2020 politikis dokumenti

ucnobi gareubnebi:

gardabnis

municipalitetis

azerbaijanuli

dasaxlebebi

ucnobi gareubnebi:

gardabnis

municipalitetis

azerbaijanuli

dasaxlebebi

ucnobi gareubnebi: gardabnis municipalitetis azerbaijanuli dasaxlebebi

aleqsandre kvaxaZe

politikis dokumenti

2020

2

Sesavali

damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelmwifom jer kidev ver SeZlo Tavis eTnikur umciresobaTa sruli integrireba. somxebiTa da azerbaijanelebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli regionebi kvlavac pasiurad arian CarTuli qveynis socialur da politikur procesebSi. sabWoTa „erovnuli politikis“, araefeqturi saganmanaTleblo sistemisa da socialur-ekonomikur problemaTa erToblioba kvlavac aferxebs am regionTa integracias.

winamdebare naSromi eZRvneba upiratesad azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis mqone administraciul erTeuls _ gardabnis municipalitets. es regioni ram-denime faqtoris gamo avirCieT: pirveli _ geografiuli TvalsazrisiT, igi q. Tbilisisa da q. rusTavis sagareubno zonas warmoadgens, SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT rogorc „did Tbiliss/rusTavs“, ise „Tbilisi-rusTavis aglomeracias“. meo-re _ saqarTvelos politikur da ekonomikur centrTan siaxlovis miuxedavad, am regionis mkvidri azerbaijanuli Temi paralelur realobaSi cxovrobs da mowyvetilia qveyanaSi mimdinare socialur da politikur dinamikas. amavdrou-lad, Zalian cota ram aris cnobili am regionis Sesaxeb da misi mravaleTnikuri mosaxleoba kargad ar aris Seswavlili. gansxvavebiT mezobeli marneulis munic-ipalitetisgan, romlis mimarT did interess iCens rogorc akademiuri sfero, ise media da arasamTavrobo seqtori, gardabnis municipalitetis azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba, rogorc wesi, ugulebelyofilia. magaliTisTvis, jerac ar momx-dara am regionSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelTa enobrivi, istoriuli, sociologi-uri da religiuri aspeqtebis fundamenturi Seswavla. relevanturi naSromebis ararseboba ki saqarTvelos azerbaijanelebis Sesaxeb miTebsa da gaurkvevlobas warmoqmnis. mesame - gardabnis municipaliteti warmoadgens xelovnurad Seqm-nil teritoriul organos, romelic moicavs, sul mcire, or, erTmaneTTan geo-grafiulad daukavSirebel, regions, rac eTnikurad qarTul da azerbaijanul mosaxleobas Soris SezRudul urTierTobas ganapirobebs.

miuxedavad amisa, gardabnis municipalitets, misi strategiuli adgilm-debareobis gamo, didi potenciali aqvs. am regions kveTs navTobisa da gazis ramdenime strategiuli sadeni, agreTve _ saqarTvelos rkinigza. regionuli ganviTarebisTvis, infrastruqturul da ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan erTad, sasicocxloa adamianuri resursis gamoyeneba. saqarTvelos socialur-politi-kur sivrceSi eTnikuri azerbaijanelebis CarTva da eTnikuri barierebis waSla mniSvnelovnad Seuwyobs xels regionis ganviTarebas.

naSromSi ganvixilavT gardabnis municipalitetis ekonomikur, religiur, ganaTlebis, qalTa uflebebis, organizebuli danaSaulisa da eTnosTa Soris urTierTobebis sakiTxebs. winamdebare naSromi gardabnis municipalitetis azer-baijanuli dasaxlebebis problemebis aRweris pirveli mcdelobaa. vimedovnebT, rom igi gaxdeba erTgvari gzamkvlevi saxelmwifo moxeleebisTvis, akademiuri wreebisTvis, mediisa da arasamTavrobo seqtorisTvis da daexmareba maT region-Si proeqtebis ganxorcielebaSi. aseve imeds vitoveb, rom Cvens naSroms am re-gionis ufro moculobiTi kvlevac mohyveba.

3

meTodologia

2019 wels gardabnis regionSi CavatareT intensiuri savele samuSaoebi, romlis farglebSic vewvieT gardabans, Tazaqends, nazarlos, qesalos, vaxtan-giss, jandaras, muRanlos, aRTaklias, yaraTaklias, foniWalasa da yarajalars. vizitebisas CavwereT 21 siRrmiseuli, naxevrad struqturirebuli interviu sx-vadasxva kategoriis respondentebisgan: uxucesebi, studentebi, politikuri aq-tivistebi, maswavleblebi, sasuliero pirebi, Jurnalistebi da qalTa uflebebis damcvelebi. garda amisa, azerbaijanuli soflis yoveldRiurobisa da dinamikis ukeT gasagebad xuTi dRis ganmavlobaSi vcxovrobdiT sofel nazarloSi. in-terviuebi CavwereT qarTul da azerbaijanul enebze. interviuebi Cawerilia cifruli CamweriT da Senaxulia rondelis fondis arqivSi. eTikuri sakiTxebisa da respondentTa usafrTxoebis gamo maTi anonimuroba uzrunvelyofilia.

interviuebis garda, kvleva mniSvnelovanwilad eyrdnoba 2002 da 2004 wlebis sayovelTao aRweras. es masalebi arsebiTia regionis demografiuli da migraciuli dinamikis ukeT warmosaCenad. metic, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis, mec-nierebis, kulturisa da sportis saministros kuTvnil vebgverdze arsebulma informaciam skolebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovnad gaamdidra naSromi.

kvlevis ZiriTadi mignebebi

ekonomika

• sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg daiwyo masobrivi migracia ruseTis federa-ciasa da TurqeTSi;

• lilos bazroba, rusTavis „stambolis“ bazari da avtomanqanebis bazroba rusTavSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs adgilobriv ekonomikaSi;

• kerZo seqtorSi (bankebi, maRaziebi da a.S.) dasaqmebul eTnikur azerbaijan-elTa raodenoba gazrdilia;

• urbanizaciis procesma ufro masStaburi saxe miiRo da adgilobrivTaTvis yvelaze popularuli mimarTulebebia Tbilisi da rusTavi;

• umuSevroba mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens adgilobriv ekonomikaze;

• gardabnis municipalitetis azerbaijanul dasaxlebebSi turizmi ar arsebobs;

• rusTavSi mdebare industriuli obieqtebi negatiurad zemoqmedeben kalini-nos teritoriul organoSi Semoval soflebze.

religia

• sunitTa da SiitTa raodenoba daaxloebiT Tanabaria, sunitebi, savaraudod, cotaTi Warboben Siitebs;

• siriis konfliqtSi masobrivi mobilizacia ar yofila;

• zogierTma Siitma axalgazrdam sunituri islami miiRo;

• salafituri Temi warmodgenilia regionSi. maTi umetesoba Tavmoyrilia foniWalaSi, Tumca mcire raodenobiT arian aseve nazarloSsa da gaCianis zonaSi;

• sunitTa da SiitTa Soris seqtarianizmi Canasaxovan stadiazea.

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ganaTleba

• 4+1 programam axalgazrda azerbaijanelTa integraciaSi pozitiuri roli Seasrula;

• azerbaijanul skolebSi maswavlebelTa nakleboba aqvT;

• azerbaijanul soflebSi Sendeba sabavSvo baRebi;

• azerbaijaneli mSoblebisTvis qarTuli skolebi wlidan wlamde sul ufro popularuli xdeba.

politika

• bolo arCevnebis Sedegebis mixedviT, gardabnis eTnikuri azerbaijanuli mo-saxleoba upiratesobas aniWebs opoziciur partiebs.

qalTa uflebebi

• garigebiT da arasrulwlovanTa qorwineba, patarZlis motaceba regionSi problematur sakiTxad rCeba;

• eTnikuri azerbaijaneli qalebi fragmentulad arian warmodgenili gardab-nis municipalitetis politikur da sazogadoebriv seqtorebSi.

organizebuli danaSauli

• regionSi gazrdilia kanonieri qurdebis gavlena;

• foniWalasa da nawilobriv gaCianis zonaSi fexi moikida narkovaWrobam.

eTnosTa Soris urTierTobebi

• eTnikuri konfliqtis SesaZlebloba sakmaod dabalia;

• problematuri sakiTxia sofel sarTiWalasa da muRanlos Soris municipalur sazRvrebTan dakavSirebuli dava;

• moSorebuli soflebis _ nazaqlos, qesalos, vaxtangisisa da jandaris mo-saxleobas minimaluri urTierToba aqvT eTnikur qarTvelebTan.

