udkjydia;% yd iudcsh úohd msgh ys% chj¾okmqr...

i

udkjYdia;% yd iudcSh úoHd mSGh

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

Ydia;%fõ§ udkjYdia;% yd iudÔh úoHd ^idudkH& ndysr Wmdêh

úia;rd;aul kj úIh ks¾foaYh ^m<uq jir&

wOHhk j¾Ih - 2014

ndysr Wmdê iy úia;dß; mdGud,d tallh

ii

ishü ysñlï weúßKs'

m%ldYk whs;sh © Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h

Ydia;%fõ§ udkjYdia;% yd iudcSh úoHd îdudkH& ndysr Wmdê mdGud,d

kj úIh ks¾foaYh - 2014

ixialrKh

fPHIaG lÓldpd¾h fla' ta' ùrfiak îudfhdacl - udkjYdia;%&

fPHIaG lÓldpd¾h ví' ta' tia' úfÊfldaka îudfhdacl - iudÔh úoHd&

udkjYdia;% yd iudÔh úoHd mSGh

ixialrK iydh

mqcH ueáneôfha Oïuisß ysñ

tka' tï' ta' chisxy

ví' tÉ' whs' p;=rx.kS

msgljrh

nqoaêl ms%hka;

mß.Kl wlaIrlrKh

mqcH ueáneôfha Oïuisß ysñ

tka' tï' ta' chisxy

ví' tÉ' whs' p;=rx.kS

iii

mgqk

msgqj mgqk iii-iv

udkjYdia;% yd iudÔh úoHd mSGfha ndysr Wmdê iòyd wksjd¾h mdGud,d tall 1-16 1 Wmdê I ENGE 1005 – ENGLISH – I 3 SOSE 1006 - f;dr;=re ;dCIKh 5 2 Wmdê II SOFT 2001 - YS% ,dxflah iudch 9 SOFT 2002 - kdhl;ajh iy fm!reI ixj¾Okh 13

Ydia;%fõoS udkjYdia;% îdudkH& ndysr Wmdê m<uq mÍlaIKh iòyd ks¾foaYs; mdGud,d tall

17-76

3 fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh BCGE 1001 - Ndr;Sh fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfhys m%Njh yd mßydksh 19

BCGE 1002 - uQ,O¾u wOHhkh 21

4 fn!oaO o¾Ykh BPGE 1001- fn!oaO o¾Yk wOHhk m%fõYh 23

BBGE 1002 - wdoS fn!oaO o¾Ykh 25

5 k¾;kh DAGE 1001 - foaYSh k¾;k b;sydih yd isoaOdka; 27

DAGE 1002 - foaYSh k¾;k m%dfhda.sl I ^Wvrg$my;rg$inr.uq& 29

6 kdgH yd rx. l,dj DRGE 1001 - kdgH m%fõYh yd f,dalfha merKs kdgH l,dj 30

DRGE 1002 - Y%S ,dxflah kdgH l,dj 32

7 ENGLISH

ELAN 1001 - Critical Reading & Writing 34

ELAN 1002 - Understanding English Grammar 36

8 yskaoS HNGE 1001 - uQ,sl yskaos jHdlrK 39

HNGE 1002 - yskaos idys;H b;sydih 41

9 ix.S;h MUGE 1001 - yskaÿia:dkS ix.S;h m%dfhda.sl I ^.dhkh& 43

MUGE 1002 - Ndr;Sh ix.S;h isoaOdka; yd b;sydih ^.dhkh$jdokh& 46

MUGE 1003 - yskaÿia:dkS ix.S;h m%dfhda.sl I ^jdokh& îs;d¾$.sgd¾$jh,Ska$ngk,d$tiardÊ&

49

MUGE 1004 - Hindustani Music Practical - I (Tabla) 52 MUGE 1005 - Theory and History of Indian music (Tabla) 55

10 md,s PAGE 1001 - md,s NdId m%fõYh 58

PAGE 1002 - md,s idys;H m%fõYh 60

11 isxy, SIGE 1001 - idys;H m%fõYh 62

SIGE 1002 - NdId m%fõYh 65

12 ixialD; SAGE 1001 - ixialD; idys;Hh yd ;oSh b;sydih 67

iv

SAGE 1002 - ixialD; jHdlrKh 70

13 ixialD;sl yd fi!kao¾h wOHhkh CUGE 1001 - ixialD;sl yd fi!kao¾h wOHhk m%fõYh 72

CUGE 1002 - NdIdj yd ixialD;sh 74

Ydia;%fõoS iudcSh úoHd îdudkH& ndysr Wmdê m<uq mÍlaIKh iòyd ks¾foaYs; mdGud,d tall

77-138

14 udkj úoHdj ANGE 1001 - ixialD;sl udkj úoHdj yeòskaùu 78

ANGE 1002 - fN!;sl udkj úoHdj yeòskaùu 81

15 mqrdúoHdj ARGE 1001 – bkaoshdfõ yd YS% ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd b;sydih 84

ARGE 1002 - iïNdjH Ñ;% yd uQ¾;s 87

16 ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh CMGE 1001 - ikaksfõok uQ,O¾u 90

CMGE 1002 - udOH wOHhkh yeòskaùu 92

17 wmrdO úoHdj CRGE 1001 - wmrdO úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am 94

CRGE 1002 - wmrdO hqla;s l%uh 96

18 wd¾Ól úoHdj

ECGE 1001 - iQlaIu wd¾Ól úoHd uQ,O¾u 99

ECGE 1002 - id¾j wd¾Ól úoHd uQ,O¾u 101

19 N+f.da, úoHdj GEGE 1001 - N+f.da, úoHd Ñka;kh yd l%ufõoh 103

GEGE 1002 - fN!;sl yd udkj N+f.da, úoHdj 105

20 b;sydih HIGE 1001 - fmros. b;sydifha n,fõ. 107

HIGE 1002 - wmros. b;sydifha n,fõ. 109

21 cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d IRGE 1001 - cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d ms<snò yeòskaùula 112

IRGE 1002 - cd;Hka;r yd l,dmSh ixúOdk 114

22 o¾Ykh PHGE 1001 - ;¾l Ydia;%h yd úoHd;aul l%uh 116

PHGE 1002 - od¾Yksl .eg¨ 118

23 foaYmd,k úoHdj POGE 1001 - foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sldx. 120

POGE 1002 - Y%S ,xld wdKavql%uh yd foaYmd,k fjkiaùï 122

24 ufkda úoHdj PSGE 1001 - idudkH ufkda úoHdj 124

PSGE 1002 - jHjydßl ufkda úoHdj 126

25 iudc ixLHdkh STGE 1001 - uQ,sl .Ks;h 128

STGE 1002 - uQ,sl ixLHdkh 131

26 iudc úoHdj SOGE 1001 - iudc úoHd uQ,sl ixl,am 134

SOGE 1002 - iuld,Sk iudch yd iudc fjkiaùu 136

udkjYdia;% yd iudÔh úoHd mSGfha ndysr Wmdê i`oyd wksjd¾h mdGud,d tall

jir mdGud,d fla;h mdGud,d tallfha ku tall w.h

Wmdê I ENGE 1005 English I 05

SOSE 1006 f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh 05

Wmdê II SOFT 2001 Y%S ,dxflah iudch 04

SOFT 2002 kdhl;ajh yd fm!reI ixj¾Okh 04

3

1 Course Code ENGE 1005

Compulsory 2 Course Title English 1

3 Credit Value 05

4 Year 1st year

5 Rationale/ Validity of the Course: This course is aimed at developing English Grammar, Vocabulary, Reading, Writing and

Speaking skills to communicate in English in a variety of situations. Candidates’

knowledge in the above areas will be tested by way of a final question paper.

6 Pre-requisites None

7 Aims and Objectives of the Course (Instructional):

a) To develop candidates’ ability to understand and use English grammar in a

variety of sentences.

b) To develop reading skills of the candidates.

c) To develop writing abilities pertaining to formal and informal communication.

d) To develop speaking skills of candidates in a variety of speaking situations.

8 Expected Teaching /Learning Outcomes:

a) Candidates are expected to display a fair knowledge of English grammar in

simple, compound and complex sentences.

b) The ability of candidates to read, understand and respond to a variety of reading

texts is expected to develop.

c) Candidates should display abilities in writing skills for formal and informal

communication.

d) Candidates are expected to give suitable responses in a variety of speech

situations.

9 Course Contents

Main Themes Grammar Vocabulary Dialogues Reading

SubThemes a) Constructing simple sentences.

(S+ V+ O) b) Lexical and functional categories c) Present Continuous Tense d) Simple Present Tense e) Simple Past Tense f) Conjunctions and Compound

sentences g) Clauses and Complex sentences h) Present Perfect Tense i) Past Continuous Tense j) Simple Future Tense k) Present Perfect Continuous Tense l) Past Perfect Tense m) Future Continuous Tense

Vocabulary related to describing people, places and things. (Activities and tasks) Dialogues related to one’s day to day life. The following reading abilities will be developed

1. Understanding the grammar of a sentence and its meaning

2. Understanding the main idea of a short text.

3. Scanning specific words, numbers and phrases in texts (200- 400 words)

4. Skimming a text for the general meaning.

5. Understanding the relationship of parts of texts.

4

Writing

6. Inferring idea(s) from fairly complex texts.

7. Developing intensive reading skills to find out the main ideas of a text. (200- 400 words)

8. Understanding the contextual meaning of words (200- 400 words)

Candidates’ ability to read, understand and respond to the following text types will be developed.

i. Extracts from short stories ii. Newspaper articles

iii. Public instructions, messages and timetables

iv. Advertisements v. Extracts from books

Candidates’ mastery of the following writing skills will be developed.

1. The ability to write correct sentences. 2. The ability to write simple

paragraphs. 3. The ability to maintain grammatical

accuracy in simple paragraphs 4. Writing paragraphs on given topics

using cohesive devices appropraitely. 5. Writing an informal letter 6. Filling in forms with required

information. 7. Writing memos 8. Writing E- mail messages 9. Writing and replying to formal

letters. 10. Writing a descriptive and an

argumentative essay.

10 Mode of delivery Lectures/Discussions

11 Evaluation and Assessment Final Question Paper

Final Question Paper: 100 Marks

12 Recommended Reading

1. Murphy, Raymond, Basic Grammar in Use Student's Book with Answers -

Cambridge University Press (2010)

2. Eastwood.J, Oxford Practice Grammar; (New Edition) Oxford University Press,

Oxford, (2001)

3. Murphy, Raymond, English Grammar in Use: A Reference and Practice Book for

Intermediate Students - Cambridge University Press, 2010

4. Hewings, Martin, Advanced English Grammar, Indian Edition: A Self-Study

Reference and Practice Book for Advanced South Asian Students - Cambridge

University Press (2002)

5. Murphy, Raymond, Naylor, Helen, Essential English Grammar – Supplementary

Exercises Indian edition- Cambridge University Press, 2001

6. Nagasundaram, Parvathi, Essential Grammar, Author Publication, (2013)

http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=dp_byline_sr_book_1?ie=UTF8&text=Martin+Hewings&field-author=Martin+Hewings&search-alias=books&sort=relevancerank

http://www.brownsbfs.co.uk/Search?Imprint=Cambridge%20University%20Press&fq=14120


http://www.brownsbfs.co.uk/Search?Author=Murphy%2C%20Raymond&fq=14120

http://www.brownsbfs.co.uk/Search?Author=Naylor%2C%20Helen&fq=14120


5

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h SOSE 1006

wksjd¾h 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

3 tall w.h 05

4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir

5 j,x.=;dj: j¾;udkfha WmdêOdÍka /lshd iòyd nojd .ekSfïoS kùk ;dlaIKh ms<snòj Tjqkaf.a oekqu b;du;a jeo.;a fõ' tneúka" WmdêOdÍkaf.a /lshd wjia:d jeä lsÍu iòyd wm msGfha ndysr Wmdê úIh ud,dj iòyd f;dr;=re ;dlaIK úIhh y`ÿkajdoSu wjYH fõ'

6 mdGud,dj iòyd imqrd,shhq;= mQ¾j wjYH;d ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq: a) f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ms<snòj wjYH uq,sl oekqu ,ndoSu b) Office uDÿldx.h Ndú; lsÍug wjYH l=Y,;d ,ndoSu

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h: f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ms<snòj wjYH uQ,sl oekqu iys; WmdêOdÍka ìysùu'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h meh .Kk

f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha uQ,sl ixl,am

mß.Kl Ndú; lsÍu iy f.dkq fufyhùu

moieliqu

me;=reïm;a uDÿldx. Ndú;h

o;a; iuqodh l<ukdlrk uDÿldx. Ndú;h

f;dr;=re ixo¾Ykh uDÿldx. Ndú;h

wka;¾cd,h Ndú;h iy ikaksfõokh

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh

foaYk iy m%dfhda.sl wOHhk

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh

අjidk mÍlaIKh: meh ;=kl ^03& ,sÅ; mÍCIKh

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

whs' ã' chrejka" 2014" f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ms<snò uQ,sl ixl,am" l¾;D m%ldYkh

6

úia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaYh( SOSE 1006 - f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

1. f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfha uq,sl ixl,am

1'1 mß.Klh hkq l=ulao @ 1'2 mß.Kl j¾. 1'3 mß.Klhl fldgia 1'4 wdodk" m%;sodk iy .nvd udOH 1'5 mß.Kl uDÿldx. 1'6 mß.Kl cd," wka;¾cd,h iy úoaHq;a ;emE,

1'7 úúO wxYhkays mß.Kl Ndú;h 1'8 mß.Kl Ndú;h iy iudc n,mEu

1'9 mqoa.,sl;ajh" wdrlaIdj iy kS;sh" fi!LH iy wdrlaIdj

2. mß.Kl Ndú;h iy f.dkq l<ukdlrKh 2'1 m%luK l%shd;aul lsÍu 2'2 md,k mek,h (Control Panel) ilia lsÍu

2'3f.dkq iy f*da,avr ieliSu" fldms lsÍu iy f.khdu

3. mo ieliqu 3'1 mdG (text), h;=relrKh iy wdlD;slrKh (format) 3'2 nq,Ü (Bullet), wxllrKh (numbering), geí ilia lsÍu iy j.= 3'3 PdhdrEm yev;, iy we`oSu 3'4 fï,au¾cA (mail merge) iy f,an,a (label) 3'5 msgq ieliSu iy uqøKh

4. me;=reï m;a 4'1 mdG (text), w.hka (values), osk (dates), fõ,djka (times) iy iólrK

(formula) we;=<;a lsÍu 4'2 uQ,sl .Kkh lsÍï 4'3 ks;r Ndú;jk Y%S; (functions) 4'4 m%ia;dr

4'5 o;a; wkqms<sfj< lsÍu iy fmÍu

5. o;a; iuqodh l<ukdlrKh 5'1 o;a; iuqodh" j.= iy iïnkaO;d ieliSu 5'2 fmdaru ieliSu iy j.=j,g o;a; we;=<;a lsÍu 5'3 úuiqï (queries) iy jd¾;d (reports) 5'4 fukq" fuj,ï (tools) iy iaúÉfndaâ ieliSu

6. bosßm;a lsÍu (presentation) 6'1 jD;a;Sh bf,lafg%dksl bosßm;a lsÍu ilia lsÍu 6'2 weksfïIka" g%dkaisIka iy wksl=;a nyqudOH wx. tla lsÍu

7. wka;¾cd,h iy ikaksfõokh 7'1 fiùu (search)" nd.; lsÍu (download)" iy Wvq.; lsÍu (upload) 7'2 wka;¾cd,h iy fjí myiqlï 7'3 úoaHq;a ;emE, iy wfkl=;a ikaksfõok l%u

7

1 Course Code SOSE 1006

Compulsory 2 Course Title Information Technology

3 Credit Value 05

4 Year First Year

5 Rationale/ Validity of the Course: Currently, When graduates are recruited for different jobs employers expect them to have a

good knowledge in modern technology. Therefore this subject is introduced to the

curriculum of the external degree of the Faculty of Humanities of Social Sciences to

improve the employability of our graduates.



Provide knowledge required to operate and maintain a computer system


a) Students will have basic knowledge of Information and communication technology

b) Students will be able to use Office software

9 Course Contents

Main Themes

1. Basic Concepts of Information and Communication Technology

2. Using the Computer and Managing Files

3. Word Processing

4. Spreadsheet

5. Databases

6. Presentation

7. World Wide Web and Communication

10 Mode of delivery Lectures and Practical

11 Evaluation and Assessment

In Course Evaluation : (Mid Semester evaluation)

End of Course Evaluation: (End Semester evaluation): Written test (3 Hours)

12 Recommended Reading:

Fundamentals of Computers, Morley & Parker, CENGAGE Learning publication

8

Detailed syllabus: SOSE 1006 - Information Technology

1. Basic Concepts of Information and Communication Technology

1.1. What is a Computer

1.2. Types of Computers

1.3. Components of a Computer

1.4. Input, Output, and Storage devices

1.5. Computer Software

1.6. Computer Networks, Internet, and E-mail

1.7. Application of Computers

1.8. Social Impact of Computers

1.9. Privacy, Security, and Law

1.10. Health and Safety

2. Using the Computer and Managing Files

2.1. Running Programs

2.2. Settings of the control panel

2.3. Creating, copying, Moving, and deleting files and folders

3. Word processing

3.1. Typing and Formatting text

3.2. Bullets, Numbering, Tab settings and Tables

3.3. Pictures, Shapes, and Drawing

3.4. Mail Merge, and Labels

3.5. Page setup and Printing

4. Spreadsheet

4.1. Entering Text, Values, Dates, Time and Formula

4.2. Basic Calculations

4.3. Frequently used functions

4.4. Charts

4.5. Data Sorting, and Filtering

5. Databases

5.1. Crating Database, Tables, and Relationships

5.2. Creating forms and entering data to tables

5.3. Queries and Reports

5.4. Creating Menus, Tools, and Switchboard

6. Presentation

6.1. Creating a Professional Presentation

6.2. Adding Animations, Transitions, and other multimedia features

7. World Wide Web and Communication

7.1. Searching, Downloading, and Uploading

7.2. Using of Other Facilities available with Web

7.3. E-mail and Other Ways of Communication

9

01 mdGud,d fla;lh SOFT 2001

wksjd¾h 02 mdGud,d tallfha ku Y%S ,dxflah iudch 03 tall w.h 04 04 j¾Ih fojk jir 05 ye`Èkaùu

Y%S ,xldj jir fooyia mkaishhlg wêl uQ,dY%hd.; b;sydihlg Wreulï we;s foaYhls' fn!oaO o¾Ykfha wdf,dalfhka m%Ndu;a jQ ;;a ixialD;sh jejhs" od.enhs" .uhs" mkai,hs ixl,amfhka fmdaIKh jQ nj ft;sydisl i;Hhls' tneúka fn!oaO ixialD;sh yd m%d:ñl ck ixialD;sfha iqixfhda.fhka Wmka ixialD;sldx. fndfyduhla Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh ;=< mej;sKss' j¾;udkh jkúg Y%S ,dxflah iudch úúO WmixialD;Skays ixl,khla o fjhs' tfyhska wd.ñl iyðjkh iy cd;sl ixys|shdj Wfoid Y%S ,dxflah iudch iy ixialD;sh ms<ssn`o y`ÿkd.ekSu;a ta ms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla meje;Su;a b;d jeo.;a fjhs'

06 wruqKq a) Y%S ,dxflah iudch yd ixialD;sh y`ÿkd.ekSu b) Y%S ,xld iudcfha ft;sydisl úldYkh y`ÿkd.ekSu c) wd.ñl" foaYmd,ksl yd idudðl wkkH;dj jgyd.ekSu

07 bf.kqï M, a) Y%S ,dxflah iudch yd ixialD;sh y`ÿkd.kS b) Y%S ,xld iudcfha ft;sydisl úldYkh y`ÿkd.kS c) wd.ñl" foaYmd,ksl yd idudðl wkkH;dj jgyd.kS

08 foaYk ud;Dldj foaYk wkqud;Dldj 1 ixialD;sh ixialD;sh w¾:l:kh lsÍu

ixialD;sh yd iudch w;r wka;¾ iïnkaOh y`ÿkd.ekSu

2 m%d.a fn!oaO Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sh

m%d.a fn!oaO Y%S ,dxflah wd.ñl miq;,h wOHhkh

m%d.a fn!oaO Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sl yd idudðl miqìu

3 uyskaod.ukfhka miq ,xld iudch

uyskaod.ukh yd tys iudc n,mEu uyskaod.ukfhka ,xld iudcfha isÿ jQ

fjkialï 4 Y%S ,xld ixialD;sfha wkkH;d ,CIK

f,dal iudc ixialD;sl miqìu Y%S ,dxflah ixialD;sfha wkkH;dj

5 Y%s ,xldfõ ixialD;sh iy Wm ixialD;s

Y%S ,xldfõ uyd ixialD;sh yeoskaùu Y%S ,dxflah WmixialD;s yeoskaùu

6 Y%S ,xld iudcfha foaYmd,k md,k ixia:dj

Y%S ,xld foaYmd,kh ,xld foaYmd,khg nqÿoyfï n,mEu md¾,sfïka;= l%uh

7 ,xld iudcfha pdrs;% yd jdrs;% pdß;% yd jdß;% ye`Èkaùu ,xld pdß;%-jdß;%hkays iudc jákdlu

8 Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl iyðjkh Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ï wd.ñl iyÔjkh

9 Y%S ,dxflah l,d Ys,am yd fi!kao¾h ridiajdoh

Y%S ,xldfõ fi!kao¾h yd l,dYs,am fi!kao¾h ridiajdoh

10 idrO¾u yd m%;sudk idrO¾u yd m%;sudk idrO¾u yd m%;sudkhkays iudc jákdlu

11 Ñka;k ksoyi yd udkj ixj¾Okh

Ñka;k ksoyi udkj ixj¾Okhg Ñka;k ksoyfia wjYH;dj

12 Y%S ,dxflah iudch yd idïm%odhsl wNspdr

idïm%odhsl Ydka;sl¾u wNspdrhkays iudc wjYH;dj

13 Y%S ,dxflah kS;sh yd iodpdrh kS;sh yd iodpdrh iodpdr ixj¾Okhg kS;sfha Wmfhda.S;dj

10

14 Y%S ,dxflah wOHdmkh ixia:dj Y%S ,dxflah wOHdmkfha ixia:fõ miqìu Y%S ,dxflah iïNdjH wOHdmkfha jákdlu

15 újdyh yd mjq,a ixia:dj újdyh yd mjq, Y%S ,dxflah iudc ixialD;sh ;=< újdyh mjq,

16 hg;aúð;jdoh yd Y%S ,dxlsl iudch

hg;aúð;jdoh ye`Èkaùu mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais yd bx.%Sis hg;aúð;jdoh Y%S

,dxflah ckiudchg n,mEu 17 Y%S ,dxflah wd¾Ól ixia:dj hg;a úð; iufha isg kq;kh olajdu wd¾Ól

ixia:dfõ fjkiaùï 09 mßYS,k .%ka:

1. wkqrdO fifkúr;ak" ,laosj nqÿ iiqk yd isxy, ixialD;sh" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2003

2. B'ví,sõ' wosldrï" merKs ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih" fla'Ô' chj¾Ok iy iud.u" 1963 3. j,afmd< rdyq, ysñ" ,laÈj nqÿ iufha b;sydih" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 1999 4. ksjkaou Y%S O¾ulS¾;s " Ydiksl b;sydih" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh 5. .=Kmd, O¾uisß" fn!oaO iodpdrfha uQ,O¾u" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"1996 6. weia'î' fyÜáwdrÉÑ" ,xldfõ iudc yd ixialD;sl b;sydih" l¾;D m%ldYk"2008 7. wdkkao fla l=udriajdñ" uOld,Sk isxy, l,d" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j 1912 8. md,sld iuka;s" iqkshï lemsfï Ydka;s l¾uh yd ixialD;sh" l¾;D m%ldYk"2007 9. chfiak fldaÜgf.dv" my;rg Ydka;s l¾u idys;Hh" l¾;D m%ldYk 1995 10. fla' ã' mS' úl%uisxy" wfma ixialD;sl Wreuh" bkaÈl uqøKd,h" fld<U 10" 1976 11. tÉ'tï' fudrgqj.u ^ixia(&" Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD;sl Wreuh" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"

fld<U 10" ixfYdaê; uqøKh 2006 12. úu,a fyajdudkf.a" fn!oaO mQcd pdß;% yd idys;Hh" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U

10" 2006 13. isâks isßj¾Ok" iudc idrO¾u" tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U 10" 2006 14. noafoa.u úu,jxY ysñ" wfma ixialD;sh" iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay," urodk" fld<U 10" fojk

uqøKh 2000 15. wNhr;ak wÈldÍ" Y%S ,xldfõ iïNdjH wOHdmkh yd uy i`.k" Y%S Or m%ldYk" rdc.sßh' 16. tia' chisxy" l<ukdlrKfha ye`oskaùu" f,alayjqia uqøKd,h" 1989 17. ,shfka.u pkaoisß ysñ" fy< isß;hs újdyhhs" 18. tï' î' wdßhmd," uOHld,Sk ,xld iudch 19. uhqr iurfldaka" iudc ixia:d" l¾;D m%ldYk" 2009'

English Books

1. Culture and Management in Sri Lanka, Gunapala Nanayakkara, IPM, Colombo, 1988.

2. A History of Sri Lanka, K. M., De Silva, vijithayapa Publishers, Colombo, 1981.

3. The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions: from 831 – 1061 AD Economic and

Religious Institutions, S. Lakshman Perera, International Center for Ethnic Studies, Kandy,

2005.

4. The History of Ceylon: from the earliest times to 1600AD, De Barros, Joao Docouto,

Navarang, New Delhi, 1993.

5. Understanding the Sinhalese, J. B. Disanayake, Godage & Brothers, Colombo, 1998.

6. Society in Mediaeval Ceylon, M. B. Ariyapala, Dept. of Cultural Affairs, Colombo, 1950.

7. Sri Lanka in the Modern Age, Nira Wickramasinghe, Vijithayapa Publishers, Colombo,

2006.

8. Art of the Ancient Sinhalese, S. perera, Lake House Investment, Colombo, 1971.

11

01 Course Code SOFT 2001

Compulsory 02 Course Title Sri Lankan Society 03 Number of Credits 04 04 Year Second Year 05 Introduction

Sri Lanka has a recorded history of over two thousand five hundred years. It is

historically true that the Sri Lankan great culture has been nourished by the concept of

the tank, pagoda, village and temple through the light of Buddhist philosophy for

thousands of years. Moreover a number of cultural facets derived from primary societies

are also evident within Sri Lankan culture. Presently, the Sri Lankan Society is a

composite of multifaceted sub cultures. Therefore, it is very important to identify and

study the nature of Sri Lankan society and culture for the purpose of religious co-

existence and national reconciliation. 06 Course Objectives

a) To identify the Society and Culture of Sri Lanka b) To examine the historical expansion of Sri Lankan Society c) To enable the students to understand religious, political and social identity

07 Learning outcomes At the end of the course, learners will be able,

a) to identify the Society and Culture of Sri Lanka b) to have an understanding of the historical expansion of Sri Lankan Society c) to understand religious, political and social identity

08 Main Topic Sub Topics

1. Culture Defining Culture Identification of the inter relationship between

culture and society 2. Pre Buddhist Sri Lankan

Culture Study of the religious background of Pre Buddhist

Sri Lanka Study of the culture and the social background of

Pre Buddhist Sri Lanka 3. Sri Lankan Society after the

arrival of Arahanth Mahinda

Thero

The social impact of the Mission of Arahanth

Mahinda Thero

Social changes associated with the Mission of

Arahanth Mahinda Thero

4. Identity of the Sri Lankan

Culture Global socio- cultural background Cultural identity of Sri Lanka

5. Sri Lankan Buddhist Culture

and sub cultures Transition of the Sri Lankan great culture into the

Buddhist Culture

Sri Lankan Sub-Cultures 6. Political Institution of Sri

Lankan Society Sri Lankan Politics

Buddhist Influence on Sri Lankan Politics

7. Customs and traditions of the

Sri Lankan Society Introduction to customs and traditions Social Value of Sri Lankan customs and traditions

8. Religious co-existence in Sri

Lanka Religions in Sri Lanka Religious co-existence

9. Sri Lankan Arts and

Aesthetics Arts and Aesthetics in Sri Lanka Aesthetic Entertainment

10. Norms and Ethics Norms and Ethics Social value of Norms and Ethics

11. Liberal thinking and human

development Liberal thinking

Requirement of Liberal thinking for human

development

12

12. Sri Lankan Society and

Traditional rituals Traditional Rituals Requirement of Traditional Rituals for society

13. Sri Lankan Law and Ethics Law and Ethics Applicability of law for ethical development of

society 14. Sri Lankan Classical

Education Background of Sri Lankan classical education The value of Sri Lankan Classical Education

15. Marriage and Family Life Marriage and Family Marriage and Family in Sri Lankan Culture

16. Colonialism and Sri Lankan

Society Introduction to Colonialism The social impact of Portuguese, Dutch and

English Colonialism 17. Management Principles and

Sri Lankan Society Management as a social necessity

Management Principles in Sri Lankan Society 09 References

1. Culture and Management in Sri Lanka, Gunapala Nanayakkara, IPM, Colombo, 1988.

2. A History of Sri Lanka, K. M., De Silva, vijithayapa Publishers, Colombo, 1981.

3. The Institutions of Ancient Ceylon from Inscriptions: from 831 – 1061 AD Economic and

Religious Institutions, S. Lakshman Perera, International Center for Ethnic Studies, Kandy, 2005.

4. The History of Ceylon: from the earliest times to 1600AD, De Barros, Joao Docouto, Navarang,

New Delhi, 1993.

5. Understanding the Sinhalese, J. B. Disanayake, Godage & Brothers, Colombo, 1998.

6. Society in Mediaeval Ceylon, M. B. Ariyapala, Dept. of Cultural Affairs, Colombo, 1950.

7. Sri Lanka in the Modern Age, Nira Wickramasinghe, Vijithayapa Publishers, Colombo, 2006.

8. Art of the Ancient Sinhalese, S. perera, Lake House Investment, Colombo, 1971.

13

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h SOFT 2002

wksjd¾h 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku kdhl;ajh iy fm!reI ixj¾Okh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih fojk jir 5 j,x.=;dj

kdhl;ajh iy fm!reI ixj¾Okh hk mdGud,d tallh uÕska isiqkaf.a uDÿl l=Y,;d j¾Okh jk mßÈ jeo.;a f;audjka .Kkdjla idlÉcd flf¾' ffoksl Ôú;fha uqyqKmEug isÿjk wNsfhda.hka i|yd úIhdkqnoaO Ydia;%Sh oekqu muKla úoHd¾:Skag m%udKj;a fkdjk fyhska kdhl;ajh yd fm!reI ixj¾Okh kï jQ mdGud,d tallh tu rsla;h iïmQ¾K lrkq we;' úfYaIfhka kdhl;ajh yd tys .;s ,laIK" m%fNao wdoS ixl,am flfrys ;u wjOdkh fhduq lsßfuka WmdêOdÍkaf.a kdhl;aj .=Kdx. j¾Okh lsÍu muKla fkdj" fm!reI ixj¾Okhla o fuu mdGud,d tallh yeoEÍfuka f.dvkef.k ksid j,x.=;dj ;Sj% lrkq we;¡

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke; 7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq

a) kdhl;ajh iy fm!reI ixj¾Okh ms<sn| kHdhd;aul wjfndaOhla ,ndoSu' b) iEu WmdêOdrsfhlau rfÜ ixj¾Okfhys,d odhl lr .ekSfï oS Tjqka ;=<

kdhl;aj .=Kdx. fukau pß;dx. wNHka;ÍlrKh lsÍu¡ c) úoHd¾:Skaf.a fm!reI ixj¾Okhla we;sfldg M,odhs mqrjeishl= f,i iudchg

odhdo lsÍu¡ d) iudc .eg¨ fukau fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha .eg,q i|yd uqyqK oSfïoS id¾:l

mqoa.,hl= jYfhka l%shd;aul ùug" Ôjk wNsfhda.hka ch .ekSug wjYH mßphla we;s lsrSu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a) mdGud,dj wjidkfhaoS kdhl;ajh iy fm!reI ixj¾Okh ms<sn|j kHdhd;aulj

yd m%dfhda.slj mq¿,a wjfndaOhla Wmdê wfmalaIlhkag ;sìh hq;=h¡ b) úúO lafIa;%hkays cd;sl ixj¾Okfhys yjq,alrejka jYfhka kshef,k wkd.;

WmdêOdrSka ;=< ksjeros kdhl;aj ,laIKhka fukau fm!reI ixj¾Okhla ;sìh hq;=h¡

c) iudchg .e<fmk mrsos WmdêOdrSka ;=< úúO jQ úNjhka m%o¾Ykh lsrSu mdGud,dj wjidkfha isÿúh hq;=h¡

d) iuia;hla jYfhka kdhl;ajh yd fm!reI ixj¾Okh iEu úoHd¾Óhl= ;=<u tl yd iudk mrsoafoka mdGud,dj yeoerSsfuka miqj jeäoshqKq ù we;s nj úoHudk úh hq;=h

9

mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld kdhl;ajh hkq l=ulao@

kdhl;ajh" idïm%odhsl kHdh yd ñ:Hd u;s u;dka;r kdhl;ajh" iuQy .;s ,laIKhla f,i kdhl;ajfha iajNdjh kdhl;ajh f.dvkef.k mßirh kdhl;ajh yd iudc n,fõ.

kdhl;ajfha m%fNao

taldêm;s kdhl;ajh m%cd;ka;%jdoS kdhl;ajh wêldßh mejÍu

kdhl;ajh yd tys ,laIK

kdhl;ajfha fmdÿ ,laIK ks, kdhl;ajh wks, kdhl;ajh ks¾udKYS,s kdhl;ajh mdrïmßl kdhl;ajh (idïm%odhsl)

kdhl;ajfha wNsfhda.

kdhl;ajh yd iudch kdhl;ajh yd iudc m%Yak kdhl;ajh yd foaYmd,kh

kdhl;ajh yd ikaksfõokh

kdhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól wNsfhda. kdhl;ajh yd iïnkaO;d l<ukdlrKh kdhl;ajh yd wdl¾IKh

14

kdhlhd yd wkq.dñl in|;dj kdhl;ajh yd wduka;%K rgdj

kdhl;ajh yd ie,iqïlrKh

kdhl;ajh yd uÕfmkaùu kdhl;ajh yd ie,iqïlrKh kdhlhdf.a ie,iqï ls%hd ud¾. kdhl;ajh yd m%.;sh

kdhl;ajh yd l<ukdlrKh

l<ukdlrKh hkq l=ulao@ l<ukdlre kdhlhl= jYfhka kdhl;aj mqyqKqj yd w;aoelSï kdhlhdf.a ld, l<ukdlrKh kdhl;ajh yd wkd.; ie,iqïlrKh

fm!reIh

fm!reIh hkq l=ulao@ fm!reI ,laIK fm!reIfha iajNdjh fm!reI j¾.SlrKh

mqoa., iudcdkqfhdackh yd fm!reIh

iudcdkqfhdack ixl,amh iudcdkqfhdack ldrl iudcdkqfhdack m%fNao iudcdkqfhdackh yd tys m%;sM,

fm!reI jHdëka ufkda jHdëka ye|skaùu ufkda jHdëka i|yd n,mdk idOl ufkda jHdê m%fNao ufkda jHdê yd m%;sldr

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk uÕska lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh

wLKav we.hSu( l%ufõoh

wjidk mÍlaIKh( l%ufõoh

,sÅ; mÍlaIKh ^,l=Kq 100&

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. iurfldaka"uhqr"(2007),iudcdkqfhdackh yd fm!reIh"l¾;D m%ldYk' 2. iqnisxy" ta' úfþfldaka" (2010),iudc ufkda úoHdj"l¾;D m%ldYk' 3. Fairbairn W.& Ronnald D.(1954)An Object relations theory of the

personality,Oxford. 4. Fiedler,F.E.(1967) A theory of Leadership Effectiveness,New York. 5. Hollander E.P.(1964)Leaders,Groups & influence,Oxford Univesity

press,Oxford. 6. Horowitz,M(1984)Personality Style & Brief Psychotherapy, Oxford Univesity

press New York. 7. Jossey Bass.(1984)Leadership Challenge,San Franciso,U.S.A. 8. Lawrence Erlbaum,David M.Messick & Roderick M.Kramer(1986)The

Psychology of Leadership,,New Jersey. 9. Stogdill,R.M.(1974)Handbook of Leadership:A Survey of theory & research,

Free Press,New York.

15

01 Course Code SOFT 2002

Compulsory 02 Course Title Leadership and Personality Development

03 No: of credits 04

04 Year Second year

05 Validity

In the Leadership and Personality Development course unit, a number of themes will be

discussed in order to develop the soft skills of the students. Scholars will not find

knowledge of particular subjects sufficient to face the challenges of life. It is this

vacuum that this course aims to fill. It aims to develop leadership qualities as well as the

personality of the graduates by offering concepts such as leadership traits and varieties.


07 Course objectives

a) Give a theoretical understanding about leadership and personality development.

b) Internalizing leadership qualities and behaviours in graduates as they contribute

towards the development of the country.

c) Bestowing a productive citizen to society through personality development.

d) Creating successful people who are practiced in facing social and personal

problems and life’s many challenges successfully.

08 Learning outcomes

a) All the undergraduates must have a broad theoretical and practical comprehension

about leadership and personality development at the conclusion of the course.

b) Correct leadership qualities and personality development should have been

established in the graduates who will work in different fields for the development

of the country.

c) Graduates should exhibit various kinds of potential suitable for society.

d) All graduates should exhibit similar development in personality and leadership

qualities at the end of the course.

Main Themes Other titles

What is leadership?

Leadership, traditional theory, myths and legends

Leadership, nature of leadership as a collective trait.

The environment in which leadership grows

Leadership and social forces

Leadership varieties

Autocratic leadership

Democratic leadership

Authority transfer

Leadership and its qualities

Common qualities

Official leadership

Non official leadership

Creative leadership

Traditional leadership

Challenges of leadership

Leadership and society

Leadership and social problems

Leadership and politics

Leadership and economic challenges

Leadership and

communication

Leadership and connectivity management.

Leadership and attraction

Leader and client connection.

Leadership and planning

Leadership and addressing methods

Leadership and guidance

Leadership and planning

Plans of the leader

Leadership and progress

16

Leadership and management

What is management?

Manager as a leader

Leadership training and experiences

Time management of the leader.

Leadership and future planning.

Personality

What is personality?

Personality traits

Nature of personality

Classification of personality.

Socialization and personality

The concept of socialization.

Socialization agents.

Varieties of socialization.

Socialization and its outcomes.

Personality disorders

Introduction to mental disorders.

The factors which effect mental disorders.

Varieties of mental disorders.

Mental disorders and psycho therapies.

10 The way of conducting the course Lectures Group discussion

11

Assessment Method

Continuous Assignments

Methodology

Final Evaluation

Methodology

written Examination (100 marks)

12 References

1. iurfldka uhqr" ^2007&" iudcdkqfhdackh yd fm!reIh" l¾;D m%ldYk' 2. iqnisxy" ta' úfÊfldaka" iudc ufkdaúoHdj" l¾;D m%ldYk' 3. Fairbairn W. & Ronnald D. (1954) An object relations theory of the personality,

Oxford.

4. Fiedler F. E. (1967) A theory of leadership effectiveness, New York.

5. Hollander E. P. (1964) Leaders, groups & influence, Oxford University Press,

Oxford.

6. Horowitz M. (1984) Personality Style & Brief Psychotherapy, Oxford University

Press New York.

7. Jossey Bass (1984) Leadership Challenge, San Francisco USA

8. Lawrence Erlbaum, David M.MESSICK & Roderick M.Kramer (1986) The

Psychology of Leadership, New Jersey.

9. Stogdill, R. M. (1974) Handbook of Leadership,: A survey of theory & research, Free

Press, New York.

