, sf:sL / :ofª\hf nufotsf lhNnfdf /x]sf] 5 . k"j{ k|fylds lzIff k|bfos ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vof / pkl:yt 5fq5fqfx¿sf] lhNnfut ljt/0f ;DaGwL] ljj/0f tflnsf tflnsf g+= %–@% df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



tflnsf g+= %–@%M k"j{ k|fylds txsf] s'n egf{ b/sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfk|If]k0f ul/Psf] hg;+Vof k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf ;xefuL hg;+Vof s'n egf{ b/

5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf

uf]/vf %!&@ %$&@ !)^$% #()) $@#) *!#) &%=$ &&=# &^=$

ndh'ª @(!# @(@^ %*$) @&%( @&*# %%$@ ($=& (%=! ($=(

tgx'F &)%! *$*! !%%#@ ^@!( &)#( !#@%* **=@ *#=) *%=$

:ofªhf ^@*& &#@! !#^)* $^@! %#%( ((*) &#=% &#=@ &#=#

sf:sL !^#$* !(%!* #%*^^ !!(*# !$$@$ @^$)& &#=# &#=( &#=^

dgfª\ !@@ !)* @#) !)@ !)# @)% *#=^ (%=% *(=@

d':tfª\ %%$ %^$ !!!* $!$ $)% *!( &$=& &!=* &#=@

DofUbL !($% @!!! $)%% !&@! !()* #^@( **=% ()=$ *(=%

kj{t @&!! @*!) %%@! @@#( @^*$ $(@# *@=^ (%=% *(=@

afUfn'ª %%$^ ^!%# !!^(( $$@) $(*$ ($)$ &(=& *!=) *)=$

gjnk'/ ()^) !)#*^ !($$^ *)(! ()@% !&!!^ *(=# *^=( **=)

u08sL %&&!) ^%*%) !@#%^) $^$^( %@($$ (($!# *)=% *)=$ *)=%


%=$=#=@ cfwf/e"t txcfwf/e"t lzIff k|bfos ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vofu08sL k|b]zdf #,&&@ ;fd'bflos ljBfno / *#% ;+:yfut ljBfno u/L s'n $,^)& cfwf/e"t lzIff ;+rfng ug]{ ljBfnox? ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff ! k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflos tkm{ #,&$! / ;+:yfut tkm{ *)# u/L s'n $,%$$ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflostkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf, %@& / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, @&, /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfuttkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, !$$ / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df, !, /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf, ^^!, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, #^, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff @ k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflos tkm{ #,&@^ / ;+:yfut tkm{ &() u/L s'n $,%!^ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflostkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, %@& / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf, @&, /x]sf



5g\ . ;+:yfuttkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, @)& / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df, !, /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf, ^^), / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, #^, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff # k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflos tkm{ #,^&$ / ;+:yfut tkm{ &(@ u/L s'n $,$^^ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflostkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, %@^ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf, @&, /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfuttkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, @)% / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfªdf, !, /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf, ^%*, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, #^, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff $ k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflos tkm{ @,(&( / ;+:yfut tkm{ &%@ u/L s'n #,&#! /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos tkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, $%* / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf, @^, /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfut tkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !(^ / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfªdf, ), /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk, ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, %*!, / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfªdf, #$, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff % k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflostkm{ @,*!@ / ;+:yfuttkm{ *@& u/L s'n #,^#( /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflostkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, $%^ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, @^, /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfuttkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !($ / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df, ), /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, %&%, / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df, #$, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff ^ k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflostkm{ !,$#& / ;+:yfuttkm{ ^!& u/L s'n @,)%$ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflostkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, @!) / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf, !$, /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfuttkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !*# / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfªdf, ), /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, #^(, / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df, !%, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff & k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflostkm{ !$)^ / ;+:yfuttkm{ ^)) u/L s'n @,))^ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflostkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, @)& / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df !$ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfuttkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !*# / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfªdf ) /x]sf 5g\ .



oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, #^^, / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df, !%, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

sIff * k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflostkm{ !,#@( / ;+:yfuttkm{ ^@) u/L s'n !,($( /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflostkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, @)! / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df & /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfuttkm{ ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !&* / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfªdf, ), /x]sf 5g\ . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L hDdfsf] lx;fan] ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, #^), / ;a}eGbf sd d':tfª\df, *, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL %=@_ .

;du|df, cfwf/e"t lzIff k|bfg ug]{ ljBfnox? sf:sL, tgx'F, :ofª\hf nufotsf lhNnfx?df pNn]Vo /x]sf 5g\ eg] dgfª\, d':tfª\ nufotsf lhNnfx?df sd /x]sf 5g\ .

cfwf/e"t lzIffdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vofk|f= la= txdf 5fqftkm{ !,^*,@($ / 5fqtkm{ !,^@,&%& u/L s'n ljBfyL{ #,#!,)%! /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ sf:sLdf, ^%,*!%, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, %)(, /x]sf 5g\ -cg';"rL !@_ . lg= df= lj= txdf 5fqftkm{ (@,#!) / 5fqtkm{ (!,#*! u/L s'n ljBfyL{ !,*#,^(! /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ sf:sLdf, $!,#!#, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, @!&, /x]sf 5g\ . k|f= lj= / lg= df= lj= b'j} u/L cfwf/e"t tx -!–*_ df 5fqftkm{ @,^),^)$ / 5fqtkm{ @,%$,!#* u/L s'n ljBfyL{ %,!$,&$@ /x]sf 5g\ . cfwf/e"t txdf ;a}eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ sf:sLdf, !,)&,!@*, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfªdf, &@^, /x]sf 5g\ . ljleGg sIffdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] lhNnfut ;+Vof -cg';"rL %=#_ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

cfwf/e"t txsf] s'n egf{ b/h'g;'s} pd]/ ;d"xsf] eP klg sIffdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{x¿sf] s'n ;+VofnfO{{ cflwsfl/s pd]/ ;d"xsf] s'n hg;+Vofn] efu u/L !)) n] u'0ff u/] kl5 cfpg] c+snfO{{ egf{ b/ elgG5 -;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3, @)&%_ . g]kfnsf] xsdf %–^ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ sIff ! sf] cflwsfl/s pd]/ ;d"x dflgPsf] 5 . To:t} %–( aif{ pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ k|f lj txsf] cflwsfl/s pd]/ ;d"x dflgPsf] 5 eg] (–!! jif{ pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ lg df lj txsf] cflwsfl/s pd]/ ;d"x dflgPsf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf sIff ! sf] s'n cf};t egf{ b/ !@%=@ -5fqf !@%=% / 5fq !@%_ /x]sf] 5 .



k|f lj txdf s'n cf};t k|j]z b/ !#@=! -5fqf !##=^ / 5fq !#)=^_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–@^_ . lg df lj txdf s'n cf};t egf{ b/ !!^=^ -5fqf !!^=# / 5fq !!^=(_ /x]sf] 5 . ;du|df s'n egf{ b/ !)) eGbf w]/} dfly b]lvg'n]] l9nf] egf{ x'g], sIff 5f]8\g] tyf bf]xf]/fpg] ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof pn]Vo /x]sf] O+lut ub{5, h'g lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ ;kmn dfGg ;lsFb}g .

tflnsf g+= %–@^M cfwf/e"t lzIffdf s'n k|j]z b/

lhNnfsIff ! sf] s'nk|j]z b/ sIff !–% sf] s'nk|j]z b/ sIff ^–* sf] s'nk|j]z b/


uf]/vf !#!=* !#$=# !##=) !$^=$ !%^=% !%!=$ !@#=@ !@&=% !@%=$

ndh'ª !#!=& !@*=$ !#)=! !#$=* !$!=$ !#*=! !!(=* !#^=$ !@*=!

tgx'F !$)=( !$$=) !$@=% !#)=* !@$=^ !@&=& !@)=^ !@$=! !@@=$

:ofª\hf !#@=( !$#=% !#*=@ !#&=% !@*=^ !##=) !#)=( !@*=% !@(=&

sf:sL !@!=^ !@&=^ !@$=^ !#@=@ !#@=@ !#@=@ !!$=! !)*=^ !!!=#

dgfª\ !)$=@ !)#=@ !)#=& *^=% (#=% ()=) (@=* ()=$ (!=^

d':tfª\ !)^=^ !)&=& !)&=! !%)=% !#^=( !$#=& !)%=! !!)=$ !)&=&

DofUbL !)(=) !!!=* !!)=$ !$%=@ !#!=$ !#*=# !@*=* !!%=! !@@=)

kj{t !#!=& !!!=^ !@!=^ !$!=# !@*=# !#$=* !!^=( !!%=^ !!^=@

afUfn'ª !%$=@ !%^=@ !%%=@ !@&=& !#*=# !##=) !!*=$ !!$=# !!^=#

gjnk'/ !!%=& !)^=* !!!=# !#^=& !@$=$ !#)=% !)*=* !!$=& !!!=&

u08sL !@%=% !@%=) !@%=@ !##=^ !#)=^ !#@=! !!^=# !!^=( !!^=^


cfwf/e"t txsf] v'b k|j]z b/sIffdf ;xefuL cflwsfl/s pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] s'n ;+VofnfO{ ;f]xL pd]/ ;d"xsf] s'n hg;+Vofn] efu u/L !)) n] u'0ff u/]kl5 cfpg] c+snfO{{ v'b egf{ b/ elgG5 -;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3_ . k|b]zdf sIff ! sf] v'b cf};t egf{ b/ (@=& -5fqf (!=$ / 5fq (#=(_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–@&_ . ;a}h;f] lhNnfx?df 5fqfsf] eGbf 5fqsf] v'b egf{ b/ s]xL a9L /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df sIff ! sf hDdf v'b egf{ b/ ;a}eGbf a9L afun'ªdf, (&=*, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, &$=*, /x]sf] 5 . k|f= lj= txdf s'n cf};t k|j]z b/ (^=& -5fqf (^=% / 5fq (^=(_ /x]sf] 5 . egf{ b/ uf]/vf, tgx'F, dgfª\, d':tfª\ / gjnk'/df 5fqfsf] t'ngfdf 5fqsf] s]xL a9LÙ sf:sL, :ofª\hf, kj{t, DofUbL / afun'ªdf 5fqsf] t'ngfdf 5fqfsf] s]xL a9L / ndh'ªdf 5fqf / 5fq b'j}sf] egf{ b/ a/fa/ /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut



cfwf/df, k|flj txdf hDdf v'b egf{ b/ ;a}eGbf a9L tgx'Fdf, (*=$, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, *^=@, /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–@&_ .

lg=df=lj= txdf s'n cf};t egf{ b/ (@=( -5fqf (@=@ / 5fq (#=^_ /x]sf] 5 . uf]/vf, ndh'ª, :ofª\hf, DofUbL, ka{t / afun'ªdf 5fqsf] t'ngfdf 5fqfsf] egf{ b/ s]xL a9L / cGo lhNnfdf 5fqfsf] t'ngfdf 5fqsf] s]xL a9L /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df lg= df= lj= txdf hDdf v'b egf{ b/ ;a}eGbf a9L DofUbLdf, (^=^, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, *!=^,/x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–@&_ .

tflnsf g+= %–@&M cfwf/e"t lzIffdf v'b k|j]z b/

lhNnfsIff ! sf] v'b k|j]z b/ sIff !–% sf] v'b k|j]z b/ sIff ^–* sf] v'b k|j]z b/


uf]/vf (%=% (&=^ (^=^ (*=) (*=$ (*=@ ($=! (#=% (#=*

ndh'ª (%=% (&=# (^=$ (&=$ (&=$ (&=$ ($=^ ($=) ($=#

tgx'F (^=& (&=$ (&=! (&=( (*=( (*=$ (%=! (^=! (%=^

:ofª\hf (^=% (&=% (&=) (*=^ (*=! (*=# (%=& (%=) (%=$

sf:sL (%=) (&=% (^=# (&=( (&=^ (&=* (^=) (%=^ (%=*

dgfª\ &#=# &^=# &$=* *%=! *&=# *^=@ *)=! *#=@ *!=^

d':tfª\ &$=$ &&=^ &^=) (&=# (&=( (&=^ &*=* (#=^ *^=@

DofUbL (^=! (*=) (&=! (&=* (&=@ (&=% (&=# (%=( (^=^

kj{t (#=& (&=& (%=& (&=@ (&=) (&=! (^=@ (%=$ (%=*

afUfn'ª (&=$ (*=@ (&=* (*=! (&=( (*=) (^=) (#=( (%=)

gjnk'/ (!=$ (&=& ($=% (^=& (*=^ (&=^ (!=$ (#=@ (@=#

u08sL (!=$ (#=( (@=& (^=% (^=( (^=& (@=@ (#=^ (@=(


cfwf/e"t txsf] pQL0f{ b/sIff !–@, sIff @–#, sIff #–$, sIff $–%, sIff %–^, sIff ^–& / sIff &–* df cf};t k|j]z b/ qmdzM *#=( -5fqf *$=$ / 5fq *#=$_, (!=! -5fqf (!=% / 5fq ()=^_, ()=^ -5fqf (!=^ / 5fq *(=^_, (!=! -5fqf (!=% / 5fq ()=^_, (#=@ -5fqf (#=* /



5fq (@=^_, (#=! -5fqf (#=# / 5fq (@=(_, / (@=( -5fqf (#=& / 5fq (@=@_ /x]sf] 5 -cg';"rL %=$_ . ;du|df, *–( afx]s ;a} sIffdf 5fqsf] t'ngfdf 5fqfsf] pQL0f{ b/ s]xL a9L /x]sf] 5 .

sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr gx'Fbf sIff Psdf g} bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ !@=) k|ltzt 5 . k|fylds txdf -sIff !–%_ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ ^=$ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfdf, #=%, / ;a}eGbf sd sf:sLdf, @=%, /x]sf] 5 . lg= df= lj= tx -sIff ^–*_ df sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ #=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L afUfn'ªdf, #=%, / ;a}eGbf sd kj{tdf, @=&, /x]sf] 5 . sIffut ljj/0f -cg';"rL %=%_ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .

sIff 5f8\g] b/k|fylds txdf -sIff !–%_ sIff 5f8\g] b/ #=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sIff 5f8\g]] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfdf, %=$, / ;a}eGbf sd gjnk'/df, @=&, /x]sf] 5 . lg df lj tx -sIff ^–*_ df sIff 5f8\g]] b/ %=! k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sIff 5f8\g]] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L afUfn'ªdf, %=^, / ;a}eGbf sd gjnk'/df, #=), /x]sf] 5 . sIffut ljj/0f -cg';"rL %=^_ df x]g{ ;lsG5 . sIff 5f8\g] b/sf] tYof+sleq ljBfyL{ Ps :s"naf6 csf]{ :s"ndf :yfgfGt/0f ePsf] xf] jf lzIff lngaf6 al~rt g} ePsf] xf] gv'nfOPsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ v'nfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] lzIfs ;+Vof / dlxnf / k'?if lzIfs cg'kftk|b]zsf k|flj txdf (,&$* dlxnf / !!,@^( k'?if u/L s'n @!,)!& lzIfs /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf÷k'?if lzIfssf] cf};tcg'kft *& -!)) k'?if lzIfs xF'bf *& dlxnf_ /x]sf] 5 . sf:sL lhNnf jfx]s c? ;a} lhNnfdf of] cg'kft ;oeGbf sd /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–@*_ .



tflnsf g+= %–@*M ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljleGg tx cg';f/ lzIfsx¿sf] ;+Vof / dlxnf lzIfs/k'?if lzIfs cg'kft

lhNnfk|f= lj= tx lg=df=lj= tx

hDdf dlxnf k'?if dlxnf÷k'?ifcg'kft hDdf dlxnf k'?if dlxnf÷k'?if cg'kft

uf]/vf @%@$ ($! !%*# %( &%! @!) %$! #(

ndh'ª !*!* ^*^ !!#@ ^! %$$ !#) $!$ #!

tgx'F @($( !#!( !^#) *! &^* @%# %!% $(

:ofª\hf #)@& !$&) !%%& ($ *(@ ##% %%& ^)

sf:sL #!)# !*^( !@#$ !%! %%) !*& #^# %@

dgfª\ !#& %@ *% ^! *@ @$ %* $!

d':tfª\ @^( (( !&) %* !)@ @% && #@

DofUbL !!^% %@@ ^$# *! %)& !#$ #&# #^

kj{t !%@( ^^^ *^# && ^%) @#$ $!^ %^

afUfn'ª @!^( (^! !@)* *) ^^% @^$ $)! ^^

gjnk'/ @#@& !!^# !!^$ !)) %&! !&! $)) $#

u08sL @!)!& (&$* !!@^( *& ^)*@ !(^& $!!% $*


lg=df=lj= txdf !(^& dlxnf / $,!!% k'?if u/L s'n ̂ ,)*@ lzIfs /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf÷k'?if lzIfssf] cf};t cg'kft $* -!)) k'?if lzIfs xF'bf $* dlxnf_ /x]sf] 5 . ;a} lhNnfdf of] cg'kft ;oeGbf sd /x]sf] 5, o;n] lzIf0f k]zfdf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt Psbd} lgDg /x]sf] hgfpF5 .

cfwf/e"t lzIff k|bfos ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf] ljBfyL{ / lzIfs cg'kftk|flj txdf ljBfyL{ lzIfs cf};t cg'kft !@ -!@ ljBfyL{ a/fa/ ! lzIfs_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–@(_ . ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L afUfn'ªdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf] 5 . lg df lj txdf ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cf};t cg'kft @^ /x]sf] 5 -@^ ljBfyL{ a/fa/ ! lzIfs_ /x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= %–@(M ;fd'bflos ljBfnosf ljleGg txcg';f/ ljBfyL{/lzIfs cg'kft

lhNnflzIfs ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cg'kft

k|f la lg df lj k|f la lg df lj k|f la lg df lj

uf]/vf @%@$ &%! #!(&* @@!$# !# @(

ndh'ª !*!* %$$ @)()& !)#$# !@ !(

tgx'F @($( &^* #%#&) @@)(( !@ @(

:ofª\hf #)@& *(@ @$%#* !^!!^ * !*

sf:sL #!)# %%) #)%%$ @&#@@ !) %)

dgfª\ !#& *@ $(^ @!& $ #

d':tfª\ @^( !)@ !@^! $%% % $

DofUbL !!^% %)& !@*^* *%@( !! !&

kj{t !%@( ^%) !%^@& (@%& !) !$

afUfn'ª @!^( ^^% $#@)& @@^@% @) #$

gjnk'/ @#@& %&! #%)($ @)^^@ !% #^

u08sL @!)!& ^)*@ @%!()) !%(&^* !@ @^


%=$=#=# dfWolds txdfWolds lzIff k|bfos ljBfnox¿sf] ;+VofsIff ( k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflos tkm{ ()! / ;+:yfut tkm{ $^) u/L s'n !,#^! /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–#), tflnsf g+= %–#!_ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf, !#), / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, $, /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfut ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !^^,5g\ eg] d':tfª\df Pp6f klg ljBfno 5}g . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L] ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, @*(, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, $, /x]sf 5g\ .

sIff !) k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflostkm{ *() / ;+:yfuttkm{ $$$ u/L s'n !,##$ /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf, !@* / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df $ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfut ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !^^, 5g\ eg] d':tfª\df Pp6f klg ljBfno /x]sf] 5}g . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L] ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, @**, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df $ /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–#), tflnsf g+= %–#!_ .



tflnsf g+= %–#)M dfWolds lzIff k|bfos ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

lhNnf;fd'bflos ;+:yfut

PsfO sIff ( sIff !) sIff !! sIff !@ PsfO sIff ( sIff !)sIff !!

sIff !@

uf]/vf $*$ !!@ !!) %* %* %! ( ( @ @

ndh'ª #^( *! *! @% @$ #$ !* !% ^ ^

tgx'F %#@ !@! !!( %) %) !#% (@ () !% !%

:ofª\hf %@! !#) !@* &^ &^ !$^ *! && !% !%

sf:sL $!^ !@# !@@ ^! ^! @@% !^^ !^^ &) ^(

dgfª\ @& $ $ @ @ ( ! ! ) )

d':tfª\ ^) & & # # ! ) ) ) )

DofUbL @#^ ^) ^) !( !( #) !) ( # #

kj{t #!& &* &* #^ #^ $% !$ !$ @ !

afUfn'ª %@$ !)( !)* %^ %^ ^% ## #) !) !)

gjnk'/ @*^ &^ &# #% #% ($ #^ ## !& !^

u08sL #&&@ ()! *() $@! $@) *#% $^) $$$ !$) !#&


sIff !! k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflostkm{ $@! / ;+:yfuttkm{ !$) u/L s'n %^! /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf, &^ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, @, /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfut ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, &), 5g\ eg] dgfª\ / d':tfª\df Pp6f klg ljBfno /x]sf] 5}g . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L] ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf, !#), / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df @ /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–#), tflnsf g+= %–#!_ .

sIff !@ k9fO x'g] ljBfnox? ;fd'bflostkm{ $@) / ;+:yfuttkm{ !#& u/L s'n %%& /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf &^ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df @ /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfut ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf ^( 5g\ eg] dgfª\ / d':tfª\df Pp6f klg ljBfno /x]sf] 5}g . oBlk ;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut u/L] ljBfnox? ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf !#) / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df @ /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–#), tflnsf g+= %–#!_ .



u08sL k|b]zdf #% j6f gd"gf ljBfnox? /x]sf 5g\ . h;df ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf ^ j6f / dgfª\, d':tfª\ / DofUbLdf Pp6f klg gd"gf ljBfno 5}gg\ . ;du|df ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] 3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L :ofª\hfdf 5 eg] ;+:yfut ljBfnox¿sf] 3gTj ;a}eGbf a9L sf:sLdf /x]sf] 5 . ljleGg lhNnfx?sf] ljj/0f tflnsf $=!! / $=!@ df x]g{ ;lsG5 -tflnsf g+= %–#), tflnsf g+= %–#!_ .

tflnsf g+= %–#!M dfWolds lzIff k|bfos -;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut_ ljBfnox¿sf] ;+Vofsf] ljj/0f

lhNnfhDdf

gd"gf ljBfnoPsfO sIff ( sIff !) sIff !! sIff !@

uf]/vf %#% !@! !!( ^) ^) $

ndh'ª $)# (( (^ #! #) #

tgx'F ^^& @!# @)( ^% ^% $

:ofª\hf ^^& @!! @)% (! (! ^

sf:sL ^$! @*( @** !#! !#) #

dgfª\ @* $ $ @ @ )

d':tfª\ ^( * * # # )

DofUbL @^^ &) ^( @@ @@ )

kj{t #^@ (@ (@ #* #& %

afUfn'ª %*( !$@ !#* ^^ ^^ #

gjnk'/ #*) !!@ !)^ %@ %! &

u08sL $^)& !#^! !##$ %^! %%& #%


dfWolds lzIffdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] ;+VofsIff ( / !) df 5fqftkm{ %&,$#% / 5fqtkm{ %$,)%* u/L s'n ljBfyL{ !,!!,$(# /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ sf:sLdf, @#,%$), / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, !!%, /x]sf 5g\ . sIff !! / !@ df 5fqftkm{ $!,!&& / 5fqtkm{ #%,@#$ u/L s'n ljBfyL{ &^,$!! /x]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf a9L ljBfyL{ sf:sLdf, @@,!(#, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, !$*, /x]sf 5g\ . lhNnfut ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof tflnsf g+= %–#@ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



tflnsf g+= %–#@M dfWolds lzIffdf ;xefuL ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof

lhNnfsIff (, !) sIff !!, !@

5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdfuf]/vf ^*%^ ^)#* !@*($ %*#* $)!% (*%#ndh'ª #&&# #%($ &#^& ##*$ @%)# %**&tgx'F &#$& ^*@$ !$!&! @&$# @)!! $&%$:ofª\hf ^(#^ ^%$( !#$*% @%^% @)%* $^@#sf:sL !!^(% !!*$% @#%$) ((&* !@@!% @@!(#dgfª\ &@ $# !!% &* &) !$*d':tfª\ !(# !^^ #%( !@^ !*$ #!)DofUbL @^$* @$^* %!!^ ()^ ^$^ !%%@kj{t #^*! #%@( &@!) #%!) @%@* ^)#*afUfn'ª ^(!! ^$$$ !##%% &()( %^$( !#%%*gjnk'/ &#@# ^%%* !#**! $!$) ##%% &$(%u08sL %&$#% %$)%* !!!$(# $!!&& #%@#$ &^$!!


dfWolds lzIffsf] s'n egf{ b/g]kfnsf] xsdf !#–!% jif{ pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ sIff *–!) sf] cflwsfl/s pd]/ ;d"x dflgPsf] 5 . To:t} !&–!* aif{ pd]/ ;d"xnfO{ sIff !!–!@ sf] cflwsfl/s pd]/ ;d"x dflgPsf] 5 .

k|b]zdf sIff ( / !) sf] s'n cf};t egf{ b/ *(=* -5fqf *&=$ / 5fq (@=#_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–##_ . sIff !! / !@ df s'n cf};t egf{ b/ %&=^ -5fqf %(=@ / 5fq %^=)_ /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= %–##M dfWolds lzIffsf] s'n egf{ b/


5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf

uf]/vf (@=# (#=& (#=) @*=@ $!=# #$=*

ndh'ª (@=@ (*=@ (%=@ $@=% %&=% %)=)

tgx'F *@=^ *&=% *%=! %@=% #(=$ $^=)

:ofª\hf (@=% !)^=@ ((=$ *&=% &%=( *!=&

sf:sL ($=) !)@=$ (*=@ ^*=! !!^=# (@=@





dgfª\ ^&=$ ^#=@ ^%=# *^=@ %)=! ^*=!

d':tfª\ *%=# *!=) *#=@ #&=@ #!=! #$=@

DofUbL (#=( !)^=% !))=@ ^$=$ %)=% %&=%

kj{t *^=) (!=^ **=* ^$=$ $(=% %^=(

afUfn'ª (#=% (%=) ($=@ &!=) %#=^ ^@=#

gjnk'/ *!=% *(=* *%=& $*=& %!=! $(=(

u08sL *&=$ (@=# *(=* %(=@ %^=) %&=^


dfWolds lzIffsf] v'b egf{ b/k|b]zdf sIff (, !) sf] s'n cf};t egf{ b/ ^*=$ -5fqf ^&=$ / 5fq ^(=%_ /x]sf] 5 . sIff !!, !@ df s'n cf};t egf{ b/ @)=( -5fqf @!=# / 5fq @)=%_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–#$_ .

tflnsf g+= %–#$M dfWolds lzIffsf] v'b egf{ b/


5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdfuf]/vf &#=# ^(=# &!=# !@=$ !^=# !$=$ndh'ª ^(=$ &^=& &#=! @)=% !&=& !(=!tgx'F &$=@ &%=! &$=^ @%=@ @)=@ @@=&:ofª\hf &(=$ *^=^ *#=) ##=) @&=% #)=#sf:sL ($=% *(=) (!=& @^=! @*=$ @&=@dgfª\ $^=@ $#=$ $$=* )=) )=) )=)d':tfª\ %)=! $(=! $(=^ !@=$ @!=@ !^=*DofUbL ^^=! *!=( &$=) @$=@ !*=( @!=^kj{t $@=^ $%=* $$=@ #&=( #&=) #&=$afUfn'ª &*=! &%=* &^=( @@=( !(=* @!=#gjnk'/ ^&=@ &!=$ ^(=# !(=! !(=^ !(=$u08sL ^&=$ ^(=% ^*=$ @!=# @)=% @)=(




dfWolds txsf] pQL0f{b/sIff *–( sf] s'n pQL0f{ b/ (!=$ -5fqf (!=! / 5fq (!=&_ /x]sf] 5 . sIff (–!) sf] s'n pQL0f{ b/ (#=) -5fqf (#=( / 5fq (%=%_ /x]sf] 5 . P;=O=O sf] s'n pQL0f{ b/ ($=& -5fqf (#=( / 5fq (%=%_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–#%_ .

tflnsf g+= %–#%M dfWolds txsf] pQL0f{b/

lhNnfsIff *–( sIff (–!) P;=O=O


uf]/vf *(=@ **=^ **=( (@=& (@=) (@=# (@=^ (%=$ ($=)

ndh'ª (!=^ (!=^ (!=^ ($=# (#=) (#=& ($=$ (^=@ (%=#

tgx'F ()=& (!=^ (!=@ ($=% (@=& (#=^ (@=! (#=& (@=(

:ofª\hf (#=% (#=$ (#=% (#=$ (#=! (#=# (%=@ (&=# (^=@

sf:sL (@=& ($=) (#=$ (@=( (#=) (@=( (%=& (#=$ ($=^

dgfª\ **=& ()=* *(=& (#=$ ($=* ($=! ($=) ((=* (^=(

d':tfª\ ()=* (!=) ()=( ($=) (#=) (#=% (^=^ (^=) (^=#

DofUbL (@=) ()=) (!=) ($=! (!=@ (@=^ (@=% ($=! (#=#

kj{t (#=@ (#=& (#=% (#=@ (#=) (#=! (@=% ($=( (#=&

afUfn'ª *(=& (!=( ()=* (!=) (@=! (!=^ (#=! ($=) (#=^

gjnk'/ ()=$ (@=^ (!=% (@=$ (@=$ (@=$ (#=* (%=% ($=^

u08sL (!=! (!=& (!=$ (#=# (@=* (#=) (#=( (%=% ($=&


sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/dfWolds txdf -sIff (–!)_ sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ @=& k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L afun'ªdf, #=%, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, !=*, /x]sf] 5 . sIffut ljj/0f -tflnsf g+= %–#^_ df x]g{ ;lsG5 .



tflnsf g+= %–#^M sIff bf]xf]/fpg] b/

lhNnfsIff ( sIff !) sIff (–!)


uf]/vf @=* #=@ #= @=$ @=! @=# @=^ @=& @=^

ndh'ª @=* #= @=( @=@ @=@ @=@ @=% @=^ @=%

tgx'F @=# #=% @=( !=% !=^ !=% !=( @=% @=@

:ofª\hf @=% #=& #=! @=! !=# !=& @=# @=% @=$

sf:sL #=% %=! $=# @=! @=# @=@ @=* #=& #=@

dgfª\ @=$ @=( @=^ @=! )= !=! @=@ !=$ !=*

d':tfª\ @=* #=& #=# !=% !=& !=^ @=@ @=& @=$

DofUbL @=& $= #=# @=( @=! @=% @=* #= @=(

kj{t #=$ #= #=@ @= @=! @= @=& @=% @=^

afUfn'ª $=^ $=& $=& @=# @=# @=# #=$ #=% #=%

gjnk'/ #=( $=@ $= !=* !=% !=^ @=* @=* @=*

u08sL #=! #=* #=% @=@ !=* @= @=& @=* @=&


sIff 5f8\g] b/dfWolds txdf -sIff (–!)_ sIff 5f8\g] b/ $=* k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] b/ ;a}eGbf a9L d':tfª\df, $=@, / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df, !=*, /x]sf] 5 . sIffut ljj/0f -tflnsf g+= %–#&_ df x]g{ ;lsG5 . sIff 5f8\g] b/sf] tYof+sleq ljBfyL{ Ps :s"naf6 csf]{ :s"ndf :yfgfGt/0f ePsf] xf]nf jf lzIff lngaf6 jl~rt g} ePsf] xf] gv'nfOPsf] x'gfn] o;nfO{ v'nfpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 .



tflnsf g+= %–#&M sIff 5f8\g] b/

lhNnfsIff ( sIff !) sIff (–!)


uf]/vf $=% $=* $=& %=) @=% #=& $=& #=& $=@

ndh'ª @=( $=) #=% #=$ !=^ @=% #=@ @=* #=)

tgx'F #=# #=* #=% ^=$ $=& %=^ $=* $=# $=^

:ofª\hf $=) #=# #=^ @=& !=$ @=! #=$ @=$ @=(

sf:sL #=& !=( @=* @=@ $=# #=# @=( #=! #=)

dgfª\ $=@ @=# #=# #=( )=@ @=! $=! !=@ @=&

d':tfª\ #=! #=# #=@ !=( @=$ @=! @=% @=* @=&

DofUbL #=# $=* $=) $=^ #=( $=@ #=( $=# $=!

kj{t #=$ $=) #=& %=% #=) $=@ $=$ #=% $=)

afUfn'ª $=# #=! #=& $=^ #=& $=! $=% #=$ #=(

gjnk'/ #=& #=$ #=^ $=$ #=! #=& $=! #=@ #=^

u08sL %=! $=( %=) %=^ #=* $=& %=# $=# $=*


dfWolds txsf] s'n lzIfs ;+Vof / dlxnf / k'?if lzIfs cg'kftu08sL k|b]zsf df=lj= txdf !,!&$ dlxnf / %,!#^ k'?if u/L s'n ^,#!) lzIfs /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–#*_ . dlxnf÷k'?if lzIfssf] cf};t cg'kft @# -!)) k'?if lzIfs xF'bf @# dlxnf_ /x]sf] 5 . of] cg'kft ;a} lhNnfdf ;oeGbf eGbf cToGt} sd /x]sf] 5, o;n] lzIf0f k]zfdf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt Psbd} lgDg /x]sf] hgfpF5 . p=df=lj= txdf *)! dlxnf / #,!^& k'?if u/L s'n #,(^* lzIfs /x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf÷k'?if lzIfssf] cf};t cg'kft @% -!)) k'?if lzIfs x'Fbf @% dlxnf_ /x]sf] 5 . ;a} lhNnfdf of] cg'kft ;oeGbf cToGt sd /x]sf] 5, o;n] lzIf0f k]zfdf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] pkl:ylt Psbd} lgDg /x]sf] hgfpF5 .



tflnsf g+= %–#*M dfWolds txsf] s'n lzIfs ;+Vof / dlxnf/k'?if lzIfs cg'kft

lhNnfdf=lj= tx p=df=lj= tx

dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf÷k'?if dlxnf k'?if hDdf dlxnf÷k'?if

uf]/vf (^ $%( %%% @! &% #)% #*) @%

ndh'ª %@ #(& $$( !# $) @!) @%) !(

tgx'F !@& ^@! &$* @) ^# ##$ #(& !(

:ofª\hf @$^ ^$% *(! #* (( $^* %^& @!

sf:sL #&% !$^& !*$@ @^ #(@ !)&& !$^( #^

dgfª\ $ @! @% !( ) ( ( )

d':tfª\ $ $* %@ * ) !@ !@ )

DofUbL @( @@@ @%! !# !$ !)* !@@ !#

kj{t && #!& #($ @$ !# !%^ !^( *

afUfn'ª &) $@! $(! !& #( @@) @%( !*

gjnk'/ ($ %!* ^!@ !* ^^ @^* ##$ @%

u08sL !!&$ %!#^ ^#!) @# *)! #!^& #(^* @%


dfWolds txsf] lzIfs / ljBfyL{ aLrsf] cg'kftdf=lj= txdf ljBfyL{ lzIfs cf};t cg'kft !* -!* ljBfyL{ a/fa/ ! lzIfs_ /x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L afUfn'ªdf / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\df /x]sf] 5 . p=df=lj txdf ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cf};t cg'kft !( /x]sf] 5 -!( ljBfyL{ a/fa/ ! lzIfs_ /x]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cg'kft ;a}eGbf a9L afUfn'ªdf / ;a}eGbf sd :ofª\hfdf /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–#(_ .



tflnsf g+= %–#(M dfWolds txsf] s'n lzIfs / ljBfyL{ aLrsf] cg'kft

lhNnf lzIfs ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{÷lzIfs cg'kft

df=lj= p=df=lj df=lj= p=df=lj df=lj= p=df=lj

uf]/vf %%% #*) !@*($ (*%# @# @^

ndh'ª $$( @%) &#^& %**& !^ @$

tgx'F &$* #(& !$!&! $&%$ !( !@

:ofª\hf *(! %^& !#$*% $^@# !% *

sf:sL !*$@ !$^( @#%$) @@!(# !# !%

dgfª\ @% ( !!% !$* % !^

d':tfª\ %@ !@ #%( #!) & @^

DofUbL @%! !@@ %!!^ !%%@ @) !#

kj{t #($ !^( &@!) ^)#* !* #^

afUfn'ª $(! @%( !##%% !#%%* @& %@

gjnk'/ ^!@ ##$ !#**! &$(% @# @@

u08sL ^#!) #(^* !!!$(# &^$!! !* !(


%=$=$ ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] hg;+VofPsn jif{ ;d"xsf cfwf/df lgsflnPsf] tYofÍsf cfwf/df % b]lv ( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf afnaflnsfx? cGo k|b]zsf] t'ngfdf ;a}eGbf sd, !=! b]lv @=* k|ltzt ;Dd, /x]sf] 5 -lrq g+= %–%_ . tyflk ( aif{ b]lv !^ jif{ ;d"xdf eg] ;f] b/ gf6sLo ?kdf w]/}, &=! b]lv @@=% k|ltzt ;Dd, /x]sf] 5 h'g k|b]z # / % eGbf a9L / cGo k|b]z eGbf sd xf] . u08sL k|b]z ef}uf]lns ljs6tf ePsf] k|b]z ePsf] x'gfn] k|f lj lzIffeGbf dflysf] lzIffsf nflu Pp6f ufpFaf6 csf]{ ufpdf 3G6f} nufP/ hfg'kg]{ tyf ul/aLsf sf/0f ( jif{ dflysf] ljBfno aflx/ ePsf afnaflnsf cTolws /x]sf] cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 -lzIff ljefu, ;fgf] l7dL, eQmk'/åf/f k|sflzt ˆnf;\ l/kf]6{, @)&$_ .



lrq g+= %–%M ljBfno aflx/ /x]sf] hg;+Vof

%=$=% k|fljlws lzIffg]kfndf ljZj ljBfno lzIffdf ;xefuL geO{ l;kd"ns k|fljlws tflndx? lnP/ cfTdlge{/ x'g rfxg]x?sf nflu ljleGg tflnd s]G›x? tyf l8Knf]df sf];{x? ;~rfng ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy @)$% ;fndf Council for Technical Education and Vocational Training (CTEVT) :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . u08sL k|b]zdf xfn $& tflnd s]G›x? ;~rfng /x]sf 5g\ . sf:sL lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L tflnd s]G›x? /x]sf 5g\ eg] d':tfª\ lhNnfdf Pp6f klg tflnd s]G› /x]sf] 5}g -tflnsf g+= %–$)_ . u08sL k|b]zdf l8Knf]df sf];{x? ;~rfng ug]{ @^ k|fljlws l8Knf]df ljBfnox? /x]sf 5g\ . sf:sL lhNnfdf ;a}eGbf a9L k|fljlws l8Knf]df ljBfno /x]sf 5g\ eg] dgfª\ / d':tfª\df Pp6f klg /x]sf] 5}g -tflnsf g+= %–$)_ .



tflnsf g+= %–$)M tflnd s]Gb| tyf l8Knf]df sf];{ ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+VofTds ljj/0f

lhNnf k|fljlws tflnd s]Gb| l8Knf]df

uf]/vf % !

ndh'ª # @

tgx'F ( $

:ofª\hf # @

sf:sL !@ !@

dgfª\

d':tfª\ @

DofUbL @ !

kj{t @

afun'ª # #

gjnk'/ ^ !

u08sL $& @^

>f]t M lzIff ljefu, ;fgf] l7dL, eQmk'/åf/f k|sflzt ˆnf;\ l/kf]6{, @)&$ ljZn]lift

%=$=^ ljZjljBfno lzIffljZjljBfno lzIff cGtu{t :gfts, :gftsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lw lzIff kb{5g\ .k|b]zdf cf+lus tkm{ !$, ;fd'bflos tkm{ *!, lghL tkm{ $$ u/L s'n !#( SofDk; ;+rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= %–$_ . u08sL k|b]zdf kf]v/f ljZjljBfno :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . k|lti7fgsf] ?kdf u08sL :jf:Yo lj1fg k|lti7fg :yfkgf eO{ ;~rfngdf /x]sf] 5 . tnsf] tflnsfx?df o; k|b]zdf pRr lzIff ;+u ;DjlGwt tYox? k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 tflnsf g+= %–$_ .



tflnsf g+= %–$!M pRrlzIff k|bfos SofDk; / ljZjljBfnox¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfSofDk;x?

ljZjljBfno k|lti7fgcfª\lus ;fd'bflos lghL s'n

uf]/vf ! % ^

ndh'ª ! & @ !)

tgx'F * * !^

:ofª\hf !$ & @!

sf:sL !) !# !$ #& ! !

dgfª\ )

d':tfª\ ! !

DofUbL @ @ $

kj{t * # !!

afun'ª ! & # !!

gjnk'/ ! !& $ @@

u08sL !$ *! $$ !#( ! !

>f]t M ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u, @)&$

u08sL k|b]zsf ljZjljBfno :t/sf] lzIff k|bfos 7"nf ;+:yfx¿df k[YjLgf/fo0f SofDk;, kf]v/fÙ kf]v/f ljZjljBfnoÙ OlGhlgol/Ë cWoog ;+:yfg, klZrdf~rn SofDk; kf]v/fÙ jg lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg, kf]v/f SofDk;Ù ;'Gb/ahf/ SofDk;, ndh'ªÙ dl0fkfn sn]h, kf]v/f / u08sL d]l8sn sn]h, kf]v/f cflb kb{5g\ .

%=$=& k|fljlws / ;fwf/0f lzIffu08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf sIff !@ ;Dd k9fpg] %%& dfWolds ljBfno dWo] k|fljlws ljifox? k9fO x'g] ljBfnosf] ;+Vof #) /x]sf] 5 eg] pQm ljBfnox?df k|fljlws ljifo k9\g] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof @,^** /x]sf] 5 -cg';"rL %=&_ . o;}ul/ ljZjljBfno tkm{ hDdf @(,#*) ljBfyL{ cWoog/t /x]sf]df s'n %,!^^ ljBfyL{ dfq k|fljlws ljifo k9\5g\ .

