ukraine 07 2009 konst

Selbsthilfe-Treffpunkt Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg

Development of self-help movement in Ukraine Kiev, 02.-05.07.2009

Dr. Konstantin Ingenkamp

Volkssolidarität LV Berlin e.V.

ЛАСКАВО ПРОСИМО!


History and development of self-help in Germany and the work of a self-help clearing house in Berlin


About me and VS• Dr. Konstantin Ingenkamp,

sociologist and social therapist for elderly people

• Born 1965 in Bonn, FRG, since 1988 in Berlin

• Since 2000 professional supporter of self-help for “Volkssolidarität”

• Volkssolidarität is an East-German and typical GDR-welfare organization founded 1945

• Cooperation with BORIS since 2003, cooperation with GURT since 2007 („Development of self-help groups in Ukraine“)


Self-Help is Different

• Different concepts of self-help (see discussion on wikipedia.com)

• Typical and different features for each country, tradition, history and community

• Different methods


Content

• History and histories of self-help• Theoretical background of self-help• Self-help in Germany• Self-help in Berlin• Self-help in Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg• Selbsthilfe-Treffpunkt Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg• Group dynamics and “rules”• Why do we have this “rules”?


History and histories of self-help• What is not our kind of self-help?• Fundamental philosophical backgrounds; history as a

history of self-help• Early social work• Alcoholics Anonymous – the first self-help group?• History of self-help as a part of history of psychiatry• Self-help clearing houses• History of self-help clearing houses in Germany and West-

Berlin• Economic backgrounds of the institutionalization of self

help• Latest trends


Samuel Smiles, Scottish author, (1812-1904) published the first self-consciously personal-development "self-help" book — entitled Self-Help — in 1859. Its opening sentence: "Heaven helps those who help themselves", provides a variation of "God helps them that help themselves", the oft-quoted maxim that also appeared previously in Benjamin Franklin´s Poor Richard´s Almanach (1733 - 1758).

This is not exactly our subject:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Samuel_Smiles00.jpg


Anthropological and philosophical backgronds of mutual self-help in groups and help to self-help

• The human organism is by nature a “being of deficits” (Mängelwesen A. Gehlen 1956) and social culture has developed or emerged in part to deal specifically with biological deficits.

• Organisation in primitive tribes in stone age• Platons cave-allegory and Sokratic conversation

are examples for „help for self-help“


Self organizing in history

• Founding of universities like the Platonic Academy

• Founding of guilds (Zünfte) in the middle age• Bourgeoise Revolutions• Development of civil society• Founding of political parties, trade unions etc• Communist or Proletarian Revolutions• Civil Right Revolutions• Etc.


Settlement movement as a forerunner of institutionalized support of self-help

• The settlement movement was a liberal reformist social movement, peaking around the 1920s in England and the US, with a goal of getting the rich and poor in society to live more closely together in an interdependent community. Its main object was the establishment of "settlement houses" in poor urban areas, in which volunteer middle-class "settlement workers" would live, hoping to share knowledge and culture with, and alleviate the poverty of, their low-income neighbours.

• After world war II this tradition came to West-Germany


History of Alkoholic Anonymous

• 12.05.1935: (other versions: 10.06.1935) Foundation of Alkoholics Anoymous

• But: „Who is alkoholic has to recognize that he can not help himselves. Only a „greater power than oneselfes“ can help (Blue book of AA)

• AAs and related groups try through prayer and meditation to „improve our conscious contact with a power greater than ourselves“

• The Aim: „ Having a spiritual awekening of the twelve steps“


History of self-help-support as a part of history of psychiatry

• Self-help in groups has its roots in group psychotherapy • In 1939 British military psychiatrist Joshua Bierer started in the hospital

Runwell by London to organize patients in groups • He had success especially with traumatized soldiers (shell shock). • In December 1943 Bierer reports in „Proceedings of the Royal Society of

Medicine about in experiment: The experiment took the form of helping patients to run self-govered clubs… The clubs meet weekly and are run democratically by the patients themselves (http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2181093

• Results: In any club people tend to lose their shyness and develop their initiative

• Bierer thought that classical psychoanalysis makes patients dependent from the doctor. A group therapy helps the patients to become independent, active and selfrelated and bring them to insight and stimulate them to be involved in the process of healing, (Joshua Bierer: Group Psychotherapie“ BMJ , 14. Febr. 1942, S. 216.)