17

Ydia;%fõ§ udkjYdia;% ^idudkH& ndysr Wmdê m<uq mÍlaIKh i`oyd ks¾foaYs;

mdGud,d tall

19

01 mdGud,d fla;lh BCGE 1001 02 mdGud,d tallfha ku Ndr;Sh fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfhys m%Njh yd

mßydksh 03 tall w.h 04 04 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 05 j,x.=;dj

fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh úIhh yodrk isiqka Ndr;Sh nqÿoyfï iudrïNh yd thg n,mE miqìu fukau Ndr;h ;=< nqÿoyu l%shd;aul jQ wdldrh ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd.;hq;= fyhska m%:u j¾Ifha isiqka i|yd fuu úIhh tallh b.ekaùu

06 mdGud,dj iòyd mQ¾j wjYH;d 07 wruqKq

a. Ndr;Sh fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfhys m%Njh yd mßydksh ms<sn|j b.ekaùu

b. kj ixialD;Ska ìysùfïoS yd Tjqka wkq.ukh l< l%shd ud¾. y`ÿkajdoSu

c. iyfhda.h ,ndoSu iy iyfhda.fhka lghq;= lsÍfï jeo.;alu wjfndaO lsÍu

08 bf.kqï M, a. fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfha m%Njhg fya;= jQ idudÔh jgmsgdj ms<sn|j mqM,a wjfndaOhla ,nd.kS

b. ksjerÈj hula wjfndaO lr.ekSug iy ksjerÈj lghq;= lsÍug yelshdj ,efí

c. Ydiksl iuDoaêh we;s lsÍug l%shd lrhs

d. ffoksl Ôú;h id¾:l lr .kS 09

mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld

1. nqÿoyug miqìï jQ Ndr;Sh iudch

ffjosl ixialD;shg miqìï jQ m%d.a ffjosl ixialD;sh ^wd¾Ól" wd.ñl&

- ffjosl ixialD;sfha l%shdldß;ajh - n%dyauKhkaf.a foaYmd,k l%shdldß;ajh - n%dyauKhkaf.a wd.ñl ixialD;sh - n%dyauKhkaf.a iudc ixialD;sh - n%dyauKhkaf.a wd¾Ól ixialD;sh

2. nqÿoyug miqìï jQ m%;sffjosl ixialD;sh

n%dyauK ixialD;shg tfrysj kj ixialD;shla ìys lr .ekSug n,mE idOl

m%;sffjosl ixialD;sfha wd.ñl l%shdldß;ajh 3. nqoaO YsIagdpdrfhys m%Njh fn!oaO ixialD;sfha m%Njh;a iu. ìys jQ kj ixialD;sh

yeòskaùu fn!oaO ix> iudcfha wdrïNh iy úldYh

4. Ydik iuDoaêh yd jHdma;sh ms<snò idOl

fn!oaO ix> iudcfha úfYaI;d nqoaOld,Sk iudcSh ;;a;ajh nqoaOld,Sk foaYmd,kh iy nqÿka jykafiaf.a inò;d nqÿka jykafiaf.a kdhl;ajfha ,laIK rdcH wkq.%yh ^nqoaO ld,Sk& NslaIQka jykafia,df.a odhl;ajh NslaIQKSka jykafia,df.a odhl;ajh Wmdil - Wmdisldjkaf.ka ,o odhl;ajh Ydik iuDoaêh Wfoid ix.dhkdj,ska ,enqKq odhl;ajh Ydik jHdma;sh iòyd ix.S;sldrl f;reka wkq.ukh l< l%shd ud¾.h

ksldh fNaohg ;=vqÿka idOl ksldh fNaoh Ydikfha jHdma;shg bjy,a jQfhao @

Ndr;Sh úYajúoHd, iòyd nqÿiiqfkys jHdma;sh wfYdal rc;=udf.ka nqÿ oyfï jHdma;shg isÿjQ fiajh

5. Ndr;Sh fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfha mßydksh

Ndr;Sh fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfha mßydkshg n,mE wNHka;r idOl

Ndr;Sh fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfha mßydkshg n,mE ndysr idOl 10 mdGud,dj mj;ajk wdldrh 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh

wLKav we.hSï l%ufõoh wjidk mÍCIKh

20

l%ufõoh 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. nIdï'ta't,a" ^1962&" wisßu;a bkaoshdj fld<U" Department Official Language 2. úfcanKavdr" pkaosu" iy fudrgqj.u" tÉ'tï' ^1990&" fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfha uQ,O¾u iy

jxYl;dj" fld<U f,alayjqia bkafjiaukaÜ' 3. Sankarnarayan, Buddhism in India, Edit by Kalpakam. 4. Warder A.K. (1980) Indian Buddhism, New Dili, Motilalanarsigass publisher. 5. Wijesekera O.H.De a Buddhist and Vedic Studies. 6. KaluÉhaí. David J. (1967) Buddhist Philosophy University press of Official Lnguage 7. fgd¾ï W.A. jeg¾cs" w;=,a pkaø ^1976&" ixlaIsma; bkaoSh b;sydih" tï'ã'.=Kfiak iy

iud.u' 8. m[a[dkkao ysñ" mrjdyer" frda,skaika" ^1959&" Ndr;Sh ixialD;sl b;sydih" ã'ta'fjof.a

îxia&' 9. ùrr;ak W.A. ^1977& nqÿoyu iy tys wd.ñl miqìu" m%oSmd fmd;a m%ldYlfhda" fld<U' 10. .=Kfialr pkaøfiak" îxia&" 1984 ksldh ix.%yh fyj;a Ydikdj;drh" tia'f.dvf.a fmd;a

m%ldYlfhda" fld<U' 11. kdkdhlaldr" ik;a" ^2003&" uq,a nqÿoyfï isx jc%hdkh olajd ir, yeòskaùula" fn!oaO

ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh" foysj,' 12. fÄudkkao ysñ" yEf.dv ^1962&" f:rjdo kHdh" T.B.E. fifkúr;ak m%ldYkh" fld<U' 13. fiakdkdhl" lreKd" ^2003&" fn!oaO Ñka;dfõ b;sydih" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"

foysj,'

21

01 mdGud,d fla;lh BCGE 1002 02 mdGud,d tallfha ku uQ,O¾u wOHhkh 03 tall w.h 04 04 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 05 j,x.=;dj

nqÿoyfï uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| j isiqkag wjfndaOhla ,ndoSu 06 mdGud,dj iòyd mQ¾j wjYH;d 07 wruqKq

a. wd.fï ld¾hNdrh yd iudc Wmfhda.S;dj ms<sn| j wOHhkh lrhs b. fn!oaO idrO¾u wkq.ukh i|yd u.fmkaùula ,ndfoa

08 bf.kqï M, a. wkHd.ï iy wkH iudc ixia:d flfrys iykYS,s;ajfhka lghq;= lrhs b. mßir ys;ldó iy udkj ys;jdoS;ajfhka lghq;= lrhs c. ksjerÈ ;SrK ,nd.kS d. f,!lsl Ôú;h fn!oaOd.ñl ixl,amj,g wkqj yev.iajd .kS

09


1. wd.u yd YsIagdpdrh ms<snò iudc udkj úoHdkql+, újrKh

wd.fuys iudrïNh ms<snòj udkj úoHdkql+, újrKh YsIagdpdrh ms<snòj iudc úoHd{hkaf.a u;jdo

2. wd.fuys ld¾hNdrh wd.fuys wd.ñl ld¾hNdrh wd.fuys iudc ld¾hNdrh

3. fn!oaO YsIagdpdrfhys úYsIag ,laIK

4. idrO¾u yd m%;sudk

idrO¾u yeòskaùu fn!oaO idrO¾u yd iudc cSú;h m%;sudk hkq l=ulao@ idrO¾u yd m%;sudk w;r mj;akd inò;dj

5. úpdrmQ¾jl wdl,amh

nqÿoyfuys b.ekafjk úpdrmQ¾jl wdl,amh iQ;% O¾u weiqßka wkHd.ïj, úpdrmQ¾jl wdl,amh

6. úYaj ffu;%Sh nqÿoyfï b.ekafjk ffu;%S ixl,amh iduh yd iu.sh f.dvke.Su iòyd ffu;%S ixl,amfhys

Wmfhda.S;dj

7. ixjrh yd ixj¾Okh nqÿoyu ixjrh w.h lr we;s whqre

ixjrh ixj¾Okhg wod< jk whqre

8. w,afmaÉP;dj

w,afmaÉP;dj hkq l=ulao @ nqÿoyu w,afmaÉP;dj w.h lrkafka wehs @

9. pdï nj

10. fi!kao¾h we.hSu

fi!kao¾h hkq l=ulao @ nqÿkajykafia fi!kao¾h úfrdaêfhla o @ nqÿkajykafia fi!kao¾h wdiajdokh l< whqre f;reka jykafia,d fi!kao¾h riúòs wdldrh f;rKSka jykafia,d fi!kao¾h riúòs wdldrh

11. wkqfhdackYS,h iy

iykYS,h wkqfhdackYS,h hkq l=ulao @ iykYS,h hkq l=ulao @

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajk wdldrh

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh

wLKav we.hSï

l%ufõoh

wjidk mÍCIKh

l%ufõoh

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. ukqr;ak" tï'ta'" wd.u o¾Ykh yd iodpdrh" l¾;D m%ldYkh" mdkÿr

2. ùruka" frcS" ^2002&" nqÿiufha i¾jld,Sk w.h" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkfha

22

m%ldYkh" foysj,'

3. .uf.a" tia' whs' ^2003&" fn!oaO iudc o¾Ykh fn!oaO b;sydih iy fn!oaO ixialD;sh"

wdßh m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd<'

4. O¾uisß" .=Kmd," ^1966&" fn!oaO iodpdrfha uQ,O¾u" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkfha

m%ldYkhls" foysj,'

5. lreKdr;ak" ví,sõ' weia'" 2011" fn!oaO o¾Ykh iy prKh" f.dvf.a fmd;a

m%ldYlfhda'

6. isxy, úYajfldaIh “wd” ldKavh

23

01 mdGud,d fla;lh BPGE 1001 02 mdGud,d tallfha ku fn!oaO o¾Ykh wOHhk m%fõYh 03 tall w.h 04 04 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 05 ye`Èkaùu

fn!oaO o¾Ykhg miqìï jQ iuld,Sk Ndr;Sh Ñka;khka ms<snò uQ,sl wjfndaOh wjYHh' tfyhska fuu úIh ks¾foaYfhka úúO wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl m%jK;djka ms<snò wOHhkh flf¾'

06 mdGud,dj iòyd mQ¾j wjYH;d ke; 07 wruqKq

a. m%d.a fn!oaO yd nqoaOld,Sk wd.ñl-od¾Yksl Ñka;djka ms<snò wjfndaOh ,nd §u' b. nqoaOld,Sk od¾Yksl Ñka;djka nqÿoyñka fjkajk whqre jgyd §u'

08 bf.kqï M, a. Ndr;Sh wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl Ñka;djkaf.a uQ,sl iajNdjh wjfndaO lr.kshs' b. ta ta Ñka;khkays wkkH;dj y`ÿkd .kshs'

09 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld

1. o¾Yk wOHhk m%fõYh

o¾Ykh hkq l=ulao@ tys lD;H yd úIh ikaOdrh

2. o¾Ykh yd fjk;a úIh Odrd

o¾Ykh" wd.u yd úoHdj o¾Ykh yd {kúNd.h

3. Ndr;Sh o¾Yk m%fõYh

Ndr;Sh o¾Ykfha uQ,sl iajNdjh Ndr;Sh o¾Ykfha wka;¾.;h

4. Ndr;Sh o¾Ykfha wkkH;dj

Ndr;Sh o¾Ykh yd ngysr o¾Ykh ;=,kh Ndr;Sh o¾Ykfha wOHd;au uQ,sl ,CIK l:kh

5. úYaj iïNj jdoh Ndr;Sh yd .%Sl úYaj iïNjjdoh fn!oaO oDIAáfhka ú.%y lsÍu

6. Ndr;Sh o¾Yk b;sydih I

bkaÿksïk YsIAgdpdr hq.fha Ñka;kh wdÈ ffjÈl od¾Yksl m%jK;d iy Ñka;lfhda

7. Ndr;Sh o¾Yk b;sydih II

nyq foajjdofha iy talfoajjdoh olajd Ndr;Sh o¾Yk mßKduh

8. ffjÈl o¾Ykfha m%.ukh

n%dyauK yd wdrKHl u; WmksIoa o¾Yk m%Njh yd O¾u idys;Hh

9. ffjÈl o¾Yk mßKduh

WmksIoa O¾u idys;Hd.; mru ú{dkjdoS" wOHd;aujdoS" tal;ajjdoS yd mdrfN!;sljdoS u;jdo úYaf,aIKh

10. m%;sffjÈl Ñka;kOdr I

fN!;sljdoS Ñka;k iïm%odhlfhda BYajr ks¾udKjdoh

11. m%;sffjÈl Ñka;kOdr II

ixYhjdoS Ñka;kh Ndr;Sh yd .%Sl ixYhjdo wlsßhjdo yd ksh;sjdo

12. ffck o¾Yk iïm%odh

tys m%Njh yd úldYh ffck uQ,dY%h

13. ffck isoaOdka; úYaf,aIKh

{dk úNd.Sh ixl,am wdpdr O¾óh m%ia;=; mdrfN!;sl u;jdo

14. fn!oaO Ñka;dfõ m%Njh

l%s mQ 6 jk ishjfia od¾Yksl m%fndaOh wdishd;sl Ñka;kh yd fn!oaO Ñka;dfõ m%Njh f.!;u nqÿrcdKka jykafia fn!oaO Ñka;dfõ wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl iajNdjh ks¾Kh

lsÍfï .eg¨j 15. fn!oaO o¾Ykfha

flkaøSh od¾Yksl oDIaájdo j¾.SlrKh yd kj;u w¾:l:k woajhjdoS od¾Yksl ia:djrh

24

oDIaáh wkqN+;sjdoS moku 16. fn!oaO o¾Ykfha

wkkH;dj fmr wmrÈ. o¾Ykhkays tk Ñka;kh" fn!oaO o¾Ykfha

uQ,sl od¾Yksl moku iu. ;=,kh lsßu fn!oaO Ñka;d.; woDIaá mQ¾j" wN+; mQ¾j O¾fudamfoaY

y÷kd .ekSu' 10 mdGud,dj mj;ajk

wdldrh foaYk iy lKavdhï idlÉPd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hsï iy ,sÅ; mÍCIK wLKav we.hSï lKavdhï mejreï" iajdëk mejreï fyda ,sÅ; mÍCIK l%ufõoh lKavdhï mejreï" iajdëk mejreï fyda ,sÅ; mÍCIK

^,l=Kq 20& wjidk mÍCIKh ,sÅ; mÍCIK l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mÍCIK ^,l=Kq 80&

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. l,kaiQßh" ta' ã' mS'" ^1989&" od¾Yksl Ñka;k Odrd - nqÿoyu" wdßh m%ldYk"

jrldfmd,' 2. l¿myk" ðkodi" ^1963&" Ndr;Sh o¾Yk b;sydih" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j"

fld<U' 3. O¾uisß" .=Kmd," ^1970&" od¾Yksl m%Yak" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

fld<U' 4. fïOdkkao ysñ" foajdf,a.u" ^1982&" nqÿiuh yd od¾Yksl .eg¿" §mdks m%ldYk"

kqf.af.dv' 5. n,foaj WmdOHdh" ^2009&" Ndr;Sh o¾Yk" ^mß& ysßmsáfha m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" tia'

f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'

25

01 mdGud,d fla;lh BPGE 1002 02 mdGud,d tallfha ku wdÈ fn!oaO o¾Ykh 03 tall w.h 04 04 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 05 ye`Èkaùu

uQ,sl nqÿoyu ms<snò wOHhkh lsÍu fn!oaO o¾Ykh yeoEÍfï m%Odk wjYH;djls' ta iòyd wjYH uQ,sl fn!oaO od¾Yksl ixl,am fuu úIh ks¾foaYfhka y`ÿkajd fokq ,efí'

06 mdGud,dj iòyd mQ¾j wjYH;d ke; 07 wruqKq

a. md,s iQ;% O¾u wdY%fhka wdÈ nqÿoyfï flaJøSh b.ekaùï ms<snò mD:q, wjfndaOhla ,nd§u'

b. uQ,sl fn!oaO od¾Yksl ixl,amhkays wkkH;dj wjfndaO lroSu' 08 bf.kqï M,

a. fn!oaO o¾Ykfha wkkH;d ,CIK wjfndaO lr.kshs' b. fn!oaO ixl,amhkays m%dfhda.sl yd iod;ksl w.h jgyd .kshs' c. uQ,sl fn!oaO ixl,am ms<snò ;=,kd;aulj wjfndaOh lr .kshs'

09


1. wdÈ fn!oaO o¾Ykh y`ÿkajd §u fn!oaO o¾Ykh ms<snò ks¾Kdhl y`ÿkd.ekSu wod< uQ,dY%h y`ÿkd .ekSu

2. wdÈ fn!oaO o¾Ykh iy mYapd;ald,Sk fn!oaO wdpd¾hjdo

wdÈ fn!oaO Ñka;kh iy f:rjdoh" uydhdkh yd Y+kH;djdoh

3. ;%s,CIK ixl,amh wod< uQ,dY%h.; iQ;% y`ÿkd .ekSu ;%s,CIK ixl,amh újrKh lsÍu

4. m%;S;H iuqmamdoh fya;=M, iïnkaOh ms<snò wkH iduhsl u; fya;=M, ixl,amh ú.%y lsÍu fn!oaO m%;S;H iuqmamdo foaYkdfõ iqúfYaI;d

5. p;=rd¾h i;Hh - 1 ta ms<snò fjk;a Ndr;Sh o¾Ykd.; u; p;=rd¾h i;Hh foaYkdj wka;¾.; iQ;% iy uQ,sl

wruqKq 6. p;=rd¾h i;Hh - II ÿlaL i;Hh" iuqoh i;Hh" ksfrdaO i;Hh yd fn!oaO

ks¾jdK ud¾.h 7. p;=rd¾h i;Hh - III ud¾. i;Hh yd ;%súO YsCIdj

wd¾h wIagdx.sl ud¾.fhka m%;Shudk jk fn!oaO od¾Yksl ia:djrh

wß wg`.s u. tys m%dfhda.slFjh" i¾jld,Sk w.h yd wkkH idOdrK ,CIK

iudc .eg¿ ksrdlrKfhys,d fn!oaO ueÿï ms<sfjf;a Wmfhda.S;dj

8. h:dN+;h ms<snò fn!oaO újrKh wkH iduhsl u; úYaf,aIKh fn!oaO úpdrh h:dN+;h ms<snò fn!oaO úpdrh úYaf,aIKh îalkaO"

Od;=" wdh;kdÈ ú.%y& ixiaf,aIKh ^m%;S;H iuqmamdo kHdh" mÜGdk l%uh&

9. fn!oaO oDIaá úpdrh oDIaájdo ú.%yh ôajhjdo" foieg oDIaájdodÈh& ta ms<snò fn!oaO úpdrh tu.ska fy<sjk fn!oaO od¾Yksl ia:djrh y`ÿkd

.ekSu 10. l=i,dl=i, O¾u úksYaph fjk;a iuhkays l=i,dl=i, O¾u úksYapfhys,d

Wmhqla; uQ,O¾u fn!oaO iodpdr ixl,amh yd tajdfha moku l¾uh ms<snò fn!oaO u;h l=i,dl=i, úksYapfhys,d Wmhqla; fn!oaO ks¾Kdhl

11. i;a;sia fndaê mdCIsl O¾u - I uQ,sl b.ekaùï fn!oaO Ñka;dfõ w.h tu.ska fy<slrk whqre

26

i;r i;smÜGdkh újrKh lsÍu 12. i;a;sia fndaê mdCIsl O¾u - II i;r iDoaêmdo" i;r iuH.a m%Odk yd mxfÉkaøsh

mxp n, yd ima; fndÊ®x. O¾u" wß wg`.s u. ms<sn`o ú.%yh

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajk wdldrh foaYk iy lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hsï iy ,sÅ; mÍCIK

wLKav we.hSï lKavdhï mejreï" iajdëk mejreï fyda ,sÅ; mÍCIK

l%ufõoh lKavdhï mejreï" iajdëk mejreï fyda ,sÅ; mÍCIK ^,l=Kq 20&

wjidk mÍCIKh ,sÅ; mÍCIK l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mÍCIK ^,l=Kq 80&

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. [dKiquk ysñ" fo,a¥fõ" ^2006&" wdÈ fn!oaO o¾Ykfha uQ,O¾u" f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda" fld<U' 2. rdyq, ysñ" j,afmd," ^2010&" nqÿka jod< O¾uh" fn!oaO ixialD;sl uOHia:dkh"

foysj,' 3. .,auxf.dv" iqukmd," ^2007&" wdÈ fn!oaO o¾Ykh - uQ,O¾u ú.%yhla" iriaj;S

m%ldYk" 4. Èjq,msáh 5. fïOdkkao ysñ" foajdf,a.u" ^2007&" fn!oaO wOHhk m%fõYh" iriaj;S m%ldYk"

Èjq,msáh' 6. úfÊnKavdr" pkaÈu" fudrgqj.u" tï'" ^1995&" wdÈ fn!oaO Ñka;kh" tia' f.dvf.a

iy ifydaorfhda" fld<U'

27

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h DAGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku foaYsh k¾;k b;sydih yd isoaOdka;


4 tall w.h 04

5


1. k¾;k l,dj ye`Èkaùu

k¾;kh hkq l=ula o@ k¾;k l,dfõ wruqKq yd mrud¾:

2. foaYSh k¾;k l,dfjys wdrïNh yd úldYh

m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha isg 20 jk ishji wdrïNh olajd

3. 20 jeks ishjfia YS% ,dxlsl k¾;k l,dfõ mqkreoh

20 jeks ishjfia YS% ,dxlsl k¾;k l,dfõ j¾Okh - 1900 isg - .%ka:lrKh yd m¾fhaIK - k¾;k wdh;k ìys úu - .=re YsIH mrïmrd yd ks¾udK - kj ks¾udK" k¾;k m%jK;d - Ys,amSh odhl;ajh - úfoaYSh wNdih

4. YS% ,xldfõ k¾;k iïm%odhka

Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhhka ms<snò uQ,sl ye`Èkaùu

Wvrg" my;rg" inr.uq k¾;k iïm%odhka ys wx.ydr" ixp,k yd k¾;k ,laIK ms<snò wjfndaOh mdßNdIsl mo

5. k¾;k l,djg tlajQ kj wx.

Wvrg jkakï jkakï - my;rg îsxÿ jkakï& inr.uq jkakï isxÿ .dhkd m%Yia;s yd ygka ldjH

6. foaYsh ;s;a ixfYdaOk l%u

mdrïmßl ;s;a l%u úkaikaÜ fidaumd, ;s;a ixfYdaOkh ví,sõ' î' ul=f,d¨j ;s;a ixfYdaOkh kj ;s;a ixfYdaOkh

7. m%ia;drlrKh m%ia;drlrKh ms<snò uQ,sl isoaOdka; fnr mo yd .dhkd úúO ;s;a rEmj,g wkqj m%ia;dr lsÍu

8. iïm%odh;%hg wh;a m%Odk Ydka;s l¾u ye`Èkaúu

Wvrg" my;rg" yd inr.uq m%foaYdY%s; hlaI" foaj yd .%y Ydka;s l¾uhkays wka;¾.; wd.ñl" iudchSh yd ixialD;sl ,laIK ^k¾;k" jdok ,laIK yd kdgHuh fm<md,s" m%dfoaYSh fjkialï& Ydka;sl¾uhkays iudc ixialD;sl yd ufkda úoHd;aul miqìu

9. foaYSh fnr jdok l,dj

ft;sydisl miqìu ye`Èkaùu yd j¾.SlrKh

10. foaYSh ck kegqï yd ck kdgl ye`Èkaúu

ft;sydisl miqìu ye`Èkaùu yd j¾.SlrKh

11. k¾;k l,dfjys jeo.;alu

oekqu" wdl,am yd l=Y,;d j¾Okh iòyd foaYSh k¾;k l,dfõ fufyhúu

6 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia' 2001" k¾;k jd.a fldaIh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 2. fiaoruka" fc' B' 1996" Wvrg ;d, Ydia;%h" fld<U" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u 3. fiaoruka" fc' B' 1979" Wvrg kegqï l,dj" fld<U" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u 4. fiaoruka" fc' B' 1959" kD;H r;akdlrh" fld<U" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u 5. fidaumd," úkaikaÜ' 1958" ;d,{dkh" fld<U" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u 6. fidaumd," úkaikaÜ 1958" oY ;d, ,laIK" fld<U" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u 7. ul=f,d¨j" ví,sõ' î' 1962" fy< .S u." uyr.u" iuka m%ldYlfhda

28

8. Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia' 1993" isxy, k¾;k l,dj" fld<U" weï' ã' .=Kfiak iy iud.u

9. úfcaj¾Ok" ir;a' 1994" isxy, ;s;a ;d, l%uh" fld<U 10. rdcmlaI" Y%shdks' 2000" inr.uq k¾;k l,dj" fld<U" rcfha uqøK

fomd¾;fïka;=j 11. is,ajd" iõßia' 1965" my;rg kegqï l,dj" fld<U" rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j 12. nKavdr" lreKdr;ak' 2000" Wvrg fnr jdok l,dj" fld<U 13. irÉpkaø" tÈßúr' 1968" isxy, .eñ kdglh" fld<U" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j 14. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a" 1989" 2008' isxÿ úia;rh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda 15. okkaiQßh" ðkodi' lúldr uvqj iy ldjHlaldrfhda" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 16. is,ajd" iõßia' 1965" my;rg kegqï l,dj 17. fnka;rf.a" ,hk,a' iskaÿ jkakï úu¾Ykh 18. l=,;s,l" iS' o tia' 1993" oy wg jkaku" fld<U" ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j 19. fldaÜgf.dv" chfiak' 1995" my;rg Ydkaksl¾u idys;Hh" fndr,eia.uqj" fÊ' fla'

mí,sflaIka 20. m%kdkaÿ" fla' weia' 2000" ikakshl=u fyj;a oy wg ikaksh" fld<U" ixialD;sl

fomd¾;fïka;=j 21. fnka;r ,hk,a 1998 l¿l=udr hd. ms<sfj< urodk l¾;D m%ldYk tia wekaâ tia

ms%kag¾ia 22. fnka;r" ,hk,a' 2005" my;rg Ydka;s l¾uj, jdia;= úoHd;aul ,laIK" urodk"

l¾;D m%ldYk" tia' wekaâ tia' ms%kag¾ia 23. fnka;r" ,hk,a' 2009" Íß hla ixl,amh yd iudch" urodk" l¾;D m%ldYk 24. wurfialr" ;s,lodi' 2000" ikakshl=ï hd. ú.%yh" fld<U 25. uoaÿudf.a" .hdks Èmsld' 2002" inr.uq myka uvqj" fld<U 26. ,xld;s,l" Oïñld' 2000" inr.uq kdgHuh fm<md,s" fld<U" l;D m%ldYk 27. wurisxy" chka;' 2007" ,xldfõ n,s Ydka;sl¾u" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 28. ldßhjiï" ;siai' 1990" .ïuvq mqrdKh" fld<U" iuhj¾Ok uqøK 29. oikdhl" wurfldaK.u' m;a;sks Wm;" kqf.af.dv" fudv¾ka fmd;a iud.u 30. ldßhjiï" ;siai' 1998" Ydka;sl¾u yd isxy, iudch" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 31. ldßhjiï" ;siai' rg hl=ï hd. ú.%yh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda 32. ldßhjiï" ;siai' rg hl=u fyj;a ßoaoS hd.h" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 33. ldßhjiï" ;siai' 2001" oy wg ikaks ú.%yh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 34. ldßhjiï" ;siai' 2001" uyfidaka iuhï úu¾Ykh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 35. ldßhjiï" ;siai' iQkshï lems,a, kïjQ Ydka;s l¾u ú.%yh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a

iy ifydaorfhda 36. Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia' 1998" fldfydU hlalxldßh yd iudch" le<Ksh YS,d

ms%kag¾ia j¾la 37. Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia' ldxldßh .S; idys;Hh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda 38. Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafi'a j,shla ux.,Hh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda 39. Èidkdhl" uqÈhkafia' .eñkdgl m%fõYh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda 40. lreKdr;ak" ä' tï' tÉ' 2001" Wvrg lvjr Ydka;sl¾uh" uyr.u" ;rxð ms%kag¾ia 41. nKavdr" lreKdr;ak' my;rg fnrjdok l,dj" fld<U 42. rdcmlaI" ffjoHj;S' ;+¾Hh jdok mqrdKh" fld<U 43. Raghawan, 1967, Dances of the Sinhalese, Colombo, M.D. Gunasena 44. Obesekara, Gananatha, 1984, The Cult of the Goddess Pattini, The University of

Chicago Press

29

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h DAGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku foaYSh k¾;k m%dfhda.sl I

^Wvrg$my;rg$inr.uq& 3 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir

4 tall w.h 04


Wvrg k¾;kh 1. irU wNHdi md irU 12

f.dv irU 12 2. jkakï ;=r`.d jkaku" iejq,d jkaku" iqrm;s jkaku" Wl=id

jkaku' ^wod< ;s;a rEm j,g wh;a wfkl=;a jkakï ms<smò wjfndaOh wfmalaId flf¾

3. ux.,ï k¾;kh ux.,ï k¾;kh wNHdi 4. y;a mo k¾;kh nq,;a moh

fld;, moh 5. jÜgï wNHdi l=òdka; .; fodï jÜgu 1-12 my;rg k¾;kh 1. irU wNHdi md irU 12 yd b,x.ï irU 12

2. ud;%d my ud;%d my wNHdi 3. .=ò .;s.; jÜgu .=ò .;s.; jÜgu 4. .dhkh iys; k¾;kh ir, lú .dhkd ^;ks ;s; yd fo;s;& inr.uq k¾;kh 1. irU wNHdi fodôk mo 12 yd uKaä mo 6 2. uq,a ud;%h uq,a ud;%h 3. jkakï fldjq,d jkaku

wks,d jkaku 4. ud;%dmy .uka ud;%h

m;a;=;,a ud;%h 6 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. rdcmlaI" Y%shdks' 2000" inr.uq k¾;k l,dj" fld<U 2. is,ajd" iõßia' 1965" my;rg kegqï l,dj" fld<U 3. fldaÜfÜf.dv" chfiak' m%dfhda.sl my;rg k¾;kh I" fld<U 4. fldÜfÜf.dv" chfiak m%dfhda.sl my;rg k¾;kh II" fld<U 5. l=,;s,l" iS' o tia' 1982" oywg jkakï" foysj, 6. Èidkdhl" wfYdald' iïm%odhsl kr;kdx. yd ne`È .dhkd Y%jH má 7. Èidkdhl" wfYdald' iskaÿ jkakï" Y%jH má 8. Èidkdhl" wfYdald" Ydka;sl¾u .dhkd" Y%jH má 9. ldka;s" Ys,amdêm;s' fy< ck .S" Y%jHmá 10. ldka;s" Ys,amdêm;s' jkakï oywg" Y%jH má

30

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h DRGE-1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku kdgH m%fõYh yd f,dalfha merKs kdgH l,dj 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m%:u j¾Ih 5 j,x.=;dj

kdgH yd rx. l,dj iuÕ ne|s uQ,sl ixl,am yd úúO kdgH ffY,Ska y÷kajd foñka f,dalfha úúO kdgH iïm%odhhka ms<sn| j mq¿,a f,i ú.%y flfrk mdGud,djls'

6 mdGud,dj i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke; 7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaËs; wruqKq

a. kdgH l,dj yd m%dix.sl l,djka ye`|skaùu

b. kdgH yd rx. l,dj iuÕ ne|s uQ,sl ixl,am yd úúO kdgH ffY,Ska y÷kajd oSu'

c. f,dalfha merKs kdgH iïm%odhhkaf.a wdrïNl iajrEmh ms<sn| wjfndaOh'

d. úúO rgj, kdgHl,djkays iqúfYaIs ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu'

e. fmr wmr foÈ. Wiia kdgHlrejka y÷kd .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK wOHhkh' 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfukA wfmaËs; M,h

a. kdgH yd rx. l,dj iuÕ ne|s uQ,sl ixl,am meyeos,s lrhs'

b. f,dalfha merKs kdgH iïm%odhhkays wdrïNh yd úldYh ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'

c. úúO rgj, kdgHl,djkays we;s iqúfYaIs ,laIK ;=,kh lrhs'

d. f,dalfha merKs kdgH kdgHlrejka f.a ks¾udK w.h lrhs'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld 1. kdgH l,dj ye|skaùu yd ks¾jpk m%dix.sl l,d ye|skaùu 2. kdgH yd rx. l,dj iuÕ ne|s

uQ,sl ixl,am úúO kdgH ffY,Ska kD;a;, kD;H, kdgH

f,dal O¾ñ" kdgH O¾ñ 3. wersiafgdag,shdkq l:d úkHdih wdl=,slrKh" wkdjrKh" m%;Hdj¾;kh" m%;HNs{dkh"

l:d¾isia ixl,amh 4. .%Sl kdgH l,dj .%Sl kdgHfha m%Njh yd úldYh 5. .%Sl kdgHlrejka iy kdgH

ks¾udK .%Sl kdgHlrejka iy kdgH ks¾udK

6. frdau kdgHl,dj frdau kdgHl,dj yd kdgHlrefjda 7. ixiald; kdgH l,dj ixiald; kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh 8. ixialD; kdgHlrejka iy kdgH

ks¾udK Ndi, ld,sodi" Y=øl" Y%S y¾Ifoaj" úYdLo;a;, NjN+;s

9. ixialD; kdgHfha l:d úkHdih ixialD; kdgHfha l:d úkHdih

ixialD; kdgH .Dyh 10. ixialD; kdgHfha úfYaI ,laIK ixialD; kdgHfha úfYaI ,laIK yd ri ixl,amh

11. cmka kdgH l,dj cmka kdgH l,dfõ m%Njh 12. cmka kdgH m%fNao fkda" lnqls" lafhda.ka" nqkarl= 13. cmka kdgHlrejka cmka kdgHlrejka yd kss¾udK 14. cmka kdgHfha fõosld

cmka kdgHfha fõosld

fkda" lnqls" nqkarl= 15. Ök kdgH l,dj Ök kdgH yd rx. l,dfõ m%Njh yd úldYh

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk lKavdhï idlÉcd 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh

m%Yak m;%h 80% mejreu fyda ksnkaOkh 20% 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. ldßhjiï" ;siai - ^2001&, Ök kdgH yd rx. l,dj" fld<U: tia f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'

2. .ï,;a" iqpß; - ^1989&, ngysr kdgH l,dj yd rx. l,dj" fld<U: tia f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'

3. chfialr, lukS' ^2000&' maf,dagiaf.a kdgH l,dj' fld<U : tia f.dvf.aa ifydaorfhda'

4. chj¾Ok, nkaÿ,' ^1991&' fnry~' fld<U : f,alayjqia'

5. chj¾Ok" nkaÿ, iy m;srdc úfÊj¾Ok - ^1994&, iïNdjH .%Sl kdgH l,dj" fld<U:

31

tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'

6. ;s,lisß" chfoaj ^1971). ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh, fld<U: f,alayjqia

7. O¾ulS¾;s" rxð;a ^1996). kdgH m%fõYh" fld<U: tia f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'

8. udrisxy" fjda,ag¾' ^2003&' Nr;uqks m%KS; kdgH Ydia;%h" 1 iy 2 ldKav" fld<U: tia f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda'

9. udrisxy" fjda,ag¾ ^1998) ixialD; kdgH iïm%odh yd r;akdj,S" fld<U: tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda

10. udrisxy" fjda,ag¾ ^ 1995) .%Sl kdgH iïm%odhh" fld<U" l¾;D m %ldYk

11. rKùr, wdrshjxY' ^ 1991&' wekaá.kS- (mrs), fldÜgdj : idr m%ldYk

12. rKùr, wdrshjxY ^1991& Bämia rc, (mrs ), fldÜgdj: idr m%ldYk

13. rdclreKd "wdßh' ^ 1981) cmka kdgH ix.%yh" fld<U: f,alayjqia

32

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h DRGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku YS% ,xflah kdgH l,dj 3 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 4 tall w.h 04 5 j,x.=;dj

foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ m%Njhg n,mE idOl y÷kajd foñka Y%S ,dxlsl kdgH l,dfõ wdrïNh yd úldYh ms<sn| úia;r lrk mdGud,djls'

6 mdGud,dj i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke; 7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaËs; wruqKq

a. foaYSh kdgH l,dfõ m%Njhg n,mE Ydka;s l¾u yd fn!oaO mQcd l¾uhkays kdgHuh ,laIK y`ÿkd.ekSu'

b. Y%S ,xldfõ .eñ kdgl weiqrska kdgH l,dj fmdaIKh ù we;s wdldrh y÷kd .ekSu'

c. kq¾;s hq.fha isg wdos úYajúoHd,hSh kdgH olajd isxy, kdgHfha úldYh y÷kd .ekSu' 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfukA wfmaËs; M,h

a. Ydka;s l¾u yd fn!oaO mQcd l¾uhkays kdgHuh ,laIK ms<sn| úia;r lrhs'

b. .eñ kdglhkays we;s kdgHuh .=Kh w.h lrhs'

c. kq¾;s hq.fha isg wdos úYajúoHd,Sh kdgH olajd isxy, kdgHfha úldYhg n,mE úfoaYSh wdydih ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lrhs'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld 1. fn!oaO mQcdl¾uhkays kdgHuh

,laIK

fodrlv wiak" ñ,skao m%Yakh" wd,jl oukh" wdik fofla nK" ld,s hlaIsKS oukh

2. hd;=l¾uj, kdgHuh ,laIK

fldfydUd lxldßh" .ïuvqj" myka uvqj" rg hl=u" ikaks hl=u" iQkshu

3. foaYSh ck kdgl flda,ï

flda,ï kdglfha kdgHuh ,laIK

4. foaYSh ck kdgl fidlrs

fidlrs kdglfha kdgHuh ,laIK

5. foaYSh ck kdgl fou< ck kdgl

6. foaYSh ck kdgl kdv.ï

kdv.ï wdlD;sh

7. mdial= kdgH l,dj mdial= kdgH l,dj

8. kq¾;s yd gj¾fyda,a kdgH

hq.h

kQ¾;s

gj¾fyda,a kdgH

9. ñk¾jd kdgH ñk¾jd kdgH

chudkak kdgH

10. wdos úYajúoHd,Sh kdgH

wdos úYajúoHd, bx.S%is kdgH

mrsj¾;k kdgH

iaj;ka;% kdgH

11. wdos úYajúoHd,Sh kdgH irÉpkaø kdgH


foaYk lKavdhï idlÉcd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh m%Yak m;%h - 80% mejreu fyda ksnkaOkh - 20% 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. wfímd," frda,kaâ - ^1978&" Y%S ,xldfõ kdgH yd rx. l,dj" fldÜgdj" idr m%ldYk'

2. wurfialr" fla'cS' - ^2002& flda,ï kdgl pß;" ud;r" l¾;D m%ldYk' 3. wurfialr fla'cS' - fidlß kdgl mqrdKh" l¾;D m%ldYk 4. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a - ^1993&" isßfiak úu,ùrf.a kdgH 6 la" fld<U tia'f.dvf.a

ifydaorfhda

33

5. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a - ^1996&" isxy, kdv.ï msgm;a" 1-4 olajd" fld<U" tia'f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda

6. lreKd;s,l" kdro - ^1993& oeÿreThnv fidlß kdglh" fld<U" tia'f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda

7. ldßhjiï ;siai - ^1982&" úYajúoHd,hSh kdgH jxYh" fld<U" tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda

8. ldßhjiï ;siai - ^1978&" isxy, kdgHfha úldYh' 9. l=udrisxy" isß - ^1991&" rElv rEmK l,dj" ,iaik m%ldYlfhda" fld<U' 10. .=K;s,l tï'tÉ' - ^1968&" flda,ï kdgH idys;Hh" urodk" r;ak fmd;a

m%ldYlfhda' 11. .=K;s,l tï'tÉ' - ^1999&" isxy, kdv.ï yd fou< l=;a;= " 1-2 ldKav" fld<U' 12. Pkaøfialrï" ví,sõ ^2001&" jvfudaä Y%S ,xldfõ kdÜglal=lal= fou< ck kdgH"

rdc.sßh" iolv m%ldYk' 13. oE,nKavdr" .dñKS - ^2000&" isxy, flda,ï iïm%odh" le<Ksh" iïNdjH m%ldYk' 14. oE,nKavdr" .dñKS - ^1993&" isxy, kdv.ï iïm%odh" le<Ksh" iïNdjH m%ldYk' 15. osidkdhl uqoshkafia - ^1990&" Wvrg Ydka;sl¾u iy .eñ kdgH 16. iïm%odh" fld<U' tia'f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda 17. ,shkf.a" isß - ^1968&" flda,ï kegqï úpdrh" oSmdks uqøK" .xf.dvú,' 18. irÉpkaø" tosßùr - ^1969& isxy, .eñ kdglh" fld<U" ixialD;sl lghq;=

fomd¾;fïka;=j' 19. irÉpkaø" tosßùr - ^1965& ukfï kdglh" iuka m%ldYlfhda" uyr.u

34

1 Course Code ELAN 1001

2 Course Title Critical Reading & Writing

3 Credit Value 04

4 Year First year

5 Rationale/ Validity of the Course:

This course will familiarize the learner with different reading skills, writing skills and

tasks that are useful for day-to-day activities as well as for academic purposes, and hence

includes a selection of reading and writing tasks covering a range of such skills. The

candidates are expected to show mastery of each reading writing task with awareness of

the sub skills of reading such as skimming, scanning, analyzing, synthesizing, inferring

etc. as well as accurate use of grammar structures, lexical choices, discourse strategies,

and stylistic devices.

6 Pre-requisites Selection Test


a. To develop the reading competence of the learner

b. To develop the writing competence of the learner

c. Develop intellectual capacity and creative potential that will be reflected in a variety

of reading and writing tasks and skills


On completion of this course, students will have the ability

a. To display a high level of competence in using the English language in a variety of

reading and writing activities.

b. To read and understand a text as a whole, to identify figurative use of language,

stylistic devices, cohesive devices, genres, tone, mood, atmosphere, authorial

purpose, and other special characteristics of a text.

c. To display the ability to use the English language to argue, explain, describe, and

narrate with a proper selection of lexical and functional categories and other

figurative devices

d. To display communication skills in English which enable competent expression in

written communication with a high degree of accuracy and coherence?

e. To display the ability to select, organize, synthesize, and order relevant information.

9 Course Contents

Main Themes

Reading

Reading, understanding, and critically responding to following text types

a) reviews of books, films, plays

b) Extracts from novels, short stories

c) Newspaper articles on various topics

d) Expository, descriptive, narrative, argumentative texts

e) Poems

f) Editorials

Writing

1. Describing persons and places

2. Reporting events

3. Formal and informal letters

4. Articles to magazines/newspapers

5. Letters of recommendations/character certificates

35

6. Reports based on facts and figures

7. Film/book/play reviews

8. Essays

Sub Themes

Reading

1. Understanding the grammatical relations of a sentence

2. Understanding the figurative language in a text, use of diction

3. Inferring implicitly stated information

4. Understanding the organization of a text

5. Distinguishing main ideas from supporting details

6. Interpreting writer’s tone, style, purpose, atmosphere created in the

text etc.

7. Distinguishing facts from opinion

Writing

1. Use of different approaches to writing (Product approach and

Process approach)

2. Developing meta cognitive skills such as brain storming, analyzing,

reviewing, editing

3. Understanding different genres of writing

4. Developing Creative writing

10 Mode of delivery Seminars, workshops, lectures, online instructions

and course manuals,


End of Course: Examination100 marks


1. Stanovich, Keith E. (2000). Progress in Understanding Reading. New York:

Guilford Press.

2. Allen, J. (2000). Yellow Brick Roads: Shared and Guided Paths to Independent

Reading 4–12.Portland, ME: Stenhouse Press

3. Burke, Jim. (2000). Reading Reminders: Tools, Tips and Techniques. Portsmouth,

NH: Heinemann.