geografiuli dilema

gardabnis municipaliteti mdebareobas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi da ad-ministraciulad miekuTvneba qvemo qarTlis mxares. azerbaijanTan mosazRvre am regionSi ganlagebulia araerTi strategiuli obieqti, maT Soris, saqarTvelo-sa da azerbaijanis damakavSirebeli rkinigza da navTobisa da gazis ramden-ime sadeni. gardabani, geografiuli da eTnikuri TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos erT-erTi yvelaze mravalferovani regionia. regionis samxreTi nawili gard-abnis vakes ukavia, mis CrdiloeT nawilSi ki gvxvdeba mTiani zonac da dablo-bebic. municipalitetSi aris azerbaijanuli dasaxlebebis ramdenime klasteri. pirveli klasteri cnobilia, rogorc gaCianis zona. is mdebareobs Tbilissa da rusTavs Soris da masSi Sedis sofeli aRTaklia, yaraTaklia da yarajalari. garda am dasaxlebebisa, am zonis maxlobladaa sofeli foniWala (meorenairad _ soRanluRi), romelic 2006 wels q. Tbilisis administraciul sazRvrebSi Se-

5

vida.1 rkinigza am soflebs ori didi qarTuli dasaxlebisgan, gamarjvebisa da foladaanTkarisgan, yofs. meore klasteri rusTavsa da gardabans Soris mde-bareobs da moicavs kalininos teritoriul organoSi Semaval soflebs: Tazaqen-di, kalinino, birliqi, axalSeni da ambartafa. mesame klasteri qalaq gardabansa da saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvars Soris mdebareobs da masSi Sedis soflebi nazarlo, qesalo da vaxtangisi. garda amisa, azerbaijanelebiT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli teritoriebia qalaqi gardabani da mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali sofeli qvemo qafanaxCi, agreTve naxevrad izolirebuli sofeli jandara da CrdiloeTiT mdebare sofeli muRanlo.

cxrili 1. gardabnis municipalitetis ZiriTadi azerbaijanuli dasaxlebebi2

sofeli/qalaqi 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRwera

2014 wlis mosaxleobis aRwera

gardabani 11 858 10 753

ambartafa 131 700

Tazaqendi 1856 1185

kalinino 1156 377

birliqi 1655 179

axalSeni 1184 420

jandara 3118 1468

qesalo 5612 4793

nazarlo 5808 4850

muRanlo 3558 4210

aRTaklia 4229 1811

yaraTaklia 2936 1550

yarajalari 4141 4136

foniWala 5698 4452 ruseTis imperiis dros Tanamedrove gardabani Tbilisis guberniis Tbilisis mazris SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. misi teritoria dayofili iyo or ubnad: yaraiazis (samxreTi nawili) da sarTiWalis (CrdiloeTi nawili) ubnebi.3 gasabWoebis Semdeg Camoyalibda yaraias raioni, romelsac 1947 wels gardabnis raioni ewoda.4 amavdroulad, 1948 wels aSenda axali industriuli qalaqi rusTavi, romelic gamoeyo gardabnis municipalitets da Camoyalibda TviTmmarTvel qalaqad.5

1 saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba N 4173 (2006) qalaq Tbilisis, gardabnis municipalite-tisa da mcxeTis municipalitetis administraciuli sazRvrebis Secvlis Sesaxeb. xelmisawvdo-mia: www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/44278?publication=0

2 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. xelmisawvdomia: www.geostat.ge/ka

3 Ethno Caucasus. xelmisawvdomia: www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rngeorgia.html

4 k. jayeli da v. jaoSvili, (1977) qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 2, gv. 695-696.

5 v. jaoSvili, d. musxeliSvili da l. CilaSvili (1984) qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 8. gv. 510.

6

garda Tanamedrove administraciuli sazRvrebisa, 2006 wlamde gardabnis municipalitetSi Sedioda 23 didi dasaxleba, maT Soris, wyneTi, kojori, kikeTi, foniWala da sxva. 2006 wlis administraciuli sazRvrebis cvlilebis Sedegad, aRniSnuli dasaxlebebi q. Tbilisis SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.6 2014 wlis sayovelTao aRweris mixedviT, gardabnis municipalitetis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenoba 81 8767 kacs Seadgens, 1989 da 2002 wlebis monacemebiT ki, Sesabamisad - 115 140 da 112 886.8 mosaxleobis kleba, savaraudod, gamoiwvia ekonomikurma problemebma da administraciuli sazRvrebis cvlilebam. gardabnis municipalitetis mosaxleoba mravaleTnikuria, sadac azerbaijanelebi 43.53%-s (daaxloebiT 36 000 mosaxle) Seadgenen, xolo qarTvelTa xvedriTi wilia 54.23%.9 municipalitetis administraciuli centria qalaqi gardabani, romlis mosaxleobis 63% azerbaijanelebi arian.10

ekonomika

sabWoTa periodSi municipalitetis ekonomikis ZiriTadi dargi iyo soflis meurneoba. regionis TiTqmis yvela dasaxlebaSi iyo sabWoTa meurneoba. soflis meurneobis ZiriTadi dargi iyo mecxoveleoba da mecxvareoba. adgilobrivebis Tanaxmad, mxolod sofel jandaris sabWoTa meurneobaSi aTasobiT suli saqone-li hyavdaT.11 sabWoTa periodSi adgilobrivi mecxvareebi zafxulis saZovrebad iyenebdnen somxeTis lores provinciis mTianeTs, zamTarSi ki - adgilze rCebod-nen.12 garda amisa, sabWoTa dros regionSi aSenda sarwyavi arxebis farTo qseli.13

qalaq rusTavSi, garda soflis meurneobisa, iyo Savi metalurgiis, qimiuri da sxva mrewveloba da eTnikur azerbaijanelTa didi raodenoba am sferoebSi iyo dasaqmebuli. garda amisa, qalaq gardabanSi 1990 wlamde funqcionirebda sakonservo sawarmo, samkervalo fabrika, samSeneblo masalebisa da muyaos dama-mzadebeli qarxnebi.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam sabWoTa meurneobebis daSla da soflis meur-neobis kolafsi gamoiwvia. paralelurad, somxur-azerbaijanulma konfliqtma daazarala mecxvareoba da adgilobriv mecxvareebs didi sazafxulo saZovrebis gamoyenebis saSualeba waarTva. amasTan, privatizaciis dros saxelmwifos kuT-vnilebaSi arsebuli miwebisa da sxva qonebis arasamarTlianma gadanawilebam daa-ziana adgilobrivi ekonomika. qarxnebis dazga-danadgarebis didi nawili daSales da jarTad gayides. yvelaferma aman ki erTad gamoiwvia siRaribe da umuSevroba, ramac xeli Seuwyo emigraciis talRebs.

pirveli emigraciis talRa 1990-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba, rodesac aTasobiT eTnikurma azerbaijanelma ruseTs an sxva postsabWoTa qveynebs miaSura. minsk-Si, vladikavkazSi, magnitogorskSi, moskovsa da petrozavodskSi arsebobs gard-

6 saqarTvelos parlamentis gadawyvetileba N 4173.

7 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri.

8 iqve.

9 regionis eTnikuri ruka xelmisawvdomia bmulze: CSEM-is interaqtiuli ruka: www.csem.ge/interactivemap/

10 CSEM-is interaqtiuli ruka.

11 respondenti N21, uxucesi jandaridan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 27 oqtombers.

12 respondenti N12, uxucesi nazarlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 14 maiss.

13 k. jayeli da v. jaoSvili, (1977). gv. 695.