%=$=* lbuf] ljsf; nIo $ sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltlbuf] lasf; nIo $ n] ;dfj]zL tyf u'0ffTds lzIff ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;a}+sf nflu cfhLjg l;sfOsf cj;/x¿ k|j4{g ug{ vfh]sf] 5 . o; cGtu{tM -s_ ljqmd ;Dat\ @)*& ;Dddf



;a} 5fqfx¿nfO{ ;fGble{s ;fy} l;sfOsf ;sf/fTds c;/x¿ k|fKt x'g;s'g\ eGg] p2]Zon] lgMz'Ns, ;dtfd"ns tyf u'0ffTds k|fylds / dfWolds lzIffsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, -v_ ;a} afnaflnsfx¿nfO{ k|fylds lzIffsf] nflu tof/ ug{ u'0f:t/Lo k|f/lDes afnljsf;, x]/rfx / k"j{ k|fylds lzIffdf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug,]{ -u_ Ifdtfn] wfGg ;lsg] tyf u'0f:t/Lo k|fljlws, Jofj;flos / ljZjljBfno;Dds} lzIffdf ;a} dlxnf / k'?ifx¿sf] ;dfg kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{, -3_ /f]huf/L, ;Ddfgk"0f{ hflu/ / pBdzLntfsf] lglDt k|fljlws Pjd\ Jofj;flos bIftf nufotsf ;fGble{s ;Lk÷bIftf ePsf o'jf / jo:sx¿ (Adults) sf] ;ª\Vof j[l4 ug]{, / -ª_ lzIffdf n}ª\lus c;dfgtfx¿sf] cGTo ug]{ / sdhf]/ cj:yfdf /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] nflu lzIff / Jofj;flos tflndsf ;a} txx¿df ;dfg kx'Frsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ to ePsf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lGfDg cg';f/ /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= %–$@M lbuf] ljsf; nIo $ sf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt


u08sL k|b]zcfwf/ jif{ @)&%

/fli6«o nIo @)*&

k|fylds txdf -!—% sIffdf_ v'b egf{ b/ -k|ltzt_! (&=@ (^=& ((=%

cfwf/e"t txdf -! b]lv * sIfdf_ v'b egf{ b/! (@=# ($=* ((=%

dfWolds lzIff -sIff ( b]lv !@ ;DDf_ sf] v'b egf{ b/ -k|ltzt_!

$#=( $$=& ((

!% jif{ b]lv $( jif{ pd]/sf dlxnfx?sf] ;fIf/tf b/@ ^(=!@ *^=*% (*

;fIf/tf b/ -% jif{ dflysf]_@ ^%=( &$=* (*

jo:s ;fIf/tf b/ -!% jif{ dflysf]_@ %(=^ %%=^ (*

!% jif{ b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/sf dlxnfx?sf] ;fIf/tf b/# *$=)@ *^=*% ((

!% jif{ b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/sf k'?ifx?sf] ;fIf/tf b/# ($=#& ($=*! ((

>f]t M !cy{ dGqfno, cfly{s ;a]{If]0f, @)&%, @/fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^*, #:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hgf;flÎs ;a]{If]0f, @)&$

%=$=( ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? dfWolds tx;Dd ;j}sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{', ;j} txdf u'0f :t/ clea[l4 ug{'Ù

lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/d"ns agfpg'Ù k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos tflndnfO{ cfd gful/ssf] kx'Fr;Dd k'¥ofpg'Ù sIff bf]xf]¥ofpg] / 5f8\g] b/nfO{ 36fpg'Ù of]Uo, bIf / tflnd



k|fKt lzIfssf] cfk"lt{ a9fpg'{'Ù ljBfnodf ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tf sfod u/L ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf a9fpg'Ù k|f/lDes afn lzIff tyf ljsf;df /x]sf] v'b egf{ b/ a9fO{ k|f/lDes afnljsf; lzIffsf] cg'ej k|fKt u/L sIff ! x'g] egf{nfO{ ztk|ltzt k'¥ofpg', ;du| z}lIfs Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ NofO ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tf sfod ug{'{'Ù afnaflnsfx?sf] l;sfO{ pknlAw clej[l4 ug{'{' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

ljBfyL{ / lzIfs b/aGbL aLr ;fdfGh:otf sfod gx'g'Ù b'u{d tyf kxf8L e]usf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?sf] ef}lts cj:yf hL0f{ x'g'Ù k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos lzIffdf k|fyldstfdf gkg{'{'Ù lzIffnfO{ pTkfbg;Fu hf]8\g g;Sg''Ù k|b]zleq Jofj;flos lzIffsf] dxfljBfno gx'g', dxfe"sDkaf6 Ifltu|:t ljBfnox?sf] k'g:y{fkg / k'glg{df{0f x'g g;Sg' ;d:ofx? x'g\ .

xfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnL ahf/ dfusf] cfwf/df geO{ ljZj ljBfno tyf lzIff dGqfnon] ;KnfO u/]sf] kf7\oqmddf cfwfl/t ePsf]n] ahf/sf] l;ksf] dfunfO{ ;+af]wg ug{ g;Sg] ;fwf/0f lzIff lng]sf] hdft 7"nf] 5 . k|b]zdf xfn afx'No ePsf] ;fwf/0f lzIffnfO{ k|fljlws lzIffdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos b]lvG5, h'g r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

u|fdL0f If]qdf vf]lnPsf clwsf+z !)±@ sf k9fO x'g] dfWolds ljBfnox? lzIff, Joj:yfkg / dfgljsL h:tf ljifosf] k9fO x'G5 / ljBfyL{sf] ;+Vof klg Go"g /x]sf] 5 . o:tf ljBfnox? ?U0f 5g\ / logLx?sf] p4f/ u/L k|fljlws lzIffnodf ?kfGt/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 . t/ pknAw >f]t ;fwgsf] ;Lldttfn] ubf{ of] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

!)–!@ sIff k9\g] pd]/ ;d"xsf em08} cfwf ljBfyL{ ljBfno lzIff tyf /f]huf/Ldf 5}gg\ . pgLx? j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] vf]hLdf ef}+tfl//x]sf 5g\ . logLx?nfO{ ljBfnodf lkmtf{ u/L dfWolds lzIff k"/f ug]{ sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

%=$=!) cj;/x¿ dlxnf, blnt, hghflt / ckfËtf ePsf Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf afnaflnsf /

ljBfyL{x?sf] ;a} txsf] egf{ b/df pNn]vgLo a[l4 x'g'Ù lzIff xfl;n ug{'k5{ eGg] ;f]r cfd gful/sx?df clej[l4 x'g'Ù ;fIf/tfsf] k|ltzt a9\b} hfg'Ù ;a} ljBfnox?df z}lIfs k"jf{wf/x?sf] lj:tf/ x'Fb} hfg'Ù dfWolds / pRr lzIffdf k|fljlws tyf Jofj;flos wf/sf] ;~rfng ul/g'Ù lzIffdf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ / k|of]usf] cj:yfdf j[l4 x'g'nfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

lzIffsf cfwf/zLnfx?sf] lgdf{0fdf j[l4 x'g'Ù :jf:Yo tyf ;/;kmfO{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / cfˆgf xs clwsf/ k|flKtdf gful/s ;r]tgf a9\g'Ù glhssf] ;/sf/ :yfgLo txaf6



ljBfno lzIffsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'Ù pRr lzIffnfO{ ;do ;fGble{s / Jofjxfl/s agfpg ljleGg k|of; ul/g'nfO{ cj;/sf ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .

%=% vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfO %=%=! cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLdfgj cfjZostfx?dWo] vfg]kfgL Ps d'Vo cfjZostfdf kb{5 . g]kfndf vfg]kfgLsf] ljt/0f lj=;= !(#( df jL/wf/f ljt/0f k|0ffnL;+u} ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 . kl5 uf]:jf/f kfgL c•f :yfkgf ePkl5 sf7df8f}+sf yk s]xL :yfgx?df wf/faf6 kfgL ljt/0f ug{ yflnof] / kl5 ;f] ;]jf /f0ff kl/jf/sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] :yfgx? h:t} cdn]vuGh, aL/u+h, hfh/sf]6 vn+uf / kfNkflt/ la:tf/ ul/of] . k|hftGqsf] pbo;Fu} ag]sf] klxnf] cfjlws of]hgf -@))@–@)!&_ kl5 kfgL ljt/0fn] ljz]if k|fyldstf kfpFb} uof] / kfgL Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf l;FrfO dGqfnon] kfof] tyflk lj=;+= @)@^ df hDdf #=& k|ltzt hg;+Vof vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGjt /x]sf lyP . of] ;]jfnfO{ cem k|efjsf/L agfpg lj=;+= @)@* df hn;|f]t dGqfno cGtu{t /xg] u/L vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu :yfkgf eP;Fu} o; If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{gx? b]vfkg{ yfn] . kmn:j¿k,cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGjt hg;+Vof lj=;+= @)$^ df s'n hg;+Vofsf] ^%=( ÜÙ lj=;+= @)%^ df &&=! Ü / lj=;+= @)^^ df *& Ü k'Uof]]] tyflk kx'Frdf /x]sf] ljjfb sd ug]{, ;]jfdf c;dfgtf, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/, vfg]kfgL k|0ffnLsf] lbuf]kg, / k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jfsf] u'0f :t/ d'Vo r'gf}tLsf]] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 -vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, kfgLkf]v/L_ . vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+af6 k|fKt tYofÍ, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df u08sL k|b]zdf vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGat hg;+Vof (!=& Ü /x]sf] 5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df vfg]kfgLaf6 ;a}eGbf a9L nfeflGat hg;+Vof -3/w'/L_ dgfËdf -((=* Ü_ / ;a}eGbf sd nfeflGat hg;+Vof -3/w'/L_ gjnk'/df -*&=( Ü_ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= %–$#_ .



tflnsf g+= %–$#M vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGjt hg;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfs"n

3/w'/L

vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGjt ;+Vof

-3/w'/L_

cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGjt -k|ltzt_

…sÚ

pRr tyf dWod :t/sf]] vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGjt

-k|ltzt_ …vÚ

vfg]kfgLaf6 nfeflGjt hDdf-k|ltzt_ s ± v

uf]/vf ^^,%!^ ^!,&*& (@=( (@=(

ndh'ª #*,!$$ #%,@&^ &%=) !&=% (@=%

tgx'F &*,#)( ^(,)^( **=@ **=@

:ofËhf ^$,($* ^!,^@( **=& ^=@ ($=(

sf:sL !!@,&%^ !)#,!*# *#=@ *=# (!=%

dgfË !,@&% !,@&# ((=( ((=*

d':tfË @,*() @,&(* (^=* (^=*

DofUbL @$,%(( @@,(*# (#=$ (#=$

kj{t ##,*&* #!,$#@ *@=) !)=* (@=*

jfUfn'Ë %&,@(( %#,*&# *^=% &=% ($=)

gjnk'/ ^&,%(^ %(,$!) *&=( *&=(

u08sL %$*,@!) %),@&!# (!=&

>f]t M vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+af6 k|fKt tYof+s, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df ljZn]lift

%=%=@ cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfO:jR5tfsf] cj:yf :jf:Yo hLjg, cfly{s ;d[l4 / ;du|df s'g} klg /fHosf] dfgj ljsf;sf] alnof] ;"rsf+s xf] . dflg;sf] dn tyf d"qnfO{ rkL{df ;'/lIft cjt/0f ug{'{ cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOsf] klxnf] zt{ dflgG5 . g]kfndf k|tfk dNnsf] kfnf -lj=;+= !^*)–!&#)_ b]lv g} rkL{sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5Ù tyfkL, lj=;+= @)$^ cfOk'Ubf ;d]t rkL{df kxF'r x'g] hg;+Vof hDdf ^ k|ltztdf ;Lldt lyof] . rkL{df kxF'r x'g] hg;+Vof lj=;+= @)^& df ^@ k|ltzt k'u]sf] lyof]] eg] lj=;= @)&$ ;Dd cfOk'Ubf ;f] b/ () k|ltzt dfly k'lu;s]sf] 5 .

vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, kfgLkf]v/L, sf7df8f}+af6 k|fKt tYofÍ, @)&%, sf] cfwf/df u08sL k|b]z lj=;= @)&$ df v'nf lb;fd'Qm If]q 3f]if0ff eO;s]sf] 5 . ;a}eGbf klxnf b]lv clGtddf v'nf lb;fd'Qm ePsf lhNnfx? qmdzM sf:sL -lj=;= @)^*_, DofUbLÙ kj{t / tgx'F -lj=;= @)^(_Ù jfUfn'Ë / d':tfË -lj=;= @)&)_Ù uf]vf{ / ndh'ª -lj=;= @)&!_Ù gjnk'/ / :ofËhf -lj=;= @)&@_, / dgfË -lj=;= @)&$_ x'g\ .



%=%=# lbuf] ljsf; nIo ^ sf ;"rsx?sf] jt{dfg l:yltlbuf] lasf; nIo ^ n] ;a}+sf] lglDt vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf] pknAwtfsf ;fy} o;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ;'lglZrt ug]{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; nIo cGtu{t laqmd ;Dat @)*& ;Dddf xfl;n ug{ k|:tfj ul/Psf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿df M -s_ ;a}sf] lglDt ;'/lIft / vr{n] wfGGf jf a]xf]g{ ;lsg] vfg]kfgLsf] ;j{JofkL / ;dfgtfd"ns kx'Fr xfl;n ug]{, -v_ ;/;kmfO / :j:Yf÷cf/f]Uok"0f{ cj:yf sfod ug]{ s'/fdf ;a}sf] lglDt kof{Kt / ;dtfd"ns kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ / v'nf ¿kdf lb;flk;fa ug]{ rng jf afgLsf] cGTo ug]{, -u_ k|b"if0f 36fP/, kfgLdf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg] sfo{sf] cGTo u/]/, xflgsf/s kmf]xf]/x¿ tyf /;fogx¿ / j:t'x¿sf] lj;h{g sfo{nfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/]/ vfg]kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{, -3_ kfgL–k|of]usf] bIftfnfO{ ;a} If]qx¿df ;f/e"t ¿kdf ;'wf/ ug]{, -ª_ ;a} txdf PsLs[t hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg sfo{qmdx¿ sfof{Gjog ug]{, / -r_ kxf8, jg, ;Ld;f/, gbL, e"ldut hne08f/ / tfnx¿nufot kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLx¿sf] ;+/If0f / k'g:y{fkg ug]{ cflb kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx?sf] l:ylt lgDgcg';f/ 5 .

tflnsf g+= %–$$M lbuf] ljsf; nIo ^ sf ;"rsx?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt



/fli6«o nIo @)*&

kfOkaf6 ljt/0f ul/Psf] kfgLdf kx'Fr ePsf kl/jf/ -k|ltzt_ @)&$!

##=## %)=$# ()

cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL ;]jfdf kx'Fr k'u]sf] hg;+Vof -k|ltzt_@

*& (!=! ((

zf}rfno k|of]u ug]{ hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft -k|ltzt_! ^&=^ *!=$ (*

c?;+u ;fem]bf/L gu/L cf+kmGf} rf}rfno k|of]u ug] 3/kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt!

^$+=^! &#=^& (%

>f]t M !:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @)&#, @vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; ljefu, kfgLkf]v/L, @)&%

%=%=$ ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO hgtfsf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfleq kb{5g\ . logLx?sf] kxF'r

hgtf ;dIf k'¥ofpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . u08sL k|b]zsf] pRr kxf8L e"–efu, gjnk'/ If]qsf] r'/] efudf a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLsf] kxF'r k'/\ofpg



vfg]kfgLsf] >f]tsf] cefjn] r'gf}tL yk u/]sf] 5 . 9n lgsf; u/L cfwf/e"t ;/;kmfOdf ;a} htgfnfO{ kx'Frdf k'/\ofpg o; If]qn]

pNn]Vo ?kdf yk nufgL dfu ub{5 . xfnsf] ljQLo >f]tsf] l:ylt x]bf{ o; If]qn] dfu ug]{ :j?kdf nufgL ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf vfg]kfgLsf cfof]hgfx? dd{t ;Def/sf] cefjdf ?U0f cj:yfdf 5g\ . sltko of]hgfx? aGb ePsf] l:yltdf 5g\ . k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfufdL @ jif{leq ;a} hgtfdf cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgLsf] kx'Fr a[l4 ug]{ nIosf ;fy sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . o; sfo{sf nflu k'/fgf vfg]kfgLsf wf/fx? k'g:y{fkgf u/L lgoldt ?kdf ;+rfng ug{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

%=%=% cj;/x¿ u08sL k|b]zdf hgtfx?sf] k|ltJolQm cfDbfgL qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] 5 / a:tLx?df

sfof{Gjog x'g] ;fgf tyf demf}nf vfg]kfgLsf] cfof]hgfx?df :yfgLo hgtfn] cfkm\gf] of]ubfg u/L ;xnufgL ug]{ cj;/ a9\b} uPsf] .

cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO sfo{qmd :yfgLo tx, k|b]z / ;+3sf] k|fyldstfsf If]q ePsfn] tLgj6} ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{ / ;xnufgLdf hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{ sfo{qmd k'¥ofO{ Go"gtd ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg] cj;/ ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .



cWofo ^cGt/;DalGwt ljifo

^=! n}+lus ;dtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f u08sL k|b]zdf n}lËs ;dtf / dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] l:ylt tnsf cg'R5]bdf ;+lIfKt ljj]rgf ul/Psf] 5 .

^=!=! dlxnfsf] ;DklQdflysf] clwsf/u08sL k|b]zdf cf+kmgf] gfddf 3/ hUuf b'a} x'g] dlxnfx? !@=# k|ltzt / hUuf dfq x'g] *=( k|ltzt 5g\ . ;du|df 3/ hUuf h:tf ;DklQ x'g] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof @!=( k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= ^–!_ . cf+k\mgf] gfddf ;DklQ x'g] dlxnfsf] ;+Vof xfnsf jif{x?df a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= ^–!M 3/–hUuf dlxnfsf] gfddf ePsf] of gePsf] cfwf/df 3/;ª\Vofsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf3/;+Vof k|ltztdf

3/;+Vof hUuf / 3/ b'j} ePsf]

hUuf dfq ePsf]

hUuf / 3/ b'j} gePsf gv'n]sf]

uf]/vf ^^,$%* *=* *=% *@=! )=&

ndh'ª $@,)$* !@=$ !)=^ &^=^ )=$

tgx'F &*,@*^ !#=) (=& &^=! !=@

:ofª\hf ^*,*%^ !)=$ &=* *!=# )=%

sf:sL !@%,$%( !^=& !)=! &@=& )=^

dgfª\ !,$$* !!=! (=$ &(=$ )=!

d':tfª\ #,#)% *=) #=^ **=) )=#

DofUbL @&,&@& (=$ %=( *$=# )=$

kj{t #%,^(* !!=% (=* &*=@ )=%

afUfn'ª ^!,$*@ *=# ^=) *%=) )=&

gjnk'/ ^^,(!% !$=% (=( &$=( )=&

u08sL %&&,^*@ !@=# *=( &*=! )=&




^=!=@ zf;g clwsf/df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutfu08sL k|b]zsf] zf;g clwsf/df dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf pT;fxhgs 5 . la= ;+ @)&$ df ;DkGg :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rgdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf pNn]Vo /x\of] . u08sL k|b]zsf *% :yfgLo txdf lgjf{lrt s'n #,(#$ ;b:o tyf kbflwsf/LdWo] $! k|ltzt dlxnfx? lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ -tflnsf g+= ^–@_ .

tflnsf g+= ^–@M :yfgLo lgjf{rg @)&$ df lgjfl{\rt dlxnf tyf k'?ifsf] cg'kftsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf

kfln

sf ;

+Vof

j8f ;

+Vof gu/kflnsf ufpFkflnsf ;a}

hDdf

s'n

hDd

f

k|d'v pk k|d'v cWoIf pkfWoIf j8f ;b:o

dlxn

f

k'?if

dlxn

f

k'?if

dlxn

f

k'?if

dlxn

f

k'?if

dlxn

f

k'?if

dlxn

f

k'?if

uf]/vf !! ($ ) @ @ ) ) ( $ ) !*^ @&( !(& @() $*&

ndh'ª * &@ ) $ ! # ! # ! # !$* !#@ !^! @#) #(!

tgx'F !) *% ) $ $ ) ! % % ! !&^ @%( !*^ @%( $$%

:ofª\hf !! (& ! $ $ ! ) ^ $ ) !(& !(! @!! @(^ %)&

sf:sL % &@ ) ! ! ) ) $ $ ) !$( @!! !%$ @!^ #&)

dgfª\ $ @* ) ) ) ) ) $ @ @ $% &* $& *$ !#!

d':tfª\ % @% ) ) ) ) ) $ $ ) $$ &@ $( && !@^

DofUbL ^ $% ) ! ! ) ! % % ! (# !#) !)! !#^ @#&

kj{t & ^! ) @ @ ) ) % % ) !@% !*) !#@ !*& #!(

afUfn'ª !) *% ) $ @ @ ) ^ $ @ !&# @%@ !&( @^^ $$%

gjnk'/ * (@ ! # # ! ! # $ ) !(! @^( @)) @&^ $&^

u08sL *% &%^ @ @% @) & $ %$ $( ( !%@& @)%# !^!& @#!& #(#$

>f]t M lgaf{rg cfof]u, @)&$

To:t} u/L u08sL k|b]zsf] ^) ;b:oLo k|b]z ;efdf lgjf{lrt / ;dfg'kflts u/L ##=## k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj /x]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] Joj:yfkg / ;+~rfngdf klg pNn]Vo /x]sf] 5 .



^=!=# ljBfno lzIffdf n}l·s cg'kftu08sL k|b]zdf ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf n}luÍ cg'kft ca 5nkmnsf] ljifo /x]g . k|fylds txdf -!—% sIffdf_ 5fqf5fq ljBfyL{sf] cg'kft !=)# / cfwf/e"t txdf -!—* sIffdf_ 5fqf 5fq ljBfyL{sf] cg'kft !=)$ k'u]sf] 5 -lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, @)&%_ . ljZj ljBfno txsf] lzIffdf klg dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] 5 tyflk k|fljlws lzIffdf cem} klg 5fqsf] ;+Vof clws 5 . n}luÍ ;dtfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] ljZjljBfno lzIffdf 5fqfx?sf] ;xeflutf ;fwf/0f lzIffaf6 k|fljlws lzIfftkm{ a9fpg cfjZos b]lvG5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf sIff ! b]lv !@ sIff;Dd ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf 5fqf5fqx?sf] ;+Vof x]bf{ 5fq eGbf 5fqfsf] ;+Vof a9L b]lvG5 tyflk lghL ljBfnodf egf{ ePsf s'n ljBfyL{dWo] 5fqsf] c+z %$ k|ltzt / 5fqfsf] ;+Vof $^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cem} klg 5f]/fnfO{ af]l8{Ë / 5f]/LnfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfno k7fpg] rng /lxcfPsf] b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= ^–#_ .

tflnsf g+= ^–#M u08sL k|b]zsf ljBfnox?df cWoog/t 5fqf / 5fqsf] cg'kft

l;=g+=

zLif{sx?! b]lv !@ sIffdf egf{ ePsf 5fqf 5fqx?sf] laa/0f

5fqfs'n ljBfyL{df 5fqfsf] k|ltzt

5fqs'n ljBfyL{df 5fqsf] k|ltzt

HfDdf k|ltzt

!hDdf ljBfno egf{ ePsf ;+Vof

#^%^@) %! #$($%& $( &!&%&& !))

@;fd'bflos ljBfno egf{ ePsf ;+Vof

@*(!&$ %# @^)$^* $& %$(^$@ !))

#lghL ljBfno egf{ ePsf ;+Vof

&^$$^ $^ **(*( %$ !^%$#% !))

$ blntsf] egf{ ;+Vof &&!!( %) &^$$* %) !%#%^& !))

% hghfltsf] egf{ ;+Vof !%)!$( %) !%)@@& %) #))#&^ !))

>f]t M lzIff lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, @)&%

^=!=$ ljBfnodf k9fpg] lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] cg'kftu08sL k|b]zsf laBfnodf k9fpg] lzlIfsfsf] c+z $) k|ltzt 5 . ljut jif{x?df ljBfnodf k9fpg] lzlIfsfsf] ;+Vof qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= ^–$_ . k'?ifx? a9L



cfDbfgL x'g] sfdsf] vf]hLdf ljb]zdf hfg] / dlxnfx? 3/ kfossf] ljBfnodf k9fpg] ugf{n] ljBfnodf lzlIfsfsf] ;+Vof xfnsf jif{x?df qmdzM a9\b} uPsf] 5 tyflk xfn;Dd lzIfx?sf] afx'No /x]sf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= ^–$M u08sL k|b]zsf ljBfnox?df k9fpg] lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] cg'kft

zLif{sx?

! b]lv !@ sIff;Dd ljBfnodf k9fpg] lzIfs lzlIfsfsf] ljj/0f

lzlIfsflzlIfsf k|ltzt

lzIfslzIfs k|ltzt

hDdf hDdf k|ltzt

s'n lzIfsx?sf] ;+Vof !*#($ $) @&%!( ^) $%(!# !))

;fd'bflos ljBfnosf lzIfsx?sf] ;+Vof

!#!*@ #( @)*^* ^! #$,)%) !))

>f]t M lzIff la1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, @)&%

^=!=% cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf dlxnfsf] kx'Frcfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]udf dlxnf ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] 5 . !% b]lv $( jif{sf *$=$# k|ltzt dlxnfn] df]afOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . !% b]lv @$ aif{sf *)=*) k|ltzt o'jtLn] klg df]jfOn kmf]gsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . To:t} u/L !% b]lv @$ jif{sf #&=&! k|ltzt dlxnfn] OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ -:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @)&#_ .

^=!=^ dlxnf lx+;fo; k|b]zsf !^=( k|ltzt dlxnfx? c+fkm\gf] hLjgdf ef}lts tyf of}g lx+;f ef]u]sf 5g\ eg] $=( k|ltzt dlxnfn] of}lgs lx+;f ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ -:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @)&#_ . To:t} u/L k|b]zsf dlxnfn] cfk\mgf] @& k|ltzt ;do lagf kfl/>lds 3/o;L sfddf nufpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

^=!=& lbuf] ljsf; nIo % sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿sf] l:yltlbuf] ljsf; nIo % n] n}ª\lus ;dfgtf xfl;n ug]{ / dlxnf tyf lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;zSt agfpg] p2]Zo lnPsf] 5 . ltgsf ;a} ;"rsx?sf] cfwf/ jif{ ;"rgf k|b]z txdf v08Ls[t ?kdf+ pknAw 5}g . pknAw ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 .



tflnsf g+= ^–%M lbuf] ljsf; nIo % sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿sf] l:ylt


u08sL k|b]z

/fli6«o nIo @)#)

hLjge/ ef}lts jf of}glx+;f ef]u]sf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt! @*=& !^ %

of}glx+;f cg'ej u/]sf !% b]lv $( jif{;DDfsf dlxnfx¿sf] Kf|ltzt!

^=( $=( ^=%

>dzlStdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;xeflutf cg'kft! ^%=&& &$=)* !))

dlxnfn] 3/fo;L sfddf k};f lagf b}lgs vr]{sf] cf};t ;do k|ltztdf@

@!=** @$=$* ^

cfˆgf] gfddf 3/ x'g] dlxnfsf] k|ltzt !!=&$ !#=)! $)

Dff]afOn kmf]g k|of]u ug]{ !% b]lv $( jif{sf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt! &@=^# *$=$# !))

OG6/g]6 k|of]u ug]{ !% b]lv @$ jif{sf dlxnfsf] k|ltzt! ##=#( #&=&! (*

cf+k\mgf] gfddf 3/ x'g] dlxnfsf] k|ltzt! !)=^* !@=# $)

k|fylds txdf 5fqf 5fq ljBfyL{sf] n}lËs cg'kft# !=)@ !=)# !=)

cfwf/e"t txdf 5fqf 5fq ljBfyL{sf] n}lËs cg'kft# !=)^ !=)$ !=)

;+;bdf÷k|b]z ;efdf dlxnfx?sf] k|ltlglwTj k|ltzt# @(=% ##=## $)

:yfgLo txdf dlxnfx?sf] k|ltlglwTj k|ltzt# ) $! $@

>f]t M !:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @)&@, @ljZj a}s, @)&%, #lgjf{rg cfof]u, @)&$

^=!=* ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?n}lËs ;dtf xf+l;n ug]{ / lszf]/L tyf dlxnfx?sf] ;zQmLs/0f ug]{ ;jfndf u08sL k|b]zdf lgDg ;d:of tyf r'g}ftLx? 5g\M k/Dk/fb]lv ;dfh dg]flj1fgn] dlxnfnfO{ sdhf]/ / k'?ifnfO{ ;an ;f]Rg] k|rngdf

qmlds kl/jt{g x'+Fb} gf/L k'?if ;dfgtfsf] k|of; xF'b} cfPsf] eP tfklg o;n] k"0f{tf kfPsf] 5}g / o;sf] cGTo r'g}ftLsf] ?kdf 5 .

dlxnf lx+;f ;fdflhs sn+s ePtf klg c3f]lift ?kdf ljBdfg 5 . k|b]zsf Ps k+~rdf+z eGbf a9L lsz]f/L tyf dlxnfx? zf/Ll/s, of}g tyf dfgl;s lx+;f ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . dlxnf lx+;f ;dfhdf ;'if'Kt cj:yfdf /x]sf] xF'+bf dlxnfn] klg v'nf ?kdf k|ltjfb ug{ g;s]sf] o; ;fdflhs sn+ssf] cGTo klg r'g}ftLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .

ljBfno txdf ljBfyL{ egf{df dlxnf k'?if aLrsf] c;dfgtf x6]/ uPsf] 5, t/ lzIffsf] u'0f:t/df c;dfgtf ljBdfg 5 . 5fqx? af]l8{Ë :s"ndf / 5fqfx? ;fd'bflos



ljBfnodf k7fpg] rng cem} klg sfod} 5 . ljBfno lzIffdf cem} klg ;;fgf lje]b sfod 5g\ / ltgLx?sf] pGd'ng r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

/fhgLlt / lg0f{o ug]{ txdf dlxnfx?sf] ;xeflutf a9\b} uPsf] 5 tyflk d'Vo–d'Vo lg0f{o ug]{ 7fpFdf cem;Dd k'?ifx?s} afx'Notf 5 . lg0f{osf x/]s txdf dlxnfnfO{ k'?if a/fa/ k'¥ofpg] sfo{ cem} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

^=!=( cj;/x¿ 5f]/f 5f]/L a/fa/L eGg] ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] k|efj la:tf/} lzIff, :jf:Yo If]qdf b]vfk/]sf

5g\ . 5f]/f5f]/L tyf gf/Lk'?if aLrsf] n}lËs lje]b qmdzM sd xF'b} uPsf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf klg dlxnf ;zQmLs/0fsf] nflu kxn ;'? ePsf 5g\ / ;sf/fTds glthf xf+l;n x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

dlxnf lx+;f Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu gful/s ;dfh, u}/;/sf/L If]q / ;fj{hlgs If]qaf6 ljleGg sfo{qmdx? ;+rfng ePsf 5g\ . ;dfhsf ljleGg sf]0faf6 ;+~rflnt sfo{qmdn] dlxnf lx+;f Go"gLs/0f ug{ pNn]Vo e"ldsf lgaf{x ug]{ ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

cfw'lgs ;+~rf/ k|ljlwsf] pkof]u dlxnfx? aLr klg ;sf/fTds ?kdf a[l4 ePsf] 5 . ;~rf/ k|ljlw;Fusf] lgs6tfn] dlxnfx? cfkm} ;zQm x'g] lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .

^=@ hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ^=@=! hnjfo' kl/jt{g ha 5f]6f] t/+u ePsf] ;"o{sf] k|sfz k[YjLsf] ;txdf k'U5, o;sf] s]xL efu k[YjLn] ;f]:5 eg] s]xL efu jfo'd08ndf kmls{G5 . k[YjL ;"o{eGbf w]/} 708f If]q ePsf] x'gfn] ;"o{af6 cfpFbfsf] phf{sf] t/+ueGbf w]/} nfdf] t/+u ePsf] pmhf{ ljs[t ub{5, h;nfO{ jfo'd08nn] ;f]:5 / tfkqmd a9fpg d2t ub{5 . jfo'd08ndf /x]sf u|Lg xfp; UofF;x? h:t}M kfgLsf] afkm, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g / gfO6«; cS;fO8n] klg dfly / tn k[YjLsf] ;txdf nfdf t/+ux? 5f]8\5g\ / jfo'd08nsf] tfkqmd a9fpgdf pTk|]/ssf] sfd ub{5 . o;/L ;"o{sf] tftf] phf{ tNnf] afo'd+8ndf y'lgg uO{ tfkqmd a9\g] k|lqmofnfO{ u|Lg xfp; Pˆkm]s6 elgG5 . of] k|lqmofdf kfgLsf] afkm tyf afbnsf] #^ b]lv &) k|ltztÙ sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf] ( b]lv @^ k|ltztÙ ldy]gsf] $ b]lv ( k|ltzt, / cf]hf]gsf] # b]lv & k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 -cfO{kL;L;L, @))!_ . ut !%) jif{df, k|fs[lts k|lqmof / ›'t ultdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; nufot dfgj ultljlwx?sf sf/0f jfo'd08ndf pT;lh{t



sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g / gfO6«; cf]S;fO8 nufotsf u|Lgxfp; UofF;x¿sf] dfqf a9\g uO{ ljZjJofkL ?kdf tfkqmd j[l4 / hnjfo' kl/jt{g x'g] u/]sf] 5 -cfO{kL;L;L, @))!_ .

^=@=!=! hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ljZjAofkL c;/ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3åf/f ul7t cGt/f{li6«o hnjfo' kl/jt{g Kofgnsf cg';f/ lj=;+= @)$^ b]lv otfsf] @% jif{df g} sfa{g8fOcS;fO8sf] Unf]an pT;h{g %) k|ltztn] a9]sf] 5 . Kofgnsf cg';f/, ;g\ !**) b]lv ;g\ @)!@ ;Dd cf};t tfkqmd j[l4 )=*% l8u|L ;]lN;o; /x\of]] . k|To]s ! l8u|L tfkqmd j[l4n] vfBfGg pTkfbg % k|ltztn] 36fpF5, t;y{ tfkdfg j[l4sf sf/0f ;g\ !(*! b]lv @))@ ;Dd wfg, ds} nufotsf vfBfGgsf] jflif{s pTkfbg $) d]uf6gn] 36]sf] cg'dfg 5 . tfkdfg j[l4sf sf/0f lxpF w]/} dfqfdf klUng uO{ cfsl{\6ssf] lxpF x/]s ! bzsdf !=)& ju{ lsnf]ld6/ ;+s'lrt xF'b} uPsf] 5 . ;g\ !()! b]lv @)!) df ;d'›L ;tx !( ;]=ld=n] j[l4 eof] . cf};t ;d'›L ;tx ;g\ @)^% df @$ b]lv #) ;]=ld= / @!)) ;Dddf $) b]lv ^# ;]=ld= n] j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .

^=@=!=@ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] g]kfndf c;/g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf d'Vo ;|f]t k/Dk/fut phf{sf] k|of]u / jg h+undf x'g] 88]nf]Ù ldy]g UofF;sf k|d'v ;|f]t kz'k+IfL, wfg v]tL, l;d;f/ If]qsf] cfPsf] kl/jt{g / n}+8lkmn ;fO6, / gfO6«; cS;fO8sf] d'Vo ;|f]t s[lif lqmofsnfkdf k|of]u x'g] kml6{nfO{h/sf] k|of]u cflb x'g\ . ljZjJofkL?kdf, ;g\ @)!$ df pT;h{g ePsf] u|Lg xfp; UoFf;dWo] g]kfnn] )=)* k|ltzt pT;h{g u/]sf] lyof] -Water Resources Institute, 2014_ tyflk xfd|f b'O{ 7"nf l5d]sL d'n's rLg tyf ef/tdf e}/x]sf] ›'t ultsf] cfly{s j[l4sf sf/0f oL b]zx? ljZjs} pRr #, u|Lg xfp; UofF; pT;h{g ug]{ b]zx?df kb{5g\, h;sf] k|ToIf c;/ g]kfndf kg]{ ub{5 .

„'jLo If]qx¿ afx]s ;+;f/df lxpFn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn / lxpFsf] dfqf w]/} ePsf] dxTjk"0f{ If]q lxGb"s'z lxdfno If]q xf], h;nfO{ …t];|f] kf]nÚ -Schild, 2008_ / æPlzofsf] kfgLsf] 6fj/Æ æ-Xu et al., 2009_ klg eGg] ul/G5 . lxdfnodf /x]sf] of] ljzfn lxdIf]q g} lxdfnog gbLx?, u+uf tyf a|Xdk'qdf aUg] kfgLsf] k|d'v ;|f]t x'g\ . hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnoåf/f k|sflzt Nationally Determined Contribution (2016) cg';f/ g]kfndf ;g\ !(&% b]lv @)!$ ;Dd jflif{s tfkdfgdf )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] j[l4 e} /x]sf] 5 eg] jiff{ #=& ld ld n] 3l6/x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L ;g\ @)^) sf] bzsdf !=# b]lv #=* l8u|L ;]lN;o; /



;g\ @)() ;Dddf !=* b]lv %=* l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] lxdfnodf ;g\ !((* b]lv @)!) sf] cjlwdf lxpFsf] dfqf @( k|ltzt -!@( So'las ld6/_ n] 36]sf] 5 . cyf{t\ If]qkmnsf lx;fan] k|ltjif{ #& ju{ lsnf]ld6/sf] b/n] ;+s'rg xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k lxpF ›'t ultdf klUng], Unfl;o/ cfp6 a|:6 x'g] gbLx?df af9Lsf] cfj[lQ tyf dfqf a9\g] tyf ;'Vvf l;hgdf gbLdf kfgLsf] dfq 36\g] / klx/f] hfg] ;d:ofx? a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)&! sf] tYof+s cg';f/ cem} klg g]kfndf @!=^ k|ltzt hg;+Vof ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf 5g\ . hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ltgsf] c;/;+u h'Wg ul/aL d'Vo afws ePsf] x'gfn] ;du|df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;a}eGbf a9L c;/ kg]{ ;"rLdf g]kfn klg kb{5 .

^=@=!=# u08sL k|b]zdf hnjfo' kl/jt{glj=;+= @)@* b]lv @)&! ;Ddsf] tYof+ssf] cfwf/df tfkqmd / jiff{ kl/jt{gsf] k|j[lt tn rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

tfkqmd kl/jt{gsf] ljj/0f;du| g]kfnsf] clwstd tfkqmd jflif{s )=)%^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] j[l4 e} /x]sf] 5 / u08sL k|b]zdf klg ;f]xL b/n] j[l4 e} /x]sf] 5 -DHM, @)!&_ . u08sL k|b]zsf lxdfnL lhNnfx?df tfkqmd j[l4 cTolws / dWo kxf8L lhNnfx?df dWod / tNnf] t6Lo If]q tyf ;dy/ e"–efudf /x]sf lhNnfx?df s]xL sd b]lvG5 . lhNnfut cfwf/df clwstd cf};t tfkqmd dgfª\df )=! b]lv )=# l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . dgfª\ lhNnf g]kfns} klg ;a}eGbf a9L tfkqmd j[l4 eO/x]sf] lhNnfdf kb{5 . uf]/vf, ndh'ª, sf:sL, DofUbL / d':tfªdf )=)& b]lv )=)( l8u|L ;]lN;o;Ù tgx'F, :ofª\hf, kj{t / afUfn'ªdf )=)$ b]lv )=)^ l8u|L ;]lN;o;, / gjnk'/df )=)! b]lv )=)# l8u|L ;]lN;o; n] j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 -DHM, @)!&_ . o:t} Go"gtd tfkqmd dgfª\, d':tfª\, DofUbL / sf:sLdf – )=)@ b]lv – ) l8u|L ;]lN;o; / cGo lhNnfdf )=)! b]lv )=)# l8u|L ;]lN;o;n] j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 -DHM,

@)!&_ .

dg;'g kl/jt{gsf] k|j[lQ hn tyf df};d lj1fg ljefun] tof/ kf/]sf] g]kfnsf] hnjfo' k|j[lt ;DaGwL l/kf]6{ -lj=;+= @)&!_ cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zdf dg;'g yk36sf] k|j[lQ ldl>t b]lvG5 . jflif{s jiff{ uf]/vf, ndh'ª, sf:sL, dgfª\ / d':tfª\df 36\g] k|j[lQ / cGo lhNnfdf a9\g] k|j[lQ /x]sf]



5 . jflif{s jiff{ sf:sL / ndh'ªdf cGo lhNnfsf] t'ngfdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf 3l6/x]sf] 5 eg] kj{t / :ofª\hf lhNnfdf pNn]Vo dfqfdf al9/x]sf] 5 . sf:sL g]kfns} ;a}eGbf a9L dg;'gsf] dfq 3l6/x]sf] lhNnf -!! ldlnld6/ k|ltjif{_ / :ofª\hf ;a}eGbf a9L dg;'g al9/x]sf] -( ldlnld6/ k|ltjif{_] lhNnfdf kb{5g\ .

^=@=!=$ u08sL k|b]zdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ / ;fdgfhnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ u08sL k|b]zdf klg dx;'; ul/Psf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ ;DaGwL ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg, @)&$ sf cg';f/ *$=^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/n] jiff{ x'g] ;do k5fl8 ws]lnPsf] ;fy} *^ k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/n] v8]/L al9/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ . To:t} &)=# k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/n] cGgafnLdf gofF /f]u cfPsf] / *$=% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/n] kfgLsf] d'xfg ;'Sb} u}/x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ltgsf] c;/;+u h'Wg ul/aL tyf hl6n ef}uf]lns agfj6 d'Vo afws ePsf] x'gfn] ;du|df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ lxdfnL lhNnfx?df a9L kb{5 . u08sL k|b]z lxdfnL / kxf8L lhNnfx? ldn]/ ag]sf] x'bf oxfFsf ;a} lhNnfx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] pNn]Vo c;/ kb{5 . jf:tjdf, hg;+Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnoåf/f k|sflzt Climate Change Vulnerability Mapping of Nepal (2010) cg';f/ dgf+ª\, uf]/vf / ndh'ª lhNnf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvd ;"rsf+s pRr -)=&*& – !_ ePsfdf kb{5g\ eg] cGo lhNnfx? klg hf]lvd ;"rsf+s dWod:t/sf] -)=#%^ – )=^_ ePsfdf kb{5g\ . o;y{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/;+u h'Wg jftfj/0f kl/jt{g cg's"n x'g] u/L of]hgfx? lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjog ub}{ cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ;/sf/n] dfq ug{ g;Sg] x'Fbf ;a} gful/sx¿ cfˆgf]–cfˆgf] 7fpFaf6 of]ubfg ug{ pTk|]l/t x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

^=@=@ ljkb Joj:yfkg kl/jt{gzLn e"–hnLo cjl:ylt, gjLgtd e"–efu, cJojl:yt a;f]af;, jghª\un ljgfz, jftfj/0f ljgfz, gbL s6fg / ul/aLsf sf/0f g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] *) k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;+Vofn] s'g} g s'g} ?kdf k|sf]kx? h:t} e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL, tftf] xfjf -n"_, zLtnx/, r6\ofª, x'/Latf;, cl;gf, v8]/L, dxfdf/Lsf] ;fdgf ul//fVg' k/]sf] 5 -g]kfn ljkb\ k|ltj]bg, @)&$_ . kl5Nnf] $% jif{sf] tYof+s cg';f/ ljkb\sf 36gfx? x/]s jif{ a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 / s'n u|fx:Yo pTkfbgdf jflif{s @ k|ltztsf] gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 -g]kfn ljkb\ k|ltj]bg, @)&$_ . u[x dGqfno, /fli6«o cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;+rfng



s]G›sf] tYof+ssf cg';f/ @)&$ ;fndf ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 g]kfne/ d[To' x'g]sf] ;+Vof %(& 5 eg] ^) hgf a]kQf / *#& hgf 3fOt] ePsf lyP .