4. Tovani, Cris. (2000). I Read It, But I Don’t Get It: Comprehension Strategies for

Adolescent Readers.Portland, ME: Stenhouse

5. Barrass R. (1995). Students Must Write: a guide to better writing in coursework

andexams. London: Routledge

6. Clanchy J. (1992). How to Write Essays: a practical guide for students. Ballard B.

Melbourne: Longman Cheshire

7. Cottrell S. (1999). The Study Skills Handbook. Basingstoke: Macmillan

36

1 Course Code ELAN 1002

2 Course Title Understanding English Grammar

3 Credit Value 04

4 Year First Year

5 Rationale/ Validity of the Course:

This course will provide the basis for achieving mastery in the main language skills-

listening, speaking, reading, and writing, while more emphasis will be on achieving

grammatical competence.

6 Pre-requisites Selection Test


a. To examine the structure of English language in terms of word classes, clause

elements, grammatical relations, mood/modality, aspect, and voice.

b. To develop the grammatical competence of the learner with respect to the above

(a), and enable him to use the English Language accurately in all contexts of

communication in English.


On completion of this course, students will have the ability

a. To display a high level of grammatical competence in using the English language

in all communicative contexts where English is the medium.

b. To identify, understand, and explain sentence interrelationship with respect to

phrases and clauses of different types

9 Course Contents

Main Themes

1. Clause elements

2. Word classes

3. Tense

4. Aspect

5. Grammatical relations

6. Mood/modality

7. Voice

Sub Themes

1. Grammatical Units: words, phrases, clauses and sentences.

Words: a first definition

Phrases: a first definition

Clauses: a first definition

Clause elements

Subject, predicate, object, complement, adverbial

Sentences: a first definition

Word order and sentence patterns in English

2. Words in English

Word classes in English

Open class words, closed class words

37

Nouns

Characteristics, classification of nouns

Verbs

Verb forms, classification of lexical verbs, auxiliary verbs- primary

and modal

Tenses

The gerund and the infinitive

Adjectives

Characteristics, syntactic functions, syntactic sub-classification,

semantic sub-classification, position of adjectives in a noun phrase

Adverbs

Different types of adverbs, characteristics, syntactic functions,

position of adverbs in a sentence

Pronouns

Characteristics, classification of pronouns

Proforms

Different types of proforms

Conjunctions

Coordinating, correlative, classification of conjunctions according to

meaning

Determiners

Classification- specific determiners, general determiners, pre-

determiners, central determiners, post determiners, articles

Prepositions

Meaning of prepositions, dependant prepositions.

Interjections

3. Phrases in English

Structure and syntactic functions of noun phrase, verb phrase,

prepositional phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase

4. Clauses in English

Finite clause, non-finite clause, subordinate clauses (adverbial clause,

noun clause, relative clause), comparative clause.

5. Sentences in English

Simple sentences

Complex sentences

Compound sentences

Declaratives

Imperatives

Interogatives

Question tags

Exclamatory sentences

Clefts

6. The passive voice

Passive form, passive only, acceptability of passive sentences, use of

agents in passive, dropping the agent in passive, meaning differences

between active and passive sentences, uses of the passive, sentence

patterns that can be changed into passive, passive form of verbs

7. Reported speech

Statements, imperative, questions

38

10 Mode of delivery Seminars, workshops, lectures, online instructions

and course manuals,


End of Course: Examination100 marks


1. Nagasundaram, P. (2012). Essential grammar: A reference book for teachers of

English.Boralesgamuwa:CRC Press.

2. Huddleston, R. & Pullum, K. (1992) A student’s introduction to English Grammar.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

3. Greenbaum, S. & Nelson, G. (2002) An Introduction to English Grammar. London:

Pearson Education

39

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h HNGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku uQ,sl yskaoS jHdlrKh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;djh

isxy, NdIdjg wh;a ud;D NdIdfjkau ì|S wd yskaoS NdIdj yd wdY%s; idys;Hh jHdlrK wdoS NdId wx. wOHhk lsÍfuka isxy, NdIdj ksjerÈj yd jHla;j wOHhkh lsÍug wjldY ,eîu yd yskaoS NdIdj jHla;j yeisrùfï jelshdj ,eîu'

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYHh;d

mQ¾j iqÿiqlï wjYH fkdfõ'

7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq yska§ NdIdfõ uQ,sl NdId ,laIK wOHhkfhka ksjerÈ yskaÈ f,aLkh iy ksjerÈ NdId yelshdj isiqka ;=< we;slsÍu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h yskaÈ NdIdj ,sùfï lshùfï" weyqïlï oSfï iy l:d lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd.kS' yska§ NdIdfjka idys;Hu ks¾udK t<soelaùfï yelshdj ,nd .ekSu'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld meh .Kk wlaIr ud,dj ye|skaùu

wlaIr j¾.SlrKh

kdumo iy m%fNao

jpk fNaoh ,sx. fNaoh úNla;s

i¾j kdu

j¾;udk ld,h

w;s; ld,h

iajr jHxck WlaIsma; èjks wkqkdisl yd wkqiajdrh merKs wlaIr ixhqla; wlaIr iajr ud;%d ms<s Ndú;h

iajr j¾.SlrKh jHxck j¾.SlrKh WÉpdrK ia:dklh wkqj iajr yd jHxck j¾.SlrKh

kdumo ye|skaùu kdumoj, m%fNao kdumoj, rEmSh fjkialï

tal jpk nyq jpk

ia;S% ,sx. mqreI ,sx. kdumo úNla;sj, jr ke`.su i¾j kdu úNla;s j, jr ke`.Su

ye`ÈkAúu i¾j kdu m%fNao i¾j kdu moj, rEmSh fjkialï

idudkH j¾;udk ld,h ixfoayd;aul j¾;udk ld,h ;;ald,sl j¾;udk ld,h ixfoayd;aul ;;ald,sl j¾;udk ld,h wNHdisl j¾;udk ld,h

ir, w;S; ld,h wNHdisl w;S; ld,h ;;ald,sl w;S; ld,h iudml w;S; ld,h idudkH w;S; ld,h wdikak w;S; ld,h mQ¾K w;S; ld,h ixÈ.aO w;S; ld,h

40

wkd.; ld,h úfYaIK

ls%hd mo kshñ; yd wkshñ; .oHdxY isxy,hg yd yskaÈhg mßj¾;kh lsßu'

iudk mo yd úreoaO mo

jd.a fldaIh ir, ixjdo ks¾udKh ir, l;dkaor ks¾udKh

ir, wkd.; ld,h idudkH wkd.; ld,h iïNdjH wkd.; ld,h wNHdisl wkd.; ld,h ye`oskaùu úfYaIK m%fNao

ls%hd mo idOkh ls%hd úfYAIK iydhl l%shd ixhqla; ls%hd úêls%hd

t<j¿ m<;=re l=¿ nvq lEu îu j¾. keoElï nr fõ,dj .Kka lsÍu YÍr wjhj i;sfha Èk yd udi bkaÈhdkq cd;sl .Sh yska§ NdIl l,dmh


foaYk uÕska lKavdhï idlÉPd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï yd wjidk ,sÅ; mÍlaIh wLKav we.hSu uOHjdr mÍlaIKh ^,l=Kq 20& wjidk mÍlaIKh ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh ^,l=Kq 80&

12 ks¾ÈIaG .%ka: 1. w.%jd,a úch" 1994 wmakS yskaÈ iqOdf¾x" m%ldYka úNd.a 2. ndáhd ffl,dIapkaø" iNdh rdïkd:a"Y¾ud rdï ckau" 1991 udkla yska§ jHdlrKa

T!¾rpkd" rdYAá%h ffIla wkqikaOdka T!¾ m%YslaIKa m¾Ioa" m%:u ixialrKa 3. .=re ldï;d m%idoa" 2010 yska§ jHdlrKa" mdmq,¾ nqla äfmda" mS 15" Ludks .,S" fp!vd

rdia;d" chmQ¾ 03" oaù;Sh ixialrKa 4. l:qßhd ókq" ir,a yskaÈ jHdlrKa ;:d rpkd" ù l=ud¾ mí,sflaIka m%d ,s 507" úl%ï

gj¾" rdfÊkaø maf,aia" khS È,a,s 11008 5. fifkúr;ak ,laIauka" 2008" yska§ f,aLk yqrej m%ldYkh" l¾;D m<uq uqøKh 6. fifkúr;ak ,laIauka" 2008" yska§ úhrK yqrej iuhj¾Ok fmd;ay, fm!oa.,sl

iud.u 61 yslalvqfõ YS% iqux., kdysñ udj;" ud,s.dlkao urodk" fld<U 10 m<uq ixialrKh

7. fifkúr;ak ,laIauka" 2004 ckjdß isxy, yska§ m%dfhda.sl Yío ix.%yh" f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda fmd;a m%ldYlfhda yd fnodyßkafkda" 675 urodk" fld<U 10 m<uq ixialrKh

8. úYafõkaø wd¾' mS" iriaj; iú;% yska§ jHdlrK Nd.a-2" iriaj;S yjqia m%d ,s" 31649 pdjã ndid¾" È,a,s 11006

9. úYafõkaø wd¾' mS" iriaj; iú;% yska§ jHdlrK Nd.a-3" iriaj;S yjqia m%d ,s" 31649 pdjã ndid¾" È,a,s 11006

41

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h HNGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku yska§ idys;H b;sydih 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

ñksid i;= ks¾udKd;aul yelshdjka Tma keúSu yd m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska kj ks¾udK ìys lsÍug yelshdj ,eîu'


mq¾j iqÿiq lï wjYH fkdfõ'

7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq isiqka ;=< yska§ idys;Hfha wdÈ ld,h Nla;s ld,h Í;s ld,h wdOqksl ld,h ms<sn| mQ¾K oekqula ,nd Èu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. yska§ idys;H b;sydifha by; oelajQ hq.j, idys;H lD;s iy l¾;Djreka ms<sn|

oekqu ,eìu b. tu oekqu Wmfhda.S lrf.k úúO idys;H ks¾udKhg YsIH W;afm%arKhla we;s

lsÍu 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld yska§ idys;H ye|skaúu yska§ idys;Hfha hq. fnÈu

wdÈ ld,h Nla;s ld,h Í;s ld,h wdOqksl ld,h yska§ idys;Hfha hq. fnÈu ms<sn| u;jdoh

wdos ld,h ms<sn| ye|skaùu

foaYmd,ksl miqìu idudðl miqìu wd¾Ól miqìu wd.ñl miqìu wdos ld,fha idys;H ks¾udK ye|skAùu wdos ld,fha idys;Hlrejka iy Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK

Nla;s ld,h ms<sn| ye|skaùu

foaYmd,ksl miqìu idudðl miqìu wd¾Ól miqìu wd.ñl miqìu Nla;s ld,fha idys;H ks¾udK ye|skaùu Nla;s ld,fha idys;Hlrejka iy Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK

Í;s ld,h

ye|skaùu kdulrKh Í;s ld,fha wd¾Ól idudðl foaYmd,ksl Od¾ñl miqìu Í;s ld,fha idys;H ks¾udK ye|skaùu Í;s ld,fha idys;Hlrejka iy Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK

wOqksl ld,h

wdOqksl ld,fha hq. fnoSu wdOqksl ld,fha hq. miqìu foaYmd,ksl idudðl wd¾Ól wd.ñl

Ndrf;akaÿ hq.h

hq.fha idysHlrejka Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK .oH$moH

oaúfõoS hq.h PdhdjdoS hq.h

hq.fha idys;Hlrejka Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK .oH$moH hq.fha idys;Hlrejka Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK .oH$moH

Pdhdjdfoda;a;r hq.h hq.fha idys;Hlrejka Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK .oH$moH

iudf,dapkh

42

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk uÕska lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh uOHjdr mÍlaIKh-wjidk ,sÅ; mßlaIKh

wLKav we.hSu uOHjdr mÍlaIKh$bÈßm;a lsÍu ,l=Kq 20 wjidk mÍlaIKh l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh ^,l=Kq 80&

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. p;=¾fõÈ rdfÊYajr m%idoa" idys;ahsla kssnkaO " yÍIa m%ldYka ukaoS¾ wd.ard 2. oaúfÉoS ycdÍ m%idoa" 2004" yska§ idys;H WoaNõ T!¾ úldYa" rdÊlu,a m%ldYka m%d' ,s

1-ì fka;dð iqNdIa ud¾." oßhdx." khS È,a,S-110 002" PÀ wdú%;a;s 3. kf.akaø" fp!îiajd mqk¾ uqøs;a ixialrKa( 1996" yska§ idys;H yd b;sydia" ið,oa

ixialrKa" fkaIk,a míIsx.a yjqia 4. Y¾ud rdï lsfIda¾" ixialrKa (2001" bkaähd nqla tackais 33$14 ta" p¾Éf,aka"

b,dydndoa 211002 5. isxy nÉpka ixfYdaê; ixialrKa(2005" wOqksla yska§ idys;H yd b;sydia ^kùka

ixfYdaê; ixialrKa& f,dala Ndr;S m%ldYka" 15-ta uy;aud .dkaê ud¾.a" b,dydndoa

43

01 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h MUGE 1001

02 mdGud,d tallfha ku yskaÿia:dkS ix.S;h m%dfhda.sl - I ^.dhkh&

03 tall w.h 04


05 j,x.=;dj fuu mdGud,dj YsIHhkayg .dhkfhys ksmqk;djla ,ndoSfï wruqKska ieliS we;' rd. ms<sn`o úYaf,aIKd;aul wOHhkhla iy ;d, yd tys ,hldÍ ms<sn`o oekqula o ,nd fokq we;'

06 mdGud,dj i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d නපණතා පරකෂණය

07 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqK a. වෘතතයක වශයයන ප‍රාසංගක ක ක ා ‍යයයය නයන කවම. b. ශලපන බහකර. සංගහ ගායයයයහ .යා නපණතාවයන ත ගරවරන පහණ කර.

08 mdGud,d tallfha b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. නතතව භාවතය ශාසංග;%Sh rd. .dhk yelshdj b. Y%jණ වශයලෂණය c. සංගගත ප%සංගග වශයලෂණය d. ශබය ෝචචාවණ වශයලෂණය

09 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld

1 තා ‍යයයය

නරයේශත තා පළබ ැන. සංගහ එ. තා යනයේ යකාරන හ යාගැන.

නරයේශත තා ා වා, යකයහරවා, ත‍රතාල, පචනචන, රපක, ඒlaතාල, ‍.ාර, යචෞතාල, ජචනතාල

2 වාග පළබ ව.%හත.ක ‍යයයය

නරයේශත වාග සංගහ, ඒවායේ වසංගතවාත.ක ‍යයයය, සංගරගම, වාගයේ චලතය, සංග. ප‍රකතකක වාග සංගහ එ. වාග ව බ පෑය.න නර.ාණයවණ හන සංගහ ශ‍ර ායකය ගත පළබ ‍යයයය

නරයේශත වාග ය.න, ලහයයා බ ාjල, L.ාජ, කාෆ" භභවව , භපාල, යේශ, බහාේ

ශ‍රවය තෂය නපකවණ භාවතයයන භාවතය ශාසංගත‍රය ගායකයනයේ ගායයාව ස සංගවනප. සංගහ එ.ක න සසනයේ නර.ාණාත.ක කසංග තා වර‍යය සංගහ න හසංග සංගගත නර.ාණ සංගහ සංගාකචඡා තලන සසනයේ කසංග තා වර‍යය

3 වාග පළබ m%dයයෝක ක ‍යයයය

a) ය.න

කාව සංගහ මරජයාවලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ප ඇක වාගයේ වාගා ප

ව මභත ඛ‍යාල සංගහ ;dkd,xldr තා ය - එකතාල

O%e; LHd,a iy ;dkd,xldr

a) ලහයයා බ ාවල කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ප ඇක වාගයේ වාගා ප



c) ඛ‍.ාජ O%e; LHd,a iy ;dkd,xldr

d) කා*s O%e; LHd,a iy ;dkd,xldr

e) ffNrj කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ප ඇක වාගයේ වාගා ප

44



g) N+md,s කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංගසංගහ ප ඇක වාගයේ වාගා ප



h) foaYa කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංගසංගහ ප ඇක වාගයේ වාගා ප


i) ìyd.a කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත

භයාසංගසංගහ ප ඇක වාගයේ වාගා ප,



4 මවා බජන

භකක ගත 02

5 O%eපoa සංගහ ‍.ාර ගතය බැක න ප‍රාථමක ක යකාර, බනත සංගහ නපජ භාවත කව (නරයේශත වාගයක 2 ක)

නරයේශත වාග ය.න, ලහයයා බ ාjල,L.ාජ,කාෆ,භභවව ,භපාල,යේශ, බහාේ

තවාණා ගතයන ඉහත සංග හන නරයේශත ඕයෑ. වාගයක තා ය ත‍රතාල

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh දේශන /සමමඛ සාකචඡා /සමm%fවශK (Presentation)/ lKavdhï idlÉcd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh( jHdmD;s" iïuqL පරකෂණය" wjidk m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh wLKav we.hSï jHdmD;s පැවර. l%ufõoh( jHdmD;s පැවරම = 20%

wjidk mÍlaIKh ප‍රාදගක ක පකෂණය ග l%ufõoh වසංගාය ප‍රායයෝක ක පරකෂණය = 80%

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Bagchee , Sandeep (1998) Understanding Raga Music.1 st Edition Eshwar

2. Bandyopadhyaya, S (1991) Wisdom of ragas.1st Edition.South Asia Books

3. Bandyopadhyaya, S. (Shripada), (1988)Techniques of sitar : the prince among all

musical instruments of India.Delhi : B.R. Pub. Corp

4. Bandyopadhyaya, S. (Shripada), (1991)Wisdom of Ragas "Raga jnana" :

elucidation of Indian airs Delhi : B.R. Pub. Corp.

5. Bhatkhande,V.N.(1989)Bhatkande’s Contribution to Music. Popular prakashan

6. Danielou, Alain(2010) Ragas of North Indian Music.Coronet Books inc.

7. Danielou, Alain (1952)A catalogue of recorded classical and traditional

Indianmusic.Paris UNESCO

8. Danielou, Alain (1987)Northern Indian music : the main ragas .Delhi V.K. Publ.

House.

9. Danielou, Alain (1980) The raga-s of Northern Indian music.1st ed. New Delhi

Munshiram Manoharlal

10. Emmons, White,E.(1971)Appreciating India's music; an introduction, with an

emphasis on the music of South India Boston, Crescendo Pub.

45

11. Framjee, Firoze .(1986)Text book of Indian music : (theory & practice) India :

Sakhi Prakashan

12. Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali (2011) The Ragas of North Indian Music. 2nd Edition. Popular

Prakashan

13. Mahajan, Anupam. (1989)Ragas in Indian classical music, foreword by Ravi

Shankar.New Delhi: Gian Pub. House

14. Orrell, Neil (1980) Indian music in performance. New York: New York University

Press. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

15. Shankar, Ravi, (1969) My music, my life. [1968].[Delhi] Vikas Publications,

16. Srivastava, Indurama, (2008)Practical Guide to North Indian classical vocal Music.

India Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers.

17. Sundaram, B. M. (1987) Tala sangraha. Bangalore: Percussive Arts Centr.

18. Ram Avtar "Vir".Learn to play on sitar1st ed. New Delhi : Pankaj Publications

distributors, Cambridge Book & Stationery Stores,

19. Ram Avtar "Vir"(1982) Learn to play on tabla1st ed. New Delhi: Pankaj

Publications Distributors, Cambridge Book & Stationery Stores.

20. Ram Avtar "Vir". (1980)Theory of Indian ragas1st ed. New Delhi: Pankaj


21. Rao, Subha . (1956)Bharatiya sangeet: Raga Nidhi; encyclopedia of Indianragas,

a comparative study of Hindustani & Karnatak ragas,With a foreword by M.

Bhawanishankar Niyogi. [Poona, V. Patwardhan, Chairman, Vishnu Digambar

Smarak Samiti]

22. Rao, B.Subba Raganidhi (1964) A comparative study of hindustani and karnatak

ragas in 4 volumes The Music Academy, Madras, India.

46

01 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h MUGE 1002

02 mdGud,d tallfha ku Ndr;Sh ix.S; isoaOdkA; yd b;sydih ^.dhkh$jdokh&

03 tall w.h 04


05 j,x.=;dj W;a;r Ndr;Sh iy olaIsK Ndr;Sh ix.S; iïm%odhkays kHdh yd tajdfhys b;sydih ms<sn|j ye`Èkaùula ,ndoSu i|yd fuu mdGud,dj ilia lr we;'

06 mdGud,dj i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

MUGE 1001 fyda MUGE 1003

07 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqK Wiia .Kfha Ys,amSka ìyslsÍu iy bkaÈhdkq ix.S;fhys kHdh iy b;sydih ms<sn| ukd ksmqK;ajhla we;s .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu iy iqodkï lsÍu

08 mdGud,d tallfha b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. ysskaÿia:dks iy l¾Kdgl ix.S; l%u foj¾.h ms<sn| oekqu b. bkaÈhdkq ix.S;fhys b;sydih ms<sn| oekqu


1. idudkHh ix.S;fõoh ix.S; mo iïnkaO ks¾jpk iy yeÈkaùï(

kdo" iajr" j¾K" Y%e;s" rd." :dg ^fï,&" w,xldr" ;dk" ókaâ

.ula"ia:dk"ldl="ud¾.- foaYSh" rd.d,dm-rEmld,dm" jdoS" ixjdoS" wkqjdoS" újdoS" ;d," ,h" ud;%d" fGld" úNd." ;d,s" Ld,s" iï" wú¾Ndj" ;sfrdaNdj" mrfï, - m%fõYl rd." .%y" wïi" kHdh" ikaê m%ldY rd." jd.af.ahldr" l,djka;" iam¾Y ^lka& iajr" w,am;aj- nyq;aj" rd. iuh

2. ks¾foaYs; rd. iïnkaOj iajr ,sms lshùu iy ks¾foaYs; ;d, iïnkaOj ;d, ,sms lshùu iy ,sùu iu. m%d:ñl ,hldÍ iy m%d:ñl Ydia;S%h .S; úYaf,aIKh

3. ;sydhs ks¾udKh 4. ;ïmqrd jdoH NdKavh ;ïmqrdj ms<sn|j oekqu" ;;a iqir lsÍu iy

ieliqu

5. :dg iy rd. j¾.SlrKh

6. W;a;r iy olaIsK ix.S; moaO;s ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul wOHhkh

iajr" :dg" ;d,

7. úIaKq È.ïn¾ m,qiald¾ iy mKaä;a Nd;aLKafâ mä;=udf.a iajr ,sms l%uh

8. Ndr;Sh jdoH NdKav j¾.SlrKh

;;a" iqYsr" >k" wjkoaO NdKav iïnkaO oekqu

9. .dhk .=re l=, ^>rdKd& j, m%Njh" j¾Okh yd j¾;udk ;;ajh ms<sn| ixlaIsma; igykla

10. m%isoaO bkaÈhdkq ix.S;{hkaf.a Ôjk f;dr;=re yd Tjqkaf.a odhl;ajh

;dkafika" mKaä;a ´ïl¾kd;a ;dl+¾" ã'ù m,qiald¾" mKaä;a Nd;aLKafâ" wó¾ l=IarE" Wia;doa w,õoSka Ldka" tia' tka' r;kackal¾" mKaä;a rùYxl¾" ú,dhÜ Ldka

47

11. bkaÈhdkq ix.S;h ms<sn| ixlaIsma; b;sydih ^ffjÈl hq.fha isg 12 jk Y; j¾Ih olajd&

12. bkaÈhdkq ix.S;h ms<sn| idudkH b;sydih ^12jk Y;j¾Ifha isg j¾;udkh olajd&

13. mKaä;a YS% ksjdif.a ùKdjl ;;a wdOdrfhka iajr ilia lsÍu

14. ks¾foaYs; ;d,j, ,hldÍka ,sùu

wd¾,h (Arlaya)" ìhd¾,h (Biarlaya)" l=jd¾,h (Kwarlaya)"

15. .dhk iy jdolhkaf.a .=K iy fodaI

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk$m%dfhda.sl bÈßm;a lsÍï$ iïuqL idlÉcd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh mejereï" wjidk ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh wLKav we.hSï mejreï

l%ufõoh mejreï = 20% wjidk mÍlaIKh ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh

l%ufõoh wjidk ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh =

80% 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. Avtar, Ram. (1987)History of Indian music and musicians.1st ed. New Delhi :

Pankaj Publications.

2. Avtar, Ram"Vir"(1983) The music of India.New Delhi.Pankaj Publications.

3. Avtar,Ram, "Vir"(1983)Musical instruments of India : history anddevelopmentNew

Delhi . Pankaj Publications.

4. Avtar,Ram "Vir"(1980).Theory of Indian music.1st ed. New Dehli :Pankaj

Publications[Queens Village, N.Y. : Distributed by Asia Book Corp. of America]

5. Avtar, Ram "Vir".(1980)Theory of Indian raga.s1st ed. New Delhi Pankaj


6. Bagchee Sandeep,(1998) Understanding Raga Music.1 st Edition Eshwar

7. Bandyopadhyaya, S(1991)Wisdom of ragas.1st Edition.South Asia Books.

8. Bhatkhande, V.N.(1990)Kramik Pustak Malika, Part I, II, III, IV Sakhi Prakashan

a. Bhatkhande, V.N.(194?)A comparative study of some of the leading musicsystemsof

the 15th, 16th, 17th & 18th centuries, M. Sukthankar

9. Bhatkhande,V.N.(1989)Bhatkande’s Contribution to Music. Popular prakashan

10. Chakraborty,Sri Satyaban,(1981) Svaras and Srutis in Indian music,West Bengal

Kalyani Prakashani.

11. Deva, B. Chaitanya (1978) Musical Instruments of India their history

anddevelopment.First Edition Firma KLM Private limited.

12. Danielou, Alain(2010) Ragas of North Indian Music.Coronet Books inc.

13. Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali(2011)The Ragas of North Indian Music. 2nd Edition.Popular

Prakashan.

14. Kasliwal, Dr. Suneera(2001)Classical Musical Instruments,New Delhi,Rupa & Co.

15. Kuppuswamy, Gowri (1978) Understanding Western Music.Delhi. Sterling

Publishers.

16. Mahajan,Anupam(2001)Ragas in Hindustani Music Conceptual Aspects.New

Delhi.Gyan publishing house.

17. Nadkarni, Mohan(1999)The Great Masters,India, Harpercollins Publishers

18. Perera, E.S. (1994)The origin and Development of Dhrupada and its bearing on

48

19. Instrumental music.Calcutta .K.P. Bagchi& company.

20. Ranade, Ashok D. (Ashok Damodar), 1937-Hindustani music , 1st ed. New Delhi :

National Book Trust,

21. Rao,B.Subba(1964) Raganidhi: A comparative study of Hndustaniand karnatak ragas

in 4 volumes.Madras, India.The Music Academy

22. Srivastava,Indurama(1980) Dhrupada,1st Edition,Delhi.Indological Bublishers

23. Srivastava, Indurama,(2008)Practical Guide to North Indian classical vocal Music.


24. Panchapakesa Iyer,(1989)A.SKarnataka sangeeta sastra : theory of Carnatic

music.Madras.Trans.T.T.Vijayaraghavan.Ganamrutha Prachuram.

49

01 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h MUGE 1003 02 mdGud,d tallfha ku yskaÿia:dkS සංගගතය ප‍රායයෝක ක - I (jdokh)

^is;d¾$.sgd¾$jh,Ska$ngk,d$tiardÊ& 03 tall w.h 04


05 j,x.=;dj ය.. පාඨ.ා ාව ශෂයයනහස වා යයයහ නපයතාවක බා පයම වමණනසංගැකස ඇත වාග,තා, හා ඒවායේ යකාර පළබ වශයලෂයාත.ක ‍යයයයක බා ය න ඇත


කසංග තා පරකෂණය

07 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqK a. වතතකයක වශයයන ප‍රාසංගක ක ක ා ‍යයයය නයන කවම. b. ශලපන බහකර. සංගහ වා යයයහ .යා නපණතාවයන ත ගරවරන පහණ කර.

08 mdGud,d tallfha b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. නතතව භාවතය ශාසංග;%Sh rd. වා ය yelshdj b. Y%jණ වශයලෂණය c. සංගගත ප‍රසංගග වශයලෂණය d. ශබය ෝචචාවණ වශයලෂණය


1 තා ‍යයයය

නරයේශත තා පළබ ැන. සංගහ යවයසංග තා සංගහ එ. තා යනයේ යකාරන හ යාගැන.

නරයේශත තා ත‍රතාල, පචනචන, රපක, ඒකතාල, ‍.ාර, ජචනතාල, ක වඩා, තවවා

2 වාග පළබ වග‍රහත.ක ‍යයයය

නරයේශත වාග සංගහ, ඒවායේ වසංගතවාත.ක ‍යයයය, සංගරගම, වාගයේ චලතය, සංග. ප‍රකතකක වාග සංගහ එ. වාග ව බ පෑය.න නර.ාණයවණ හන සංගහ ශ‍ර ායකය ගත පළබ ‍යයයය

නරයේශත වාග ය.න, ලහයයා බ ාjල, L.ාජ, කාෆ, ආශාවර, භභවව , යේශ, ක කකාය.ෝේ, කාලගඩා, යක ාර

ශ‍රවය තෂය නපකවණ භාවතයයන භාවතය ශාසංගත‍රය ගායකයනයේ ගායයාව ස සංගවනප. සංගහ එ.ක න සසනයේ නර.ාණාත.ක කසංග තා වර‍යය සංගහ න හසංග සංගගත නර.ාණ සංගහ සංගාකචඡා තලන සසනයේ කසංග තා වර‍යය

3 වාග පළබ පයයෝක ක ‍යයයය

a) ය.න

ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.

.සටඛ‍ාන ගත සංග.ග තායා කාව, .‍ය ආ ප සංගහ කහාය නර.ාණය

යවසංගාඛ‍ාන ගත සංග.ග තායා කාව, සංගහ කහාය නර.ාණය

b) ලහයයා බ ාල ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.

50



f) ‍.ාජ ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.


g) ld*s යවසංගාඛ‍ාන ගත සංග.ග තායා කාව, සංගහ කහාය නර.ාණය

4'rd.OdÍ ix.S;fha ඣ,d යවයසංග ඡන යනස නක ව ඣ,d නර.ාණය තා ය- ත‍රතාල

h) ආශාවර ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.

යවසංගාඛ‍ාන ගත සංග.ග තායා කාව, කහාය සංගහ ඣ,d නර.ාණය

i) කාලගඩා ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.


j) යක ාර ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංගසංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.


k) ක කකාය.ෝේ ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.


l) භභවව ප ඇක වාගය සංග හා කාව සංගහ මරජයා වලන සංගෑ ණ වයශේෂත භයාසංග සංගහ ශලපය ක‍ර. පළබ ැන.



m) foaYa ව මභත යහෝ ධ‍රැත යයන වැයයය ගත සංග.ග තායා කාව සංගහ කහාය ත‍රතාල හැව යවයත නරයේශත තා යකන

5ධන භශලයේ වා යයක ඛ‍.ාජ යහෝ ld*s

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh දේශන /සමමඛ සාකචඡා /සමm%fවශK (Presentation)/ lKavdhï idlÉcd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh jHdmD;s" iïuqL පරකෂණය" wjidk m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh

51

wLKav we.hSï jHdmD;s පැවරම

l%ufõoh( jHdmD;s පැවරම = 20%

wjidk mÍlaIKh ප‍රාදගක ක පකෂණය ග l%ufõoh වසංගාය ප‍රායයෝක ක පරකෂණය = 80%

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Bagchee ,Sandeep (1998) Understanding Raga Music.1 st Edition Eshwar

2. Bandyopadhyaya, S (1991) Wisdom of ragas.1st Edition.South Asia Books

3. Bandyopadhyaya, S. (Shripada), (1988)Techniques of sitar : the prince among all

musical instruments of India.Delhi : B.R. Pub. Corp

4. Bandyopadhyaya, S. (Shripada), (1991)Wisdom of Ragas "Raga jnana" : elucidation

of Indian airs Delhi : B.R. Pub. Corp.

5. Bhatkhande,V.N. (1989)Bhatkande’s Contribution to Music. Popular Prakashan

6. Danielou, Alain (2010) Ragas of North Indian Music.Coronet Books inc.

7. Danielou, Alain (1952)A catalogue of recorded classical and traditional

Indianmusic.Paris UNESCO

8. Danielou, Alain (1987)Northern Indian music : the main ragas .Delhi V.K. Publ.

House.

9. Danielou, Alain (1980) The raga-s of Northern Indian music.1st ed. New Delhi

Munshiram Manoharlal

10. Emmons,White,E.1971)Appreciating India's music; an introduction, with an

emphasis on the music of South India Boston, Crescendo Pub.

11. Framjee, Firoze .(1986)Text book of Indian music : (theory & practice) India :

Sakhi Prakashan

12. Jairazbhoy, Nazir Ali(2011)The Ragas of North Indian Music. 2nd Edition.Popular

Prakashan

13. Mahajan, Anupam. (1989)Ragas in Indian classical music, ; foreword by Ravi

Shankar.New Delhi : Gian Pub. House

14. Orrell. Neil (1980) Indian music in performance. New York : New York University

Press. Manchester : Manchester University Press.

15. Shankar.Ravi, (1969)My music, my life. [1968].[Delhi] Vikas Publications

16. Srivastava, Indurama, (2008)Practical Guide to North Indian classical vocal Music.


17. Sundaram.B,M (1987)Tala sangraha. Bangalore : Percussive Arts Centr.

18. Ram Avtar "Vir". (1982)Learn to play on sitar1st ed. New Delhi : Pankaj

Publications distributors, Cambridge Book & Stationery Stores,

19. Ram Avtar "Vir"(1982)Learn to play on tabla1st ed. New Delhi : Pankaj


20. Ram Avtar "Vir".(1980)Theory of Indian ragas1st ed. New Delhi : Pankaj


21. Rao,Subha. (1956)Bharatiya sangeet: Raga Nidhi; encyclopedia of Indianragas, a

comparative study of Hindustani & Karnatak ragas,With a foreword by M.

Bhawanishankar Niyogi. [Poona, V. Patwardhan, Chairman, Vishnu Digambar

Smarak Samiti]

22. Rao.B,Subba.(1964) Raganidhi A comparative study of hindustani and karnatak

ragas in 4 volumes.The Music Academy, Madras, India.

52

1 Course code MUGE 1004

2 Course Title Hindustani Music Practical - I (Tabla)

3 Number of Credits 04

4 Semester Number 1st Year

5 Rationale (Introductory Notes)

The course is designed to provide an introduction to performing arts and give the ability

for students to gain proficiency in Tabla.

6 Pre-requisites Aptitude Test

7 Course Objectives (Instructional)

a. To encourage the study of Performing Arts as a vocation

b. To produce artists and to train and prepare teachers well versed in instrumental

music.

8 Expected Main Teaching Outcomes (By Students)

a. Ability to play Tabla techniques

b. Aural analysis

c. Analysis of Tabla performance

d. Aral analysis

9 Content

Main Themes Sub Themes

1. Prescribed Talas Dadra, Kaharva,

Trital, Chautal and Ektaal.

2. Knowledge of the Harmonium and

its practical work.

3. Ability to play Nagma on

Harmonium in Taal Dadra, Teen

Taal and Ektaal.

4. Tunning of Tabla

5. Listening to your Guru’s

performance in any of the above (1)

talas for quality performance and

modern performance techniques

using audio-visual aids

6. Listening to Tabla recitals of great

musicians in India (audio-visual

aids) and developing students’

Laggis in Dadra and Kaharva.

Chautal – Theka in Ekgun, Dugun

and Chaugun Layakaries.

Trital: Peshkara, two Paltas, two

Quaidas, two Mukhdas, Two

Mohras and two Parans.

Ektaal : One Quaida, two Tukras,

two Tihais, one Paran.

Practice of playing the above

Talas with vocal and instrumental

performances.

Discussion

53

creative skills using improvisation

methods.

7. Practice of playing the above

prescribed Talas with Vocal and

Instrumental Music.

8. Practice and knowledge of The

following compositions in Teental

(one in each)

9. Practice and knowledge of the

different kinds of compositions in

Tishra Jati


basic compositions of Delhi and

Banaras Gharana.


following Talas with Dugun,

Tigun and Chaugun

12. Practice and knowledge of

following compositions in Teental

– (one in each)

Gat, Fard, Rou, Tipalli,

Choupalli, EkhattiParan,

Nouhakka.

Sultal, Dhamar.

Gat, Fard, Rou, Tipalli,

Choupalli, EkhattiParan,

Nouhakka.

10 Mode of Delivery Lectures, Group Discussions,

Presentations


In Course Evaluation Presentation, Viva Voce, Stage Performance

Mode of Evaluation Project = 20%

Stage performance = 20%

End of Course Evaluation Viva voce = 60%

Mode of Evaluation Final Practical Examination


1. Dutta, Aloke 1984 "Tabla, Lessons and Practice". Calcutta: Janabani Printers &

Publishers. Feldman, Jeffrey M. &AllaRakha

2. Feldman, Jeffrey M. & AllaRakha (----) "Learning Tabla with AllaRakha". Los

Angeles: Ravi Shankar Music Circle.

3. Ganguly, S. 1981 "Introduction to Tabla". Delhi, India: B. R. Printers.

4. Gottlieb, R. S. 1977a. "The Major Traditions of North Indian Tabla Drumming".

Munchen, Germany: Musikverlag Emil Katzbichler.

5. Gottlieb, R. S. 1977b. The Major Traditions of North Indian Tabla Drumming.

Transcriptions: Munchen, Germany: Musikverlag Emil Katzbichler.

6. Jha, Narayan 1983 "Tal Prabhand: Panch Talon Men Yaman-Kalyan", Sangeet

(Tal Ank) Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.Vol. 14: Edited by PrabhulalGarg.

7. Kippen, James 1988 "The Tabla of Lucknow". Cambridge, Great Britain:

Cambridge University Press.

54

8. Leake, Jerry 1993. "Indian Influence (Tabla Perspective)", Series A.I.M.

Percussion Text (Second Edition). Boston: Rhombus Publishing.

9. Lele, V. 1983. "Sathsangat". Puna, India: V. Joshi and Co.

10. Mrdangacharya, B. D. 1976 "Mrdang-Tabla -Prabhakar" (vol. 1). Hathras, India:

SangeetKaryalaya.

11. Mrdangacharya, Bhagavan Das and Ram Shankar Das (Pagaldas) 1977 "Mrdang-

Tabla -Prabhakar" (vol. 2). Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.

12. Patnakar, R. G.1977 "TaalSopan" (vol. 2) Bulandshahar, India: Sangeet Kala

Kendra.


Kendra.

14. Sharma, BhagavatSharan1973 "TaalPrakash". Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.

15. Sharma, BhagavatSharan1977 "TaalShastra". Alighar, India: B. A. Electric Press.

16. Shepherd, F. A. 1976 "Tabla and the Benares Gharana". Ann Arbor: University

Microfilms International. (Ph.D. Dissertation).

17. Shrivastava, Girish Chandra1978 "TaalParichay" (vol. 2). Alahabad, India:

Sangeet Press.

18. Shrivastava, Girish1979 "TaalParichay" (vol. 1). Alahabad, India: Sangeet Press.

19. Singh, Anandram "Tomar" 1978 "TablakeKuchhAprachalitBol", TaalAnk.

Hathras, India: Sangeet Karyalaya.

20. Stewart, R. M. 1974 "The Tabla in Perspective". Ann Arbor: University


21. Vashisth, Satya Narayan1977 "TaalMartand". Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.

22. Vashisth, SatyaNarayan1981 "KaidaaaurPeshkaar". Hathras, India:

SangeetKaryalaya.

23. Vashisth, SatyaNarayan1982 "AprachalitKaiyadeaurgaten". Hathras, India:

Sangeet Karyalaya.

55

1 Course code MUGE 1005

2 Course Title Theory and History of Indian music (Tabla)

3 Number of Credits 03

4 Semester Number 1st Year

5 Rationale (Introductory Notes)

The course is designed to provide an introduction to the theory of North Indian

percussion and South Indian as well as their respective histories.

6 Pre-requisites MUGE 1004

7

Course Objectives (Instructional)

a. To produce artists of high order and to train and prepare teachers well versed in

theory and history of percussion.

b. To develop a high standard of education and knowledge of the Theory of Music

and aesthetics, both ancient and modern, through the study of old and new

literature.

8 Expected Main Teaching Outcomes (by Students)

a. Ability to play Tabla techniques

b. Aural analysis

c. Analysis of Tabla performance

d. Oral analysis

9 Content

Main Themes Sub Themes

1. Origin and Evolution of Tala.

2. Importance of Tala in Music

and Dance

3. Origin, History, Structure and

development of the Tabla.

4. Definition of Avanaddha

Vadyas and their importance in

Music.

5. Explain the following:

- Decription of playing

techniques of Varnas:

Sayunkta & Asayunkta

Varna.

- Definition of Thah,

Dugun, Tigun and

Chaugun and ability to

write in notation the

Dugun, Tigun and

Chaugun of the following

talas :

- Brief Introduction of

BhatkhandeTala Notation

System and writing of

Talas in Bhatkhande

Notation System.

- Introduction of Vishnu

Diggamber Paluskar’s

Tala notation system.

Laya, Matra, Vibhag, Tali, Khali,

Sam Avartan, Theka.

Teentaal, Ektaal, Jhaptal, Sultal,

Adachautal, Dadra, Kehrwa.

56

6. Explanation of playing

techniques of the following :

7. Definition with examples of the

following:

8. Origin, History, Structure and

development of the History of

Pakhawaj

9. Comparative study of the Tabla

and pakhawaj talas

10. Origin, History and Structural

study of the following

instruments:

11. Definition of Gharana, Tabla

Gharanas, History of playing

techniques of each Gharana,

Importance of Gharanas of

Tabla-Vadan.

12. Life sketches and contribution

of the following artists :

13. Comparative study of different

talas having equal matras :

14. Ability to write in notation of

Peshkar, Quaida, Rela,Tukda,

Gat, Parans, Tihais & Parans r

in Trital , Jhaptal, Roopak Taal.

15. Ability to write in notation of

compositions and layakaries in

following Talas

16. Knowledge of Karnatak taal

system.

17. Comparison between North and

South Taal System

Dhage, Tirkit, Ghe-GheRela,

Kradhatita, Gadigan, Kdan,

Ghednag-Kednag.