7

abnelTa didi saTvistomoebi. emigraciis meore talRa 2000-ian wlebSi daiwyo da misi mimarTuleba iyo TurqeTi. gardabneli mamakaci emigrantebi TurqeTSi sawarmoebsa da vaWrobis seqtorSi dasaqmdnen, xolo qalebi, ZiriTadad - ojaxSi momvlelebad. imis gamo, rom Turqul da azerbaijanul enebze molaparakeTa Soris ar arsebobs enobrivi barieri, gardabnel migrantebs TurqeTSi komuni-kaciis problema ar SeqmniaT. mesame talRa saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris savizo reJimis gamartivebas ukavSirdeba. yvelaze popularuli mimarTulebaa poloneTi da, agreTve, germania, sadac zogi gardabneli azerbaijaneli adgilo-brivma Turqulma diasporam daasaqma.14 gardabnis mkvidrebi saqarTvelos did qa-laqebSic saxldebian. magaliTad, gardabnis zonis mkvidrebi ZiriTadad irCeven rusTavs, muRanlos mkvidrebi ki upiratesobas Tbilisis aRmosavleT gareub-nebs, magaliTad, varkeTils, aniWeben.15

dReisaTvis regionis soflis meurneobis wamyvani seqtorebia memwvanileo-ba, mesaqonleoba da mecxvareoba. mwvanils ZiriTadad sacxovrebeli saxlebis irgvliv mdebare mcire, 600 kv.m farTobis, sakarmidamo nakveTebSi zrdian, umeteswilad gaCianis zonaSi, nazarloSi, qesalosa da vaxtangisSi. gadamy-idvelebi sofelSi adgilze yiduloben mwvanils, romliTac Semdeg amarageben Tbilisisa da rusTavis savaWro obieqtebs. produqtis nawili gadis eqsportze, ruseTSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom jandaris mosaxleobas mohyavs cocxi, romelsac Sem-deg saqarTvelos araerT regionSi yidian, maT Soris, zugdidsa da xaSurSi.16

umetes SemTxvevaSi, mosaxleobas saqoneli sakuTar ukana ezoebSi mowyo-bil boslebSi hyavs. yvelaze didi raodenobiT saqoneli sofel jandaraSi hyavT, rac didi da xelmisawvdomi saZovrebis qoniT aixsneba. rZis mwarmoebeli kom-paniebis warmomadgenlebi yovel dilas Cadian soflebSi da mosaxleobisgan rZes ibareben. mkveTri Semcirebis miuxedavad, mecxvareoba kvlavac mniSvnelovani Se-mosavlis wyaroa bevri adgilobrivi fermerisTvis. mTiani somxeTis zafxulis saZovrebi Caanacvles walkisa da dmanisis municipalitetis mTiani zoliT. aR-saniSnavia, rom uamravma mecxvarem ixeira axlo aRmosavleTis saeqsporto mimar-TulebiT.17

ekonomikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani seqtoria vaWroba. uamravi gardab-neli azerbaijaneli vaWrobs lilos bazrobaze (ZiriTadad, muRanlosa da ga-Cianis zonis mkvidrebi), rusTavis „stambolis bazarsa“ (ZiriTadad, gardabnis siaxloves mdebare soflebis mkvidrebi) da rusTavis avtobazrobaze (ZiriTadad foniWalis mkvidrebi). metic, azerbaijaneli qalebi Tbilisis sxvadasxva savaW-ro sivrceSi yidian mwvanils, magaliTad, navTluRSi, dezertirebis bazarsa da sxva adgilebSi. sayuradReboa, rom sxva soflebisgan gansxvavebiT, 2002-Tan Se-darebiT, muRanlos mosaxleoba gaizarda. adgilobrivi skolis maswavlebeli mi-iCnevs, rom aRmavali demografiuli tendenciebi gamowveulia lilos bazrobaze momuSave adgilobrivebis maRali SemosavlebiT, ris gamoc ucxoeTSi emigraciis saWiroeba ar dgas.18

14 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

15 respondenti N17, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli muRanlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 5 oqtombers.

16 respondenti N21, uxucesi jandaridan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 27 oqtombers.

17 „saqarTvelodan iranSi cxvris eqsportis ganaxleba igegmeba“, Business Media xelmisawvdomia: www.bm.ge/ka/article/saqartvelodan-iranshi-cxvris-eqsportis-ganaxleba-igegmeba/12443

18 saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri.

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miuxedavad imisa, rom q. gardabanSi mdebareobs Tboeleqtrosadguri, iq Zalian cota adgilobrivi azerbaijanelia dasaqmebuli. rusTavis industriul obieqtebze dasaqmebul azerbaijanelTa raodenobac mcirea. aseve, Cveni mu-Ranloeli respondentis TqmiT, muRanlos arcerTi mkvidri ar aris dasaqme-buli mezobel sarTiWalaSi mdebare „Cirinas“ mefrinvelobis fermaSi.19 mcire raodenobiT adgilobrivebi dasaqmebuli arian q. gardabanSi „planatas“ kuT-vnil maRalteqnologiur sasaTbure meurneobaSi.20 jandaris zogi mkvidri wle-bia muSaobs British Petroleum-is navTobsadenebis mSeneblobebze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qvekontraqtori kompania aris Turquli.21 kerZo seqtorSi, gan-sakuTrebiT, bankebsa da supermarketebSi momuSave azerbaijanelTa raodenoba gazrdilia. rogorc erTma adgilobrivma aRniSna:

„aqamde rusTavidan CamohyavdaT qarTveli dasaqmebulebi. axla upiratesobas qarTulis kargad mcodne aqaur axalgazrda azerbaijanelebs aniWeben“.22

sakmao problemaa soflebisa da didi qalaqebis (Tbilisi da rusTavi) dam-akavSirebeli transporti. gardabani-rusTavi-Tbilisis matareblis reisi dReSi orjer sruldeba, rac ver akmayofilebs adgilobrivebis moTxovnebs. arsebuli avtoparki ZiriTadad Zveli samarSruto taqsebisgan Sedgeba, romlebic mudmi-vad gadavsebuli da arakomfortulia. gaCianis zonis macxovreblebs miaCniaT, rom rusTavisa da Tbilisis damakavSirebeli msubuqi metros proeqti, romel-mac gaCianic unda gaiaros, dadebiTad aisaxeba adgilobrivi soflebis ekonomi-kaze. amis garda, Cemma foniWalelma respondentma dadebiTad Seafasa am soflis TbilisTan gaerTianeba:

„mas Semdeg, rac Tbilisis nawili gavxdiT, Cvens quCebze daigo asfalti, gvaqvs bunebrivi airi, wyali, interneti da avtobusis regularuli mimosvla. Tbilisma ukeTesi pirobebi SemogvTavaza“. 23

foniWalis magaliTis mixedviT gaCianis mkvidrebs sjeraT, rom maTi so-flebis TbilisTan Tu rusTavTan SeerTeba gaaumjobesebs maTi cxovrebis dones.

kidev erTi sakiTxia mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebare gardabnis mu-nicipalitetis soflebsa (nazarlo, qesalo, vaxtangisi da qvemo qafanaxCi) da mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze mdebare marneulis municipalitetis soflebs (qeSalo, ilmazlo, qafanaxCi) Soris komunikaciis ararseboba. istoriulad, am teritoriebis mkvidrebi erT subeTnikur jgufs warmoadgendnen da es adgilebi Zvelad xidiT iyo dakavSirebuli. dRes xidi aRar arsebobs, rac arTulebs ko-munikacias. rogorc erT-erTma adgilobrivma aRniSna:

„me Tu Cemi naTesavebis naxva minda, iq rusTavidan unda wavide da es didi gzaa. xidi rom iyos, ufro advili iqneboda“.24

19 respondenti N17, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli muRanlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 5 oqtombers.

20 „plantas“ saTburebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi informacia ixileT bmulze: www.thouse.ge/new/1039-planta-saqartveloshi-yvelaze-masshtaburi-sasatbure-meurneoba

21 respondentiN16, studenti jandaridan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 27 oqtombers.

22 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

23 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

24 respondenti N15, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli qvemo qafanaxCidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 10 ivniss.

9

Tazaqendisa da mezobeli soflebis mkvidrebi uCivian garemos dabinZure-bas, rasac rusTavis industriul obieqtebs, gansakuTrebiT, cementisa da man-ganumis sawarmoebs abraleben. adgilobrivebs sjeraT, rom wyali, niadagi da haeri mowamlulia, ris gamoc am soflebis bevr macxovrebels aqvs simsivne da sxva daavadebebi.25

religia

miuxedavad imisa, rom gardabnis municipalitetis azerbaijanuli mosaxle-obis absolutur umravlesobas muslimebi Seadgenen, saqarTvelos oficialuri statistika ar ganasxvavebs islamis sxvadasxva denominacias. warmodgenili sa-varaudo cifrebi miRebulia tradiciulad sunituri da Siituri soflebis mo-saxleobis daTvliT. Tumca, es daTvla ver asaxavs im Siitebs, vinc Semdgom gaxda suniti (e.w. „axali sunitebi“) da verc Sereul Siitur-sunitur saqalaqo dasaxlebas qalaq gardabanSi, romlis macxovreblebic Tavis droze sxvadasxva soflidan gadasaxldnen. gardabnis municipalitetis tradiciulad sunituri soflebia: yarajalari, qafanaxCi (q. gardabnis gareubani), qesalo, nazarlo da vaxtangis. garda amisa, sofel jandaris daaxloebiT 25% arian sunitebi. Siitebi istoriulad Semdeg soflebSi saxlobdnen: aRTaklia, yaraTaklia, Tazaqendi, muRanlo, kalinino, birliqi, botanika, axalSeni, ambartafa da aseve sofel jandaris daaxloebiT 75%. garda amisa, Siitebi Seadgenen umravlesobas qalaq gardabanSi, Tumca informacia maTi zusti proporciis Sesaxeb CvenTvis araa xelmisawvdomi.26 am dasaxlebaTa macxovreblebis gaTvaliswinebiT, vvaraudobT, rom tradiciulad sunituri soflebis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 17 aTasi unda iyos, tradiciulad Siituri dasaxlebebisa ki - 11 aTasi da amas emateba q. gard-abnis 6-aTasiani azerbaijanuli mosaxleoba, sadac umravlesoba Siitebi arian. aqedan gamomdinare, sunituri da Siituri mosaxleobis raodenoba daaxloebiT Tanabaria, sadac SesaZloa sunitebi mcirediT aRematebian Siitebs. foniWala, romelic ukve aRar aris gardabnis municipalitetis nawili, tradiciulad iyo Siituri sofeli. samomavlod ufro zusti statistikis dadgena SesaZlebeli iqneba mosaxleobis Semdgomi aRwerisas, daxvewili meTodologiisa da kiTxva-rebis gamoyenebiT.