^=@=@=! u08sL k|b]zdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] l:ylt lj=;+= @)&$ ;fndf u08sL k|b]zdf klx/f]af6 :ofª\hfdf !, kj{tdf !, DofUbLdf !, gjnk'/df @ / d':tfËdf ! u/L s'n ^ hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] eg] af9Lsf sf/0f gjnk'/df *, sf:sLdf @ / ndh'ªdf ! u/L s'n !! hgfsf] d[To' ePsf] lyof] -u[x dGqfno, @)&$_ .

k|b]zsf ;a} lhNnfx?df ljkb\sf] cj:yfdf cfkt\sfnLg sfo{ ;+rfngsf] nflu ;Dks{ sfof{nox? /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfnosf] cu'jfO{df lhNnfl:yt ;Dks{ sfof{nox?, lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nox?, ;]gf, k|x/L, /fhgLlts kf6L{ tyf gful/s ;dfhx?sf] kl/rfng u/L p4f/ sfo{x? ;+rfng ul/G5 .

^=@=# lbuf] ljsf; nIo !# sf ;"rsx?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt o; nIon] hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o:fsf k|efjx¿;Fu h'Wg tTsfn sfo{ cl3 a9fpg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; nIo cGtu{t M -s_ hnjfo';Fu ;DAflGwt 3fts÷xflgsf/s s'/fx¿sf] ;fy} k|fs[lts ljkb\x¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;dfg's"ng / cg's"ng IfdtfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{, -v_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf pkfox¿nfO{ /fli6«o gLltx¿, /0fgLltx¿ / of]hgfdf PsLs[t ug]{, / -u_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ sd ug{, cg's"ng ug{, c;/ 36fpg / o; ;DaGwdf k"j{;fjwfgL u/fpg lzIff, ;r]tgf / dfgj tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf ;'wf/ ug]{ nufotsf k|d'v kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . xl/tu[x UofF;sf] ;a}eGbf a9L pT;h{g ug]{ If]q xf] s[lif xf] eg] To;kl5 oftfoft, pBf]u, Jofkfl/s sfo{ cflb x'g\ . /fli6«o tyf k|b]z txdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ sd ug{ tyf cg's"ng ug{ w]/} kxnx¿ ul/g'k5{ .

of] nIocGtu{t UofF; pT;h{g (CO2) nfO{ cfwf 36fpg] / ljqmd ;Dat\ @)*& ;Dddf ufpFkflnsfx¿df hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng of]hgf nfu" ug{]h:tf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ to ul/Psf 5g\ . o;}u/L xfn Pp6f klg hnjfo' :df6{ ufpF gePsf]n] s]xL 5g}f6 ePsf ufpFx¿nfO{ hnjfo' :df6{ ufpFx¿ agfpg], hnjfo' :df6{ v]tL PsfOx¿ agfpg], / ;a} ljBfnox¿df hnjfo' kl/jt{g lzIff ;'? ug]{ kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zdf o; nIosf ;"rsx?sf] cfwf/ jif{ dfg k|fKt ePsf] 5}g / 5gf}6 ul/Psf s]xL ;"rsx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g .



tflnsf g+= ^–^M lbuf] ljsf; nIo !# sf ;"rsx?sf] jt{dfg l:ylt



/fli6«o nIo @)*&

s[lif If]qaf6 xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g (CO2) (Gg)! @#,)!$ @()^#

cf}Bf]lus If]q -l;d]G6 / r'gaf6_ xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g (CO2) (Gg)!

^#@ #!^

pmhf{ -pBf]u, oftfoft / cGo_ If]qaf6 xl/tu[x UofF; pT;h{g (CO2) (Gg)@

&,(%( #(&(

ljkt\sf] sf/0f d[To' ePsf, 3fOt] ePsf / x/fPsf AolQm k|lt !)),))) hg;+Vofdf@

)=)@# )=))!

>f]t M !/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&@, @ljifot lj1;+u 5nkmn, @)&@

^=@=$ ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? lxdfnL tyf kxf8L lhNnfx?df ljBdfg ul/aL tyf ef}uf]lns ljs6tfn] hnjfo'

kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g' . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj / ;Defljt hf]lvdx? lgoldt ljZn]if0f u/L of]hgf lgdf{0f,

sfof{Gog tyf cBfjlws ug{' kg]{df cToGt} ;Lldt tYof+s / dfgj zlQm x'g' tyf ePsf tYof+s / dfgj zlQmsf] klg ;xL tl/sfn] pkof]u ug{ g;Sg' .

hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/x? sd ug{ ljleGg If]qsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf cfof]hgfx?sf] PsLs[t cWoog tyf sfof{Gog x'g g;Sg' .

;+3, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txaLr hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu h'Wg PsLs[t of]hgf gx'g' . jftfj/0f :df6{ k|ljlwx?sf] vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg / pkof]udf Wofg lbg g;Sg' .

^=@=% cj;/x¿ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng / 36fpg] pkfox¿sf] ljZjAofkL ?kdf ax; tyf vf]h

eO/xg' . ljsf; of]hgf / sfo{qmdx?df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kf6f]n] k|fyldstf kfpFb} hfg' /fd|f]

kIf xf] . hnafo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ug{sf] nflu :yfgLo k|ljlw / ;a} tKsfsf ;d'bfox?sf]

e"ldsf pNn]vgLo /xG5 . ljsf; lgdf{0fdf :yfgLo txsf] pkl:ylt a9\b} hfg' / /fHo åf/f ljsf; lgdf{0fdf ;a} If]q tyf tKsfsf gful/sx?nfO{ ;xefuL ug{'kg]{ gLlt lng' .



:yfgLo hnjfo' cg's'ng of]hgfsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjogn] hnjfo' cg's"n cfly{s ultljlw ;+Rffng ug{ d2t ub{5 .

/fli6«o Pj+ cGt/{fli6«o :t/df l;k / cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ cj;/sf] ljsf; ePsf]n] Ps 7fpFdf ljsf; ePsf] k|ljlw u08sL k|b]zdf le8fO{ hnjfo' cg's"ng of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ cj;/x? pknAw 5g\ .

^=# u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfu08sL k|b]zdf u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] pkl:ylt afSnf] g} b]lvG5, tyflk ;a} lhNnfx?df pkl:ylt Psgf;sf] 5}g . s'n !%,)@! u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx? btf{ ePsfdf gjLs/0f eg] @,*@! -!*=* %) sf] dfq ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;a}eGbf w]/} u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] btf{ sf:sL lhNnfdf -#,((#_ / ;a}eGbf sd dgfª\ lhNnfdf -$^_ ePsf] 5 . gjLs/0fsf] ;+Vof eg] ;a}eGbf a9L uf]/vfdf -*$@_ ePsf] kfOG5, h'g btf{sf] %) k|ltzt eGbf a9L xf] . ;a}eGbf sd gjLs/0f sf:sLdf ePsf] kfOG5 . sf:sLsf] gjLs/0f k|ltzt #=& % -!$&_ dfq /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= ^–&_ .

tflnsf g+= ^–&M u08sL k|b]zdf btf{ e} ;rfngdf /x]sf u}/;/sf/L ;:yfsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf btf{ ;Vof gjLs/0f ;+Vof gjLs/0f k|ltzt

uf]/vf !^^& *$@ %)=%

nDh'ª !%)) @#) !%=#

tgx'F #@!# &)) @!=*

:ofª\hf @$&! #($ !%=(

sf:sL #((# !$& #=&

dgfª\ $^ !^ #$=*

d':tfª\ #@) #) (=$

DofUbL $&* @)! $@=!

kj{t !$& %* #(=%

afun'ª !!!) !%& !$=!

gjnk'/ &^ $^ ^)=%

hDdf !%)@! @*@! !*=*

>f]t M cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfnosf] clen]v, @)&%



^=$ ;'zf;g^=$=! k|b]z ;ef;+ljwfgsf] efu !$ df k|To]s k|b]zdf Ps k|b]z Joj:yflksf÷;ef /xg] Aoj:yf 5 . ;f]xL k|fjwfg cg'?k u08sL k|b]zdf lgjf{lrt ^) ;b:o ePsf] Ps k|b]z ;efsf] u7g ePsf] 5 . o; ;efdf ^) hgf ;+f:fb 5g\ -xfn ! kb l/Qm_ h;dWo] PsltxfO -@) hgf_ dlxnf ;f+;b 5g\ eg] b'OltxfO -$) hgf_ k'?if ;f+;b 5g\ . k|b]z ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;ef;bdWo] #^ hgf k|ToIf ?kdf lgjf{lrt eP/ cfp+5g\ eg] @$ hgf ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ r'lgP/ cfp+5g\ . k|b]z ;efsf] d'Vo sfd sfg"g agfpg] xf] / sfo{kflnsfn] k]z u/]sf] jflif{s sfo{qmd tyf ah]6dfly bkmfjf/ 5nkmn u/L sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :jLs[t ug'{ xf] . xfn k|b]z ;efdf rf/ j6f ljifout ;ldltx? 5g\ h:t} !# ;b:o ePsf] ljwfog ;ldlt, !# ;b:o ePsf] ;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt, !! ;b:o ePsf] k|b]z dfldnf ;ldlt, !# ;b:o ePsf] cy{ tyf ljsf; ;ldlt / !! ;b:o ePsf] sfo{ Joj:yf k/fdz{ ;ldlt . k|b]z ;ef ;lrjfno nflu #% hgf sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL /x]sf] 5 .

^=$=@ k|b]z ;+u7g ;+rgfsf] lgdf{0fk|b]z ;/sf/n] c+fˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf] nflu lgDgcg';f/sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 -lrq g+= ^–!_ .

k|b]z k|d'vk|b]zdf Ps k|b]z k|d'vsf] sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . k|b]z k|d'v ;]/]df]lgon ?kdf k|b]zsf] k|d'v x'g] Joj:yf 5 . k|b]z ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf ljw]osx? k|b]z k|d'vn] k|dfl0ft u/] kZrft\ sfg"g aGb5g\ . k|b]z k|d'vsf] sfof{nodf !( hgf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .

d'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nok|b]zdf ;ft ;b:o ePsf] Ps dGqLkl/ifb\sf] u7g ePsf] 5 / d'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . o; sfof{no k|b]zsf] d'Vo k|zf;lgs sfof{no xf] . o;n] k|b]zsf] ;du| k|zf;g / ljsf; lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ;DfGjo ub{5 .



k|b]z k|d'vsf] sfof{no

k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf

cfof]u

cfly{s dfldnf

tyf of]hgf dGqfno

cfGtl/s dfldnf

tyf sfg"g dGqfno

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno

pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno

e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno

;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno

d'Vo Gofoflw jQmfsf] sfo{fno

:jf:Yo lgb]zgfno Ps, lhNnf /

c~rn c:ktfn @!, :jf:Yo sfof{no

%, lzIff lgb]{zgfno Ps / lzIff tflnd s]Gb| Ps u/L hDdf

@( j6f lkmN8 sfof{nox?

s[lifsf ^ j6f 1fg s]Gb| /

% j6f ;Dks{ sfof{no . kz';]jfsf & j6f

lj1 s]Gb| / $ j6f ;Dks{ sfof{no u/L s'n @@ j6f sfo{fnox? .

3/]n'sf !! j6f, jgsf !# j6f / e";+/If0fsf @ u/L hDdf @^

sfo{fno

l;FrfO{sf !! sfof{no, ;8ssf Ps lgb]{zgfno

;lxt ^ sfof{no, vfg]kfgLsf $ sfof{no, ;x/L ljsf;sf #, /

oftfoftsf $ u/L s'n @* sfof{no

sfo{fnox?

lkmN8 sfof{no gePsf]

Ps k|b]z n]vf lgoGqs sfof{no

sfo{kflnsf d'VodGqL tyf

dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no -;ft ;b:oLo dGqLd08n_

Joj:yflksf k|b]z ;ef ljwfog ;ldlt,;fj{hlgs n]vf ;ldlt,k|b]z dfldnf ;ldlt,

cy{ tyf ljsf; ;ldlt,sfo{ Joj:yf k/fdz{ ;ldlt

sd{rf/L b/jGbL

!= k|b]z k|d'vsf] sfof{no Ö !(, lkmN8 Ö ), hDdf !( @= k|b]z ;ef Ö #%, lkmN8 Ö ), hDdf #% #= d'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifbsf] sfof{no Ö %@, lkmN8 Ö ), hDdf %@$=cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno Ö $&, lkmN8 Ö @), hDdf ^&%= cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfno Ö #*, lkmN8 Ö ), hDdf #*^= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno Ö %%, lkmN8 Ö $%@, hDdf %)&&= pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno Ö $%, lkmN8 Ö ^%!, hDdf ^(^*= e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno Ö &#, lkmN8 Ö #$$, hDdf $!&(= ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno Ö ^*, lkmN8 Ö !%&, hDdf @@% -c:ktfnsf] b/jGbL ;dfj]z 5}g_!)= d'Vo GofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{no Ö !!, lkmN8 Ö ), hDdf !!!!= gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u Ö @!, lkmN8 Ö ) hDdf @! -;+3Lo ;/sf/af6 :jLs[lt afFsL_ hDdf Ö $^$, lkmN8 Ö !^@$, hDdf @)**

lrq g+= ^–!M u08sL k|b]zsf] ;fª\u7flgs ;+/rgf



d'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{non] ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{x?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg u/L ljifout dGqfnonfO{ k[i7kf]if0f ug]{ sfo{ ;d]t ub{5 . o; sfof{nodf tLgj6f dxfzfvfM a}7s tyf k|zf;g dxfzfvf, zf;sLo ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo dxfzfvf, sfg"g tyf ;+j}wflgs dfldnf dxfzfvf 5g\ . ;lrjfnosf] nflu %@ hgf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .

cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno o; dGqfnon] k|b]zsf] ah]6 th'{df, ah]6 lgsf;f, /fh:j ;+sng / ljsf; of]hgfdf vr{sf] ;dGjo ub{5 . ah]6 th'{df ug{] sfo{df k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]un] ;3fpg] sfo{ ub{5 . k|b]z n]vf lgoGqs sfof{non] ljifout If]qdf ah]6sf] lgsf;f / ljsf; vr{sf] ;fdfGo lgoGq0f ub{5 . o; dGqfnosf] nflu $& hgf / k|b]z n]vf lgoGqs sfof{nosf] nflu @) hgf u/L ^& hgf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 . cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfnoo;n] k|b]zsf sfg"g lgdf{0f / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 . xfn o;sf cfˆg} lkmN8 sfof{nox? 5}gg\ . o; dGqfnosf] nflu #* hgf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 . ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfnoo; dGqfno cGtu{t l;FrfO{ ;]jfsf] nflu gf} j6f l8lehg / b'Oj6f pk–l8lehg sfof{no u/L !! j6f sfof{no 5g\ . To:t}u/L ;8s lgdf{0fsf] nflu Ps lgb]{zgfno / % ;8s sfof{no u/L ̂ j6f sfof{no :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu $ j6f, zx/L ljsf;sf] nflu # j6f / oftfoftsf] nflu $ j6f u/L hDdf @* j6f sfof{no :yfkgf u/LPsf] 5g . o; dGqfnosf] nflu %% / dftxtsf sfof{nosf] nflu $%@ u/L %)& sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbLsf] :jLs[t ul/Psf]] 5 . pBf]u ko{6g jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnoo; dGqfno cGtu{t @^ j6f lkmN8 sfof{nox? 5g\ . ltgLx?dWo] Ps pBf]u, jfl0fHo pkef]Qmf xslxt lgb]{zgfno, gf} j6f 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ;ldlt, Ps 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u sfof{no, Ps jg cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, Ps jg lgb]{zgfno, !! j6f l8lehg jg sfof{no / b'Oj6f e"–;+/If0f tyf hnfwf/ sfof{no k|d'v 5g\ . oL sfof{nox?n] lhNnf tyf kflnsf txsf sfo{qmdx? sfof{Gjog ub{5g\ . o; dGqfnosf] nflu $% / dftxtsf lkmN8 sfof{nosf] nflu ^%! u/L hDdf ^(! sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .



e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno o; dGqfnon] cf+ˆgf ultljlwx? s[lifsf 5 j6f 1fg s]Gb| / rf/j6f ;Dks{ sfof{no / kz';]jfsf] nflu ;ft j6f lj1 s]Gb| / rf/j6f ;Dks{ sfof{nodfkm{t\ hgtfdf ;]jf k|jfx ub{5g\ . o; dGqfnosf] nflu &# / dftxtsf sfof{nosf] nflu #$$ u/L hDdf $!& sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 . ;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfnoo; dGqfno cGtu{t :jf:Yo tkm{ Ps :jf:Yo lgb]{zgfno, kfFrj6f :jf:Yo sfof{no / @! j6f lhNnf c:ktfn, c~rn c:ktfn / c~rn cfo{'j]lbs c:ktfn u/L @& j6f ;+:yf tyf lzIfftkm{ Ps lzIff lgb]{zgfno / Ps lzIfs tflnd s]Gb| u/L hDdf @( j6f sfof{no tyf c:ktfnn] :Jff:Yo / lzIff ;]jf k|jfx ub{5g\ . o; dGqfnosf] nflu ^* / dftxtsf sfof{nosf] nflu !%& u/L hDdf @@% sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 . d'Vo GofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{noo; sfof{non] k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ cfjZos sfg"gL ;Nnfx k|bfg ug]{ / k|b]z ;/sf/n] u/]sf sfd sf/jfxLsf] cbfntdf s'g} k|Zg p7]df k|b]z ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 jsfnt ub{5 . d'Vo GofoflwjQmfsf] sfof{nosf] nflu !! hgf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]] 5 .

k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]uk|b]zsf] gLlt lgdf{0f / of]hgf th'{df k|s[ofnfO{ j}1flgs / kf/bzL{ agfpg k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u u7g tyf sfo{ ;~rfng cfb]z, @)&$ hf/L u/L @)&% >fj0f dlxgfdf gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u u7g u/]sf] 5 . pQm cfof]unfO{ of]hgf th'{df / gLlt lgdf{0f ;DaGwdf tkl;n adf]lhdsf sfof{b]z lbOPsf] 5 .

-s_ bL3{sfnLg gLlt tyf of]hgf th{'df • k|b]zsf] ;du| ;d[l4sf nflu eljiok/s b[li6 ;lxtsf] bL3{sfnLg nIo,

dfu{lrq, gLlt tyf of]hgf th{'df u/L To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;xhLs/0f ug]{, • cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, kof{j/0fLo / ;'zf;gsf If]qdf /0fgLlts

k|s[ltsf cfjlws gLlt tyf of]hgf tof/ ug]{, • ;DalGwt dGqfno tyf lgsfo;Fusf] ;dGjodf k|b]z:t/sf gofF ljsf;

sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] n]vfhf]vf, k"j{ d"Nof+sg tyf k/LIf0f ;d]t u/L



;xdlt lbg], • nfe nfut nufotsf ljljw ljZn]if0fsf] cfwf/df cfof]hgf a}+s -k|f]h]S6 a}+s_

/ :jLs[t sfo{ljlw cg';f/ cfof]hgf tof/L tyf 5gf}6 ;DaGwL sfd ug]{, • /fli6«o ;|f]tsf] cg'dfg, k|If]k0f / ljt/0f, cfof]hgfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljQLo,

k|fljlws / jftfj/0fLo ljZn]if0fsf] nflu k|fb]lzs dfkb08 tof/ ug]{, u/fpg], • cWoog, cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ cjnDag u/L ljleGg

If]qut gLltx?sf] lgdf{0f tyf ltgsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug]{, • k|b]zsf] ;dli6ut cy{tGqsf] cWoog u/L To; adf]lhdsf] gLlt tyf

of]hgfx?sf] th{'df ug]{, u/fpg], • ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf] ;xnufgL x'g] cfof]hgf 5gf}6 / k"j{tof/L ug{

cfjZos sfd ug]{, • k|b]z:t/sf 7"nf cfof]hgfx?sf] 5gf}6 ug]{, • k|b]zdf lghL If]q / afXo nufgLsf cfof]hgfsf] OlGhlgol/Ë, k|f]Sof]/d]G6

sG6\ofl{\S6Ë,-Olk;L_ OlGhlgol/Ë,k|f]Sof]/d]G6, sG6\oflS6ª\ P08 kmfOgflG;Ë-Olkl;Pkm_ / ljN8 jf]g ck/]6 P08 6«fG;km/ -a'6_ k|0ffnLdf cfof]hgf lgdf{0f ;DaGwL sfd ug]{ .

-v_ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg • k|b]zsf] ljsf;;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog,

k|ltkmn tyf k|efjsf] ljZj;gLo / k|efjsf/L cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf To;nfO{ k|b]z ;/sf/sf ljleGg lgsfox?df nfu" u/L ;+:yfut u/fpg],

• d"Nof+sgsf nflu cfjZos dfkb08 / k|lqmof lgwf{/0f u/L ljifo If]qut gLltx? / k|fyldstf k|fKt sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] k|efj d"Nof+sg ug]{, u/fpg] / To;sf] cfwf/df gLlt tyf sfof{Gjogsf] txdf ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/ ug]{, u/fpg],

• cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] ljifodf ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs, :jtGq d"Nof+sgstf{ tyf ljifout k]zfut ;+3;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh / ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ aLr ;~hfnsf] ljsf; / o;;DaGwL cg'ejsf] cfbfgk|bfg u/L ljz]if1tfsf] ljsf; ug]{, u/fpg] .

-u_ txut ;dGjo • ;+3,k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL gLlt tyf of]hgf th{'df /



sfof{Gjogdf ;dGjo, ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f ug]{, • cGt/{fli6«o ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] ;dGjo / ;xhLs/0f ug]{, • k|b]z ;/sf/sf If]qut gLltx?sf] ;xdlt lbg], • k|f]h]S6 a}+s / k|f]h]S6 of]hgf tof/Lsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L OsfO{sf]

?kdf sfd ug]{ .-3_ cWoog, cg';Gwfg tyf cGj]if0f • k|fb]lzs gLltsf] ;fGble{stf jf ljsf; of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf ljleGg kIfsf]

ljifodf :jtGq lj1, lgsfo jf ;+:yfaf6 /fli6«o tyf cGt/{fl{i6«o :t/sf] zf]w tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ u/fpg] / tT;DaGwL k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ug]{,

• ;fj{hlgs,lghL Pj+ u}/ ;/sf/L If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Ldf gLlt tyf of]hgfsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf x'g] cg';Gwfg tyf cWoogdf k|fl1s k|f]T;fxg tyf ;xhLs/0f ug]{,

• cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ef}lts k"jf{wf/, hn;|f]t tyf phf{ ljsf;, k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg / ;'zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg nufot ljleGg ljifout If]qsf] pTkfbg / Joj;fosf] ;+/rgf, 9fFrf tyf k|ljlwdf ?kfGt/0f ug{' kg]{ ljifosf nflu tYok/s gLlt, ;'emfj tyf k|:tfjx? l;kmfl/; ug]{,

• ljZjljBfno tyf cGo k|fl1s ;+:yf;Fu gLlt cg';Gwfgdf ;xsfo{ ug]{, • If]qut / ljifout :jo+;]jssf] 5gf}6 ug]{, x6fpg], k|lzIffyL{ k|lzIf0f lng] .

gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]usf] nflu k|b]z ;/sf/n] @! hgf sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL lg0f{o u/L :jLs[ltsf nflu ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf ;fDffGo dGqfnodf k7fPsf] 5 .

;du|df o; k|b]zsf] /fhwfgL kf]v/fsf sfof{nosf] nflu $^$ hgf / dftxtsf lkmN8 sfof{nosf] nflu !,^@$ hgf u/L hDdf @,)** sd{rf/Lsf] b/jGbL :jLs[t ePsf] 5 . k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\k|b]z ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] k|b]z leqsf dxfgu/kflnsf, gu/kflnsf, / ufFpkflnsf;Fu ;DfGjo ug{ k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] a}7s ;~rfng sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . k|b]z ;dGjo kl/ifb\sf] b'O{ j6f a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .



^=$=# k|b]zsf clwsf/-s_ k|b]zsf Psn clwsf/ If]qM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] cg';"rL ^ adf]lhd k|b]zsf]

Psn clwsf/ If]qleq @! j6f clwsf/x? kb{5g\ . tL clwsf/x? lgDgcg';f/ 5g\ M

!= k|b]z k|x/L k|zf;g / zflGt ;'/Iff,

@= g]kfn /fi6« a}+ssf] gLlt cg'?k ljQLo ;+:yfx?sf] ;~rfng, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, s]Gb|sf] ;xdltdf j}b]lzs cg'bfg / ;xof]u,

#= /]l8of], Pkm= Pd, 6]lnlehg ;~rfng,

$= 3/ hUuf /lhi6«]zg z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/~hg s/, lj1fkg s/, ko{6g, s[lif cfodf s/, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf,

%= k|b]z lghfdlt ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf,

^= k|b]z tYof+s,

&= k|b]z :t/sf] ljB't\, l;FrfO / vfg]kfgL ;]jf, kl/jxg,

*= k|b]z ljZjljBfno, pRr lzIff, k':tsfno, ;+u|xfno, .

(= :jf:Yo ;]jf,

!)= k|b]z ;ef, k|b]z dGqLkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL,

!!= k|b]zleqsf] Jofkf/,

!@= k|b]z nf]sdfu{,

!#= k|b]z cg';Gwfg Ao'/f],

!$= k|b]z ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg / cGo cfjZos ljifo,

!%= k|b]z nf]s ;]jf cfof]u,

!^= e"ld Joj:yfkg, hUufsf] clen]v,

!&= vfgL cGj]if0f / Joj:yfkg,

!*= efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, nlntsnf / wd{sf] ;+/If0f / k|of]u,

!(= k|b]zleqsf] /fli6«o jg, hn pkof]u tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg,

@)= s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;, snsf/vfgf, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, oftfoft, /

@!= u'7L Joj:yfkg .



-v_ k|b]z / ;+3sf ;femf clwsf/ If]qM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] cg';"rL & adf]lhd ;+3 / k|b]zsf @% j6f ;femf clwsf/x? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

!= kmf}hbf/L tyf b]jfgL sfo{ljlw / k|df0f / zky -sfg"gL dfGotf, ;fj{hlgs sfo{ / clen]v / Goflos k|lqmof_,

@= cfjZos j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{, ljt/0f, d"No lgoGq0f, u'0f:t/ / cg'udg,

#= b]zsf] ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf lgjf/s gh/aGb, sf/fuf/ tyf lx/f;t Joj:yfkg / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf,

$= Ps k|b]zaf6 csf]{ k|b]zdf cleo'Qm, y'g'jf / s}bLsf] :yfgfGt/0f,

%= kfl/jfl/s dfldnf -ljjfx, ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f, ;DaGw ljR5]b, nf]kf]Gd'v, 6'x'/f, wd{k'q, wd{k'qL pQ/flwsf/ / ;+o'Qm kl/jf/_ ;DaGwL sfg"g,

^= ;DklQ k|flKt, clwu|x0f / clwsf/sf] ;[hgf,

&= s/f/, ;xsf/L, ;fem]bf/L / Ph]G;L ;DaGwL,

*= 6f6 kN6]sf] / bfdf;fxL ;DaGwL,

(= cf}ifwL / ljifflb,

!)= of]hgf, kl/jf/ lgof]hg / hg;+Vof Joj:yfkg,

!!= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / /f]huf/L, 6«]8 o'lgog, cf}Bf]lus ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg, >ldssf xs, clwsf/ / ljjfb ;DaGwL sfo{,

!@= sfg"g Joj;fo, n]vfk/LIf0f, OlGhlgol/Ë, lrlsT;f, cfo'j{]b lrlsT;f, kz' lrlsT;f, cfDrL / cGo k]zf,

!#= k|b]z ;Ldf gbL, hndfu{, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf,

!$= ;~rf/ dfWod ;DaGwL,

!%= pBf]u tyf vlgh / ef}lts k"jf{wf/,

!^= Sofl;gf], lr7\7f,

!&= k|fs[lts tyf u}/ k|fs[lts ljkb k"j{ tof/L, p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e,

!*= ko{6g, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO{,

!(= rnlrq, l;g]df xn, v]ns"b,

@)= aLdf Joj;fo ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg,

@!= ul/aL lgjf/0f / cf}Bf]uLs/0f,

@@= j}1flgs cg';Gwfg, lj1fg k|ljlw / dfgj ;+;fwg ljsf;,

@#= cGt/k|fb]lzs ¿kdf km}lnPsf] h+un, lxdfn, jg ;+/If0f If]q hn pkof]u,

@$= e"ld gLlt / ;f] ;DaGwL sfg"g, /

@%= /f]huf/L / a]/f]huf/ ;xfotf .



-u _ k|b]z, ;+3 / :yfgLo txsf ;femf clwsf/sf If]qM g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] cg';"rL * n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf !% j6f ;femf clwsf/ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5, tL clwsf/x? lgDgcg';f/ 5g\M != ;xsf/L,

@= lzIff, v]ns"b / kqklqsf,

#= :jf:Yo,

$= s[lif,

%= ljB't\, vfg]kfgL, l;FrfO h:tf ;]jfx¿,

^= ;]jf z'Ns, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L, ko{6g z'Ns,

&= jg, h+un, jGohGt', r/fr'?+uL, hn pkof]u, jftfj/0f, kof{j/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf,

*= vfgL tyf vlgh,

(= ljkb\ Joj:yfkg,

!)= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0f,

!!= JolQmut 36gf, hGd, d[To', ljjfx / tYof+s,

!@= k'/ftTj, k|frLg :df/s / ;Fu|xfno,

!#= ;'s'Daf;L Joj:yfkg,

!$= k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 k|fKt /f]oN6L /

!%= ;jf/L ;fwg cg'dlt .

dfly pNn]lvt Psn / ;femf clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/n] tn pNn]lvt d'Vo sfo{x? ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 .

^=$=$ k|b]zsf] Gofo Aoj:yf / sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0fnf]stflGqs /fHo zf;g Joj:yfsf] hu / Gofosf] ;'lglZrttf xf] . bzsf}Fsf] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngaf6 g]kfn ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds d'n's ag]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgn] hgtfsf clwsf/nfO{ d"ntM df}lns xsdf Jojl:yt u/L sfg"gL zf;g, dfgj clwsf/, ;'zf;g / Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . sfg"g ;+u7g / p2]Zosf] d]?b08 xf] . clwsf/, ljifo If]qflwsf/, sfd st{Jo / ;+/rgfsf] lg?k0f sfg"gn] ub{5 eg] pNn+3gdf b08 ;hfosf] tfls{s / ljj]sL cfwf/ klg sfg"g g} xf] . Gofo k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/, dfWod / ljlw sfg"g ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;jf]{k/L k|fylds dxTjsf] cf}hf/sf ?kdf lnOG5 . Gofosf] cleGg cfwf/sf ?kdf k|b]zn] cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/ leqsf sfg"g lgdf{0f u/L Gofo ;DkfbgnfO{ ;3fp k'¥ofPsf] 5 .



g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfnt / Goflos lgsfoaf6 k|of]u ul/g] pNn]v u/]sf] 5. g]kfnsf] Gofo k|0ffnL cGtu{t ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfnt u/L tLg txsf cbfnt /x]sf 5g . ;fy}, :yfgLo :t/df Goflos lgsfo jf ljjfb ;dfwfgsf j}slNks pkfo cjnDjg ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo lgsfo u7g ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf;d]t\ 5 . o;} cg'?k k|To]s :yfgLo txdf ljjfb lg?k0fsf nflu :yfgLo Goflos ;ldlt u7g eO{ lqmofzLn /x]sf 5g\ . dfgj clwsf/ ;+/If0f, JolQmsf sfg"gL xs :yfkgf ug{ / JolQm–JolQm aLrsf ;fdflhs / b]jfgL k|s[ltsf w]/} ljjfbx? :yfgLo txaf6 g} ;Daf]wg x'g] Joj:yf cfkm}+df ;xh tyf k|efjsf/L Joj:yf xf]. o; k|b]zleqsf :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltx?nfO{ yk ;Ifd / ;an agfO{ Gofo ;DkfbgnfO{ yk ljZj;gLo agfpg]tkm{ s]lG›t x'g' kg]{ b]lvG5 . pko{'Qm k[i7e"ldsf] cfwf/df sfg"gsf] lg/Gt/ ;'wf/, ;+lxtfs/0f / ljsf;, sfg"gL lzIff, ;r]tgf / lgMz'Ns sfg"gL ;xfotf, sfg"g lgdf{0f sfo{df ;+nUg lgsfox?sf] ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ Gofodf hgtfsf] kx'Fr clea[l4 u/L sfg"gsf] zf;gnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{' kg]{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . ;+ljwfgn] g} sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] clwsf/ k|b]z / :yfgLo tx ;d]tnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] cj:yfdf cfjZos gLltut, sfg"gL / ;+:yfut cfwf/x? ;d]t ;'rf? ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf 5g\ . k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] lgdf{0f ug]{ sfg"gnfO{ hLjGt / sfof{Gjogof]Uo t'NofO{ cfd hgtfdf To;sf] ck]lIft nfe k¥'ofpg, abln+bf] kl/j]z cg'?k ljleGg gofF ljifox?df k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo sfg"gL Joj:yf ug{ / sfg"gL zf;gsf] ;'lglZrttfsf] nflu ;Da4 lgsfox?sf] ;+:yfut Ifdtf cem} clej[l4 ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

u08sL k|b]zdf Gofo lg?k0fsf] nflu Ps pRr cbfnt / !! j6f lhNnf cbfnt ;+3Lo ;/sf/sf] dftxt sfo{/t 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu !& wf/f @!& df :yfgLo txn] cf+k\mgf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf ljjfb lg?k0f ug{ uf+pkflnsfsf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf / gu/kflnsfn] cf+k\mgf] pkk|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo Ps Goflos ;ldlt /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . oxL ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg cg';f/ u08sL k|b]zsf *% j6f :yfgLo txn] oL Goflos ;ldltdfkm{t\ Gofo lg?k0f ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . u08sL k|b]zdf k|lt GofowL; ;/b/ !!) d'2fx? ljrf/fwLg 5g\ . GofofwLzx?sf] sfo{af]em ;fdfGo lsl;dsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu !@ wf/f !^) n] k|b]zdf d'Vo GofoflwjQmf /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d'Vo GofoflwjQmf k|b]z ;/sf/sf] d'Vo sfg"gL ;Nnfxsf/ x'g\ . pgn] ;+j}wflgs Pj+ sfg"gL ljifodf k|b]z ;/sf/ jf k|b]z ;/sf/n] tf]s]sf] cGo clwsf/LnfO{ /fo ;Nnfx k|bfg ub{5g\ .



k|b]zn] cfˆgf] :yfkgfsf] 5f]6f] ;dodf -@)&% sf] jif]{ clwj]zg ;Dddf_ sfg"g lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf pNn]Vo sfd u/]sf] 5 . k|b]z ;efn] !( j6f gofF sfg"gx?sf] lgdf{0f, rf/j6f sfg"g tyf lgodfjnLx?sf] ;+zf]wg, Ps k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]usf] u7g cfb]z lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 eg] rf/j6f cGo sfg"gsf] d:of}bf tof/ u/L k|b]z ;+;bdf 5nkmnsf] nflu k7fPsf] 5 . lgdf{0f ePsf tyf k|b]z ;efdf 5nkmndf /x]sf sfg"gx? tkl;n adf]lhd 5g\M

-s_ k|b]z ;efn] lgdf{0f u/]sf !( j6f sfg"gx? • k|b]z ;ef lgodfjnL k|b]z g+= $ .• Kf|b]z :t/sf s]xL ;fj{hlgs lnvt k|df0fLs/0f ;DaGwdf Jojl:yt ug{ ag]sf]

P]g .• cfly{s sfo{ljlw lgoldt tyf Jojl:yt ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os .• :yfgLo txsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?n] kfpg] ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{

ag]sf] P]g .• d'VodGqL tyf dGqLx?sf] kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf]

P]g .• Kf|b]z ;efsf kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox?sf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf

ug{ ag]sf] P]g .• k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cfyL{s jif{ @)&$÷)&% sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf / sfo{sf] nflu

k|b]z ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 s]xL /sdvr{ ug]{ / ljlgof]hg ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g -ljlgof]hg P]g_ .

• :yfgLo txsf] ;ef ;~rfng ;DaGwL -sfo{ljlw_ P]g .• k|b]z cfsl:ds s]fif ;DaGwL k|:tfjnfO{ sfo{fGjog ug{ ag]sf] P]g @)&$ .• :yfgLo txsf] sfg"g lgdf{0f k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g .• k|b]z b'Uwljsf; af]8{sf] :yfkgf / Joj:yfkg ug{ ag]sf] P]g .• k|b]zsf] s/ tyf u}/s/ /fh:j nufpg] / p7fpg] ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf]

P]g .• k|b]z /fh:j afF8kmfF8 tyf cg'bfg x:tfGt/0f ug]{ ;DaGwL tof/ ul/Psf]] k|b]z

ljQLo Joj:yfkg P]g,@)&% .• Vff]k ;]jf -;~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg_ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g . • k|b]z ;/sf/sf] cy{ ;DaGwL k|:tfjnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ag]sf] P]g -cfly{s P]g,



@)&%_ .• cf=j= @)&%.)&^ sf] ;]jf / sfo{x?sf] nflu k|b]z ;l~rt sf]ifaf6 s]xL /sd

vr{ ug]{ / ljlgof]hg ug]{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os-k|b]z ljlgof]hg P]g, @)&%_ .

• d'Vo GofoflwjQmfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf ;]jfsf zt{ ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] P]g .

• k|zf;sLo sfo{ljlw -lgoldt ug]{_ P]g .• k|b]z cfly{s sfo{ljlw -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ P]g, @)&% .• s]xL k|b]z sfg"gnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ag]sf] P]g .

-v_ lgodx? • u08sL k|b]z, k|b]z ;ef -bf]>f] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL, @)&% .• k|b]z g+= $, k|b]z ;ef -klxnf] ;+zf]wg_ lgodfjnL .

-u_ u7g cfb]z • k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u u7g cfb]z, @)&$ .

-3_ 5nkmndf /x]sf ljw]os • k|b]z ;ef ;lrjfno ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os -k|b]z ;ef ;lrjfno

P]g, @)&%_ .• ;xsf/L ;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os .• j/lkkn rf}tf/f] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ ag]sf] ljw]os .

-ª_ sfg"g lgdf{0f ug{ cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfnoaf6 ;xdlt k|bfg ul/Psf ljw]osx?• k|b]z ;fj{hlgs vr{ ljw]os• k|b]z ;fdflhs ljsf; ljw]os • k|fb]lzs s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g ;DaGwL ljw]os• jGohGt' p4f/ s]Gb| ;DaGwL ljw]os• k|f0fL pBfg lrl8ofvfgf ;DaGwL ljw]os• jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ljw]os• k|fb]lzs ;"lt{hGo kbfy{ -lgoGq0f tyf lgodg_ ;DaGwL ljw]os• k|fb]lzs ljZj ljBfno ;DaGwL ljw]os• k|b]z jg ljw]os• k|b]z ko{6g ljw]os



^=$=% zflGt z'/Iffu08sL k|b]zsf] zflGt ;'/Iff Aoj:yf ug{ ;'/Iff bnsf rf/j6f ;+:yf h:t} ;z:q k|x/L an, g]kfn k|x/L, g]kfnL ;]gf / /fli6«o cg';Gwfg k|x/Ln] u/]sf 5g\ .

tflnsf g+= ^–*M k|b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt

lhNnf;z:q k|x/L an,g]kfn

g]kfn k|x/L g]kfnL ;]gf/fli6o

cg';GwfghDdf

O{sfO ;+Vof O{sfO ;+Vof O{sfO ;+Vof O{sfO ;+Vof O{sfO ;+Vofsf:sL ^ !!*& $! !^@% !# @%@( ^) %#$!tgx'F ! $%# @( %)# * !($$ #* @())ndh'ª\ ) ) @@ #@* ^ *!# @* !!$!dgfª\ ! &) !# !*& ! @!* !% $&%d':tfª\ ! !#^ !& @$( $ &(# @@ !!&*DofUbL ! #% !* @&$ # @!* @@ %@&afUfn'Ë ) ) #) %%) ^ !)&& #^ !^@&kj{t ! @%! @) @%$ @ @!* @# &@#uf]/vf @ !%! $) %*^ & *!# $( !%%):ofª\hf ! *^ @& $!# @ @!* #) &!&gjnk'/ % !(% !* #$* # !%) @^ ^(#cGo -;+rf/_

) @$ ) ) !@ !%)

hDdf !( @%** @&% %#!& %% *((! !@ !%) #$( !^*&@

>f]t M ;'/Iff lgsfosf] k|zf;lgs clen]v, @)&%

k|b]zdf zflGt ;'/Iffsf] nflu oL rf/ ;'/Iff ansf #$( j6f ;'/Iff OsfO / !^,*&@ ;''/Iff AolQm sfo{/t 5g\ -tflnsf g+= ^–*_ . u08sL k|b]zdf ;fnfvfnf Ps hgf ;''/Iff hjfgn] !$* hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .

^=$=^ dfgj clwsf/dgj clwsf/sf] s'/f ubf{ ufpF, ;dfh tyf b]zleq dfq geO{ l;ª\uf] ljZjnfO{ ;d]6\g] ul/G5 . dflg;n] g};lu{s ¿kdf :jtM k|fKt ug{ kfpg] oL clwsf/x¿ ljlzi6 rl/qsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] dfgj clwsf/ ljZjJofkL 5, cljefHo 5 / dfgj clwsf/ Pscfk;df



cGt;{DalGwt 5g\ . To;} u/L dfgjclwsf/sf cfwf/e"t kIf eGgfn] dflg; ;a} a/fa/ 5g\, s;}nfO{ klg ;'ljwf / cj;/jf6 al~rt ul/g' x'Fb}g / ;/sf/sf] nufd hgtfsf] xftdf x'g'kb{5 .

Dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f, ;Ddfg / kl/k"lt{ ug'{ / Aojxf/df nfu' ug'{ /fHosf] dxTjk"0f{ bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L xf] . oL bfloTj k"/f ug{ /fHo ;Ifd / hjfkmb]xL aGg ;s]g eg] ToxfF dfgj clwsf/ pNnª\3g x'G5 . xfd|f] d'n'sdf o:t} cj:Yff oyfjt\ ePsf sf/0f g} dfgj clwsf/sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . b08xLgtfsf] ljifo;d]t\ ;+:s[lts} ¿kdf df}nfO/x]sf] 5 h;n] ubf{ ljlwsf] zf;g sdhf]/ aGg k'u]sf] 5 / c/fhstfn] a9f]Q/L kfPsf] 5 .

dfgj clwsf/sf] k"0f{ ¿kn] pkef]u ug{ kfpg' x/]s dflg;sf] hGdl;4 clwsf/ xf] . cfk\mgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ubf{ c¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ klg plQs} ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ sf] efu # sf] wf/f !^ b]lv wf/f $* ;Dd dfgj clwsf/sf] ¿kdf df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h;df gful/ssf clwsf/ ;+u;+u} st{AonfO{ ;d]t dxTjsf ;fy pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . cfk\mgf] clwsf/;+u} c¿sf] clwsf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug'{ xfd|f] bfloTj xf] . t;y{ clwsf/ ;+u} st{Jo klg kfngf ul/of] eg] dfq ;dfhdf dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; eO{ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;Da4{gsf ;fy ;fdflhs Gofoo'Qm ;dfhsf] lgdf{0f x'g ;Sb5 .

^=$=^=! u08sL k|b]zdf dfgj clwsf/sf] l:ylthgj/L @)!* b]lv xfn;Dd OG;]s kf]v/f sfof{non] u08sL k|b]z cGtu{t ePsf dfgj clwsf/ xgg tyf HofbtL ;DaGwL % ;o #^ cf]6f 36gf clen]v u/\of] -OG;]s, @)&%_ . h; cGtu{t /fHo kIfaf6 ePsf 36gfdf &@ hgf / u}//fHo kIfaf6 ePsf 36gfdf % ;o $) hgf u/L s'n ^ ;o !@ AolQm kLl8t eP . /fHo kIfaf6 $ hgf dlxnf tyf #$ hgf k'¿if u/L #* hgf AolQm lu/km\tf/ eP . /fHo kIfaf6 ePsf s'6lk6sf 36gfdf ;ft hgf dlxnf / @& hgf k'¿if u/L #$ hgf AolQm kLl8t eP . /fHo kIfaf6 ePsf lu/km\tf/sf 36gfdf kLl8t x'g]df clwsf+z g]kfn ljBfyL{ ;+3 tyf gofF zlQm g]kfn tyf g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ cfa4 ljBfyL{ / sfo{stf{ /x]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s kf]v/fl:yt dl0fkfn lzIf0f c:ktfndf k|bz{gsf qmddf sd{rf/L tyf k'gj{xfnLsf] dfu ub}{ kf]v/fdf cfGbf]ng/t dlxnf ;fdflhs kl/rfns k|x/Laf6 ePsf] nf7Lrfh{sf qmddf 3fO{t] ePsf lyP .



o; cjlwdf ePsf 36gfnfO{ x]bf{ u}//fHo kIfaf6 ePsf ljleGg 36gfdf kLl8t x'g]df clwsf+z dlxnf /x]sf 5g\ . o; cjlwdf u}//fHo kIfaf6 ePsf 36gfnfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] u}//fHo kIfaf6 ePsf afnclwsf/ ;DaGwL 36gfdf ! ;o !) hgf aflnsf / !) hgf afns u/L ! ;o @) hgf afnaflnsf kLl8t ePsf] OG;]sn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . h;dWo] afnljjfxsf 36gfdf b'O{ hgf aflnsf, a]rlavgsf 36gfdf b'O{ hgf aflnsf, ljBfnodf ePsf] ;hfosf 36gfdf tLg hgf aflnsf / cf7 hgf afns ;lxt !! hgf kLl8t eP eg] b'O{ gjhft lzz'sf] xTof eof] . o; cjlwdf ^% hgf aflnsf anfTsf/sf 36gfdf kLl8t eP eg] #& hgf aflnsf / Ps afns of}g b'Ao{jxf/sf 36gfdf kLl8t eP .

o:t} dlxnf clwsf/ cGtu{t o; cjlwdf 3/]n' lx+;f cGtu{t @ ;o *), slyt af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k cGtu{t ^, ax'ljjfx cGtu{t @(, anfTsf/ cGtu{t $) anfTsf/ k|of; cGtu{t !%, of}g b'Ao{jxf/ cGtu{t Ps / dlxnf a]rlavg cGtu{tsf 36gfdf b'O{ hgf u/L # ;o &# hgf dlxnf u}//fHo kIfaf6 kLl8t eP -OG;]s, @)&%_ . o; cjlwdf u}//fHo kIfaf6 ePsf anfTsf/sf 36gfdf ! ;o % hgf dlxnf / aflnsf tyf anfTsf/ k|of; / of}g b'Ao{jxf/sf 36gfdf %# hgf dlxnf / aflnsf u/L ! ;o %* hgf dlxnf tyf aflnsf of}ghGo lx+;fsf 36gfdf kLl8t ePsf] OG;]s kf]v/fn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 . @)&% c;f]h ( ut] kf]v/f dgkf–@@ k'DbLe'DbLsL !) jifL{of aflnsf >]of las -;'gf/_ sf] anfTsf/kl5 xTof ePsf] 36gf klg o; cjlwsf] clen]v ag]sf] 5 -OG;]s, @)&%_ .

tflnsf g+= ^–(M u08sL k|b]zdf 36]sf dfgj clwsf/sf 36gf

36gfsf] k|sf/Uf}//fHo kIfaf6

Uf}//fHo kIfaf6

Uf}//fHo kIfaf6

/fHo kIfaf6

/fHo kIfaf6

/fHo kIfaf6

dlxnf d'¿if hDdf dlxnf d'¿if hDdflu/km\tf/ – – – $ #$ #*s'6lk6 % !^ @! & @& #$3fO{t] ! @ # – – –Affn clwsf/ !!) !) !@) – – –Dflxnf clwsf/ #&# – #&# – – –wDsL – ^ ^ – – –xTof !) $ !$ – – –hftLo lje]b # # – – –hDdf %)@ #* %$) !! ^! &@

>f]t M OG;]s kf]v/f, u08sL k|b]z, @)&%



o; cjlwdf u}//fHo kIfaf6 ePsf s'6lk6sf 36gfdf kfFr dlxnf / !^ k'¿if kLl8t eP eg] !) hgf dlxnf / rf/ k'¿ifsf] u}//fHosf tkm{af6 xTof eof] . clwsf+z dlxnf xTofsf 36gfdf kl/jf/af6 eof] . hftLo lje]b cGtu{t ut hgj/Lb]lv xfn;Dd tLg hgf dlxnf s'6lk6 tyf lje]bsf 36gfdf kLl8t eP . o:t} ^ hgf kqsf/ ;dfrf/ ;+sngsf qmddf wDsL tyf b'Ao{jxf/sf 36gfdf kLl8t eP -OG;]s, @)&%_ . @)&$ kmfu'g * ut] c1ft kIfaf6 ePsf] ad ljikmf]6df k/L kf]v/fdf Pshgf kqsf/ / 8\o'6Ldf vl6Psf k|x/L 3fO{t] eP eg] @)&$ c;f]h * ut] gjnk/f;L ab{3f6 ;':tf k'j{df Ps dlxnf Pl;8 cfqmd0fsf] 36gfdf k/L 3fO{t] eO{g\ . o; cjlwdf c1ft kIfaf6 ^ cf]6f lghL ;jf/L ;fwgdf cfuhgL tyf tf]8kmf]8sf] 36gf eof] -OG;]s, @)&%_ . k|lt GofofwLz ;/b/ !!) d'2fx? lhNnf tyf pRr cbfntdf ljrf/fwLg 5g\ -OG;]s, @)&%_ .

^=$=& ;dfj]lztf;dfj]lztfsf] ;Gbe{df u08sL k|b]zn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, ;+3Lo sfg"g / lgodx? tyf k|b]z ;/sf/ cf+km}n] agfPsf sfg"g lgod / sfo{ljlw cg';f/ sfo{ ul//x]sf] 5 . k|b]zdf ;dfjl]ztfsf] cEof; ;Gbe{df tnsf cg'R5]bdf AofVof / ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

^=$=&=! ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"ltg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !* n] s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g egL k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . ;a} gful/s sfg"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g]5g\ / s;}nfO{ klg sfg"gsf] ;dfg ;+/If0faf6 jl~rt ul/g] 5}g . ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] k|of]udf pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, ln+u, zf/Ll/s cj:yf, ckf+utf, :jf:Yo l:ylt, j}jflxs l:ylt, uef{j:yf, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff jf If]q, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g . /fHon] gful/sx¿sf aLr pTklQ, wd{, j0f{, hft, hflt, ln+u, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff, If]q, j}rfl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj ug]{ 5}g . t/ ;fdflhs jf ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] lk5l8Psf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L, hghflt, dw]zL, yf¿, d'l:nd, pTkLl8t ju{, lk58f ju{, cNk;+Vos, ;LdfGts[t, ls;fg, >lds, o'jf, afnaflnsf, Ho]i7 gful/s, n}+lus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, uef{j:yfsf JolQm, czQm jf c;xfo, lk5l8Psf] If]q / cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfo{ nufot gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f jf ljsf;sf nflu sfg"g adf]lhd ljz]if Joj:yf ug{ /f]s nufPsf] dflgg] 5}g . To:t}u/L, ;dfg sfdsf nflu n}+lus cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf s'g} e]befj ul/g] 5}g . k}t[s ;DklQdf n}+lus e]befjljgf ;a} ;Gtfgsf] ;dfg xs x'g]5 egL ;dfj]lztfsf] nflu ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 .



g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] xssf] klg k|Tofe"lt u/]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw]zL, yf¿, cNk;+Vos, ckf+utf ePsf JolQm, ;LdfGts[t, d'l:nd, lk58f ju{, n}+lus tyf of}lgs cNk;+Vos, o'jf, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/s tyf cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg v; cfo{nfO{ ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df /fHosf] lgsfodf ;xeflutfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To:t} u/L cfly{s ¿kn] ljkGg tyf nf]kf]Gd'v ;d'bfosf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf;, /f]huf/L, vfBfGg / ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf ljz]if cj;/ tyf nfe kfpg] xs x'g]5 . ckf+utf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg;lxt dof{bf / cfTd;Ddfgk"j{s hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] / ;fj{hlgs ;]jf tyf ;'ljwfdf ;dfg kx'Frsf] xs x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

^=$=&=@ ;fdflhs Gofo / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL gLlt u08sL k|b]zdf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf gLlt ;+3Lo gLltdf ePsf] Joj:yf adf]lhd lgb]{lzt ePsf 5g\ . vf;u/L ;dfj]zL gLltn] c;xfo cj:yfdf /x]sf Psn dlxnfnfO{ ;Lk, Ifdtf / of]Uotfsf] cfwf/df /f]huf/Ldf k|fyldstf lb+b} hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ;d'lrt Joj:yf ub}{ hfg]. hf]lvddf k/]sf, ;fdflhs / kfl/jfl/s alxis/0fdf k/]sf tyf lx+;fkLl8t dlxnfnfO{ k'gM:yfkgf, ;+/If0f, ;zQmLs/0f u/L :jfjnDaL agfpg] . k|hgg cj:yfdf cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwf pkef]usf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ . afnaRrfsf] kfng kf]if0f, kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx h:tf sfd / of]ubfgnfO{ cfly{s ¿kdf d"Nof+sg ug]{] . afnaflnsfsf] ;jf{]Qd lxtnfO{ k|fylds ¿kdf Wofg lbg], d'Qm sd}of, sDxn/L, x?jf, r?jf, xlnof, e"ldxLg, ;'s'Daf;Lx¿sf] klxrfg u/L a;f]af;sf nflu 3/ 38]/L tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu s[lifof]Uo hdLg jf /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ub}{ k'gM:yfkgf ug]{ . /fli6«o ljsf;df o'jf ;xeflutf clej[l4 ub}{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts clwsf/x¿sf] k'0f{ pkof]usf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ . o'jfsf] ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf nflu lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/L nufotsf If]qdf ljz]if cj;/ k|bfg ub}{ JolQmTj ljsf; ug{] tyf /fHosf] ;jf+{ËL0f ljsf;df of]ubfgsf nflu pko'Qm cj;/ k|bfg ug]{ . cflbjf;L hghfltsf] klxrfg;lxt ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ub}{ o; ;d'bfo;Fu ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lg0f{ox¿df ;xefuL u/fpg] tyf cflbjf;L hghflt / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] k/Dk/fut 1fg, ;Lk, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhs k/Dk/f / cg'ejnfO{ ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug]{ . cNk;+Vos ;d'bfonfO{ c+fˆgf] klxrfg sfod /fvL ;fdflhs / ;+f:s[lts clwsf/ k|of]usf] cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ . dw]zL ;d'bfo, d'l:nd / lk58f ju{nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts cj;/ / nfesf] ;dfg ljt/0f tyf To:tf ;d'bfoleqsf



ljkGg gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f / ljsf;sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Joj:yf ug]{ . pTkLl8t tyf lk5l8Psf] If]qsf gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, pTyfg, ;zQmLs/0f, ljsf; / cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf cj;/ tyf nfesf nflu ljz]if Aoj:yf ug]{ gLlt to ul/Psf] 5 .

^=$=&=# ;dfa]zL ;DaGwdf ;+j}wflgs Aoj:yf / gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf ;dfj]zL ;DaGwdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;DaGwdf lgDg sfo{ ePsf 5g\M

s_ lghfdtL ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL kbk"lt{sf] Joj:yf lghfdtL P]gsf] wf/f @* pkwf/f & adf]lhd lghfdtL ;]jfnfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg v'Nnf k|ltof]lutfåf/f k"lt{ x'g] kbdWo] k}+tfnL; k|ltzt kb 5'6\ofO{ ;f] k|ltztnfO{ ztk|ltzt dfgL b]xfoadf]lhdsf pDd]bjf/aLrdf dfq 5'§f5'§} k|lt:kwf{ u/fO{ kbk"lt{ ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 -tflnsf g+= ^–!)_ . o; lsl;dsf] Joj:yfn] ;sf/fTds lje]b u/L lghfdtL ;]jf k|j]zdf ;dfj]lztfsf] cEof; ul/Psf] 5 .

tflnsf g+= ^–!)M lghfdlt ;]jf k|j]zdf ;dfj]lztfsf] Aoj:yfqm=;+= k|ltof]lutfsf] lsl;d k|ltzt! ;a}sf] nflu v'Nnf Kf|ltof]lutf %% @ cf/If0f ;lxtsf] v'Nnf k|ltof]lutf $%

hDdf !))s'n vfln kbdf cf/If0fsf] $% k|ltztnfO{ !)) k|ltzt dfgL k|lt:kwf{ u/fpg] Joj:yf cg';f/

! dlxnf ## @ cflbjf;L hghflt @&# dw];L @@$ blnt (% ckf+u %^ lk5fl8Psf] If]q $

hDdf !))

>f]t M lghfdlt ;]jf P]g

v_ ljBfyL{ egf{df ;dfjl]ztf ;fd'bflos tyf ;+:yfut b'a} ljBfnox?df ;d'bfout hg;+Vofsf] cfsf/ cg';f/ ljBfyL{ eg{fsf] cg'kft ;dfj]zL xF'b} uPsf] 5 -tflnsf g+= ^–!!_ .



lns

f g+= ^

–!!M

ljBf

yL{

egf

{df

;dfj

]lztf

zLif

{sx?

sIf

f -!–

%_s

Iff -

^–*_

sIf

f -(–

!)_

sIf

f -!)

–!@_

hDd

f

5fq

f 5

fq5

fqf

5fq

5fq

f 5

fq5

fqf

5fq

5fq

f 5

fq

hDd

f ljBfn

o eg

f{ eP

sf ;+V

of!^

*@($

!^@&

%&(*

&!$

(&$)*

%&$#%

%$)%

*$!!

&&#%

@#$

#^%^

@)#$

($%&

;fd'b

flos ljB

fno

egf{ eP

sf ;+V

of!@

(&#^

!@@!

^$*@

)@*

&&&$

)$&!

&&$)%

*&#)

@##

!((&

&@*

(!&$

@^)$

^*

lghL ljBfn

o eg

f{ eP

sf ;+V

of#*

%%*

$)%

(#!^

^*^

!(^^

*!)

@%*

!#$&!

!)($

$!%

@%&

&^$$^

**(*

(

ljBfn

o eg

f{ eP

sf] k|ltz

t -u

08sL k|b

]zsf] dfq

lx:;

f_*

*!!

!!!@

!@!#

!#–

–

blnts

f] eg

f{ ;+V

of$!*

!^$#&

^)@#

)&*

@!%$

(($

!$*&

!^@*

!!@$

@#&&

!!(

&^$$*

ljBfn

o eg

f{ eP

sf] blnts

f] k|ltz

t !!

!!!%

!%!&

!&!%

!#–

–

hgh

fltsf] eg

f{ ;+V

of&$

&$$

&*(%

)$%^

)%$$)@

(@)

(@%

!(^!

%**

&%&^

##!%

)!$(

!%)@

@&

ljBfn

o eg

f{ eP

sf] hgh

fltsf] k|ltz

t!)

!!!@

!@!@

!#!@

!@–

–

s'n lzIfsx?

sf] ;+V

of!#

^@$

!$!)

%@&

(%%!

!!!!

&$%!

#^*)

!#!

^&!*

#($

@&%!

(

;fd'b

flos ljBfn

osf lz

Ifsx?

sf] ;+V

of(&

$*

!!@^

(!(

^&$!!

%&^

(##

))^(

*@!

*$!#

!*@

@)*^

*

>f]t

M lz

Iff ljefu

, ;fg

f] l7dL,

eQmk'/å

f/f k|s

flzt

ˆnf;

\ l/k

f]6{, @)

&$ a

f6 ljZ

n]lift



u_ :yfgLo tx / k|b]z ;efdf ;dfj]zL k|ltlglwTjk|b]zdf /x]sf *% j6f :yfgLo txdf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj k|Tofe"lt ug{ ufp+kflnsfdf r'gfj n8\g] /fhg}lts kf6L{n] cWoIf / pkfWoIfdWo] Ps dlxnf clgjfo{ ?kdf p7fpg' kg]{ ;dfj]zL Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} u/L gu/kflnsf tyf dxfgu/kflnsfdf klg sDtLdf d]o/ tyf pkd]o/dWo] Ps hgf dlxnf clgjfo{ ?kdf p7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/L dlxnfnfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f txdf ;dfj]z ug]{ Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf j8fx?df Ps j8f cWoIf / rf/ ;b:o ;lxt kf+r hgf lgjf{lrt x'g] Joj:yf cg';f/ b'O{ hgf sDtLdf -Ps blnt dlxnf ;lxt_ ;b:o dlxnf x'g] ;dfj]zL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

k|b]z ;efsf] nflu ^) k|ltzt ;b:o k|ToIf ?kdf lgjf{lrt x'g] / $) k|ltzt ;b:o ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLdfkm{t\ lgjf{rg x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfg'kfltstkm{sf] $) k|ltzt ;b:o lgjf{rgsf] nflu aGb;"rL k]z ubf{ hg;+Vofsf] cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbaf;L hghflt, v;, cfo{, dw];L, yf?, d'l:nd, lk5fl8Psf] If]q, cNk;+Vos ;d'bfo ;d]t\af6 aGb;"rLsf] cfwf/df k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Aoj:yf u/L ;dfj]zL l;4fGtnfO{ sfof{Gjog ul/Psf] 5 .

^=$=* e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f dxfn]vfk/LIfssf] %% cf}+ k|ltj]bgdf -cfly{s aif{ @)&#—)&$_ ;dfj]z u08sL k|b]zsf] cfly{s l:ylt ;DaGwdf p7fPsf ;jfnx? uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 5}gg\ . k|b]z ;/sf/sf] sfo{ k|f/De jif{df a]?h'sf] /sd klg w]/} 5}g . k|ltj]bgn] p7fPsf ;fdfGo ;jfnx? lgDg adf]lhd 5g\M • cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{non] ?= *@,(^,)),)))=)) /fh:Jf p7fPsf] / gof+F ;+/rgf

lgd{f0faf6 d"No clej[lå s/ ?= %,%*,)),))) ;+sng ug{ g;s]sf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

• a'9L u08sL hnljB't\ cfof]hgf lgdf{0f lj=;+= @)^( b]lv z'? ePsf]df @$ k|ltzt dfq k|ult ePsf] . cfof]hgfsf] lj:t[t k'gjf{; tyf k'g:yf{kgf tof/Lsf nflu ?= ! s/f]8 ah]6 Joj:yf ePsf] t/ vr{ gePs]f ;fy} cfof]hgfsf] ;DefJotf cWoog, lj:t[t l8hfO{gsf nflu ! s/]f8 ljlgof]hg ePsf] & nfv dfq vr{ ePsf] pNn]v u/]sf] 5 .

• sfnLu08sL sl/8f]/ lgdf{0f / :t/f]Gglt ug]{ sfo{ cGtu{t of] jif{ !) ls=ld= 6«ofs vf]Ng] / @& ls=ld= u|fe]n ug]{ sfd ;DkGg ePsf] . s'n @&^ ls=ld= ;8s r}f8f kfg]{,



&( ls=dL= u|fe]n / ## ls=ld= Uofljog jfn nufpg] sfo{ ;DkGg ePs]f 5 . • km]jf tfnsf] ^% ld6/ ;+/lIft If]q sfod ug'{kg]{{df sfod x'g g;s]sf], ;+/lIft If]qdf

kSsL 3/ jf ;fj{hlgs lgdf{0f ug{ gldNg]df tfn lsgf/df kSsL ;8s ;+/rgfx? lgdf0{f u/L Jofkf/ Pj+ xf6]n Joj;fo ;~rfng ePsf] h;n] ubf{ !) ju{ ls=ld= tfn $=$ ju{ ls=ld= If]qkmndf ;Lldt ePsfn] km]jftfn ;+/If0fdf sfo{/t lgsfox?aLr ;dGjo u/L ;+/If0f sfo{ ug'{kg]{ .

• gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf kg]{ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] s/La ##%=@) x]S6/ If]qkmndf cltqmd0fk|lt j]jf:tf, clgolGqt a;fO;/fO{, u/La, e"ldxLg kl/jf/sf] j[lå, af9Llkl8tsf nflu c:yfoL a;fO{ If]q k|of]un] /fli6«o lgs'~hdf cltqmd0f a9]sfn] ;Dkbf ;+/If0fdf cfjZos Joj:yf ug'kg]{ .

• cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qn] ;fs{ /fi6«sf gful/saf6 ? @)) / cGo /fi6«sf gful/saf6 ? @))) k|j]z z'Ns lng] u/]s]f 5 . of] ljut !^ jif{ b]lv k'g/fjnf]sg ePs]f 5}g . pQm cfDbfgL ;+lrt sf]ifdf hDdf geO{ /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifdf bflvnf x'g] u/]s]f 5 . o;y{ k|j]z z'Ns k'g/fjnf]sg ug{sf ;fy} cfDbfgL ;+lrt sf]ifdf hDdf ug]{ u/L P]g lgod k'g/fjnf]sg ug{'kg]{ b]lvG5 .

• cf=j @)&#÷)&$ sf] ah]6 aStJodf uf]/vfsf] kfn'ª\6f/nfO{ s]Gb| dfgL d:of{ªbL cf;kf; If]qdf :df6{ l;6Lsf] u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ 3f]if0f ePsf]df ;f]sf] nflu u'?of]hgf tof/ gePs]f kfO{of] . sf:sLsf] ljGWojfl;gL If]qsf] ljsf;sf] nflu u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L lgdf{0f tyf ;+rfng ug{ lghL If]qnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] 3f]if0ff ePsf]sf ;f]sf] u'?of]hgf gag]sf] kfO{of] . =

• @)&$ c;f/df u08sL k|b]zsf *% :yfgLo txsf] s'n ? !&,^$,$%,*^,))) sf] n]vfk/LIf0f ePsf]df ? **,(^,*),))) -%=)$ k|ltzt_ a]?h' sfod ePsf] 5.

• To:t}u/L u08sL k|b]zsf *% j6f :yfgLo txdf cfly{s aif{ @)&#÷)&$ sf] n]vf k/LIf0f ubf{ b]lvPsf] a]?h' &%# :yfgLo txsf] s'n a]?h'sf] ^=@$ k|ltzt dfq xf] -dxfn]vf k/LIfs, @)&$_ .

e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ;DaGwdf clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&#÷)&$ df u08sL k|b]zaf/] bh{ ePsf d'2fx? uDeL/ k|s[ltsf 5}gg\ t/ o;n] /fHo ;+oGqsf sdhf]/LnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 . clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]un] cfly{s aif{ @)&#÷)&$ df u08sL k|b]zaf/] p7fPsf d'2fx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

• e|i6frf/ af/] !,))( k'/fgf / %%# gof+F u/L -kf]v/f a'6jn sfo{nodf_ hDdf !,%^@ ph'/L btf{ .



• cfly{s aif{ @)&#÷)&$ df !,%^@ d'2fdWo] !,)@@ d'2f km:of{}6 %$) d'2fx? km:of{}6 x'g afFsL .

• clVtof/df k/]sf d'2fx?df 3'; vfPsf], em'6f of]Uotfsf] k|df0f kq k]z u/L hflu/ vfPsf], k/LIffsf] kl/0ffd km]/abn u/L 3'; vfPsf], ;fj{hlgs ;DklQsf] nfka{fxL u/L xflg gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPsf], kbLo sQ{Ao kfng gu/]sf], /fh:j p7]sf] /sd hDdf gu/L ckrng u/]sf], 7]Ssfsf] /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf sld;g lnO e|i6frf/ u/]sf], sd{rf/Lsf] tna eQf b'?kof]u u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf], lst]{ u/L csf{sf] hfoh]yf / hUufhldg a]rlavg u/]sf], lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Ln] cf+k\mgf] tf]lsPsf] cfr/0f kfng gu/L sfof{no ;dod} cGoq} nfesf] sfd u/L e|i6frf/ u/]sf] h:tf d'2fx? btf{ ePsf lyP .

d'2fx?sf] lsgf/f nufP;+u} clVtof/ cg';Gwfg cfof]un] u08sL k|b]zsf ljleGg lgsfonfO{ cfly{s jif{ @)&$ lgDg cg';f/sf ;'emfax? lbPsf] lyof] M

• ;/sf/L nufgL ePsf s]xL cfof]hgfx? -h:t} uf]/vfsf] s'Gb'/6f/ l;+rfO cfof]hgf_ ;DkGg gu/L aLr}df 5f8]sf]n] ;/sf/L nufgLn] k|ltkmn lbg g;s]sf] x'F+bf yfngL u/]sf cfof]hgfnfO{ /sd Joj:yf u/L oyf;Dea l56f] ;DkGg ug]{ Aoj:yf ldnfpg].

• ;fj{hlgs hUufx?sf] clen]v /fVg] / ;+/If0f tyf ;+a4{g ug]{ lgsfoaLr ;xsfo{ / ;dGjosf] cefadf o; k|s[ltsf hUufx? AolQmsf gfddf btf{ x'g] u/]sf]n] -h:t} kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsfdf x]Dfhfl:yt ;]tL gbL lsgf/fdf /x]sf] lsQf Gf !%!) sf] ;fj{hlgs hUuf AolQmsf] gfddf bQf{_ ;/sf/L lgsfoaLr cfk;L ;dGjo a9fO{ ;fj{hlgs hUufx?sf] klxrfg u/L To:tf ;/sf/L, ;fj{hlgs / P]nfgL HfUufx?sf] clen]v /fVg] / ;/sf/sf] :jfldTjdf Nofpg] sfo{ t'?Gt k|f/De ug]{ .

• g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf btf{ x'g] k|s[ltsf ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs hUuf s'g} cd's ;+:yfsf] cfo a[l4 ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu -h:t} tgxF'+sf] tfna];L dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;/sf/L hUuf ljBfno Joj:yfkgn] ljBfnosf] cfo a[l4 ug]{ lgxF'df u}x|sfg"gL ?kdf 3/fo;L sfuh agfO{ AolQmnfO{ a]r]sf]_ u}/sfg"gL ?kdf AofQmLnfO{ a]Rg] sfo{ ePsf]n] ;Da4 ;+:yfn] o; k|s[ltsf sfo{nfO{ /f]Sg cljnDa sbd rfNg] .

• ljleGg 7fpF+sf ;fj{hlgs Pj+ ;/sf/L hUuf ;'s'Daf;Lsf] gfddf cltqmd0f ug]{ / u}/sfg"gL ?kdf AolQmut 3/x?sf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / To:tf 7fpFx? Aojl:yt gu/L ;/sf/L ;+/rgf;d]t\ agfpg] u/]sf] e]l6Psf]n] -h:t} k"j{ gjnk/f;L lhNnfsf] sfjf;f]tLsf] @)) la3f jg If]qsf] hUuf e"dflkmofsf] pS;fx6df !^) hgf JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ug{ dfnkf]t sfof{no sfjf;f]tLn] u/]sf] lg0f{o_ o:tf a:tLx?sf] 5fglag u/L



Aojl:yt ug]{ sfo{ oyf;Dea l56f] ;DkGg ug]{ . • sfof{no k|of]hgsf] nflu ;fdfg vl/b ubf{ ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g cg';f/ vl/bsf] /sd

cg';f/ af]nkq -6]08/_ dfkm{t\ k|lt:kwf{sf] cfwf/df vl/b ug'{ kg]{df ;f] gu/L vl/b ug]{ ;fdfgsf] kl/df0f vl08t u/L k6s k6s vl/b ug]{ unt vl/b cEof; b]lvPsf]n] -h:t} wf}nflu/L c~rn c:ktfnsf] ;fdfg vl/b k|lqmof_ sfo{fno k|of]hg ;fdfg / cf}ifwL vl/b ubf{ vl/b P]g cg';f/ ug]{ Aoj:yf ug]{ .

^=$=( lgjf{rg k|0ffnLg]kfnn] ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds cfjlws lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zsf] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL /fli6«o k|0ffnL;+u cfa4 5 . k|To]s k+fFr jif{df cfjlws lgjf{rg x'g] / k|hftflGqs k4ltdfkm{t\ hgk|ltlglw r'lgg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . u08sL k|b]zdf k|ltlglw ;efdf !* hgf, k|b]z ;efdf #^ hgf / :yfgLo txdf #,(#$ hgf ;b:o tyf kbflwsf/Lx? cfjlws lgjf{rgdfkm{t\ r'lgg] Joj:yf 5 . @)&$ df ePsf] lgjf{rgdf !%,^*,*@( dtbftfn] !,@$& dtbfg s]Gb|df cf+k\mGff] dt xfnL c+fk\mgf k|ltlglw r'Gg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] -tflnsf g+= ^–!@_ .

tflnsf g+= ^–!@M u08sL k|b]zdf cfjlws lgjf{rg ;DaGwL Aoj:yf

lhNnfk|ltlglw ;efdf k|ToIf

lgjf{lrt x'g] ;f;b ;Vof

k|b]z ;efdf k|ToIf lgjf{lrt x'g] ;f+;b

;+Vof

:yfgLo txdf k|ToIf lgjf{lrt x'g] kbflwsf/L

tyf ;b:osf] ;+Vof

dtbftf ;+Vof

dtbfg s]Gb| ;+Vof

uf]/vf @ $ $*& !*($#* @!#ndh'ª ! @ #(! !!%$%^ !@#tgx'F @ $ $$% @!!@%^ !#^:ofª\hf @ $ %)& @!))%* !((sf:sL # ^ #&) @%%$*! !%)dgfª\ ! @ !#! %**) @*d':tfª\ ! @ !@^ ($@& #&DofUbL ! @ @#& &%%#* &@kj{t ! @ #!( !)&@(* &$afUfn'ª @ $ $$% !^&@*@ !)#gjnk'/ @ $ $&^ @@!&!% !!@u08sL !* #^ #(#$ !%^**@( !@$&

>f]t M lgaf{rg cfof]u, @)&$



^=$=!) ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] k|ltlqmofg]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, @)&% cg';f/ ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] wf/0ff ldl>t /x]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L ;]jf kfpg ck]Iff cg';f/ ;xh gePsf], ;dfhdf cem} klg lje]bsf] cjz]if af+FsL /x]sf] / ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx? ;]jfu|fxLk|lt k"0f{ ;dlk{t gePsf] wf/0ff JoQm u/]sf 5g\ . ;du|df sd{rf/LtGq, k'ln;, / Gofo If]qsf] ;]jf k|0ffnLdf w]/} ;'wf/ ug{' kg]{ b]lvG5 -tflnsf g+= ^–!#_ .

tflnsf g+= ^–!#M u08sL k|b]zdf ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt hgtfsf] k|ltlqmofqm=;+= ;/sf/L ;]jf k|ltzt

! ljut % dlxgfdf ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfdsf nflu uPsf hgtf #$

@ ljut Ps jif{df ;/sf/L sfof{nodf sfdsf] nflu uPsf hgtf !*

# Ps k|of;df ;]jf kfPsf hgtf *!

$ b'O{ jf tLg k|of;df ;]jf kfPsf hgtf !&

% $ jf ;f]eGbf a9L k|of;df ;]jf kfPsf hgtf #

^ ;/sf/L ;]jf kfpg ;]jf z'Ns lt/]kl5 /l;b kfPsf hgtf $^

& ;/sf/L ;]jf kfpg ;]jf z'Ns lt/]sf t/ /l;b gkfPsf hgtf (

* ;/sf/L ;]jf kfpg ;]jf z'Ns glt/]sf hgtf $&

( ;/sf;L ;]jf k|lt k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 hgtf !!

!) ;/sf/L ;]jfk|lt clncln ;Gt'i6 hgtf &^

!! ;/sf/L ;]jf lb+bf lgod sfg"gsf] k"0f{ kfngf u/]sf 5g\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{ hgtf !^

!@ ;]jf lbbf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] s'g} Jojwfg gu/L ;]jf lbG5g\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{ hgtf !(

!# ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] ;]jf lbbf gd| efiff k|of]u u/]sf] cg'ej ePsf hgtf !!

!$ ;/sf/L ;]jf kfpg c?sf] ;xof]u lnPsf hgtf ^)

!% ljut Ps jif{df hftsf] cfwf/df lje]b ePsf] dx;"; ug]{ hgtf (

!^ ljut Ps jif{df efiffsf cfwf/df lje]b ePsf] dx;"; ug]{ hgtf @

!& ljut Ps jif{df lnª\usf] cfwf/df lje]b dx;"; ug]{ hgtf ^

!* ljut Ps jif{df e"uf]nsf] cfwf/df lje]b dx;'; ug]{ hgtf ^

!( ljut Ps jif{df cfly{s cj:yfsf] cfwf/df lje]b dx;"; ug]{ hgtf !*

@) ljut Ps jif{df /fhgLlts kf6L{df ;+nUgtfsf] cfwf/df lje]b dx;"; ug]{ hgtf @*

@! sfd ubf{ k"ln;n] 3'; lnb}gg\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{ hgtf #%

@@ GofofwLzn] 3'; lnb}gg\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{ hgtf @*

@# j]s;'/ JolQmn] b08 kfp+b}gg\ eg]/ ljZjf; ug]{ hgtf %(

>f]t M g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, @)&%



^=$=!! hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] rfxgfsf] k|fyldstfk|b]z hgtfsf] ljsf; lgdf{0fdf klxnf] k|fyldtf ;8s lgdf{0f, bf];|f] :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;'wf/, t];|f]df vfg]kfgL / rf}yf] lzIffdf ;'wf/ /x]sf] 5 -tflnsf g+= ^–!$_ .

tflnsf g+= ^–!$M u08sL k|b]zsf hgtfsf ljsf;sf] rfxgfsf] k|fyldstf

qm=;+= ljsf;sf k|fyldtf k|ltzt

! ;8s lgdf{0f *@

@ vfg]kfgL $$

# :jf:Yo ;]jfdf ;'wf/ %!

$ lzIffdf ;'wf/ #%

>f]t M g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, @)&%

^=$=!@ lbuf] ljsf; nIo !^ sf ;"rsx?sf] l:yltlbuf] ljsf; nIo !^ n] lbuf] ljsf;sf] lglDt zflGtk"0f{ / ;dfj]zL ;dfhx¿sf] k|j4{g ug]{, Gofodf ;a}sf] kx'Fr k|bfg ug]{ / ;a} txx¿df k|efjsf/L, hjfkmb]xL / ;dfj]zL ;+:yfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . o; nIocGtu{t ;a} :j¿ksf lx+;fx¿ / oL;Fu ;DalGwt h'g;'s} If]qx¿df x'g] d[To'x¿ pNn]vgLo ¿kdf 36fpg], afnaflnsfx¿dflysf] b'Jo{jxf/, zf]if0f, a]rlavg / logLx¿ lj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf lx+;f / zf/Ll/s÷dfgl;s oftgfsf] cGTo ug]{, /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/x¿d} sfg"gsf] zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ / Gofodf ;a}sf] ;dfg kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{, u}/sfg"gL ljQLo / xftxltof/x¿sf] cf];f/k;f/nfO{ pNn]Vo ¿kdf 36fpg], rf]l/Psf ;DklQx¿ k'gM k|flKt / jfk;L ug]{ sfo{x¿nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg] / ;a} k|sf/sf ;ª\ul7t ck/fwx¿ lj?4 sf/afxL ug]{, ;a} :j¿kx¿sf e|i6frf/ / 3';nfO{ ;f/e"t ¿kdf 36fpg], ;a} txx¿df k|efjsf/L, hjfkmb]xL / kf/bzL{ ;+:yfx¿ ljsf; ug]{ nufotsf kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ k|:tfj ul/Psf 5g\ .

;dfj]zLsf] lbzfdf ljZje/ pNn]vgLo sfo{ u/]sf] cu|ufdL k|hftflGqs Joj:yf u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf] eP tfklg kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / sfg"gsf] dof{lbt zf;g h:tf c;n zf;gsf tTjx¿sf] cEof; ug]{ lbzfdf cem klg w]/} nfdf] ofqf to ug'{kg]{5 . k|];sf] :jtGqtf tyf o;sf]] pT;fxLkg / gful/s ;lqmotfn] /fHosf cª\ux¿sf] sdLsdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ /fd|/L ;Gt'ng u/]sf] 5 / cfpFbf jif{x¿df c;n zf;gsf nflu Jofks dfu klg l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . lbuf] ljsf; nIo !^ cGtu{t lx+;fTds åGåaf6 x'g] d[To', dlxnf lj?4 / afnaflnsf



lj?4sf] lx+;fnfO{ cGTo ug]{ / ljZj:t/df g} ;Gbe{–laGb'sf] ¿kdf sfod ul/Psf kf/blz{tf / hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;"rsx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{h:tf ljz]if kl/df0ffTds nIox¿ /flvPsf 5g\ . o;}u/L, !* jif{eGbf cufj} ul/g] ljjfxnfO{ cGTo ug]{ / ;a}sf] hGdbtf{ ug]{ kl/df0ffTds nIo klg lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

lbuf] ljsf; NfIo !^ sf ;"rsx?sf] k|b]zut v08Ls[t dfg pknAw 5}g . xfn s]jn Ps ;"rssf] dfq dfg pknAw 5 -tflnsf g+= ^–!%_ / cGo ;"rsx?sf] dfg qmdzM yk ub}{ hfg] Aoj:yf ul/g] 5 .

tflnsf g+= ^–!%M u08sL k|b]zdf lbuf] ljsf; nIo !^ sf ;"rsx?sf] cj:yf


u08sL k|b]z

/fli6«o nIo @)#)

;/sf/L–;fj{hlgs lgsfodf hGdbtf{ ePsf % jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfx¿sf] cg'kft -pd]/ cg';f/_

%*=! ^)=! !))

laut ! aif{df ;/sf/L sfo{nodf cfkmgf] sfd u/fpbf 3'; lbg' k/]sf] cg'ea ePsf hgtfsf] k|ltzt

!) %

;fa{hflgs If]qdf lae]b 5 eg]/ laZjf; ug]{ hgtfsf] k|ltzt $=# @=(

>f]t M /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&!

^=$=!# ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?;'zf;gsf ;DaGwdf u08sL k|b]zdf tkl;nsf ;d:of 5g\ M

-s_ sd{rf/L Joj:yfkgsf] ;d:of • ;+3Lo ;/sf/n] sd{rf/L ;dfof]hgdf l9nfO u/]sf]n] sd{rf/L Joj:yfkg r'g}ftLk"0f{

ag]sf] 5 . xfn :jLs[t b/aGbL cg';f/sf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yfkg gx'+Fbf jflif{s sfo{qmd / ah]6 sfof{Gjogdf ;d:of b]vf k/]sf 5g\ .

• Psftkm{ :jLs[t b/aGbL cg';f/sf] kbk"lt{ ePsf] 5}g eg] csf]{tkm{ ;+3af6 v6fOPsf sd{rf/Lsf] l;k / 1fg k|b]znfO{ rflxP cg';f/ pknAw ePsf] 5}g .

-v_ cfjZos sfg"g lgdf{0fdf l9nfO{ • g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg';f/ zflGt;'/Iffsf] lhDdf k|b]z ;/sf/nfO{ 5 .

zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg k|b]z k|x/L P]g agfO{ k|b]z k|x/L ;~rfng ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . k|b]z k|x/L P]g agfpg ;+3Lo 5ftf k|x/L P]g rflxG5 . pQm 5ftf P]g;+u



gaflemg] u/L k|b]z k|x/L P]g agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . xfn;Dd ;+3Lo 5ftf k|x/L P]g gag]sf]n] k|b]z k|x/L P]g agfO{ zflGt ;'/Iff k|b]zsf] lgoGq0f / lgb]{zgdf Nofpg ;d:of ePsf] 5 .