Tihai, Mukhda, Tukda, Quaida,

Rela, Peshkar and Paran.

Dholak, Naal, and Khol.

Ustad Sidhar Khan, Ustad Nathoo

Khan, Ustad Habibuddin Khan,

Ustad Ahmedjan Thirkuwa, Ustad

Amir Hussain Khan, Ustad Abid

Hussain, Mian Kadar Baksh,

Allarakha Khan. Ram Sahai, Pt.

Anokhe Lal Mishra.

Teental,Tilwada,–Panjabi Taal.

Deepchandi – Jhoomra.

Roopak – Tivra.

Jhaptal – Sooltal.

Ektal – Chautal.

Dhamar, Roopak, Deepchandi,

Tivra

57

18. Merits and Demerits of a Tablist

10 Mode of Delivery Lectures, Group Discussions,

Presentations


In Course Evaluation

Presentation, Assignment

Mode of Evaluation Assignment = 20%

End of Course Evaluation Final Written Examination = 80%

Mode of Evaluation Final Written Examination


1. Dutta, Aloke 1984 "Tabla, Lessons and Practice". Calcutta: Janabani Printers &

Publishers. Feldman, Jeffrey M. &AllaRakha

2. Feldman, Jeffrey M. &AllaRakha (----) "Learning Tabla with AllaRakha". Los

Angeles: Ravi Shankar Music Circle.

3. Ganguly, S. 1981 "Introduction to Tabla". Delhi, India: B. R. Printers.

4. Gottlieb, R. S. 1977a. "The Major Traditions of North Indian Tabla Drumming".

Munchen, Germany: Musikverlag Emil Katzbichler.

5. Gottlieb, R. S. 1977b. The Major Traditions of North Indian Tabla Drumming.

Transcriptions:Munchen, Germany: Musikverlag Emil Katzbichler.

6. Jha, Narayan 1983 "Tal Prabhand: Panch Talon Men Yaman-Kalyan", Sangeet

(Tal Ank). Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.Vol. 14: Edited by PrabhulalGarg.

7. KK Kasliwal, Suneera (2001)Classical Musical Instruments.(New Delhi.)Rupa

and company.

8. Kippen, James 1988 "The Tabla of Lucknow". Cambridge, Great Britain:

Cambridge University Press.

9. Leake, Jerry 1993. "Indian Influence (Tabla Perspective)", Series A.I.M.

Percussion Text (Second Edition). Boston: Rhombus Publishing.

10. Lele, V. 1983. "Sathsangat". Puna, India: V. Joshi and Co.

11. Mrdangacharya, B. D. 1976 "Mrdang-Tabla -Prabhakar" (vol. 1). Hathras, India:

SangeetKaryalaya.

12. Mrdangacharya, Bhagavan Das and Ram Shankar Das (Pagaldas) 1977 "Mrdang-

Tabla -Prabhakar" (vol. 2). Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.


Kendra.


Kendra.

15. Sharma, BhagavatSharan1973 "TaalPrakash". Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.

16. Shepherd, F. A. 1976 "Tabla and the Benares Gharana". Ann Arbor: University


17. Shrivastava, GirishChandra1978 "TaalParichay" (vol. 2). Alahabad, India:

Sangeet Press.

18. Shrivastava, Girish1979 "TaalParichay" (vol. 1). Alahabad, India: Sangeet Press.

19. Singh, Anandram "Tomar" 1978 "TablakeKuchhAprachalitBol", TaalAnk.

Hathras, India: angeet Karyalaya.

20. Stewart, R. M. 1974 "The Tabla in Perspective". Ann Arbor: University


21. Vashisth, Satya Narayan1977 "TaalMartand". Hathras, India: SangeetKaryalaya.

22. Vashisth, SatyaNarayan1981 "KaidaaaurPeshkaar". Hathras, India:

SangeetKaryalaya.

23. Vashisth, SatyaNarayan1982 "AprachalitKaiyadeaurgaten". Hathras, India:

SangeetKaryalaya.

58

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h PAGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku md,s NdId m%fõYh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih පළම වසංගව 5 j,x.=;dj 6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke; 7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq

a. md,s NdIdj wOHhkfha jeo.;alu yd wjYH;dj y`ÿkajdoSu b. md,s NdIdfõ wdrïNh yd ixj¾Okh y`ÿkajdoSu c. md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK isoaOdka; y`ÿkajdoSu

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h fuu mdGud,d tallh iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka miq YsIHhd" a. md,s NdIdj wOHhkfhys jeo.;alu y`ÿkd.kshs' b. md,s NdIdfõ wdrïNh yd ixj¾Okh y`ÿkd.kshs' c. md,s NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrK isoaOdka; Wf.k tajd Ndú; lrhs

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h 1. md,s NdId idys;Hfha j¾;udk iajrEmh

m%Odk ud;Dldj 1. md,s NdId wOHhkfha wjYH;dj yd jeo.;alu 2. md,s NdIdj ms<sn`o ye|skaùu I 3. md,s NdIdj ms<sn`o ye|skaùu II 4. md,s NdIdj ms<sn| wÜGl:d u;jdo 5. md,s NdIdfõ ffjÈl iïnkaO;dj 6. md,s NdIdfõ ixj¾Ok wjia:d I 7. md,s NdIdfõ ixj¾Ok wjia:d II 8. md,s NdIdfõ ixj¾Ok wjia:d III 9. md,s wlaIr ud,dj ms<sn| u;jdo 10. md,s wlaIr ud,dfõ m%fNao 11. wCIr W;am;a;s ia:dk 12. md,s jHdlrKfhys ikaê I( iajr ikaêh 13. md,s jHdlrKfhys ikaê II( jH[ack ikaêh 14. md,s jHdlrKfhys ikaê III( ks.s.a.yS; ikaêh 15. kdu idOkh I 16. kdu idOkh II 17. kdu idOkh III 18. ldrl yd úNla;s m%fhda. I 19. ldrl yd úNla;s m%fhda. II 20. ldrl yd úNla;s m%fhda. III 21. iudi ye|skaùu 22. iudi m%fNao I 23. iudi m%fNao II 24. ;oaê; ye|skaùu 25. ;oaê; m%fNao 26. wdLHd; idOkh 27. lDoka; ye|skaùu 28. lsÉp yd ls;l 29. ksmd; yd Wmi¾. 30. Wla;dkqla;

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh

wLKav we.hSï l%ufõoh wjidk mßlaIKh l%ufõoh

59

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Geiger, W., Pali Literature and Language

2. Law, B.C., History of Pali Literature

3. Hinuber, Oskar, Von., A Hand Book of Pali Literature

4. Perniola, V., Pali Grammar

5. iqux., ysñ" lkaksuyr" md,s NdId úu¾Ykh

6. nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a" md,s idys;Hh

7. Perniola, V. 1958, A Grammar of the Pali Language, Colombo.

8. Warder, A.K. 1963, Introduction to Pali Language, London.

9. isßksjdi ysñ" uhs,Efõ" 1992" md,s jHdlrK újrKh" iuhj¾Ok uqøKd,h" fld<U'

10. mshr;k ysñ" jE.u" 2011" idïm%odhsl md,s jHdlrK" ;rxð m%skag¾ia" uyr.u'

60

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h PAGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku md,s idys;H m%fõYh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih පළම වසංගව 5 j,x.=;dj 6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;=

wjYH;d ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a) ;s%msgl idys;Hh y`ÿkajdoSu b) ;s%msglhg wh;a mßjdr .%ka: y`ÿkajdoSu c) uÊ¯u ksldfha n%dyauK j.a.h" wka;¾.;h yd úfYaI;d ms<snò y`ÿkajdoSu

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h fuu mdGud,d tallh iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka miq YsIHhd"

a) ;s%msgl idys;Hh y`ÿkd.kshs' b) ;s%msglhg wh;a mßjdr .%ka: y`ÿkd.kshs c) uÊ¯u ksldfha n%dyauK j.a.h" wka;¾.;h yd úfYaI;d ms<snò y`ÿkd.kshs'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld 1. md,sfhka rÑ; idys;Hdj,sh

y`ÿkd.ekSu 2. nqoaOjpkh ms<snò j¾.SlrKh 3. kjx. i;a:q idikh 4. ;s%msglfha ft;sydisl ixj¾Okh 5. úkh msglfha wdrïNh yd ixj¾Okh 6. iQ;% msglh ( ye`Èkaúu 7. oS> ksldh 8. uÊ¯u ksldh 9. ixhq;a; ksldh 10. wx.=;a;r ksldh 11. Lqoaol ksldh 12. iQ;% msglfha iQ;% j¾.SlrKh 13. wNsO¾uh yd wNsO¾u msglh ms<snò

u;jdo 14. ima;m%lrK .%ka: 15. uÊ¯u ksldfha n%dyauK j.a.h 16. n%yaudhq iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 17. fia, iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 18. wiai,dhk iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 19. f>daGuqL iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 20. pxlS iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 21. Mdiqldß iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 22. Ok[acdks iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 23. jdfiÜG iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 24. iqN iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 25. ix.drj iQ;%h ( w¾f:daoaoSmkh 26. uÊ¯u ksldfha iQ;% ix.%y ù we;s

wdldrh 27. uÊ¯u ksldfha od¾Yksl b.ekaùï 28. ks¾ÈIag iQ;%j, tk Wmud yd l:d

Ndú;h 29. ks¾ÈIag iQ;%j, NdId ffY,Ska

y`ÿkd.ekSu 30. ks¾ÈIag iQ;%j,ska fy,sjk iuld,Sk

n%dyauK b.ekaùï iy ta iòyd nqÿrcdKka jykafiaf.a úpdrh

61

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh


12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. md,s idys;Hh - nqoaOo;a; ysñ" fmd,aj;af;a 2. md,s idys;Hfha b;sydih" Nr;isxy WmdOHdh" ^mß' ysßmsáfha m[a[dls;a;s ysñ& 3. .,auxf.dv" iqukmd," wdÈ fn!oaO o¾Ykh 4. Oïumd, ysñ" fndañßfha" nqÿiuh yd mßirh 5. Oïudkkao yssñ" ;,,af,a" iïnqoaO foaYkd 6. kdrïmkdj" lS¾;s" ixia" isxy, iQ;% msglhg fmrjokla 7. úu,jxY ysñ" noafoa.u" fn!oaO idys;Hh 8. B.C Law, History of Pali Literature

62

1 mdGud,d tallfha úia;r SIGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku idys;H m%fõYh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

idys;Hh lsishï ixialD;shla" ck iïm%odhla" NdIdjla ksfhdackh lrkakls' isxy, úIh bf.k .kakd úoHd¾Òkag úIh m%fõYhla f,i kQ;k isxy, idys;Hhg wh;a idys;Hdx. fï hg;g we;=<;a fõ' uQ,sl jYfhka isxy, úIh ms<sn| wOHhkfha oS úIh oekqu mßmQ¾K lr .ekSug idys;Hh yeoeÍu w;HjYH jk fyhska tys uQ,sldx. wOHhkh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke; 7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqK

a. idys;Hh hkq l=ulaoehs y÷kd.ekSu b. ks¾udKd;aul idys;Hh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu c. kQ;k isxy, idys;Hhg wh;a jk moH ldjH" f.ah ldjH yd oDYH ldjH fjka

fjka jYfhka y÷kdf.k Bg ysñ iqúfYaI;d wOHhkh lsÍu d. tu.ska kQ;k isxy, idys;Hfhys ks¾udKYS,s .=Kdx. biau;= lr oelaùu iy

idys;Hh ri úkaokhg úoHd¾Òka fm,Uùu' 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,

a. idys;Hh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .kshs' b. kQ;k idys;Hfha úfYaI;d y÷kd .kshs' c. úoHd¾Òkaf.a ks¾udKd;aul Yla;sh yd ri úkaok Yla;sh j¾Okh fõ'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld 1. idys;H ixl,am

^meh 13&

idys;Hh ks¾jpkh iy j¾.SlrKh iyDohd iy úpdrlhd úpdr u;jdo 1 úpdr u;djdo 11 idys;H yd iudch ks¾duKd;aul NdIdj ks¾udK miqìu

2. moH ldjH ^meh 14&

lúh ks¾jpkh lsÍu fld<U hq.fha uq,a lú mrmqr 1

^mshodi isßfiak" wdkkao rdclreKd& fld<U hq.fha uq,a lú mrmqr 11

^weia' uyskao ysñ" cS' tÉ' fmf¾rd& fld<U hq.fha fojeks lú mrmqr 1

^mS'î'w,aúia fmf¾rd" id.r m<kaiQßh& fld<U hq.fha fojeks lú mrmqr 11

^óuk fm%au;s,l" úu,r;ak l=udr.u" iy Y%S pkaør;ak udkjisxy&

fy< yjq, ^l=udr;=x. uqKsodi" /' f;kakfldaka iy wÍfika wyqnqÿ&

ksoyia lúfha uq,a mrmqr 1 ^cS' î' fiakdkdhl" isß .=Kisxy" .=Kodi wurfialr&

ksoyia lúfha uq,a mrmqr 11 ^uy.u fialr&

ksoyia lúfha fojeks mrmqr 1 ^mrdl%u fldä;=jlal=" fudksld rejkam;srK&

lúfhys kj m%jK;d

3. f.ah ldjH ^meh 14&

.%euf*daka .S hq.h 1 .%euf*daka .S hq.h 11

63

.=jkaúÿ,s .S;h 1 .=jkaúÿ,s .S;h 11 Ñ;%mg .S;h 1 Ñ;%mg .S;h 11 leiÜ mg iy ix.S; ;eá

4. oDYH ldjH ^meh 14&

oDYH ldjH ks¾jpkh isxy, .eñ kdglh 1 isxy, .eñ kdglh 11 úYajúoHd,hSh kdgH isxy, kdgHfõoSyq - tosßùr irÉpkaø" .=Kfiak .,mam;a;s" ohdkkao

.=Kj¾Ok fykaß chfiak" iq.;md, o is,ajd kj kdgH m%jK;d

5. idys;H jevuq¿j ^meh 05&

ks¾udK ri úkaokh ^moH ldjH$f.ah ldjH$ oDYH ldjH&

fõosld kdgH keröu ks¾udKlrejl= iu`. idlÉPd $

idys;H ri úkaokh


úIh m%;sfmdaIl iïuka;%K

11 we.hSfï l%uh wjika mÍlaIKh j¾Idjidk ,sÅ; mÍlaIKhg fmkS isáh hq;=hs' $ ,l=Kq

100]' 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

I fldgi idys;H ixl,am iòyd

1. osidkdhl úu,a ^2002& ks¾udKh yd úpdrh" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda ^m%'uq'1970&

2. m[a[dls;a;s ysñ" fldgfyafka ^2000& idys;H yd iudch" le,Ksh" úoHd,xldr uqøKd,h ^m%'uq'1940&

3. irÉpkaø" tosßùr ^1998& idys;H úoHdj" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" ^ m%'uq'1965&

4. iqrùr" ta'ù' ^2000& ks¾udK miqìu" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" ^ m%'uq'1987&

5. fidar; ysñ" je,súáfha ^j¾Ih fkdiòykah& idys;H fiajkh" fld<U" weï'ã'.=Kfiak iy iud.u

6. Culler, Jonathan (1997) Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction, New York:

Oxford University Press

7. Eagleton, Terry (1987) Literary Theory: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell

II fldgi moH ldjH iòyd

1. ^ks¾osIag .%ka:h - wdßhr;ak" iqks,a ^2012& kQ;k moH ldjH ixys;d" fld<U" weia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda&

2. lreKdr;ak" .dúka" ^1963& isxy, lúfha kj hq.h" iS$i iuka m%ldYlfhda" uyr.u

3. Oïñkao ysñ" w`.=`t.y" ^1991& isxy, lfjHfha kj m%jK;d" l;D m%ldYkhls

4. rdclreKd" wdßh" ^2004& kQ;k isxy, ldjH I"II" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" ^ m%'uq'1962&

5. úl%uisxy" udáka" ^1992& kj moH isxy,h" foysj," ;sir m%ldYlfhda ^m%'uq'1957&

64

III fldgi f.ah ldjH iòyd

1. ^ks¾osIag .%ka:h: wdßhr;ak" iqks,a ^2005& kQ;k f.ah ldjH ixys;d" fld<U" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda&

2. wNhiqkaor" úu,a ^1965& ksIdos" weï'ã'.=Kfiak iy iud.u

3. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a ^1999& wdkkao iurfldaka wOHhkh" fld<U" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda ^m%'uq'1988&

4. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a ^2001& .%euf*daka .S hq.h" fld<U" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda ^m%'uq'1986&

5. r;akdhl" uvj, tia' ^2000& .S iskaÿ idys;Hh" fld<U" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

IV fldgi oDYH ldjH iòyd 1. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a îxia'& ^1992& fcdaka o is,ajd kdgH lD;s tl;=j" m%:u yd

oaú;Sh Nd." fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

2. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a îxia'& ^1996& mqrdK isxy, kdv.ï msgm;a" m%:u" oaú;Sh ;D;Sh yd p;=¾: ldKav fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

3. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a îxia'& ^1992& isßfiak úu,ùrf.a kdgH 6la" fld<U" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

4. wdßhr;ak" iqks,a îxia'& ^2009& isxy, Ñ;%mg .S;dj,sh 1"11"111 fld<U" weia'f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

5. ldßhjiï" ;siai ^1978& isxy, kdglfha úldYkh 1867-1911" fld<U" m%oSm m%ldYlfhda'

6. ldßhjiï" ;siai ^1986& úis jirl isxy, kdgH yd rx. l,dj 1912-1931" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

7. ldßhjiï" ;siai ^1998& Ydka;sl¾u yd isxy, iudch" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

8. ldßhjiï" ;siai ^2001& úYajúoHd,hSh kdgH jxYh 1921-1981" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda ^m%'uq'1982&" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

9. .ï,;a" iqpß; ^2001& kdgH m%fõYh" fld<U" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda ^m%'uq'1980&

10. irÉpkaø" tosßùr ^1992& isxy, .eñ kdglh" uyr.u" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' ^m%'uq'1968&

11. irÉpkaø" tosßùr ^1998& fjia uqyqKq o ienE uqyqKq o" fld<U" m%oSm m%ldYlfhda ^m%'uq'1971&

12. ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1996-1999& wNskh" m<uqjeks" fojeks" f;jeks" isõjeks" miajeks" yhjeks l,dm" fld<U" kdgH wkquKav,h yd ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

13. ymqwdrÉÑ" ã'ù' ^1981& isxy, kdgH b;sydih ^1860-1911&" fld<U f,alayjqia bkafjiaÜukaÜia iud.u

65

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h SIGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku NdId m%fõYh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

fuu mdGud,d úoHd;aul NdIdOHhkfha fyj;a jd.aúoHdfõ uq,sl b.ekaùu y`ÿkajdfok w;ru isxy, NdIdfõ iïm%odhsl f,aLk jHjydrh ms<sn| ixlaIsma; mqkÍlaIKhla bÈßm;a lrhs' YsIHd mdi,a uÜgfï È wOHhk l< iïu; isxy, f,aLkh ms<sn| úIh lreKq iïmsKavkh lsÍu fukau ;D;Shsl wOHdmkhg úfYaI jq úoHd;aul NdId udOHhkag m%fõYhla ,ndÈSuo isxy, NdIdj ms<sn| mq¿,a wOHhkh i|yd w;HjYH fõ'


ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq kq;k NdIdOHhkfha uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd oSu;a idïm%odhsl isxy, f,aLk jHjydrfha iajrEmh jd.aúoHd;aul oDIaàka mqkÍlaIKh lsÍu;a u.ska isxy, NdIdj wruqKq lr.;a mq¿,a jd.aúoHd;aul wOHhkhka i|yd moku ieliSu fuu mdGud,dfjys wruqK fõ'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. fuu mdGud,dj id¾:lj wjika lrk Wmdê wfmalaIlhka my; oelafjk

YlH;djka m%.=K lr isákq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' b. kQ;k NdIdOHhkfha uQ,sl wNHqm.ukhka ksrjoH f,i ú.%y lsÍfï yelshdj c. NdId úu¾Ykh i|yd jd.aúoHdkql+, úYaf,aIK úêl%u wkq.ukh lsÍfï

yelshdj' d. jHjydr isxy, Nddfjya wNHka;ßl ixia:s;s yd tajdfha wka;¾ l%shdldß;ajh

ú.%y lsÍu i|yd tu úYaf,aIKd;aul m%fõYh fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj' 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dld 1. kQ;k NdIdOHhkfha

uQ,sl ixl,am

2. iïu; isxy, f,aLkh

fiiq ud;Dld

NdIdfõ iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu NdId ks¾jpkh NdIdfõ ,laIK iy

ld¾h NdIdj ms<sn| úOdhl yd ú.%yd;aul u;jdo

NdId isoaOdka; idïm%odhsl iïfm%aIK yd wOHhk oDIaá

fldaKh iyc;aj kHdh iy wka;¾ l%shd kHdh

NdIdj yd jHdlrKh YíodYío rgd jdlH ixiaÓ;sh iy w¾:

kHdh NdIduh m%fNao NdIl iudch NdIKh yd f,aLkh

m%dfoaYsl yd idudðl m%fNao NdIdj yd ikaksfõokh NdIdj iy ixialD;sh Yío yd wlaIr isxy, NdIK Yío ud,dj iy f,aLk

isxy, j¾K ud,dj mo ikaê kdu l%shd yd wjH mo

66

jdlH Wla; wdLHd; mo iïnkaOh úfYaI jdlH Í;S iuqÉpHd¾: oaú;aj Wla;h ixYhd¾:h yd

jdpHd¾: f.!rjd¾: iuQyd¾: hk wdoS úfYaI;d


úIh m%;sfmdaIl iïuka;%K

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh

wjidk mÍlaIKh j¾Idjidk ,sÅ; mÍlaIKhg fmkS isáh hq;=h' ,l=Kq 100]

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. lreKd;s,l" ví' tia ^2003& isxy, NdId jHdlrK" fld<U( weï ã .=Kfiak

iy iud.u 2. O¾uodi" fla tka ´ ^1996& NdIdj yd iudch" fld<U" tia f.dvf.a

ifydaorfhda 3. n,.,af,a " úu,a Ô ^2001& NdIdOHhkfha yd isxy, jHjydrh" fld<U tia

f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda 4. Akmajian, A.R. Demers, A.Farmer & R. Harnish (2001) Lingustics : An

Introduction to language and Communication, MA: MIT Press.

5. Bergama, Anouschka, Kathleen Curries Hall, Sharon Miriam Ross (eds)(2007)

Language file : Materials for an Introduction to Language and Linguistics OH:

Ohio State University Press

6. Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman and Nina Hyams (2013) An Introduction to

Language, CA: Wadsworth Publishing

7. Radford, Andrew, Martin Atkinson, David Britain, Harald Clahsen &Andrew

Spencer (1999) Linguistics : An Introduction, Cambridge : CUP

67

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h SAGE 1001

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku ixialD; idys;Hh yd ;oSh b;sydih 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

ixialD; idys;H .%ka: yd tu b;sydih ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nkq leu;s Pd;%hka Wfoid ieliqKq mdGud,djls' ks¾ÈIag ixialD; .%ka:;%hl jrKSh fldgia isxy,hg mßj¾;kh lrñka tajdfha wka;¾.; lreKq fuysoS ú.%y lefrhs' tfia u ixialD; idys;HdrïNfha isg j¾;udkh olajd lreKq iudf,dapkh isÿ lefrhs' isxy," md,s" ixialD;" yska§" mqrdúoHdj jeks úIhhka yodrk YsIHhkg jvd;a m%fhdackj;a mdGud,djls'

6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

ixialD; ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ;sîu jeo.;a h' tfy;a th mQ¾j wjYH;djla fkdfõ' tfyhska ixialD; ms<sn| mQ¾j oekqula fkdue;s uq;a fuu mdGud,dj yeoEÍug reÑ Pd;%hkg fuh újD; h'

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq

a. isxy," md,s wdos NdId idys;Hhkg o wdNdih ,enqKq ixialD; idys;H .%ka: ms<sn| j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,ndoSu'

b. úoHd¾Òka ;=< ixialD; idys;H b;sydih ms<sn| {dk m%j¾Okh' 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h

a. ixialD; idys;H .%ka: yd tu b;sydih ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nhs' b. tu idys;Hfha we;s j¾;udk Wmfhda.S;dj wjfndaO lr .kshs'

9 m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld

1. ixialD; kdgH idys;Hh ixialD; kdgHfha wdrïNh ixialD; kdgH .%ka:

2. Ndif.a kdgH iy iajmakjdijo;a;h

Ndif.a kdgl pl%h iajmakjdijo;a;fha wka;¾.; lreKq iudf,dapkh iajmakjdijo;a;fha m%:udxlfha uq,a

fldgi mßj¾;kh

3. iajmakjdijo;a;h

iajmakjdijo;a;fha m%:udxlfha fojk fldgi mßj¾;kh

m%:udxlfha wjidk fldgi mßj¾;kh

4. iajmakjdijo;a;h pß; ksrEmKh NdIdj yd m%lgjk kdgHuh ,CIK Ndif.a lú;ajfha úfYaI;d

5. ixialD; ùrldjH idys;Hh

rdudhKh iy uydNdr;h uydNdr; iudcfha úfYaI;d uydNdr;fha wka;¾.; WmdLHdk

6. kf,dmdLHdkh wka;¾.; lreKq iudf,dapkh m%:u i¾.h mßj¾;kh lsÍu

7. kf,dmdLHdkh fojk i¾.h mßj¾;kh lsÍu m%Odk pß; iy wjia:d ksrEmKh rpkd ffY,sh

8. rdudhKh rdudhK iudcfha úfYaI;d rdcdud;Hdkdx .=Kd# rdudhK 1'7' 1"

6-8" 10" 12" 14 - 20

9. rdudhKh cdnd,SuqfkremfoaY# rdudhK ii'108' 3 - 6" 10 - 13" 15 -18 Yroaj¾Kkï rdudhK iv.30.31,33-35,41,45,46,48,53,57

68

10. rdudhKh ,xldmqrfi!kao¾hï rdudhK v.2.6,8,11,16,18,19,27,28,56

rdCIfiaYajr rdjK# rdudhK vi.59.23-32

11. ixialD; WmfoaY l:d idys;Hh

WmfoaY l:d idys;Hfha wdrïNh ysf;damfoaYh yd mCoap;ka;%h

12. mCoap;ka;%h wmÍCIs;ldrlh m%fõY l:dj mßj¾;kh

ridiajdoh

13. mCoap;ka;%h wmÍCIs;ldrlh 01 l:dj mßj¾;kh ridiajdoh

14. mCoap;ka;%h wmÍCIs;ldrlh 02 l:dj mßj¾;kh ridiajdoh

15. mCoap;ka;%h mCoap;ka;%fha WmfoaY mCoap;ka;%fha Wmydih

16. ixialD; idys;H b;sydih

ixialD; idys;Hfha wdrïNh" úldYh yd mßydksh

17. ffjÈl idys;H b;sydih

ffjÈl idys;Hfha m%Njh ms<sno úúO u;

18. ixys;d .%ka: R.afõoh hcq¾fõoh idufõoh w:¾jfõoh

19. n%dyauK .%ka: n%dyauK .%ka: y÷kd.ekSu tajdfhys wka;¾.; lreKq

20. wdrKHl .%ka: wdrKHl .%ka: y÷kd.ekSu tajdfhys wka;¾.; lreKq

21. WmksIoa WmksIoa .%ka: y÷kd.ekSu m%Odk WmksIoa b.ekaùï

22. ixialD; uydldjH idys;Hh

uydldjH ,CIK m%Odk uydldjH .%kaaaaaaa:

23. LKav ldjH m%Odk LKav ldjH LKav ldjH ,CIK

24. pïmQ ldjH m%Odk pïmQ ldjH pïmQ ldjH,CIK

25. .oH ldjH m%Odk .oH ldjH m%fNao oYl=udrpß;h" ldoïnßh" jdijo;a;h

26. Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD; idys;Hh

uydldjH jHdlrK Y;l

27. Y%S ,dxlsl ixialD; Ys,d f,aLk

Ys,d f,aLk yd tajdfhys wka;¾.;h y÷kd.ekSu

28. Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD; Ys,am .%ka: idys;Hh

ye|skaùu uxcq Y%S ìïnudkh ffjchka;sh

29. kQ;k ixialD; idys;Hh I

kQ;k ixialD; idys;H fmdaIKhg Wrÿka f,aLlhka yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK

30. kQ;k ixialD; idys;Hh II

20 jk ishjfia ixialD; úoaj;=ka 21 jk ishjfia ixialD; úoaj;=ka

69


foaYk" idlÉPd" ksnkaO mka;s" wka;¾cd, bf.kqï l%shdldrlï" ixhqla; ;eá Ndú;h iy fCIa;% wOHhkh

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh mejreï 02 hs" wLKav we.hSï ixialD; idys;Hh fldgig mejreula ,l=Kq 20 hs'

fCI;% wOHhkhla u.ska lrk mejreula ,l=Kq 20 hs' l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mßCIKhls' uq¨ ,l=Kq 60 ls' wjidk mßlaIKh ixialD; idys;H .%ka: yd ixialD; idys;H b;sydih

jYfhkaa m%Yak m;%h fldgia folls' tla fldgilska m%Yak y;r ne.ska jrKSh m%Yak wfgka m%Yak mylg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= hs' tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 12 ls'

l%ufõoh 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. úu,lS¾;s ysñ' ueoWhkaf.dv" 1947" Ys,df,aLk ix.%yh" ^ixia& ã' mS' fodvxf.dv 2. Oïñiair ysñ" udÿreTfha" 1999" idú;%S ^uydNdr;fha idú;%S WmdLHdkh&"

fldyqj," l¾;D m%ldYk' 3. .=ref.a" wdkkao ví"mS' 1954" issxy,h yd ixialD;" kqf.af.dv' 4. rKisxy" iuka pkaø" 2000" rdudhKhd;%d" kqf.af.dv" l¾;D m%ldYkhls' 5. rKisxy" iuka pkaø" 2013" hqoaO wdpdr O¾u" mkaksmsáh" l¾;D m%ldYkhls' 6. rKisxy" iuka pkaø" 2007" rdu yd fndaêi;a;aj" mkaksmsáh" l¾;D m%ldYk' 7. uxcqY%S NdIs;jdia;=úoHd Ydia;% ^mß&' B'ví' udrisxy" 1993" kqf.af.dv" mshisß

ms%kaáka isiagï" 8. uxcqY%S NdIs;Ñ;%l¾u Ydia;% ^mß&' B'ví' udrisxy" 1991" ta' wd¾' m%skag¾ia" È,a,s" 9. Satya suri, 1984, A Critical Study of Janakiharana.Nirman Prakashan, Delhi.

10. Pannasara Thero, Dehigaspe. Sanskrit Literature in Ceylon, Colombo,1958

11. ;s,lisß chfoaj"1971" ixialD; kdgH b;sydih' fld<U' 12. ta'î' lS;a" 1969" ixialD; ldjH idys;Hh' ^mß&' Ô'tia'î' fiakdkdhl" fld<U' 13. frd,skaika" tÉ' mS' 1961" Ndr;Sh ixialD;sl b;sydih" ^mß&' mrjdyer

m[a[dkkao ysñ iy ta'ã' fõof.a' fld<U' 14. De. S.K,1947, History of Sanskrit Literature , Culcuta, University of Culcuta.

15. Keith A.B, 1984, History of Sanskrit Literature , London, Oxford.

16. fiakdkdhl" cS' tia' î' 1998" ,xldfõ ixialD; idys;Hh" ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U'

70

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h SAGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku ixialD; jHdlrKh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

ixialD; uq, isg yodrkq leu;s úoHd¾Òka i|yd ilia jQjls' isxy," md,s" ixialD;" yska§" mqrdúoHdj jeks úIhka yodrk YsIHhkg jvd;a m%fhdackj;a h'

6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

ixialD; ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ;sîu jeo.;a h' tfy;a th mQ¾j wjYH;djla fkdfõ' tfyhska ixialD; ms<sn| mQ¾j ±kqula fkdue;s jqj;a fuu mdGud,dj yeoEÍug reÑ Pd;%hkg fuh újD; h'

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. ixialD; NdIdfõ uQ,sl jHdlrKh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nhs' b. ir, ixialD; .%ka: lshjd wjfndaOh we;slr .kshs'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. kd.Í wCIr ,sùfï yd lshùfï yelshdj we;s lr.kshs' b. uQ,sl ixialD; jHdlrK úê ms<sn| ±kqu ,nhs' c. ir, ixialD; .%ka: lshjd wjfndaOlr .kshs'

9 m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld

1. ixialD; NdIdj ixialD; NdIdfõ wdrïNh yd ta ms<sn| úúO u;

2. kd.Í wCIr wCIr mqyqKqj iajr yd jHCoack

3. kd.Í wCIr wCIr j¾.SlrKh iajr m%fNao jHCoack m%fNao

4. ixhqla;dCIr

ixhqla;dCIr ,sùu ms<sn| Í;s iy ixhqla;dCIr mqyqKqj

5. mo j¾.SlrKh p;=¾úO mo ye|skaùu ^kdu mo" l%shd mo" Wmi¾. mo" ksmd; mo&

6. kdu mo iajrdka; mqreI ,sx. iy ia;%S ,sx.

7. kdu mo iajrdka; kmqxil ,sx. iy i¾j kdu

8. úNla;s iy úNla;s m%fhda. m%:ud úNla;s m%fhda. oaú;Shd úNla;s m%fhda. ir, jdlH mßj¾;k

9. úNla;s iy úNla;s m%fhda. ;D;Shd úNla;s m%fhda. p;=¾Ó úNla;s m%fhda. ir, jdlH mßj¾;k

10. úNla;s iy úNla;s m%fhda. mCoapó úNla;s m%fhda. IIaÀ úNla;s m%fhda. ima;ó úNla;s m%fhda. ir, jdlH mßj¾;k

11. Od;= jrke.Su Od;= .K y|qkd.ekSu 1 " 4 jk .Kj,g wh;a Od;=

12. Od;= jrke.Su 6"10 jk .Kj,g wh;a Od;=

13. oY ,ldr oY ,ldr ye|skaùu tys m%fNao

14. oY ,ldr ,Ü yd f,daÜ jrke`.Su ir, jdlH f.dvke`.Su

15. oY ,ldr ,Ù yd úê,sÙ jrke`.Su ir, jdlH f.dvke`.Su

71

16. iJê úê iJê úê ^f,dam" wdfoaY wd.u wdÈh&

17. iJê úê iajr iJê úê iajr iJê úê

18. iJê úê jHCoack iJê úê jHCoack iJê úê

19. iJê úê úi¾. iJê úê úi¾. iJê úê

20. iJê úê iJê úê ms<sn| wNHdi

21. lDoka; lDoka; m%fNao ye`Èkaùu

22. lDoka; w;S; lDoka; mo idOkh lDoka; mo fhdackh

23. lDoka; j¾;udk lDoka; mo idOkh lDoka; mo fhdackh

24. lDoka; wkd.; lDoka; mo idOkh lDoka; mo fhdackh

25. mQ¾jl%shd Fjd m%;Hdka; mQ¾jl%shd fidami¾. mQ¾jl%shd Wmi¾. mo fhdackh

26. iudi iudi ye|skaùu tys m%fNao

27. iudi wjHhSNdj iudih l¾uOdr iudih

28. iudi oaú.= iudih ;;amqreI iudih

29. iudi oajkaoaj iudih nyqù%yS iudih

30. mßj¾;k wNHdi ir, ixialD; yd isxy, mdG mßj¾;kh

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk" idlÉPd" ksnkaO mka;s" wka;¾cd, bf.kqï l%shdldrlï yd ixhqla; ;eá Ndú;h'

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï yd wjidk mßlaIKh' wLKav we.hSï mejreï 01hs" l%ufõoh mejreula ,nd§ thg ,l=Kq 20 ,nd§u' wjidk mßlaIKh ,sÅ; mßCIKhls' l%ufõoh

jrKSh m%Yak wfgka m%Yak mylg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= h' tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 16ls' uq¨ ,l=Kq 80ls'

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. wdkkao ffuf;%h udysñ" n<kaf.dv" 1960" ir, ixialD; YslaIlh 1" fld<U"

fudvka nqla fikag¾' 2. wdkkao ffuf;%h udysñ" n<kaf.dv" 1960" ir, ixialD; YslaIlh 11" fld<U' 3. jHdirdh Ydia;%S" fla' t,a" 1963" nd,do¾Yh" ^ixia& l=udrodi uqKisxy" fld<U" t,a'

.=Kr;ak' 4. lreKd;s,l" ví' tia" 1995" iqrNdr;S" fld<U" tia' f.dvf.a' 5. chiQßh' tï'tÉ't*a"1961" ixialD; YslaIlh - m%:u mqia;lh" fld<U' 6. NKavd¾ld¾ wd¾'Ô" 1958" ixialD; m%:u mqia;lh" ^mß&' mrjdyer m[a[dkkao ysñ"

fld<U" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j' 7. uelafvdk,a" ta' ta' 1964" wdOqksl ixialD; jHdlrKh" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j' 8. chiQßh" tï'tÉ't*a" 1961" ixialD; YslaIlh 11" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" fld<U' 9. Whitny W.D, 2000, Sanskrit Grammar, Delhi,

72

1 mdGdud,d tallfha ixfla;h CUGE 1001 2 mdGdud,d tallfha ku ixialD;sl yd fi!kao¾h wOHhk m%fõYh

3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir

5 j,x.=;dj ixialD;sh" fi!kao¾h hk ixl,am ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOh yd oekqula ,nd .; yels" ld,Sk jYfhka o jeo.;a mdGud,djls' ixialD;sh ms<sn| úúO ks¾jpk" úúO ixialD;s iy fi!kao¾h u;jdo ms<sn| oekqj;a flfrk fuu mdGud,dj udkj Ydia;% fuka u iudÔh úoHd úIh fË;%hkays úoHd¾Òkg o jeo.;a mdGud,djls'


mQ¾j iqÿiqlï ke;'

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. ixialD;sh hk moh ú.%y lsÍu yd ta yd ne`È ixl,am yd kHdhhkA ms<sn| wOHhkh

lsÍu' b. ixialD;sfha uQ,sl ,laIK yd wx. wOHhkh lsÍu' c. m%d:ñl yd kd.ßl YsIagdpdrhkays ixialD;Ska ms<sn| wOHhkh' d. l,dj yd fi!kao¾h hk ixl,am ye|skaùu yd ta yd iïnkaO u;jdo wOHhkh' e. fi!kao¾h ridiajdoh yd isoaOdka; wOHhkh'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. f,dalfha úúO ixialD;Ska y÷kd .ksñka tajd w.h lrhs' b. fi!kao¾h ri úkaokh yd úpdr YlH;dj Wlyd .kshs' c. ixialD;sh yd fi!kao¾h ms<sn| wjfndaOfhka hq;= j fydò ks¾udK ìys lsÍug yd

we.hSug fm<fUhs' 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dldj

fiiq ud;Dld

1. ixialD;sh yeòskaùu 2. kd.ßl YsIagdpdr iy

ixialD;sh 3. ixialD;sfha m%Odk wx.

ixialD;sh ms<snò ks¾jpk oelaùu ixialD;sh" iNH;ajh YsIagdpdrh w;r fjki meyeos,s

lsrSu ixialD;sh wOHhk ud¾. meyeoss,sss lsrSu ixialD;sfha iajNdjh y`ÿkd .ekSu ixialD;sfha ,laIK y÷kd .ekSu uyd ixialD;sh" WmixialD;sh yd ta yd ne÷Kq fjk;a

ixl,am yd kHdhka wOHhkh udkj YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNl wjêfha oS udkj

ixialD;sh f.dvke`.Sfï uq,a mshjr ieliqKq wdldrh idlÉPd lsrSu iy m%d:ñl YsIagdpdrfha uQ,sl iajNdjh meyeos,s lsrSu

f,dj m%Odk kd.ßl YsIagdpdr y`ÿkajd oSu' bkaÿksïk YsIagdpdrh ms<sn| ú.%yh bkaÿ wd¾h ixialD;sh yd tys ixialD;sldx.