The Official History of Self-Help Clearing Houses

• In 1983 sociologist at WHO Stephen Hatch published an expertise called „Self-help and Health in Europe: new Approaches in Health Care“ (ISBN 92-890-1016-9)

• In this he recommends to support self-help groups by a generalist support system and explicit not by a specialist support system.

• And to support at a local level ... to be able quickly and easily to make face to face contacts with group members, professional workers and so on.

• The name for this institutions is „clearing houses for self-help" (in Germany: Self-help contact and information centre)


West-German and „western society“ history

• After the socialistic inspired 1968 riots there were a lot of new social movements politically active (movements for peace, emancipation, alternative health, squatters, until to terrorists)

• In the 80s alternative people recognized that it is not easy to change society (expierence with reaction to terrorisms), so they decide to change themselves

• Green parties/movements were founded. Ecology and beeing healthy in an insane environment was now more important than socialism

• This new „Ecosocialism“ was compatible to subsidarity – a more conservative principle of organizing social welfare


History of self-help in West-Berlin

• Special situation in the 80s in West-Berlin (with a new founded and strong ecosocialist „green“ Party)

• A lot of alternative people lived in West-Berlin (no military service), and there were a lot of squatted houses

• On the other hand: West-Berlin was the „showcase of the free west“ with a lot of subventions

• Alternative people wantet to participate in this wealth• State wanted to control alternative scene• In this context: 1983 foundation (better: legalization) of

Sekis (the 1. clearing house in Germany) (in a squatted hospital) in Berlin financed by the state of Berlin (divide et impera!)


History from an political and economical point of view

• Institutionalized self-hep is a result of a change in funding strategies concerning welfare of the state and communities

• Since the middle of the 70s: End of the expansion of welfare state (begin of the emerge of neoliberalism) (M. Thatcher: there is no society there are

only individuals)

• Distribution conflicts between the classical big welfare organizations and state, federal states and communities

• Self-help groups and small associations becomes officially recognized because of its potential savings. (and their idealistic tendency toward self exploitation)

• Motto: Participation instead of care

• Marxist criticism: Redistribution from bottom to top


Self- help and Volunteering

• The latest trend in German policy is support of civic engagment

• The support of civic engagement is seen as a contribution against individualization and the „breakup of sciety“

• Non-health-related self-help becomes more and more a part of civic engagment

• Health related self-help becomes more and more organized by big associations of chronicle ill people like cancer-associations, diabetes-assoc., rheumatism-assoc.


Very latest History: Big Pharma and Self-Help

• Pharma companies are interested in self-help groups an finance them. The aim: to make their products more popular

• Self-help groups get instrumentalized by pharma companies

• Pharma companies invent diseases (“sissy syndrome”) or make diseases more popular (“ADHS”) and therefore they use self-help groups


Theorical background of self-help support

• Empowerment (political)• Salutogenesis (health-related)• Subsidarity(economic)


Empowerment

• Empowerment refers to increasing the political, social or economic strength of individuals and communities. It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities

• Sociological empowerment often addresses members of groups that social discrimination processes have excluded from decision-making processes through - for example - discrimination based on disability, race, ethnicity, religion, illness or gender.


Salutogenesis

• Salutogenesis is a term coined by Aaron Antonovsky, a Professor of Medical Sociology.

• The term describes an approach focusing on factors that support human health and well-being, rather than on factors that cause disease.

• In his theory, whether a stress factor will be either pathogenic, neutral or salutary, depends on what he called generalized resistance resources or "GRRs

• The "sense of coherence" is a theoretical formulation that provides a central explanation for the role of stress in human functioning.


The sense of coherence has three components:

• Comprehensibility: a belief that things happen in an orderly and predictable fashion and a sense that you can understand events in your life and reasonably predict what will happen in the future.

• Manageability: a belief that you have the skills or ability, the support, the help, or the resources necessary to take care of things, and that things are manageable and within your control.

• Meaningfulness: a belief that things in life are interesting and a source of satisfaction, that things are really worth it and that there is good reason or purpose to care about what happens.

• Self-help in groups can help ill people to increase their “SoC” and to cope better with their disease


Subsidarity: the big consensus• The word subsidiarity is derived from the Latin word subsidiarius

(in reserve, secondary) and has its origins in Catholic social teaching.

