unit 07.- la geosfera

U�IDAD: 7.- LA GEOSFERA. MATERIALES DE LA CORTEZA TERRESTRE. La corteza terrestre está formada por diferentes materiales, los más importantes son:

• Los minerales: Son sustancias sólidas con una composición definida, es decir, están formados por uno o más

elementos en una proporción determinada, y por lo tanto podemos expresarlo con una fórmula química.

• Las rocas: Son sustancias sólidas sin una composición definida, es decir, están formados por la combinación de varios

elementos sin una proporción determinada, y por lo tanto no podemos expresarlo con una fórmula química.

LOS MI�ERALES. • Composición de los minerales: Los principales elementos que intervienen en la composición de los minerales son:

oxígeno, silicio, aluminio, hierro, calcio, sodio, potasio y magnesio. Otros elementos se encuentran en una proporción

muy pequeña: carbón, oro, cobre, uranio, etc. - Silicatos: están formados por los elementos más frecuentes: oxígeno y silicio. - �o silicatos: están formados por los demás compuestos. - Elementos nativos: se encuentran puros en la naturaleza, sin combinarse con otros: oro, plata, etc.

PROPIEDADES DE LOS MI�ERALES • Propiedades físicas: Son características que se pueden observar y determinar de forma sencilla. La composición

química y la disposición de los átomos influyen en muchas propiedades físicas:

- Densidad: es la relación que existe entre la masa del mineral y su volumen.

- Dureza: es la resistencia que ofrecen los minerales a ser rayado. Si se raya con la uña es blando (dureza baja), si

no raya al vidrio es duro (dureza media) y si raya al vidrio es muy duro (dureza alta).

- Color: depende de la luz que absorbe o refleja el mineral.

- Brillo: es el aspecto que ofrece la superficie al reflejar la luz. Puede tener brillo metálico (como los metales),

adamantino (como el diamante), nacarado (como el nácar), graso (como el aceite), sedoso (como la seda), vitreo

(como el vidrio), etc.

- Exfoliación: si se rompen fácilmente en láminas paralelas

- Diafanidad: es el grado de transparencia del mineral. Puede ser: opaco (si no deja pasar la luz), translúcido (si deja pasar la luz, pero no las imágenes) y transparente (si deja pasar la luz y las imágenes).

CLAVE PARA CLASIFICAR. • Es un método para identificar a los minerales, rocas, etc, su funcionamiento es muy sencillo: se nos ofrecen dos

opciones, seleccionamos la que cumple nuestro mineral y nos propone otras dos, y así sucesivamente hasta que

identifiquemos al mineral.

• Ejemplo de clave para identificar un mineral: �uestro mineral �ombre del mineral a) ¿Se raya con la uña? Yeso

b) ¿No se raya con la uña?

a) ¿Raya al vidrio? a) ¿Es incoloro? Cuarzo

b) ¿Es verde? Olivino

b) ¿No raya al vidrio? a) ¿Es exfoliable? Mica

b) ¿No es exfoliable? Calcita

UTILIDAD DE LOS MI�ERALES. • Menas: Son los minerales que nos son útiles. Se extraen de las minas. Son rentables cuando el beneficio es mayor que

los gastos de explotación. • Gangas: Son los minerales que no son rentables. • Menas metalíferas: Son las que nos proporcionan metales:

- El hierro: se extrae de la magnetita, oligisto, etc. - El cobre: se extrae de la calcopirita. - El plomo: se extrae de la galena. - El cinc: se extrae de la blenda. - El aluminio: se extrae de la bauxita.

• Menas no metalíferas: Son los minerales que no dan metales - Materiales de construcción: como el talco, el azufre, el grafito, el yeso, etc. - Joyería: como el diamante, la esmeralda, el zafiro, el rubí, etc. Reciben el nombre de piedras preciosas.

LAS ROCAS. Clasificación de las rocas: Según su origen las rocas se clasifican en: • Sedimentarias: los fragmentos arrancados de las rocas son arrastrados hasta donde se han depositado, por ejemplo:

arcilla, arenisca, etc. A veces se acumulan en el fondo de mares, lagos, etc. por ejemplo: conglomerado

• Metamórficas: se originan a partir de rocas sedimentarias que han recibido un gran cambio, debido a la presión de

zonas profundas de la naturaleza, por ejemplo: la pizarra. A veces el cambio se produce debido a la temperatura de

zonas profundas, por ejemplo: el mármol

• Magmáticas: se origina cuando el magma se enfría lentamente en el interior de la corteza terrestre, por ejemplo: el

granito (formado por cuarzo, feldespato y mica). O cuando el magma se enfría rápidamente cuando sale a la superficie

por los volcanes, por ejemplo: el basalt. LAS ROCAS E� A�DALUCÍA. En Andalucía hay gran

variedad de rocas. La cuenca del

Guadalquivir divide a la Comunidad de

Andalucía en dos zonas diferentes: • Sierra Morena y sierra de

Aracena: Al norte, son las rocas más antiguas de toda Andalucía.