úYaf,aIKh lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ kd.ßl YsIagdpdr wd.u

wd.u ks¾jpkh lsÍu yd wd.u yd ixialD;sh w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lsÍu'

NdIdj NdIdj ye|skaùu yd NdIdj yd ixialD;sh w;r iïnkaO;dj meyeos,s lsrSu'

f,aLk l,dj f,aLk l,dj ye|skaùu yd f,aLk l,dj yd ixialD;sh meyeos,s lsrSu

idys;Hh ixialD;sfha m%ldYk udOHhla jYfhka idys;Hfha we;s jeo.;alu

73

4. fi!kao¾h ú.%yh

5. fi!kao¾h ms<sn| úúO w¾: újrK yd u;jdo

6. ldjH úpdrjdo 7. fi!kao¾h ms<ssn|

fn!oaO ixl,am

wNspdr yd mqo mQcd mqo mQcd yd neos ixialD;sh y`ÿkd.ekSu

m%dix.sl l,d ix.S;h" k¾;kh yd kdgH l,dj

fi!kao¾h hk jpkfha ksrela;sh yd Bg wkq.; jQ

w¾:h meyeÈ,s lsÍu'

fi!kao¾h ms<sn| ngysr úpdrlhkaf.a w¾: ksrEmK fi!kao¾hh ms<sn| Ndr;Sh úpdrlhkaf.a w¾: ksrEmK

ldjH úpdrjdoh ye|skaùu w,xldr Í;s jfl%dka;s ri èjks T!Ñ;H fi!kao¾h ms<sn| fn!oaO ldjH .%ka:hkays oelafjk

woyia y÷kd .ekSu ^f:ar .d:d" f:aÍ.d:d" wmodk md,s" iq;a; ksmd;" wdosh weiqrska&


foaYk" idlÉPd yd ksnkaO mka;s

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh - uOHjdr mrSlAIKh - ,sÅ; mejreu yd wjidk mÍlaIKh wLKav we.hSï - mejreu ^,l=Kq 20& l%ufõoh uOHjdr mrSlAIKh - ,sÅ; mejreu wjidk mÍlaIKh - ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh ^,l=Kq 80& l%ufõoh jir wjidkfhaoS ,sÅ; mÍlaIKhg fmkS isàu'

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. .=Kisxy" wdkkao" ^1992&" ixialD;sh yd fi!kao¾h wOHhk m%fõYh" .xf.dvú,(

mshisß ms%kaáka isiagïia' 2. .=Kisxy" wdkkao"^2012&"Ydka;s l¾u frda. jHqmYuk úê yd nqÿiuh" fld<U( l¾;D

m%ldYk 3. m,a,sh.=re" pkaøisß" ^2000&" ixialD;sfha iudc uqyqKqjr" fld<U( isß.=re m%ldYk' 4. úl%uisxy" ud¾áka" ^1987&" udkj úoHdj yd isxy, ixialD;sh" fld<U( ;sir

m%ldYlfhda' 5. fifkúr;ak" wkqrdO" ^1996&" ixialD;sh yd iudch " fld<U( weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda' 6. fifkúr;ak" wkqrdO" ^1997&" ixialD;sh yd l,d Ys,am" fld<U( weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda' 7. O¾uodi" fla'tka'´ " ^1989"&NdIdfõ iïNjh yd ixialD;sl uqyqKqjr" fld<U( weia'

f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda' 8. fidaudrdu ysñ" .,a.uqfõ"^1952&" l,dj yd úoHdj" le<Ksh( 9. m[a[dls;a;s ysñ ysßmsáfha" ^2002&" Ndr;Sh rx.k l,dj yd Nr;uqks" fld<U' 10. udrisxy fjda,ag¾"^mß'& ^1994&" Nr;uqks m%KS; kdgH Ydia;%h"m%:u Nd.h" .xf.dvú,"

kqf.af.dv' 11. iqrùr ta'ù'^mß'& ^1984&" weßiafgdag,a ldjH Ydia;%h" fld<U' 12. is.,aia wd¾'t,a' ^mß'& iqrùr ta'ù'"^2001&weßiafgdag,a yd Nr;" kqf.af.dv' 13. fgda,aiafgdahs ,sfhda" What is art,.%ka:fha isxy, wkqjdoh"^1987&l,dj hkq l=ulao@"

fld<U' 14. Clerk,Wissler, Man & Culture,New York. 15. Herskovites, (1958), Melville J, Cultural Anthropology, New Delhi : Oxford and IBH

Publishing Cooperation 16. Kroeber and Klucahorn, (1963), Culture: New York ,Vitage Books.

74

1 mdGdud,d tallfha ixfla;h CUEG 1002 2 mdGdud,d tallfha ku NdIdj yd ixialD;sh

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj NdIdj yd ixialD;sh w;r mj;akd iïnkaOh ms<sn|j uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd oS NdId;aul ix{d" wdl,am " uqøs; NdIdj NdId wkkH;d" NdIdfõ foaYmd,kh" ixialD;sh yd tajdg wod< .eg¨ meyeÈ,s flfrk mdGud,djls' isxy," yska§" ixialD; " md,s" m%xY" bx.S%is wdoS NdId yodrkakkg fuka u foaYmd,k úoHd¾Òkg o jeo.;a mdGud,djls'


mQ¾j iqÿiqlï wjYH fkdfõ'

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. ixialD;sl Ôú;fha NdIdfõ N+ñldj;a NdIdj yd ixialD;sh w;r mj;akd wka;¾

iïnkaOh;a úuid ne,Su fuu mdGud,dfõ wruqK fõ' b. iudc jd.aúoHd;aul YslaIKhlska hqla; j wka;¾ ixialD;sl ikaksfõok wOHhk

iy ixialD;sfha m%;s{dkhla f,i NdId;aul p¾hdj úuid ne,Su fuu mdGud,dj wruqK lr .kS'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. fï mdGud,dj yodrd wjika lrk úoHd¾:hd ixialD;sl ikao¾Nh ;=< NdIdfõ

N+ñldj yÿkd .kS' b. NdId;aul p¾hdj iy iudc ixialD;sl wdl,am w;r mj;akd iïnkaOh meyeÈ,s

lrhs' c. NdIdfõ Ndú;h yd ixialD;sh w;r mj;akd .eg¿ ms<sno úpdrd;aul meyeÈ,s lsÍula

isÿ lrhs' 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld 1 NdIdj yd ixialD;sh w;r

mj;akd iïnkaOh

2 NdId;aul ix{dj iy ixialD;sl wdfla;

3 NdId Ndú;dj iy wdl,am

4 l:k NdIdj yeÈkaùu yd jdpH ixialD;sh

5 uqøs; NdIdj yd idys;Hh

ixialD;sh

6 NdIdj yd ixialD;sl wkkH;dj

7 NdIdfõ foaYmd,kh yd ixialD;sl jHdmdr

8 NdIdj yd ixialD;sh ms<sn| ld,Sk .eg¿

NdIdj yeÈkaùu ixialD;sh ye`Èkaùu NdIdj iy NdId;aul ix{dj ixialD;sl wdfla; yd w¾: iudc ikao¾Nfha NdIdj NdId Ndú;fha wdl,am l:k NdIdj jdpH ixialD;sh

NdIdj yd uqøs; jpkh idys;Hh" NdIdj yd ixialD;sh NdIdj yd wkkH;dj w;r

iïnkaOh ixialD;sl wkkH;dj NdIdj" foaYmd,kh iy ixialD;sh

w;r iïnkaOh NdIdfõ N+ñldj iy ixialD;sl

jHdmdr

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk" idlÉPd yd ksnkaO mka;s

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh - uOHjdr mrSlAIKh" ,sÅ; mejreu yd wjidk mÍlaIKh wLKav we.hSï - uOHjdr mrSlAIKh ,sÅ; mejreu l%ufõoh uOHjdr mrSlAIKh = 20%

,sÅ; mejreu = 20%

75

wjidk mÍlaIKh - ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh we.hSï l%ufõoh wjidk ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh= 60%

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Crystal, David (1997) The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Language. 2nd edition.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

2. Disanayaka, J.B. (1998) Understanding the Sinhalese Colombo: Godage

3. Disanayaka, J.B.(2012) Encyclopedia of Sinhala Language and Culture Dehiwala:

Sumitha Publishers

4. Fasold, Ralph , () The Sociolinguistics of Language: Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

5. Kramsch, Claire (1998) Language and Culture Oxford: Oxford University Press

6. Lee, Richard E. (2006) Globalization, Language and Culture New York: Chelsea

House

7. Nunan, David & Julie Choi (2010) Language and Culture: Reflective Narratives and

the Emergence of Identity New York: Routledge

8. Salzmanm, Zdnek, (2007) Language, Culture and Society: An Introduction to

Linguistic Anthropology Fourth Edition Colorado: Westview Press

9. Wickremasinghe, Martin (1975) Sinhala Language and Culture TisaraPrakasaakyo 10. fldamrfyajd i|f.daó ^1999&NdIdkqrd.fha foaYmd,kh" tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda: urodk 11. ____ ( 2008) NdId u;jdod;aul ,sms " fld<U tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda 12. ____ (2011) NdIdj yd ikaksfõokh: iudc jd.a úoHd;aul úu¾Ykhla 13. osidkdhl, fcA' î'^1996& isxy, ck jyr, tia' f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda, urodk, 2 jk uqøKh 14. ^2006& udkj NdId m%fõYh, iqñ; m%ldYlfhda, foysj,' 15. O¾uodi, fla' tka' ´' ^1989&NdIdfõ iajNdjh yd ixialD;sl uqyqKqjr, tia' f.dvf.a

ifydaorfhda, urodk'

77

Ydia;%fõoS iudcSh úoHd ^idudkH& ndysr Wmdê m<uq mÍlaIKh i`oyd ks¾foaYs;

mdGud,d tall

78

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h ANGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku ixialD;sl udkj úoHdj ye`Èkaùu 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih පළම වසංගව 5 j,x.=;djh

udkj úoHdj hkq ñksid ms<sn|j lrkq ,nk mQ¾K wOHhkhls' ñksia j¾.hd ms<sn|j úoHd;aul yeoErSula fï u.ska isÿ fõ' udkj úoHdj ukqIH;ajh ms<sn| lrkq ,nk wOHhkhla f,i o udkj úoHd{fhda y÷kaj;s' ta wkqj udkj úoHdfõ we;s mDMq, iajNdjh i,ld n,kúg fmkS hkafka ñksid iy Tyqf.a ish¨ ks¾udK ms<sn| wOHhkh udkj úoHdj nj hs' udkj úoHdjg §¾> b;sydihla ;sfí' udkj úoHdj hkak w;S;fha w¾:l:kh lr ;snqfKa j¾;udkfha mj;akd mD:q, w¾:fhka fkdfõ' l%udkql+,j ixúOdkd;aulj iy úoHd;aul iajrEmhlska udkj úoHdj ìysjQfha 18 jk ishjfia § h' ft;sydisl ixialD;sl udkj úoHdj ìysùu ft;sydislj i,l=Kq lrkafka hqfrdamSh hg;aúð; jHdma;sh iu`. h' udkj ixialD;ska ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh wOHhkh ixialD;sl udkj úoHdj f,i ye¢kafõ' idxialD;sl udkj úoHdjg wh;a úIh lafIa;% .Kkdjls' th m%Odk jYfhka mqrd úoHdj" jd.a úoHdj" udkj jxY úoHdj wdÈ jYfhka mD:q,j j¾.SlrKh flf¾' fuys§ udkjhdf.a w;S;h yd j¾;udk ixialD;Ska ms<sn| .eUqßka yodrkq ,efí' fï u.ska udkj ixialD;Skaj, iïNjh" mßKduh yd b;sydih imqrd yeoEÍfï jEhul fhoS isáhs' by; i|yka wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu Wfoid udkj úoHdj idl,H m%fõYhla wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí'

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

fuu mdGud,dj yeoEÍu i`oyd imqrd,sh hq;= mQ¾j wjYH;djla fkdue;'

7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqK a. udkj iajNdjh yd udkj p¾hdj ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,ndo’u " b. udkj Ñka;kh yd ñksia b;sydih ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,ndo’u " c. ñksidf.a øjHd;aul fuka u øjHd;aul fkdjk ksmehqu wdÈh ms<sn| ±kqu

,ndo’u" d. udkj iudc úúO;ajh yd ixialD;Ska ms<sn| ±kqu ,ndo’u" e. ukqIHhd iïnkaOj ish¨u ixialD;sl wxY ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,ndo’u isÿ

fõ' 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h

a. ixialD;sl udkj úoHdfõ ft;sydisl miqìu ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,eîu" b. ixialD;sl udkj úoHdfõ úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,eîu" c. ixialD;sl udkj úoHdfõ mqfrda.dó wdÑ¾K l,ams; udkj úoHd{hka ms<sn|

wjfndaOhla yd úIhdkqnoaOj uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| .eUqre wjfndaOhla ,eîu isÿ fõ'


1. ixialD;sl udkj úoHdj ye¢kaùu yd úldYkh

2. ixialD;sl udkj úoHdfõ Wm úIhh lafIaa;%

3. udkj úoHdj m%dfhda.slj Ndú;hg .ek’u

4. ixialD;sh yd fm!reI;aj

udkj úoHd;aul mqrd úoHdj udkj jxY úoHdj jd.a úoHdj wd¾Ól yd foaYmd,k udkj úoHdj wd.u ms<sn| udkj úoHdj ixfla;d;aul udkj úoHdj ckY%e;sh yd udkj úoHdj ffjoH udkj úoHdj wms%ldj" bkaÈhdj" ,xldj wdÈ rgj,a

weiqfrka ud.rÜ óâ" rE;a fnkäla wd§kaf.a

79

wOHhkh

5. udkj ixialD;sh

6. mjq, yd újdy l%u" foam<

7. {d;S;aj wOHhk yd {d;s

l%u

8. wd.u yd wNspdr

9. oajdr l¾u yd ne`È foia úfoia isß;a úß;a ms<snò udkj úoHdj

10. f.da;%sl iudcj, ,laIK y÷kd.ekSu yd m%d:ñl w¾:l%uh

11. .eñ iudch yd ixialD;sh

12. Y%S ,xldfõ lDIsld¾ñl pdß;% jdß;%

13. foia úfoia f.da;%sl iudc$úfYaI WmixialD;s ork iudc¡

14. udkj úoHdfõ

wOHhk weiqfrka ye¢kaùu ixialD;sh ms<snò ks¾jpk ixialD;sh ms<sn| m%Odk fn§ï yd

ixl,am úia;dß; mjq," kHIaál mjq," noaO

mjq," ud;DuQ,sl mjq," m’;DuQ,sl mjq, ;rjoa újdyh" wejeiai {d;s újdy"

tlf.hs lEu" o’. újdy" ìkak újdy" N%dka;S% irK yd foajrirK újdy" uõ mi foam<" msh mi foam<

ud;D md¾Yaùh yd ms;D md¾Yaùh

{d;s;ajh" jxYh" mrïmrdj l=iUqre iïnkaO;d" jHNspdÍ ;yxÑ" {d;s mo ud,d

wd.u wNspdr ye`Èkaùu" wd.u yd

wNspdr ms<snò ks¾jpk m%dK jdoh" nyq foaj jdoh" tal foaj

jdoh" wd;aujdoh" uk ixl,amh" l¿ wNspdr ^úkdYldÍ wNspdr&" iqÿ wNspdr ^wdrlaIK wNspdr&" ksIamdok wNspdr

wd.u iy wNspdr w;r we;s iu úiu;d

wd.u iy wNspdrj, we;s iudc ld¾hNdrh

Wm;" jeäúh meñK’u" újdyh" urKh fmd,sk’ishdkq yd fg%daì%hdkq w¾: l%u .eñ iudch yd ixialD;sfha ,laIK"

frdnÜ frâ*S,aâ f.a pQ, idïm%odh yd uyd idïm%odh ixl,amh" .eñ iudcfhys fjkiaùï

jej" l=Uqr" lu;" fyak jgd ne`È pdß;% f.da;s%l iudchla hkq l=ula o@ jeÈ" lskakr" wys.=KaGsl" frdã

ck;dj" ks;a;Efjda kQj¾" äkaldjre" wrekagd" tialsfuda"

ol=Kq weursldkq f.da;% ^hd.ka" wmdÑhkajre& u´ßjre" bkaÈhdkq f.da;s%l ck;dj ^kdh¾" f;davd" ysudp,a f.da;s%lfhda &

B' î' ghs,¾" î ue,sfkdõials" /âla,s*a

n%jqka" ud.rÜ óâ" rE;a fnkaälaÜ"

80

mqfrda.dñfhda

15. Y’% ,dxflah udkj úoHd{fhda iy YS% ,xldj w<,d udkj úoHd;aul wOHhk isÿ l< udkj úoHd{fhda

fïß v.a,ia" f¾ukaâ *¾;a" fÊïia f*ai¾" wd¾' wd¾' uerÜ" uelaia .a,laudka" m%dkaia fndahia" f,ia,s jhsÜ" la,dla úia,¾" ta' t,a' fl%dan¾" B' wd¾' ,’É" kQ¾ hd,audka" Y’% ksjdia

/,a*a m’ßia" .Kkd: Tfífialr"

kkaofoaj úfÊfialr" tÉ' Ô' ;ïnhshd" rd>jdka" rdhka" fi,s.audka" kkaofiak r;akmd," uhsl,a frdnÜia" uhsl,a taïia" yEkaia vhsg¾ Bj¾ia


foaYk yd iïuka;%K" w;a m;s%ld" Power Point

Presentation, lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh uOH jd¾Isl we.hSu$wjidk jd¾Isl we.hSu

wLKav we.hSu ke; l%ufõoh ksnkaOh ,l=Kq 20 wjidk mÍlaIKh wOHhk j¾Ih wjidkfhys fmkS isák m%Yak m;%h

i|yd ,l=Kq 80la fokq ,efí' l%ufõoh wjidk mÍlaIKh ^,l=Kq 80&

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. wurfialr" ohd" iudc udkj úoHdj" wdßh m%ldYlfhda" jdßhfmd," 1999' 2. wdßhmd," weï' î' uOHld,Sk ,xld iudch" fld<U" 1956' 3. úfÊfialr" kkaofiak" ,xld ck;dj" fld<U" 1955' 4. úu,jxY ysñ" noafoa.u" wfma ixialD;sh" fld<U" 1954' 5. r;akmd," kkaofiak" udkj úoHdj" wdßh m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd," 2001' 6. r;akmd," kkaofiak" ckY%e;s úoHdj" f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda" urodk" 1995' 7. fmf¾rd" fgksika" udkj úoHd yd iudc úoHd m%fõYh" f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda"

2002' 8. iurfialr" fiamd," Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl iudc" fld<U" 2000' 9. iurfialr" fiamd," udkj úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u" l¾;D m%ldYkhls" 2001' 10. chisß" chka;" tÈßisxy" wkQId" ol=Kq wdishdj ms<sn| udkj úoHdj" 2009' 11. ch;s,l" foaúld" hidxc,S" u,ajr isß;" l¾;D m%ldYkhls" 2007' 12. ch;s,l" foaúld" hidxc,S" wdÈjdi’ iudc I, l¾;D m%ldYkhls" 2012' 13. ch;s,l" foaúld" hidxc,S" wdÈjdi’ iudc II, l¾;D m%ldYkhls" 2012' 14. ch;s,l" foaúld" hidxc,S" f,dj jgd u,ajr isß;a" u,s¥j m%ldYkhls"

n;a;ruq,a," 2010' 15. r;akdhl wfí" iudc úoHd udkj úoHd kHdh I fldgi" l¾;D m%ldYkhls"

1999' 16. Colman, Simon and Helan, Wolson, Introduction to Anthropology, London,

1992.

17. Evens, Pritchard, E.E., Social Anthropology, New York, 1979.

18. Fried, John, Cultural Anthropology, New York, 1951.

19. Lowie R. H., Primitive Society New York, 1920.

20. Tylor, Edward, Primitive Culture, London, 1871.

21. Barnow, Victor, Ethnology, Homewood, Illinois, USA, 1982.

81

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h ANGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku fN!;sl udkj úoHdj ye¢kaùu 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih පළම වසර 5 j,x.=;djh

udkj úoHdj hkq" ñksid ms<sn|j wOHhkh lsrSuhs' fuysoS ñksid yg jeo.;a jk yd wod< jk ish,qu wxYhka Tiafia wOHhkhka isÿlrkq ,nhs' tkï Tjqkaf.a p¾hdj" NdIdj" wdl,am" {d;S;ajh b;sydih" ixialD;sh" m%d.a b;sydih" l,dj" wd.u" ;dlaIKh hkq ñka iuyrls' udkj úoHdfõ úfYaI;ajh jkafka ñksidf.a fuu wfN!;sl iajNdjh fukau fN!;sl iajNdjh ms<sn|j o yeoErSuhs' tkï ñksidf.a fN!;sl foayh ms<sn|j o wOHhkh lrk w;r ta ;=<g ñksidf.a mrsKduh" ñksid j¾;udk rEmdldrhg meñKqk wdldrh iy ta i|yd odhl jQ mrsKdóh yd mdrsirsl idOl" Tjqkaf.a foay ú,dYh" reêr .K iy wfkl=;a wKql úoHd;aul wOHhkhka o isÿ flf¾' udkj úoHdj wOHhkh lsrSfïoS ñksid mQ¾K f,iu wOHhkhg n÷ka lsrSu isÿlrkjd hehs lshkafka tneúks'

ñksidf.a fN!;sl iajNdjh wOHhkh lsrSfï oS uQ,slj u ñksid i;ajhl= f,i i,lhs' tkï ñksid fndfyda YdrSrsl ,laIKj,ska i;ajhkag iudk jk kuq;a Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sl wx.hka udkj iudcfha lemSfmfkk f,i j¾Okh ù we;s neúka wfkl=;a i;ajhkag jvd oshqKq ;;a;ajhlg m;aj we;' tneúka fN!;sl udkj úoHdj wOHhkfhaoS m%Odk lafIa;% folla Ndú; lrk w;r" tajd udkj úúO;ajh yd udkj mrsKduh f,i kï lr we;'

udkj úúO;ajh wOHhkfhaoS j;auka ñksiqka fmkajk rEmSh úúO;ajh;a idlÉPd lrkq ,efí' ñksiqka úúO wdldrfha rEmSh ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' tajd Tjqkaf.a ndyssrska fmkajk fjkialï jk foay m%udKh" ifï j¾Kh" ysifliaj, j¾Kh" iajNdjh jeks oE fukau wNHka;r ,laIK jk reêr .Kj, fjkialï iy wfkl=;a wNHka;r fjkialï m%uqL fõ' fuysoS fN!;sl udkj úoHd{fhda fuu wNHka;r yd ndysr fjkialïj,g fya;= fiùu i|yd m¾fhaIKj, ksr; fj;s'

udkj mrsKduh hk úIh lafI;%h hgf;a udkjhdf.a mrsKduh ms<sn| idlÉPd flf¾' fuysoS udkj jdkr in|;dj iy udkj mQ¾jchka wOHhkhg n÷ka flf¾' fuhg wu;rj fN!;sl udkj úoHdfõ we;s jHjydrsl úIh lafI;%hka jk wêlrK udkj úoHdj" m%sudgd úoHdj hk úIh lafI;%hka o idlÉPd flf¾'


a. fuys m%Odk mrud¾:h jkafka fN!;sl udkj úoHdfõ úIh lafI;%" b;sydih iy j¾;udk mj;sk ;;a;ajh olajd j¾Okh jQ wdldrh ms<sn| mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd oSuh'

b. thg wu;rj udkjhdf.a cSj úoHd;aul úúO;ajh idlÉPd lsrSu' c. udkj mrsKduh yd ta iïnkaOfhka we;s kHdhhka o udkj mQ¾jchka ms<sn|

wjfndaOhla o ,nd oSu' d. ñksia fkdjk m%sudgdjka iy Tjqkaf.a mrsKduh o" udkj mrsKduhg Tjqkaf.a

odhl;ajh myodoSu' e. ñksia iudcj, fmkakqï lrk j¾.fNaojdoh iy thg fya;= úuiSu' f. ñksid ish mrsirhg olajk fN!;sl wkqj¾;khka wOHhkh lsrSu' g. Y%S ,xldfõ fN!;sl udkj úoHd m¾fhaIKhka ms<sn| oekqïj;a lsrSu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. isiqka yg fN!;sl udkj úoHdfõ wdrïNh" úldYh" tys j¾;udk ;;a;ajh

olajd jQ j¾Okh iy úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| mq¿,a oekqula ,nd.; yels fõ' b. udkjhka iy jdkrhka w;r we;s iïnkaO;d yd mrsKdóh nkaOq;d y÷kd.;

yelsùu' c. udkj úúO;ajh" j¾.fNaojdoh ms<sn| we;s úoHd;aul kHdhka iy ixl,am

f;areï .ekSu' d. ñksid ish úúO mrsir ;;a;ajhkag fN!;sl jYfhka wkqj¾;kh fjñka"

mdrsirsl .eg¨j,g uqyqK foñka f,dj mqrd id¾:lj jHdma; jQ wdldrh oek.ekSu'

e. Y%S ,xldfõ úiQ wdos udkjhka iy Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sl miqìu" Tjqka yd f,dalfha jHdma;j isá wfkl=;a udkjhkaf.a wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj wjfndaO lr .ekSug yelshdjla ,eîu'

82

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld

fiiq ud;Dld

1. fN!;sl udkj úoHdfõ wdrïNh yd úldYkh

2. fN!;sl udkj úoHd úIh lafIa;%hka

3. udkj iïNjh ms<sn| mQ¾j úoHd;aul Ñka;khka

4. mrsKdóh uQ,O¾u

5. udkj úúO;ajh

6. ukqIH m%cdjkaf.a oelsh yels cSj úoHd;aul wkqj¾;k

7. m%sudgdjka

8. udkj mrsKduh

9. fydafuda udkjhdf.a iïm%dma;sh

mdIdKsOd;= úoHdj wia:s cSj úoHdj yd udkj wia:s ñ;sh wêlrK udkj úoHdj m%sudgd úoHdj udkj cSj úoHdj m%d.a jHdêfõoh uejqï jdoh mrsKduh isÿjQ njg we;s idlaIs mrsKdóh jdo -,eudla jdoh -vdúka jdoh

-kj vdúka jdoh úis jk Y;j¾Ifha jd¾.sl ixl,am talckk jdoh" nyqckk jdoh ifï j¾Kh nyqrEmS;dj-reêr .K

,elafgdaia W!k;djh isl,afi,a wekSñhdj iy ;e,iSñhdj wkqj¾;k ;,hka WIaK foaY.=Khg yd iS; foaY.=Khg

we;s wkqj¾;k foay m%udKh iy yevh

Wia ìï m%foaYj, cSj;a ùSu fmdaIK W!k;d

m%sudgd j¾.SlrKh

m%sudgd ,laIK m%sudgd iudc ixúOdk rgd m%sudgd mrsKduh Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Ardipithecus ramidus

Australopithecus anamensis

Australopithecus aferensis

Australopithecus africanus

Australopithecus garhi

Homo habilis ^YlH udkjhd& Homo erectus^>Dcq udkjhd&- fN!;sl yd

øjHd;aul ixialD;sh Archaic Homo sapiens- kshekav;d,a

udkjhd

83

10. kQ;k udkjhdf.a iïNjh yd jHdma;sh

11. cSj ixialD;sl udkj

úoHdj

12. Y%S ,xldfõ fN!;sl udkj

úoHd;aul wOHhk

Neanderthal behavior- kshekav;d,a udkjhdf.a yeisrSu

Material culture - øjHd;aul ixialD;sh nyq m%dfoaYSh iïNjh tal m%dfoaYSh iïNjh

cSj ixialD;sl l%ufõohka udkj p¾hdj iy fndajk frda. jHdma;sh

Y%S ,xldfõ m%uqL fN!;sl udkj úoHd{hka

Y%S ,dxflah udkj fmdis, Y’% ,xldfõ m%d.a udkj idOl fmkajk

ia:dk 10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk

wdldrh foaYk uÕska lKavdhï idlÉPd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh uOH jd¾Isl we.hSu$ wjidk jd¾Isl we.hSu wLKav we.hSu l%ufõoh ksnkaOkh ,l=Kq - 20 wjidk mÍlaIKh jir wjidk mr‘laIKh ,l=Kq - 80 l%ufõoh

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. Barnow, V. (1982). Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology.

Vol. 1. (4th edition). Dorsey Press, Illinois. USA.

2. Jurmain, R., Kilgore, L., Trevathan, W. and Ciochon, R.L. (2008) Introduction to

Physical Anthropology. 11th Edition. Thomson Learning Inc. USA.pp- 513.

3. Kulathilake, S. W. (1997). ñksid i;A;Ajfhls: fN!;sl udkj úoHd msúiqu.

Tharanji Printers, Navinna, Sri Lanka.

4. Kulathilake, S. W. (2001). udkj w;S;h I : ms%udgd mrsKduh. Tharanji Printers,

Navinna, Sri Lanka. 5. Nahallage, C. (2001). udkj úúO;ajh. Tharanji Printers, Navinna, Sri Lanka. 6. Nahallage, C. (2013). ms%udgd f,dalh. Sarasavi Publishes, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka.

7. Kulathilake, S. W. (2004). udkj w;S;h II : udkj mjqf,a mrsKduh. Tharanji

Printers, Navinna, Sri Lanka. 8. Kulathilake, S. W. (2008). udkj w;S;h III : kQ;k ñksidf.a iïNjh yd

mrsKduh. Tharanji Printers, Navinna, Sri Lanka.

84

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h ARGE - 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku bkaoshdfõ yd YS% ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd

b;sydih 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;djh

cd;shla i;= Wreuhka ms<sn| úoHd;aulj wOHhkh lsÍfï m%fõYhla ùu' 6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;=

wjYH;d ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq cd;sl Wreuhka yd f,dal Wreuhka wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH úoHd;aul oekqu ,nd oSu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h cd;sl yd rdcHl Wreuhka ms<sn| úoHd;aul wjfndaOh ;=<ska ,nk ;dlaIKh mokï lrf.k Wreuhka wdrlaId lsÍu;a th cd;shg odhdo lsßu;a foaYhg wdorh lrk mrmqrla ìys lsÍu;a ;sìh hq;=h'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld

fiiq ud;Dld

1. mqrdúoHdfõ wdrïNh yd j¾Okh

2. 1890 g fmr Y%s ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd lghq;=

3. 1890 isg 1912 olajd mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

4. 1912 isg 1922 olajd mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska Y%s ,xldfõ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

5. 1922 isg 1940 olajd mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

6. 1940 ka miq mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j Y%S ,xldfõ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

16 "17" 18 jk ishjiaj,oS mqrdjia;= /ialsÍu wdrïN ùu'

19 jk ishjfiaoS hq. ;=fka l%uh bx.%Sis cd;slhka bosßm;a l< N+ úoHd;aul

úmßkdu m%xY yd bx.%Sis cd;slhka w;ska j¾Okh jq

udkj hg.shdj ms<sn| j¾Okh 1860 oS wOHdmk úIhla ùu' 20 jk ishjfia ;=kajk oYlfha mßmq¾K

úIhla njg m;aùu mß.Kl úIhh mqrdúoHdjg we;=<;a ùfuka

j¾Okh ù wx. iïmQ¾K úIhhla njg m;aùu'

Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd lghq;= wdrïN ùug

n,mE idOl yd ta ms<sn| jd¾;d 1890 Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd m¾fhaIK lghq;=

i|yd mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïNùu yd tÉ'iS'ms' fn,a uy;d md,k ld,h olajd mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=fõ lghq;=

1912 oS whgkaa uy;d m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k

ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;= 1922 oS ta' weï' fydld¾Ü uy;d m;aùu yd

Tyqf.a md,k ld,fha oS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

1935 oS ta' tï' f,dakay¾Üia uy;d m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;='

úúO mqrdúoHd ix.ï" wdh;k u.ska yd mqoa.,hka úiska lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;='

1940 oS uydpd¾h fikr;a mrKú;dk uy;d

mqrdúoHd flduidßiaa f,i m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k flaI;%fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

85

7. 1940 ka miq Y%s ,xldfõ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

8. 1940 ka miq Y%s ,xldfõ lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

9. Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd lghq;= i|yd odhl jq fjk;a wdh;k yd mqoaa.,hka Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl uQ, ft;sydisl wjê ms<sn| .fõIKh

10. 1860 g fmr bkaoshdfõ mqrdúoHd lghq;= yd wef,laiekav¾ lkskayeï uy;d úiska bkaoshdfõ mqrdúoHd flaI;%hg lrk ,o fiajh

11. i¾ fcdka udI,a yd i¾ fudaáu¾ ù,¾ úiska bkaoshdfõ mqrdúoHd lafIa;%hg lrk ,o fiajh

12. tÉ' ã' ixl,shd yd wd¾'ã'

fnk¾cs úiska bkaoshdfõ mqrdúoHd lafI;%hg lrk ,o fiajh

1957 oS wdpd¾h ã'B' f.dvl=Uqr uy;d m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

1967 oS wd¾'tÉ'o' is,ajd uy;d m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

1979 oS wdpd¾h ioaOdux., lreKdr;ak uy;d m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

hqfkiaflda Y%S ,xld ixialD;sl ;%sfldaKh fhdackd l%uh msysgqùu yd uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo,a mk; iïu; ùu

1984 oS wdpd¾h frda,kaâ is,ajd uy;d m;aùu

yd Tyqf.a md,k ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;='

1991 oS wdpd¾h tÉ'tï' isßfidau uy;d m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

1993 oS wdpd¾h isrdka oerKsh., uy;d m;aùu yd Tyqf.a md,k ld,fha oS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

2001 oS wdpd¾h ví' úfÊmd, uy;d m;aùu yd md,k ld,fhaoS lrk ,o mqrdúoHd lghq;=

uOHu ixialD;sl wruqof,a wdrïNh uOHu ixialD;sl wruqo, u.ska lrk ,o

mqrdúoHd lghq;= Y%s ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl o;a; úYaf,aIKh

lsÍu Y%S ,xldfõ uQ, yd ft;sydisl wjê ms<sn|

ld, úu¾Ykh

bkaoshdfõ mqrdúoHd ixl,amfha m%Njh yd ft;sydisl hq.fha mqrdúoHd lghq;='

1794 isg 1861 olajd mqrdúoHd lghq;=' wef,laiekav¾ lkskayeï bkaoshd mqrdúoHd

lafIa;%fha isÿlrk ,o .fõIK leKsï ixrlaIK yd tajdfha m%;sM,'

bkaosh mqrdúoHd flduidßiajreka jYfhka Tyqf.a ld¾hNdrh yd Tyq úiska lafIa;%hg y÷kajdÿka kj m%jK;d'

i¾ fcdka udI,a bkaoshd mqrdúoHd lafIa;%fha isÿlrk ,o .fõIK leKsï ixrlaIK yd tajdfha m%;sM,

i¾ fudáu¾ ù,¾ bkaoshd mqrdúoHd lafIa;%fha isÿlrk ,o .fõYk leKsï ixrlaIK yd tajdfha m%;sM,

tÉ 'ã' ixL,shd bkaoshd mqrdúoHd lafIa;%fha isÿ lrk ,o .fõIK leKSï ixrlaIKh yd tajdfha m%;sM,'

wd¾'ä' fnk¾cs bkaoshd mqrdúoHd lafIa;%fha isÿ lrk ,o .fõIK leKsï ixrlaIK yd tajdfha m%;sM,'

86

13. bkaoshdkq m%d.a b;sydih

14. bkaoSh uQ, b;sydi wjêh

15. bkaoshdfõ ft;sydisl wjê

bkaoshdkq m%d.a b;sydih y`ÿkd.eksu yd ta ms<sn| lrk ,o m¾fhaIK yd mqoa.,hka'

Ys,dfuj,ï yd fjk;a m%d.a ft;sydisl ñksiqkaf.a ks¾udK weiqßka Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sh y`ÿkd.ekSu'

uQ, ft;sydisl wjêh yÿkd.ekSu iy tu

wjêh ms<sn| lrk ,o m¾fhaIK uQ, ft;sydisl wjêh yeoEÍug we;s uQ,dY% tu wjêh ms<sn| m¾fhaIKh l< mqoa.,hka

yd Tjqkaf.a m¾fhaIKj,ska ,o m%;sM, fuu jljdkqj, bkaoSh ixialD;sh

ft;sydisl wjêh y`ÿkd.ekSu tu wjêh ms<sn| m¾fhaIK yd m¾fhaIK l< mqoa.,hka

ft;sydisl wjêfha bkaoSh ixialD;sh 10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk

wdldrh foaYk uÕska lKavdhï

idlÉPd YsIHhka iu`. idlÉcd meje;aùu

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav mejreï$wLKav ksnkaO$tallh wjidkfha oS ,sÅ; mÍlaIKhla meje;aùu

wLKav we.hSu l%ufõoh wjidk mÍlaIKh l%ufõoh

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. bkaoshd mqrdúoHd b;sydih - mßj¾;kh uydpd¾h ã't,a' wfíj¾Ok

2. wdos bkaoshdj yd mdlsia:dkh - fudaáu¾ ù,¾

3. m%d.a ft;sydisl bkaoshdj - iagqjÜ msf.dÜ

4. Indus Civilization - fudaáu¾ ù,¾

5. mqrdúoHd foamd¾;fïka;=fõ b;sydih 1990 - ixia kkaofoaj úfcafialr

6. mqrdúoHd m%fõYh - 1992 tÉ'à' niakdhl yd Wod fyÜáf.a

7. mqrdúoHd yeoEßu - ir;a j;a;,

8. ,xld mqrdúoHdfõ b;sydih - ioaOdux., lreKdr;ak

9. Archaeological survey of Ceylon – Annual Reports

10. Central Cultural fund – Annual Reports

11. Central Cultural fund – Excavation Reports

12. Central Cultural fund – conservation Reports

13. Chakrabarti, Dilip K. (1982). "The Development of Archaeology in the Indian

Subcontinent"

14. Trautmann, Thomas R.; Sinopoli, Carla M. (2002). "In the Beginning was the

Word: Excavating the Relations between History and Archaeology in South Asia".

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Trautmann

87

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h ARGE - 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku iïNdjH Ñ;% yd uQ¾;s 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

bkaoshdfõ iy Y%S ,xldfõ iïNdjH Ñ;% yd uQ¾;s l,dj ms<sn| uQ,sl oekqu yd wjfndaOh ;=<ska ks¾udK riúkaokh yd ks¾udKlrKh

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. bkaoshdfõ iy Y%S ,xldfõ Ñ;% yd uQ¾;s l,dj ms<sn| uQ,sl oekqu yd wjfndaOh ,nd

oSu' b. bkaoshdkq l,dfõ ,laIK Y%S ,xldfõ l,dj flfrys we;s l< n,mEu y÷kd .ekSu' c. ta ta hq.j,g wdfõKsl ,laIK fjka fldg y÷kd .ekSug yelshdj ,ndoSu' d. Ndú; øjH yd ;dlaIKsl Ys,aml%u ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. udkjhdf.a meje;au i|yd l,dfõ Wmldrh y`ÿkd .eksu'

b. ñksid wka;¾ ixialD;sl l%shdj,shlg w;S;fha isgu wkq.;j isá nj y`ÿkd .kS

c. l,ska l, we;s jQ iudc úm¾hdi yÿkd .kS'

d. ks¾udK riúkaokh yd ks¾udKlrKhg fm<Uùug W;Aidy .ekSu 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dld

fiiq ud;Dld

01' Ndr;Sh l,d miqìu

1'1 bkaÿksïk YsIAgdpdrhg wh;A l,dlD;s

fï hgf;A bkaÿksïk YsIAgdpdrfhA me;sÍu yd ld,h

tu YsIAgdpdrjdiSka úiska ks¾udKh l< l,dlD;sj, olakg ,efnk mqreI rEm" ia;S% rEm" l%Svd NdKav" ueá nÿka iy uqød wdosfha uQ,sl ,lAIK

ta i|yd Ndú; wuqøjH yd tu l,d lD;sj, ixl,amhka

1'2 fu!¾h iïm%øfha l,dj wfYdal ia;ïN" nqoaO.hd leghï yd idxÑ leghï

tajdfha úfYaI ,laIK yd wdNdihka

1'3 wdkaø l,d iïm%odh ol=Kq os. bkaoshdfõ l%sIaKd iy f.daOdjrs .x.d w;r ìysj jevqKq"

wurdj;s kd.¾cqkfldKav f.da,s c.af.hshdfmag wdoS ia:dkj, we;s l,d lD;Skays úfYaI

,laIK

1'4 l=IdK l,d iïm%odh l=IdK rc fm<m; hgf;A ìys¥ .kaOdr yd u:qrd l,d l,dlD;sj, úfYaI ,laIK

tajdfha úúO wdNdihka

1'5 .=ma; l,d iïm%odh .=ma; rc fm<m; hgf;a W;=re bkaoshdfõ ixj¾Okhg m;a nqoaO m%;sud l,dj

1'6 wcka;d Ñ;% l,d iïm%odh wcka;d f,ka moaO;sfha we;s Ñ;%j," wka;¾.;h

bosßm;a lsßfï ú,dih Ñ;% ;dlaIKh

88

02' Y%S ,xldfõ l,d miqìu

2'1 YS% ,xldfõ l,d Ys,am ìyslsÍfï miqìu

Y%S ,xldfõ m%d.a ft;sydisl l,dj uyskaod.ukh;a iu. we;s jq bkaoshdkq

in|;dj u; ,xldfõ l,dfjys we;s jQ ixj¾Okh

2'2 Y%S%s ,xldfõ nqoaO m%;sud l,dj

nqoaO ixfla; wkqrdOmqr" fmdf<dkakrej yd uykqjr

hq.fha nqoaO m%;sud ks¾udKh i|yd Ndú; wuqøjH

tla tla hq.fha m%;sudj, úfYaI ,laIK

2'3 Y%S%s ,xldfõ fndaêi;a;aj m%;sud

,xldj ;=< uydhdk nqÿoyfï jHdma;sh uydhdk fndaêi;aj m%;sudj, Bg wdfõKsl

,laIK

2'4 Y%S ,xldfõ ieris,s uQ¾;s wdhl leghï wdrdñl yd rdclSh f.dvke.s,sj, fodrgq

yd uKavm w,xlrKh i|yd Ndú; i|lv myK" uqr.," fldrjla., wdosfha l%ñl úldYkh

tu l,dlD;sj, ixfla;d¾:hka

2'5 Y%S ,xldfõ ì;=is;=jï l,dj

wkqrdOmqr" fmdf<dkakrej" uykqjr hk hq.j, ì;=is;=jï we|s ia:dk

tu is;=jïj, wka;¾.;h yd úfYaI ,laIK

ì;=is;=jï ;dlaIKh


foaYk uÕska iïuka;%K lafIa;% lghq;= i|yd fhduq lsÍu

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav mejreï $ wLKav ksnkaO $ tallh wjidkfha oS ,sÅ; mÍlaIKhla meje;aùu

wLKav we.hSu l%ufõoh wjidk mÍlaIKh l%ufõoh

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. jkr;k lUqremsáfha" 1985" ,laosj nqÿms<suh" ud;r

2. úu,r;k ysñ" fn,a,kaú," 1995" nqoaO m%;sud l,dj iy nqÿms<sufha úldYh" foysj,

3. úu,r;kysñ" fn,a,kaú," 1991" nqÿms<sufha uqød iy wdik" foysj,

4. mrKú;dk'tia'"1990" ,xldfõ ia;+mh" fld<U

5. úfÊfialr kkaofoaj" 1990" ixia' uQ¾;s l,dj" mqrdúoHd fomd¾;fïka;=j

6. foafõkaø ã'à' "1970" i|lv myK yd fjk;a ,sms" fld<U

7. l=udriajdñ wdkkao" 1962" uOHld,Sk isxy, l,d" fld<U 8. ms.Ü iagqjÜ"1971" m%d.a ft;sydisl bkaoshdj" 9. nIdï't,a' wisßu;a bkaoshdj 10. .=ref.a wdkkao" oUosj fn!oaO l,dj 11. wfíj¾Ok ã't,a' bkaoSh mqrdúoHd b;sydih 12. ú,¾ fudaáu¾" wdos bkaoshdj yd mlsia:dkh 13. w,yfldaka" fylag¾ï" 1968" yskaÿiNH;ajfha ke.Su 14. Harsha V. Dehejia, (2000), The Advaita of Art (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass

15. Kapila Vatsyayan, (1977),Classical Indian Dance in Literature and the Arts ,New

Delhi: Sangeet Natak Akademi

16. Mitter, Partha. (2001),Indian Art,Oxford University Press.

17. Blacker, J. F. (1922). The ABC of Indian Art. Stanley Paul & Co., London.

18. Coomaraswamy, Ananda K. (1914). Viśvakarmā ; examples of Indian architecture,

sculpture, painting, handicraft. London.