gardabnis yvela Siiti muslimi miekuTvneba Siituri islamis isnaaSriis (Tormet imamianTa) ganStoebas. Siituri meCeTebi aris Semdeg dasaxlebebSi: mu-Ranlo (ori meCeTi), aRTaklia, yaraTaklia, gardabani, jandara da foniWala.

sabWoTa periodSi adgilobriv Siitur mosaxleobas Siizmis moZRvrebaze zedapiruli codna hqonda. erT-erTi respondentis cnobiT:

„Cven vicodiT yurban bairami, Sahsei-vahsei da sul es iyo. Cven sunitebsa da Siitebs Soris sxvaobis Sesaxeb arc ki vicodiT“.27

Siizmis aRorZineba sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg daiwyo, rodesac iraneli mqadageblebis jgufi gardabnis soflebSi Camovida. amis paralelurad, misionerTa jgufma azerbaijanis imiSlis raionidan gardabnis meCeTSi Siituri

25 respondenti N4, eqimi Tazaqendidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 10 seqtembers.

26 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

27 respondenti N2, Siituri Temis aqtiuri wevri aRTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals.

10

islamis sabaziso kursebi gaxsna. Cveni respondentis mixedviT, romelic erT-erTi pirveli iyo, vinc iranSi islamis Sesaswavlad gaemgzavra, iraneli mis-ionerebi eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi iyvnen da maT adgilobrivebTan enobrivi barieri ar hqoniaT:

„isini aq Camovidnen...maT religiis Sesaxeb informacia gaavrceles da amis safuZvelze Cven iq [iranSi saswavleblad] gamgzavreba gadavwyviteT“.28

gardabnis azerbaijanelTa mcire jgufma iranis qalaq yumSi arabuli enis, sparsuli enisa da islamis safuZvliani kursebi gaiara. zogierTma kursdamTavre-bulma dabrunebis Semdeg axundebad da Seixebad gaagrZela muSaoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom gardabnis Siitma sasuliero pirebma mxari dauWires SiitTa damoukidebeli sammarTvelos Camoyalibebas, romelic ar daemorCileba azerbaijanis sulier liders - alahSuqur faSazades. erT-erTma sasuliero pirma gaixsena es ambebi:

„bneli dro iyo. es yvelaferi 2006 wels daiwyo. daaxloebiT 25 ganaTlebuli adamiani Seikriba da Camoayaliba kongresi. maT gadawyvites, rom is [azer-baijani] Cveni mezobeli qveyanaa, Cven maT pativs vcemT, Cven erT enaze vsau-brobT, magram Cven Cvens qveyanaSi vcxovrobT da sakuTari religiuri centri gvWirdeba. ratom unda viyoT damokidebuli sxva qveyanaze? amis saTave im wlebSi iyo. xuTi wlis Semdeg saxelmwifom am centris Seqmna gadawyvita. es 2011 weli iyo. roca is gaixna, Seixad dainiSna vagif aqferovi, is meidanida-naa, Tbilisidan“.29

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos Siit muslimTa sammarTvelos amJamind-eli Tavmjdomare ramin igidovi warmoSobiT qalaq gardabnidanaa. gardabnel Siit muslimebs aqvT medrese (islamuri araformaluri saganmanaTleblo cen-tri) sofel foniWalaSi, agreTve biblioTeka da saaqto darbazi TbilisSi, or-TaWalis ubanSi. zog meCeTSi, magaliTad, aRTakliaSi, tardeba islamis sabaziso kursebi. ukanaskneli xuTi wlis manZilze gardabneli muslimebi monawileoben erayis qalaq qerbelaSi mdebare Siituri siwmindeebis molocvaSi. turebs orga-nizebas marneulis imam alis meCeTis liderebi uweven. erT-erTi respondentis Tanaxmad, momlocvelebi saxmeleTo gziT miemgzavrebian iranis provincia qer-manSahis gavliT.30

aRsaniSnavia seidebis ojaxis fenomenic, romlebic Tavs muhamed winaswarm-etyvelis pirdapir STamomavlebad miiCneven. ojaxma sofel jandaraSi sakuTari sagvareulo mavzoleumi gaxsna sakuTar saxlSi, romelic gaxda piligrimobis (ziaraTi) adgili rogorc Siiti, ise suniti muslimebisTvis. garda religiurisa, seidebis ojaxs adgilobrivebs Soris hqonda araformaluri liderobis, arbi-traciisa da mediaciis funqcia. miuxedavad amisa, SiitTa axalgazrda Taoba eWvqveS ayenebs seidebis religiur legitimacias da arsebul praqtikas saxalxo islams ukavSirebs. gardabneli muslimebisaTvis piligrimobis msgavsi obieqtebi iyo aslan beili haji efendisa da haji halil ojaRis saflavebi, romlebic azerbaijansa da maRalmTian somxeTSia. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg iq pili-grimoba aRar sruldeba.31

28 respondenti N2, Siituri Temis aqtiuri wevri aRTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals.

29 respondenti N2, Siituri Temis aqtiuri wevri aRTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals.

30 respondenti N2, Siituri Temis aqtiuri wevri aRTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals.

31 respondenti N12, uxucesi nazarlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 14 maiss.

11

gardabnis municipalitetis suniti muslimebis umetesoba hanafituri mazhabis mimdevaria. meCeTebi, romlebsac akontrolebs aRmosavleT saqarT-velos samufto,32 mdebareobs Semdeg dasaxlebebSi: yarajalari, qesalo, vax-tangisi, jandara da nazarlo. sunituri islamis dawyebiTi kursebi imarTeba nazarloSi, adgilobrivi imamis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelmac sasuliero gana-Tleba azerbaijansa da egvipteSi miiRo. igi fiqrobs, rom sunituri sasuliero tradiciebi TiTqmis mTlianad miiviwyes sabWoTa reJimis dros da maTi aRdgena mxolod axla xdeba. SiitebTan SedarebiT, gardabnis municipalitetis sunituri mosaxleoba naklebad misdevs islamis praqtikas.

gardabnis municipalitetSi arsebobs salafituri Temi - sunituri isla-mis ultrakonservatiuli reformistuli moZraobis mimdevrebi. adgilobrivi salafitebi pirobiTad SeiZleba davyoT or jgufad. pirveli SeiZleba miviCnioT saudis arabeTSi gavrcelebuli hanbalituri mazhabis momxreebad. am Temis erT-erTi warmomadgenli rogorc ambobs:

„Cven hanbalituri mazhabis momxreebi varT. magram Tu saWiroa, SegviZlia gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva praqtika hanafituri, Safiituri da maliqituri mazhabebisagan. yvela maTgani muslimia“.33

es Temi warmodgenilia foniWalaSi; daregistrirebulia, rogorc relig-iuri organizacia, saxelwodebiT „saqarTvelos muslimTa kavSiri“, romelmac sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris statusi moipova. 2017 wels organizacias hqonda mcdeloba sabWoTa reJimis mier miRebuli zianisTvis mieRo kompensacia, Tumca sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ar daakmayofila sarCeli.34 Tems ar gaaCnia sakuTari meCeTi, ris gamoc locvas kerZo saxlSi asrulebs. Temis warmomadgen-lebi Tavs kanonmorCil moqalaqeebad miiCneven da xazs usvamen xelisuflebi-sadmi loialurobis aucileblobas.

meore salafituri Temi saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi azerbaijanelebis bevr kompaqtur dasaxlebaSia mimofantuli. am jgufma foniWalaSi axali meCeTis mSenebloba daiwyo, Tumca Tbilisis meriis gadawyvetilebiT procesi SeCere-buli iyo.35 Temis warmomadgenlebi meCeTis dausrulebel SenobaSi ikribebian. erT-erTma respondentma aRniSna, rom dausrulebel meCeTSi marneulis moSore-buli soflebidanac ki Camodian.36 am Temis liderad Telavis municipalitetis sofel yarajalis salafitTa lideri veisel orujovi moiazreba. salafitTa raodenobis Sesaxeb pirveli Temis warmomadgeneli acxadebs:

„foniWalaSi Cven metni varT, magram Tuki maT [meore salafituri Temi] momxreebs daamateb rusTavidan, gardabnidan da sxva regionidan, ra Tqma unda, isini metni gamodian“.37

32 sunit muslimTa sasuliero sammarTvelo dayofilia dasavleT da aRmosavleT samuftoebad, romelTa saqmianoba Sesabamisad vrceldeba aWarasa da azerbaijanel muslimebze.