Las rocas silíceas de origen

magmático (granitos),

metamórficas (pizarras, esquistos,

cuarcitas, etc) y sedimentarias

(areniscas), son las más comunes.

• Cordilleras Béticas: Al sur, son varias sierras distintas:

- Zona interna: Sierras de:

Filabres, Baza, Sierra Nevada,

etc. Las rocas metamórficas

de composición silícea

(esquistos, neises, etc.) y de composición calcárea (mármoles), son las más comunes.

- Zona externa: Sierras de: Mágina, Cazorla, Segura, etc. Las rocas sedimentarias de composición calcárea (calizas),

son las más comunes.

• Campo de Gibraltar: Rocas sedimentarias (areniscas)

• Depresiones: Situadas en los valles de los principales ríos andaluces, sobre todo del Guadalquivir. Abundan las rocas sedimentarias de composición arcillosa.

• Zona Volcánica: Se localiza en el cabo de Gata. Son rocas silíceas. UTILIDAD DE LAS ROCAS. Las rocas industriales son aquellas que nos son útiles:

• En construcción: Muchas rocas se utilizan para hacer ladrillos, cemento, vidrio, grava, etc.

• Como ornamento: Algunas rocas se utilizan para decorar, como las piedras ornamentales, mármol, granito, pizarra,

etc.

LOS COMBUSTIBLES FÓSILES. Antes se consideraban rocas, pero hoy no.

• El carbón: Se formó cuando los vegetales quedaron enterrados y expuestos a ciertas bacterias por largos periodos de

tiempo. Existe carbón de varias clases: el lignito, la hulla y la antracita. • El petróleo: Es un líquido oscuro que se formó a partir de organismos marinos que quedaron enterrados y que se

transformaron en petróleo gracias a unas bacterias. De él se extrae combustibles como el propano, el butano, la

gasolina, etc. Además de otras sustancias no combustibles, como el alquitrán, los plásticos, etc.

EL USO RESPO�SABLE DE LOS RECURSOS. • Los riesgos de la extracción: tanto para la salud de los que trabajan en la extracción (polvo, explosiones,

hundimientos, etc.), como para el medio ambiente (contaminación de los ecosistemas, etc.). • Contaminación del Medio Ambiente: Se puede contaminar por el uso (que damos a esas rocas y minerales), por el

transporte (que puede originar vertidos, etc.), en las industrias de transformación, etc. • Problemas derivados del consumo: Algunos recursos se han agotado y otros como el petróleo se agotará

relativamente pronto.

• Solución a estos problemas: - Debemos hacer una explotación responsable de los recursos. - Debemos ser respetuoso con el Medio Ambiente. - Debemos lograr un desarrollo sostenible. - Debemos concienciarnos y comprometernos con el reciclado de los materiales.

�AME:__________________________________________ DATE:_________ 1º ESO___ (Bilingual)

U�IT: 7.- THE GEOSPHERE.

1.- Copy this information:

2.- Translate these words: Minerals: rocks:

Terrestrial crust: chemical formula:

Defined composition: certain proportion

3.- What are minerals? 4.- a) Label these minerals:

Pyrite (Pirita) Andalusite(Andalucita)Sphalerite (Blenda) Calcite (Calcita) Cinnabar (Cinabrio)

MATERIALS OF THE TERRESTRIAL CRUST. The terrestrial crust is formed by different materials, the most important are: • Minerals: They are solid substances with a defined composition, that is to say, they are formed by

one or more elements in a certain proportion that we can express with a chemical formula.

• Rocks: They are solid substances without a defined composition, that is to say, they are formed by

the combination of several elements without a certain proportion, and therefore we cannot express

it with a chemical formula.

b) Label these minerals:

Quartz (cuarzo) Garnet (granate) Hematite (oligisto) Orthoclase (ortosa) Gypsum (yeso)

5.- Match with arrows: pyrite andalusite

Sphalerite

Calcite

Cinnabar

Quartz

Garnet

Hematite

Orthoclase

Gypsum

6.- Write a “T” if the phrase is true and “F” if the phrase is false a) Minerals are solid substances with a defined composition.

b) Rocks are solid substances without a defined composition.

c) Minerals: we can express with a chemical formula.

d) Rocks: we cannot express with a chemical formula.