19. Havell, E. B. (1907). Essays on Indian art, industry & education. G. A. Natesan &

Co. , Madras.

http://books.google.com/books?id=Qnsfb7wPbZYC

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila_Vatsyayan

http://books.google.com/books?id=BqbMTe0gzU4C

http://www.archive.org/stream/cu31924022942944#page/n7/mode/2up

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_K._Coomaraswamy



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._B._Havell

http://www.archive.org/stream/essaysonindianar00haveiala#page/n1/mode/2up

89

20. Havell, E. B. (1920). The Ideals of Indian art. E. P. Dutton and Co., New York.

21. Havell, E. B. (1908). Indian sculpture and painting. John Murray, London.

22. Havell, E. B. (1920). A Handbook of Indian Art. John Murray, London.

23. Smith, Vincent A. (1930). A History Of Fine Art In India And Ceylon. The

Clarendon Press, Oxford.

24. Welch, Stuart Cary (1985). India: art and culture, 1300-1900. New York: The

Metropolitan Museum of Art.


http://www.archive.org/stream/idealsofindianar00haveuoft#page/n5/mode/2up




http://www.archive.org/stream/handbookofindian002882mbp#page/n5/mode/2up

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_A._Smith

http://www.archive.org/stream/historyoffineart035424mbp#page/n7/mode/2up

http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/80045/rec/1

90

01 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h CMGE 1001

02 mdGud,d tallfha ku ikaksfõok uQ,O¾u

03 tall w.h 04


05 j,x.=;dj ikaksfõok úIh Ydia;%Sh jYfhka úu¾Ykhg ,la lsÍu i|yd tys moku ilia ù we;s wdldrh fuka u úIh lafIa;%fha úúO fn§ï yd j¾.SlrKhka ms<sn|j m%udKj;a ±kqula ;sîu w;HjYH fõ. tfukau úúO jQ úIhdkqnoaO lreKq meyeÈ,s lr .ekSfï§ Wmia;ïNl jk ms<s.;a uQ,sl mdßNdIsl kdulrKhka ms<sn| m%udKj;a ±kqula yd wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ.


ke;

07 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. ikaksfõok úIh lafIa;%h ye¢kaùu

b. úIhhg wod< uQ,sl fn§ï yd wkqIx.sl ixrplhka ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOh ,nd §u

c. ikaksfõok úIh wOHhkfha§ Ndú; uQ,sl kdulrKh y÷kajd §u

08 mdGud,d tallfha b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. ikaksfõok úIh lafIa;%fha jHdma;sh meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu b. úIhhg wod< uQ,sl fn§ï yd j¾.SlrKhka yd Bg mdol jQ idOl weiqßka

m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu c. ikaksfõok wOHhkh yd ne÷Kq uQ,sl mdßNdIsl kdulrKhka wod< ikao¾Nhg

we;s iïnkaOhg wkqj ksjerÈj Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj 09 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld

1.ikaksfõokh hkq l=ulao@ ye¢kaùu ks¾jpk jeo.;alu

2.ikaksfõokfha ¨yqvq b;sydih

m%d.a ft;sydisl hq.hkays ikaksfõokh

uqq,ald,Sk ikaksfõok úêl%u

3.udkj ikaksfõokh

uQ,sl .=Kdx. ikaksfõok l%shdj,sfha uQ,sldx. ikaksfõokfha fm!oa.,sl

jákdlu ikaksfõokfha iudc jákdlu

4. ikaksfõok j¾. yd iajrEm

j¾. - wka;¾j¾;s mqoa.,

ikaksfõokh - mqoa.,dka;r ikaksfõokh - iuQy ikaksfõokh - ck ikaksfõokh

iajrEm - l:k - ,sÅ; - Y%jH - oDYH - úSêu;a - fkdúêu;a - jdÑl - ks¾jdÑl

5.ikaksfõok wdlD;ss

weßiafgdaÜ,a ,eiafj,a Iekka yd ùj¾ n¾f,da Y%dï yd Tia.=â

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh úIh m%;sfmdaIl iïuka;%K

91

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wjidk mÍlaIKh j¾Idjidk ,sÅ; mÍCIKhg fmkS isáh hq;=h'

,l=Kq 100] 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. we;=.," wdßhr;ak ^1998&" ikaksfõok isoaOdka;" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda

2. lreKdkdhl" kkaok" ^1995& udkj ikaksfõokh ^1995&" udOH m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv

3. mshodi" frdayK ,laIAuka" ^2008& ikaksfõok úu¾Yk" udOH yd ixj¾Okh ms<sno flakaøh

4. ymqwdrÉÑ" wcka;d" ikaksfõokh y`ÿkd.ekSu ^2010&" r;ak m%ldYlfhda - fld<U

5. lreKdkdhl" kkaok ^1994& ikaksfõok" udOH m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv 6. lreKdkdhl" kkaok ^2000& ikaksfõokhg moku" ioSmd 7. Èidkdhl úu,a ^1977& udkj ikaksfõokh" iSudiys; f,alayjqia fld<U 02 8. ufyakaø" iqkkaø ^1991&" ikaksfõok .fõIK" Y%S ,xld mqia;ld, fiajd

uKav,h 9. .uf.a fca' ksu,a ^1998&" i;aj ikaksfõokh" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda 10. ufyakaø" iqkkaø ^1993& ikaksfõok úpdr m%;spdr" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda -fld<U 10 11. Tubbs & Moss (1994), Human Communication, McGrow–Hill, Inc

12. Fiske, John (2006), Introduction to Communication Studies –Rutledge,

London

13. Andrew, Bennett& Wall (2008), AS Communication Studies (2nd ED),

Rutledge, London

92

01 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h CMGE 1002

02 mdGud,d tallfha ku udOH wOHhkh ye¢kaùu

03 tall w.h 04


05 j,x.=;dj ckikaksfõokh hkq ikaksfõokh hk mq`M,a úIh lafIa;%fhys wka;¾.; úfYaIs; tallhls. mqoa.,hd u; fukau iudch u; we;slrk ±ä n,mEu ksidu j¾;udk f,dalfha ta ms<sn|j uy;a jQ wjOdkhla fhduqj ;sfí.tfyhska ikaksfõok úoHd¾Óhl= wksjd¾hfhka u ckudOHj, yeisÍu ms<sn|j m%udKj;a wjfndaOhlska hqla; ùu w;HjYH jQjls.

06 mdGud,dj i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke;

07 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. ckikaksfõokh ms<sn|j;a tys ft;sydisl j¾Okh yd ld¾hNdrh ms<sn|j;a

m%udKj;a wjfndaOhla ,nd §u

b. Ydia;%Sh oDIaáfldaKhlska ckudOHj, yeisÍu iy ls%hdldÍ;ajh kHdhd;aulj fukau m%dfhda.slj úu¾Ykhg ,la lsÍu

08 mdGud,d tallfha b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. úúO ckudOH j¾. yd tajdg wod< úfYaaaaaI;djka meyeÈ,s lr .ekSu

b. ckudOH ls%hdldÍ;ajh mss<sn|j kHdhd;aul idOl weiqßka wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu

c. ckudOHhkaf.a ld¾h yd ne÷Kq úúO ixrplhkaf.a wka;¾ ls%hdldß;ajh úúO ckudOH wdlD;s weiqßka úu¾Ykh lr .eUqßka wjfndaO lr .ekSu


1.ckudOH hkq l=ula o@ ye¢kaùu ks¾jpk ckudOHhkaf.a ld¾hhka

2.ckudOH b;sydih

mqj;am;a iskudj .=jkaúÿ,sh rEmjdysksh wka;¾cd,h

3.uqøs; yd úoHq;a udOH

uqÈ%; udOH - mqj;am;a - i`.rd

úoHq;a udOH - .=jkaúÿ,sh - rEmjdyssksh - wka;¾cd,h

4.ckudOH ms<sn| kdñl kHdhhka

wêm;sjd§ ksoyiajd§ fidaúhÜ fldñhqksiaÜ iudc j.lSu m%cd;ka;%jd§

5.ckkaksfõok wdlD;ss

fjiaÜ,s uela,Ska fâúâ ueksx jhsÜ fcydâ uef,Üiafla fu,aúka o ma j¾ T,a.d ,Ska iy isis,shd fjdka

f*a,skaÜfika

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh úIh m%;sfmdaIl iïuka;%K

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wjidk mÍlaIKh j¾Idjidk ,sÅ; mÍCIKhg fmkS isáh hq;=h' ,l=Kq 100]

93

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. we;=.," wdßhr;ak ^1993&" rEmjdysksh iy ikaksfõokh" r;ak fmd;a

m%ldYlfhda" urodk 2. ldßhjiï" ;siai ^2004&" Y%S ,xlfõ mqj;am;a l,dj" f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda"

fld<U 3. lreKdkdhl" kkaok ^2000&" úoaHq;a ikaksfõokh" iriaj;S m%ldYk"

osjq,msásh 4. kdkdhlaldr" fiak ^2012&" udOHl,d úpdr m%;spdr" weia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda" fld<U 5. ufyakaø" iqkkao" ckudOHfha ke.Su" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda 6. rdcmlaI pkaøisß ^2002&" ckikaksfõok uQ,O¾u" *diaÜ ms%kag¾ia" fld<U 7. Pradeep Kumar Dey (1993) Perspectives in Mass Communication, Kalyani

Publishes – New Delhi

8. Dounick R Joseph, (1994), Dynamics of Mass Commmunication, , Mc Grow–

Hill Publishing Company, New York

9. DeFleur & Dennis, (1991), Understanding Mass Communication, Houston

Mifflin Company, Boston

94

01 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h CRGE 1001

02 mdGud,d tallfha ku wmrdO úoHd uq,sl ixl,am

03 tall w.h 04


05 j,x.=;dj mqoa.,hdf.a yd iudcfha h:d meje;au flfrys wys;lr n,mEï t,a, lrkq ,nk udkj p¾hd rgdjka w;=ßka wmrdO yd iudc úfrdaë l%shd m%Odk fõ' iudc flfrys wmrdO uÕska we;s lrk tu wk¾:ldÍ n,mEu ksid ta ms<sn|j wOHhkh fldg oekqu f.dv ke.Su flfrys úoHd{hka ;u wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfí' ta wkqj iudc ixisoaêhla f,i wmrdO ms<sn|j úoHd;aulj wOHhkh lsÍfï wruqKska wmrdO úoHdj keue;s úIh lafIa;%h f.dv k.d ;sfí' iudc úoHd ldKavhg wh;a úIhhla jk wmrdO úoHdj uÕska wmrdO" wmrOldÍ p¾hd rgdjkaf.a iajNdjh" mqoa., wmrdOldÍ;ajh i|yd n,mdk fya;= idOl yd wmrdO md,kh iy ksjdrKh ms<sn| úoHd;aulj yodrkq ,efí' wmrdO yd wmrdO md,khg wod< jkakdjQ wxY .Kkdjla ms<sn| wmrdO úoHd{hska úiska wOHhkh lrk w;r" wmrdO úoHd m%fõYh hgf;a wmrdO úIh Odrdj ;=< idlÉPdjg Ndckh lrk uQ,sl ixl,amh úuiSug ,la flf¾'

06 mdGud,dj i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke;

07 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqK

a. wmrdO yd nd,dmrdOj, iajNdjh yd uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn| úuid ne,Su

b. wmrdO úoHdj yd tys úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| y`ÿkd .ekSu

c. wmrdO úoHd úIh lafIa;%h ;+< úúO wmrdO j¾.SlrKhg ,la lr we;s wdldrh yd tfia j¾. lr we;s we;s wmrdOj, uQ,sl ,laIK y`ÿkd .ekSu

d. wmrdO ms<sn| o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ialsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l%shdud¾. ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,ndoSu

08 mdGud,d tallfha b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h

a. wmrdO yd nd,dmrdOj, iajNdjh yd uQ,sl ,laIK ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsùu

b. wmrdO úoHdfõ wruqKq iy úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| wjfndaO lr .; yelsùu

c. wmrdOj, iajNdjh wkqj wmrdO j¾.lr we;s wdldrh iïnkaOfhka oekqj;a Ndjhla ,nd.; yels ùu

d. wmrdO ms<sn| o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu i|yd wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk l%shdud¾. iïnkaOfhka wjfndaOhla ,nd.; yelsùu

09

mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dldj wkqq ud;Dld

1. wmrdO yd udkj iudch udkj iudc iïnkaO;d ms<sn| w.kdlï O¾u;d yd wmrdOldÍ p¾hd ms<sn| y`ÿkd .ekSu

2. wmrdO ms<sn| ks¾jpk yd uq,sl

,laIK

iudcuh ú.%yhka iy iudc úoHd;aul ks¾jpk

kS;suh ú.%yhka iy kS;suh ks¾jpk

3. nd,dmrdO ms<sn| ks¾jpk yd uQ,sl ,laIK

iudcuh ú.%yhka iy iudc úoHd;aul ks¾jpk

kS;suh ú.%yhka iy kS;suh ks¾jpk

4. wmrdO úoHdj ms<sn| ye|skaùu wmrdO úoHdfõ ft;sydisl ixj¾Okh

wmrdO úoHdj ms<sn| ks¾jpk

5. wmrdO úoHdfõ úIh lafIa;%h kS;sh ms<sn| iudc úoHdj wmrdO fya;= úoHdj oKavkho wmrdO f.dÿre fõoh yd wmrdO

95

hqla;s l%uh 6. wmrdO j¾.SlrKh wmrdO ms<sn| kS;suh

j¾.SlrKh iy Y%S ,xld oKavkS;s ix.%yh u.ska wmrdO j¾.lr we;s wdldrh

wmrdO ms<sn| wdh;ksl j¾.lsÍï yd Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,Sish iy fjk;a wdh;k wmrdO j¾.lr we;s wdldrh

7. wmrdO j¾.SlrKh mqoa.,hskag tfrys wmrdO foam,j,g tfrys wmrdO uyck iduhg tfrys wmrdO

f.dÿre úrys; wmrdO

jD;a;Sh wmrdO

iqÿlrmá wmrdO

mß.Kl ;dlaIKh yd wka;¾cd, Ndú;h wdY%s; wmrdO

<uhskag tfrys wmrdO yd <ud wmfhdackh

8. wmrdO ms<sn| o;a; yd f;dr;=re /ialsÍu

ks,jd¾;d yd ixLHd f,aLk Ndú;h

Y%S ,xldfõ wmrdO ms<sn| ixLHd f,aLk yd ks,jd¾;d

wmrdOj,g f.dÿre jQjka ms<sn| iólaIK

wmrdOldÍ;ajh ms<sn| iajhxjd¾;d

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk yd bÈßm;a lsÍï

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh mejreï ,l=Kq 20 jir wjidk mÍlaIKh i|yd ,l=Kq 80

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. wurfialr" ohd' ^2012& wmrdO úoHdj" wdßh m%ldYlfhda" jrldfmd, 2. wNhiqkaor" m%KS;a' ^1993& fn!oaO iudc md,kh yd wmrdO úoHdj" tia' f.dvf.a iy

ifydaorfhda" fld<U 3. lreKd;s,l" fla' ^1998& wmrdO nd,dmrdO yd mqkre;a:dmkh" ud,sx. m%ldYlfhda"

lvj; 4. .=Kr;ak" rdcd' ^2009& wmrdO kS;sh" kS;sh ms<sn| ye|skaùu iy wmrdO kS;sfha uQ,sl

isoaOdka;" l¾;D m%ldYkhls' 5. r;akmd," kkaofiak' ^1990& wmrdO úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u 01" wdßh m%ldYlfhda "

jrldfmd, 6. Siegel,Larry,J. (2006) Criminology, (Ninth edition), Thomas Learning Inc, USA 7. Reid,Sue,Titus. (1997) Crimeand Criminology (eith editon), MacGraw- Hill InC

Newyork

96

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h CRGE 1002

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku wmrdO hqla;s l%uh

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj

wmrdO úoHdj iy wmrdO hqla;sh (Criminology and Criminal Justice), hk úIh

kHdhd;aulj" ixl,amSh yd m%dfhda.sl jYfhka ñksiqkaf.a wmrdOldÍ p¾hdjka (Criminal

Behavior), nd, wmpdr (Delinquency), ldka;djkaf.a wmpdÍ yeisÍï (Deviance of Women),

wdOqkslhkaf.a wmrdO (Recidivist) yd <ud wmfhdackh wdoS jQ yeisÍï ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrhs' tysoS kS;s úoHd;aulj" iudc úoHd;aulj" wmrdO úoHd;aulj nyqúO oDIaáfldaKhkaf.ka hqla;j wmrdO" wmrdO hqla;sh" ms<sn|j ixlS¾K f,i wOHhkh lrkq ,nhs'

cd;sl yd cHd;Hka;r jYfhka wmrdO ms<sn| yd wmrdO hqla;sh ms<sn|j f.dvke.=Kd jQ kHdhka yd ixl,amhka fukau m%dfhda.sl w;aoelSï yd tys m%;sM, m%fhdackhg .ksñka ;ukaf.a rfgys kS;sh oKavkfõoh" wmrdO hqla;s l%uh" kS;s iïmdokh" nkaOkd.dr.; lsÍu" mqkre;a:dmkh hkdoS jQ ixlS¾K tlsfklg ne÷Kq wmrdO hqla;s mßmd,k moaO;s

l%shdoduhka (Integrated Criminal Justice System) ms<sn|j id¾j yd iQCIu uÜgñka oekqu yd wjfndaOh ,nd oSu fuu mdGud,dj ;=<ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'

6 mdGud,dj ioyd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq

a) wmrdO hqla;s l%ufha uQ,sl wruqKq yd tys úIhh fCIa;%h ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd§u

b) fmd,sia fiajfha wdrïNh úldYkh yd ld¾hNdrh ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu c) wêlrK l%shdj,sfha wruqKq iy tys l%shdldÍ;ajh y÷kd .ekSu d) oKavkh ms<sn| uQ,sl isoaOdka; yd tys wruqKq iïnkaOfhka wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu e) nkaOkd.dr l%ufha yd mqkre;a:dmkfha wdrïNh" úldYkh yd wruqKq ms<sn|j uQ,sl

wjfndaOhla ,nd §u 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h

a) wmrdO" wmpdr yd wfkl=;a kS;s úfrdaë yeisÍï iy ta yd ne|s ffk;sl ;;a;ajhka y÷kd.ekSu

b) wmrdO hqla;s mßmd,k l%shdodufha m%dfhda.sl yd kHdhd;aul jákdlu ú.%y l< yels ùu'

c) wmrdO úoHdfõ kHdh yd ixl,am wmrdO hqla;s ls%hdoduh iuÕ iei¢h yels ùu.

d) wmrdO hqla;s mßmd,k moaO;sfha ld¾hCIu;dj fmrg jvd j¾Okh l< yelsùu e) kHdhd;aulj yd m%dfhda.slj ,nkakdjQ keK kqjK fya;= lrf.k iudchg yd rgg

by< fiajhla ,nd §u f) wmrdO hqla;s mßmd,k Oqrdj,sh /lshdj, ksr;ùug myiq ùu


1. wmrdO hqla;s l%shdoduh ms<sn|j ye|skaùu

2. wêlrK Oqrdj,sh ms<sn| ye|skaùu

3. Y%S ,xldfõ kS;sl%u iy kS;s b;sydih ms<sn| flá ye|skaùula

wmrdO hqla;sh wmrdO hqla;s mßmd,kh wmrdO hqla;s moaO;s ms<sn| uQ,sl ye|skaùula

fY%aIaGdêlrKh" wNshdpkdêlrKh"

uydêlrKh" ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKh" iu: uKav, yd m%d:ñl Widú

f;aij,dfï kS;sh uqia,sï kS;sh uqlal=jd¾ kS;sh fn!oaO kS;sh

97

4. mqrd;k Y%S ,xld hqla;sh mis|,Su

5. tx.,ka;fha yd

wefußldfõ fmd,sia l%uh wdrïNh yd úldYkh

6. fmd,sia fiajfha wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrfha úldYkh

7. wêlrK Oqrdj,sfha

m%Odk wruqKq yd ld¾hNdrhka Y%S ,xldfõ wêlrK l%uh weiqßka meyeÈ,s lsÍu ^wmrdOldÍ p¾hdj iïnkaOfhka&

8. nkaOkd.dr l%uh ms<sn| ye|skaùu

9. nkaOkd.dr l%ufha wdrïNh yd úldYkh ^tx.,ka;h iy weußldj&

10. weußldkq nkaOkd.dr l%uh wdrïNh yd úldYkh

11. nkaOkd.dr jevigyka iy kej; iudc.; lsÍfï Wmdhud¾.hka ms<sn|j y÷kajd oSu

12. oKavkfõoh yd o`vqju

13. mqkre;a:dmkh wdrïNh úldYkh yd

yskaÿ kS;sh Wvrg kS;sh ms<sn| flá ye|skaùula isxy, wêlrK l%uh hqla;sh mis|,Sfï l%uh ^kqjr hq.h olajd& mqrd;k Y%S ,xldfõ mej;s oKavk l%u tx.,ka;fha fmd,sia l%ufha wdrïNh yd

úldYkh yd j¾;udk ;;a;ajh weußldfõ fmd,sisfha ld¾hNdrh yd

úldYkh ms<sn| uQ,sl ye|skaùu Y%S ,xldfõ fmd,sisfha ft;sydisl miqìu

y÷kd .ekSu fmd,Sisfha m%Odk ld¾hNdrh úldYkh jQ

wdldrh wmrdO md,kh yd ksjdrKh ms<sn|j Tjqkag

mejÍ we;s j.lSu fmd,sia uyck iïnkaO;dj jeäÈhqKq

lsÍfuys ,d fmd,Sish i;= j.lSu iu: uKav,fha ld¾hNdrh ufyaia;%d;a wêlrKfha ld¾hNdrh ^,>q kvq

yd wêfpdaokSh kvq iïnkaOfhka& uydêlrKfha wmrdO kvq iïnkaOfhka

ld¾hNdrh wmrdO kvq iïnkaOfhka

wNshdpkdêlrKfha ld¾hNdrh nkaOkd.dr .; lsÍfï wruqKq uq,ald,Sk nkaOkd.dr.; lsÍï iy ovqjïj,

iajNdjh úêu;a nkaOkd.dr l%uhla ìysùug n,mdkq

,nk iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k lreKq y÷kajd oSu

mqkre;a:dmkh ms<sn| u;jdohkaf.a wdrïNh y÷kajd oSu

nkaOkd.dr m%;sixialrKh weußldkq nkaOkd.dr l%ufha wdrïNh T^¾&nka" t,aórd" fmksis,afõkshdkq l%uhka

ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s lsÍu nkaOkd.drh ;=< wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk úúO

jQ jevigyka j,ska isrlrejka mqkre;a:dmkh fldg kej; iudc.; lsÍug wkq.ukh lrk l%ufõohka meyeÈ,s lsÍu

cHd;Hka;r nkaOkd.dr.; isrlrejka iy

Tjqkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn|j cd;Hka;r kS;sÍ;s yd ms<s.ekSï ms<sn| ye|skaùu

oKavkfõoh hkq l=ulao @ o`vqju hkq l=ulao" o`vqjï meñKùfï wruqKq

98

wruqKq ms<sn|j y÷kd .ekSu

14. mqkre;a:dmk jevigykaj, ijNdjh

15. m%cdmdol úfYdaOkh

yd ld¾hNdrh l=ulao hkak o`vqjfuys wka;¾.; ov.eiSu" jkaÈ f.ùu"

isr.; lsÍu yd fjk;a fldkafoais u.ska wmrdOldÍ p¾hdjkays ksr;ùu je<elaùu i|yd lrkq ,nk ffk;sl l%shdoduhka y÷kd .ekSu

mqkre;a:dmkh hkq l=ulao @ mqkre;a:dmkfha wruqKq mqkre;a:dmkh ms<sn| ixl,am mqkre;a:dmkh ms<sn| mj;sk .eg,q wdh;k.; mqkre;a:dmkh jevigyka iudc.; mqkre;a:dmkh jevigyka

m%cdmdol úfYdaOk l%uh ye|skaùu m%cdmdol úfYdaOkh wdrïNh úldYkh yd

j¾;udk ;;a;ajhka ms<sn|j meyeÈ,s lsÍu mßjdih w;aysgjQ isr ovqjï m%cd fiajd ksfhda.

9 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk lKavdhï idlÉPd

10 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï l%ufõoh mejreï ,l=Kq 20

wjidk mßCIKh l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mÍCIKh ,l=Kq 80

11 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1 ch;siai fldia;d ^2002& kS;s l%u iy kS;s b;sydih" wmrdO úoHdj " tia f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" Y%S ,xldj'

2 ch;siai fldia;d" ^2000& kS;s úoHdj" r;ak m%ldYlfhda " Y%S ,xldj' 3 iqks,a rdcfk;a;s iy ví,shq ta ir;apkaø ^2011& wmrdO úoHdj iy wmrdO hqla;sh"

wdßh m%ldYlfhda" Y%S ,xldj' 4 kkaofiak r;akmd, ^2005& wmrdO úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u 1 "2 "wdßh m%ldYlfhda " Y%S

,xldj 5 ksrxð úfÊj¾Ok ^2007& wmrdO úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u" úkaok m%ldYlfhda " Y%S ,xldj 6 fla' lreKd;s,l" ^1998& wmrdO" nd, wmrdO yd mqkre;a:dmkh" ud,sx. m%ldYlfhda"

Y%S ,xldj'

99

1 mdGud,d tall ixfla;h ECGE 1001

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku iQlaIu wd¾Ól úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj wd¾Ól ixl,am yd uQ,O¾u mqoa., Ôú;fha wjYH fldgila njg m;aj we;' tneúka fuu úIh uÕska wd¾Ól úoHdfõ wjYH;dj yd jeo.;alu isiqkag y÷kajd§ug ie,iqï lr we;'

6 mdGud,dj ioyd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq b,aü yd iemhqu" ñ, ;SrKh" iïm;a fnodyeßu" NdKav yd fiajd fnodyeÍu" mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu ms<sn| kHdh" fj<|fmd< wd§ ixl,am iuÕ wd¾Ól moaO;sh yd wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKhka y÷kajd§u fuu úIhfha wruqK fõ'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h fuu úsIh yeoEÍfuka isiqkag"

a. iQCIu wd¾ÓlúoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am yd Ys,aml%u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug yels fõ'

b. m%dfhda.sl wd¾Ól .eg¨ úi£u i|yd wd¾Ól ixl,am fhdod.ekSug yels fõ' 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld 1. iQCIu wd¾Ól úoHdj

ye`Èkaùu

iQlaIu wd¾Ól úoHdfõ úIh fCI;%h wd¾Ól úoHdj ;=< iQCIu wd¾Ól úoHdfõ

ld¾hNdrh iy jeo.;alu id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdjg we;s iïnkaOh h:dkqrEmS yd wNsu;dkqrEmS m%ldYk úoHd;aul l%uh Ndú;h ys`.lu" wdjiaÓl msßjeh" ksIamdok yelshd udhsu ksIamdok idOl uQ,sl wd¾Ól .eg`M

2. wd¾Ól l%u$wd¾Ól ixúOdk$wd¾Ól moaO;s

Okjd§ wd¾Ól l%uh iudcjd§$uOH ie,iqï wd¾Ól l%uh ñY% wd¾Ól l%uh wd¾Ól l%uhkaf.a kj m%jK;d

3. mdßfNda.sl yeisÍu ms,snò kHdh

ixLHd iQpl m%fõYh( wdka;sl Wmfhda.s;d kHdh l%u iQpl m%fõYh( WfmalaId jl% ú.%yh iy

fy<sl< jrK kHdh

4. fjf<òfmd< fjf<ofmd< b,aü fjf<ofmd< iemhqu kuH;dj(- b,a¨ï kuH;dj" iemhqï kuH;dj iu;=,s;h

5. fjf<òfmd< ;=< rcfha ueÈy;aùu

nÿlrKh ksIamdok iykdOdr ñ, md,kh mdßfNda.sl yd ksIamdol w;sßla;h( iqn idOk

n,mEu

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh( foaYk lKavdhï idlÉPd Tõ -

11

we.hSfï l%ufõoh

wLKav we.hSï bÈßm;a lsÍï" jHdmD;s we.hSï l%ufõoh wjidk mrSlaIKh l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mÍCIKh ^,l=Kq 60-80&

100

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Ahuja, H.L. (2009).Principles of Microeconomics.New Delhi: S. Chand & Company.

2. Koutsoyiannis, A.(1979).Modern Microeconomics. London: McMillan Press.

3. Lipsey, R.G. (1995). An Introduction to Positive Economics. London: Oxford University

Press.

4. Lipsey, R.G.,& Chrystal, K.A. (1999). Principles of Economics (9thed.). London:

Oxford University Press.

5. Lipsey, R.G.,& Harbury, C. (1992). First Principles of Economics. London: McMillan

Press.

6. Samuelson, P.A. (1973). Economics. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd.

7. fvjÜ" fla'fla' iy j¾ud" fÊ'ã' ^1966&'uQ,sl wd¾Ól isoaOdka;" ^mßj¾;khls&" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

8. ieuqfj,aika" mS'ta' iy fkdaâyjqia" ví'ã' ^1990&'wd¾Ól úoHdj ^mßj¾;khls& YS% ,xld weußldkq wOHdmksl iudch" fld<U'

9. ,laIauka ví'ã'" ^1998&' wd¾:sl úYaf,aIKh" lreKdr;ak m%ldYlfhda" fld<U'

101

1 mdGud,d tall ixfla;h ECGE 1002

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj ;sridr wd¾Ól j¾Okhla <`.d lr .ekSu i`oyd mQ¾K fiajd kshqla;sh iy cd;sl ksuejqu jeä lr.ekSu;a" wNHka;r yd ndysr ia:djr;ajhla mj;ajd .ekSu;a YS% ,xldj we;=¿ fndfyduhla rgj, wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;Skays uQ,sl wruqKq njg m;Aj we;' fulS ikao¾Nh id¾j wd¾ÓlúoHdfõ § m%Odk jYfhka idlÉPd flf¾' tneúka id¾j wd¾ÓlúoHdfõ uQ,sl wjfndaOh isiqka fj; ,nd§u fuu úIh uÕska ie,iqï lr we;'


7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq cd;sl wdodhu yd ksuejqu" fiajd kshqla;sh" ñ, uÜgu yd WoaOukh" rdcH wh-jeh" rdcH m%;sm;a;s yd fmd<S wkqmd;slh wd§ ixl,am iuÕ wd¾Ól moaO;sh yd wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKhka y÷kajd§u fuu úIhfha wruqK fõ'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h fuu úIh wOHhkh wjidkfha isiqkag"

a. id¾j wd¾ÓlúoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am yd Ys,aml%u ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug yels fõ'

b. m%dfhda.sl wd¾Ól .eg¨ úi£u i|yd wd¾Ól ixl,am fhdod.ekSug yels fõ' 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld 1. id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdj

yeÈkaùu

id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdfõ úIh lafIa;%h wd¾Ól úoHdj ;=< iQCIu wd¾Ól úoHdfõ

ld¾hNdrh iy jeo.;alu id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdjg we;s iïnkaOh m%Odk id¾j wd¾Ól úp,Hhka f;d. úp,Hhka iy m%jdy úp,Hhka

2. cd;sl wdodhï .sKqïlrKh

cd;sl wdodhï .sKqïlrKh ms<sn| uQ,sl ixl,am

cd;sl wdodhfï plS%h m%jdyh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h uekSu( ksuejqï

m%fõYh" wdodhï m%fõYh" úhoï m%fõYh cd;sl wodhï .sKqïlrKfha jeo.;alu yd

iSud id¾j wd¾Ól iu;=,s;h ^ir," ixjD;" újD;&

3. uqo,a yd nexl=lrKh

uqof,a úldYh uqof,a ld¾hhka" uqo,a j¾. yd uqof,a

jákdlu uqo,a iemhqu (M1, M2, M2b, M4) uqo,a b,a u( flakaishdkq m%fõYh uy nexl=j( uy nexl=fõ wruqKq" ld¾hhka yd

Kh md,k WmlrK jdKsc nexl=( ld¾hhka yd uqo,a ueùu

4. ñ, uÜgu yd WoaOukh ks¾jpk ñ, o¾Yl WoaOukh uekSu WoaOuk j¾. WoaOukfha wd¾Ól m%;súmdl WoaOukh ms<sn| kHdhhka ^b,a¨fuka weÿkq

yd msßjefhka ;,a¨ jQ WoaOukh" WoaOukh ms<sn| jHQyjd§ l,ams;h" *s,smaia jl%h&

102

5. wka;¾cd;sl fj<| kHdh yd f.jqï ;=,kh

wka;¾cd;sl fjf<odfï moku( ksrfmalaI yd idfmalaI jdis kHdh

f.jqï ;=,kh( jHqyh iy .KqfoKq úksuh wkqmd;slh( ia:djr úksuh

wkqmd;slh" md,s; kuH úksuh wkqmd;slh" mdfjk úksuh wkqmd;slh" kdñl yd uQ¾; úksuh wkqmd;sl" l%h Yla;s iduH úksuh wkqmd;slh

úksuh laIh ùu yd wê ;lafiare ùu

úksuh wjm%udKh yd úksuh w;sm%udKh

;Sre nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk ndOl

f.jqï ;=,kh" úksuh wkqmd;slh yd cd;sl .sKqï w;r iïnkaO;dj

6. wd¾Ól j¾Okh ks¾jpk" ñkqï yd ksYapdhl wd¾Ól j¾Okfha msßjeh yd m%;s,dN

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh( foaYk lKavdhï idlÉPd Tõ Tõ

11

we.hSfï l%ufõoh

wLKav we.hSï lKavdhï ls%hdldrlï" bÈßm;a lsÍï" jHdmD;s we.hSï

l%ufõoh wjidk mrSlaIKh l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mÍCIKh ^,l=Kq 60-80&

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Lipsey, R.G. (1995). An introduction to positive economics.London: Oxford University

Press.

2. Lipsey, R.G.,& Chrystal, K.A (1999). Principles of economics (9thed.). London: Oxford

University Press.

3. Lipsey, R.G. & Harbury, C. (1992). First principles of economics. London: McMillan

Press.

4. Samuelson, P.A. (1973). Economics. Tokyo: McGraw-Hill Kogakusha Ltd. 5. w;=fldard<" fm%aupkaø ^1985& uqo,a yd uQ,H wdh;k" §mdks" kqf.af.dv' 6. ;s,lr;ak" isßfiak ^1996& wd¾ÓlúoHd moku" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j"

fld<U' 7. ohdr;ak" B ^2006& Wiia fm< yd jD;a;Sh úNd. i`oyd wd¾Ól úoHdj" l¾;D m%ldYkhls"

fldÜgdj' 8. fidauiqkaor" ohdkkao ^1996& id¾j wd¾Ól úoHdj" tia' f.dvf.a" fld<T' 9. ,laIauka" ví'ã' ^1998& wd¾Ól úYaf,aIKh" fld<T'

103

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h GEGE 1001

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku N+f.da, úoHd;aul Ñka;kh yd l%ufõoh

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj

N+f.da, úoHd;aul Ñka;kfha we;s jeo.;alu j¾;udkfha § ish¨ fCIa;%hkays jvd;a wjOdkhg n÷ka ù we;s fyhska tys b.ekafjk uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| wjfndaOh mq¿,a lsÍu;a úúO ld¾hhkays§ tajd Ndú;hg .ekSfï yelshdj m%.=K lsÍu;a ld,Sk wjYH;djlaj mj;S' úfYaIfhkau ie,iqï iïmdokh" wdmod l<uKdlrKh" iïm;a Wmfhdackh fukau N+ foaYmd,ksl l%fudamdhkays § N+f.da, úoHdfõ we.fhk id¾j m%fõYh b;d jeo.;ah' N+f.da, úoHd Ñka;k b;sydih ;=< N+f.da, úoHd;aul ±kqu Ndú; lr we;s wdldrh úúO .=re l=, wdY%fhka úuid n,kq jia N+f.da, úoHd Ñka;k b;sydih ms<sn| wjfndaOh o fuu.ska wjOdrKh flf¾' ;jo N+f.da, úoHd;aul wOHhkhkays § Ndú;hg .kakd l%uYs,am ms<sn| mq¿,a wjOdkhla o fuu mdGud,d tallh u.ska iemfhhs'


7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq a. N+f.da, úoHdfõ kHdh" ixl,am yd uQ,O¾u ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd §u b. m%dfhda.sl f,dalh ;=< N+f.da, úoHd;aul Ñka;kfha jeo.;alu iy j,x.=Ndjh wjfndaO

lrùu c. ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § jvd;a m,odhS f,i N+f.da, úoHd;aul ±kqu yd l%u Ys,am

Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj m%.=K lsÍu 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h

a. fN!;sl yd udkj wjldYh ms<sn| N+f.da, úoHd;aul Ñka;kfha iqúfYaI;ajh jgyd .kS' b. úúO wjia:djkays § N+f.da, úoHd;aul Ñka;kfha yd l%ufõofha Wmfhda.S;dj y÷kd .kS' c. fN!;sl yd ixialD;sl N+ o¾Ykhl iajNdjh" j¾Okh" fjkiaùu" rgd iy l%shdj,Ska

y÷kd .kafka flfiao hkak ms<sn| ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd .kS' 9 mdGudfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld

1' N+f.da, úoHdfõ wka;¾.;h

N+f.da, úoHdj hkq l=ulao@ N+f.da, úoHdj ms<sn|j bÈßm;a jQ úúO udkhka N+f.da, úoHdj w¾:l;khkays úldYkh úIhla jYfhka N+f.da, úoHdj y÷kd .ekSu N+f.da, úoHdfõ oaúOdlrK moaO;sl yd m%dfoaYSh m%fõYh

2' N+f.da, úoHd Ñka;kh yd tys j¾Okh

uQ,sl N+f.da, úoHd ixl,am ñksia-mßir wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj ms<sn| N=f.da,

úoHd;aul Ñka;kh wjldYh yd ld,h ms<sn| N+f.da, úoHdj N+f.da, úoHd hq. yd iïm%odhka N+f.da, úoHdfõ úúO m%fõY

- m%dfoaYSh m%fõYh - moaO;sl m%fõYh - mßKdujd§ m%fõYh - /äl,ajd§ m%fõYh - mYapdoa kQ;kjd§ m%fõYh

N+f.da, úoHd{hkaf.a ld¾hNdrh N+f.da, úoHd ix.ïj, odhl;ajh

3' kQ;k N+f.da, úoHd;aul m%fõY iy th Ndú;hg .ekSu

udkqIjd§ N+f.da, úoHdj f.da,ShlrKh ms<sn| N+f.da, úoHdj ia;%Sjd§ N+f.da, úoHdj N+ foaYmd,kh .egqï yd .eg¨ wNsuqL lr.;a N+f.da, úoHdj ixj¾Okh yd f.da,ShlrKh mßirh yd foaYSh ±kqu úl,am iïm;a Ndú;h ;eá N+ldrl" ld,.=Kh" foaY.=Kh yd ;odY%s;

úm;a

104

mqkre;a:dmkh yd m%;sixialrKh ixialD;sl úúO;ajh mßir úoHd;aul ixj¾Ok m%fõY cd;sl rdcH yd N+ foaYmd,kh iuld,Sk .egqï yd wNsfhda.

4' N+f.da, úoHd;aul l%ufõoh yd l%u Ys,am

N+f.da, úoHd;aul m¾fhaIKj,g mokïjk o¾Ykh

N+f.da, úoHdfõ .=Kd;aul m¾fhaIK N+f.da, úoHdfõ m%udKd;aul m¾fhaIK fCIA;%Sh m¾fhaIKj, ft;sydisl j¾Okh kQ;k fCIA;%Sh m¾fhaIKj, wka;¾.;h .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul l%u Ys,am kQ;k N+f.da, úoHdd;aul wOHhkhkays Ndú;

fCIa;%Sh l%u Ys,am


kshñ; meh .Kkska meh 40la wod< ud;Dld yd iïnkaO foaYk fjhs' b;sßh lKavdhï idlÉPd iy flaj, bf.kqï l%u u.ska iïmQ¾K flfrkq we;'

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï kshñ; iïmQ¾K ,l=Kq ixLHdfjka 20]la ysñfõ' ksnkaOk"

uOHjdr mÍCIKh" lKavdhï fyda flaj, jHdmD;s hk tla l%uhla fyda l%u lsysmhla u.ska we.hSu isÿ flf¾'

wjidk mßCIKh j¾Idjidk mÍCIKhls' kshñ; iïmQ¾K ,l=Kq ixLHdfjka 80]la ysñfõ' meh ;=kla we;=<; ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= jrKSh rpkd m%Yak m;%hla ,efí'

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. tmsgj;a;" tia' ^2005&" N+f.da, úµdfõ kHhd;aul miqìu" mkaksmsáh" iageïm¾â f,ala'

2. fykakdhl" tia' fla' iy fykakdhl" tka'tï' ^2005&" N+f.da,Sh wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r m%{ma;sh iy YsCIKh ms<sn| igyka" fld<U' tia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda'

3. Bird J. (1975), Methodology and philosophy, Progress in Human Geography,Vol. 1, 104-

10.

4. Chorley, R.J. and Hagget, p.(eds)(1965), Models in Geography, London. Methuen.

5. Flowerdew R. and David M (eds) (2005), Methods in Human Geography, England. Pearson

Education Limited.

6. Haggett, Peter (2001), Geography: A Global Synthesis, London. Prentice Hall.

7. Holt-Jensen A. (1988), Geography: History and Concepts, London. Paul Chapman.

8. John A.M and David T.H (eds) (2004), Uniffying Geography, London and New York.

Routledge.

9. Limb M. and Claire D. (eds) (2001), Qïlitative Methodologies for Geographers: Issues and

Challenges, London. Arnold.

10. Lounsbury J.F and Frank T.A. (1986), Introduction to Geographic Field Methods and

Techniques, Ohio. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company.