33 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

34 www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3629285?publication=0

35   “Different Versions of Murder Tell of Divide in Mixed Shia Sunni Village,” Dfwatch. xelmisawvdomia: www.dfwatch.net/different-versions-of-murder-tell-of-divide-in-mixed-shia-sunni-village-40120

36 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

37 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

12

jgufs hyavs momxreebi foniWalaSi, aRTakliaSi, yaraTakliaSi, gardaban-Si, qesaloSi, nazarloSi da agreTve rusTavsa da marneulis municipalitetSi. pirveli salafituri Temis warmomadgenlebi fiqroben, rom or jgufs Soris fundamenturi sxvaoba aris gankveTis (takfiris) praqtika. erT-erTma respon-dentma aRniSna:

„isini takfiristebi arian. maT advilad SeuZliaT muslimi urwmunod gamo-acxadon. amas ki islami krZalavs“.38

respondenti aseve problematurad miiCnevs Siiti muslimebisadmi maT agresiul damokidebulebas. Cems SekiTxvaze, Tu ratom wavida siriaSi sabr-Zolvelad ase cota xalxi aqedan, man mipasuxa:

„maT ar hqondaT xalxis mxardaWera. rom hqonodaT, isini aucileblad wavidodnen“.39

ramdenime sxva respondentma yaraTakliidan da gardabnidan aRniSna, rom meore salafituri Temis damfinanseblebi cxovroben moskovSi da mWidro kav-Siri aqvT Crdilokavkasiur sportul da bizneswreebTan.40

sayuradReboa, rom bevri salafiti tradiciul Siitur ojaxSi daibada da Semdgom miiRo sunituri islami. sunitebis mier Siituri islamis miRebis verc erTi magaliTi kvlevam ver gamoavlina.

garda amisa, feThulah giulenis momxreTa mcire raodenobaa sofel yara-jalarSi. Tumca, maT Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ver movipoveT. metic, savele kvlevis dros aRmovaCine ramdenime aTeuli eTnikurad azerbaijaneli protestanti qristiani, romelTac datoves irani da ramdenime welia, rac ga-dasaxldnen qalaq gardabanSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi gardabnis municipalitetis azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis islamis romelime denominaciasTan asocireba pi-robiTia. unda aRiniSnos, rom yaraTakliaSi, aRTakliasa da gardabanSi arsebul meCeTebSi sunitebi da Siitebi gverdigverd loculoben. miuxedavad amisa, Cana-saxis donezea seqtarianuli dapirispireba sunitebsa da Siitebs Soris. magali-Tad, 2013 wels SiitTa nawilma foniWalaSi salafituri meCeTis SesaZlo aSeneba quCaSi gaaprotesta.41 amgvari mcire incidentebis miuxedavad, am or jgufs So-ris urTierToba ZiriTadad mSvidobiania.

38 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

39 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

40 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

41 „foniWalaSi vahabituri meCeTis mSeneblobas aprotesteben“, kviris palitra. xelmisawvdomia: www.palitravideo.ge/yvela-video/akhali-ambebi/31494-fonitcalashi-qvahabituri-mechethisq-msheneblobas-aprotesteben.html

13

ganaTleba

oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, gardabnis municipalitetis 13 skola an srulad azerbaijanulia, an aqvs azerbaijanuli seqtori (ixileT cxrili N2). foniWalis sajaro skolas aqvs azerbaijanuli da qarTuli seqtorebi. azerbai-janul dasaxlebebSi mxolod or adgilas - gardabansa da vaxtangisSia mTlianad qarTuli skola.42

cxrili N2 - gardabnis municipalitetis azerbaijanuli dasaxlebebis skolebi

skola ganaTlebis ZiriTadi ena

gardabnis N1 qarTuli

gardabnis N3 azerbaijanuli

gardabnis N4 qarTuli / rusuli

gardabnis N6 azerbaijanuli

aRTaklia qarTuli / azerbaijanuli

jandara azerbaijanuli

kalinino azerbaijanuli

muRanlo qarTuli / azerbaijanuli

nazarlo qarTuli / azerbaijanuli

qesalo qarTuli / azerbaijanuli

qvemo qafanaxCi azerbaijanuli

Tazaqendi azerbaijanuli

vaxtangisis N1 azerbaijanuli

vaxtangesis N2 qarTuli

yarajalari qarTuli / azerbaijanuli

yaraTaklia qarTuli / azerbaijanuli

saerTo jamSi, qarTuli enis codna gardabnis municipalitetis azerbai-janul dasaxlebebSi aradamakmayofilebelia. Cemi dakvirvebiT, qarTulis cod-nis done damokidebulia or faqtorze: ganaTlebasa da eTnikur qarTvelebTan urTierTobaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli enis codnis done ufro maRalia im soflebSi, romlebic qarTuli soflebis an didi qalaqebis mezoblad mde-bareobs. lilos bazrobaze da sxva savaWro obieqtebze momuSave azerbaijanele-bi floben qarTul enas. erT-erTi muRanloeli respondentis Tanaxmad, bavSvebi xSirad atareben ardadegebs mSoblebTan erTad lilos bazrobaze, radgan „li-loSi isini ukeT swavloben qarTuls, vidre skolaSi“.43 qarTuli enis codnis dabali done sabWoTa ganaTlebis sistemidan momdinareobs. nazarloelma sajaro

42 skolebis sia xelmisawvdomia bmulze: www.catalog.edu.ge/index.php?module=school_info&page=main&district=19&school_type=3

43 respondenti N17, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli sofel muRanlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 5 oqtombers.

14

skolis maswavlebelma aRniSna, rom azerbaijanul skolebSi kviraSi xuTi saaTi iyo rusuli enis gakveTili da mxolod erTi saaTi qarTuli enis gakveTili, rac ar iyo sakmarisi.44

kidev erTi problemuri sakiTxia azerbaijanuli skolebis asakovani mas-wavleblebi. es problema warmodgenili iyo EMC-is daskvnaSi.45 kvlevis mixedviT, azerbaijanuli skolebis maswavleblebis 58,5% asakiT 50 welze ufrosia.46 es maswavleblebi ar arian Tanaxma, rom adgili axal Taobas dauTmon. erT-erTma axalgazrda maswavlebelma aRniSna:

„magaliTad, erTi biologiis maswavlebeli gvyavs, 70 wels gadacilebuli. man gancxadeba [pensiaze gasvlis Sesaxeb] ar dawera, ai, axali kanoni rom miiRes ori wlis xelfass rom erTdroulad iReb. ar dawera gancxadeba, daregis-trirda gamocdaze, viTom Caabara, ena ar icis, nu axla sagnis gamocdas azer-baijanulad abarebs, magram profesiuli unarebi ar aris azerbaijanulad... magram eg problemac aris, rom kadrebi ar gvyavs“.47

dRes adgilobrivebi did yuradRebas aniWeben qarTuli enis codnas, rac, maTi azriT, karieruli winsvlis sawindaria. bevr mSobels sakuTari Svilebi SehyavT qalaq gardabnis qarTul skolebsa Tu soflebis qarTul seqtorebSi. metic, zog SeZlebul ojaxs Svilebi dahyavs Tbilisisa da rusTavis skolebSi. problematuria azerbaijanul soflebSi sabavSvo baRebis ararseboba. Tumca, cota xnis win sabavSvo baRebi gaixsna sofel muRanloSi, vaxtangisSi, nazar-loSi, qesalosa da jandaraSi.

yvela respondenti pozitiurad afasebs 4+1 programas - eTnikuri um-ciresobebisaTvis Seqmnil programas, romelic uflebas aZlevs maT Caabaron erovnuli gamocda umciresobis enaze da pirvel kursze swavlis dawyebamde, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, gaiaron qarTuli enis gaZlierebuli kursebi. yvelaze popularuli programebia samedicino, humanitaruli da socialuri mecniere-bebi.

marneulis municipalitetisagan gansxvavebiT, araformaluri ganaTle-ba ar aris farTod warmodgenili gardabnis municipalitetis azerbaijanul dasaxlebebSi. samoqalaqo seqtoris interesi am regionis mimarT ar aris mzar-di. mxolod erTi azerbaijaneli xelovnebis maswavlebelia dasaqmebuli gardab-nis kulturis centrSi. interviuSi man aRniSna, rom gardabanSi axalgazrdobis aqtivobisaTvis aranairi sivrce ar arsebobs.48

44 respondenti N13, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli nazarlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 14 maiss.