7.- a) Label these rocks:

Sandstone (Arenisca) Limestone (Caliza) Schists (Esquisto) Granite (Granito) Marble (Mármol)

7.- b) Label these rocks:

Basalt (basalto) Quartzite (cuarcita) Gneiss (gneiss) Obsidian (obsidiana) Shale (pizarra) Rhyolite (riolita)

8.- Match with arrows: Sandstone

Basalt

Limestone

Quartzite

Schists

Gneiss

Granite

Marble

Obsidian

Shale

Rhyolite

9.- Complete: a) Rocks: They are _______________substances ____________ a defined composition, that is to say,

they are formed by ______________________ elements __________________ proportion, and

therefore we _________ express it with a chemical formula.

b) Minerals: They are ___________ substances __________ a defined composition, that is to say, they

are formed by ____________________ elements __________________ proportion, and therefore we

________ express with a chemical formula.

c) The terrestrial crust is formed by______________, the most important are: _________ and ________.

10.- Match these columns with arrows: with a defined composition

cannot express it with a chemical formula. Minerals solid substances

without a defined composition

Rocks Are materials of the terrestrial crust

without a certain proportion

can express with a chemical formula


1. - Copy this information:

2.- Translate: Minerals: Oxygen: Aluminium:

Iron: Calcium: Uranium:

Gold: Silicon Sodium

Copper Silicates Non silicates

3.- What are silicates?

4.- a) Write down two native elements:

b).- Write down the name of the other elements that exist in very small proportion: 5.- What elements form silicates?

6.- Write down the main elements that form the composition of minerals:

7.- Look at the chemical formula of these minerals and complete the chart. Quartz (SiO2), Gold (Au), Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 - NaAlSi3O8 - CaAl2Si2O8, Copper (Cu), Gypsum (CaSO4 (+2H2O)), Pyroxenes Ca(Si,Al)2O6, Hematite (Fe2O3), Pyrite (FeS2), Diamond (C), Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 , Calcite (CaCO3), Silver (Ag)

Silicates �on silicates �ative elements

MI�ERALS. • Composition of minerals: The main elements that form the composition of minerals are: oxygen,

silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Other elements exist in very

small proportion: carbon, gold, copper, uranium, etc. - Silicates: they are formed by the most frequent elements: oxygen and silicon. - �on-silicates: they are formed by other compounds. - �ative elements: they are pure in nature, without combining with others: gold, silver, etc.

8.- What is the difference between “silicates” and “non silicates”? 9.- Complete: Composition of minerals: The ______________________ that form the composition of minerals are:

________________________________________________________________________.Other

elements exist in very small proportion: __________________________________________ etc.

- Silicates: they are formed by _____________________________________________________.

- �on-silicates: they are formed by _________________________________________________.

- �ative elements: they are _______________________________________________________.

10.- Match with arrows: Pirite Quartz

Gold Feldspars Calcita Olivine Pyroxenes Gypsum

Hematite Silver

Diamond Copper

(FeS2)

Au

(CaCO3)

Ca(Si,Al)2O6

SiO2

(Mg,Fe)2SiO4

(CaSO4 (+2H2O))

KAlSi3O8

�aAlSi3O8

CaAl2Si2O8

(Fe2O3)

Ag

Cu

C



2.- Translate these words: Density: Hardness: Mass:

Color: Shine: Volume:

Exfoliation: Diaphaneity: Fingernail:

Opaque Transparent: Soft:

Translucent Hard: Pearly:

Silky: Adamantine: Metallic shine:

3. - Match these columns with arrows: Density - The resistance that the mineral has to being scratched. Hardness - Depends on the light that is absorbed or reflected by the mineral. Color - Is the relationship that exists between the mass of the mineral and its volume.

Shine - Is the grade of transparency of the mineral. Exfoliation - Is the aspect that the surface offers when reflecting light. Diaphaneity - If it breaks easily in parallel sheets.

Opaque - If it allows light to pass, but not images. Translucent - If it allows light to pass and images. Transparent - If it doesn't allow light to pass.

PROPERTIES OF MI�ERALS. • Physical properties: They are characteristics that can be observed and determined in a simple way.