• k|b]znfO{ rflxg] hgzlQm k"lt{ ug{ k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]u u7g / lqmofzLn x'g cfjZos 5 . k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] u7g ;+3Lo lghfdlt P]gn] ;'emfj lbP cg';f/ u7g ug{' kb{5 . xfn;Dd klg ;+3Lo 5ftf lghfdlt ;]jf P]g ;+zf]wg gePsf]n] k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]u P]g agfpg / ;f]xL P]g cg';f/ k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]u u7g u/L sd{rf/Lsf] cfk"lt{ ug{ sl7gfO{ ePsf] 5 .

-u_ e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f ;DaGwL ;d:of • sfo{ :yndf l56f] 5l/tf] ?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/L ;]jfu|fxLsf] klv{g] ;do pNn]Vo

?kdf 36fpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . • e|i6frf/ ePsf] v08df e|i6frf/L kQf nufpg] k|0ffnL / bf]iLfnfO{ s8f ;hfo lbg]

Joj:yf hgtfn] ck]Iff u/] cg'?k kl/dfh{g ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .

^=$=!$ cj;/x? u08sL k|b]zdf ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ tkl;nsf cj;/x? 5g\ M • k|b]z ;/sf/ hgtfsf] glhs /x]/ sfd ug]{ x'gfn] olb s;}n] e|i6frf/ u/]sf] z+sf

ePdf vf]hlag u/L sf/afxLsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg ;xh b]lvG5 . • sd{rf/L Ps k6s ;dfof]hg eP kZrft\ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf a[l4 u/L sfo{s'zntf

a[l4 ug]{ ca;/ x'g]5 . • ;+3Lo k|x/L P]g l56} cfpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;+3Lo 5ftf k|x/L P]g cg';f/ k|b]z

k|x/L P]g agfO{ k|b]z k|x/L u7g kZrft zflGt ;'/Iffsf] l:yltdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfpg'sf] ;fy} k|b]zsf] k|x/L ;+u7g k|b]z ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f / lgb]{zgdf cfO{ ;/sf/sf] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog Ifdtf a9\g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .

• k|b]znfO{ cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm k|b]z nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] u7g kZrft\ l56f]5l/tf] ?kdf k"lt{ ug{ ;lsg]5 / sfo{;Dkfbg :t/df a[l4 ug{ ;lsg]5 .

^=% ;Da[4 g]kfn ;'vL g]kfnLsf] /fli6«o b"/b[li6 lj= ;+= @!)) (Vision 2100)

g]kfn ;/sf/n] ljqmd ;Dat\ @!)) cy{ft\ @! cf} ztflAbsf] cGtdf ;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vL g]kfnLsf] b"/b[li6« to u/]sf] 5 . pQm b"/b[li6« cGtu{t ;d[l4sf] nflu pRr / ;dtfd"ns /fli6«o cfo, dfgj k"F+hL lgdf{0f tyf ;Defjgfsf] k"0f{ pkof]u, ;j{;'ne tyf cfw'lgs



k"jf{wf/ Pj+ cfj4tf / pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj h:tf nIox? to ePsf 5g\ . oL nIox? k|fKt ug{ pRr cfo jf cf}Bf]lus /fi6« :t/sf] k|ltAolQm cfo, z"Go lg/k]If ul/aL, /fli6«o cfDbfgLdf tNnf] $) k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] pRr cg'kft, u'0f:t/Lo, /f]huf/d"ns tyf hLjgkof]uL lzIff k|fKt gful/s, :jf:Yo / nfdf] cfo' EfPsf g]kfnL . To:t}u/L pTkfbglzn / dof{lbt /f]huf/Ldf ;+nUg hg;+Vof, ;j{;'ne, ;'/lIft / cfw'lgs oftfoft ;]jf, ;x/L k"jf{{wf/df cfj4 hg;+Vof, :JfR5 phf{sf] pTkfbg tyf pkef]udf o;sf] cg'kft, ;"rgf k|ljlwdf cfj4 hg;+Vof, s[lif jghGo tyf cf}Bf]lus pTkfbg / cy{tGqdf ;f]sf] lx:;f, ;Gt'lnt cfoft lgof{t cg'kft, /lfi6«o, If]qut tyf pTkfbgsf ;fwgsf] pRr pTkfbsTj, phf{ pkef]udf :aR5 phf{sf] pRr cg'kft h:tf ;"rsx? to ePsf 5g\ .

;'vsf] lglDt kl/:s[t Pad dof{lbt hLjg ;Eo / Gofok"0f{ ;dfh, :jfYo / ;Gt'lnt kof{j/0f, ;'zf;g, ;an nf]stGq, /fli6«o Pstf / ;Ddfg h:tf nIox? to ePsf 5g\ . oL nIox? k|fKt ug{ :j:Yf gful/s, ;'ljwf ;DkGg tyf ;'/lIft cfjf;, ultzLn ;dfh, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f, cfw'lgs ef}lts ;DklQdflysf] ;dtfd"ns k+x'Fr / pRr gful/s ;Gt'li6 . To:t}u/L lje]b / lx+;fd'Qm ;dfh, ;fdflhs ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf k|a4{g tyf ;+/If0f, sfg"gL zf;g, pRr ;bfrf/, ljB'tLo k|f0fLndf cfwfl/t ;an, ;Ifd / hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf, ;'b[9 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL, zflGt / l:y/tf, :jR5, :jtGq, / sd vlr{nf] lgjf{rg, df}lns xssf] k|Tofe"lt, gful/s ;xeflutf, g]kfnLTjsf] pRr efjgf, pRr ;fdflhs ;b\efj, pRRf dfgj tyf cGo ;'/Iff / cTofjZos j:t' / ;]jfdf cfTdlge{/tf h:tf ;"rsx? to ePsf 5g\ . dfly pNn]lvt ;d[4 g]kfn / ;'vL g]kfnLsf] NfIo xfl;n ug{ k|b]zn] cfkm\gf] cfjlws Pa+ jflif{s of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/L /fli6«o nIo xfl;n ug{ ;dk"/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .



cWofo &

&= cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg / tYof+s k|0ffnL&=! kl/rou08sL k|b]zsf gLlt, sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfsf] k|efasf/L / glthfd'vL sfof{Gjog / ;+:yfx?sf] plrt ;+~rfng tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ / ;Dkfbg ePsf jf x'+Fb} u/]sf sfo{x?df hafkmb]lxtf Plsg ug{sf nflu lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg h:tf sfo{x? cfjZos kb{5g\ . d"ntM ;fj{hlgs gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd, cfof]hgf / ltgnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfx? ljsf;nfO{ a9fjf lbg / hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ lqmofzLn x'G5g\ . ljsf;sf] :t/ / ljsf;af/] hgtfsf] a'emfO{ b]zsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yf, k|hftGq / /fhgLlts :yfloTj, cf}Bf]uLs/0f, lzIff, :jf:Yo / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; cg';f/ km/s km/s x'G5 . k|b]zsf] ljBdfg ;Gbe{df ljsf; eg]sf] æhgtfnfO{ b}lgs ?kdf sfd ug{, lx88'n ug{ / lrGtg dgg ug{ rflxg] kf]if0f / phf{sf] ko{fKttf, xfjfkfgL, hf8f], udL{ / cGo afXo tTjaf6 z/L/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ rflxg] nQf sk8fsf] pknAwtf, aRrf x'sf{pg, cf/fd ug{ / ;'Tg eo/lxt cfjf;sf] pknAwtf, k9\g, n]Vg, cg';Gwfg ug{ / /f]ujf6 a+FRg pkrf/ ug]{ Joj:yf, ;+~rf/sf ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, kx'+Fr / pkof]u tyf :jtGq ?kn] ljrf/ AoQm ug{ kfpg] cj;/ g} ljsf; xf]Æ -kf}8]n, @)&$_ . g]kfndf ljsf; sfo{qmd / cfof]hgfx?n] cf+k\mgf s[ofsnfkdfkm{t\ hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ ;'wfg{ / pGgt ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ d2t ub{5g\ tyflk xfd|f ljsf; cfof]hgfx?n] ck]lIft k|ltkmn lbg ;s]sf 5}gg\ / xfdL cem} klg cltsd ljsl;t b]zsf] ;"rLdf bh{ ePsf 5f+} . ;~rfng ePsf ljsf; cfof]hgx?sf] k|efjsf/L lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg x'g g;s]sf sf/0f ljsf; cfof]hgfn] ck]lIft k|ltkmn lbg g;s]sf] / ljsf; cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ kbflwsf/Ldf hafkmb]lxtf sdhf]/ /x]sf] cfd dflg;sf] a'emfO{ 5 . o; ;Gbe{df lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍg s] s:tf sfo{ x'g\ < ljsf; sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ oL sfo{sf] s] e"ldsf x'G5< u08sL k|b]zdf lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ Joj:yf ug]{ ;DaGwdf s] s:tf cEof;ut / ;+:yfut Joj:yfx? 5g\ < lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ r':tb'?:t agfO{ ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfaf6 ck]lIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ug{ / sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf sfo{fGjog ug]{ kbflwsf/Ldf hafkmb]lxtf a[[l4 ug{ s] s:tf cEof;ut / ;+:yfut Joj:yf 5g\ eGg]] af/] o; cWofodf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .



&=@ lg/LIf0flg/LIf0f c+fkm\gf] dftxtdf sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx?n] k|ToIf ?kdf sfd u/]sf] cjnf]sg ug]{, pgLx?nfO{ sfd ug{ l;sfpg] / pTs[6 glthfsf] nflu pgLx?nfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbg] ljlw xf] . o; cy{df lg/LIf0f Ps} k]zfsf h]i7 / slgi6 sd{rf/L aLrsf] l;Sg] / l;sfpg] k|s[of xf] . lg/LIf0fdf Ho]i7 sd{rf/Ln] slgi7 sd{rf/LnfO{ sfd ug{ l;sfp+F5g\ / slgi7 sd{rf/Ln] Ho]i7 sd{rf/Laf6 sfd ug{ l;S5g\ . lg/LIf0f vf; u/L k|fljlws k]zfdf a9L kmnbfoL x'G5 h:t} jl/i7 ;h{gn] slgi7 ;h{gnfO{ ck|];g sf]7fdf lg/LIf0f ubf{ ck|];g ug{ ghfg]sf] eP l;sfp+F5g\ . jl/i7 O{lGhlgo/n] slgi7 O{lGhlgo/nfO{ gS;f agfpgsf] ;fy} gof+F ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{ nfUg] d"No, ;do / lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] cg'dfg ug{ l;sfpF+5g\ . o; cy{df lg/LIf0f sd{rf/Lx?n]] sfd ug{ rflxg] l;k l;Sg] / cf+k\mgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg :t/ ;'wfg]{ lgoldt k|s[of xf] . ;fj{hlgs If]qdf lg/LIf0fn] sd{rf/Lx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{, tf]lsPsf sfdx? ;do;Ldfleq ;DkGg ug{, / sd{rf/Lx?df sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf / To;sf glthf k|lt hafkmb]lxtf jxg ug{ pTk|]l/t ub{5 .

k/Dk/fut ?kdf x'g] lg/LIf0fdf Ho]i7 sd{rf/Ln] slgi7 sd{rf/Lsf bf]ifx? kQf nufpg] / ;'wf/ ug{ lgb]{zg lbg] ul/GYof] . To;n] ubf{ slgi7 sd{rf/Lx?df lg/LIf0fk|lt gsf/fTds efjgfsf] ljsf; ePsf] lyof] . o; cj:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ cfhsn ;xof]uL lg/LIf0fsf] (Supportive supervision) Aoj:yf ul/Psf] 5, h:fdf jl/i7 / slgi7 sd{rf/LaLr tnb]lv dfly / dflyb]lv tnaLr ;DalGwt k]zfnfO{ cfj:os kg]{ l;k / 1fgaf/] ;+jfb x'G5 / dflyNnf] lgsfo jf Ho]i7 sd{rf/Ln] tNnf] lgsfo jf slgi7 sd{rf/LnfO{ rflxg] l;k / 1fg ;xof]uL lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf pknAw u/fpF+5g\ .

7"nf] ;+/rgf ePsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf jf lgsfo cyjf u}x|;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yfx?df ;DalGwt k]zfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ l;k / 1fgsf] klxrfg ug{ nfdf] ;do nfUb5 . cfjZos l;k / 1fgsf] klxrfg eP/ klg tflnd cfof]hgf ug]{ ;+:yfsf] ;Lldt Ifdtfn] ubf{ ckl/k"0f{ l;k / 1fgsf] k"lt{ ug{ yk ;do nfUb5 . t;y{ ;xof]uL lg/LIf0fn] lg/LIf0fs} a]nf ckl/k"0f{ l;k / 1fg kQf nufO{ ;f]xL 7fpFdf cfjZos l;k / 1fg k|bfg u/L ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wfg{ ;xof]u ug]{ x'gfn] lg/LIf0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf cnfjf lgDg sfo{x?sf] nflu lg/LIf0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5M ;+:yfsf gLlt, sfo{ljlw / lgb]{lzsfaf/] tNnf] lgsfosf sd{rf/Lx?df s'g} låljwf eP

lg/LIf0fsf] a]nf lg/fs/0f ug{ .



;+:yf jf lgsfon] lbg] ;]jf tyf lgdf{0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ j:t' tyf ;fdu|Lx?sf] df}hfb tyf ltgLx?sf] u'0f:t/ af/] yfxf kfpg / k|jflxt ;]jf tyf lgdf{0fnfO{ cljl5Gg sfod ug{ .

;+:yf jf lgsfon] lbPsf ;]jf tyf lgdf{0f u/]sf ;+/rgfsf] u'0f:t/af/] yfxf kfpg / u'0f:t/ sdhf]/ eP ;'wf/ ug{ .

Kf|b]z, lhNnf tyf :yfgLo txdf sfo{/t sd{rf/LnfO{ tt\tt\ 7fpFdf ;xof]u k|bfg u/L sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ .

lg/LIfs To:tf] l;k / 1fg ePsf] AolQm xf,] h;n] c?n] u/]sf sfdsf] cjnf]sg ub{5 / sfdug]{ AolQmnfO{ k|fljlws ;xof]u, 1fg / l;k k|bfg u/L sfo{;Dkfbg ;'wf/ ug{ d2t ub{5 . 7f8f] ;DaGw ePsf dGqfno jf ;+:yfx?df dGqfnojf6 k|b]z, lhNnf / :yfgLo txdf, k|b]zjf6 lhNnf / :yfgLo txdf / lhNnfjf6 :yfgLo txdf lg/LIf0f x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf] cnfjf ko{fKt 1fg / l;k ePsf] s'g} slgi7 sd{rf/Ln] klg pRRf kbflwsf/Laf6 clVtof/L lnO{ cf+km'eGbf jl/i7 sd{rf/Lx?sf sfo{ lg/LIf0f u/L l;k k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . t];|f] ;DaGw ePsf ;+:yfx?df ;DalGwt k]zfnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ l;k / 1fg ePsf] s'g} AolQmn] cGo txdf sfo{/t AolQmnfO{ ;DalGwt lgsfon] clVtof/L lbP cg'?k lg/LIf0f ub{5 / cfjZos 1fg / l;k k|bfg ub{5 eg] pm klg lg/LIfs xf] .

c;n lg/LIfs pTs[i6 ?kdf cf+k\mgf l;k / 1fg c? AolQmdf ?kfGt/0f÷k|jfx ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf], c;n tyf v/fa sfdsf] lg:kIf lg/LIf0f u/L v/fa sfdnfO{ ;'wfg{ plrt ;'emfj / ;Nnfx lbg ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf], ;do / ;Lldt ;|f]tnfO{ pko'Qm ljlgof]hg ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf], lg/LIf0f ug]{ AolQmx? eGbf sDtLdf klg Ps tx dflysf] 1fg / l;k ePsf], sl7g ;dodf klg lhDa]jf/L lng] / sfd ;DkGg ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf], ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf], leGgleGg ;fdflhs ;d"x / kl/l:yltdf cGt3{'ng x'g ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf], s'6g}lts tyf cfkm"n] cf+km}nfO{ cg'zf;gdf af+Wg] Ifdtf h:tf u'0f ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . lg/LIf0f Ps k|sf/sf] Kf|ljlws sfd xf] / dfly pNn]v ePadf]lhd lg/LIfsdf ;DalGwt ljifosf] pTs[i6 1fg / l;k x'g cfjZos b]lvG5 . lg/LIfsdf x'g'kg]{ ;DalGwt ljifosf] 1fg / l;k gePsf] t/ kbLo lx;fan] dfq pRr kbdf sfd u/]sf] cfwf/df lg/LIfs x'g u|fx\o x'Fb}g . lg/LIfs x'g ;DalGwt ljifodf Go"gtd 1fg / l;k ePs} x'g' kb{5 / lg/LIf0f ug]{ AolQmx?nfO{ 1fg / l;kn] ;xof]u ug]{ x}l;ot ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .



&=# cg'udg of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿df nufgL tyf ;fwgsf] k|jfx ;d'lrt 9+un] ePsf] 5 jf 5}g < sfo{tflnsfcg';f/ lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{Gjog eO{ nlIft k|ltkmn k|fKt ePsf] 5 jf 5}g < sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfn] k|afx u/]sf ;]jf tyf lgdf{0f u/]sf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] u'0f:t/ tf]lsPsf dfkb08 cg';f/ 5g\ ls 5}gg\< cflb ljifodf hfgsf/L lng / lgu/fgL /fVg ul/g] sfo{ cg'udg xf] . of] sfo{{ ljleGg txsf Joj:yfkg jf Joj:yfkgn] tf]s]sf] JolQm tyf lgsfoaf6 lg/Gt/ / cfjlws ¿kdf ul/G5 .

cg'udgn] xfdLnfO{ ljleGg k|Zgsf] pQ/ vf]hL ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] glthf vf]Hg] / sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yf / kbflwsf/Lx?sf] hafkmb]lxtf a[l4 ug{ d2t ub{5 . h:t}M cfof]hgfn] slQsf] /fd|f] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 < cfof]hgfn] of]hgf cg';f/sf sfo{qmd / lqmofsnfk sfo{fGjog Ufl//x]sf] 5 ls 5}g < cfof]hgfn] cf+k\mgf sfo{qmdx? k"j{ lgwf{l/t ;do tflnsf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < cfof]hgfn] sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog ubf{ k"j{ lgwf{l/t dfkb08 / u'0f:t/ cg';f/ u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < cfof]hgsf] sfof{Gjog vr{ cg'dfg u/]eGbf a9L jf 36L s] 5 < cfof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx? sfof{Gjogsf ;an / b'a{n kIf s] s] x'g\ < cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ s] s:tf ;d:of b]lvP < ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pko'Qm pkfo s] s] x'g\ < t;y{ cg'udgn] sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf ;an / b'a{n kIf kQf nufO{ b'a{n kIf Go"gLs/0f ug{, k|ultsf] ;dLIff u/L sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf cfjZos ;dfof]hg ug{ / sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf ;DaGwL cfjZos ;"rgf ;+sng u/L k|df0fdf cfwfl/t lg0f{o ug]{ k¢ltsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ d2t ub{5 . dfly pNn]lvt sf/0fx?n] ubf{ s'g} klg ;fj{hlgs, u}x|;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yfdf cg'udg cfjZos kb{5 .

cg'udg k|lqmof / cg'udgdf x]g]{ ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df cg'udg & k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfdf s] slt dfgjLo, j:t'ut tyf cfly{s nufgL eof] cyjf nufgL x'g]jfnf 5 / nufgL k|efjsf/L ePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] ;DaGwdf ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ nufgL cg'udg (Input monitoring) elgG5 . To:t}u/L sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ s] s:tf k|lqmof / k4ltx? ckgfOPsf 5g\ / tL k|lqmofx? pko'Qm 5g\ ls 5}gg\ eGg] ;DaGwdf Plsg ug{ ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ k|lqmof cg'udg (Process monitoring) elgG5 . cfof]hgfn] s] slt k|ult u¥of] jf nIo cg';f/ k|ult u¥of] ls u/]g< cfof]hgfsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] :t/ s:tf] 5 cflb af/] s]lGb|t eP/ ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg cg'udg



(Performance monitoring) elgG5 . sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfn] ;+~rfng u/]sf ;]jf cyjf lgdf{0f u/]sf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{l/t dfkb08 cg';f/ 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < To:Tf}u/L ;]jf ;+~rfngdf Nofp+Fbf cyjf ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ kfngf ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL k|fjwfg k"/f u/]sf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < eGg] ;DaGwdf ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ (Compliance monitoring) ;Ddlt cg'udg elgG5 . sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf cyjf sfof{Gjog eO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf pQm sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfsf k|ltkmn / glthfaf/] ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ (Output/result monitoring) k|ltkmn cg'udg elgG5 . cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] clGtd r/0flt/ cyjf cfof]hgf ;DkGg eO{ ;s]kl5 pQm cfof]hgfn] cf+k\mgf sfo{sf c;/x? 5f]8\g yfNb5 / tL c;/x? cg'udg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ (Outcome monitoring) c;/ cg'udg elgG5. cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ;DkGg eO{ ;s]kl5 o;n] cf+k\mgf glthfaf6 c;/ / k|efjx? 5f]8\b5 . tL c;/ / k|efjx? slQsf] lbuf] 5g\ eGg] af/] ul/g] cg'udgnfO{ (Sustainability

monitoring) lbuf]kgsf] cg'udg elgG5 . oL ;a} k|sf/sf cg'udgn] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfdf hafkmb]lxtf a[l4 ug{ / ltgsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yfkg ug{ d2t ub{5g\ .

cg'udg b'O{ k|sf/n] ul/G5 . s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf ljsf; cfof]hgfn] ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{sf dfl;s, rf}dfl;s / jflif{s k|lta]bg, cfof]hgfsf b:tfa]h, cfof]hgfaf/] ePu/]sf cWoog k|ltj]bg, o;cl3sf cg'udgsf k|ltj]bg h:tf låtLo ;|f]taf6 ;"rgfx? ;+sng / ljZn]if0f u/L tL ;"rgfaf6 cfPsf k|ltkmn c?nfO{ cfof]hgfsf nIo, p2]Zo, k|ltkmn / k|ult dfkg ug]{ ;"rs;+u t'ngf / ljZn]if0f u/L sfo{ If]qdf guO{sg 6]ansfdaf6 klg cg'udg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf ;fy} cfof]hgf sfo{ If]qdf uO{ k|ToIf cjnf]sg, :ynut e|d0f, cGtj{ftf{ cflb dfWodjf6 klg cg'udg ul/G5 . låtLo ;|f]tsf] dfWodaf6 ug]{ cg'udg eGbf :ynut cg'udg a9L e/kbf]{ / k|efjsf/L ePsf] xF'+bf :ynut cg'udgsf] k|rng a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] jf:tljs k|ult / u'0f:t/af/] k|ToIf cjnf]sg ug{, cfof]hgfsf] nIo;+u t'ngf u/L xFf+l;n ePsf k|ultsf] j}wtf Plsg ug{ / cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgnfO{ lhDd]jf/ agfpg, cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog qmddf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx?af/] hfgsf/L lng, cg'udg ug]{sf] l;k, 1fg / clVtof/Ln] EofP;Dd :ynut ?kdf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u / lgb]{zg lbg, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu cfof]hgf Joj:yfkgn] u/]sf k|of;af/] hfgsf/L lng, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljleGg ljsNkx? klxrfg ug{, ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ljsNk jf/]df lg0f{ostf{nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg, cfof]hgf ;DaGwdf nfeu|fxL ju{ nufot



cGo ;/f]sf/jnfsf] wf/0ff af/] hfgsf/L lng / cfof]hgf / cGo s'g} kIfjLr ljjfb k/]df ;dfwfgsf nflu ;xof]u ug{ :ynut cg'udg dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 .

:ynut cg'udgsf tLg r/0f x'G5g\ . klxnf] r/0fdf cg'udg ug'{ k"j{ ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf b:tfj]h / k|ltj]bgx? h:t} kl/jTf{sf l;4fGt (Theory of change) jf ;f]r tflnsf, jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd, cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog of]hgf, cfof]hgfsf dfl;s, rf}dfl;s / jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bgx?, o; cl3 ePsf lg/LIf0f tyf cg'udgsf k|ltj]bgx?, klxn]sf cWoog tyf d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgx?sf] cWoog u/L :ynut cg'udg k"j{ cg'udgsQf{n] cfof]hgfaf/] k"0f{ hfgsf/L xfl;n ug'{ kb{5 .

:ynut cg'udgsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog :yndf uO{ sfof{Gjogsf] jf:tljs l:ylt / k|ltkmnsf] u'0f:t/af/] cjnf]sg ug]{, cfof]hgaf/] cGo cfjZos ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ / cfof]hgfsf ;d:of kQf nufpgsf] nflu cfof]hgfsf kbflwsf/Laf6 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L lng], cfof]hgfsf 1ftf;+u cGtj{ft{f lng], ;d"x 5nkmn ug]{, cfof]hgfsf ;/f]sf/jfnf;+u cGtlq{mofTds a}7s ug]{ h:tf sfo{x? ug'{kb{5 .

k|b]z ;/sf/sf] ah]6af6 ;+~rfng ePsf cfof]hgfx?df ah]6 lgsf; rf}dfl;s ?kdf x'g] Joj:yf 5 . t;y{ cg'udgsf] qmddf k|yd rf}dfl;sdf Uft jif{sf] jflif{s k|ult, rfn" jif{sf] jflif{s sfo{qmd / clVtof/L k|fKt eP gePsf], d'cfAhf ljt/0f eP gePsf], 7]Ssfk6\6f / ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ eP ;f] cg';f/ eP gePsf], sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?Aff/] Wofg lbO{ cg'udg ug{' kb{5 . cg'udg bf];|f] rf}dfl;sdf eP 7]Ssfk6\6f ;Demf}tf adf]lhd sfo{ k|ult eP, gePsf], vr{ /sdsf] ;f]wegf{ dfu eP gePsf], dfu cg';f/ ah]6 lgsf;f eP gePsf], sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?Aff/] Wofg lbO{ cg'udg ug{' kb{5 . To:t}u/L cg'udg t];|f] rf}dfl;sdf eP, vr{ /sdsf] ;f]wegf{ dfu eP gePsf], ljlgof]lht ah]6 vr{ x'g;Sg] l:ylt /x] g/x]sf], sfd e};s]sf] /sd e'QmfgL eP gePsf], sfof{Gjogsf] k|ult / ;d:ofsf] klxrfg / ;dfwfgsf pkfox?Aff/] ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

:ynut cg'udgsf] t];|f] r/0fdf ljleGg ;|f]taf6 ;+slnt ;"rgfx?sf] ljZn]if0f / lqe'hLs/0f ug{' kb{5 . ax';|f]tjf6 k'i6ofO{ ePsf ;"rgfx?nfO{ cg'udg k|ltj]bgdf k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|:t'lt ug'{ kb{5 . o; v08df vf;u/L cfo]fhgfn] lgwf{l/t ;dodf ug'{ kg]{ sfd / cfof]hgfn] pQm ;dodf xfl;n u/]sf k|ultaLr t'ngf / ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .



k|lta]bg n]vg cg'udgsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . cg'udg ;lsPkZrft\ k|ltj]bg n]vL cfjZos AolQm tyf ;+:yfdf ;+k]|if0f ePg eg] Tof] cg'udgsf] s'g} pkfb]otf x'Fb}g . t;Y{f cg'udg k|ltj]bgdf sDtLdf klg cfof]hgfsf] ;du| lrgf/L, Rffn' cf=j= sf] clVtof/L / :jLs[t sfo{qmd k|fKt eP gePsf], jflif{s nIosf t'ngfdf ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ultsf] l:ylt, hgzlQm ;DaGwL ljj/0f, cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog k|lqmof / k|ltkmnsf] u'0f:t/, ;d:ofx?, ;dfwfgsf k|of; / cfjZos yk k|of;x?, :ynut lg/LIf0fdf b]lvPsf cGo kIfx? / lgisif{ ;d]l6g' kb{5 . o;/L tof/ ePsf] cg'udg k|ltj]bgnfO{ cg'udg ug]{ ;+:yf, cg'udg ul/Psf ;+:yf / ;/f]sf/jfnf ;+:yfsf k|ltlglw;dIf k|:t'tLs/0f / ;+k|]if0f ug'{kb{5 .

&=$ d"Nofª\sg;fj{hlgs, u}x|;/sf/L, ax'kIfLo tyf lghL ;+:yf jf ;+u7gn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿ xfnsf] ;dodf s]–slt ;fGble{s, nfebfoL tyf k|efjsf/L 5g\ < ltgLx?n] nfeu|fxLsf dfu s'g xb;Dd ;Daf]wg u/]sf 5g\ < sfof{Gjogdf ;dfj]lztf / n}lËs ;dtf 5 ls 5}g < ltgLx?sf] sfo{bIftf s:tf] 5< ltgLx?jf6 s]–s:tf pknlJw, c;/ tyf k|efjx¿ xfl;n ePsf 5g\ < ltgLx?jf6 k|fKt k|ltkmn tyf glthfx?sf] lbuf]kgf s:tf] 5 < eGg] ;DjGwdf ;DalGwt ;+:yf cf+km}n] jf :jtGq t];|f] kIfsf d"NofÍgstf{af6 p2]Zok"0f{ / Jojl:yt tl/sfn] pko'Qm ljlw ckgfO{ n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfo{ d"NofÍg xf] .

d"Nof+Ígn] sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx? nfeu|fxLsf cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ slQsf] ;fGble{s 5g\ < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf lqmofsnfkx? /fli6«o / :yfgLo k|fyldstf leq k5{g\ ls kb}{gg\ < sfo{qmd÷cfo]fhgfsf lqmofsnfkx? /fli6«o, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo gLlt / of]hgf;+u d]n vfG5g\ ls vfb}gg\ < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ubf{ ;dfj]lztf, n}lËs ;dtf / nfeu|fxLsf] ;+nUgtf s:tf] 5 < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfdf pknAw ef}lts, cfly{s / dfgjLo ;|f]tx?sf] pkof]u k|efjsf/L ?kdf eP ls ePgg\ < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfn] ;~rfng u/]sf lqmofsnfkx? k|efjsf/L 5g\ ls 5}gg\ / olb k|efjsf/L geP lsg k|efjsf/L gePsf xf]nfg\ < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfn] nIo cg'?k glthf lbPsf] 5 ls 5}g < nIo cg'?k k|ult gePsf] eP s] sf/0fn] k|ult gePsf] xf]nf < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfdf nfe nfut cg'kft s:tf] 5 < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] cfly{s tyf ljQLo cfGtl/s k|ltkmn b/ s:tf] 5 < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfdf ;|f]t ljlgof]hg / ;|f]t pkof]u ;Ifdtf s:tf] 5 <



sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfn] nfeu|fxLx?df s] s:tf c;/ / k|efj 5f]8] < c;/ / k|efjx? ;sf/fTds dfq 5g\ ls gsf/fTds klg 5g\ < OlR5t / cg]lR5t glthfx? s] s] x'g\ < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf lqmofsnfkx?n] :yfgLo hgtfsf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofP ls NofPgg\ < ;du|df sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf p2]Zo s'g xb;Dd k"/f eP < pknlAw xfl;n ug{ s] s:tf Aojwfgx? b]lvP < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] Joj:yfkgdf ;'wf/ / ;+:yfut ;'b[9Ls/0f ug{ s] s:tf of]ubfg lbP < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ;+~rfng ubf{sf l;sfO{x? s] s] x'g\ / ltgLx? cGo 7fpF+sf nflu cg's/0fLo 5g\ ls 5}gg\ < sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf glthfx?sf] lbu]fkgf s:tf 5g\ cflb k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5 / ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L / ;+:yfx?nfO{ k[i7kf]if0f u/L sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] h; ckh; jxg ug{ pTk]|l/t ub{5 . o; sfo{n] ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?df c;n zf;g cEof; ug{ ;d]t d2t ug]{ x'gfn] d"NofÍg cfjZos kb{5 .

d"NofÍg sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf 5gf}6 r/0fb]lv ;~rfng r/0fkl5sf rf/ cj:yfdf ul/G5 . sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf 5gf]6 ug'{k"j{ ;du| l:yltsf] d"NofÍg ul/G5 / o;nfO{ k"j{d"NofÍg (Ex-

ante) elgG5 . sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf rfn' /x]sf] cj:yfdf o;n] cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n ug]{ lbzf pGd'v 5 ls 5}g eGg] af/] yfxf kfpg / sfof{Gjog r/0fsf l;sfO{ clen]v u/L ;'wf/ ug{ sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf rfn' ca:yfdf klg d"Nof+Íg ul/G5 / o;nfO{ rfn' (On-going) d"NofÍg elgG5 . sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] clGtd r/0fdf cyjf ;DkGg ePsf] nuQ} s] s:tf glthfx? Kf|fKt eP, l;sfO{x? s] /x]< c;/ / k|efj s] eP h:tf ljifo yfxf kfpg clGtd jf ;DkGg (Terminal) d"NofÍg ul/G5 . sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ;DkGg ePsf] s]xL jif{ kl5 k|efa / glthfsf] lbuf]kgf cWoog ug{ d"NofÍg ul/G5 / To;nfO{ sfo{qmd kl5sf] (Ex-post) d"NofÍg elGfG5 .

txut ?kdf d"NofÍg rf/ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . cfof]hgf :t/sf] d"NofÍg Pp6f cfof]hgfdf dfq ;Lldt eP/ ul/G5 / cfof]hgfaf6 s] s:tf pknlAw, c;/ / k|efj xfl;n eP eGGf]af/] cWoog ul/G5 . sfo{qmd :t/sf] d"NofÍgdf pQm sfo{qmdleqsf ljleGg cfof]hgfx?nfO{ Pp6} 6f]s/Ldf /fv]/ ;du|df ltgLx?n] s] s:tf of]ubfg u/], ltgLx?sf c;/ / k|efj s] /x] cflb af/] d"NofÍg ul/G5 . If]q :t/sf] d"NofÍg h:t} lzIff If]q, :jf:Yo If]q, s[lif If]q cflbsf] d"NofÍg ubf{ To; If]qleqsf ;Dk"0f{ sfo{qmdx? / x/]s sfo{qmdleqsf cfof]hgfx?nfO{ ;du| ?kdf d"NofÍgsf] Pp6f OsfO{ dfgL d"NofÍg ul/G5 . To:t}u/L gLlt :t/sf] d"NofÍgdf pQm gLltn] ;d]6]sf If]qx?, sfo{qmdx? / cfof]hgfx?nfO{ d"NofÍgsf] Pp6} OsfO dfgL d"NofÍg ul/G5 / o;sf] sfo{If]q klg a[xt\ x'G5 .



cfof]hgf, sfo{qmd, If]q tyf gLlt :t/sf d"NofÍg ug{sf] nflu tLg k|sf/sf ljlwx?M kl/df0ffTds, u'0ffTds / ldl>t ljlwx? k|rngdf 5g\ . kl/df0ffTds ljlw cGtu{t k|ZgfjnLdfkm{t\ 3/ kl/jf/ ;e]{If0f u/L ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{, låtLo ;|f]taf6 ljBdfg cf+s8fx?sf] ;+sng / ljZn]if0f, nfe—nfut tyf nfut k|efjsfl/Tffsf] ljZn]if0f, sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ;+~rfngk"j{ / ;+~rfngkZrft\sf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f, sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ;+~rfng ePsf] cj:yf / gePsf] cj:yfsf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f cflb ljlwx? k|rngdf 5g\ . u'0ffTds ljlwcGtu{t k|ToIf cjnf]sg u/L sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfaf/] d"NoÎgstf{n] cfkm\gf] wf/0ff agfpg], nfeu|fxLsf cg'e"lt ;+sng ug]{, kl/jtg{sf l;4fGt (Theory of Change) jf ;f]r tflnsf ljZn]if0f u/L pknAw ;"rgfsf] cfwf/df nIo / pknlAw ljZn]if0f ug]{, nlIft ;d"x 5nkmn, hflgkmsf/;+u cGtj{ftf{, sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf ;an, b'a{n, cj;/ / r'gf}tL ljZn]if0f cflb ljlwx?dfkm{t\ d"NofÎgsf] nflu u'0ffTds ;"rgf ;+sng u/L d"NofÎg ul/G5 . ldl>t ljlwdf kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds b'j} ljlw ldnfP/ ul/G5 .

s'g} klg ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ agfpg tyf sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo / To;sf kbflwsf/LnfO{ hafkmb]xL agfpg hg;xeflutfd"ns d"NofÎg ljlw cfjZos b]lvG5 . o;sf ;fy} hg;xeflutfd"ns d"Nof+Îg ljlwdf hg;/f]sf/jfnf nfeu|fxLsf] sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfdf k|ToIf ;+nUgtf x'g] xF'bf pgLx?sf] wf/0ff a'e\mg / sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf oyfy{ l:ylt a'emL nIo k|fKt ug{ d2t ub{5 . u08sL k|b]zdf hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t ljsf; sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ;+~rfng ug{ / ltgLx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg ug{ ljleGg lgb]{lzsf / sfo{ljlwx? Hff/L eO{ sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf 5g\ .

&=% lg/LIf0f cg'udg / d"Nof+sg aLr ;dfgtf / km/slg/LIf0f, cg'uddg tyf d"NofÍg aLr Ps cfk;df cGof]Gofl>|t ;DaGw 5 . logLx? Psn] csf]{nfO{ ;dk"/s / kl/k"/ssf] sfd ub{5g\ tyflk logLx?sf cf–cfk\mg} ljz]iftfx? 5g\ . logLx? aLrsf] ;dfgtf / km/s tflnsf g+= &–! df :ki6 ul/Psf] 5 . lg/LIf0fnfO{ 5f]8\bf sltko cj:yfdf cg'udg / d"Nof+sg ;+u;+u} cfpg] ub{5g\ . cg'udg ubf{ d"Nof+Ígsf] s]xL lx:;f ;dfj]z ePsf] x'gfn] ;fdfGo af]nLrfnL / Aojxf/df cg'udg ubf{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;+u;+u} eGg] k|rng 5 tyflk d"No+fÍg lj:t[t / hl6n sfo{ ePsf] xF'bf d"Nof+Ígsf] ;Dfodf cg'udg Tolt hf]l8b}g . dfly lg/LIf0f, cg'udg / d"No+fÍgsf] kl/efiffut / sfo{ut leGgtf :ki6 ul/;lsPsf] xF'bf ca pk|fGt o; n]vdf



cg'udg / d"NofÍgnfO{ ;d'Rr pRrf/0f ul/g] 5 . o; cy{df cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Pp6f Joj:yfksLo k4lt tyf cf}hf/ xf] h;n] gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf dxTjk"0f{ ;xof]u k'¥ofp+F5 / ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L tyf ;+:yfn]] hafkmb]lxtf jxg ug{ pTk]|l/t ub{5 .

tflnsf g+= &–!M lg/LIf0f cg'udg / d"Nof+sg aLr ;dfgtf / km/s

ljifo lg/LIf0f cg'udg d"NofÍg

tTj s] x'g <

sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lsf] l;k, 1fg / sfof{Gjog k|lqmof

cfof]hgfdf Nfuflg, k|lqmof, k|ltkmn / kl/0ffd

;fGble{stf, k|efjsfl/tf, sfo{bIftf, k|efj, lbuf]kgf, ;dtf, k+x'r / nfeu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6 .

slxn] ug]{ <

sfof{Gjog cjlwe/ lg/Gt/ ul/g] cfof]hgfsf] Ps k|lqmof

sfof{Gjog cjlwe/ lg/Gt/ ul/g] cfof]hgfsf] Ps k|lqmof xf], h;nfO{ cfof]hgfsf] Pp6f cfGtl/s sfo{sf] ¿kdf klg lnOG5 .===============================lgdf{0f r/0f / ;~rfng r/0fsf] cj:yfdf dfq ul/G5 .

ljleGg r/0fdf u/Lg] cfof]hgf k|lqmof xf] h:t}M k"j{d"NofÍg(Ex-ante), rfn" d"NofÍg(On-going), clGtd jf ;DkGg d"NofÍg (Terminal) / sfo{qmd kl5sf] d"NofÍg (Ex-post) .==================================5gf}6 r/0fb]lv ;~rfng r/0fkl5sf cj:yfdf klg ul/G5 .

s] laifodf s]lGb|t x'g]<

cjnf]sg jf :ynut lg/LIf0f .sfo{Gjog ug]{ sd{rf/Ldf rflxg] l;k / 1fg;]jf tyf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] u'0f:t/

cfof]hgfn] l7s sfd u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g <==============================k|ult ;dLIff, sfo{of]hgf / k|ultaLrsf] t'ngf .==============================tYof+Í ;+sng, ljZn]if0f, ;d:of klxrfg, ;dfwfg jf k|ltj]bg ======================cfof]hgfnfO{ lglb{i6 kl/df0f, u'0f:t/, nfut / ;dod} ;DkGg u/fpg] k|of; ==================lgdf{0f r/0f / ;~rfng r/0fsf cj:yfdf b]lvPsf sdL sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ ;'wf/ u/L / ;+:yfut ;'wf/ ug{ s]lGb|t x"G5 .

cfof]hgfn] u/]sf sfdn] nlIft ;d'xsf] lhjg:t/ ;'wfg{ d2t u/]sf 5g ls 5}gg<==================================cfof]hgfn] p2]Zo tyf nIo xfl;n u/], gu/]sf] jf ug{] l:ylt /x], g/x]sf] . ==================================lgdf{0f r/0f / ;~rfng r/0fdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug]{ tyf sfof{Gjogsf qmddf ePsf sdL sdhf]/Laf6 kf7 l;sL eljiodf To:t} of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx¿df ;'wf/ ug{ j9L s]lGb|t x'G5 .



ljifo lg/LIf0f cg'udg d"NofÍg

s;n] ug]{ <

;fwf/0ftof, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfosf l;k / 1fg ePsf AolQmdfkm{t\ ul/G5 .

;fwf/0ftof, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoaf6 ul/G5 .=============================== sfof{Gjog ug]{ / gug]{ x?sf] ;+o'Qm 6f]nL agfP/ klg ul/G5 .