11. Roland F.B, Melvin G.M and Judy M.O (edts)(1992), Gegraphy’s Inner World, New Jersey.

Rutgers University Press.

105

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h GEGE 1002

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku fN!;sl yd udkj N+f.da, úoHdj

3 tall w.h 04

4 wOHhkj¾Ih m<uq jir

5 j,x.=;dj N+f.da, úoHdj hk mq`t,a jQ úIh m:h ;=< wvx.= tla mdGud,d tallhla f,i fN!;sl yd udkj N+f.da, úoHdj hk úIh tallh y`ÿkajd osh yelsh. fuu úIh tallh ;=<ska mD:súh u;=msg yd wNHka;rfha mj;akd úúO fN!;sl l%shdj,Ska yd rgdjka fukau mD:sjsh u;=msg mj;akd úúO udkj lghq;= wdY%s; l%shdj,Ska yd rgdjka ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrkq ,efí.udkj N+f.da, úoHdj yd fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj hk úIhkag wh;a fjk;a iajdNdúl yd iudcSh úoHdjkaf.ka wdNdih ,;a úIh lreKqj, ixl,khlska fuu úIh tallh iukaú; fõ.tfia jqjo fuysoS N+f.da, úoHdjg wkkH jQ wjldYSh yd ld,sl h:do¾Yhlska hq;=j úIh lreKq ms<sn|j wOHhkh lrkq ,efí.


7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq a. idl,H úIh m:hlska hqla;j úúO jQ udkj yd fN!;sl l%shdj,Ska yd rgd fukau

moaO;Ska ms<sn|j kHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.sl oekqu isiqka ;=< wNHka;ÍlrKh lsÍu. b. ;ud cSj;ajk fN!;sl yd udkj mßirh ms<sn|j wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSug isiqka ffO¾hu;a

lsÍu.

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h fuu mdGud,d tallh id¾:lj iïmQ¾K lsÍu ;=<ska isiqkag;

a. udkj yd fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdfõ kHdhd;aul h:do¾Yfha we;s jeo.;alu we.hSug yelshdj ,eîu.

b. fuu úIh ;=<ska ,efnk idl,H oekqu ksidu fN!;sl yd udkj mßirhg iïnkaO jQ úúO .eg¨ yd wNsfhda. y÷kd .ekSug yelsùu.

c. by; wxYhka iïnkaOfhka ,nd.;a oekqu úúO ixj¾Ok lghq;= tkï mßmd,k yd m%;sm;a;s iïmdokhg fukau isiqkaf.a idudkH wjfndaOh i|yd Ndú;hg .;yelsùu.

d. iudcfha úúO wjYH;dj,oS m¾fhaIK, úYaf,aIK yd bosßm;a lsÍï i|yd fuhska ,enQ l=Y,;d Ndú; l< yelsùu.

9 mdGudfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld

1. fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdj ye`Èkaùu

ks¾jpk fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdfõ úldYkh

2. fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHdfõ wka;¾.;h

WmúIh lafIa;%hka kHdhka iy wdlD;Ska

3. mDÓúh iy tys úúO;ajh

f.da,Sh moaO;s Ys,df.da,h c, f.da,h jdhqf.da,h ffcj f.da,h

4. ld,h yd wjldYSh úúO;ajh ms<sn| fN!;sl N+f.da, úoHd;aul wjfndaOh

N+ úoHd ld, pl%h mDÓú mDIaGfha m%Odk N+rEmj, úúO;ajh mdßißl úúO;ajh

5. N+o¾Yk mßKduh ms<sn| wdlD;Ska yd u;

ví,sõ' tï fâúiaf.a Ldok pl%h ví,sõ fmkala f.a W;aCIsma;h yd k.akSlrKh iu;=,s;;d wdlD;sh

6. ;eá N+ldrl l,ams;h we,a*â fõ.ak¾ f.a uydoaùmsl ma,jk l,ams;h N+ñlïmd yd ;eáldrl ixl,amh

7. nys¾ckH l%shdj,Ska iy N+rEm" Ldokh" mßjykh" ksiaidOkh

.,k c,h iq<. id.r ;rx.

8. udkj N+f.da, úoHdj ye`Èkaùu

ks¾jpk udkj N+f.da, úoHdfõ j¾Okh

9. udkj N+f.da, úoHdfú úIh wka;¾.;h

WmúIh lafIa;%hka ye|skaùu

10. f,dal ck.ykh f,dal ck.ykfha wjldYSh jHdma;sh yd ta i|yd

106

n,mdk idOl - N+f.da,Sh idOl

11. jhia.; ckixLHdj jhia.; ckixLHdfõ wjldYSh rgd jhia.; ckixLHdj iïnkaO .eg¨

12. lDIsl¾uh lDIsld¾ñl moaO;s j¾.SlrK yß; úma,jh cdk ;dlaIKh

13. ld¾ñl l,dm f,dalfha m%Odk ld¾ñl l,dm kùk ld¾ólrKh l¾udka; j¾. ia:dk.;ùfï idOl l¾udka; wdY%s; Wiia ;dlaIKh Ndú;h

14. mdrsirsl ixpdrl l¾udka;h

ks¾jpk mdrsirsl ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úúO m%fNao mdrsirsl ixpdrl l¾udka;fha úúO udkhka yd

wdYs%; n,mEus

15. ckdjdi ks¾jpk ckdjdi j¾.SlrKh úúO ckdjdi rgd w;r fjkialï yd .;sl;ajh

16. kd.ÍlrKh kd.ÍlrKh yd kd.ßl;ajh kd.ÍlrKh y`ÿkd.ekSfï ks¾Kdhl kd.ÍlrKh wdY%s; iudc yd mdßißl .eg¨

17. f.da,ShlrKh ks¾jpk f.da,ShlrKfha ,laIK f.da,ShlrKfha n,mEï


kshñ; meh .Kkska meh 40la wod< ud;Dld yd iïnkaO foaYk fjhs' b;sßh lKavdhï idlÉPd iy flaj, bf.kqï l%u u.ska iïmQ¾K flfrkq we;'

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï kshñ; iïmQ¾K ,l=Kq ixLHdfjka 20]la ysñfõ' ksnkaOk"

uOHjdr mÍCIKh" lKavdhï fyda flaj, jHdmD;s hk tla l%uhla fyda l%u lsysmhla u.ska we.hSu isÿ flf¾'

wjidk mßCIKh j¾Idjidk mÍCIKhls' kshñ; iïmQ¾K ,l=Kq ixLHdfjka 80]la ysñfõ' meh ;=kla we;=<; ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= rpkd m%Yak m;%hla ,efí'

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Getis, A., Getis, J. and Fellman, J.D. (2008). Introduction to Geography. Eleventh edition.

Mcgrow-hill higher education.

2. Hammond, C.W. (1979). Elements of human geography. George Allen & Anwin Ltd.

3. Huntington, E. (1956). Principles of human geography. Sixth edition. John Wiley Sons Inc.

USA.

4. Jhonston, R.J., Gregory, D. and Davis, M.S. (1986). The dictionary of human geography.

Oxford Blackwell.

5. Keinth, C. (1979). An introduction to human geography: People, pattern and process.

Halsted.

6. Smith, D.M. (1977). Human geography: A welfare approach. Edward Arnold.

7. White, C.L. and Renner, G.T. (1948). Human geography: An ecological study of society.

Appleton, New York.

8. Christopherson, R. W. (2000). Geosystems: An Introduction to Physical Geography,

Prentice Hall, New York.

9. Strahler, A.H. &Strahler, A.N. (2000). Introducing Physical Geography, John Wiley &

Son, New York.

10. Olliver,C.D. (1981) Tectonics and Landforms, Langman, London.

11. Brown, E.H. and Waters, R.S. (1974), Progress in Geomorphology. Institute of British

Geographers. Special Publication Number Seven.

12. nKavdrKdhl" cS' tï' 2007' foaY.=Kh" mi yd mßir moaO;s" f.dvf.a m%ldYlfhda" urodk" fld<U 10'

107

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h HIGE 1001

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku fmrÈ. b;sydifha n,fõ.

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj

wdishdkq b;sydifha iajNdjh f;areï .ekSug fukau ,xldj flfrys we;sjQ úfoaY n,mEï y÷kd.ekSug o fuu úIh oekqu wjYH fõ'

6 mdGud,dj ioyd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d wjYH ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq a. wdishdkq b;sydifha m%Odk n,fõ. y`ÿkd.ekSu' b. wdishdfõ hqfrdamSh n, jHdma;sfha iajNdjh f;areï .ekSu' c. ,xld b;sydih yd bkaÈhdkq b;sydih yeoEÍug wjYH uQ,sl miqìu ilia lsÍu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h a. wdishdkq b;sydifha m%Odk n,fõ. y`ÿkd.ekSu' b. wdishdfõ hqfrdamSh n, jHdma;sfha iajNdjh f;areï .ekSu' c. ,xld b;sydih yd bkaÈhdkq b;sydih yeoEÍug wjYH uq,sl miqìu ilia lsÍu'

9 mdGudfõ wka;¾.;h


1. ñir YsIagdpdrh uQ,dY%h y÷kd.ekSu leKSï yd m¾fhaIK foaYmd,k b;sydih wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl lghq;= iudc yd wd¾Ól lghq;= odhdo

2. fuifmdfÜñhdkq YsIagdpdrh

fuifmdfÜñhdfõ uq,a ckdjdi foaYmd,k b;sydih iNH;ajh odhdo

3. Ök YsIagdpdrh YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNh jHdma;sh rc fm<m;a iNH;ajh odhdo

4. bkaÿ ksïk YsIagdpdrh mqrdúoHd;aul fidhd.ekSï bkaÿksïk iNH;ajh kd.ßl Ôú;h YsIagdpdrfha mßydksh

5. yskaÿ iNH;ajh uQ,dY%h ú.%yh N.joa .S;dfõ b.ekaùu wd.ñl ;;a;ajh yskaÿ ck Ôú;h

6. nqoaOld,Sk Ndr;h foaYmd,k ;;a;ajh wd.ñl yd od¾Yksl miqìu wd¾Ólh yd ck Ôú;h nqÿoyfï jHdma;sh

7. f:rjdoS fn!oaO iïm%odfha jHdma;sh yd Y%S ,xldj

O¾udfYdal rcqf.a odhl;ajh f:rjdofha jHdma;sh ,xldjg nqÿoyu ,eîu f:rjdoS fn!oaO uOHia:dkhla jYfhka ,xldfõ ld¾hNdrh

8. uydhdk fn!oaO ixialD;sh

uydhdkfha wdrïNh jHdma;sh ,xldj flfrys n,mEï

9. wdishdjg hqfrdamShka f.a hqfrdamShka meñKSug ;=vqÿqka fya;= hqfrdamSh n,h wdishdfõ jHdma;ùu

108

meñKSu wd.u m%pdrh fjf<`o wdêm;Hh

10. fmrÈ. ´,kao jdKsc jHdmdrh

VOC iud.u wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh VOC iud.fï foaYmd,k lghq;= iud.fï wd¾Ól lghq;= iud.fï mßydksh

11. w.aksos. wdishdfõ hqfrdamd n, jHdma;sh

,kafoaiSka f.a meñKSu yd wishdfõ hqfrdamSh n, wr.,

w.aksos. wdishdfõ ,kafoaiS n, jHdma;sh fn;dúh ,kafoaiS uOHia:dkh ùu isÿjQ kj úm¾hdi bkaÿkSishdj ìysùu

12. bkaÿkSishdfõ ksoyia igka jHdmdrh

mej;s foaYmd,k jHdl+,;dj ksoyia igk wdrïNùfï miqìu yd tys iajrEmh bia,dï wd.u yd cd;sl;ajh Woaf>daIK jHdmdr yd tys jHdma;sh ksoyi Èkd .ekSu

13. nqreu ksoyia igka jHdmdrh

nqreuh ;=< ì%;dkH n, jHdma;sh nqreufha bx.%Siska úiska wkq.ukh l< m%;sm;a;s wms nqreufhda jHdmdrh wdKavql%u m%;sixialrK yd foaYmd,k Woaf>daIK nqreuh ksoyi Èkd .ekSu

14. hqfrdamShkag hg;aùu ksid wdishdfõ we;sjq

fjkialï I

wdishdfõ hqfrdamd n, jHdma;sfha lemS fmfkk ,laIK

foaYmd,k fjkiaùï wd¾Ól fjkiaùu kd.ÍlrKh mßmd,kuh úm¾hdi

15. hqfrdamShkag hg;aùu ksid wdishdfõ we;sjq

fjkialï II

iudc fjkialï NdId yd ixialD;sl fjkialï wd.ñl úm¾hdi


- foaYk meje;aùu' - YsIHhka iu`. idlÉcd meje;aùu' - m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï yd wNHdilrKh'

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï - ksnkaOk" mejreï wjidk mßCIKh - úIh tallh wdjrKh lsÍfuka miq j¾I wjidkfha oS

meh 03l ,sÅ; mÍlaIKhla meje;aùu' 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. Biag¾ka iagqj¾Ü iS'" 1967" ngysr wêrdcHjdofha ke.Su yd jeàu" fl<U 2. .%dkaÜ uhsl,a'" 1973" frdaukajreka f.a f,dalh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j 3. mkslald¾'" 2005" wdishdj yd ngysr wdêm;H" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j 4. fm,ï tÉ'" 1964" frdau b;sydi idrh" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j 5. fmdkakïfmreu ã wd¾'" 2002" merKs ñirh" p;=r uqøKd,h" je,a,ïmsáh 6. niakdhl tÉ' à'" 2003" wmros. YsIagdpdrh I fldgi" 7. ud,kS we`o.u'" 2003" f,dal b;sydih" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j 8. frdìkaika isß,a ta'" 1965" .S%isfha b;sydih" rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j 9. James Henry., 1909, A History of Eqypt, New York.

10. Mascati Sabation., 1960, Ancient Semitic Civilization, New York.

109

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h HIGE 1002

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku wmrÈ. b;sydifha n,fõ.

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj

fuu úIh tallh yeoEÍfuka f,dal b;sydifha YsIagdpdr wjêfha mgka hqfrdamfha uOH;k wjêh yd kq;k hq.hg wj;S¾Kùu ms<sn`o iïmq¾K wjfndaOhla ,efnk neúka ta yryd hqfrdamSh cd;Skaf.a ft;sydisl úldYfha jeo.;a wjia:djka wOHhkh lsÍug wjia:dj Wodfõ'

6 mdGud,dj ioyd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d wjYH ke;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq a. hqfrdamSh b;sydifha m%Odk n,fõ. y`ÿkd .ekSu b. hqfrdamSh n, jHdma;sfha iajNdjh f;areï .ekSu c. hqfrdamd b;sydih yeoEÍug wjYH uq,sl miqìu ilia lsÍu

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h a. hqfrdamSh m%Odk YsIAgdpdr ms<sn`o mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu b. hqfrdamd b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:d f;areï .ekSu c. kq;k hqfrdamd b;sydih f.dvke`.Sfï iajrEmh wjfndaO lr .ekSu

9 mdGudfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dld fiiq ud;Dld

1. hqfrdamfha YsIAgdpdrfha moku I ^.%Sl yd frdau YsIAgdpdr&

.%Sl YsIAgdpdrh - .%Sl YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNh yd tys jHdma;sh - wmrÈ. YsIAgdpdrh ye`v.eiSug .%Sl YsIAgdpdrfhka ,o odhdo

- .%Sl foaYmd,k l%uh - úoHd;aul ÈhqKqj - l,dj - wd.u - o¾Ykh

- .Dyks¾udK Ys,amh frdau YsIagdpdrh yd iNH;ajh - frdau YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNh yd tys jHdma;sh - wmrÈ. YsIAgdpdrh ye`v.eiSug frdau YsIAgdpdrfhka ,o odhdo

- frdau fm!rj rdcH yd iuQydKavq md,kh

- wêrdcHh f.dvkexùu yd md,kh - frdau kS;sh - frdau .Dyks¾udK Ys,am l,dj

2. hqfrdamfha YsIAgdpdrfha moku II ^l%sia;shdks yd bia,dï wd.ñl n,mEï&

l%sia;= YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNh yd tys jHdma;sh

wmrÈ. YsIAgdpdrh ye`v.eiSug l%sia;= YsIAgdpdrfhka ,o odhdo

- l%sia;shdks O¾ufha m%Njh - frdau wêrdcHfha rdcH wd.u

njg m;aùu wmrÈ. YsIAgdpdrh yev.eiSug .%Sl

YsIAgdpdrfhka ,o odhdo bia,dï YsIagdpdrh

- bia,dï YsIagdpdrfha wdrïNh yd jHdma;sh - bia,dï O¾ufha jHdma;sh - l%sia;shdks YsIagdpdrh yd bia,dï YsIagdpdrh w;r mej;s .egqï

110

- l=rei hqoaO wjia:d yd tys m%;sM,

3. uOHld,Sk hqfrdamfha mej;s jevjiï l%uh

jevjiï l%uh yd wmrÈ. YsIagdpdr w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj

jevjiï l%uh ìysùu - jevjiï l%ufha uq,sl ,laIK

jevjiï l%ufha jHdma;sh

4. hqfrdamfha kfjdaoh yd tys m%;sM,

16 jk ishji jkúg hqfrdamfha isÿjq kfjdaofha iajrEmh

thg ;=vqÿka fya;= - wd¾Ól - foaYmd,k - wd.ñl

hqfrdamh mqrd jHdma;ùu úúO flaIa;%j, we;s jQ kfjdaoh l,dj úoHdj ;dlaIKh o¾Ykjdo

5. foaY .fõIK jHdmdrh .fõIK ioyd uQ,sl;ajh .;a rgj,a kj rgj,a fidhd .ekSu foaY .fõIK jHdmdrfha m%;sM,

6. cd;sl rdcH ìysùu cd;sl rdcH ixl,amh yd tys uq,sl ,laIK

n,h ixflakaø.;ùu talSh kS;s moaO;sh iaÓr hqo yuqodj fõ;k f.jk ks,OdÍka cd;sl rdcH ixl,amh hqfrdamfha

l%shd;aul jQ wdldrh hqfrdamfha m%Odk cd;sl rdcH

7. wd.ñl úma,jh wd.ñl úma,jh ye`Èkaùu wd.ñl úma,jhg ;=vqÿka fya;= idOl udáka Æ;¾ f.a m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh hqfrdamh mqrd jHdma; jQ kj wd.ñl

m%;sixialrK jHdmdr wd.ñl m%;sixialrK jHdmdrfha m%;sM,

8. ;sia wjqreo hqoaOh 1618 fndysñhdfõ le/,a, hqoaOfha m<uq oi jir ;=< yeian¾.a

jdiska ch .ekSu yd lf;da,slhkaf.a hqoaO ch.%yK

;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOfha fojeks wÈhr ^1621-1630&

- jef,kamshkaf.a hqoaO ch.%yK Y=oaO frdau wêrdcHhfha m%dfoaYSh

rcjreka yeian¾.a md,lhka yd mej;s wr.,

1635 m¾äkkaâ rcqf.a idu .súiqu ;sia wjqreÿ hqoaOfha m%;sM, 1648 fjiaÜfma,shd .súiqu

9. tx.,ka; md¾,sfïka;= l%uh

md¾,sfïka;= l%ufha wdrïNh rcqf.a n,h iSud lsÍfï m%h;ak mlaI l%uh yd leìkÜ l%uh

111

10. hqfrdamd wêrdcHjdoh wêrdcHjdoS ixl,amh hqfrdamfhka ndysr wêrdcHjdoh msysgqùu wêrdcHjdofha iajrEmh mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h yd ´,kaofha

wêrdcH lghq;=

11. ld¾ñl úma,jh ld¾ñl úma,jh ye`Èkaùu ld¾ñl úma,jh iòyd ;=vqÿka fya;= kj fidhd.ekSï hqfrdamh mqrd jHdma;ùu ld¾ñl úma,jfha m%;sM,

12. OkjdoS wd¾Ól l%ufha wdrïNh" j¾Okh yd jHdma;sh

fj<odu ÈhqKúSu fj<ò mka;s ìysùu uOHu mka;sfha j¾Okh OkjdoS wd¾Ól l%ufha wdrïNh yd

iajrEmh OkjdoS wd¾Ól l%ufha jHdma;sh


- foaYk meje;aùu' - YsIHhka iu`. idlÉcd meje;aùu' - m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï yd wNHdilrKh'

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï - uOH jd¾Islfha oS mejreula fyda ksnkaO wjidk mßCIKh - úIh tallh wjidkfha oS meh 03l ,sÅ;

mÍlaIKhla meje;aùu 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:

1. weò.u ud,skS'" 2003" f,dal b;sydih" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;=fïka;=j 2. .=ref.a wdkkao'" 1962" mqrdK ixialD;sh" fld<U 3. fm,ï tÉ'ta'" 1964" frdau b;sydi idrh" rdcH NdId fomd¾;=fïka;=j 4. niakdhl tÉ'à'" 2003" wmros. b;sydih I" fld<U 5. rKjl weâ,ska" f,dl=,shk ,hk,a'" 1962" mqrdK f,dalh" fld<U 6. frdìkaika" isß,a B'" .%Sisfha b;sydih 7. Burns Edward M, Ralp Philip Lee, 1955, World Civilization Vol I, New York 8. Bury J.B., 1920, History of Greece, London 9. Edward I.E.S., Gadd C.J., Cambridge Ancient History Vol.I 10. Grant A.J., Out Time of European History – World History 11. Perry Mervin., Western Civilization Vol I 12. Hertzsteim., Western Civilization Vol II

112

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h IRGE 1001

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d ms<sn| ye¢kaùula

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj( cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d úIfhys .;sl iajNdjh fkdje<elaúh yelalls' tfiau cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d ms<sn| kHdhsl yd ixl,amSh ±kqula fkdue;sj th mq¿,a wdldrfhka jgyd .; fkdyel'

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= mQ¾j wjYH;d (

fkdue;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq ( fuu mdGud,d tallfha wruqK jkafka cd;Hka;r l%uh" tys l%shdlrejka iy thg wod< m%Odk kHdhsl yd ixl,amSh m%fõYhka ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqï iïNdrhla Wmdê wfmaCIlhkag ,nd §uhs'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h ( fuu mdGud,dj wjidkfha§ YsIHhkag my; i|yka yelshdjka ,nd .; yels h'

a. cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d ms<sn| kHdhsl yd ixl,amSh ±kqula ,nd.; yels ùu' b. f,dal foaYmd,kh ;=< wka;¾ rdcH yd rdcH wNHka;r iïnkaO;dj, .;sl

iajNdjh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels ùu' c. cd;Hka;r l%uh tys úúO iajrEmhka iy m%Odk l%shdlrejd jk cd;sl rdcHfhA

ld¾hNdrh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu' 9 mdGudfõ wka;¾.;h


1' ye¢kaùu cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d úIfha kHdhsl yd ixl,amSh úldYkh

cd;Hka;r l%uh w¾: ±laùu cd;Hka;r l%ufha m%Odk l%shdlrejka

y÷kd .ekSu

2' cd;Hka;r iïnkaO;d ms<sn| kHdhsl m%fõYhka

h:d¾:jd§ m%fõYh ú{dkjd§ m%fõYh

3' cd;sl rdcH ms<sn| ye¢kaùula rdcHfha úldYk l%shdj,sh cd;sljdoh iy cd;sl rdcH ìysùu

4' cd;sl wNs,dIhka cd;sl wNs,dIhka imqrd.ekSfï Wmdx.

cd;sl wNs,dIhka iy úfoaY m%;sm;a;s iïmdok l%shdj,sh

5' hqoaOh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula hqoaO j¾. lsÍu hqoaOj,g n,mdk fya;= kQ;k hqoaOh

6' cd;sl n,h ms<sn| ye¢kaùula cd;sl n,h w¾: ±laùu cd;sl n,fha uQ,sldx. cd;sl n,h uekSu

7' n, ;=,kh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula n, ;=,kh w¾: l:kh n, ;=,k uÜgï

8' rdfcHdmdh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula rdfcHdmdfhys wdrïNh iy úldYkh rdcH ;dka;%slhka iy rdcH ¥;

fiajdj rdcHdmdfhys lD;Hhka kQ;k rdfcHdmdfha uQ,sldx.

9' wúmd,kh iy ksrdhqOlrKh ms<sn| ye¢kaùula

wúmd,kh iy ksrdhqOlrKh w¾: ±laùu

wúmd,kh iy ksrdhqOlrKh ms<sn| l%fudamdhka (SLATI, II, NPT, PTBT,

113

C TBT jeks .súiqï& wúmd,kh iy ksrdhqOlrKfha

m%;sM, 10' ueÈy;aùu ms<sn| ye¢kaùula ueÈy;aùu w¾: ±laùu

ueÈy;aùu iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wêldÍ m;%h

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajd f.khk wdldrh

foaYk meje;aùu

l%ufõoh Tõ 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh - wLKav we.hSï iy wjidk mÍCIKh

wLKav we.hSï mejreu ^,l=Kq 20]& l%ufõoh Tõ wjidk mÍCIKh ,sÅ; mÍCIKh l%ufõoh jir wjidkfha mÍCIKhg fmkS isàu ^,l=Kq 80]&

12 ks¾foaY .%ka:( 1. Daniels, papp (1988), ContemporaryInternational Relations, Macmillan, New York.

2. Morgenthau, Hans J,(1985), Politics among nation: Struggle for the power. and

peace, knoff, New York.

3. Rourke, John T. Boyer, Mark A. (2001), International politics, on the world stage,

Mc Grow-Hill, New York.

4. Stows, Ernest (1957), A Gnide to Diplomatic practice, Longsnansgreen, London.

5. Vandana, A.(1998),Theory of International Politics, Vikas Publishing House Ltd,

New Delhi.

114

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h( IRGE 1002

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku( cd;Hka;r yd l,dmSh ixúOdk

3 tall w.h( 04

4 wOHhk j¾Ih( m<uq jir

5 j,x.=;dj(

f,dal foaYmd,kfha ;;ald,Sk f.da,ShlrK ls%hdj,sh ;=< l,dmSh tald.%;dj hkq m%Odk ixl,amSh m%jK;djls' f.da,Sh l%uh fï jk úg úúO wruqKq Tiafia O%eùlrKhg ,laù we;' cd;Hka;r moaO;sh ;=< tys l%shdlrejka w;r l,dmSh tald.%;dj we;sùu flfrys n,md we;s m%Odk idOlhla jkafka foaYmd,k wNs,dIh hs' tfy;a fjkia jk foaYmd,k wd¾Ól l%shdj,Ska ;=< iEu rglgu ;u iajdh;a; /oshdj r|d mj;ajd .ekSug fkdyels ùu whym;aa m%jK;djla yeáhg n,md we;' fuys m%;súmdl yeáhg f,dal foaYmd,kh ;=< l,dmSh tald.%;dj flakaø.;j we;' ta wkqj f.da,ShlrK l%shdoduh ;=< úúO l,dmSh yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk Tjqkagu wdfõKsl jQ iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd wdrlaIl wNs,dIhka bgq lr .ekSu Wfoid .;sl iajNdjfhka hqla;j ixúOdkh ù ;sfí'fï ksid rdcHhka ;u wruqKq <.d lr .ekSfï,d l,dmsh yd cd;Hka;r ixúOdk Tiafia jvd;a n,j;aj yd .;sl iajNdjfhka hqla;j lghq;= lrk iajNdjhla olakg ,efí'

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= mQ¾j wjYH;d fkdue;

7 mdGud,dffõ wruqKq( fuu mdGud,dfõ m%Odk wruqK jkafka "

a. úúO wruqKq u; msysgd we;s cd;Hka;r iy l,dmSh ixúOdk ms<sn| mq¿,a ±kqï iïNdrhla ,nd§u

b. cd;Hka;r iy l,dmSh ixúOdk jHjydrh ;=< rdcHhka w;r iïnkaO;d iy rdcH fkdjk l%shdldrjreka w;r iïnkaO;d ms<sn| ±kqula ,nd§u

c. f.da,SlrK l%shdj,sh ;=< cd;Hka;r yd ixúOdk ms<sn|j;a tajdfha kj m%jK;d ms<sn| ±kqula ,nd §u

8 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq( fuu mdGud,d tallfha wjidkfha YsIHhkag my; i|yka yelshdjka ,nd.; yel'

a. l,dmShjdoh ms<sn| ixl,amSh w¾:hla .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu b. cd;Hka;r moaO;sh ;=< rdcHhka iy rdcH fkdjk l%shdlrejka w;r mj;akd

ld¾hNdrhka c. ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu d. f.da,SlrK l%shdj,sh ;=< cd;Hka;r iy l,dmSh ixúOdkhkays we;sjk kj m%jK;d

ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSu 9 mdGud,d wka;¾.;h


1' cd;Hka;rjdoh iy l,dmSh jdoh

cd;Hka;r ixúOdk hkq l=ulao l,dmSh ixúOdk hkq l=ulao f.da,ShlrKh iy l,dmShlrKh hkq

l=ulao

2' tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkh wdrïNh iy úldYkh wdh;ksl jHqyh wruqKq yd l%shdud¾.

3' hqfrdamd ix.uh

wdrïNh iy úldYkh m%Odk wruqKq hqfrdamd ix.uh f,dal wNs,dIhka

flfrys isÿlrk n,mEu

4' W;=re w;a,ka;sla .súiqï ixúOdkh ^fkafgda&

wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq kQ;k m%jK;d

5' wdishdka ixúOdk wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq kQ;k m%jK;d

115

6' Tfmla ixúOdkh wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq f,dal wd¾Ólhg isÿlrk n,mEu

7' id¾la ixúOdk wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq yd ld¾hhka id¾la ixúOdkh iy wka;¾ cd;sl

iïnkaO;d ixúOdkh yuqfõ we;s wNsfhda.hka

8' fmdÿ rdcH uKav,h wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq iy ld¾hhka

9' fkdne¢ jHdmdrh wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq kQ;k m%jK;d

10'G 7 lKavdhu wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq f,dal wNs,dIhkag lrk n,mEu

11' G 20 lKavdhu wdrïNh iy úldYkh wruqKq f,dal m%jK;d

10 mdGud,d mj;ajd f.khk wdldrh foaYk meje;aùu l%ufõoh Tõ

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh - wLKav we.hSï iy wjidk mÍCIKh wLKav we.hSï mejreï ^,l=Kq 20]& l%ufõoh Tõ wjidk mÍCIKh ,sÅ; mÍCIKh l%ufõoh jir wjidkfha mÍCIKhg fmkS isàu ^,l=Kq 80%&

12 ks¾foaY .%ka:(

1. Falk and Mendlovitz, (1973), Regional Politics and World Order, W.H. Freeman and

Company, San Francisco.

2. Barrow, James, (Ed), (1972), The United Nations – Past, Present and Future.

3. Cox, Robert W., (1969), International Organizations: World Politics, Macmillan,

London.

4. Le Roy, Bennet, (1995), International Organizations: Principles, Prentice Hall,

Newyork.

5. Robert Adam, (Ed). (1995), United Nations, Divided World, Pager.

6. lreKdodi " ví' tï' " ^1998&" idla - ima;d" imagd" bfuÊ ,xld" foysj,'

116

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h PHGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku ;¾l Ydia;%h yd úoHd;aul l%uh 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj 6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. ;¾l Ydia;%fha b;sydifha isg weßiafgdag,af.a idïm%odhsl ;¾l Ydia;%h yd kùk ;¾l

Ydia;%h ms<sn| wjfndaOh b. úoHdj yd tys úúO m%fNao ms<sn| wjfndaOh c. úoHdfõ úêl%uj, iajNdjh y`ÿkd .ekSu d. úoHdj yd iudc .eg¿ w;r iïnkaOh .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. ;¾lh" nqoaêh Ndú;fhka .eg¨ foi ;d¾lslj ne,Su fuka u .eg¨ úi|d .ekSug

yelsfjhs' b. ;d¾lsl Ñka;kh ÈhqKq fjhs' c. .eg¿ m%dfhda.slj úi|d.eksug wjYH Ñka;k Yla;sh j¾Okh lrhs' d. YsIHhd úoHd;aul l%uh yd tys uQ,sl kHdhhka ms<sn| jgyd .kshs'


1. ;¾l Ydia;%h ye¢kaùu yd b;sydih

2. ;¾l Ydia;%fha iajNdjh yd uQ,sl ixl,am

3. wkqudkh ^wjHys; wkqudkh yd jHjys; wkqudkh&

4. wdkhkfhda

5. ixjdlH

6. kùk ixfla; ;¾l Ydia;%fha uq,sl ixfla;

7. i;H pl% ye|skaùu

8. jl% i;H pl% l%uh

ks¾jpkh wdY%fhka ;¾l Ydia;%h ye¢kaùu

.=rel=, Tiafia ;¾l Ydia;%h j¾Okh jQ wdldrh

kúk ;¾l Ydia;%h ìysùu i|yd

n,mdkq ,enq fya;= mo yd m%ia;=; weßiafgdag,af.a m%ia;=; j¾.SlrKh

yd kQ;k m%ia;=; j¾.SlrKh wkqudkh ye¢kaùu m%ia;=; m%;sfhda.h m%ia;=; m%;sfhda.fha .eg¨ ixjdlH ye¢kaùu" ,laIK" j¾. m%;sj¾;kh mßj¾;kh mria:dmkh m%;sf,daukh wdkhk u.ska ;¾lj, im%udK;dj

fiùu ixjdlH Í;s Í;s weiqfrka im%udK;dj fiùu ;d¾lsl úp,H ksh;s mo jryka Ndú;h iDcq i;H pl% l%uh iudk ;¾l f.dvke.sfï uQ,O¾u mqk¾jdpl úixjdoS ;¾l i;H pl% Ndú; fkdlr wjika

we.hqu m%;sYaph lsÍu

.eg¨ úi|k wdldrh fonia wdYs; .eg,q i;H pl%

Ndú;fhka úi|Su

117

9. jHq;amkak

10. i;H;d rela l%uh

11. ;¾l oajdr

12. wdLHd; l,kh 13. úoHd;aul l%uh ye|skaùu yd b;sydih

14. úoHdfõ m%fNao

15. úoHdfõ úúO .=rel=,

16. úoHdfõ mÍlaIK l%u

17. úoHd;aul WmkHdi

18. idudÔh úoHdjkays úêl%u

wkqñ;s Í;s jHq;amkak l%u

ye|skaúu iy Ndú;h

ye|skaúu ;¾l oajdr ixfhdackh m%udKslD;H ;¾l úoHdj hkq l=ulao @ úoHd;aul l%uh hkq l=ulao@ .%Sl yd Bg fmr kùk úoHdj

Y=oaO úoHdj jHjydßl úoHdj iajdNdúl úoHdj iudchSh úoHd Woa.ukjdoh ks.dójdo if;HlaIKh wi;HlrKjdoh idfmalaIljdoh ksÍlaIKh iïmÍlaIKh ye¢kaùu WmkHdij, ,laIK m%Yakud,d l%uh iïuqL idlÉPd m%f;Hl wOHhkh iyNd.S ksÍlaIK

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh


12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. tÈßisxy" ohd'" fmf¾rd {dkodi - úoHd;aul l%u ú.%yh 2. tÈßisxy" ohd'" fmf¾rd {dkodi - uQ,sl ;d¾lsl uQ,O¾u 3. w;=fldar< " ohd frdayK yd ;j;a wh - idïm%odhsl ;¾l Ydia;%h

4. tÈßisxy ohd'" úoHd;aul {dkh'" ,iaik uqøK Ys,amsfhda' 1985 5. .=Kr;ak'wd¾'ã'" úoHd;aul l%uh'" tka'tka m%skag¾ia' uykqjr'"2005 6. .=Kr;ak'wd¾'ã' iy tia' ù' ldiskdoka'" ;¾l Ydia;%h yd úoHd;aul l%uh'" wOHdmk

m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'" 1997 7. fnla'iageka,s'" úoHdfõ ir, nj'" ud¾. m%ldYlfhda'" 1979 8. Copi, Irvingm, Introduction to Logic, 1982

9. Kuhn, Thomas., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 1996

10. Losee, John, A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, 1980 11. Ackermann, R.J. – Modern Deductive Logic

118

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h PHGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku od¾Yksl .eg¨ 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;=

wjYH;d

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq a. od¾Yksl m%Yakj, iajNdjh y÷kd.ekSu' b. Ôjk m%Yak ksrdlrKfhaoS ksrjq,a j l%shd lsÍug bf.kSu' c. .eg¨j, oS ta ms<sn| úúO oDIaáfldaKfhka ne,Su g mqyqKq ùu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. od¾Yksl .eg¨j, iajNdjh oek .kshs' b. .eg¨ úi|Sfï oS úúOdldr l%fudamdhhka Ndú;hg yqrefjhs' c. jvd;a ksjerÈ Ñka;khg fhduq fjhs'


1. od¾Yksl .eg¨ ye|skaùu

2. od¾Ykfha wdrïNh yd úldYkh

3. wdpdr úoHd;aul yd iudc od¾Yksl .eg,q

4. mdrfN!;sljdoh

5. {dkúNd.jdoS .eg,q

6. ldh Ñ;a; .eg,qj ms<sn| od¾Yksl u;jdo

7. uki hkq l=ulao@

8. fi!kao¾h úoHdj ms<sn| .eg,q

ks¾jpkh lsÍu y÷kd .ekSu úu¾Ykh fmrÈ. o¾Ykh wmrÈ. o¾Ykh fyd| hkq l=ulao fyd| ms<sn| od¾Yksl ixl,am hqla;sh iajÉPkao;dj ksh;sjdoh wmrdOh iy o~qju foúhka jykafiaf.a meje;au wd;auh fudalaIh mqkre;am;a;sh úYajfha iïNjh nqoaêjdoh yd wkqN+;sjdoh i;H ms<sn| .eg,qj m%;HlaIh {dkh yd úYajdih ldh Ñ;a; wkaj¾;sjdoh ndysr f,dalfha meje;au wkajdNdi jdoh p¾hdjdoh wkkH;djdoh wfkHdakHldrljdoh uki hkq l=ulao@ l,dj hkq hkq l=ulao idys;H úpdrh ms<sn| od¾Yksl

.eg,q


wLKav we.hSï

119

l%ufõoh wjidk mßlaIKh l%ufõoh

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. Arthur, C, Danto, What Philosophy is? A Guide to the Elements , a pelican Books, 1968

2. Popkin, R, Philosophy Made Simple, W. H Allen Ltd, 1969.

3. Stephan, K, Fundamental Questions ofPhilosophy, Penguin Books, 1971

4. O¾uisß" .=Kmd,'" od¾Yksl m%Yak" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j' 5. tÈßxy ohd" fmf¾rd'" {dkodi" od¾Yksl úu¾Yk" j;aud m%ldYkfhda" foysj," 2000' 6. úodk.uf.a" l=,fiak'" od¾Yksl .eg¨" le<Ksh úYajúoHd,h" 2001' 7. l,xiQßh" ta" ã" mS'" o¾Ykh ye¢kaùula '" wdrsh m%ldYlfhda' 2002 8. hdmdr;ak" ví' tï'" wd.ï yd o¾Yk ;=,kh" oyï iriúh

120

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h POGE 1001

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sldx.

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;dj( foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sldx. hkq foaYmd,k úoHdfõ mokï mdGud,dj fõ' fuu.ska YsIHhkag foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am yd m%fõYhka y÷kd.; yel'

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= mQ¾j wjYH;d fkdue;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq( fuu mdGud,d tallfha wruqK jkafka rdcH yd wdKavqj ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd §uhs'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h( fuu mdGud,dj wjidkfha § YsIHhkag my; i|yka yelshdjka ,efnkq we;'

a. wOHhk úIhhla f,i foaYmd,k úoHdfõ iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu iy th wOHhk lsÍfï úúO m%%fõYhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

b. iudÔh úoHdjla f,i foaYmd,k úoHdfõ mj;akd wka;¾ úIhd;aul iïnkaO;dj, iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .ekSu'

c. kQ;k rdcHhkays iajdêm;H" kS;sfha wdêm;Hh iy n,;, fnod fjka lsÍfï iajNdjh y÷kd .ekSu'

d. kQ;k wdKavql%u jHjia:djkays ,CIK y÷kd .ekSu'

e. úúO foaYmd,k wdh;khkays iajNdjh wjfndaO lr .ekSu

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h ( m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld

1. foaYmd,k úoHdfõ iajNdjh( foaYmd,k úoHdj iudc úoHdjls'

foaYmd,kh hkq l=ulao foaYmd,k úoHdj hkq l=ulao foaYmd,k úoHdj iudÔh úoHdjla

f,i ie,lSug n,mdk fya;= idOl

2. foaYmd,k úoHdfõ úIh fCIa;%h

foaYmd,k kHdh" foaYmd,k Ñka;kh" foaYmd,k o¾Ykh yd foaYmd,k u;jdo

rdcHh iy wdKavqj foaYmd,k n,h ;=,kd;aul wdKavql%u foaYmd,k wdh;k rdcH mßmd,kh iy rdcH m%;sm;a;s wka;¾cd;sl foaYmd,kh .egqï wOHhkh

3. foaYmd,k úoHdfõ l%ufõoh od¾Yksl l%ufõoh ;=,kd;aul l%ufõoh ft;sydisl l%ufõoh iudc úoHd;aul l%ufõoh kS;s úoHd;aul l%ufõoh p¾hdjd§ l%ufõoh l%u úYaf,aIKh ixLHdk l%ufõoh

4. foaYmdk úoHdj iy wksl=;a iudÔh úoHdjka w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj

foaYmd,k úoHdj iy b;sydih" foaYmd,k úoHdj iy wd¾Ól úoHdj" foaYmd,k úoHdj iy iudc úoHdj" foaYmd,k úoHdj iy N+f.da, úoHdj'

121

5. rdcHfha iajNdjh rdcHh w¾:l:kh rdcHfha w;HjYH wx. rdcHfha ft;sydisl úldYkh( .%Sl

kd.ßl rdcHh" jevjiï rdcHh iy kQ;k rdcHh

rdcHfha iajNdjh ms<sn| u;jdo( iudc iïuq;sjdoh" ,snr,ajdoh" udlaiajdoh" meisiaÜjdoh

6. iajdêm;H iajdêm;Hh ixl,amfha j¾Okh iajdêm;Hh w¾:l:kh iajdêm;Hfha uQ,sldx. úfõpk

7. wdKavqfõ iajNdjh wdKavqj w¾:l:kh wdKavqfõ lD;Hhka wdKavqfõ n,h ixjrKh lsÍfï l%u(

n,h fnod fjka lsÍu" wdKavql%u jHjia:d iy jHjia:dkql+,jdoh

8. wdKavql%u wdlD;s foaYmd,k u;jdo wkqj wdKavql%u j¾. lsÍu( ^ ,snr,a m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudcjd§" meisiaÜjd§&

n,h fn§u wkqj wdKavql%u j¾. lsÍu( ^talSh" ikaëh" iyikaëh&

úOdhl n,h l%shdjg kxjk wdldrh wkqj wdKavql%u j¾. lsÍu( ^leìkÜ" ckdêm;s" ñY%&

9. m%cd;ka;%jdoS wdKavqlrKfha ,CIK

ksfhdackh iy ue;sjrK l%u foaYmd,k mCI yd n,mEï lKavdhï isú,a iudch m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy hy md,kfha

fuj,ï

10 mdGud,d mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh

foaYk meje;aùu

l%ufõoh Tõ

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh - wLKav we.hSï iy wjidk mÍCIKh wLKav we.hSï mejreu ^,l=Kq 20]& l%ufõoh Tõ wjidk mÍCIKh ,sÅ; mÍCIKh l%ufõoh jir wjidkfha mÍCIKhg fmkS isàu ^,l=Kq 80]&

12 ks¾foaY .%ka:(

1. Ball, A.R. (1994). Modern Politics and Government, Macmillan, London. 2. Kapur, A.C. (1997). Principle’s of Political Science, Chand & Company Ltd, New

Delhi.