• What is „in reserve“ or „secundary“? The next higher level, the state

• Subsidiarity is an organizing principle that matters ought to be handled by the smallest, lowest or least centralized competent authority.

• The Oxford English Dictionary defines subsidiarity as the idea that a central authority should have a subsidiary function, performing only those tasks which cannot be performed effectively at a more immediate or local level. The concept is applicable in the fields of government, political science, cybernetics, management.

• Subsidiarity is, ideally or in principle, one of the features of federalism.

• The term was coinded by Pope Pius XI in a Enzyklika as an alternative to communist and fascist thinking and their superevelation of the state


Self-help in Germany


Facts and figures• 319 Self-help clearing houses in Germany • 89 in new federal states (Ex-GDR)• German statutory health insurances support

self-help in 2006 with 27,5 Mill. Euro (by law) • 0,39 Cent per insured person • Self-help clearing houses get 5,3 Mill. • Self-help groups and organizations get 22,2

Mill. • The ministries of the federal states spend 11,4

Mill. Euro for support of Self-help clearing houses


For Selbsthilfe-Treffpunkt Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg:

• Financed from the gouvernment of the state of Berlin with 86.000.- Euro

• And financed by stutory health insurances with 10.000.-• 96.000.- Euro/year in sum for 2 salaries and rent and

everything• Additional: European money, EFRE, 62.000 Euro for a

special project 2009/2010• Self-help groups can get money from the statutory health

insurances very unbureaucratically (for German relations) for

1. basis financing (for administration, 300-800 Euro/year)2. project financing (Doctor´s lessons etc.)


Self-help in Germany: self help groups in old and new federal states


Self-help organizations in the sectors health, psycho-social and social


Self-help in Berlin


Offical tasks of self-help clearing houses („Contract commnity centers“) in Berlin. Support of:

• Own-initative and self-help• Volunteering/civil engagement• Identification with community• Social responsibility• Active participation of citizens• Communication (between generations, intercultural,

between social classes)• Tolerance and respect• Creativity, phantasy and cultural activities.


Berlin• 3.415.742 inhabitants,

second biggest city in EU

• 11 districts• Capital City an federal

state • Only German state with

ex-communist-party in governement

• 38,5% of all children live in households which live from social welfare

• In 51% of all households lives only one Person; (FRG: 38%)

• Divided city


Monitoring of social development of the city of Berlin

• „Index of social status“

• Red: very low

• Orange: low• Blue: middle• Green: high


Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg• East-west inner city

district, 269.000 inhabitants, share of migrants: 22,5%

• Average income of households (netto): 1175.- (FRG: 2770.-)

• Unemployment rate 19,3% (March 09) (Berlin: 14,1%)

• Only direct voted „green“ deputy in Bundestag (parliament)

• Upward trend of „Gentrification“


The neighborhood: QM Boxhagener Platz 1999-2006

•22.000 inhabitants•Low social status (but changing)•Bad substance of buildings without modernization (changing)•Gentrification•Attractive for young people and young tourists•Traditionally lot of punks


Gentrification in the community



• 66 self-help groups• 8 consulting offers• Ca. 10.000 Vistors/year• 1416 counselings• Financed from the gouvernment of the state of Berlin and

stutory health insurances (10%) (96.000.- Euro/year in sum)• Part of community center Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg • Founded 1993, 2 full-time employees, 2 employee which are

financed from job center, volunteers• Additional project (EFRE): „Kieztreff Interkulturell“ with a

volunteer-based newspaper• Social coneling • Cooperation with BORIS since 2003, cooperation with GURT

since 2007 („Development of self-help groups in Ukraine“)


Counseling offers

• Local exchange trading system• Agency for volunteering in the community• Social counseling (welfare for the unemployed

etc.)• Legal advice• Dating and relationship 50+• Counseling in Russian language• Support for parents of crying babies


Aktivitäten

1 Klöppeln Klöppeln (Koppenstr.) 2 Lfd. 5

2 Gedächtnistraining Gedächtnistraining (Koppenstr.) 2 Lfd. 6

3 Wandern Gemeinsam statt allein 8 Lfd. 18

4 Unternehmungen Singlegruppe 40 Jahre 2 Lfd. 5

5 Englisch Englisch für Anfänger (Koppenstr.) 12 Lfd. 15

6 Kreatives Gestalten Handarbeitsgruppe (Koppenstr.) 4 Lfd. 6

7 Klöppeln Klöppeln (Singerstr.) 2 Lfd. 8

8 Seidenmalen Seidenmalen (Koppenstr.) 2 Lfd. 5

9 Kreatives Schreiben Kreatives Schreiben (Kreuzberg) 4 6 Monate

4

10

Briefmarken sammeln Phila- die Briefmarkenfreunde (Koppenstr.)