The chemical composition and the disposition of the atoms influence many physical properties:

- Density: is the relationship that exists between the mass of the mineral and its volume.

- Hardness: is the resistance that the mineral has to being scratched. If it can be scratched with

your fingernail it is soft (low hardness), if it does not scratch glass it is hard (half hardness) and

if it scratches glass it is very hard (high hardness).

- Color: depends on the light that is absorbed or reflected by the mineral.

- Shine: is the aspect that the surface offers when reflecting light. It can have metallic shine (as

metals), adamantine (as diamond), pearly (as mother-of-pearl), fatty (as oil), silky (as silk),

vitreous (as glass), etc.

- Exfoliation: if it breaks easily in parallel sheets. - Diaphaneity: is the grade of transparency of the mineral. It can be: opaque (if it doesn't allow

light to pass), translucent (if it allows light to pass, but not images) and transparent (if it allows light and images to pass).

4.- What are the difference between opaque and translucent? 5.- Complete: __________ : is the _______________ that exists between the _______ of the mineral and its _______.

Hardness: is the ____________ that the ______________ has to being ___________.

_________: depends on the ____________ that ____________ or _____________ by the mineral.

Shine: is the ____________ that the ____________ offers when ______________ light.

__________: if it _____________ easily in _______________ sheets.

Diaphaneity: is the __________ of ________________ of the mineral. It can be:

- Opaque: if it ____________ light to pass.

- Translucent: if it ___________ light to pass, but _________ ________.

- Transparent: if it ____________ light to pass and ___________.

6.- Look at the pictures and write T for true or F for false. a) Wood has more density than water.

b) Ships have less density than water.

c) Mercury has more density than water.

d) Water has more density than oil.

7.- Complete the Mohs hardness scale (from least hard to hardest), using the given text to help you: a) Gypsum is harder than talk.

b) Diamond is the hardest substance. c) Calcite is less hard than Fluorite. d) Talk is the less hard substance. e) Apatite is harder than Fluorite f) Fluorite is harder than Talk. g) Microcline is less hard than Topaz. h) Topaz is harder than Quartz. i) Quartz is harder than Microcline.

j) Corundum is harder than Topaz.

8.- Write ‘opaque’, ‘translucent’ or ‘transparent’ below each picture.

9.- What kinds of shine are there?: 10.- a) What is diaphaneity? b) What kinds of diaphaneity are there?

1.- 6.-

2.-

9.-

10.-

7.-

8.-

5.-

4.-

3.-

�AME:________________________________________ DATE:_________ 1º ESO___ (Bilingual)


2. - Translate these words: Ores: Iron: Talk: Ruby:

Aluminium: Zinc: Graphite: Sapphire:

Lead: Copper: Emerald: Diamond:

Jewellery: Precious stones:

3.- Match these columns with arrows:

Iron

Aluminium

Lead

Copper

Zinc

UTILITY OF THE MI�ERALS. • Ores: are the minerals that are useful to us. They are extracted from mines. They are profitable

when the benefit is bigger than the expenses of exploitation. • �on ores: are the minerals that are not profitable. • Metal-bearing ore: are those that provide us with metals. - Iron: is extracted from loadstone, hematite, etc. - Copper: is extracted from chalcopyrite. - Lead: is extracted from galene. - Zinc: is extracted from zinc blende. - Aluminium: is extracted from bauxite.

• �on metal-bearing ore: are the minerals that don't give metals. - Construction materials: such as talk, sulphur, graphite, gypsum, etc. - Jewellery: such as diamond, emerald, sapphire, ruby, etc. Receives the name of precious

stones.

hematite

bauxite

Zinc blende

loadstone galene

chalcopyrite

4.- Complete: ____________: are the minerals that are useful to us.

____________: are the minerals that are not profitable

__________________________: are the minerals that don't give metals.

- Construction materials: ________________________________________________________..

- Jewellery: ________________________________________________________. Receives the

name of _________________________.

5.- Match with arrows:

Copper hematite plomo

Zinc galene hierro

Aluminium baxite cinc

Iron Chalcopyrite aluminio

Lead zinc blende cobre

6.- a) Match with arrows:

Talk is a white mineral.

Sulphur is a yellow mineral.

Graphite is a black mineral.

b) Match with arrows:

Diamond is a translucent mineral

Emerald is a green mineral

Sapphire is a blue mineral

Ruby is a red mineral.