;fwf/0ftof, sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfoeGbf aflx/sf :jtGq JolQm tyf ;+:yfx¿af6 u/fOG5 .

s] Gflthf ck]lIft x'G5<

OlR5t glthf xf+l;n ug{ cfof]hgfdf s] s:tf l;k / 1fg rflxG5g\ eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5 .

s'g s'g lqmofsnfk sfof{Gjog eP / ltgn] s] s] glthf lbP eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5 .

glthf s;/L k|fKt eP / s] s:tf l;sfO /x] eGg] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbG5 / kl/jTf{gsf] nflu goFf+ l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug{ d2t ub{5 .

Hfafkm— b]lxtf

ljsf; Aoj:yfkgsf] lgoldt k|lqmof xf] .

lasf; Joj:yfkg / hafkmb]lxtfs]f cleGg cË xf] .

sfof{Gjogaf6 kf7 l;Sg] / lasf; Joj:yfkgdf hafkmb]lxtf ;'b[9 ug]{ ljlw xf] .

>f]t M lu/Lwf/L zdf{ kf}8]n, @)&$, g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]q Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu cg'udg / d"NofÍg, r}tGo d~r aif{, @)&$

&=^ u08sL k|b]zdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ubf{ k|of]u ul/Psf cf}hf/x?u08sL k|b]zdf ;fj{hlgs, u}x|;/sf/L / lghL ;+:yfx?n] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ k|of]u u/]sf k|rlnt d'Vo–d'Vo cf}hf/x? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

&=^=! ;fj{hlgs hgn]vf k/LIf0f (Public Audit)

;fj{hlgs÷hgn]vf k/LIf0f u08sL k|b]zsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx?n] k|of]u u/]sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] cf}hf/ x]f . o;df sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf ef}lts tyf ljQLo k|ult tyf sf/f]jf/ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] e]nfdf k|:t't ul/G5 / ;/]fsf/jfnf tyf nfeu|fxLaf6 sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf k|ult, sfof{Gjog k|lqmof / ;'wf/ ug' kg]{ If]qaf/] ;'emfj ;+sng / clen]vLs/0f u/L sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfnfO{ kl/is[t ul/G5 . of] cf}hf/n] ;d'bfo :t/df sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfaf/] kf/blz{tf sfod ug{ / sfof{Gjog ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx?df hafkmb]lxtf a[l4 ug{ d2t ub{5 . ;d'bfo:t/df ;~rflnt sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx? ;DkGg eP klg ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f gu/L k"/f e'QmfgL lbg' xF'+b}g . ;fdfGotof ;fj{hlgs k/LIf0f sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfsf] af/]df ul/G5 .

&=^=@ ;fdflhs k/LIf0f (Social Audit) ;fdflhs k/LIf0f u08sL k|b]zdf ljut tLg bzsb]lv vf;u/L @)$^ ;fndf ax'bnLo



zf;g Joj:yf k'g:y{fkgf ePkZrft\ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yf jf ;+u7gsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+Íg ug{ k|of]u ul/Psf] dxTjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] . o;df s'g} klg ;+:yfsf] sfo{;Dkfbgaf/] hgtfs]f e]nfjf6 a'em\g], dfkg ug]{, k|df0fLs/0f ug]{, ;fdflhs tyf g}lts cj:yfjf/] hgtfn] lbPsf ;'emfjcg';f/ ;+:yfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ Ps ljlw xf] . o;n] ;]jfk|bfos / ;]jfu|fxLaLr cGtlq{mof u/fpF+5 / ;LdfGts[t tyf ljkGg ju{sf cfjfhx? ;]jfk|bfos;Dd k'¥ofpF+5 / zf;sLo k4ltdf ;sf/fTds k|efj l;h{gf ub{5 . ;fdflhs k/LIf0f :yfgLo zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu a9L k|o]fu ul/G5 . o;df klg vf; u/]/ :yfgLo tx h:t} ufp+kflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] hjfkmb]lxtf / kf/blz{tfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{nfO{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf;Fu ;DaGw gePsf k/LIfsn] ;+:yfsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ u5{g\ / a}7sdf pkl:yt ;xefuLx?;dIf k|:t't ub{5g\ . tt\kZrft\ v'nf ?kdf 5nkmn, l6Kk0fL / ;dLIff ul/G5 . ljrf/ / wf/0ffx?sf] l6kf]6 ul/G5 . tL l6kf]6x?nfO{ k/LIfssf] clGtd k|ltj]bgdf ;dfj]z ul/G5 / ;fj{hlgs ul/G5 .

&=^=# ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO{ (Public Hearing)

u08sL k|b]zdf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO vf; u/L ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfdf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 . of] Ps ;fdflhs d~r xf], hxfF ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ nfeu|fxL / ;]jfk|bfos ;+:yfsf clwsf/Lx? ;fj{hlgs rf;f]sf ljifodf k|ToIf k|Zgf]Q/x?sf] dfWoodaf6 ljrf/ / wf/0ffsf] cfbfgk|bfg ub{5g\ . o; d~rdf gful/sx?n] AolQmut tyf ;d'bfo;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:ofx? ;]jfk|bfos clwsf/L;dIf /fVb5g\ . pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] u'gf;f] k|:t't u5{g\ / jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf ;'wf/sf nflu pkfox? ;'emfpF5g\ . o; ljlwaf6 ;]jfk|bfos clwsf/Lx?n] cf+km"n] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jf jf j:t'sf] k|efjsfl/tf / u'0f:t/ af/]df k[i7kf]if0f k|fKt ub{5g\ . o;n] ;]jf k|bfosx?nfO{ gful/sk|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g, pgLx?sf] ultljlwsf] kf/blz{tf a9fpg / gful/ssf] ;';"lrt x'g kfpg] clwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

&=^=$ hgtfsf] u'gf;f] ;Daf]wg ug{ x]nf] d'VodGqL sfo{qmd (Hello Chief Minister

Program)u08sL k|b]zdf d'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf x]nf] d'VodGqL sfo{qmd ;+~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . of] hgtfsf u'gf;f ;'Gg] / ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ dfWod xf] . u'gf;f] eg]sf] sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jf jf lgdf{0f u/]sf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf u'0f:t/ Pjd\ :t/Lotf ;DaGwdf nfeu|fxLn] c;Gt'li6 JoQm ug'{ xf] . o;df ;d:ofsf] lgjf/0f



ug{ cg'/f]w ul/G5 . k[i7kf]if0f / u'gf;f]aLr w]/} km/s /x]sf] 5 . k[i7kf]if0f ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} x'g ;Sb5g\ / ;fdfGotof ;fgf d'2fx¿df klg k[i7kf]if0f ul/G5 t/ u'gf;f] cln uDeL/ d'2fx¿df ul/G5 . s'g} sfo{ unt ¿kdf cl3 al9/x]sf] cj:yfdf jf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfn] k|bfg u/]sf ;]jfdf nfeu|fxL 5'6 x'g uPdf u'gf;f] bh{ ul/G5 . nfeu|fxLk|lt ul/Psf k|lta4tf pNn+3g ul/Pdf cyjf gful/s j8fkqdf pNn]v ePsf ;]jfx? nfeu|fxLnfO{ pknAw gePsf u'gf;f]nfO{ hfoh dflgG5 / ;dfwfgsf nflu t'¿Gt sf/jfxL yflnG5 . x]nf] d'VodGqL sfo{qmd u'gf;f] lng] ;+oGq xf] / nfeu|fxLsf] b[li6sf]0fsf6 sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfaf/] a'em\g ;xof]u ug]{ cf}krfl/s ;+oGq xf] . o;n] nfeu|fxL ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf a'e\mg / sfo{qmdnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;"rgf k|bfg ub{5 . o;n] w]/} k|sf/sf kmfObf lbG5, h:tM} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ;Ddfg tyf ;zQmLs/0f, e|i6frf/, rf]/L tyf clwsf/ b'¿kof]u h:tf sfo{nfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ / e|i6frf/ x'g' cufj} k"j{;"rgf lbg] ub{5 . u'gf;f] ;'g'jfOsf] nflu lgMz'Ns 6]lnkmf]g, Od]n / lnlvt u'gf;f] ;+sng ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; Joj:yfaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ /]l8of], 6]lnlehg, cvaf/ tyf cGo ;~rf/dfWoddfkm{t\ hfgsf/L ul/Psf] 5 . u'gf;f] ;+sng ug{ lglZrt sfo{sIf agfO{ sd{rf/L v6fOPsf] 5 / u'gf;f]stf{sf] cg'dlt afx]s gfd uf]Ko /fVg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;+slnt u'gf;f]af/] d'VodGqLnfO{ cjut u/fOG5 / jxf+Fsf] lgb]{zg adf]lhd u'gf;f]st{fsf] u'gf;f]nfO{ t'?Gt} ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . g]kfndf k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, / k|wfgdGqL sfo{fnon] klg o; cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg cf}hf/sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ .

&=^=% ;d"xs]lGb|t 5nkmn (Focus Group Discussion) u08sL k|b]zdf ;d"xs]lGb|t 5nkmn & b]lv !) hgf AolQm;Ddsf] ;d"x ;Dej eP;Dd ;dfg pd]/, ;fdflhs cfly{s cj:yf, ;dfg 1fg / l;k ePsf / Ps cfk;df cGt3{'ng gePsf AolQm e]nf u/L 5nkmnsf] dfWodaf6 u'0ffTds ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] hg;xeflutfd"ns Ps dxTjk"0f{ ljlwsf] ?kdf k|of]u ul/G5 . o;sf] g]t[Tj ;d"x 5nkmnsf] dWo:ytf ug]{ AolQmaf6 ul/G5 . of] v's'nf] ;+/rgfo'Qm / cf+km\gf] rf;f]sf ljleGg ljifodf 5nkmn ug{] ljlw xf] . 5nkmnsf ljifoj:t'af/] clu|d ?kdf ;"rL agfOG5, dWo:ystf{dfkm{t\ 5nkmn rnfOG5 / 5nkmndf cfPsf ljrf/nfO{ AolQmut ?kdf geO{ ;d"xut ?kdf cfPsf ljrf/sf] ?kdf u|x0f u/L l6kf]6 ul/G5 / cfjZostf cg'?k cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgdf k|of]u ul/G5 . of] ljlw u08sL k|b]zsf ;fj{hlgs tyf u}x|;/sf/L ;+:yfx?df kl/df0ffTds ljlwaf6 ;"rgf gcfpg] ljifoj:t', h:t}M sxf+, lsg, s;/L, s:fn] / s] k|of]hgsf] nflu eGGf] ljifodf u'0ffTds ;"rgf ;+sng ug{ k|Voflt kfp+Fb}



uPsf] 5 . of] ljlwn] ;fj{hlgs If]q Joj:yfkg / kbflwsf/Ldf hafkmb]lxtf a[l4 ug{ d2t ub{5 .

&=^=^ cGtlqm{ofTds a}7s (Interactive Meeting)

u08sL k|b]zdf cGtlq{mofTds a}7s klg Ps k|sf/sf] hg;xeflutfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Ígsf] ljlw xf] . of] ljlwn] sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ;~rflnt If]]qdf ePsf kl/jt{gx?, tL kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx? / cGo tYout hfgsf/L lng, vf]h tyf cGj]if0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df cg'udg÷d"Nofª\sgstf{ / hfgsf/L lbg] hflgkmsf/aLr k|ToIf cGtlqm{of x'G5 . o; k|lqmofdf Ps bIf ;xhstf{n] k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Ísgsf] ljifoj:t'af/] 5nkmnsf nflu cg'/f]w ub{5g\ / 5nkmnsf] ;xhLs/0f ub{5g\ . o; a}7sdf 5nkmn ePsf / 5nkmndf cfPsf ljrf/nfO{ l6kf]6 ul/G5 / cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg Kf|of]hgsf] nflu k|of]u ul/G5 .

&=^=& k|fljlws k/LIf0f (Technical Audit)

u08sL k|b]zdf sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf ck]Iff slt k"/f eP eGg] ;Gbe{ Plsg ug{, ;f] af/] k|df0f k|fKt ug{ / ;f] k|df0fsf] j:t'ut 9Ëaf6 cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg ug{ o; k|lqmofsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ljBdfg sfg"g tyf lgod, ljsf;sf dfGotf, ;Demf}tfsf b:tfj]hcg'?k ultljlwx?sf] k|ult cg'udg ug{ / ltgLx?sf] u'0f:t/ Plsg ug{ sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L / k|fljlws k/LIf0f ug]{ clVtof/L kfPsf AolQmx?n] ;/]fsf/jfnfsf] pkl:yltdf k|fljlws k/LIf0f ub{5g\ . o; k/LIf0fsf] k|d'v Wo]o of]hgfdf ul/Psf l8hfOg / lgwf{/0f ul/Psf dfkb08x? cg'?k cfof]hgfn] lgwf{l/t ;do / ah]6leq /x]/ s'g xb;Dd sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/]sf 5g\ < eGg] s'/fsf] k|fljlws k/LIf0f ug'{ xf] . o; sfo{n] ;fj{hlgs kbflwsf/L jf ;+:yfn] u/]sf sfo{sf] u'0f:t/ k|i6ofpg] x'+Fbf pgLx?df cfk\mgf sfo{k|lt hafkmb]xL x'g k|]l/t ub{5 .

&=^=* k|j[lQ ;do ljZn]if0f (Trend/time analysis)

o; ljlwdf ;dfh / dflg;x?sf] ljut / jt{dfgaLrsf] ;DaGw Pjd\ pgLx?;Fu lgs6 /x]sf s'/fx? s;/L kl/jt{g eP / o; kl/jt{gdf s] s:tf k|j[lQx? lyP / 5g\ < eGg] ;DaGwdf cg'udg / d"NofÍg Kf|o]fhgsf] nflu ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/G5 . of] ljlw vf; u/]/ k|fs[lts ;|f]t, :jf:Yo, lzIff, s[lif k|0ffnL, hnjfo' kl/jT{fg h:tf ljifox?df ;do;fk]If ePsf kl/jt{gx?nfO{ ljZn]if0f ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . of] ljlwdf 7fpF+, 36gf / kl/jt{g



ef]u]sf cyjf hfgsf/L ePsf AolQmaf6 ;do–;dodf ePsf kl/jTfgx?nfO{ j0f{g ul/G5 / cfjZostf cg'?k cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;xhLs/0f ug]{ AolQmn] 5nkmndf ;xhLs/0f ub{5g\ . o; ljlwaf6 clen]v gePsf / ;doqmddf 3l6t 36gf / 36gfsf k|j[lQaf/] ;xeflutfTds ljlwdfkm{t\ ;"rgf ;+sng u/L ljZn]if0f ul/G5 .

&=& cg'udg / d"NofÍgsf ;"rs ;"rs Ps dfkg xf] h:fn] ;+Vof, b/, k|ltzt, ljrf/, wf/0ff cflbsf] cj:yfdf ;dofGt/df ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ dfkg ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 . h] sf] dfkg ul/G5 To;sf] 7f]; / ljlzi6 j0f{g ;"rs xf] . Sm'g} klg cj:yfnfO{ ;+VofTds tyf AofVofTds ?kdf ;/n tl/sfaf6 dfkg ug]{ cfwf/ ;"rs xf] . cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Ígsf d'Vo cfwf/ ;"rs x'g\ / ltGf} ;"rsnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf] qmddf s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfsf] k|ultaf/] ;dLIffTds k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/G5 / olb Go"g k|ult cyjf sd;n u'0f:t/ 5 eg] sfof{Gjog ug]{ clwsf/L tyf ;+:yfnfO{ hafkmb]lxtf jxg ub}{ sfo{qmddf ;'wf/ ug{ / lgwf{l/t nIo k|fKt ug{ cfu|x ul/G5 .

sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?df ePsf] nufgL / lqmofsnfkn] Nofpg] kl/jt{gsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg Pj+ dfkg ug{ ;"rssf] k|of]u ul/G5 . glthfd"ns cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgsf nflu ;"rsx?s]f lgwf{/0f / o;sf] dfkg ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] Aojl:yt cg'udgsf nflu p2]Zo;+u d]n vfg], :jtGq, lgikIf, ;/n, :ki6, dfkg ug{ / k"/f ug{ ;lsg], e/kbf]{, / ;do cjlw lsl6Psf sfo{;Dkfbg ;"rsx?sf] ljsf; u/L k|of]udf NofOPsf] 5 .

s'g} klg gLlt, of]hgf / ljifout If]q cGtu{t sfof{Gjog ul/g] ljleGg sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfaf6 k|fKt k|ltkmn / ;f]sf] Psd'i6 c;/ tyf k|efj cf+sng ug{sf nflu ;"rs lgwf{/0f ul/Psf x'G5g\ . To:tf ;"rsx?nfO{ clGtd tx / cGtl/d tx u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . -s_ clGtd tx -c;/ / k|efj_M sfo{fGjog ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?af6 xfl;n ePsf k|ltkmnx?n]

nlIft ju{ jf ;d'bfosf] hLjgofkgdf kf/]sf] k|efj / To; pk/ nfeu|fxL ju{sf] ;Gt'li6 ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg] ;"rsx? clGtd -c;/ / k|efj_ txsf ;"rs x'g\ .

-v_ cGtl/d tx -k|ltkmn, k|lsof / nufgL_M sfo{fGjog ul/Psf sfo{qmdx?af6 pTkfbg x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] dfkg ug{ k|ltkmn ;"rsx? lgwf{/0f ul/G5 . cfof]hgfx?df ul/Psf] nufgL / ePsf lqmofsnfknfO{ dfkg ug{ lglZrt nufgL tyf k|lsof



;DaGwL ;"rsx? agfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu tnsf] tflnsf &=@ df gd"gf ;"rs lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof cg';/0f u/L cGo If]qsf ;"rsx? lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

tflnsf g+= &–@M gd"gf ;"rs lg0f{o k|lqmof

ljifout If]qlqmofsnfk÷

nufgL÷k|lsof ;"rsk|ltkmn ;"rs c;/ ;"rs k|efj ;"rs

Kfl/jf/ lgof]hg sfo{qmd

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg ljt/0f ePsf] ;+Vof, ljt/0f ePsf ;fwgsf] lsl;d .

Kfl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u ug]{ ljjflxt bDkltsf] ;+Vof .

kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg k|of]u b/ .

s'n k|hgg b/df kl/jt{g, Hfg;+Vof a[l4 b/df kl/jt{g .

pGgt lap lahg ljt/0f sfo{qmd

ljt/0f ePsf] pGgt lap lahgsf] -tf}n_ lapsf k|sf/ .

nfeflGjt s[ifs ;+Vof÷k|ltzt, pGgt lapn] 9fs]sf] s[lif If]q -k|ltzt_ .

pTkfbsTjdf a[l4 -k|lt x]S6/ d]l6«s 6gdf_, k|ltAolQm vfBfGg pknAwtf -s]lhdf_ .

ls;fgsf] cfodf a[l4 -k|ltzt_, k|ltAolQm Sofnf]/L vktdf a[l4 -k|ltzt_ .

;8s lj:tf/ sfo{qmd

lgdf{0f nfut, pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] u7g, ;ldltdf ;dfj]lztf, ;ldltsf a}7s, lgdf{0fsf] u'0f:t/ .

lgdf{0f ;DkGg ePsf] ;8ssf] nDafO{, ;8ssf] rf}8fO{, ;8sdf rNg] ;fwgsf] lsl;d, ;8saf6 nfeflGat hg;+Vof .

ofqf ug]{ ;dodf cfosf] sdL, ;fdfg 9'jfgLdf nfUg] ef8f b/df kl/jt{g,:jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/ cflbdf hgtfsf] kx'+rdf a[l¢.

pTkfbg nfutdf+ sdL, Aofj;flos ;+:yf tyf AolQmdf k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtfdf a[l¢, 3/fo;L cfDbfgLdf a[l¢ .

&=* cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sgsf] nflu ;+:yfut Joj:yfgLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg ug{sf nflu dGqfnodf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg dxfzfvf÷zfvf, d'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\sf] sfo{fndf k|d'v ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf ;lrj :t/Lo cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg ;ldlt, dGqfnodf dGqL :t/Lo ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt / d'VodGqLsf] cWoIftfdf ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

&=*=! dGqfno:t/Lo cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvfd'VodGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfo{no M d'VodGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf Ps zf;sLo ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo dxfzfvf /x]sf] 5 . o; dxfzfvfsf] g]t[Tj ;x;lrj txsf ;lrjn] ub{5g\ / o; dxfzfvf cGtu{t pk;lrjn] g]t[Tj ug]{ of]hgf cg'udg tyf glthf



Joj:yfkg zfvf, cfly{s tyf k"jf{wf/ zfvf, zf;sLo ;'wf/ tyf ;~rf/ zfvf /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxfzfvfn] k|b]z :t/sf sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfx?sf] sfof{Gjogdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug]{ / ;DalGwt dGqfnonfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbg] sfo{ ub{5 .

cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno M cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfnodf pk;lrjn] g]t[Tj ug]{ Ps k|fb]lzs of]hgf tyf cg'udg zfvf /x]sf] 5 . o; zfvfn] k|b]z ;/sf/af6 ah]6 kfpg] dGqfno tyf cGo lgsfox?df ah]6 lgsf;f / sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg ub{5 .

pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno M pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnodf pk;lrjn] g]t[Tj ug]{ k|zf;g, of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf /x]sf] 5 . o; dxfzfvf cGtu{t zfvf clws[tn] g]t[Tj u/]sf k|zf;g tyf of]hgf zfvf, cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf, sfg"g tyf km};nf sfof{Gjog zfvf /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxfzfvfn] dGqfno cGtu{tsf sfo{qmdx?sf] of]hgf th'{df / sfof{Gjogsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{ ub{5 . o; dxfzfvfdf of]hgf th'{df / cg'udg Ps} 7fpFdf ldl;Psf] x'+Fbf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{n] pRr k|fyldstf kfPsf] b]lvb}g . ;fy} sfo{af]emsf] cg'kftdf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf sd /x]sf] 5 .

e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno M o; dGqfnodf k|fljlws pk ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf /x]sf] 5 . o; dxfzfvf cGtu{t clws[tn] g]t[Tj ug]{ u/L of]hgf tyf hgzlQm zfvf, cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg zfvf / gLlt dfkb08 zfvfx? 5g . o; dxfzfvfn] dGqfno dftxtsf lhNnfl:yt sfo{nox?n] sfof{Gjog u/]sf sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg ug]{ sfo{ ub{5 .

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno M o; dGqfnodf OlGhlgol/Ë ;]jfsf] k|fljlws pk;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf k|zf;g, of]hgf tyf cg'udg dxfzfvf /x]sf] 5 . o; dxfzfvf cGtu{t clws[tsf] g]t[Tjdf hgzlQm Joj:yfkg zfvf, cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf / sfg"g zfvf /x]sf 5g\ . o; dxfzfvfsf] gfd of]hgf tyf cg'udg /fv] tfklg hgzlQm Joj:yfkg ubf{ cg'udgnfO{ Tolt dxTj lbOPsf] 5}g .

;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno M o; dGqfnodf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{ k|zf;g tyf of]hgf dxfzfvf cGtu{t /flvPsf] 5 . o; dxfzfvfsf] g]t[Tj k|fljlws pk;lrjn] ub{5g\ . o; dxfzfvf cGtu{t clws[tsf] g]t[Tjdf of]hgf tyf cg'udg zfvf, cfly{s k|zf;g zfvf,



sfg"g tyf k|zf;g sfof{Gjog zfvf / sfg"g tyf /f]huf/ zfvf u/L rf/ zfvfx? 5g\ . dGqfno cGtu{tsf sfo{qmdx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg oxL dxfzfvfdfkm{t\ ug]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

&=*=@ ;lrj :t/Lo cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ;ldltd'VodGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb sfof{nosf k|d'v ;lrjsf] g]t[Tjdf ;lrj :t/Lo cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; ;ldltdf k|b]zdf sfd ug]{ ;a} ;lrjx? ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;ldltsf] a}7s k|To]]s dlxgfsf] klxnf] xKtf a:b5 / dGqfnout sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff ub{5 .

&=*=# k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]un] k|b]z uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?sf] lgoldt cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg u/L ;DalGwt cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo tyf dGqfnonfO{ k[i7kf]if0f ub{5 . cfof]un] k|b]zsf gLlt, k|fyldstfdf k/]sf cfof]hgf tyf lgoldt ?kdf ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx?sf] dWofjlw cyjf clGtd d"Nof+Íg u/L gLlt tyf sfo{qmd lgdf{0fdf k|df0fdf cfwfl/t k[i7kf]if0f ub{5 .

&=*=$ dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltljsf; of]hgf, gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ug{ k|b]z ;/sf/sf ;a} dGqfnodf b]xfosf ;b:ox? /xg] u/L dGqfno:t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 .-s_ dGqL cWoIf-v_ /fHodGqL -xfn vfnL_ ;b:o-u_ ;xfos dGqL -xfn vfnL_ ;b:o-3_ k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]usf

-;DalGwt ljifout If]q x]g]{_ ;b:o;b:o

-ª_ ;lrj, ;DalGwt dGqfno ;b:o-r_ k|ltlglw, cfly{s dfldn tyf of]hgf dGqfno ;b:o-5_ ljifout zfvf k|d'v k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u ;b:o-h_ lgb]{zs÷x? ;DalGwt dGqfno ;b:o -em_ k|d'v÷x? dGqfnoleqsf ljefu ;b:o-`_ cfof]hgf k|d'vx? cfdlGqt ;b:o-`_ k|d'v, ;DalGwt dGqfnosf cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg dxfzfvf÷zfvf ;b:o–;lrj



pk/f]Qm jdf]lhd ;ldltsf] a}7sdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt cfof]hgfsf kbflwsf/L tyf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg;DaGwL ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o; ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo jdf]lhd 5g\M -s_ c+fkm\gf] dGqfno / cGtu{t sfof{Gjog ul/Psf gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf]

sfof{Gjog l:yltsf] ;dLIff ug]{, -v_ ;dLIff ubf{ sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofx? 5nkmn u/L

;dfwfg ug]{, -u_ s'g} sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:of dGqfno:t/af6 ;dfwfg

x'g g;s]sf ljifodf lng'kg]{ lg0f{osf ljsNkx? klxrfg u/L l;kmfl/;;lxt k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]udfkm{t\ k|b]z ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltdf k7fpg],

-3_ dGqfno tyf ;DalGwt ljefusf] dftxtdf ;+rflnt cfof]hgfx?sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg tf]lsPsf] ;+oGqaf6 eP, gePsf] lgSof}{n u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg lbg] .

pko'{Qm sfo{sf nflu dGqfno :t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dwfg ;ldltsf] a}7s dlxgfsf] Ps k6s lgoldt ?kdf a:g] u/]sf] 5 . pQm ;dosf] cnfjf sfo{qmd÷cfof]hgfx¿df b]vf k/]sf ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZostf cg';f/ h'g;'s} a]nfdf klg ;ldltsf] a}7s a:g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .

&=*=% k|b]z ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltljsf; gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] k|ult ;dLIff, ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg nufot gLltut ljifosf] sfd ug{sf nflu cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ;DaGwL ;jf]{Rr ;+oGqsf ¿kdf b]xfosf ;b:ox? /xg] u/L Ps k|b]z :t/Lo ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] 5 . -s_ d'Vo dGqL cWoIf

-v_ k|b]z ;/sf/sf dGqLx¿ ;b:o

-u_ pkfWoIf, k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]u ;b:o

-3_ k|d'v ;lrj k|b]z ;/sf/ ;b:o

-ª_ k|b]z of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿ ;b:o

-r_ d'Vo GofoflwjQmf ;b:o

-5_ k|b]z of]hgf cfof]usf] ;lrj ;b:o–;lrj



;ldltsf] a}7sdf cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L jf ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf 5 . ;ldltsf] a}7sdf k|:t't ug{'kg]{ ljifoa:t' pk/ ;DalGwt dGqfno tyf lgsfosf ;lrj tyf k|ltlglwx? ;+nUg u/fO{ lj:t[t ;dLIff ug{ k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]usf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf Ps pk;ldlt /xg]5 . o; pk;ldltsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd 5g\ Ms_ k|b]z ;/sf/sf dGqfno cGtu{t ;~rflnt sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog k|ultsf]

;dLIff ug]{, v_ dGqfno :t/Lo ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] a}7saf6 ;dfwfg x'g g;s]sf

;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu pko'Qm lg0f{o lng], u_ sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog txdf ePsf cGtd{Gqfnout, gLltut Pj+ sfg"gL

ljifodf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{, 3_ sfo{qmd jf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] cWoog tyf d"NofÍg ug]{,

u/fpg], r_ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{, u/fpg],5_ :yfgLo txdf ul/g] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+sg sfo{sf] ;dGjo ug]{ / ;f];DaGwL cfjZos

lgb]{zg lbg],h_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{x? ug]{ .

;ldltsf] a}7s k|To]s b'O{ dlxgfdf Ps k6s a:g] u/L Ps jif{df sDtLdf 5 k6s a:g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . pQm ;dosf] cnfjf k|b]z ljsf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldltsf] a}7s cfjZostf cg';f/ h'g;'s} a]nf a:g ;Sg]5 . o; ;ldltsf] nflu ;lrjfno ;]jf k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf cfof]un] ub{5 .

&=( k|b]zdf tYof+s k|0ffnLu08sL k|b]zdf tYof+Í ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug{sf] nflu 5'6\6} tYof+Í sfof{nosf] cfjZostf 5 tyflk xfn k|b]zdf tYof+Í ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf] nflu 5'6\6} tYof+Í sfof{nosf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . ;DalGwt dGqfnon] cf+km\gf] k|of]hgsf] nflu vl08t ?kdf s]xL tYof+Íx? ;+sng ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . k|b]zsf dGqfnox?df klg tYof+Í ;DaGwL sfo{ ug{sf] nflu tYof+Í clws[tsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5}g . ;du|df x]bf{ k|b]z ;/sf/ gof+ ;+/rgf ePsf]n] k|b]z :t/Lo tYof+Í k|0ffnL ljsf; ePsf] 5}g .

&=!) ;d:of / r'gf}tLx?u08sL k|b]zsf ;du| ;+/rgfx? gofF ePsf]n] cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos



k|lqmof, k4lt / ;+/rgf ljsf;sf] qmddf 5g\ / k"0f{ 5}gg\ . cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{df o; k|b]zdf lGfDg ;d:of tyf r'gf}tLx? 5g\ M k|b]zsf dGqfno tyf ljefux?sf] ;+u7g ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ubf{ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg

sfo{nfO k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvb}g . oBlk dGqfnodf klg cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{ s]lGb|t dxfzfvf tyf zfvf u7g ePsf 5}gg\ . st} of]hgf / cg'udg;+u} /flvPsf] 5 eg] st} cg'udg / k|zf;g ;+u} /flvPsf] 5 .

k|b]zdf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{df ljlzi6Ls[t cg'ej ePsf / oL sfo{df s]lGb|t sd{rf/L tyf ljz]if1x?sf] cefj /x]sf] 5 .

cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos dfkb08 / lgb]{lzsfx? lgdf{0fsf] qmddf 5g\ . lgdf{0f ePsf lgb]{lzsfsf] k|of]u ug]{ l;k klg k|b]zdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx?df ;Lldt dfqfdf pknAw 5 .

:jf:Yo If]qdf k|of]u ePsf Pr=cfO=Pd=o; h:t} :j?ksf cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{sf] nflu pkof]uL ;"rgf ;+sng ug]{ sDKo'6/df cfwfl/t ;k\m6jo/ cGo ljifout If]qsf] nflu tof/ ePsf 5}gg\ / sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] k|ult cg'udg ug{ sfuhL dfWodaf6 ;"rgf ;+sng / k|zf]wg ug{] sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

k|b]zdf gLlt, sfo{qmd tyf cfof]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L gLltut k[i7kf]if0f ug{ cfjZos ;"rgfsf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f ug]{ tYof+Í sfof{nosf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5}g . o; sfof{nosf] cefjdf cfjZos ;"rgfsf] ;+sng, k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0f sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .

&=!! cj;/x¿ of]hgf th'{df, cg'udg / d"Nof+Íg sfo{ ;'b[9 ug{ rflxg] l;k tyf 1fgsf] ljsf; ug{

k|b]zn] k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg :yfkgf ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . o; s]Gb|sf] :yfkgfkZrft\ k|b]zsf lghfdlt sd{rf/L tyf /fhgLlt1nfO{ tflnd lbO{ cg'udg tyf d"Nof+Íg sfo{sf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm k|b]z leq} tof/ ug]{ cj;/ x'g]5 .

;+3Lo ;/sf/;+usf] ;xsfo{df u08sL k|b]zsf] cGt/{fli6«o ;DaGw ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . cg'udg / d"Nof+Íg sfo{sf] nflu k|b]zleq pknAw x'g g;Sg] l;k / 1fg xfl;n ug{ k|b]zsf sd{rf/L / /fhgLlt1nfO{ cGt/{fli6«o ;+3;+:yf / ldq /fi6«df k|lzIf0f ug{ k7fO{ cfk"lt{ ug]{ cj;/ 5 .

k|b]zn] nf]s;]jf cfof]u u7g u/L cfjZos sd{rf/L k"lt{ ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf] 5 . k|b]z;+u cf+km}n] cg'udg / d"Nof+Íg ;]jf u7g u/L cfjZos hgzlQm cfk"lt{ ug]{ cj;/ pknAw 5 .



;Gbe{ ;"rL

cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno, @)&%, cfly{s aif{ @)&%÷)&^ sf] cfo Joosf] cg'dfg,cfly{s dfldnf tyf of]hgf dGqfno, ck|sfl;t k|zf;lgs tYof+s, u08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f .

cfGtl/s /fHf:j sfof{no sf:sL, @)&$, s/bftfsf] ;+Vof, ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s kf]v/f, g]kfn .

cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfno, @)&%, k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/Lsf] sfof{nodf btf{ ePsf u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f -ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs ;"rgf_, @)&% kf]v/f, g]kfn .

cfGtl/s dfldnf tyf sfg"g dGqfno, @)&%, ;'/Iff lgsfosf] k|zf;lgs clen]v, ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s, .

cfGtl/s /fh:j sfof{no sf:sL, @)&$, aflif{s k|lta]bg, ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s, kf]v/f g]kfn .

cGgk"0f{{ ;+/If0f If]q cfof]hgf @)&$, jflif{s k|ult k|ltj]bg @)&$, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

cy{ dGqfno, @)&%, cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&$÷)&%, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

cy{ dGqfno, @)&#, cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&@÷)&#, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, @)&$, clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]usf] cf=j @)&#÷@)&$ sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

OG;]s, @)&%, dfgj clwsf/ jif{ k'l:tsf @)&%, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

pBf]u ljefu, @)&%, u08sL k|b]zdf ePsf pBf]ux?sf] ljj/0f, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

pBf]u, ko{6g, jg tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno, @)&%, l:ylt kq, u08sL k|b]z, @)&% .

Pg;]n sfof{no kf]v/f, @)&%, df]jfO{nsf] l;d laqmL ePsf] ;+Vof, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, @)&%, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

Pr=cfO=Pd=P;, @)&$, https://www.measureevaluation.org/resources/training/capacity-building-resources/health-management-information-systems-hmis-1

s[lif ljefu, @)&#, vfBfGg afnL pTkfbgsf] nfe nfut ljZn]if0f @)$^÷$&—@)&!÷)&@ sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s[lif ljefu, @)&#, vfBfGGfjfnLsf] pTkfbg ljj/0f, @)&# sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, @)&@, jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&$ .



s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^%, >d ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^*, g]kfndf ul/aLsf] n3'If]q cg'dfg, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)^*, hgu0fgfsf] k|ltj]bg, sf7df08Ff}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)&! cf}Bf]lus ;j]{If0f k|lta]bg @)&! sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)&@, jftfj/0fLo tYof+s, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)&%, cfly{s ;e]{If0f @)&$÷)&% sf] k|f/lDes glthf, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo TfYof+Í laefu, @)^*, cf}Bf]lus k|lti7fgx¿sf] /fli6«o u0fgf, @)^( .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)&%, cfly{s ;e]{If0f @)&$÷)&% sf] k|f/lDes glthf, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, @)&%, hLjg dfkg ;e]{ @)^* sf] cfwf/df cf=a= @)&$÷@)&% sf] ljk|]if0f cg'dfg, ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s .

s]Gb|Lo TfYof+Í laefu, ;g\ @)!!, Nepal Living Standards Survey -NLSS_, @)!! .

s]Gb|Lo TfYof+Í laefu, @)&), g]kfndf ul/aLsf] n3'If]q cg'dfg, @)&), sf7df08f} g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo TfYof+Í laefu, @)^*, g]kfndf ul/aLsf] n3'If]q cg'dfg @)^* .

s]Gb|Lo TfYof+Í laefu, @)&!, 3/ kl/jf/ ;j]{If0f, @)&!, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

s]Gb|Lo tYof+s ljefu, Small Area Estimates of Poverty, 2011, http://cbs.gov.np/.

s]G›Lo tYofÍ laefu, @)$*, @)%* / @)^*, hgu0fgf @)$*, @)%* / @)^* sf] k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f}, g]kfn, http://cbs.gov.np/.

s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb, @)&@, g]kfndf aflnsf] gf]S;fgL ;DaGwL cWoog k|lta]bg, @)&# .

s[lif ljefu, @)&#, g]kfndf s[lif jfnLsf] nfut nfe ljZn]if0f, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .

vfg]kfgL tyf 9n lgsf; laefu, @)&%, vfg]kfgL ;DaGwL ck|sflzt tYof+s, vfg]kfgL dGqfno, @)&%, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

vfB ;+:yfg, @)&%, g]kfndf vfB uf]bfdsf] ;+Vof, sf7df08f} g]kfn .

vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, @)&%, u08sL k|b]zdf vlghx?sf] cj:yf, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

ue{g]G; km]l;ln6L, @)&%, ;+3Lo g]kfnsf k|fGtx?sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs tYof+sx?sf] t'ngfTds ljZn]if0f, ue{g]G; km]l;ln6L, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

u[x dGqfno, @)&#, b}aL k|sf]k k|lta]bg, @)&# -ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s_ .



hn>f]t / l;rf+O dGqfno, @)&%, pmhf{, hn>f]t, tyf l:f+rfO If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / efjL dfu{lrq -Zj]tkq_, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;+~hfn, @)&$, lhNnfdf vfB ;'/Iffsf] l:ylt -ck|sflzt vfB ;'/Iff ;+~hfnsf k|ltj]bgx? .

b"/;+rf/ k|flws/0f If]qLo sfof{no, df]jfOnsf] l;d laqmL ePsf] ;+Vof, cKf|zf]lwt tYof+s, @)&%, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s @)&%, g]kfnsf] hg;f+lVos, ;fdflhs, cflY{fs tyf ljQLo l:ylt -k|b]z ljj/0f_ @)&%, sf8df08f}, g]kfn .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, kf}if @)&#, a}+sx?sf] laj/0f, ck|sfl;t k|zf;lgs tYof+s, sf7df08f} g]kfn. g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)&#, cfly{s aif{ @)&@÷)&# sf] aflif{s k|lta]bg, g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

g]kfn /fi6« a}+s, @)&#, a}+sx?sf] laj/0f, ck|sfl;t k|zf;lgs tYof+s, sf7df08f} g]kfn .

g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, @)&@, g]kfndf OGwgsf] >f]t, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\, @)&%, aflif{s k|lta]bg -ck|sflzt_ v'dn6f/ nlntk'/ .

g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, @)&%, g]kfndf hn ljB't\ pTkfbg, sf8df08f}, g]kfn .

g]kfnsf] k|zf;lgs ;a]{If]0f, @)&%, g]kfn k|zf;lgs k|lzIf0f k|lti7fg, @)&% http://www.nasc.org.np/ne.

kf}8]n, lu=z= @)&$, g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs If]q Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu cg'udg / d"NofÍg, r}tGo d~r, sf7df08f} g]kfn .

lgjf{rg cfof]u, @)&$, :yfgLo lgjf{rg @)&$, lgjf{rg kl/0ffd k'l:tsf, sf7df08f}, g]kfn

gofF klqsf, @)&% cflZjg !( ut], k|b]zx?sf] l:ylt ;DaGwL n]v .

g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f, @)&%, k|b]zdf ljB't\sf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] hg;+Vof, ck|sflzt tYof+s .

g]kfndf 3/af/ lalxgx?sf] l:ylt ;DalGw n]v, http://cyfnepal.org/cyf-blog/2015/6/30/safe-havens-why-homelessness-and-slums-make-lva-important

lghfdtL ;]jf P]g @)$( -;+zf]wg @)&@ ;d]t_, https://www.pis.gov.np/pages/details/act .

ko{6g sfof{no, @)&$, kf]v/f cfpg] ko{6ssf] ljj/0f, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f, @)&%, k'glg{df{0f ePsf 3/x?sf] ljj/0f, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

ko{6g dGqfno, @)&%, ko{6s cfudg ;+Vof, dGqfnosf] j]e;fO6 .



klZrdf~rn If]qLo kz' ;]jf lgb]{zgfno @)&$, klZrdf~rndf kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] l:ylt, ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

ko{6g sfof{no kf]v/f @)&%, dgf:n' ;+/If0f If]qÙ cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qÙ 3/]n' ;ldlt / sfof{nox?sf @)&% sf ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

klZrdf~rn If]qLo jg lgb]{zgfno, @)&$, klZrdf~rn lasf; If]qsf] jg tYof+s, ck|sflzt ag ;DaGwL k|zf;lgs tYof+s .

laB't\ k|flws/0f kf]v/f, @)&%, k|b]zdf ljB't\sf] kx'Fr k'u]sf] hg;+Vof, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

ljZj a}+s / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, @)&%, lbuf] ljsf; nIosf ;"rsx?sf] k|b]zut dfgcg'dfg -hLjg dfkg ;e]{If0f @)^*, hg;+flVos tyf :jf:Yo ;e]{If0f @)&#, ax'If]q ;"rs If]q ;e]{If0f @)&! / dGqfnosf lgoldt tYof+snfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ul/Psf]] cg'dfg_ sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

ljZj a}+s, ;g @)!*, cfO{=l;=l6, tYof+s j]e;fO6 .

ljZj ko{6g kl/ifb\, @)&$, ljZj ko{6gsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&$ .

la:j ko{6g / ofqf kl/ifb, @)&%, g]kfnsf] ko{6g ;DaGwL l/kf]6{, https://www.wttc.org/.

ljZjljBfno cg'bfg cfof]u, @)&$, dxflaBfnox?sf] tYof+s, ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s .

j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]G›, @)&%, gjLs/0fLo phf{, ck|sflzt tYof+s, @)&% .

ljB't\ ljsf; ljefu, @)&%, hnljB't cfof]hgfx?sf] laj/0f, @)&%, http://www.doed.gov.np/.

jg tyf e";+/If0f dGqfno, @)&@, jgsf] OGe]lG6« -ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s_, sf8df08f} g]kfn .

jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno, @)&@, jgsf] OGe]lG6« -ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s_, @)&@ .

ejg ljefu, @)&$, hgtf cfjf; cGtu{t lgdf{0f ePsf / lgdf{0f x'g] ejgx?sf] ljj/0f, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, sf8df08f}, g]kfn .

e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, @)&$, k|b]zdf vfBfGg afnLsf] l:ylt -ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s_ u08sL k|b]z kf]v/f, g]kfn .

ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; dGqfno, @)&$, k|b]zdf k"jf{wf/sf] l:ylt -ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s_, u08sL k|b]z kf]v/f, g]kfn .

ef}lts k'af{wf/ dGqfno @)&%, u08sL k|b]zsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs Pj+d k'a{wf/ lasf;sf] a:t'ut laj/0f, @)&%, u08sL k|b]z, kf]v/f .

e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, @)&%, u08sL k|b]zdf s[lifsf] pTkfbsTj, ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs tYof+s, kf]v/f, g]kfn .



dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] sfof{no, @)&$, dxfn]vf k/LIfssf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

dxfn]vf lgoGqssf] sfo{fno j]a;fO6, @)&$, http://fcgo.gov.np/old/rmis-2/.

oftfoft ljefu @)&%, ;jf/L ;fwgsf] btf{ ljj/0f, ck|sfl;t k|zf;lgs tYof+s .

oftfoft ljefu @)&%, ;jf/L ;fwgaf6 /fh:j c;'nLsf] ljj/0f, ck|sfl;t k|zf;lgs tYof+s.

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u / ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, ;g\ @)!$ -@)&!_, g]kfnsf] dfgj ljsf; k|ltj]bg @)&!, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, s]Gb|Lo tYof+s sfof{no, @)&!, ax';"rfÍ ;j]{If0f k|ltj]bg @)&!, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, ;g\ @)&$, g]kfnsf] ax'cfoflds ul/aL k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu, @)&%, aflif{s k|lta]bg, sf7df8f}F, g]kfn .

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @)&#, g]Kffn hg;f+lVos tyf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f, @)&#, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

:jf:Yo ;]jf ljefu, @)&$, jflif{s k|ltj]bg @)&#÷)&#, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

;xsf/L ljefu, @)&$, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?sf] ljj/0f, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmd, @)&%, lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] k|b]zut 5gf]6 ul/Psf] ;"rsx?sf] ljj/0f, ck|sfl;t k|zf;lgs tYof+s .

;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno, @)&$, k|b]zsf] z}lIfs l:ylt, ck|sflzt z}lIfs k|zf;lgs tYof+s .

;fdflhs ljsf; dGqfno, @)&%, k"0f{{ vf]k k|b]z 3f]if0ff sfo{qmd lja/0f k':tLsf, @)&% .

l;FrfO{ ljefu @)&#, g]kfndf l;lrt s[lif hUufsf] ljj/0f, -ck|sflzt k|zf;lgs laa/0f .

:jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno, @)&#, g]kfnsf] :jf:Yo tyf hg;+flÎs ;a]{If]0f, sf7df08f} g]kfn .

:jf:Yo ;]jf laefu, @)&$, aflif{s k|lta]bg, @)&#÷)&$, sf7df08' g]kfn .

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3, @)&%, ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3 ;+u ;DalGwt ljleGg j]a ;fO6 .

lzIff, lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno, @)&%, lzIffsf] kmNof; k|ltj]bg, sf7df08f}, g]kfn .

xjfO{ sfof{no kf]v/f, @)&%, kf]v/fdf cfpg] ko{6ssf] ;+Vof, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

If]qLo kz' :jf:Yo lgb]{zgfno, @)&$, klZrdf~rndf jflif{s b'w pTkfbg, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s @)&$, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

If]qLo lzIff lgb{]zgfno, @)&$, klZrdf~rndf lzIffsf] l:ylt, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s @)&$, kf]v/f, g]kfn .



If]qLo jg lgb{]zgfno, @)&$, klZrdf~rndf jg If]qsf] tYof+s, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s @)&$, kf]v/f, g]kfn .

If]qLo k|zf;g sfof{no, @)&$, lhNnfut k|sflzt kq klqsfsf] ljj/0f, ck|zf]lwt tYof+s kf]v/f, g]kfn .

Department of Health Service (DOHS), 2073/74; cfdf ;'/Iff sfo{qmd, http://dohs.gov.np/

Department of Hydrology (2017), Meteorology Observed Climate Trend Analysis of Nepal (1971-2014)

Global Khabar January, 2015 (2072), Rate of Consumption of Milk and Dairy Products on Rise

http: //www.nayapatrika com/2018/05/27/54206

IPCC, 2001: Climate change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by J. J. McCarthy, O. F. Canziani, N. A. Leary, D. J. Dokken and K. S. White (eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, and New York, USA, 2001

Kathmandu Post May 2014 (2071), Per Capita Meeting Consumption in Nepal

Nationally Determined Contribution (2016), https://unfccc.int/process/the-paris-agreement/nationally-determined-contributions/ndc-registry

Schild, A., 2008, ICIMOD’s Position on Climate Change and Mountain Systems, Mountain Research and Development 28: 328-331

Water Resources Institute, 2014, hnafo' kl/jt{g ;Dalw l/kf]6{, https://www.wri.org/

Xu, J., R.E. Grumbine, A. Shrestha, M. Eriksson, X. Yang, Y. Wang, and A. Wilkes, 2009. The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods. Conservation Biology 23: 520-530.



cg';"rL

cg';"rL !=! u08sL k|b]zsf :yfgLo txx?sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNn

f

:yfg

Lo t

x

lhNn

f

:yfg

Lo t

x

lhNn

f

:yfg

Lo t

x

uf]/v

f

! uf]/vf g=kf=

ndh

'ª

! j]ZfL;x/ g= kf=

tgx'F

! Aof; g=kf=@ kfn'ª\6f/ g=kf= @ ;'Gb/ahf/ g=kf= @ efg' g=kf=# u08sL uf=kf= # /fO{gf; g=kf= # z'Snfu08sL g=kf=$ Zflxbnvg uf=kf= $ dWo g]kfn g=kf= $ ledfb g=kf=% eLd;]g uf=kf= % bf]bL{ uf=kf= % cfFa'v}/]gL uf=kf=^ ;L/grf]s uf=kf= ^ d;{\ofª\bL uf=kf= ^ aGbLk'/ uf=kf=& clh/sf]6 uf=kf= & b'wkf]v/L uf=kf= & b]j3f6 uf=kf=* ;'lnsf]6 uf=kf= * Sjf]nf;f]Yx/ uf=kf= * ClifË uf=kf=( cf?3f6 uf=kf=

sf:sL

! kf]v/f d=g=kf= ( DofUb] uf=kf=!) wfr]{ uf=kf= @ cGgk"0f{ uf=kf= !) l3l/+ª uf=kf=!! r'dg'a|L uf=kf= # df5fk'R5«|] uf=kf=

dgfª\

! rfd] uf=kf=

:ofªhf

! k'tnLahf/ g=kf= $ dfbL uf=kf= @ gfkm{' uf=kf=@ rfkfsf]6 g=kf= % ?kf uf=kf= # gf;f]+u uf=kf=# le/sf]6 g=kf=

d':tfª

! 3f/fKemf]+u uf=kf= $ lg;f+ª uf=kf=$ uNofª g=kf= @ y;f+u uf=kf=

DofUb

L

! a]gL g= kf=% jfln+ª g=kf= # afx|ufp d'lQmIf]q uf=kf= @ cGgk"0f{ uf=kf=^ cflwvf]nf uf=kf= $ nf]d+Uyf+u uf=kf= # /3'u+uf uf=kf=& km]bLvf]nf uf=kf= % 8fnf]ld uf=kf= $ d+unf uf=kf=* ch{'grf}kf/L uf=kf=

afUfn

'ª

! afUfn'+ª g=kf= % dflnsf uf=kf=( la?jf uf=kf= @ uNsf]6 g=kf= ^ wjnflu/L uf=kf=!) xl/gfz uf=kf= # h}ldgL g=kf=

gjnk'/

! sfjf;f]tL g=kf=!! sflnu08sL uf=kf= $ 9f]/kf6g g=kf= @ u}+8fsf]6 g=kf=

kj{t

! s'Zdf g=kf= % sf7]vf]nf uf=kf= # b]jr'nL g=kf=@ kmn]jf; g=kf= ^ tf/fvf]nf uf=kf= $ dWolaGb' g=kf=# hnhnf uf=kf= & lgl;vf]nf uf=kf= % a'lGUbsfnL uf=kf=$ df]bL uf=kf= * a/]+u uf=kf= ^ a'ln+U6f/ uf=kf=% laxf8ÞL uf=kf= ( tfdfgvf]nf uf=kf= & ljgoL lqa]0fL uf=kf=^ dxflznf uf=kf= !) albuf8 uf=kf= * x'K;]sf]6 uf=kf=& k}o' uf=kf=

>f]tM ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno, @)&%



cg';"rL @=! u08sL k|b]zsf kflnsfx?sf] oyfy{ / cg'dflgt cfo / Joosf] ljj/0f

/sd ?= s/f]8df

qm=;+=

:yfgLo txsf] gfd lhNnf/fhZj cfDbfgL Joosf] ljj/0f

)&$÷&% oyfy{

)&%÷&^ cg'dfg

)&$÷&% oyfy{

)&%÷&^ cg'dfg

1 uf]/vf gu/kflnsf

uf]/fvf

2=602 3=000 59=85 79=937

2 kfn'ª6f/ gu/kflnsf 3=284 2=5 51=016 77=432

3 n';Lsf]6 ufpFkflnsf 0 0 0 0

4 l;/fgrf]s ufpFkflnsf 0=29 0=36 24 36=719

5 clh/sf]6 ufpFkflnsf 0 0=15 16=64 29=84

6 cf?3f6 ufpFkflnsf 0=08 0=4 24=41 28=97

7 u08sL ufpFkflnsf 0=626 1=487 31=763 42=95

8 r'dg'j|L ufpFkflnsf 0=092 0=15 9=288 22=99

9 wfr]{ ufpFkflnsf 0=111 0 22=09 31=57

10 led;]g ufpFkflnsf 0 0 16=06 0

11 zlxn nvg ufpFkflnsf 0=445 1=27 35=92 48=14

12 a]l;;x/ gu/kflnsf

ndh'ª

0 1=5 0 54=99

13 dWo]g]kfn gu/kflnsf 1 0 0 44=41

14 /fO{gf; gu/kflnsf 0=41 0=72 31=43 40=89

15 ;'Gb/ahf/ gu/kflnsf 0 4=3 0 49=11

16 SJxf]nf;f]yf/ ufpFkflnsf 0=247 0=3 19=72 24=933

17 b"wkf]v/L ufpFkflnsf 0=13 1=241 18=99 27=55

18 bfbL{ ufpFkflnsf 0 0=035 0 37=56

19 d:of{ª\bL ufpFkflnsf 0=42 0=36 26=55 36=46



20 efg' gu/kflnsf

tgx'F

0 3=01 55=13 48=69

21 ledfb gu/kflnsf 4=41 8=03 35=66 52=133

22 Jof; gu/kflnsf 10=24 14=11 95=79 112=24

23 z'Snfu08sL gu/kflnsf 3=41 1=19 44=43 67=758

24 cfFa'v}/]gL ufpFkflnsf 0=57 1=2 37=7 50=11

25 Clifª ufpFkflnsf 0=29 0=36 37=26 44=7

26 l3l/ª ufpFkflnsf 0 8 24=53 16=54

27 b]j3f6 ufpFkflnsf 0=45 0=51 23=884 31=31

28 DofUb] ufpFkflnsf 0=4 0=6 24=79 37=91

29 alGbk'/ ufpFkflnsf 0=22 0=8 29=03 40=2

30 uNofª gu/kflnsf

:ofªhf

0=63 2 0 54=6

31 rfkfsf]6 gu/kflnsf 0=586 0=83 35=1 41=87

32 k'tnLahf/ gu/kflnsf 1=43 2=52 64=44 73=37

33 eL/sf]6 gu/kflnsf 0 1 18=93 38=95

34 jflnª gu/kflnsf 0 2=35 0 56=71

35 ch'{grf}kf/L ufpFkflnsf 0 0=35 22=84 11=39

36 cfFlwvf]nf ufpFkflnsf 0 1=75 10=6 32=78

37 sfnLu08sL ufpFkflnsf 1=04 2=75 6=9 32=32

38 km]bLvf]nf ufpFkflnsf 0=15 3 18=42 23=71

39 la?jf ufpFkflnsf 0 0=86 0 32=78

40 xl/gf; ufpFkflnsf 0=13 0=25 22=96 33=77

41 kf]v/f dxfgu/kflnsf

sf:sL

354=14 617=82 0 617=92

42 cGgk"0f{ ufpFkflnsf 1=4 0=55 32=95 50=44

43 df5fk'R5«] ufpFkflnsf 0=26 0=71 33=29 45=07

44 dfbL ufpFkflnsf 0=31 0=26 37=12 46=4

45 ?kf ufpFkflnsf 0=32 0=58 25=74 32=77

46 rfd] ufpFkflnsf

dgfª

0=51 0=3 2=26 16=43

47 gf/km" ufpFkflnsf 0=11 0=24 8=86 14=72

48 gfzf]ª ufpFkflnsf 0=04 0=15 15=21 18=51

49 g]:ofª ufpFkflnsf 0 0=35 0 20=77



50 3/kemf]ª ufpFkflnsf

d':tfª

0=33 0=65 0 21=91

51 yf;fª ufpFkflnsf 0 0 0 0

52 bnf]d] ufpFkflnsf 0=118 0=15 9=15 16=1

53 nf]dGyfª ufpFkflnsf 0=1 0=11 8=7 11=62

54 afx|ufpF d'lQmIf]q ufpFkflnsf

0 0=22 0 22=97

55 a]lg gu/kflnsf

DofUbL

0=81 2=78 41=59 53=89

56 cGgk"0f{ ufpFkflnsf 0 0=5 9=9 13=89

57 wjnflu/L ufpFkflnsf 0=17 0=24 19=67 32=26

58 d+unf ufpFkflnsf 0=43 0=73 26=46 30=29

59 dflnsf ufpFkflnsf 0=23 0 9=84 16=47

60 /3'u+uf ufpFkflnsf 0=13 0=31 13=33 28=65

61 s':df gu/kflnsf

kj{t

1 2=1 23=09 23=06

62 kmn]jf; gu/kflnsf 0=4 1=43 22=01 46=76

63 hnhnf ufpFkflnsf 0=24 0 14=2 17=13

64 k}o"F ufpFkflnsf 0=03 2=77 19=59 30=6

65 dxflznf ufpFkflnsf 0=27 0=57 10=22 32=44

66 df]bL ufpFkflnsf 0=26 1=12 36=24 39=07

67 ljxfbL ufpFkflnsf 0=08 0=2 23=79 25=1

68 afUn'ª gu/kflnsf

afun'ª

2=52 6 26=75 86=22

69 uNsf]6 gu/kflnsf 1=52 4 27=75 37=95

70 h}d'gL gu/kflnsf 0=3 0=5 6 51

71 9f]/kf6g gu/kflnsf 0=35 0=5 29=15 30=28

72 j/]ª ufpFkflnsf 0=14 0=15 21=05 23=2

73 sf7]vf]nf ufpFkflnsf 0=22 0=25 13=76 19=66

74 tdfgvf]nf ufpFkflnsf 0=15 0=15 11=1 12=14

75 tf/fvf]nf ufpFkflnsf 0 0=3 0 21

76 lg;Lvf]nf ufpFkflnsf 0=08 0=503 25=42 27=31

77 jl8ufpF ufpFkflnsf 0=59 0=64 0 40



78 sfjf;f]tL gu/kflnsf

gjnk/f;L -ab{3f6

;':tf k"j{_

4=33 3=54 63=87 68=97

79 u}8fsf]6 gu/kflnsf 3=13 3=8 51=32 62=03

80 b]jr'nL gu/kflnsf 8=56 51 0 52=65

81 dWoljGb' gu/kflnsf 1=77 5 45=1 55=13

82 a'ªbLsfnL ufpFkflnsf 0=762 0=5 25=37 26=83

83 alnª6f/ ufpFkflnsf 1=11 2=68 25=11 31=58

84 ljgoL lqn]0fL ufpFkflnsf 0=79 1=99 22=48 28=32

85 x'K;]sf]6 ufpFkflnsf 0=36 1=09 17=87 28=18

s'n hDdf 412=91 791=68 1845=431 3676=7515

cg';"rL @=@ vfBfGg afnLx?sf] If]qkmn -x]S6/_, pTkfbg -d]l6«s6g_ / pTkfbsTj -d]l6«s 6g k|lt x]S6/_ sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfIf]qkmn -x]S6/_

pTkfbg -6gdf_

pTkfbsTj -k|lt x]S6/

6gdf_

If]qkmn -x]S6/_

pTkfbg -6gdf_

pTkfbsTj k|lt x]S6/

6gdf_

If]qkmn -x]S6/_

pTkfbg -6gdf_

pTkfbsTj k|lt x]S6/

6gdf_

wfg ds} sf]bf]

uf]/vf !&&&% $*!#! @=& !(#&! $%$(% @=# !!^)^ !$#$& !=@

ndh'ª !%&)@ $^()^ #=) !%(&& #$**( @=@ &(!% &%!( !=)

tgx'F !(@!) &!^^( #=& @%(&) &@^$( @=* ^#$) %%&) )=(

:ofª\hf !*)$) ^*(#% #=* #)()) (^)*% #=! !^$() !*&@) !=!

sf:sL @%(%) *$*%& #=# @)%*# %#!#) @=^ !$&^& !&&@) !=@

dgfª\ !&@ #!# !=*

d':tfª\ %!^ &^) !=%

DofUbL #*(* !@$&# #=@ ((^% #!$$! #=@ @&$) #%&$ !=#

kj{t *(^# @%#$# @=* !$@(& @#)&@ !=^ *%%% &*&% )=(

afUfn'ª ^)!) @!@!# #=% @)#^) ^^@## #=# !*%*@ @@@!# !=@

gjnk'/ !((&$ *%&!# $=# &!!!% !*)#* @=% $)) $!% !=)

u08sL !#%%@! $^%@#( #=$ !^%@@^ $$@!)$=% @=& *&#(% (&(%@=& !=!



lhNnf kmfk/ ux'F hf}

uf]/vf #($ #(( !=) #(!) &@#% !=( !)* !@) !=!

nDh'ª !% !@ )=* $@% !!() @=* @* @^ !=)

tgx'F !&% !#@ )=* !*&% #^&$ @=) $ $ )=(

:ofªhf @@* !&$ )=* %%)) (()) !=* ^ % )=*

sf:sL !$ !^ !=! ^*@) !@*() !=( !#! !!# )=(

dgfª\ @*^ %)@ !=* @)& $(* @=$ *^ !$^ !=&

d':tfª\ %*@ ((# !=& %*@ ($( !=^ @&@ %!) !=(

DofUbL !$* !@ )=! #)^$ &^^) @=% #)% #(% !=#

kj{t %) $# )=( @^@@ *%%% #=# () *$ )=(

afUfn'ª *^ !@@ !=$ ^((! !*#@! @=^ (^@ !!$! !=@

gjnk'/ %% *# !=% &&%) !%&)% @=) ^ !) !=&

u08sL @)## @$*& !=@ #(&$^ *^%&& @=@ !((* @%%# !=#

lhNnf pjf

uf]/vf !&$=) !&%=) !=)

ndh'ª @)=) !*=) )=(

tgx'F

:ofª\hf

sf:sL

dgfª\ *)=) (%=@ !=@

d':tfª\ #&%=) ^*)=) !=*

DofUbL !()=) @$)=) !=#

kj{t ^)=) $*=) )=*

afUfn'ª

gjnk'/

u08sL *((=) !@%^=@ !=$

>f]tM e'ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, @)&%



cg';"rL @=# bnxg afnLx?sf] If]qkmn -x]S6/_, pTkfbg -d]l6«s6g_ / pTkfbsTj -d]l6«s 6g k| lt x]S6/_ sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfIf

]qkmn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

d';'/f] rgf df;

uf]/vf !%#=) !$%=) !=) (*=) ()=) )=( @(@#=) !^$!=) )=^

ndh'ª !!)=) !(*=) !=* )=) #*)=) #!(=) )=*

tgx'F @))=) !&@=) )=( #=) @=) )=& #)%)=) @)&(=) )=&

:ofª\hf *&=) &#=) )=* !)=) !)=% !=! @#)=) @*@=) !=@

sf:sL (%=) *@=& )=( @=) @=) !=) @#%=) @#%=) !=)

dgfª\ @&=) @%=) )=(

d':tfª\

DofUbL @@=% @)=@ )=( $^=) $^=) !=)

kj{t !$*=) !@#=) )=* !!=) @*=) @=^ !^&=) !)&=) )=^

afUfn'ª %#=) $#=$ )=* #=) $=) !=# ##*=) @(*=) )=(

gjnk'/ ##%)=) #()$=) !=@ ^%=) $%=@ )=& @)=) !$=$ )=&

u08sL $@$%=% $&*^=! !=! !(@=) !*!=& )=( &#*(=) %)@!=$ )=&

lhNnf e6df; af]8L l;dL

uf]/vf &(%=) ^*@=) )=( !(^=) !%@=) )=* ^(&=) ^(@=) !=)

ndh'ª $%^=) $##=) )=( !@)=) !##=) !=! #)$=) #)%=) !=)

tgx'F #!$=) @*%=) )=( @&@=) #%&=) !=# !!(=) @%=) )=@

:ofª\hf !*)=) @))=) !=! !@)=) !##=) !=! #)$=) #)%=) !=)

sf:sL @*%=) @*%=) !=) @@$=) @$%=) !=! !=) !=) !=)

dgfª\ !^=) !*=) !=! &@=) &$=) !=)

d':tfª\ %^=) (&=) !=&

DofUbL ^!*=) &$)=) !=@ !!=) !)=! )=( !(*=) @*%=) !=$

kj{t !)^=) *$=) )=* *!=) %%=) )=& &#=) %$=) )=&

afUfn'ª $&!=) ^&#=) !=$ !%@=) @&)=) !=* *)=) !*!=) @=#

gjnk'/ @)=) @@=@ !=! !!@=) !@(=) !=@ !@%=) @&&=) @=@

u08sL #@^)=% #$@@=! !=) !@**=) !$*$=@ !=@ @)@(=) @@($=& !=!



lhNnf s]/fp cGouf]/vf !@&=) !!%=) )=( ##%=) @$^=) )=*ndh'ª &^=) &)=) )=( !@)=) !##=) !=!tgx'F !%)=) @)^=) )=( @&@=) #%&=) !=#:ofª\hf !*)=) @))=) !=! !&(=) @#&=) !=!sf:sL &=) !)=& !=) %!=) $@=) !=!dgfª\ #%=) #&=) !=!d':tfª\ $)=) $%=)DofUbL $)=) $*=+! !=@ !!=) !)=! )=(kj{t ^@=)= &%=) )=* !!*=) !^*=) )=&afUfn'ª *)=) *@+=% !=$ #$) #)# !=*gjnk'/ *)=) *@=% !=)# !&^ !%% )=**u08sL *))=) *$#=## !=)% !&&&=) @#*@=& !=#$

>f]tM e"ld Joj:yf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno, @)&%

cg';"rL @=$ d;nfhGo afnLx?sf] If]qkmn -x]S6/_, pTkfbg-d]l6«s6g_ / pTkfbsTj -d]l6«s 6g k|lt x]S6/_ sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

cb'jf cn}rL n;'guf]/vf !!(=) !@@#=) !)=# &&=) @%=! )=# $^=) @%#=) %=%ndh'ª @)$=) !*^@=% (=! #!)=) ()=) )=# ^%=) #@%=) %=)tgx'F %(%=) &%(^=) !@=* %=) !^*=) &$!=) $=$:ofª\hf %&)=) %())=) !)=$ *=) $=% )=^ %)=) #%@=) &=)sf:sL ^$%=) %!$&=! *=) @!=) !%=$ )=& !)^=) %^!=* %=#dgfª\ !=% !#=) ^*=) %=@d':tfª\ !&=) !#^=) *=)DofUbL #%=) @&^=) &=( !)=) %=@ )=% ##=) @$*=) &=%kj{t #%=) $$)=) !@=^ #=& #=@ )=( @%=) @#)=) (=@afUfn'ª &(=) !!@!=) !$=@ (@=) !^=@ )=@ ^$=) %*&=) (=@gjnk'/ *%)=) **!!=) !)=$ )=) )=) )=) @@=) !)*=! $=(

u08sL #!#@=) #@#&^=^ !)=# %@*=@ !%(=^ )=# ^)(=) #^)(=( %=(



lhNnf If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

cb'jf cn}rL n;'g

uf]/vf #!=) #%%=) !!=% $%=) !*!=) $=) (=) !)=) !=!

ndh'ª *%=) ^*)=) *=) !)=) !)=) !=) !=( )=! )=!

tgx'F !^*=) &*)=) $=^ **=) #))=) #=$ !)=) @^=) @=^

:ofª\hf ^@=) *#^=) !#=% ##=) !(@=) %=* *=) %=) )=^

sf:sL #!)=) !*%)=& ^=) !!!=) $*!=* $=# ^^=) @)!=& #=!

dgfª\ #=) (=* #=#

d':tfª\ %=) $$=) *=*

DofUbL !(=) !@#=) ^=% $#=) !#(=) #=@

kj{t @)=) !*%=) (=# !(=) $*=) @=% !)=) !@=) !=@

afUfn'ª %&=) %@@=( (=@ @)=) !))=# %=)

gjnk'/ #)=) @($=# (=* #)=) @*(=$ (=^ !)=) @)=) @=)

u08sL &*@=) %^@^=( &=@ $)$=) !&*%=% $=$ !!&=( @*$=^ @=$

lhNnf Kofhuf]/vf (!=) **(=) (=*ndh'ª !#)=) !@@)=) (=$tgx'F !!&=) !$)$=) !@=):ofª\hf %%=) &@)=) !#=!sf:sL (^=) ^*!=^ &=!dgfª\ *=) &%=) (=$d':tfª\ &=) #)=) $=#DofUbL @!=) @@%=) !)=&kj{t %)=) ^@#=) !@=%afUfn'ª !)$=) (!@=^ *=*gjnk'/ %)=) %$^=( !)=(u08sL &@(=) &#@&=! !)=!




cg';"rL @=% t/sf/L afnLx?sf] If]qkmn -x]S6/_, pTkfbg -d]l6«s 6g_ / pTkfbsTj -d]l6«s 6g k|lt x]S6/_ sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnfIf

]qkmn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

If]qk

mn

pTkf

bg

pTkf

bsTj

lxpFb] t/sf/L jif]{ t/sf/L a]df};dL t/sf/L

uf]/vf *$(=) (*@(=) !!=^ @&(=) @^@&=) (=$ $!%=) $%$@=) !)=(

ndh'ª ($%=) !)(*@=% !!=^ !*(!=% !*(&&=@ !) ^@#=) %&#%=) (=@

tgx'F !*)@ !&&%@=) (=( !!@)=) !@*^(=) !!=% @^%=) @%)$ (=$

:ofª\hf !$$) !*%$) !@=( ^*%=) *)%)=) !!=* #$)=) #!@)=) (=@

sf:sL *^@ !))*%=$ !!=& !#^)=) !$(@^=% !!=) #*%=) #*)# (=(

dgfª\ #^=) $!)=) !!=$ !*=) @)%=) !!=$ !=% !@=) *=)

d':tfª\ !()=) @%*%=) $=) ^)=) !%=)

DofUbL $$#=) %!()=) !!=& #!^=) $)*&=) !@=( @%@=) @$!) (=^

kj{t #()=) $((@=) !@=* @))=) @#%%=) !!=* !%)=) @!))=) !$=)

afUfn'ª #*@=) %&^)=^ !%=! (%&=) !%*^&=! !^=^ #@&=) %&$%=( !&=^

gjnk'/ !@*) !&(@)=) !$=) @%)=) #@%)=) )=) $@)=) %)$) !@=)

u08sL *$@( !)!$^!=% !@=) &@^^=% *%&(*=& !!=* #!*@=% #%)&!=( !!=)

lhNnf t/sf/L hDdf cfn' Rofp

uf]/vf !%$#=) !^((*=) !!=) @%@%=) @%%!%=) !)=! *%)=) !=@ )=))!$

ndh'ª #$%(=% #%^($=& !)=# !***=) @)*!%=% !!=) %%))=) *=@ )=))!%

tgx'F #!*&=) ##!@%=) !)=$ *))=) &^$)=) (=^ &)))=) @$=% )=))#%

:ofª\hf @$^%=) @(&!)=) !@=! **%=) !#@))=) !$=( $)))=) *=) )=))@

sf:sL @^)&=) @**!$=( !!=! !&)%=) @@!^%=) !#=) !!))) @)=! )=))!*

dgfª\ %%=% ^@&=) !!=# ^&%=) *@#&=) @))=) )=% )=))@%

d':tfª\ !($=) @^$%=) !#=^ @*%=) #^((=) !%)) #=) )=))@

DofUbL !)!!=) !!^*&=) !!=^ !^!(=) !^*^(=) !)=$ (&^) #=! )=)))#

kj{t &$)=) ($$&=) !@=* !%^)=) @#$))=) !%=) !@)) #=) )=))@%

afUfn'ª !^^^=) @&#&#=% !^=$ #)))=) #%^!)=) !!=( *))) @$=) )=))#)

gjnk'/ !(%)=) @^@!)=) !#=$ ^%)=) &!%)=) !!=) %)))) *%=) )=))!&

u08sL !**&* @@@##@=! !!=* !%%(@ !*$#))=% !!=* (()!) !*)=% )=))!*




cg';"rL @=^ ljleGg kmnkm"n afnLx?sf] If]qkmn -x]S6/_, pTkfbg -d]l6«s 6g_ / pTkfbsTj -d]l6«s 6g k|lt x]S6/_ sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf If]qk

mn

-x

]S6/_

pTkf

bg

-6gd

f_

pTkf

bsTj

-x

]S6//

6g_

If]qk

mn

-x

]S6/_

pTkf

bg

-6gd

f_

pTkf

bsTj

-x

]S6//

6g_

If]qk

mn

-x

]S6/_

pTkf

bg

-6gd

f_

pTkf

bsTj

-x

]S6//

6g_

;'Gtnf dfq ;'Gtnf hft cGo :ofpuf]/vf &@%=) *&#)=) !@=) *#%=) ()^#=) !)=( #*=) !@*=) #=$ndh'ª $(%=) $)#$=) *=@ %&&=) $%))=^ &=* *=) %$=) ^=*tgx'F ((%=) %%%%=) %=^ ((( %%&!=) %=^ )=) )=) )=):ofª\hf !@&)=) !!%@) (=! !$)( !@$@$=) *=* )=) )=) )=)sf:sL &*)=) (@)!=) !!=* (!&=) %$@*=) %=( )=) )=) )=)dgfª\ )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) *&=) *@%=) (=%d':tfª\ )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) #%)=) $&%)=) !#=^DofUbL @*)=) @@#^=) *=) $!% @()%=) &=) %=) @&=) %=$kj{t #*%=) #@#$=) *=$ %@%=) $@))=) *=) )=) )=) )=)afUfn'ª @#@=) ##))=) !$=@ #@*=) #$$^=) !)=% $%=) #))=) ^=&gjnk'/ %^=) #@& %=* &^=) #&)=) $=( )=) )=) )=)u08sL %@!*=) $*!#^ (=@ ^)*! $&()&=^ &=( %##=) ^)*$=) !!=$

lhNnf If]qk

mn

-x

]S6/_

pTkf

bg

-6gd

f_

pTkf

bsTj

-x

]S6//

6g_

If]qk

mn

-x

]S6/_

pTkf

bg

-6

gdf_

pTkf

bsTj

-x

]S6//

6g_

If]qk

mn

-x

]S6/_

pTkf

bg

-6gd

f_

pTkf

bsTj

-x

]S6//

6g_

s]/f cfFk cGouf]/vf !**=) @$($ !(=$ !$) ((&=) &=! @((=) @&!(=* (=^ndh'ª\ ^#=) *%)=% !#=% (#=) &^&=) *=# &#=) ^(*=) (=^tgx'F #))=) $!($ !$=) !&)=) !!()=) &=) !($=) *##=) $=#:ofª\hf *@=) !^!)=) !(=^ !@%=) (^%=) &=& !#(=) *#^=) ^=)sf:sL !@&=) !()% !%=) ^%=) %#*=@ *=# !@)=) !)))=) *=#dgfª\ )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) ^=) @#=) #=*d':tfª\ )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) )=) #%=) #!%=) (=)DofUbL #*=) #)%=( *=! * #* $=&% @&=) !%@=% %=&kj{t ^@=) ^$@=) !)=$ &)=) $%%=) ^=% (#=) **)=) (=%afUfn'ª @&=) ^)#=@ @@=# ^@=) @(&=) $=* &&=) $!*=) %=$gjnk'/ $%)=) ^#$!=% !$=! @!!=) !^**=) *=) !%#=) !!@^=* &=$u08sL !##&=) !*($^=! !$=@ ($$ ^(#%=) &=* !@!^=) ())@=! &=$




cg';"rL #=! u08sL k|b]zdf ;~rfngdf /x]sf kb dfu{x?

qm=;= kbdfu{sf] gfd /]Gh nfUg] lbg s}lkmot

! cGgk"0f{ a]; SofDk 6«]s cGgk"0f{ &–!)

@ cGgk"0f{ ;ls{6 6«]s cGgk"0f{ !$–!* ;+s6u|:t

# 3f]/]kfgL, 3fG›'s, k'glxn 6«]s cGgk"0f{ $–&

$ dbL{ lxdfn 6«]s cGgk"0f{ %–&

% vo/ af/fxL vf]k|f 6«]s cGgk"0f{ &–( k|j4{g cfjZos

^ cGgk"0{f ;fd'bflos 6«]s cGgk"0f{ &–* k|j4{g cfjZos

& df5fk'R5|]« df]8]n 6«]s cGgk"0f{ &–* k|j4{g cfjZos

* sfk'r] n]s 6«]s cGgk"0f{ %–& gofF

( k~rf;] 6«]s cGgk"0f{ $–%

!) km]jf km]/f] 6«]s cGgk"0f{ $–% k|j4{g cfjZos

!! /f]on 6«]s cGgk"0f{ #–$ ;g\ !(*) df a]nfotsf /fhs'df/ rfN;{åf/f ;'? ul/Psf]

!@ ldn]lgod 6«]s cGgk"0f{ %–& k|j4{g cfjZos

!# 3fG›'s ;ls{6 6«]s cGgk"0f{ @–#

!$ wDk'; c:6«]lnog SofDk 6«]s cGgk"0f{ $–%

!% l;Sn]; Osf] 6«]s cGgk"0f{ $–% k|j4{g cfjZos

!^ lx8]g n]s 6«]s cGgk"0f{ ^–* k|j4{g cfjZos

!& ld;f]sfGtnf kf; cGgk"0f{ !$–!* r'gf}tLk"0f{ / k|j4{g ug{ cfjZos

!* gf/–km' 6«]s cGgk"0f{ (–!)

!( bfª\l;ª df]xl/of 6«]s cGgk"0f{ $–% k|j4{g cfjZos

@) kj{t Osf] 6«]s cGgk"0f{ %–^ k|j4{g cfjZos

@! hf]d;f]d d'lQmgfy 6«]s cGgk"0f{ &–!) j}slNks kbdfu{ cfjZos

@@ pkNnf] d':tfª ;ls{6 6«]s cGgk"0f{ !@–!$ j}slNks kbdfu{ cfjZos

@# gf/–km' 6fl/nf kf; cGgk"0f{ !^–@% ;fxl;s ofqfsf nflu, k|j4{g cfjZos

@$ l;?jf~ kf; cGgk"0f{ @%–@* ;fxl;s ofqfsf nflu, k|j4{g cfjZos

@% kf]°/ n]s 6«]s cGgk"0f{ &–!) k|j4{g cfjZos

@^ lss'{ kf; 6«]s cGgk"0f{ &–( ;fxl;s ofqfsf nflu, k|j4{g cfjZos

@& gfd'Nnf kf; 6«]s 6' ltdfé cGgk"0f{ !@–!$ ;fxl;s ofqfsf nflu, k|j4{g cfjZos



qm=;= kbdfu{sf] gfd /]Gh nfUg] lbg s}lkmot

@* cGgk"0f{ gy{ a]; SofDk 6«]s cGgk"0f{ k|j4{g cfjZos

@( gfRof{é lgnlu/L a]; SofDk 6«]s cGgk"0f{ k|j4{g cfjZos

#) wf}nflu/L ;ls{6 wf}nflu/L !*–@! ;fxl;s ofqfsf nflu, k|j4{g cfjZos

#! u'hf{ lxdfn 6«]s wf}nflu/L !@–!$ k|j4{g cfjZos

#@ r'/Lg lxdfn 6«]s wf}nflu/L !@–!$ goFf, k|j4{g cfjZos

## wf}nflu/L ;fpy a]; SofDk wf}nflu/L !)–!@ gofF, k|j4{g cfjZos

#$ 9f]/kf6g O{sf] 6«]s wf}nflu/L &–!) k|j4{g cfjZos

#% wf}nflu/L cfO;kmn wf}nflu/L *–!) goFf, k|j4{g cfjZos

#^ dgf:n' ;ls{6 dgf:n' !&–@)

#& tNnf] dgf:n' 6«]s dgf:n' &–*

#* r'd EofnL ;ls{6 dgf:n' @)–@@ k|j4{g cfjZos

>f]tM 6]«lsË P;f]l;P;g ckm g]kfn, kf]v/f, @)&%

cg';"rL #=@ u08sL k|b]zdf ljB'tLs/0fsf] cj:yf

lhNn

f

:yfgLo tx g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0fsf] k|;f/0f nfOg cfwf/df

k"0f{ ljB'tLs/0fcf+lzs

ljB'tLs/0fljB'tLs/0f

gePsf];du| l:ylt

uf]/v

f

! uf]/vf g=kf= ! b]lv !$ k"0f{@ kfn'ª\6f/ g=kf= ! b]lv !) k"0f{ # u08sL uf=kf= ! b]lv * k"0f{$ zlxb nvg uf=kf= ! b]lv ( k"0f{ % eLd;]g uf=kf= ! b]lv * k"0f{ ^ ;L/grf]s uf=kf= ! b]lv * k"0f{ & clh/sf]6 uf=kf= # !, @, $, % cf+lzs* ;'lnsf]6 uf=kf= cf+lzs

( cf?3f6 uf=kf= ( !, @, #, $, %,

^, &, *, !) cf+lzs

!) wfr]{ uf=kf= ! b]lv !) ;'Go!! r'dg'a|L uf=kf= ! b]lv !) ;'Go



lhNn

f




gePsf];du| l:ylt

ndh

'ª

! a];L;x/ g= kf= ! b]lv !@ k"0f{ @ ;'Gb/ahf/ g=kf= ! b]lv !@ k"0f{ # /fO{gf; g=kf= ! b]lv ( k"0f{ $ dWo g]kfn g=kf= ! b]lv $, & b]lv ( %, ^ cf+lzs% bf]bL{ uf=kf= ! b]lv & *, ( cf+lzs^ d;{\ofª\bL uf=kf= ! b]lv * ( cf+lzs& b'wkf]v/L uf=kf= ! b]lv ( z'Go* Sjf]nf;f]Yx/ uf=kf= ! b]lv ( cf+lzs

tgx'F

! Aof; g=kf=!, @, #, $, %, !),

!!, !@ ^, &, *, (,

!#, !$ cf+lzs

@ efg' g=kf=!, @, #, $, %, ^, &,

*, !), !@, !# (, !! cf+lzs

# z'Snfu08sL g=kf= ! b]lv !@ cf+lzs

$ ledfb g=kf= !, @, #, %, ^, &,

*, ( $ cf+lzs

% cfFa'v}/]gL uf=kf= !, @, #, $ % ,^ cf+lzs^ aGbLk'/ uf=kf= !, @, $ % ,^ cf+lzs& b]j3f6 uf=kf= % !, @, # cf+lzs* ClifË uf=kf= ! @, $, %, ^ #, &, * cf+lzs( DofUb] uf=kf= !, @, #, $, %, ^, & cf+lzs!) l3l/+u uf=kf= #, % @,$ ! cf+lzs

:ofª

\hf

! k'tnLahf/ g=kf= (% k|ltzt cf+lzs@ rfkfsf]6 g=kf= ^% k|ltzt cf+lzs# le/sf]6 g=kf= k"0f{ $ uNofª\ g=kf= k"0f{ % jfln+u g=kf= k"0f{ ^ cflwvf]nf uf=kf= () k|ltzt cf+lzs& km]bLvf]nf uf=kf= *% k|ltzt cf+lzs* ch{'grf}kf/L uf=kf= *% k|ltzt cf+lzs( la?jf uf=kf= *% k|ltzt cf+lzs!) xl/gfz uf=kf= *% k|ltzt ^, & cf+lzs!! sflnu08sL uf=kf= &% k|ltzt cf+lzs



lhNn

f




gePsf];du| l:ylt

sf:

sL

! kf]v/f d=g=kf= ! b]lv ## cf+lzs@ cGgk"0f{ uf=kf= ! b]lv !) cf+lzs# df5fk'R5|]« uf=kf= ! b]lv ( cf+lzs$ dfbL uf=kf= #, $ !, @, ^, & cf+lzs% ?kf uf=kf= ! b]lv & k"0f{

dgfª

\

! rfd] uf=kf= cf+lzs@ gfkm{' uf=kf= z"Go# gf;f]+u uf=kf= z"Go$ lg;f+u uf=kf= z"Go

d':tf

ª\

! 3f/fKemf]+u uf=kf= cf+lzs@ y;f+u uf=kf= cf+lzs

#afx|ufp d'lQmIf]q uf=kf=

cf+lzs

$ nf]d+Uyf+u uf=kf= z"Go% 8fnf]ld uf=kf= cf+lzs

DofUb

L

! a]gL g= kf= k"0f{ @ cGgk'0f{ uf=kf= k"0f{ # /3'u+uf uf=kf= $, ^, &, * cf+lzs$ d+unf uf=kf= % cf+lzs

% dflnsf uf=kf= !, @, #, $, %,

^, &cf+lzs

^ wf}nflu/L uf=kf= !, @, #, $, % cf+lzs

kj{t

! s'Zdf g=kf= k"0f{ @ kmn]jf; g=kf= k"0f{ # hnhnf uf=kf= k"0f{ $ df]bL uf=kf= k"0f{ % laxf8ÞL uf=kf= k"0f{ ^ dxflznf uf=kf= k"0f{ & k}o' uf=kf= k"0f{



lhNn

f




gePsf];du| l:ylt

afUfn

'ª

! afUfn'ª g=kf= k"0f{ @ uNsf]6 g=kf= @ b]lv & !, *, (, !) cf+lzs# h}ldgL g=kf= ! b]lv * (, !) cf+lzs$ 9f]/kf6g g=kf= z"Go% sf7]vf]nf uf=kf= k"0f{ ^ tf/fvf]nf uf=kf= ! @, #, $, % cf+lzs& lgl;vf]nf uf=kf= z"Go* a/]+u uf=kf= @, % !, #, $ cf+lzs( tfdfgvf]nf uf=kf= z"Go !) albuf8 uf=kf= z"Go

gjnk

'/

! sfjf;f]tL g=kf= cf+lzs@ u}+8fsf]6 g=kf= cf+lzs# b]jr'nL g=kf= cf+lzs$ dWolaGb' g=kf= cf+lzs% a'lGUbsfnL uf=kf= cf+lzs ^ a'ln+U6f/ uf=kf= cf+lzs& ljgoL lqa]0fL uf=kf= ! b]lv !$ cf+lzs* x'K;]sf]6 uf=kf= ! b]lv !) cf+lzs

>f]t M g]kfn ljB't\ k|flws/0f, If]qLo lgb]{zgfno, kf]v/f, @)&% af6 pknAw tYof+ssf] cfwf/df ljZn]lzt



cg';"rL #=# kflnsfx?sf] hg;+Vof, If]qkmn / hg3gTjsf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

lhNnf qm=;= kflnsf hg;+Vof @)^*s'n If]qkmn -ju{ ls= ld=_

k|lt ju{ ls=ld= hg3gTj

uf]/v

f

! uf]/vf g=kf= $(*)* !#!=( #&*

@ kfn'ª\6f/ g=kf= #*%*( !%*=^ @$#

# u08sL uf=kf= @#%)^ !@#=( !()

$ zlxb nvg uf=kf= @&*%% !$(=) !*&

% eLd;]g uf=kf= @@@&# !)!=# @@)

^ ;L/grf]s uf=kf= @#**% !@!=& !(^

& clh/sf]6 uf=kf= !$(^# !(*=! &^

* ;'lnsf]6 uf=kf= @%^^% @))=^ !@*

( cf?3f6 uf=kf= @$!$& !^)=* !%)

!) wfr]{ uf=kf= !##&# ^%!=% @!