1 Lfd. 6

11

Seniorensport Stuhlgymnastik (Koppenstr.) 4 Lfd. 10

12

Singen Singegruppe (Koppenstr.) 2 Lfd. 5

13

Tanzen Tanzkreis (Koppenstr.) 4 Lfd. 7

14

Gesellschaftsspiele Spielgruppe (Koppenstr.) 4 Lfd. 12

15

Straßenverkehr Verkehrserziehung (Koppenstr.) 2 Lfd. 10

17

Qi Gong Qi Gong (3 Gruppen) 12 Lfd. 40

18

Laufen (Joggen) Laufgruppe 8 Lfd. 5-15

19

Ortsgruppe Volkssolidarität VS OG 48 1 Lfd. 20

20

Literaturkurs Seniorenuniversität 2 10 Monate

40

21

Yoga Yoga 4 Lfd. 6

22

Kreatives Gestalten Textilkreis 2 Lfd. 12

23

Französisch 4 1 Monat

6

24

Englisch Englisch 1 und 2 4 Lfd. 6


Soziales/Migranten

25

Arbeitslosigkeit SHG Ermutigungskreis 4 Lfd. 4

26

Ältere Menschen Seniorengruppe Kreuzberg 4 Lfd. 8

27

Tauschringtreffen Friedrichshainer Tauschring 4 Lfd. 10

28

Ältere Menschen Lebensbaum 8 Lfd. 9

29

Arbeitslosigkeit Existenzgründer 4 9 Monate

5

30

Ältere Menschen Alleinstehende Senioren 8 Lfd. 10

31

Ältere Menschen/Computerkurs

Kooperation mit TRIAS 8 8 Monate

32

Montagsdemo Stadtteilkomitee Friedrichshain 1 Lfd.

33

Hund und Mensch Friedrichshainer Hundefreunde 1 Lfd.

34

Trauern Verband für weltliche Trauerkultur 1 Lfd. 6

35

Migranten aus Kamerun (2 Gruppen)

Assocciation des Ressortissants du NDE/A.R.M. Menou

1 Lfd. 12

36

Russischsprachige Rheumagruppe

Russischsprachige Rheumagruppe 4 1 Jahr

12

37

weltliche Trauerkultur Verband für weltliche Trauerkultur 1 Lfd. 7

38

Studenten-TV auf OKB Xenon-TV 4 Lfd 5

39

DA Debtors Anonymous 2 5 Monate

5

40

Anwalts- und Justizopfer 1 5 Monate

4


Familie, Frauen, Männer

41

Frauen von homosexuellen Männern

Tangiert 1 Lfd. 3

42

Männer Ostkreuzmänner 4 Lfd. 9

43

Männer MRT(Kreuzberg) 4 Lfd. 5

44

Singletreffen Partnervermittlung 50+ 4 Lfd. 60


Gesundheitsbezogene Themen

45

Qi Gong 3 Kurse: 12

Lfd. 40

46

Gesundheitstraining für Arbeitslose

Kooperation mit ALV 12 Treffen

9

Krankheiten

47

Krebs Frauen nach Krebs 1 Lfd. 8

48

Prostatakrebs Prostatakrebs (Kreuzberg) 4 6 Monate

49

Brustkrebs In Hohenschönhausen 1 Lfd.