7.- Write the name of these minerals and ‘Metal-bearing ore’, ‘Construction materials’ or ‘Jewellery’ below each picture. Hematite

Metal-bearing ore

8.- Translate these words: Key to classify: Minerals: Olivine:

Scratched: Colorless: Mica:

Cleavage: Quartz: Calcite:

9.- A mineral with these characteristics, which mineral is it? a) It is a colorless mineral. It is not scratched with the fingernail, but you can scratch the glass.

b) It does not scratch the glass and does not cleave:

10.- a) Circle the mineral less hard: Quartz, Calcite, Gypsum, Mica, Olivine. b) Match with arrows: Quartz

Calcite

Gypsum

Mica

Olivine.

KEY TO CLASSIFY. • It is a method to identify minerals, its operation is very simple: we are offered two options, we

select the one that describes our mineral and two more are proposed and so forth until we identify

to the mineral.

• Example of the key to identify a mineral: Our mineral �ame of the mineral

a) Is it scratched with the fingernail? Gypsum

b) Is it not scratched with the fingernail?

a) It scratches the glass a) is it colorless? Quartz

b) is it green? Olivine

b) It does not scratch the glass a) It breaks by cleaving Mica

b) It doesn’t break by cleaving Calcite



2.- Translate these words: Sedimentary: Magma: Terrestrial crust:

Magmatic: Lakes: Bottom of seas:

Metamorphic: Volcanoes: Deep areas:

3.- Match these columns with arrows: English Spanish English Spanish Clay arcilla basalt mica

sandstone mármol mica cuarzo

conglomerate pizarra quartz basalto

marble arenisca feldspar granito

slate conglomerado granite feldespato

4.- How is metamorphic rock originated? 5.- How is magmatic rock originated?

ROCKS. . Classification of rocks: According to their origin rocks are classified as: • Sedimentary: fragments of the rocks are carried to where they are them deposited, for example:

clay, sandstone, etc. sometimes they accumulate in the bottom of seas, lakes, etc. for example:

conglomerate.

• Metamorphic: they originate starting from sedimentary rocks that have undergone a great change,

due to the pressure of deep areas of nature, for example: slate. The change sometimes takes place

due to the temperature of deep areas, for example: marble.

• Magmatic: it originates when the magma cools down slowly inside the terrestrial crust, for

example: granite (formed by quartz, feldspar and mica). Or when magma cools down quickly when

it surfaces from volcanoes, for example: basalt.

6.- Complete: _________________: fragments of the rocks are ______________ to where they have been

____________. Sometimes they accumulate in the __________________________, etc

_________________: they originate starting from sedimentary rocks that have_____________ a

_____________, due to the _____________ of deep areas of nature. The change sometimes takes place

due to the _______________ of ___________________.

_________________: it originates when the ____________ cools down slowly __________ the

______________ crust. Or when ___________cools down quickly when it surfaces from ___________.

7. - Match these columns with arrows: Clay

sandstone

conglomerate Sedimentary marble

slate

basalt Metamorphic mica

quartz

granite Magmatic feldspar

8.- a) Label these rocks:

Clay (Arcilla) Sandstone (Arenisca) Conglomerate Marble (Mármol) Slate (Pizarra) (Conglomerado)

b) Label these rocks:

Basalt (Basalto) Mica (Mica) Quartz (Cuarzo) Granite (Granite) Feldspar (Feldespato)

9.- Match with arrows: Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Magmatic

10.- Match with arrows: Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Magmatic


1. - Copy the text: 2. – Translate these words: Basin of the Guadalquivir: Siliceous rocks:

Oldest rock in Andalusia: Volcanic area:

3.- Where are siliceous rocks most common in Andalusia?

ROCKS I� A�DALUSIA. In Andalusia there is a great variety of rocks. The basin of the Guadalquivir divides the

Community of Andalusia in two different areas: • Sierra Morena and Sierra of

Aracena: In the north, they are the oldest rocks in all of

Andalusia. The siliceous rocks

of magmatic origin (granites),

metamorphic (slate, schists,

cuarcite, etc.) and sedimentary

(sandstone) are the most

common.

• Cordilleras Béticas: In the

south, there are several different

mountains:

- Internal area: Mountains of:

Filabres, Baza, Sierra

Nevada, etc. The

metamorphic rocks of

siliceous composition (schists, gneiss, etc.) and of calcareous composition (marbles), are the

most common.

- External area: Mountains of: Mágina, Cazorla, Segura, etc. where the sedimentary rocks of

calcareous composition are the most common.

• Campo de Gibraltar: Sedimentary rocks (gritty).