!! r'dg'a|L uf=kf= ^((* !^$*=& $

ndh

'ª

! a];L;x/ g= kf= #(^(^ !@^=@ #!%

@ ;'Gb/ahf/ g=kf= @&)(# &!=@ #*)

# /fO{gf; g=kf= !*^*& ()=( @)^

$ dWo g]kfn g=kf= @#%*& !!@=% @!)

% bf]bL{ uf=kf= !*%%! #$^=( %#

^ d;{\ofª\bL uf=kf= !*(@! %()=$ #@

& b'wkf]v/L uf=kf= !!)&) !%!=^ &#

* Sjf]nf;f]Yx/ uf=kf= !)!!( !&#=# %*

tgx'F

! Aof; g=kf= &)(#^ @$*=@ @*^

@ efg' g=kf= $^!*$ !*$=! @%!

# z'Snfu08sL g=kf= $**&) !^%=! @(^

$ ledfb g=kf= #!^#) !@(=! @$%

% cfFa'v}/]gL uf=kf= @)($^ !@*=! !^$

^ aGbLk'/ uf=kf= @)!*$ !)@=! !(*

& b]j3f6 uf=kf= !^@^( !%(=! !)@

* ClifË uf=kf= @^)(! @!%=! !@!

( DofUb] uf=kf= @@^($ !!%=! !(&

!) l3l/+u uf=kf= !($*# !@^=! !%%





:ofª\hf

! k'tnLahf/ g=kf= $%!*) !$&=# #)&

@ rfkfsf]6 g=kf= @^@!( !@)=& @!&

# le/sf]6 g=kf= @%&%^ &*=# #@(

$ uNofª\ g=kf= #&@!* !@@=* #)#

% jfln+ª g=kf= %!$() !@*=% $)!

^ cflwvf]nf uf=kf= !^&)! ^(=^ @$)

& km]bLvf]nf uf=kf= !@$@% %^=* @!(

* ch{'grf}kf/L uf=kf= !^@*^ %&=@ @*$

( la?jf uf=kf= !*%#* (%=* !(#

!) xl/gfz uf=kf= !&$^! *&=% !((

!! sflnu08sL uf=kf= @!*&% &#=% @(&

sf:sL

! kf]v/f d=g=kf= $!$!$! %^(=$ &@&

@ cGgk"0f{ uf=kf= @#$!& $)=( %&#

# df5fk'R5«|] uf=kf= @!*^* ^^&=( ##

$ dfbL uf=kf= !*!%# ^()=% @^

% ?kf uf=kf= !$%!( !!^=# !@%

dgfª\

! rfd]uf=kf= !@^& $(=@ @^

@ gfkm{' uf=kf= ^)$ %@@=^ !

# gf;f]+u uf=kf= @!&$ $$@=* %

$ lg;f+u uf=kf= @$(# $##=$ ^

d':tfª\

! 3f/fKemf]+u uf=kf= #%!% #!^=@ !!

@ y;f+ªuf=kf= ##&( @*(=@ !@

# afx|ufp d'lQmIf]q uf=kf= !^%! **^=% @

$ nf]d+Uyf+u uf=kf= @@)$ &@&=$ #

% 8fnf]ld uf=kf= @&)$ !#$$=* @

DofUb

L

! a]gL g= kf= #$!$$ &^=^ $$^

@ cGgk'0f{uf=kf= !#$!# %%^=$ @$

# /3'u+uf uf=kf= !%*^( #&(=) $@

$ d+unf uf=kf= !^$)^ *(=) !*$

% dflnsf uf=kf= !(^)! !$&=) !##

^ wjnflu/L uf=kf= !$@)* !)#&=) !$





kj{t

! s'Zdf g=kf= #(*%! (#=# $@&

@ kmn]jf; g=kf= @$*$$ *%=* @()

# hnhnf uf=kf= @!%() *@=# @^@

$ df]bL uf=kf= @!$!( !$#=& !$(

% laxf8ÞL uf=kf= !#$** $$=* #)!

^ dxflznf uf=kf= ((@) $(=$ @)!

& k}o' uf=kf= !%$&( $@=& #^#

afUfn

'ª

! afUfn'+ª g=kf= %(&!$ !!*=@ %)%

@ uNsf]6 g=kf= #$!&( @#$=$ !$^

# h}ldgL g=kf= #@$%* !$#=! @@&

$ 9f]/kf6g g=kf= @&)&@ @^*=& !)!

% sf7]vf]nf uf=kf= @#^!# ((=( @#^

^ tf/fvf]nf uf=kf= !@$)@ !%^=@ &(

& lgl;vf]nf uf=kf= @!@*% @($=^ &@

* a/]+u uf=kf= !$(^^ ()=* !^%

( tfdfgvf]nf uf=kf= !!))* @!$=^ %!

!) albuf8 uf=kf= #!(!& @!%=$ !$*

gjnk'/

! sfjf;f]tL g=kf= ^$!(^ !!&=( %$$

@ u}+8fsf]6 g=kf= ^)%$) !&$=! #$*

# b]jr'nL g=kf= $#*!% !@@=& #%&

$ dWolaGb' g=kf= %%^*) @%$=) @!(

% a'lGUbsfnL uf=kf= !^!*! !))=) !^@

^ a'ln+U6f/ uf=kf= !(^^^ !^)=& !@@

& ljgoL uf=kf= @%&$* @()=& *(

* x'K;]sf]6 uf=kf= @%&&* @)%=( !@%

>f]tM s]G›Lo tYofÍ @)^* af6 ljZn]lift



cg';"rL %=! u08sL k|b]zsf :jf:Yo ;+:yfn] cfa @)&#÷)&$ ;Dkfbg u/]sf sfo{x?sf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f

qm=;+= ;"rsx? /fli6«o u08sL k|b]z

vf]k

! Ps jif{ d'lgsf la=l;=lh vf]k nufPsf afnaflnsf -k|ltzt_ (! &%

@ Ps jif{ d'lgsf l8=lk=l6 ÷x]k la=÷lxa t]>f] vf]k nufPsf afnaflnsf -k|ltzt_

*^ &^

# Ps jif{ d'lgsf kf]lnof] vf]k nufPsf afnaflnsf -k|ltzt_ *^ &^

$ Ps jif{ d'lgsf bfb'/f÷?a]nf la?2sf] vf]k nufPsf afnaflnsf -k|ltzt_

*$ &%

% !@–@# dlxgfsf hfkflgh OG;]ˆnfO{6L; la?4sf] vf]k nufPsf afnaflnsf k|ltzt_

^& &!

^ l8=lk=l6 ÷x]k la=÷lxa vf]k klxnf] dfqfsf] t'ngfdf t]>f] dfqf gnufO{ 5f]8\g] b/

$=& !=^

kf]if0f

& Ps jif{ d'lgsf a[l4 cg'udgdf btf{ ePsf afnaflnsf -k|ltzt_ *% *$

* b'O{ jif{ d'lgsf a[l4 cg'udgdf btf{ ePsf afnaflnsf cf};t lelh6 ;+Vof

# $

( klxnf] ^ dlxgfsf] cfdfsf] b'w r':g] afnaflnsfsf] a[l4 cg'udgdf btf{ k|ltzt

@% !$

!) klxnf] ^ b]lv * dlxgfsf] 7f];÷cw{ 7f]; j:t' vfg] afnaflnsfsf] a[l4 cg'udgdf btf{ k|ltzt

#! !@

!! klxnf] ^ b]lv @# dlxgfsf] afn le6f -Pd=Pg=kL_ klxnf] 8f]h lnPsf afnaflnsfsf] k|ltzt

#$ !@

!@ ue{jtL dlxnfn] !*) cfO{/g rSsL vfPsf] k|ltzt $$ $^

Zjf;k|Zjf; /f]u ;DaGwL

!# P=cf/=cfO{ gofF ;+qmd0f b/ -k|lt !))) kfFr jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf_ ^!@ %(&

!$ lgdf]lgof gofF ;+qmd0f b/ -k|lt !))) kfFr jif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf_ ^^ %@

!% lgdf]lgof ePsf afnaflnsf nfO{ P=cf/=cfO{ ;+qmd0f k|ltzt !) (

!^ s8f lgdfl]gof ePsf afnaflnsf k|ltzt -kfFr jif{ d'lgsf _ )=# )=!

emf8f kvfnf ;DaGwL

!& emf8fkvfnf gofF ;+qmd0f b/ -k|lt !))) kfFr aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf_

$)) #)@

!* cf]=cf/=P; / lhªs rSsLaf6 pkrf/ k|ltzt-kfFr aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf_

(@ (@




!( cfO{ eL ˆn'O8af6 pkrf/ k|ltzt -kfFr aif{ d'lgsf afnaflnsf_ )=& )=)@

@) lgdf]lgof ePsf afnaflnsfnfO{ PlG6afof]l6saf6 pkrf/ k|ltzt-kfFr aif{ d'lgsf _

!%^ !(%

;'/lIft dft[Tj ;DaGwL

@! ue{jtL dlxnfn] l6=8L bf]>f] dfqf tyf yk dfqf nufPsf] k|ltzt ^$ %&

@@ k|yd k6s ue{hfFr u/\g] ue{jtL dlxnfsf] k|ltzt-cg'dflgt ue{jtL dWo_

!)@ !)@

@# rf/ k6s ue{hfFr u/\g] ue{jtL dlxnfsf] k|ltzt-cg'dflgt ue{jtL dWo_

%# %(

@$ cfO+=Pkm P 6\ofAn]6 k|of]u ug]{ ue{jtL dlxnfsf] k|ltzt $) #@

@% le6fldg P k|fKt ug]{ ue{jtL dlxnfsf] k|ltzt &@ ^&

@^ ;+:yfut k|z"lt k|ltzt %% $^

@& bIf k|z"ltsdL{af6 x'g] k|z"lt k|ltzt %@ $^

@* aRRff hGd]sf] @$ 306f leq lk=Pg=;L hfFr ug]{ dlxnf k|ltzt %! ^%

@( k|f]6f]sn cg';f/sf] # k6s lk=Pg=;L hfFr ug]{ dlxnf k|ltzt !( !$

kl/jf/ lgof]hg ;DaGwL

#) gofF k|of]ustf{ k|ltzt !) !)

#! kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwg xfn k|of]u stf{ b/ -l;=lk=cf/_ #^ #)

#@ xfn k|of]u stf{– sG8d # #

## xfn k|of]u stf{– lkN; @=% @=$

#$ xfn k|of]u stf{– l8kf] ^ $

#% xfn k|of]u stf{– cfO{ o'=l;=l8 @=# @=%

#^ xfn k|of]u stf{– ODKnfG6 #=* @=&

#& xfn k|of]u stf{– aGWofs/0f !*=% !%

#* aGWofs/0f nIo cg';f/sf] k|ult k|ltzt && &#

dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf ;DaGwL

#( hDdf dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsf $(!)! %(#(

$) kfFr aif{ d'lgsf P=cf/=cfO{ la/fdLdWo] dlxnf :jf:Yo :jo+;]ljsfn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] k|ltzt

%( %@

$! cfdf ;d"x a}7s ;~rfng k|ltzt *^ *^

$@ of]hgf adf]lhdsf] ufpF3/ lSnlgs ;~rfng k|ltzt *( (@

cf}nf] / sfnfhf/ ;DaGwL




$# /Qm gd"gf ;+sng nIo cg';f/sf] k|ult k|ltzt && !!@

$$ cf}nf] gd"gf kl/If0f ;+sng cg';f/ k|ult k|ltzt !)! !)@

$% /Qm gd"gf kl/If0f b/ -P=la=O{ cf/_ k|lt ;o hgfdf )=&( )=*&

$^ cf}nf] ;+qmd0f b/ -k|lt !)))_ )=)* )=)#

$& lSnlgsn cf}nf] ;+qmd0f x'g ;Sg] hg;+Vof #()$ ^@

Ifo/f]u

$* Ifo/f]usf gofF la/fdL -s]z gf]6Llkms];g b/_ !!! *!

$( pkrf/ ;kmntf b/ (! (!

s'i7 /f]u

%) s'i7/f]usf gofF la/fdL b/ -k|lt !,)),))) hg;+Vofdf_

%! xfn /x]sf la/fdL b/ -lk=cf/_ k|lt !),))) hg;+Vofdf

Pr cfO{ le P8\; tyf of}g /f]u

%@ Pr cfO{ eL hfFr u/]sf] hDdf ;+Vof !&^@@* $%#)

%# Pr cfO{ eL kf]h]l6esf gofF la/fdL ;+Vof !&*! !)*

%$ kf]h]6Lle6L b/ ! @=$

pkrf/fTds ;]jf ;DaGwL

%% s'n hg;+Vofdf gofF alx/+u ;]jf k|fKt ug]{ la/fdL k|ltzt &@ (^

%^ la/fdLsf] cf};t a;fO{ -lbg_ # #

>f]tM Annual Report 2073/074, DOHS



cg';"rL %=@ cfwf/e"t lzIffk|bfos PsfOx¿sf] lhNnfut ljj/0f

cfwf/e"t tx -!–*_ ;Dd k9fO{ x'g] ;fd'bflos ljBfnox?sf] ;+Vof

lhNnf PsfO sIff ! sIff @ sIff # sIff $ sIff % sIff ^ sIff & sIff *

uf]/vf $*$ $*$ $*@ $&@ #^* #$( !&* !&# !&)

ndh'ª #^( #^( #^( #^& @&! @&! !!& !!& !!^

tgx'F %#@ %@& %@& %@^ $%* $%^ @!) @)& @)!

:ofª\hf %@! %!& %!& %!& #** #&& !*( !*& !*%

sf:sL $!^ $)) $)) $)) #^) #%$ !*^ !*# !*@

dgfª\ @& @& @& @& @^ @^ !$ !$ &

d':tfª\ ^) ^) ^) ^) #$ #$ !% !% !$

DofUbL @#^ @#^ @#% @#$ !(& !(# ($ (# (#

kj{t #!& #!& #!% #!@ @%@ @$* !!* !!& !!&

afUfn'ª %@$ %!( %!% %)! #&( #^@ !&^ !&@ !^^

gjnk'/ @*^ @*% @&( @%* @$^ !$@ !$) !@* &*

u08sL #&&@ #&$! #&@^ #^&$ @(&( @*!@ !$#& !$)^ !#@(

cfwf/e"t tx -!–*_ ;Dd k9fO{ x'g]] ;+:yfut ljBfnox?sf] ;+Vof


uf]/vf %! %) %) $^ $# $@ @@ !* !^

ndh'ª #$ ## #@ #) #) @* #@ @* @^

tgx'F !#% !#! !@( !@* !@# !!( !)$ (* (%

:ofª\hf !$^ !$$ !$# !$! !#% !#@ !@@ !@) !!(

sf:sL @@% @!^ @)& @)% !(^ !($ !*# !*# !&*

dgfª\ ( ( ( ( ( ( @ @ !

d':tfª\ ! ! ! ! ) ) ) ) )

DofUbL #) @( @( @( @* @^ !& !& !&

kj{t $% $$ $$ $$ $@ #( @! !( !%

afUfn'ª ^% ^@ ^% ^& ^& ^& %% %$ %$

gjnk'/ ($ *$ *! (@ &( !&! %( ^! ((

u08sL *#% *)# &() &(@ &%@ *@& ^!& ^)) ^@)



cfwf/e"t tx -!–*_ ;Dd k9fO x'g] ljBfnox?sf] s'n -;fd'bflos / ;+:yfut_ ;+Vof


uf]/vf %#% %#$ %#@ %!* $!! #(! @)) !(! !*^

ndh'ª $)# $)@ $)! #(& #)! @(( !$( !$% !$@

tgx'F ^^& ^%* ^%^ ^%$ %*! %&% #!$ #)% @(^

:ofª\hf ^^& ^^! ^^) ^%* %@# %)( #!! #)& #)$

sf:sL ^$! ^!^ ^)& ^)% %%^ %$* #^( #^^ #^)

dgfª\ #^ #^ #^ #^ #% #% !^ !^ *

d':tfª\ ^! ^! ^! ^! #$ #$ !% !% !$

DofUbL @^^ @^% @^$ @^# @@% @!( !!! !!) !!)

kj{t #^@ #^! #%( #%^ @($ @*& !#( !#^ !#@

afUfn'ª %*( %*! %*) %^* $$^ $@( @#! @@^ @@)

gjnk'/ #*) #^( #^) #%) #@% #!# !(( !*( !&&

u08sL $^)& $%$$ $%!^ $$^^ #&#! #^#( @)%$ @))^ !($(

>f]tM lzIff ljefu, ;fgf] l7dL, eQmk'/åf/f k|sflzt ˆnf;\ l/kf]6{, @)&$ ljZn]lift

cg';"rL %=# ljleGg sIff tyf txsf] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof

lhNnfsIff ! sIff @ sIff #


uf]/vf #^%% #^)@ &@%& #^%@ #^^$ &#!^ #^$@ #%#@ &!&$

ndh'ª @%$% @$(! %)#^ @%^% @#&% $($) @&#( @%#) %@^(

tgx'F $&&! $*(& (^^* $@## $@$% *$&* $$$& $@^& *&!$

:ofª\hf #^^( #^@) &@*( #^!& #%)@ &!!( #^## #$@) &)%#

sf:sL ^*%* ^(#) !#&** ^^$( ^%(@ !#@$! ^##) ^##* !@^^*

dgfª\ $@ #$ &^ && &# !%) &$ ^@ !#^

d':tfª\ !#^ !#^ @&@ !*% !&^ #^! !(! !&^ #^&

DofUbL !%*% !%^@ #!$& !^%& !%%$ #@!! !%^) !$*^ #)$^

kj{t !(!! !*$( #&^) !&%! !^)% ##%^ !*(& !&*! #^&*

afUfn'ª %%!% %&$# !!@%* $!!$ $!*) *@($ $@^@ $!^* *$#)

gjnk'/ $&@% $&)$ ($@( $)($ $!@$ *@!* $$)* $$*^ **($

u08sL #%$!@ #%%^* &)(*) #@%($ #@)() ^$^*$ ##!*# #@@$^ ^%$@(



lhNnfsIff $ sIff % k|f lj hDdf


uf]/vf #%^( #%)* &)&& #&%& #$^$ &@@! !*@&% !&&&) #^)$%

ndh'ª @%!% @##% $*%) @%!* @!*$ $&)@ !@**@ !!(!% @$&(&

tgx'F $#^^ $@@^ *%(@ $&$( $#(& (!$^ @@%^^ @@)#@ $$%(*

:ofª\hf #$^% #@&@ ^&#& #&^# #@#$ ^((& !*!$& !&)$* #%!(%

sf:sL ^%!@ ^@@( !@&$! ^($) ^$#& !##&& ##@*( #@%@^ ^%*!%

dgfª\ @( @@ %! ^! #% (^ @*# @@^ %)(

d':tfª\ !)) (( !(( !)^ *@ !** &!* ^^( !#*&

DofUbL !%@& !$## @(^) !*@@ !%!@ ###$ *!%! &%$& !%^(*

kj{t !&^^ !^&% #$$! @!)( !^*% #&($ ($#$ *%(% !*)@(

afUfn'ª $)#$ $)*! *!!% $@*! #($) *@@! @@@)^ @@!!@ $$#!*

gjnk'/ $$@% $#*! **)^ $^(! $^@@ (#!# @@#$# @@#!& $$^^)

u08sL #@#)* #!@^! ^#%^( #$&(& #!%(@ ^^#*( !^*@($ !^@&%& ##!)%!

lhNnfsIff ^ sIff & sIff *


uf]/vf #(&$ #&!* &^(@ #($^ #&$( &^(% $@%@ #(&) *@@@

ndh'ª @@^* @@%$ $%@@ @#)! @#)) $^)! @@%^ @@*% $%$!

tgx'F @@^* @@%$ $%@@ @#)! @#)) $^)! @@%^ @@*% $%$!

:ofª\hf #$$$ #$&& ^(@! #^&$ #%## &@)& #&*@ #&&$ &%%^

sf:sL ^$*( ^(#* !#$@& ^*%@ ^(## !#&*% &)(! &)!) !$!)!

dgfª\ %( %! !!) @& @% %@ #! @$ %%

d':tfª\ !!% !!$ @@( (# *) !&# ^* ^# !#!

DofUbL !%(! !%)& #)(* !^&# !%%@ #@@% !^() !%^* #@%*

kj{t !^() !^(# ##*# !*%$ !&*% #^#( !(#^ !**% #*@!

afUfn'ª #*@& #*^$ &^(! #*(% #&&$ &^^( #($$ #*&! &*!%

gjnk'/ $!@$ $#!% *$#( $@%% $@!% *$&) $@*$ $@!% *$((

u08sL @(*$( #)!*% ^))#$ #)*&! #)@$^ ^!!!& #!%() #)(%) ^@%$)



lhNnfhDdf lg df lj -!–%_ hDdf cfwf/e"t -!–*_ tx


uf]/vf !@!&@ !!$#& @#^)( #)$$& @(@)& %(^%$

ndh'ª ^*@% ^*#( !#^^$ !(&)& !*&%$ #*$^!

tgx'F ^*@% ^*#( !#^^$ @(#(! @**&! %*@^@

:ofª\hf !)()) !)&*$ @!^*$ @()$& @&*#@ %^*&(

sf:sL @)$#@ @)**! $!#!# %#&@! %#$)& !)&!@*

dgfª\ !!& !)) @!& $)) #@^ &@^

d':tfª\ @&^ @%& %## (($ (@^ !(@)

DofUbL $(%$ $^@& (%*! !#!)% !@!&$ @%@&(

kj{t %$*) %#^# !)*$# !$(!$ !#(%* @**&@

afUfn'ª !!^^^ !!%)( @#!&% ##*&@ ##^@! ^&$(#

gjnk'/ !@^^# !@&$% @%$)* #%))^ #%)^@ &))^*

u08sL (@#!) (!#*! !*#^(! @^)^)$ @%$!#* %!$&$@


cg';"rL %=$ cfwf/e"t txsf ljleGg sIffx?df pQL0f{ b/

lhNnfsIff !–@ sIff @–# sIff #–$ sIff $–%

5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf 5fqf 5fq hDdf

uf]/vf *!=# &#=# &&=# *!=% *!=# *!=$ *^=% *#=^ *%=! *(=# *&=@ **=#

ndh'ª &(=( *!=* *)=* *&=& *&=% *&=^ **=* *^=( *&=* ()=# **=& *(=%

tgx'F *(=^ *(=! *(=# (#=$ *(=* (!=^ *(=( *(=@ *(=^ ()=% *(=* ()=!

:ofª\hf *^=# *^=# *^=# (#=& (!=^ (@=& (!=! (!=# (!=@ (@=! (!=# (!=&

sf:sL *(=* **=# *(=) (%=! (%=% (%=# (%=^ (%=! (%=$ (^=^ (%=* (^=@

dgfª\ *!=@ *#=@ *@=@ *(=% ($=* (@=! (#=% **=% (!=) (!=$ (!=! (!=#

d':tfª\ *)=@ &&=* &(=) (^=@ (!=& (#=( **=$ *&=! *&=* *(=% **=( *(=@

DofUbL *^=) *$=) *%=) (!=( *(=^ ()=& (@=$ ()=( (!=& ($=& (!=& (#=@

kj{t *#=! *#=^ *#=$ (%=@ (#=& ($=% (%=$ ()=* (#=! (!=* **=& ()=#

afUfn'ª *&=# *&=@ *&=# *(=! *(=$ *(=# (@=) *&=( *(=( (@=$ (!=$ (!=(

gjnk'/ *$=! *@=# *#=@ (@=& (@=) (@=$ (#=$ ($=% ($=) (%=! (#=^ ($=$

u08sL *$=$ *#=$ *#=( (!=% ()=^ (!=! (!=^ *(=^ ()=^ (@=@ ()=* (!=%



lhNnfsIff %–^ sIff ^–& sIff &–* sIff *–(


uf]/vf ()=^ **=^ *(=^ (@=% (#=! (@=* **=% *&=* **=@ *(=@ **=^ **=(

ndh'ª (@=( ()=) (!=$ (#=% (!=% (@=% (#=@ ($=! (#=& (!=^ (!=^ (!=^

tgx'F (@=& (!=@ (@=) (%=@ ($=( (%=) (#=# ()=& (@=) ()=& (!=^ (!=@

:ofªhf ($=* ($=) ($=$ (#=% (!=* (@=& ($=) (#=( (#=( (#=% (#=$ (#=%

sf:sL (^=^ (&=) (^=* (@=^ (@=) (@=# (!=& (#=@ (@=$ (@=& ($=) (#=$

dgfª\ (@=( ()=% (!=& (%=^ (%=% (%=% (&=! (!=( ($=% **=& ()=* *(=&

d':tfª\ (#=$ (@=^ (#=) ($=@ (#=$ (#=* (%=! (@=% (#=* ()=* (!=) ()=(

DofUbL (%=! (%=% (%=# (!=@ ()=) ()=^ ($=! (#=$ (#=& (@=) ()=) (!=)

kj{t (#=* (@=$ (#=! (@=^ (%=( ($=@ (^=! ($=& (%=$ (#=@ (#=& (#=%

afUfn'ª ($=! (@=% (#=# (!=@ ()=& ()=( (#=! **=& ()=( *(=& (!=( ()=*

gjnk'/ ($=$ ($=& ($=& (#=( (#=) (#=^ ($=! (#=@ (#=& ()=$ (@=^ (!=%

u08sL (#=* (@=^ (#=@ (#=# (@=( (#=! (#=& (@=@ (@=( (!=! (!=& (!=$


cg';"rL %=% cfwf/e"t txsf sIff bf]xf]of{pg] b/

lhNnfsIff ! sIff @ sIff # sIff $


uf]/vf !$=# !*=^ !^=$ !@=^ !@=% !@=% *=& (=& (=@ ^=$ &=& &=

ndh'ª !%=$ !$=( !%=! %=& ^= %=( $=( ^=@ %=% %=% ^=@ %=*

tgx'F &=& ^=# &= %=% %=@ %=# ^=@ ^=^ ^=$ %=^ ^=( ^=@

:ofª\hf &=% ^= ^=* %=! %=@ %=! %=$ $=% $=( %=$ %=$ %=$

sf:sL ^= $=( %=$ @=$ !=& @= @=@ !=& @= !=$ !=( !=&

dgfª\ !^=% !%=@ !%=( ^=# $=@ %=# $=% *=! ^=# @=* %=* $=#

d':tfª\ !&=^ @)=% !(=! @=! %=$ #=& &=& &=^ &=& ^=^ &=^ &=!

DofUbL !!=% !!=@ !!=# $=! $=% $=# %=$ #=& $=% @=* $=( #=(

kj{t !$=^ !$=& !$=& @= @=@ @=! #=! @=& @=( ^=# &=* &=!

afUfn'ª ^=% &=* &=@ ^=! ^=! ^=! %= &=% ^=@ $=! ^=# %=@

gjnk'/ !@=$ !#=% !@=( #=& #=* #=& $=$ #=^ $= @=& $=% #=^

u08sL !!=* !@=! !@=) %=! %=@ %=! %=@ %=^ %=$ $=% %=( %=@



lhNnfsIff % sIff !–% sIff ^ sIff &


uf]/vf %=$ &=^ ^=% (=% !!=@ !)=# #=@ $=@ #=& ^= %=! %=^

ndh'ª #=( ^= %= &=! &=( &=% #=! %=@ $=! #=( @=& #=#

tgx'F $=% %=! $=* %=( ^= ^= @=* $=! #=$ #=^ %= $=#

:ofª\hf $= $=$ $=@ %=% %=! %=# #=$ %=* $=^ @=( @=* @=*

sf:sL !=@ !=# !=# @=^ @=# @=% $=$ $=@ $=# $=* #=& $=@

dgfª\ %=& #=* $=* &=@ &=$ &=# #=# @=* #=! !=* $= @=(

d':tfª\ %=! #=& $=$ &=* (= *=$ #=( %=* $=* #=# @=% @=(

DofUbL !=( #=# @=^ %=! %=% %=# #=^ $=$ $= #=% $=^ $=

kj{t #=& %=( $=* ^= ^=& ^=# #=% @=% #= @=@ @=$ @=#

afUfn'ª $=^ $=# $=% %=# ^=$ %=* $=# $=* $=% $=^ %=% %=

gjnk'/ #=^ @=& #=! %=$ %=^ %=% #=& %=! $=$ #=( $=# $=!

u08sL $=) $=$ $=@ ^=! ^=^ ^=$ #=& $=% $=! #=* $=) #=(

lhNnfsIff * sIff ^–*


uf]/vf #=& $=@ $= $=# $=% $=$

ndh'ª #=$ #=% #=$ #=$ #=* #=^

tgx'F $=@ $=@ $=@ #=% $=$ $=

:ofª\hf #= #=& #=$ #=! $=! #=^

sf:sL #=# @=# @=* $=@ #=$ #=*

dgfª\ $=# $=% $=$ #=@ #=* #=%

d':tfª\ #=% @=^ #=! #=% #=& #=^

DofUbL #=$ $=( $=@ #=% $=^ $=!

kj{t #=@ @=@ @=& @=( @=$ @=&

afUfn'ª $=% #=( $=@ $=% $=& $=^

gjnk'/ #=* #=@ #=% #=* $=@ $=

u08sL #=* #=& #=& #=& $=! #=(




cg';"rL %=^ cfwf/e"t tx sIff 5f8\g] b/

lhNnfsIff ! sIff @ sIff # sIff $


uf]/vf $=% *=@ ^=# %=( ^=@ ^=) $=* ^=& %=& $=$ %=! $=*

ndh'ª $=& #=# $=) ^=^ ^=% ^=% ^=# ^=( ^=^ $=# %=! $=&

tgx'F @=* $=^ #=& !=! %=) #=) #=( $=@ $=) $=) #=$ #=&

:ofª\hf ^=@ &=* &=) !=# #=! @=@ #=% $=@ #=( @=^ #=# @=(

sf:sL $=@ ^=* %=% @=^ @=* @=& @=@ #=@ @=& !=( @=@ @=!

dgfª\ @=@ !=^ !=( $=@ !=) @=^ @=) #=$ @=& %=* #=@ $=%

d':tfª\ @=@ !=& !=( !=* @=( @=# #=( %=@ $=^ #=( #=% #=&

DofUbL @=% $=( #=& $=! %=( %=) @=@ %=$ #=* @=% #=$ @=(

kj{t @=# !=& @=) @=* $=! #=% !=% ^=% $=) !=( #=$ @=&

afUfn'ª ^=@ %=) %=^ $=* $=% $=& #=) $=^ #=* #=% @=# @=(

gjnk'/ #=% $=# #=( #=% $=@ #=( @=@ !=( @=) @=@ !=( @=)

u08sL #=* $=% $=! #=% $=@ #=( #=@ $=* $=) #=$ #=# #=#

lhNnfsIff % sIff !–% sIff ^ sIff &


uf]/vf $=) #=* #=( $=& ^=) %=$ $=# @=& #=% %=% &=! ^=#

ndh'ª #=@ $=) #=^ %=) %=@ %=! #=$ #=# #=$ @=( #=@ #=)

tgx'F @=* #=& #=@ @=( $=@ #=% @=) !=) !=% #=! $=# #=&

:ofª\hf !=@ !=^ !=$ #=) $=) #=% #=! @=$ @=* #=@ #=# #=#

sf:sL @=@ !=* @=) @=^ #=$ #=) #=) #=* #=$ #=^ #=! #=#

dgfª\ !=$ %=& #=% #=! #=) #=! !=! !=^ !=$ !=! $=! @=^

d':tfª\ !=% #=& @=^ @=& #=$ #=) @=) )=& !=# !=& %=) #=#

DofUbL #=) !=@ @=! @=( $=@ #=% %=@ %=^ %=$ @=$ @=! @=@

kj{t @=% !=& @=! @=@ #=% @=* #=( !=& @=* !=* @=( @=#

afUfn'ª !=# #=# @=# #=* #=( #=* $=% $=^ $=% @=# %=* $=!

gjnk'/ @=) @=& @=@ @=^ @=& @=& @=$ !=( @=) @=) @=% @=@

u08sL @=# #=) @=^ #=@ #=( #=^ $=# #=& $=) #=& %=$ $=%



lhNnfsIff * sIff ^–*


uf]/vf &=! &=! &=! %=^ %=^ %=^

ndh'ª %=) $=( %=) #=* #=* #=*

tgx'F %=! $=# $=& #=$ #=@ #=#

:ofª\hf #=% @=( #=@ #=@ @=( #=!

sf:sL #=( #=& #=* #=% #=% #=%

dgfª\ ^=( $=& %=* #=) #=% #=#

d':tfª\ %=& ^=$ ^=) #=! $=) #=^

DofUbL $=^ %=! $=( $=! $=# $=@

kj{t #=^ $=) #=* #=! @=( #=)

afUfn'ª %=* $=! %=) $=@ $=( $=%

gjnk'/ %=( $=@ %=) #=# @=^ #=)

u08sL &=! ^=$ ^=* %=) %=@ %=!

>f]t M lzIff ljefu, ;fgf] l7dL, eQmk'/åf/f k|sflzt ˆnf;\ l/kf]6{, @)&$ ljZn]lift


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%cg

';"rL %

=& k|f

ljlw

s lj

ifo k

9fO

x'g] lj

Bfno

tyf

ljBf

yL{ ;

+Vof

lhNn

f:y

fgLo

txs

f] gfd

ljBf

nos

f] gfd

cg'dl

t ;f

ncW

ofkg

x'g]

ljifo

x¿cW

ofkg

sf] t

x;x

fos

k|l

zIf

s

;+Vof

k|lz

Ifs

;+V

of

@)&%

sf] e

gf{ c

g';f/

lj

z]if

ljBf

yL{ lj

j/0f

( /

!)!!

/ !

@5

fqf

5fq

hDd

f

uf]/v

f

u08s

L ufpFk

flnsf

1fgd

fu{ d

f=lj=

, £o

fNrf]s

2070

kz' lj1

fg

2

460

84

144

kfn'ª6

f/ gu

/kfln

sf

ejfgL df=lj

=, 7fF6Lkf]v/L

2073

afnL lj1f

g

–2

239

5392

cf?3f

6 ufpFk

flnsf

ejfgL df=lj

=, dfGj

'20

74afnL lj1f

g

–2

224

2448

ndh

'ª/fO

{gf;

gu/k

flnsf

z}nk'q

L df=lj

=20

72kz

' lj1

fg

2

266

a];Lz

x/ g

u/kfln

sf

hgljs

f; d

f=lj=

2073

l;le

n

O{lGh

lgol/ª

11

22

118

tgx'F

Jof;

gu/

kfln

sf

;Toj

tL d

f=lj=

, bd

f}nL

2073

sDKo'6

/ lj1f

g

6

213

5

cfFa

'v}/]g

L ufpFk

flnsf

/fdzfx d

f=lj=

, cfFa

'v}/]g

L20

73l;

len

O{lGh

lgol/ª

@)&%

df s

Iff

!!

cg'd

lt

k|fKt

22

126

z'Sn

f u0

8sL

gu/k

flnsf

k~rd'g

Lb]j

df=lj

=,b'n

]uf}8f

2073

kz' lj1

fg

@)&%

df s

Iff

!!

cg'd

lt

k|fKt

22

119



:ofª\hf

cfFlw

vf]n

f ufpFk

flnsf

lqzlxb

df=lj

=, k~

rd'n

2070

sDKo'6

/ O{lGh

lgol/ª

24

44

42

106

jfln

ª gu

/kfln

sf

k"0ff{d

[t ej

fgL df=lj

=, jfln

ª20

70afnL ty

f s[lif lj1

fg

2

471

5913

0

uNofª

gu/k

flnsf

efg'e

Qm c

frfo{ d

f=lj=

, uN

ofª

2073

sDKo'6

/ O{lGh

lgol/ª

22

3343

76

sf:sL

kf]v/f

dxfgu/

kfln

sf

a|ád?

kf d

f=lj=

hgt

fsf]

rf}tf/f

2070

sDKo'6

/ O{lGh

lgol/ª

24

42

6210

4

kf]v/f

dxfgu/

kfln

sf

z'qm/fh

df=l

j=, k'D

bL20

70kz

' lj1

fg

2

426

2551

kf]v/f

dxfgu/

kfln

sf

dx]Gb| d

f=lj=

, en

fd20

73s[lif

!!

22

2130

51

kf]v/f

dxfgu/

kfln

sf

hglk|o

df=l

j=, l;

dnrf}/

2072

l;le

n

O{lGh

lgol/ª

!!

22

3533

68

d':tfª

y;fª u

fpFkfln

sf

>L h

gcfbz{ d

f=lj=

,sf]jfª

2070

afnL lj1f

g

2

634

47

81

DofUb

La]g

L gu

/kfln

sf

un]Zj

/ df=lj

=, 3t

fg20

70l;

len

O{lGh

lgol/ª

010

4

kj{t

kmn]jf;

ufpFk

lnsf

df6]b

]jn h

g;xo

f]uL df=lj

=20

70afnL lj1f

g

2

240

40

80

df]bL u

fpFkfln

sf

hgh

fu[t

df=lj

=20

73l;

len

O{lGh

lhol/ª

22

40

40

80



afun'ª

uNsf]6 g

u/kfln

sf

uNsf]6 d

f=lj=

207!

s[lif a

fujfgL

42

5363

116

sf7]vf]n

f ufpFk

flnsfle

d;]g

df=lj

=20

70l;

len

O{lGh

lhol/ª

42

88

5314

1

h}ldgL g

u/kfln

sf

zflGt

df=lj

=20

70sDKo'6

/ O{lGh

lgol/ª

42

6387

150

afun

'ª gu

/kfln

sf

wjnflu

/L lj/]Gb|

df=lj

=20

73s[lif

kz'kfng

22

1114

25

afun

'ª gu

/kfln

sf

wjnflu

/L alx/

f df=lj

=20

71sDKo'6

/ O{lGh

lgol/ª

2

227

2956

a8Luf8

ufpFkfln

sf

lqe'j

g df=lj

=, vjf{ª

2074

afnL lj1f

g

22

1731

48

gjnk'/

b]jr'nL gu

/kfln

sf

b]jr'nL df=lj

=, /h

x/20

70l;

len

O{lGh

lgol/ª

26

3587

112

b]jr'nL gu

/kfln

sf

k[YjL d

f=lj=

, k[Y

jLj:

tL20

70s[lif a

fujfgL

26

3951

90

a'ª\bLsfn

L ufpFk

flnsf

8]8ufpF

df=lj

=, 8]8

ufpF

2070

s[lif

26

3843

81

dWoljG

b' gu

/kln

sf

hgt

f df=lj

=, d+u

nrf}/

2073

On]lS6«s

n

O{lGh

lgol/ª

2

213

3245

dWoljG

b' gu

/kfln

sf

gjhfu/0f df=lj

=, rf]/d

f/f20

73l;

len

O{lGh

lgol/ª

2

212

3345

u08s

Lh

Ddf

@^**



u08sL k|b]zdf /x]sf !! lhNnf / kflnsfx?sf] gSzfx¿

Gorkha



Lamjung


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%Ta

nahu

n


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%Sy

angj

a



Kaski


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%M

anan

g



Mustang



Parbat


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%M

yagd

i


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%B

aglu

ng


u08sL k|b]zsf] l:yltkq, @)&%N

awal

pur

u08sl k|b]zsf] l:ytlkq kf}if,...

Documents