50

Osteoporose Leben mit Osteoporose I 4 Lfd. 16

51

Polyneuropathie 2 3 Monate

2

52

Chronische Schmerzen Chronische Schmerzen 4 Lfd. 8

53

Prostatakrebs „Betroffene beraten Betroffenen 8 (bis Januar)

-

54

Parkinson Parkinson – Rat und Tat beim Skat 4 (bis Mai)

3

55

Apoplex Aphasiker (Praxis Friedrichshain) 4 Lfd. 4


Psychische Störungen und Erkrankungen

56

Messiesyndrom Anonyme Messies (im Elternzentrum Kreuzberg)

4 Lfd. 15

57

Depression Mejusa; Reha 4 (bis Mai)

10

58

Angehörige Verbündete, Partner von sexuell missbrauchten Frauen

2 Lfd. 5

59

Zwänge Zwangserkrankung 2 Lfd. 8


Sucht

60

Spielsucht Glücksspielsucht 4 Lfd. 8

61

Beziehungssucht CoDa (Co-Dependents Anonymous)

4 Lfd. 10

62

Rauschmittelsucht NA (Narcotics Anonymous) (Lausitzer Str.)

4 Lfd. 20

63

Anonyme Alkoholiker AA 4 Lfd. 20

64

Esssucht Esssucht 4 10 Monate

5

65

Angehörige Drogenprobleme – Elternkreis 2 Lfd.

66

Alkoholsucht Brücke 4 10 Monate

6


Beratung

67

Freiwilligenagentur Koop. mit NHU

68

Grünberatung Koop. mit Stadtteilausschuss Kreuzberg

69

Sozialberatung Selbsthilfe-Initiative

70

Partnervermittlung Ehrenamtliches Angebot

71

Tauschring Ehrenamtliches Angebot

72

Rechtsberatung Rechtsanwalt

73

Beratung zu Selbsthilfe etc. in russischer Sprache

74

Schreibabyambulanz Beratung für Eltern (Lausitzer Str.)


Relationship men-women

Männer 25%

Frauen75%

Männer

Frauen


Age of visitors

20-3031%

31-4016%

41-5025%

51-606%

61-709%

71+13%

20-30

31-40

41-50

51-60

61-70

71+


Answers to the question: Did had contact to self-help groups before you took part in your actual self-help

group ?

Ja 50%

nein50%

Ja

nein


I would like to lern more about Selbsthilfe-Treffpunkt Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg and community center

Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg

Ja25%

Nein58%

kA17%

Ja

Nein

kA


Group dynamics and “rules” for groups

Groud dynamics is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes


Team development clock


Rules and methods for group work in Germany (Sekis)Rules and methods serve to structure the conversation and course of events in the group. They make it easier for everyone to concentrate on a definite subject and his or her own concerns. Application of the rules and methods differs from group to group and also depends on the subject matter of the self help group. Thus, for example, many self help groups in the area of addiction work with rules different from those used by groups dedicated to experiencing oneself or to dealing with a certain chronic illness. Some self help groups work without established rules or only use certain techniques and methods which appear to them to be necessary for group work.


1. The beginning and end of each session are determined in advance.The members know when the group work begins and can prepare themselves for presenting their concerns during this time. Punctual beginning and end of the sessions are important for this reason.


2. Everyone speaks about himself and not about others.As a matter of principle, every member speaks about himself – about his or her thoughts, feelings, experience, hopes and expectations. Of course, one cannot avoid speaking about relatives, friends and others who play an important part in one’s life; nevertheless, the group’s attention should be directed to oneself. Also, nothing should be said about group members when they are not present!


3. Group communication problems have priorityInterrupt the conversation if for any reason you are not really able to participate in it. For example, you might be bored, annoyed or for some other reason not be able to concentrate on the conversation. Such an “absent” member loses the chance to develop himself in the group and the group also loses the benefit of this member’s presence. When the problem has been set aside, the interrupted conversation is resumed, or it may be that first another subject is discussed because it is currently more important for the group and was possibly raised by the interruption itself. It takes courage to apply this rule, but this rule is very important and promotes the feeling of togetherness within the group.


4. How am I doing today?At the beginning of their meetings, many groups ask about the current problems and moods of the members (e.g. including fears which are brought to the session). The group first goes over these, even though another subject was actually planned. This approach gives the individual a feeling of togetherness and being understood.


5. SnapshotEvery person receives the opportunity to say something short (at most 2 minutes) about a certain subject, situation or current mood. These statements are not discussed; indeed, nobody makes any comments about them at all! The snapshot can be applied at the beginning, during or at the end of a group meeting, as well as in group situations in which a lack of clarity prevails. A snapshot can serve to:clarify diffuse situations between the members, depict the current personal situation of the members to express one’s own feelings and moods to present expectations, needs and wishes, to identify subjects which arouse interest, to ease everyone into the group conversation, to draw a picture of opinions which concludes the group session.The snapshot is not evaluated until all the participants have expressed themselves. At that point certain conclusions might be drawn (e.g. to change the subject or to apply a certain rule).