• Depressions: located in the valleys of the main Andalusian rivers, mainly of the Guadalquivir. The

sedimentary rocks of loamy composition are plentiful.

• Volcanic area: is located in the Cabo de Gata. They are siliceous rocks.

4.- Where are sedimentary rocks most common in Andalusia? 5.-Match these columns with arrows: Filandres

Mágina Sedimentary Baza

Cazorla

Sierra Nevada Metamorphic Depressions

Segura

Campo de Gibraltar Magmatic Cabo de Gata

6.- What kinds of rocks are there in the Sierra Morena and the Sierra of Aracena? 7.- What kinds of rocks are there in the Cordilleras Béticas?: 8.- What kinds of rocks are there in the Andalusia’s depressions?: 9.- Where are the oldest rocks in Andalusia? 10.- Copy the map ‘the rocks in Andalusia’, use different colors to represent each area.



2.- Translate: Rock: useful: decorate stones:

Ornament: bricks: marble:

Construction: cement: granite:

Glass: gravel: slate:

3.- Complete: In _________________: Many rocks are used to make ___________________________________, etc

Like _______________: Some rocks are used to decorate, such as _____________________________.

4.- Copy this information:

5.- Translate: Coal: Anthracite: Plastics:

Lignite: Bituminous coal: Tar:

Petroleum: Propane: Gasoline:

6.- What is petroleum?: 7.- What types of coal are there?:

UTILITY OF ROCKS. Industrial rocks are those that are useful to us:

• In construction: Many rocks are used to make bricks, cement, glass, gravel, etc.

• Like ornaments: Some rocks are used to decorate, such as the ornamental stones, marble, granite,

slate, etc.

FOSSIL FUELS. Before they were considered rocks, but not today.

• Coal: is created when vegetable remains are buried and exposed to certain bacteria over long

periods of time. Coal exists in several classes: lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite. • Petroleum: is a dark liquid that was formed starting from marine organisms that were buried and

became petroleum because of exposure to certain bacteria. From it are extracted fuels such as

propane, butane, gasoline, etc. and other non fuel substances such as tar, plastics, etc.

8.- Explain this picture:

9.- Label with ‘lignite’, ‘bituminous coal’, or ‘anthracite’:

10.- Match with arrows each different types of coal to its respective picture below.

Lignite Bituminous coal anthracite


1.- Copy this information

2.- Translate: Resources: powder: sinkings:

Health: ecosystems: Environment:

Consumption: petroleum: poured:

3.- What are the problems caused by consumption?: 4.- What are the solutions to these problems?: 5.- What are the risks of extraction?:

6.- How can the environment be contaminated?:

THE RESPO�SIBLE USAGE OF RESOURCES. • The risks of extraction: as much for the health of those that work in the extraction (powder,

explosions, sinkings, etc.), as for the environment (contamination of ecosystems, etc.). • Contamination of the environment: It can be contaminated by the use (that we give to those

rocks and minerals), the transport (that can cause spills, etc.), in the processing industries, etc. • Problems caused by consumption: Some resources have been exhausted and others like

petroleum will be exhausted relatively soon.

• Solution to these problems: - We should exploit responsibly our resources. - We should be respectful to the Environment. - We should achieve sustainable development. - We should become aware and commit to recycling responsibility.

7.- Complete:

The risks of _______________: as much for the __________ of those that work in the extraction, as

for the _______________.

Contamination of the ________________: It can be ______________ by the _______, the

___________, in the _______________ industries, etc.

Problems caused by _______________: Some resources have been ______________ and others like

_____________ will be exhausted relatively _________.

Solution to these ____________: We should make exploitation responsible to the ______________.

We should be ____________ to the _____________. We should achieve a sustainable _____________.

We should become aware and commit to ____________________________.

8.- Explain the environment contamination

9.- Complete with vowels:

a) W__ sh__ __ld __ch__ __v__ __ s__st__ __n__bl__ d__v__l__pm__nt.

b) W__ sh__ __ld b__ r__sp__ctf__l t__ th__ __nv__r__nm__nt.

c) W__ sh__ __ld b__c__m__ __w__r__ __nd c__mm__t t__ r__sp__ns__b__l__ty

r__cycl__ng.

d) W__ sh__ __ld m__k__ __xpl__ __t__t__ __n r__sp__ns__bl__ t__ th__ r__s__ __rc__s.

10.- Order these sentences:

a) by the use, can be in the processing industries, etc. The environment contaminated the transport,

b) exploitation responsible the resources. We should make to

unit 07.- la geosfera

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