45 S. Zviadadze and D.  Jishkariani,  (2018)  Identity Issues among Azerbaijani Population of Kvemo Kartli and its Political and Social Dimensions. p. 11. xelmisawvdomia: www.emc.org.ge/en/products/identobis-problematika-kvemo-kartlis-azerbaijanelebshi-da-misi-politikuri-da-sotsialuri-ganzomilebebi

46 s. tabataZe da n. gorgoZe, eTnikur umciresobaTa skolis maswavleblebis Tanabari SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofa profesiuli ganviTarebisa da karieris zrdisTvis. xelmisawvdomia: www.cciir.ge/images/pdf/axali%20dokumenti.pdf

47 respondenti N15, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli qvemo qafanaxCidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 10 ivniss.

48 respondenti N10, mxatvari gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 16 maiss.

15

politika

gardabanSi politikuri procesi aris kompleqsuri, mravalmxrivi da aq-tiuri. damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg gardabnis mosaxleoba tradiciulad xmas aZlevda saxelisuflebo partias. 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sem-deg azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis didma nawilma, pirvelad istoriaSi, xma mis-ca opoziciur partiebs. ukanaskneli saprezidento arCevnebis dros erTianma nacionalurma moZraobam gaimarjva gardabnis TiTqmis yvela azerbaijanul dasaxlebaSi, saxelisuflebo partia „qarTulma ocnebam“ ki ZiriTadad gaimarjva qarTul dasaxlebebSi.49

cxrili N3. gardabnis municipalitetSi arCevnebis Sedegebi 50

arCevnebi qarTuli ocneba erTiani nacionaluri moZraoba

2013 saprezidento 64.54% 20.78%

2014 adgilobrivi 56.77% 27.86%

2016 adgilobrivi gamotovebuli 70.57% 29.43%

2016 saparlamento50 50.02% 33.53%

2017 adgilobrivi 71.86% 9.4%

2018 saprezidento 40.23% 42.63%

adgilobrivebi „erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis“ mxardaWeras xsnian am partiis mmarTvelobisas arsebuli reformebiT, kriminalis dabali doniTa da azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis mimarT tolerantobiT. erT-erT respondenti am-bobs, rom „man [saakaSvilma] akrZala sityva TaTaris gamoyeneba“.51 garda amisa, gaCianis zonis macxovreblebi xazs usvamen saakaSvilis administraciis mier re-gionSi narkovaWrobis TiTqmis srulad aRmofxvras.52 sayuradReboa, rom iransa da dasavleTs Soris arsebuli daZabulobis miuxedavad, uamravi aqtiuri Siiti prodasavluri enm-is momxrea. isini sakuTar arCevans saakaSvilis administra-ciis droindeli reformebiTa da usafrTxo garemoTi xsnian. igive SeiZleba iTqvas foniWalis salafitur Temze, romlis erT-erTma warmomadgenelmac xazi gausva, rom „is dro bevrad jobda dRevandels“.53

SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis dros arCevnebis gayalbeba farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. erT-erTi respondenti yveba, rom „es iyo formaloba. isini ram-denime wuTSi werdnen im cifrs, rac maT surdaT“. sadReisod arCevnebs ram-denime problematuri sakiTxi ukavSirdeba. pirveli - saarCevno kampaniis dros mmarTveli partia aqtiurad iyenebs administraciul resurss. sajaro moxeleebi

49 saarCevno statistika, xelmisawvdomia ceskos vebgverdze: www.cesko.ge

50 2016 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis dros gardabnis municipalitetis sazRvrebi iyo Secvlili.

51 respondenti N7, uxucesi vaxtangisidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 13 maiss.

52 respondenti N1, yaraTakliis mkvidri, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals.

53 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

16

xSirad arian CarTuli saarCevno procesSi. meore, e.w. „koleqtiuri xmis micema“ kvlavac gavrcelebuli praqtikaa da gamoiyeneben rogorc saxelisuflebo, ise opoziciuri partiebi. es praqtika iTvaliswinebs adgilobriv avtoritetebTan (igulisxmeba uxucesebi an e.w. „aRsayalebi“ da adgilobrivi biznesmenebi) ga-rigebas, ris Sedegadac, isini uzrunvelyofen sakuTari naTesavebisa da axlo-blebis mxridan am konkretuli partiis mxardaWeras. dabolos, adgilobrivebis CarTuloba politikur procesebSi isev dabalia. miuxedavad amisa, axali Taoba, gansakuTrebiT, qarTuli universitetebis qarTulenovani kursdamTavrebulebi, sul ufro aqtiurad erTvebian politikur procesebSi.

istoriis manZilze gardabnis municipalitets yovelTvis eTnikuri qa-rTveli gamgebeli an meri hyavda. sakrebulos 36 wevridan 15 aris eTnikuri azerbaijaneli, maT Soris - ori qali.54 merisa da sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris moadgileebic eTnikuri azerbaijanelebi arian.55 gardabnis maJoritari deputa-tia savalan mirzoevi, romelic, adgilobrivebis TqmiT, saxelisuflebo gundis erT-erTi yvelaze gavleniani eTnikuri azerbaijanelia.56

organizebuli danaSauli

gardabnis municipalitetSi organizebuli danaSaulis ori kategoriaa farTod warmodgenili. erTia narkovaWroba. narkovaWrobis mTavari centria sofeli foniWala da ufro mcire masStabiT - gaCianis zona. narkomovaWreebis dakaveba xSirad gamxdara qarTuli mediis yuradRebis sagani. foniWala cnobi-lia, rogorc narkotrafikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi xazi.57 adgilobrivebis azriT, narkotikis transportireba xdeba iranidan azerbaijanis gavliT. foniWalis mkvidrTa, azerbaijanis mosaxleobasa da iranis azerbaijanelebs Soris enobrivi barieris ararseboba xels uwyobs maT ukanono dajgufebebs Soris kavSirebis damyarebas.58 TadarigSi myofi erT-erTi Zalovnis Tanaxmad, narkomovaWreebi xSirad iyeneben sarwyav arxs, romelic saqarTvelo-azerbaijanis sazRvarTan mdebareobs _ azerbaijanis teritoriaze arxSi deben narkotiks, romelic arxs TviTdinebiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semoaqvs da narkodileri mas saqarT-velos teritoriaze xvdeba.59 foniWala narkovaWrobis centrad iqca 1990 wels, TbilisTan siaxlovis gamo. saakaSvilis mmarTvelobis dros narkomovaWreebs masobrivad iWerdnen, 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Semdeg ki narkovaWroba etapobrivad ganaxlda. erT-erTi adgilobrivis azriT:

„policia mxolod mcire movaWreebs iWers, magram maTi ufrosebi xelSeuxe-beli arian. isini [policia] amboben, Cven mtkicebuleba ar gvaqvso. magram

54 gardabnis municipaliteti: oficialuri vebgverdi. xelmisawvdomia: www.gardabani.gov.ge/sakrebulo/sakrebulos-tsevrebi

55 gardabnis municipaliteti: oficialuri vebgverdi. xelmisawvdomia: www.gardabani.gov.ge/gamgeoba/gamgeblis-moadgileebi and www.gardabani.gov.ge/sakrebulo/sakrebulos-tavjdomaris-moadgile www.gardabani.gov.ge/sakrebulo/sakrebulos-tavjdomaris-moadgile

56 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals

57 saqarTveloSi 116 narkomovaWre daakaves. Sputnik. xelmisawvdomia: www.sputnik-georgia.com/incidents/20181208/243372482/116-drug-trader-arrested-in-Georgia.html

58 respondenti N5, aqtivisti foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

59 respoderespondenti N 22, TadarigSi myofi Zalovani qvemo qarTlidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 5 Tebervals.