6. FeedbackWith feedback we find out how our conduct has affected others. The positive effect of feedback lies in the fact that conduct which disturbs group work can be corrected and conduct which is helpful can be reinforced. When I am not sure how my conduct affects the other members of the group or when I want to know what others think of me, I can ask for feedback. Also, when, for example, the conduct of a particular member of the group pleases me or releases unpleasant feelings in me, I can announce that I am going to give a feedback. It is not easy to give feedback, nor is it easy to get feedback from others. We are not accustomed to speaking of our feelings openly. That is why it is helpful to go by the following rules for feedback:


When you give feedback:Speak to the other person directly and show that this is who you mean.Speak of the feelings which the conduct of the other has released in you. Say specifically how you experienced the situation so that the other person can understand which conduct of his you mean. Assessments, complaints and speculations about the conduct of the other are not helpfulWhen you receive feedback:Do not try to refute something right away or to defend yourself or to explain the matter. First listen and notice which feelings the feedback releases in you. You can also ask the other members of the group for feedback. Not until then can you go into the substance of the matter.


Examples of rules for group interactionsThe psychoanalyst Ruth Cohn has developed the concept of

interactions focused on a specific subject. During the past few years the elements of this concept have been becoming

increasingly popular in group work with adults. In this section we give some examples of subject focused

interactions. These are suggestions which should assist you in your group work. Each self help group should apply those methods

and rules which best help it to structure its goal oriented group conversations. Some groups only apply a couple rules or none at

all. Others apply a fairly large number of rules. You decide which rules and methods, if any, to apply on the basis of what helps you

to structure your group work in a pleasant and effective way.


Examples of rules for group interactionsThe psychoanalyst Ruth Cohn has developed the concept of interactions focused on a specific subject. During the past few years the elements of this concept have been becoming increasingly popular in group work with adults. In this section we give some examples of subject focused interactions. These are suggestions which should assist you in your group work. Each self help group should apply those methods and rules which best help it to structure its goal oriented group conversations. Some groups only apply a couple rules or none at all. Others apply a fairly large number of rules. You decide which rules and methods, if any, to apply on the basis of what helps you to structure your group work in a pleasant and effective way.


‘Be your own leader’Be your own leader and act in accordance with your own needs in regard to the subject and to what is otherwise important for you. You are responsible for what you do for yourself through this group. You do not need to ask whether that which you want pleases or displeases the other members of the group. Just say what you want. Each of the other members is his or her own leader too, so they will tell you when they want something else.


‘Be authentic and selective in your communications. Be clear on what you think and feel and decide what to say and do.’If I just say or do something because I am supposed to, then what I say or do has not been evaluated by me in my own proven way and I am not acting authentically, not acting in accordance with me. When, however, I am authentic, I contribute to trust and understanding.


‘Be careful with generalizations’Generalizations interrupt the group process. It is also easy for them to distract from specific persons. Generalizations are appropriate when a subordinate subject has been discussed sufficiently and it is time to go on to something else.


‘When speaking about yourself, use the first person; that is, do not say ‘one’, ‘we’, ‘us’, etc. when you actually mean ‘I’ or ‘me’.Some statements are a personal confession or confidence which also encourages other participants to make similar statements of their own. In these cases, do not hide behind words such as ‘one’ and ‘we’, thus avoiding responsibility for what you say; rather, present yourself as your own person and use ‘I’ and ‘me’.


‘When asking a question, say why you are asking it and what it means for you.’Following this rule promotes real dialogues which meet the need of the questioner for answers. While questions by themselves are another means with which you can avoid revealing yourself and your opinion, when you express your opinion in addition to your question, you make it easier for the persons to whom you put your question to contradict you or agree.


‘Only one person at a time, please!’Nobody can listen to more than one statement at the same time. You, as well as everybody else, can only concentrate on verbal interactions when they follow one another in time. Group cohesion results from concentrated interest of its members in each other and for each other’s statements and actions. Side conversations should not be allowed. When side conversations are conducted, they should be made public and included in the group conversation.


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