3. Haywood, Andrew (2007), Politics, Palgrave. New York.

4. Mahajan, V.D. (1998), Political Theory (Principle’s of Political Science, Chand &

Company Ltd. New Delhi

5. Rod Huge, Martin Harrop and Shann Bertin (1998), Comparative Government and

Politics, an Introduction, Palgrave. New York.

6. fidhsid" tï'´'ta'o' ^1993&" foaYmd,k úoHdfõ uQ,sl isoaOdka;" iqmqka .%e*slaia' fld<U'

122

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h POGE 1002

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%uh yd foaYmd,k fjkiaùï

3 tall w.h 04


5 j,x.=;djh ( fuh iuld,Sk Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,kh ms<sn| wdrïNl mdGud,djhs' tu.ska Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k l%ufha uQ,sl ,CIKhka ms<sn| úia;rd;aulj mÍCId lrkq ,efí'

6 mdGud,dj i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= mQ¾j wjYH;d (

fkdue;

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmaCIs; wruqKq ( fuu mdGud,d tallfha wruqK jkafka 1833 isg j¾;udkh olajd Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%uh ms<sn| YsIHhkaf.a ±kqu yd wjfndaOh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍuhs'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmaCIs; M,h ( fuu mdGud,dj wjidkfha§ YsIHhkag my; i|yka yelshdjka ,efnkq we;'

a. Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%u wdh;k" ue;sjrK yd kS;s l%u ms<sn|j wjfndaO lr.; yels ùu'

b. Y%S ,xld foaYmd,k l%uh flfrys foaYmd,k ixialD;sh we;s lrkq ,nk n,mEu wjfndaO lr.; yelsùu'

c. Y%S ,xld foaYmd,k l%uh ;=< mj;akd foaYmd,k .eg¨ y÷kd .; yels ùu'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h ( m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld

1' Y%S ,xldfõ hg;a úð; md,kh

flda,anDDla-leurka m%;sixialrKh -1833

lDDõ-uel,ï m%;sixialrKh -1910

ueksx wdKavql%u m%;sixialrKh -1920

ueksx-fvjkaIh¾ m%;sixialrKh -1924

fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrKh -1931

2' hg;a úð; iuh ;=< mej;s iudc iy foaYmd,k jHdmdr

wd.ñl mqk¾Ôjk jHdmdrh

wdKavql%u jHjia:d m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh

lïlre jHdmdrh

jdudxYsl jHdmdrh

3' fid,anß jHjia:dj - 1947 fida,anß jHjia:dfõ miqìu

fvdñkshka ;;a;ajh

fida,anß jHjia:dfõ wdh;ksl jHqyh ^kdñl úOdhlh" i;H úOdhlh" oaúudKav,sl l%uh" ir, nyq;r ksfhdack l%uh&

iq¨;r ckj¾.j, whs;sjdislï wdrCId lsÍfï úêúOdk

wêlrKh

isú,a fiajh

4' m%:u ckrc jHjia:dj -1972

m%:u ckrc jHjia:dfõ miqìu

m%:u ckrc jHjia:dfõ wdh;ksl jHqyh ^kdñl úOdhlh" leìkÜ úOdhlh" cd;sl rdcH iNdj" wdKavql%u jHjia:d wêlrKh" uQ,sl whs;sjdislï&

123

5' fojk ckrc jHjia:dj - 1978

fojk ckrc jHjia:dfõ miqìu

fojk ckrc jHjia:dfõ wdh;ksl jHqyh ^úOdhl ckdêm;s l%uh" md¾,sfïka;=j" wêlrKh" iudkqmd;sl ksfhdack l%uh" Tïnqâiauka" uQ,sl whs;sjdislï&

6' Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k mCI foaYmd,k mCIj, iajNdjh

foaYmd,k mCI l%ufha iajNdjh

foaYmd,k mCI l%ufha kj m%jk;d

7' Y%S ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl .egqu

wdrïNh iy j¾Okh

foaYmd,k n,h ms<sn| .egqu

cd;sl wkkH;dj

wd¾Ól idOlfha m%;súmdl

ffk;sl idOlhkays m%;súmdl

8' Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY m%;sm;a;s úfoaY m%;sm;a;sfha we;s jeo.;alu

1956 isg úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;=< we;s jQ fjkialï

1994 isg j¾;udkh olajd úfoaY m%;sm;a;sh ;=< we;s jQ fjkialï

bkaÿ-Y%s ,xld iïnkaO;d

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajd f.k hk wdldrh

foaYk meje;aùu

l%ufõoh Tõ

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh-wLKav we.hSï iy wjidk mÍCIKh wLKav we.hSï mejreu ^,l=Kq 20]& l%ufõoh Tõ wjidk mÍCIKh ,sÅ; mÍCIKh l%ufõoh jir wjidkfha mÍCIKhg fmkS isàu ^,l=Kq 80]&

12 ks¾foaY .%ka:(

1. Amarasinghe, Y.R. (1998), Revolutionary Idealism and parliamentary Politics : A

study of Trotskysm in Sri Lanka,Social Scientist association, Colombo.

2. Jennings, Iror (1953), The Constitution of Ceylon,Oxford, London.

3. Kearny, R.N. (1973), The Politics of Ceylon, Cornell University Press, London.

4. Warnapala, Wiswa (1993), Sri Lankan Political Science, Navrung, New Delhi.

5. Wilson, A.J. (1979), Politics in Sri Lanka, 1947- 1979, Macmillan, London.

6. __________ (1980), The Guallist System in Asia : The constitution of Sri Lanka,

Macmillan, London, .

7. w;=fldar, mS' ^2006&" Y%S ,xldfõ jd¾.sl .eg¨j" iriú m%ldYlfhda" kqf.af.dv' 8. nKavdr" kjr;ak' ta' tï' ^2007&" ì%;dkH hg;a úð; hq.fha Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl

jHdmdrh" *diaÜ mí,sIska" fld<U" 9. chj¾Ok" l=udß ^2004&" Y%S ,xldfõ lïlre jHdmdrfha ke.Su" iudc

úoHd{hskaf.a ix.uh" fld<U ' 10. ú;dkjiï" w;=, ^2007&" Y%S ,xldfõ wdKavql%uh iy foaYmd,kh" ;rxð m%skag¾ia"

uyr.u'

124

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h PSGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku idudkH ufkdaúoHdj 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;=

wjYH;d

7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq

ufkdaúoHdfõ úIh lafËa;%h w;r uq,sl jk idudkH ufkdaúoHdfõ ixl,amh yd tys iajNdjh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,ndoSu

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. ufkdaúoHdj yd tys uq,sl ixl,amh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd.kshs' b. udkisl iajNdjh ms<sn| h:d¾:h y÷kd .kshs' c. mqoa., p¾hdj ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nhs'

9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld 1. ufkdaúoHdj ye|skaúu

2. ufkdaúoHdfõ .=rel=,

3. ufkdaúoHdj wOHhk l%u

4. ixcdkkh

5. u;lh

6. bf.kqu ^bf.kqï l%u&

7. wNsfm%arKh

8. Ñ;a;fõ.

9. nqoaêh 10. fm!reIh

ks¾jpk lsÍu ufkda úoHdfõ b;sydih ufkda úoHdfõ iajNdjh ufkdaúoHdfõ úIh lafIa;%h

jHqyjdoh" ld¾hnoaO jdoh p¾hdjdoh ufkda úYaf,aIK jdoh f.iafgda,aÜ jdoh iudc bf.kqï jdoh udkqIjdoh yd idxoDIaáljdoh

iïmÍlaIKh ksÍlaIKh wkajdhdu mßlaIKh pß; jd¾;d l%uh m%f;Hhl wOHhkh

ixcdkkh ixfõokh wjOdkh

u;lh yd u;l ixj¾Ok l%u ñksia u;lfha iajNdjh

ks¾jpkh lsÍu bf.kqï kHdh

fm%arKj, iajNdjh m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl fm%arKh wNsfm%arK kHdhka

iqNjdÈ yd wiqNjdÈ Ñ;a; fõ. Ñ;a; fõ. we;sùu yd md,kh

nqoaêh ye|skaúu nqoaê kHdhka nqoaêh iy nqoaê M,h

fm!reIh ye|skaúu fm!reI j¾. fm!reI ixj¾Ok wjê kdhl;aj fm!reIh

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk lKavdhï idlÉPd

125

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSï l%ufõoh wjidk mßlaIKh l%ufõoh

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. tosrsisxy ohd'" ufkdaúoHdj .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHd{fhda'" j;aud m%ldYhlfhda' 1998' 2. tosrsisxy ohd' {dkodi fmf¾rd' ufkdaúoHd úu¾Yk'" j;aud m%ldYhlfhda' 2005' 3. rdukdhl hQ'î'" ufkdaúoHd moku'" i¾fjdaoh úYajf,aLd m%ldYlfhda'" 2001' 4. uQ¾;s' ufkdaúoHdj'" ñhqfrda m%ldYk'" 2005 5. fiakdër is,aú" <ud j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh'" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2010'^kj

uqøKh& 6. ldßhjiï ;sf,daliqkaoÍ'" mshdfÊf.a ixj¾Ok ufkdaúoHdj" úfÊiQßh .%ka: flakaøh" 2008

^kj uqøKh& 7. Chance, P., and Harris, T.G (Eds.). (1990) The Best of Psychology Today. New York.

McGraw-Hill Inc

8. Allport G.W. Personality,London,1937

9. Andrew crowcroft, The psychotic Studies in Social Pathology, Penguin Books, U.S.A., 1967

126

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h PSGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku jHjydrsl ufkdaúoHdj 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

6 mdGud,d tallh i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d 7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq

a. ixj¾Ok l%shdoduh i|yd ufkdaúoHd {dkh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu' b. udkisl hymeje;au j¾Okh lsÍfuys,d uQ,sl ufkdaúoHd kHdhhka jHjydrhg .ekSu'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h a. isiqka ;=< ufkdaúoHd oekqu Ndú;hg .ekSu ms<sn| l=Y,;d j¾Okh lrhs' b. úúO ufkdaúoHd lafIa;% ;=< we;s .eg¨ úi|Sug wjYH jHjydßl oekqu fnod fohs'


1. jHjydßl ufkdaúoHdj ye¢kaùu

2. jHjydßl ufkdaúoHd wOHhk l%ufõohka

3. jHjydßl ufkdaúoHdj yd ixj¾Ok l%shdj,sh

4. ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ufkdaúoHd ixl,am

5. mqoa., ñkqï

6. ixúOdk p¾hdj

7. weíneys.; p¾hdj

8. udkj in|;d

9. fi!LH ufkdaúoHd .eg¨

10. ishÈú kid .ekSu yd je<elaùu

11. wmrdO ms<sn| ufkdaúoHdj

12. udkisl hymeje;au ms<sn| .eg¨

13. m%pKav;ajh 14. fhdjqkaúh ms<sn| ufkdaúoHdj

ks¾jpkh b;sydih

jHjydßl ufkdaúoHd .=rel=, m¾fhaIK l%shdj,sh

wdl,am fjkialsÍu p¾hd .eg¨ úi£u m%cdkk m%fõYhhka

mqoa., j¾Okh ms<sn| od¾Yksl ixl,am mqoa., ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ufkdaúoHd;aul ixl,am

p¾hd;aul ñkqï m%cdkk ñkqï

ye¢kaùu fm%arKh ;Dma;su;a Ndjh /lshd wd;;sh

u;ameka" u;aøjH ,sx.sl .eg¨

wka;¾ in|;d ms<sn| fm!reIh j.lSï yd ne£ isàï in|;d f.dvke.Sfï ufkdaúoHd kHdhhka

ye¢kaùu udkisl wd;;sh Ôjk rgdj yd Ôjk l<ukdlrKh

Y%S ,xldfõ ishÈú kid .ekSïj, iajNdjh je<elaùfï l%fudamdhhka

ye¢kaùu ksjdrKh yd mqkre;a:dmkh

udkisl fi!LH ì| jeàu udkisl .eg,q yd frda. j¾Okh udkisl fi!LH yd iyÔjkh i;=g

.Dyia: m%pKav;ajh wm.dó p¾hdj yd m%pKav;ajh

fhdjqkaúh fhdjqkaúh wdY%s; .eg,q

127

fm%auh 10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï l%ufõoh


12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka: 1. tosrsisxy ohd'" ufkdaúoHdj .=rel=, iy ufkdaúoHd{fhda'" j;aud m%ldYhlfhda' 1998' 2. tosrsisxy ohd' {dkodi fmf¾rd' ufkdaúoHd úu¾Yk'" j;aud m%ldYhlfhda' 2005' 3. rdukdhl hQ'î'" ufkdaúoHd moku" i¾fjdaoh úYajf,aLd m%ldYlfhda'" 2001' 4. uQ¾;s' ufkdaúoHdj'" ñhqfrda m%ldYk'" 2005 5. fiakdër is,aú" <ud j¾Okh yd ixj¾Okh'" weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 2010'^kj

uqøKh& 6. ldßhjiï ;sf,daliqkaoÍ'" mshdfÊf.a ixj¾Ok ufkdaúoHdj" úfÊiQßh .%ka: flakaøh" 2008

^kj uqøKh& 7. .udÉÑ ,S,dkkao ^mß& m%dfhda.sl ufkdaúoHdj - uki mqyqKq lsÍu" f.dvf.a iy iud.u"2000 8. Chance, P., and Harris, T.G (Eds.). (1990) The Best of Psychology Today, New York.

McGraw-Hill Inc

9. Allport G.W. Personality,London,1937

10. Andrew crowcroft , The psychotic Studies in Social Pathology, Penguin Books, U.S.A., 1967

128

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h STGE 1001

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku uQ,sl .Ks;h 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj(

fuu tAllh .Ks;h ms<snò uQ,sl ixl,am iòyd miqìula imhkq ,nk y`ÿkajdoSfï mdGud,djls' fuu mdGud,dj u.ska YsIHhkag iudcSh úoHdjkaf.aaaa wfkl=;a fË;% iòyd fhdod.; yels úYaf,aIKd;aul Ñka;kh f.dvk.d .ekSug yelshdj ,efnkq we;' tosfkod cSú;fha lghq;=j,oS ixLHdkuh iy .Ks;uh oekqu m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lsÍu ms<snò fuu tallh u.ska ;jÿrg;a wjfndaOhla ,ndfokq we;' fuu mdGud,dj iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka miqj YsIHhkag iudc ixLHdk úIh fË;%hg wod< .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu iòyd .Ks;uh oekqu fhdod .ekSug yelshdj ,efnkq we;'

6 mdGud,dj iòyd imqrd,sh hq;= wdjYH;d ke; 7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq(

a. .Ks;fhys uQ,sl ixl,am wjfndaO lr.ekSu

b. Ñka;k Yla;sh iy úYaf,aIK l=Y,;d jeäoshqKq lsÍu

c. iudcSh úoHdjkays ixlS¾K fË;% ir, lr.ekSug wjYH miqìu iemhSu 8 mdGud,d tallh bf.kSfuka wfmalaIs; M,h(

fuu mdGud,dj id¾:lj wjikalrk Wmdê wfmalaIlhka my; oelafjk YlH;djka m%.=K lr isákq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'

a. ùcSh m%ldYkhka wdY%s; .eg¨ úiòSu iòyd ùc .Ks;h ms<snò úúO uQ,sl kS;s fhdod .ekSu

b. Nd. Nskak Nd.j,g úfhdackh lsÍu

c. iudka;r" ir< iy j¾.c iólrK úiòSu

d. o¾Yl wdY%s; .eg¿ úiòSu iy ,>q .Kl kS;s fhdod .ekSu

e. m%ia;dr l%u Ndú;fhka iólrK úioSu iy m%ia;dr weoSu

f. ir, f¾Ldjl iólrKh f.dvke.Su

g. oaúmo kHdh úia;r lsÍu iy fhdod .ekSu

h. iudka;r iy .=fKda;a;r fY%aKs wdY%s; .eg¿ úiòSu

i. kHdi Ndú;fhkA ir, f¾Çh iólrK úiòSu 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld

1. ùcSh .Ks; kS;s BODMAS kS;sh ùcSh m%ldYk wdl,kh yd jHdl,kh ùcSh m%ldYkj, .=Ks;h iy fnoSu wdfoaY lsÍu Ndú;hka

2. ixLHd yeòskaùu ixLHd j¾.SlrKh mßfïh iy wmßfïh ixLHd ksÅ," mßñ;" oYu" iudj¾: oYu iy

m%:ul ixLHd lrKs iy wÅ,lrKs y`ÿkd .ekSu lrKs iq`:lsÍu

3. idOl ìoSu fmdÿ idOl fiùu j¾. foll wka;rh RK foll tl;=j iy wka;rh ;s%mo j¾.c m%ldYkj, idOl ìoSu Ndú;hka

4. Nd. Nd. tl;= lsÍu iy wvqlsÍu Nd. .=KlsÍu iy fnoSu Nskak Nd.

5. talc iy j¾.c iólrK talc iólrK

129

úiosu úp,Hh follska iukaú; iu.dó iólrK

úp,Hh ;=klska iukaú; iu.dó iólrK

idOl fjka lsßfuka j¾.c iólrK úi`ÿu

6. o¾Yl o¾Yl kS;s o¾Yl kS;s Ndú;fhka úcSh m%ldYk iq`:

lsÍu

7. ,>q .Kl ,>q .Kl yeòskaùu ,>q .Kl kS;s Ndú;fhka ùcSh m%ldYk

iq`t lsÍu

8. lKavdxl cHdñ;sh ldàiShdkq ;,hl ,ËH msysàu ,ËH foll ÿr .Kkh lsÍu ir< f¾Ldjl iólrKh fiùu ir, f¾Ldjl wkql%ukh fiùu iudka;r f¾Ld ,ïNl f¾Ld

9. m%ia;dr ùcSh Ys%;j, m%ia;dr Wmßu iy wju w.hka f(x) = 0 iy f(x) = g(x) ys m%ia;dßl

úiÿu Ys%;j, mrdihka

10. l=,l iy oaúmo m%fïhh l=,l yeòskaùu ixlrK ixfhdack oaúmo m%fïh Ndú;hka

11. iudka;r fY%aKs w¾: oelaùu iudka;r fY%aKsh iudka;r fY%aKshl fmdÿ moh ,sùu iudka;r uOHkh iudka;r fY%aKshl mo n .Kkl

ftlHh Ndú;hka

12. .=fKd;a;r fY%aKs w¾: oelaùu .=fKda;a;r fY%aKshl fmdÿ moh ,súu .=fKda;a;r uOHkh .=fKda;a;r fY%aKshl mo n .Kkl

ftlHh Ndú;hka

13. ffoYsl ffoYsl yeoskaùu ffoYsl kS;Ska ffoYsl iudk lsÍu ffoYslhl fmr`:u ffoYslhl úYd,;ajh ffoYsl folla w;r fldaKh

14. kHdi kHdi yeòskaùu kHdi iudk lsÍu kHdi kS;Ska kHdi tl;= lsÍu iy wvqlsÍu

130

ffoYslhlska .=K lsÍu kHdi .=Ks;h kHdi fmr`:u iuñ;sl kHdi

15. ksYapdhl w¾: oelaùu 2x2 iy 3x3 kHdihl ksYapdhl .Kkh

lsÍu ksYapdhl .=Ks;h l%Eu¾ia kS;sh Ndú;fhka iólrK

úioSu

16. kHdi m%;sf,dauh w¾: oelaúu 2x2 iy 3x3 kHdij, m%;sf,dau kHdih

fiùu kHdi m%;sf,dau Ndú;fhka iñlrK

moaO;s úioSu

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk $ ksnkaOk $ lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï iy we.hqï l%ufõoh(

mdGud,dj ;=< we.hSï ^lKavdhï jev" bosßm;a lsÍï" iïuka;%K wdldr bosßm;a lsÍï" iy jHdmD;s - ,l=Kq ^40-20&& we.hSï l%ufõoh( mejreï $ uOH jdr mÍlaIK $ bosßm;a lsÍï

mdGud,dj wjidkfha we.hSï ^wjidk jdr mÍlaIKh - ,l=Kq ^60-80&&

we.hSï l%ufõoh( meh ;=kl ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh 12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:(

1. Abbott, P., & Neil, H. (1996). Teach Yourself Algebra. London: Hodder Headline

Plc.

2. Allen, R., & George, D. (1960). Basic Mathematics. London: McMillan.

3. Ayres, F., & Mendelson, E. (1990). Shaum's Series, Calculus (3rd Ed). New York:

McGraw-Hill.

4. Hall, H. (1960). School Algebra. London: McMillan.

5. Tintner, G. (1953). Mathematics and Statistics for Economists. New York: Rinehart

& Co., Inc.

6. Holden, K., & Pearson, A. (1975). Introductory Mathematics for Economists.

London: David and Charles.

7. Karunarathne, K. (1994). Pure Mathematics 01, Second Edition. Colombo: Lake

house Investment Company Ltd.

131

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h STGE 1002

2 mdGud,d tallfha ku uq,sl ixLHdkh

3 mdGud,d w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj(

ix.kk" iudc wd¾Ól ióËK" PkaoúuiSï iy iudcSh úoHd wOHhkj, oS Ndú;hg .;yels úYd, o;a; m%udKhla mj;sk kuq;a ;SrK .ekSu iïnkaO ls%hdj,sfha oS fuu o;a; Ndú;hg .ekSu ie,lshhq;= f,i wju uÜgul mj;S' fuu o;a; ixLHdkuh Ys,aml%u Ndú;lrñka ksis wdldrhg úYaf,aIKh lr bosßm;a lsÍfuka ;SrK .ekSfï yelshdj ;jÿrg;a j¾Okh l< yels fõ' ks.ukj,g t<îfï ls%hdj,sfhaoS tys wjodku uekSu iòyd fhdod.; yels iïNdú;d ixl,am ms<snò oekqula YsIHhka i;= úh hq;=h' tuksid iïNdú;djfha uQ,sl ixl,am WodyrK iys;j úia;rd;aulj bosßm;a flfrkq we;'

6 mdGud,dj iòyd imqrd,sh hq;= wdjYHl;d ke; 7 mdGud,d tallfha wfmalaIs; wruqKq (

a. ixLHdkfha bosß mdGud,djka iòyd Ndú;hg .;yels jk uQ,sl ixLHdkuh Ys,amSh l%u ms<snò l=Y,;djka j¾Okh lsÍu

b. ixLHdkfha bosß mdGud,djka iòyd Ndú; l<yels iïNdú;dj iy iïNdú;d ixl,am ms<snò jQ kHdhd;aul rduqj yÿkajdoSu

c. wjodku wju lr.ksñka mj;sk o;a; mokï lrf.k m%Yia; ;SrK .ekSu iòyd úia;rd;aul úYaf,aIKhla isÿlsÍug wjYH moku iemhSu

8 mdGud,d tallh bf.kSfuka wfmalaIs; M,h ( fuu mdGud,dj id¾:lj wjikalrk Wmdê wfmalaIlhka my; oelafjk YlH;djka m%.=K lr isákq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'''

a. ixLHdkh ks¾jpkh lsÍu" tys Ndú;h iy ÿ¾j,;d meyeos,s lsÍu b. o;a; iy o;a; /ialsßfï l%u meyeos,s lsÍu c. ,nd oS we;s o;a; úia;r lsÍu iòyd iqÿiq m%ia:dr f;dardf.k Ndú;lsÍu d. ir, idrdxY.; ixLHd;s .Kkh lsÍu iy w¾:l:kh lsÍu e. oaúúp, o;a; úisß ;s;a igykl oelaùu u.ska m%;smdhkh iy iy-iïnkaOh

ms<snòj jQ woyi meyeos,s lsÍu f. iy-iïnkaO;d ix.=Kl .Kkh lsÍu iy m%;smdhk f¾Ldj ks¾Kh lsÍu g. ld,fY%aKs ixrpl meyeos,slsÍu iy ksudkh lsÍu h. o¾Yldxlj, f.dvke.Su meyeos,slsÍu iy o;a; Ndú;dlsÍfuka úúO o¾Yldxl

.Kkh lsÍu i. iïNdú;dj ms<snò úúO msúiqï meyeos,s lsÍu j. iïNdú;dj ms<snò .=Khk iy wdl, wdlD;sh fhdod .ekSu k. wiïNdjH iïNdú;djfha iy iajdh;a;;djfha uQ,sl woyia meyeos,s lsÍu l. mQ¾K iïNdú;d kS;sh weiqßka fíhia kHdh meyeos,s lsÍu m. iiïNdù úp,Hhl iïNdú;d jHdma;sh" wfmaËs; w.h iy úp,;dj úia;r

lsÍu iy ks¾Kh lsÍu 9 mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.;h

m%Odk ud;Dldj fiiq ud;Dld 1. yeòskaùu ixLHdkh ms<snò ks¾jpk

ixLHdkfha m%fNao ixLHdkfha Ndú;hka ixLHdkfha iSudjka

2. o;a; /ialsÍu o;a; ud¾. m%d:ñl o;a; tl;= lsÍfï l%u m%Yakdj,sh iy Wmf,aLkh m%Yakdj,sh mQ¾j mÍËdj iy ixialrKh

3. o;a; ixúOdkh lsÍu iy bosßm;a lsÍu

j.= m%j¾.sl iy m%udKd;aul o;a; bosßm;a

lsÍfï rEmigyka - is;s,sh

132

- jDka; m;% igyka - jg igyka iy ia:ïN igyka - ;s;a igyka iy úisß ;s;a igyka - ir, f¾Çh iy iqug f¾Çh igyka - f,darkaia jl%h - me;slv igyka - Z igyka

ixLHd; jHdma;sh cd, f¾Lh ixLHd; nyq wi%h iuqÉÑ; ixLHd; jHdma;sh iy iuqÉÑ;

ixLHd; jl%

4. flakaøsl m%jK;d ñKqï

uOHkh" uOHia:h iy ud;h flakaøsl m%jK;d ñKqïj, .=kdx. Nß;" .=fKda;a;r iy yrd;aul uOHkh p;=¾;l" oYul iy m%;sY;l

5. wmlsrK" l=ál;d iy jls%u ñKqï

mrdih" p;=¾;l wm.ukh uOHkHh wm.ukh úp,;dj iy iïu; wm.ukh úp,k ix.=Klh l=ál;d ñKqï jls%u ñKqï

6. m%;smdhkh iy iy-iïnkaO;d úYaf,aIKh

úisß ;s;a igyk m%;smdhk f¾Ldj ksudkh lsÍu ks¾Kk ix.=Klh mqfrdal:kh >Q¾K iy-iïnkaO;d ix.=Klh ;rd iy-iïnkaO;dj

7. ld, fY%aKs úYaf,aIKh

Wmk;sh" R;=uh" pdls%l iy wl%uj;a ld,fY%aKs ixrpl y`ÿkd .ekSu

Wmk;sh ksudkh lsÍu R;=uh ixrpl ksudkh lsÍu pdls%l iy wl%uj;a ixrpl ksudkh lsÍu mqfrdal:kh

8. o¾Yldxl ir, idfmaË o¾Yl ir, iudydr o¾Yl Nß; iudydr o¾Yl ,eiamsh¾ o¾Ylh mdfIa o¾Ylh *sI¾ o¾Ylh udI,a tÊj¾;a o¾Ylh fydo o¾Ylxlhl .=Kdx. nyq,j Ndú;jk o¾Yldxl

9. iïNdú;d ixl,am iiïNdù m¾fhaIK" kshos wjldY iy isoaê iïNdú;d ixl,am iïNdjH msúiqu" idfmaË ixLHd; msúiqu"

mqoa., noaO msúiqu iy .Ks;uh msúiqu isoaëka iïnkaO lsÍu wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldrl isoaê iy

wdl,k kshuh iduQysl jYfhka ksrjfYaI isoaê

133

ksh; iïNdú;d wjldY ksh; iuiïNdú;d wjldY wksh; kshos wjldY

10. wiïNdjH iïNdú;dj iy iajdhla;;dj

wiïNdjH iïNdú;dj wiïNdjH iïNdú;dj i`oyd .=KHk

kshuh iajdh;a; isoaê

11. iïNdú;d kshu .=KHk kshuh ksh; wdkqudksl l%shdj,s iy rela igyka uq¿ iïNdú;d kshuh fíhia kHdh iajdh;a; iy mqkrdj¾; keyeiqï

12. iiïNdù úp,Hhka úúla; iiïNdù úp,Hhka úúla; iiïNdù úpHhl iïNdú;d ialkaO

Ys%;h" wfmaËdj" úp,;dj iy iïu; wm.ukh

úúla; iiïNdù úp,Hhl iuqÉÑ; jHdma;s Ys%;h

ika;;sl iiïNdù úp,Hhka ika;;sl iiïNdù úp,Hhl iïNdú;d

>k;aj Ys%;h" wfmaËdj" úp,;dj iy iïu; wm.ukh

ika;;sl iiïNdù úp,Hhl jHdma;s Ys%;h

13. noaO iïNdú;d jHdma;s

ye`oskaùu noaO iïNdú;d jHdma;shl jHdma;s Ys%;h"

iy-úp,;djh" iy iy-iïnkaO;dj iajdh;a; iiïNdù úp,Hh

10 mdGud,dj mj;ajdf.k hk wdldrh foaYk $ ksnkaOk $ lKavdhï idlÉPd 11 we.hSï iy we.hqï l%ufõoh(

mdGud,dj ;=, we.hSï ^lKavdhï jev" bosßm;a lsÍï" iïuka;%K wdldr bosßm;a lsÍï" iy jHdmD;s - ,l=Kq ^40-20&& we.hSï l%ufõoh( mejreï $ uOH jdr mÍlaIK $ bosßm;a lsÍï

mdGud,dj wjikfha we.hSï ^wjidk jdr mÍlaIKh - ,l=Kq ^60-80&& we.hSï l%ufõoh( meh ;=kl ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh

12 ks¾foaYs; .%ka:(

1. Beaver, M. B. (2007). Probability and Statistics. Baba Barkha Nath Printers.

2. Gupta, S. (1979). Statistical Techniques. New Delhi: Sultan Chand & Sons.

3. Jayatissa, W. A. (1995). Basic Statistics – I (Descriptive Statistics), Second Edition.

Colombo: Tharanjee Prints.

4. Jayatissa, W. A. (1991). Basic Statistics - II(Probability & Probability

Distribution). Colombo: Tharanjee Prints.

5. Karunarathne, K. (1994). Pure Mathematics 01, Second Edition. Colombo: Lake

house Investment Company Ltd.

6. Lipschutz, S. (1968). Theory and Problems of Probability, Schaum’s Outlines

Series. New York: McGraw-Hill.

7. Spiegel, M. R. (1961). Theory and Problems of Statistics. New York: McGraw-

Hill.

134

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h SOGE 1001 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku iudc úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

±kg Ndú;jk iudÔh úoHd úIhka w;r iudc úoHd úIh yeoEÍu Wfoid úYd, m%jK;djla foaYShj fukau cd;Hka;rj o Wmdê wfmalaIlhka w;r mj;S' iudch kùlrKh;a iuÕu we;sjk .eg¨ úi|d iudch kej; ilia lsÍu Wfoid fukau" ñksidg hym;a ixj¾Okhla w;am;a lr§u Wfoid iudc úoHd{hkaf.a m¾fhaIK ;=<ska úYd, odhl;ajhla ,nd.; yels nj f;areï f.dia we;s lreKls' fï ksidu j¾;udkh jk úg iudÔh úoHdjka yodrk Wmdê wfmalaIlhkag wu;rj ffjoH úoHd" Y=oaO úoHdjka" bkaðfkare" l<ukdlrK" lDIsl¾u" id;a;= fiajd hk ish¨u úIh lafIa;%hkays Wmdê wfmalaIlhka iudc úoHdj yeoEÍu i|yd Wkkaÿjla olajk nj meyeÈ,sh' iudc úoHdj ;u Wmdêfha m%Odk úIhla f,i yeoEÍug wfmalaIs; Wmdê wfmalaIlhkaf.a uQ,sl úIh ±kqu j¾Okh lsÍu fuu úIh tallfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ'


a. uQ,sl iudc úoHd;aul wjfndaOh ;=< iudc lreKq úYaf,aIKh i|yd iajhx wOHhkhla lssÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu'

b. uQ,sl iudc úoHd;aul ixl,am ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd §u' c. iudc úoHd;aul ±kqu m%dfhda.slj fhdod .ekSfï wjfndaOh we;s lsÍu' d. iudc úoHdj yeoEÍu Wfoid wjYH uQ,sl wjfndaOh ,nd §u'

8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h mdGud,dj wjidkfha§

a. iudc úoHdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn|j Wmdê wfmalaIlhka mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd ;sìh hq;=h'

b. iudc úoHdj fjk;a úIhka iuÕ wka;¾ iïnkaO jk wdldrh ms<sn|j ±kqula ,nd ;sìh hq;=h'

c. iudc ls%hdj,sh yd iudch jvd;a fyd¢ka f;areï .ekSfï yelshdjla ,nd ;sìh hq;=h'


1. iudc úoHdfõ iajNdjh

úIh lafIa;%h iy wruqKq fjk;a iudc úoHd úIhka iy iudc

úoHd úIh w;r iïnkaOh iudc úoHdjg uq,msrE iudc Ñka;kh

iy iudc úoHdfõ m%Njh we;s jQ wdldrh ms<sn|j fM;sydisl ú.%yhla

2. iïNdjH iudc úoHd{hska ms<sn|j ye¢kaùula

T.iaÜ fldïÜ y¾nÜ iafmkai¾ tñ,a vq¾lysï uelaia fjn¾ ld,a udlaia

3. iudcdkqfhdackh

m%d:ñl iudcdkqfhdackh oaú;Shsl iudcdkqfhdackh iudcdkqfhdack ldrl iudcdkqfhdack j¾.SlrKh fm!reI;ajh ms<sn| uQ,sl ye¢kaùula ixialD;sh fm!reI;ajhg n,mEu

4. iudc iuQy

m%d:ñl iuQy oaú;Shsl iuQy úêu;a yd wúêu;a iuQy ;sria iy isria iuQy iuQy.;sl

135

iuQy ixila;slNdjh

5. ;;a;ajh yd ld¾hNdrh

wdfrdams; ;;a;ajh yd idê; ;;a;ajh ;;a;aj ud,dj ld¾hNdr j¾.SlrKh ld¾hNdr .egqu

6. m%cdj y÷kd .ekSu

m%cdj y÷kd .ekSfï ks¾kdhl m%cdfõ iajNdjfhys jHqyhka m%cdj j¾.SlrKh yd ,laIK .%dóh m%cdfjys úfYaI ,laIK kd.ßl m%cdfjys úfYaI ,laIK

7. iudc ixia:d ms<sn| uQ,sl wOHhkh

mjq,a ixia:dj wd.ñl ixia:dj wd¾Ól ixia:dj wOHdmksl ixia:dj foaYmd,k ixia:dj

8. iudc ia;rdhKh yd p,H;dj

9. ixialD;sh yd iudc w.kdlï

ixialD;sh ms<sn| iudc úoHd;aul ks¾jpk

ixialD;sfha m%Odk fn§ï Wm ixialD;ska yd ÿ.S nfõ ixialD;sh


wLKav we.hSu l%ufõoh wjidk mÍlaIKh l%ufõoh ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh ^,l=Kq 100&

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. Haralambos with R. M. Heald., (1980/1981), Sociology: Themes and Perspectives,

Oxford University Press, New Delli.

2. Rao, Shankar, C. N., (1990/1998), Sociology, Chands & company, New Delli

3. Landis, P.H., (1958), Introduction Sociology, Ronald Press, New York

4. r;akmd," kkaofiak'" ^1986$1995&" iudc úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u" f,ala yjqia" fld<U' 5. fmf¾rd" fgksika" î 'ta'" ^1993$2005&" udkj úoHd yd iudc úoHd m%fõYh"

f.dvf.a ifydaorfhda "fld<U' 6. iurfldaka" uhqr'" ^2005$2009&" uQ,sl iudc úoHdj 1" l¾;D m%ldYk" fld<U' 7. iurfldaka" uhqr'" ^2009$2011&" iudc ixia:d" l¾;D m%ldYk" fld<U' 8. iurfldaka" uhqr'" ^2008$2010&" iïNdjH iudc úoHd×fhda" l¾;D m%ldYk" fld<U' 9. iurfldaka" uhqr'" ^2009&" .d%óh iudc úoHdj " l¾;D m%ldYk" fld<U' 10. iurfldaka" uhqr'" ^2009&" kd.ßl iudc úoHdj " l¾;D m%ldYk" fld<U' 11. o" is,ajd" wurisß'" ^2012&" iudc úoHdj 1" l¾;D m%ldYk" uykqjr'

136

1 mdGud,d tallfha ixfla;h SOGE 1002 2 mdGud,d tallfha ku iuld,Sk iudch yd iudc fjkiaùu 3 tall w.h 04 4 wOHhk j¾Ih m<uq jir 5 j,x.=;dj

iudc meje;au" ixúOdkd;aul iajrEmh" iudc jHqyh fukau iudc ixialD;sl rgdfõ fjkia ùu thgu wkkH jQ .;s iajNdjhls' kj ksmoùï" fidhd .ekSï" úoHd yd ;dlaIKsl fukau udkj nqoaêfha iQlaIau;djfhka hqla; m%mxp iudc úoHd{hkaf.a ksrka;r m¾fhaIKhg Ndckh jQjls' iudc úoHd úIh wdrïNl wjia:dfõ isgu fuu f;audjka wOHhkhg ,laj ;sfí'

6 mdGud,d i|yd imqrd,sh hq;= wjYH;d ke;' 7 mdGud,d tallfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq

a. iuld,Sk iudch yd iudc fjkia ùug wod< ixl,am yd isoaOdka; yeoEÍu' b. fjkia fjñka mj;sk f.da,Sh iudch yd iajlSh iudch w;r jQ úIu;dj jgyd

f.k úoHd;aul kj oekqñka fmdaIKh ùfï wjYH;dj ms<sf.k l%shd;aul ùu' 8 mdGud,d tallh b.ekaùfuka wfmalaIs; M,h

a. YsIHhkag fuu mdGud,dj yeoEÍfuka ;oa úIhg wod< ixl,am yd isoaOdka; ms<sn| m%udKj;a oekqula ,nd .ekSug yels ùu'

b. ;uka ,nk oekqu M,odhs wdldrfhka Ndú; lsÍfuka" úYaf,aIKh lsÍfuka iudc ixj¾Okhg odhl ùfï YlH;d y÷kd .ekSu'


1. iudc meje;au iy fjkiaúSu

fjkia ùu$úmßKduh hkq l=ulao@ ks¾jpk" ixl,amSh ú.%yh

2. kQ;k iudc fjkia ùu 3. flfrys isÿ flreKq n,mEïys

fM;sydisl j¾Okh

iudÔh yd ixialD;sl fjkiaùï wjfndaO lr .ekSu

m%xY úma,jh ld¾ñl úma,jh f,dal hqoaO

4. iudc fjkiaùu flfrys f.dv ke.=K isoaOdka;

frdn¾Ü fla' u¾gka ( uOH m¾hka; kHdh

fgdïnkaia" *¾äkkaâ fgdakSia ( f.uhska IdmaÜ" f.I,a IdmaÜ" c.;a moaO;s kHdh

5. idïm%odhsl;ajfhka kQ;k;ajhg wod< iudc fjkiaùï ldrl

iudc p,H;dj kd.ÍlrKh kùlrKh ngysrlrKh ld¾ólrKh f,!lsllrKh ixialD;sllrKh

6. ;=kajeks f,dalfha iudc f.da,ShlrKh fjñka mj;sk iudc Ôú;h

wêrdcHjdofhka ìysjqKq wd¾Ól l%uh

È<s÷lu f,dalh yd we;s iïnkaO;d wdydr

ksIamdokh yd l=i.skak" Kh .e;sNdjh

7. rdcH fkdjk cd;Hka;r l%shdldrS;ajh

tlai;a cd;Ska wfkl=;a cd;Hka;r ixúOdk nyq

cd;sl iud.ïys ixialD;sl wêrdcHjdoh


foaYk lKavdhï idlÉPd

11 we.hSï l%ufõoh wLKav we.hSu

137

l%ufõoh wjidk mÍlaIKh l%ufõoh

12 ks¾ÈIag .%ka: 1. Alix, K. Ernest, (1995), Sociology, West publishing company, Minneapolis,

USA.

2. Giddens, Anthony, (1991) Introduction to Sociology, W. W. Norton & Company,

Newyork.

3. Modern Robert K. (1957), Social Theory & Social Structure, Free press,

Newyork

udkjydia;% yd iudcsh úohd msgh ys% chj¾okmqr...

Documents