17

saakaSvils ar ainteresebda mtkicebuleba. yvelas iWerda, 40 narkomovaWre daiWires erT RameSi“.60

zogierT respondenti ambobs, rom Siituri Temis zogi aqtiuri wevri nar-kovaWrobaSi iranTan kavSirebis wyalobiTaa CarTuli. intensiuri narkovaWroba meorenairad imiT aixsneba, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi am braldebiT gasamarTleb-ulebi ar iReben adekvatur sasjels. erT-erTma adgilobrivma gviTxra:

„warmoidgine erTi bariga. man SeiZleba 200 aTas larze meti iSovos barigobiT. Tu policia mova, misi ojaxis wevri iRebs Tavis Tavze. ai, rom daiWeren, imis mere saprocesoTi gamodis da maqsimum ori weli aris cixeSi. ai, Tu qalia, kidev ufro advilia gamosvla. xoda, ai naxe, daaxloebiT 50 aTas lars ixdian saprocesoSi, magram 150 aTasi ojaxs rCeba. Semdeg kidev igives akeTeben da ase Semdeg. isini amboben, rom rac ar unda imuSavo, 150 aTas lars muSaobiT ver iSovi or weliwadSi“.61

garda amisa, rogorc respondentebi acxadeben SeSfoTebiT, narkomovaW-reebs mxardaWera aqvT adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi:

„maRaziis gamyidvelebi, magaliTad, maTiT kmayofilebi arian. naxe, ramxela maRaziebi aiSenes. kargad misdiT vaWroba“.62

narkovaWrobam 2018 wlis dekemberSi gaCianis soflebSi konfliqti gamoi-wvia, rodesac adgilobrivebma soflebis sasaflaoze narkovaWroba gaapro-testes. incidentis dros narkomovaWreebma gaisroles da ori adgilobrivi daWres.63 incidentis Semdeg adgilobrivi moxaliseebi Rame patrulirebdnen sa-saflaosTan. erT-erTi adgilobrivis TqmiT:

„viRacebma dades iq narkotiki, raTa Semdeg momxmarebels is iq epova da wae-Ro. narkotikis moxmarebis Semdeg isini iq sibinZures Cadiodnen... da xalxi imisaTvis Seikriba, rom es gaeprotestebina. magram, roca patrulireba davi-wyeT, ori Cveniani arafris gamo daakaves. maTi sasamarTlo procesi dResac grZeldeba. xelisuflebam ver miiRo gadawyvetileba, gaasamarTlos isini Tu ara... axalgazrda Taobam gadawyvita am teritoriis dacva“.64

gardabnis municipalitetSi gavrcelebuli organizebuli danaSaulis meore saxeobaa „qurduli samyaro“. saqarTvelos yvelaze gavleniani azerbaijaneli kanon-ieri qurdia nadir salifovi, igive guli, romelsac didi gavlena aqvs regionSi. ru-sulenovani danaSaulebrivi samyaros monacemTa baza Prime Crime-is mixedviT, sali-fovi dmanisis municipalitetis sofel mamiSloSi daibada. is kanonieri qurdi 2001 wels gaxda da aT welze meti azerbaijanis erT-erT sasjelaRsrulebiT dawe-sebulebaSi gaatara. gaTavisuflebis Semdeg salifovi TurqeTis teritoriaze dasaxlda.65 misi ZiriTadi saqmianoba ukavSirdeba eTnikuri azerbaijaneli mcire da saSualo biznesmenebisgan fulis gamoZalvas. erT-erTma adgilobrivma moi-

60 respondenti N6, salafituri Temis wevri foniWalidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 2 noembers.

61 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

62 iqve.

63 gaCianSi momxdari incidenti, sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli, xelmisawvdomia: www.1tv.ge/video/gachianshi-momkhdari-incidenti/

64 respondenti N12, uxucesi nazarlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 14 maiss.

65   Salifov Nadir Nariman Oghly. Prime Crime. xelmisawvdomia: www.primecrime.ru/characters/2396/#courtslnk

18

yvana magaliTi: „ai,magaliTad, Sen gaqvs fuli. isini SenTan movlen da gaiZule-ben, rom misce 100 aTasi dolari. ai, ase xdeba es“.66 amis garda, liloSi movaWre sofel muRanlos araerTi mkvidri iZulebulia salifovis jgufs gadauxados xarki.67 erT-erTi respondentis mtkicebiT, salifovis jgufi saxelisuflebo partias 2017 wlis adgilobriv arCevnebSi daexmara.68 salifovis gavlenebi ar Semoifargleba qvemo qarTliT da vrceldeba azerbaijansa da ruseTis zogierT regionze. metic, Prime Crime-ma moipova salifovis fotosuraTi, sadac is imy-ofeba TurqeTis kriminaluri samyaros erT-erT liderTan - sedaT feqerTan.69

eTnosTa Soris urTierTobebi

azerbaijanelebs ramdenimegan aqvT Sexeba sxva eTnosebTan. pirvelia qa-laqi gardabani, romelic sabWoTa kavSiridan moyolebuli aris mravaleTnikuri. eTnikuri azerbaijanelebis garda, am qalaqSi cxovroben qarTvelebi, rusebi, asurelebi, somxebi da qurTebi. am eTnosTa Soris urTierToba mSvidobiania. mc-ire incidentebi, maT Soris, jgufuri Cxubebi xdeboda 1980-ian wlebSi, svaneTi-dan ekomigrantebis Camosaxlebis Semdeg. am movlenebis TviTmxilveli ambebs ase ixsenebs:

„stiqiuri movlenebis gamo isini [svanebi] Camosaxldnen aq. aman seriozuli konfliqtebi gamoiwvia. adgilobrivebi mzad ar iyvnen amisTvis. ar iyo sain-formacio kampania... warmoidgine, aq didi gansxvavebaa. mTieli xalxi dasax-lda aq... am dros aq xalxi qalaqis mkvidrebi arian, es sul sxva sazogadoeba iyo, gansxvavebuli kultura, ganaTleba, eTnikuri sakiTxebi. yvelaferi erT-maneTSi airia“.70

meore lokaciaa mezobeli soflebi jandara (azerbaijanelebi), lemSve-niera (svanebi), mzianeTi (svanebi) da nagebi (svanebi da azerbaijanelebi). sadavo saZovrebi xSirad iwvevda uTanxmobas am soflebis mkvidrebs Soris. garda amisa, Zvel Siitur sasaflaoze, romelic lemSvenieraSi mdebareobs, adgilobrivi ax-algazrdoba alkoholur sasmelebs moixmarda, rac azerbaijanuli mosaxleobis gaRizianebas iwvevda. sabolood, konfliqti sasaflaos garSemo Robis aSenebiT mogvarda.71

eTnikurad mravalferovani mesame lokaciaa gaCianis zona da misi mezo-beli qarTuli soflebi gamarjveba da foladaanTkari. adgilobrivebma ver gaixsenes raime incidenti am soflis mkvidrebs Soris. savele muSaobis dros Semxvda qarTvelebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris fiqtiuri naTlobis SemTxvevebi, rodesac qarTvelebi xdebodnen azerbaijaneli bavSvebis naTliebi da piriqiT, risi mizanic iyo erTmaneTTan danaTesaveba. am formaluri naTlobis miuxeda-

66 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

67 respondenti N17, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli sofel muRanlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 5 oqtombers.

68 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan,Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

69   Nadir Salifov I Sedat Peker. Turtsiya [nadir salifovi da sedaT feqeri]. Prime Crime. xelmisawvdomia: www.primecrime.ru/photo/private/10630/

70 respondenti N3, politikuri aqtivisti gardabnidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 20 Tebervals.

71 respoderespondenti N16, studenti jandaridan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 27 oqtombers.

19

vad, azerbaijanelebi rCebodnen muslimebad.72 sofel yaraTakliis sacxovrebel korpusebSi mcire raodenobiT qarTvelebic cxovroben da TavianT mezoblebTan kargi urTierToba aqvT. garda amisa, aRTakliaSi aris boSaTa mcire dasaxleba. adgilobrivebis Tanaxmad, boSaTa Temi izolirebulia azerbaijanelebisagan da maTi Semosavlis wyaroa TbilisSi maTxovrobiT naSovni fuli.73

meoTxe mravaleTnikuri lokaciaa soflebi muRanlo da sarTiWala. ofi-cialurad, muRanlo ar warmoadgens damoukidebel teritoriul organos da Sedis sofel sarTiWalis SemadgenlobaSi. muRanlos mcxovreblebi didi xania iTxoven sofel sarTiWalisgan gamoyofas sabiujeto saxsrebis araTanabari gadanawilebis gamo. Tumca, sarTiWalis macxovreblebi miiCneven, rom muRanlo istoriulad sarTiWalis ubani iyo da amis gamo ar unda gamoiyos. muRanloeli skolis maswavleblis Tanaxmad, sarTiWalelebi xSirad iReben im sagzao niSans, romelsac aqvs warwera „muRanlo“. bolos moxsnili sagzao niSani inaxeba erT-erT azerbaijanul ojaxSi im mizniT, rom aravin moiparos.74

qalTa uflebebi

qalTa uflebebis darRveva gardabnis azerbaijanul dasaxlebebSi prob-lemuri sakiTxia. am sakiTxa Soris gamoirCeva iZulebiTi qorwineba. 2019 wlis oqtomberSi sofel kalininos sajaro skolis maswavlebels hamid sadixs saja-rod miayenes Seuracxyofa skolis moswavlis iZulebiT gaTxovebis faqtis gasa-jaroebis gamo.75 iZulebiT gaTxoveba jer kidev gavrcelebulia regionSi. erT-erTma respondentma skolis moswavleebis qorwinebis Sesaxeb aRniSna:

„dawyebiT skolaSi aranairi problema ar aris. Cveulebrivad dadian, rogorc biWebi. meeqvse klasidan iwyeba „ukve didi xar da ar unda waxvide skolaSi“... es ukve imas niSnavs, rom ar swavlobs da mzad aris, rom gaTxovdes“.76

genderuli SezRudvebi adreuli klasebidan iwyeba. erT-erTma respon-dentma aRniSna, rom zogi mSobeli Tavis qaliSvilebs saklaso oTaxSi biWebis gverdiT dajdomas ukrZalavs.77 muRanloelma respondentma aseve Tqva, rom 4+1 programiT Tbilisis universitetebSi Caricxul gogonebs ukrZalaven TbilisSi binis daqiravebas, ris gamoc isini univesitetSi soflidan dadian.78 qorwilis Semdeg gogonebis didi nawili aRar agrZelebs swavlas universitetSi. qalTa uflebaTa damcvelma lokalur tendencias gausva xazi. misi azriT, iZulebiTi qorwinebebis problema ufro mkveTrad dgas SedarebiT mdidar soflebSi - mu-Ranlosa da foniWalaSi. is amas qonebisa da memkvidreobis dacvis motiviT xsnis.

72 respondenti N2, Siituri Temis aqtiuri wevri aRTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals.

73 respondenti N1, yaraTakliis mkvidri, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 Tebervals.

74 respondenti N17, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli sofel muRanlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 5 oqtombers.

75   Georgia: Teacher Publicly Punished for Speaking out Against Bridenaping. Jam News. Available at:    www.jam-news.net/teacher-publicly-punished-in-gardabani-for-speaking-out-against-bridenapping-of-schoolgirl/

76 respondenti N19, studenti gogo yaraTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 noembers.

77 iqve.

78 respondenti N17, sajaro skolis maswavlebeli sofel muRanlodan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 5 oqtombers.

20

metic, mdidar ojaxebSivfarTod aris gavrcelebuli naTesavTa Soris qorwine-bac.79

kidev erTi problematuri sakiTxia patarZlis motaceba. am praqtikis wi-naaRmdeg mkacrma kanonmdeblobam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira motacebis SemTxveve-bi, magram ver moxerxda maTi srulad aRmofxvra. foniWalaSi savele samuSaos dros adgilobrivebma aRniSnes, rom soflis quCebSi gogonebi marto ar dadian, rac motacebis SiSiT axsnes. aRsaniSnavia, rom bevri ojaxi kvlavac Tavs aridebs incidentis Sesaxeb policiisTvis Setyobinebas.

„policiamde Zalian iSviaTia, rom saqme mivides. es im SemTxvevaSi xdeba, roca gogos mSoblebi jiutad iqcevian. imitom, rom zogadad sofelSi mainc axla yvela yvelas icnobs. da amboben, rom „ara uSavs, ukve gaTxovili iyos da aranairi problema aRar Seiqmnes“. amboben, rom Sinaurulad moagvaron es problema“.80

gamtacebelze ar daqorwineba xSirad motacebuli gogonas stigmatizacias niSnavs. amis gamo gogonebs sxva gza aRar rCebaT da qorwindebian gamtacebel vaJebze. erT-erTma respondentma Tqva:

„iciT raSia problema? am gogosTvis meored gaTxoveba problema iqneba. da mainc amboben, rom „ukve misi colia da darCes iqac.“81

kidev erTi faqtori, rac xels uwyobs arsebuli status-kvos SenarCune-bas, aris saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mxridan am problemebis gadawyvetis poli-tikuri nebis arqona. Cems respondentebs sjeraT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi policia Tavs aridebs azerbaijanul TemTan konfrontacias da ar ereva maT saqmeebSi.

zogerTi SezRudva qorwinebaze kvlavac gavrcelebulia regionSi. magali-Tad, nominaluri religiuri kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, sunitTa da SiitTa Soris qorwineba kvlavac problematuria. qarTul-azerbaijanuli Sereuli qorwine-bebi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac patarZali azerbaijanelia, sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa da adgilobrivebi amas ar miesalmebian.

gardabnis municipalitetSi mcxovrebi qalebis umetesoba diasaxlisebi arian. ufrosi Taobis qalebi CarTuli arian mwvanilis moyvanasa da gasaRebaSi, aseve - Zroxebis mowvelaSi. isini sabWoTa meurneobebSi muSaobisasac am saqmi-anobiT iyvnen dakavebuli. qalTa mcire nawili TurqeTSi muSaobs ZiZad. zogi axalgazrda qali Tbilissa da rusTavSi swavlobs profesiul kolejebSi da eu-fleba qalebisTvis popularul specialobebs, stilistis, vizaJistisa Tu mkera-vis profesiebs.

79 respondenti N18, qalTa uflebebis damcveli marneulidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 9 noembers.

80 respondenti N19, studenti gogo yaraTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 noembers.

81 respondenti N19, studenti gogo yaraTakliidan, Cawerilia 2019 wlis 4 noembers.

21

rekomendaciebi

centraluri xelisufleba

• sabavSvo baRebis mSeneblobis gagrZeleba.

• eTnikuri azerbaijaneli studentebisTvis axali sastipendio programebis Se-moReba.

• qarTuli enis swavlebis meTodologiis daxvewa da enis swavlebis gaZliereba.

• Tbilisis, gaCianisa da rusTavis (Soreul perspeqtivaSi - gardabnis) erT-maneTTan dakavSireba miwiszeda metroTi da gardabani-Tbilisis matareblis reisebis sixSiris gazrda.

• sagareubno zonis azerbaijanuli soflebis (gaCianis zona, Tazaqendi, kalini-no, birliqi) Tbilisisa da/an rusTavis administraciul sazRvrebSi moqceva.

• jandaris tbasTan turistuli infrastruqturis ganviTareba da daviT gare-jis monasterTan alternatiuli turistuli marSrutis SemuSaveba.

• industriasa da soflis meurneobis seqtorebSi investiciebis mozidva.

samarTaldamcavi organoebi

• nulovani tolerantoba narkovaWrobis winaaRmdeg.

• qurdul samyarosTan brZola adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan aqtiuri Tanamonaw-ileobiT. axalgazrdebis mowyvlad jgufebSi prevenciuli zomebis gatareba, kriminalur samyaroSi rekrutirebis Tavidan asacileblad.

• reaqciuli da prevenciuli zomebi iZulebiTi qorwinebisa da motacebis wi-naaRmdeg.

• prevenciuli kontrradikalizaciis zomebis gaZliereba eqstremistul da-jgufebebSi mobilizaciis Tavidan acilebis mizniT.

adgilobrivi xelisufleba

• adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xelSewyoba sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis registra-ciis sakiTxebSi.

• qafanaxCisa da marneulis municipalitetis soflebs Soris safexmavlo xidis aSeneba.

• qarTvelTa da azerbaijanelTa urTierTobis xelSewyobis mizniT axali spor-tuli da kulturuli obieqtebis mSenebloba, eTnikurad Sereul lokaciebze gunduri sportuli saxeobebis seqciebis gaxsna da multieTnikuri kulturu-li RonisZiebebis Catareba.

• 4+1 programis kursdamTavrebulebis sajaro samsaxurebSi dasaqmeba: skolis maswavleblebi/direqtorebi, meris rwmunebulebi soflebSi, policia/us-afrTxoebis struqturebi.

• TbilisTan da rusTavTan satransporto komunikaciis gaumjobeseba.

• regionis infrastruqturis ganviTareba.

• eTnikuri azerbaijaneli qalebis gaZliereba.

• sofel Tazaqendsa da mis SemogarenSi ekologiuri problemebis mogvareba.

22

media da arasamTavrobo seqtori

• regionSi mimdinare movlenebis aqtiuri gaSuqeba.

• qarTul-azerbaijanuli orenovani adgilobrivi mediaresursis Seqmna.

• araformaluri ganaTlebis mxardaWera.

• gardabnis municipalitetis axalgazrdebSi politikuri Segnebis amaRleba.

• muslim da qristian sasuliero pirebs Soris dialogis waxaliseba.

• adgilobrivi aramTavrobo seqtoris mxardaWera.