unit 3 chapter 6 infancy stages of infant development erikson & piaget
TRANSCRIPT
Erikson and PiagetErikson and PiagetErikson
Infancy is psychosocial stage of TRUST VS. MISTRUST – what does that mean?
Infants are born totally dependent on their caregivers
They MUST receive appropriate and consistent care in order to develop a sense of security
Infants whose needs are met consistently in a warm and nurturing manner learn that the world is a safe place and people are dependable = trust
Trust helps babies develop positive emotional bonds and attachments
What happens when babies don’t receive appropriate and consistent care?
PiagetPiaget
SENSORIMOTOR STAGE- Birth to 2 years Infant goes from having mostly random
reflex actions to goal-directed behavior
Birth to 1 month of age-Reflex activity reflexes present at birth are the basic
building blocks for intelligent behavior
Ex. – touch a baby on the cheek and the baby will turn toward the touch with an open mouth
1 to 4 months of age- Primary circular reactions - baby learns that certain reflexes bring about pleasurable results
Example – baby learns that sucking brings comfort
8-12 months of age- Coordination of secondary schemes – baby learns to take several random activities and put them together to achieve a goal
Baby begins to problem solve
Development of object permanence
Assessing Development Assessing Development
ASSESSING DEVELOPMENT-Human service professionals need to:
Contrast a child’s current level of functioning with what is expected of “typical” children of that age
Infants may need developmental assessment if they fail to demonstrate a skill at an age when 90% of babies can perform that skill
How do parents find that out?
FAILURE TO THRIVEFAILURE TO THRIVE
Weight and age are compared to see if a child falls below the 5th percentile for their age
MANY reasons for FTT – any guesses?
Categorization Categorization
Typical part of development
Process of placing new experiences into older categories for classifying experiences
Infants as young as 6 or 7 months have demonstrated this ability
Developmental Milestones for Developmental Milestones for Speech & LanguageSpeech & Language
Coos 2 – 3 months
Babbles 3 – 6 months
Says “mama” and “dada” 9 – 17 months
Uses 2-3 words besides “mama” and “dada” 12 – 15 months
Uses many words and can point to body parts 15 – 18 months
Uses 2-3 word sentences 20 – 24 months
Refers to self by own name 24+ months
FALSE!!FALSE!! According to research by Anne Fernald, a leading
researcher in infant-directed speech, babies prefer baby talk.
The “sing-song” quality may be what engages babies’ attention – as babies prefer high-pitched sounds (think about how adults talk to babies)
Fernald’s research has shown that baby talk is important for normal infant development.
LOTS of research on this topic!
Early theories held that attachment was the result of needs satisfaction
Monkey study by Harlow failed to support that theory
Wire “mom” that fed baby monkeys vs. cloth “mom” - showed no preference to the wire mom
Today, it is believed that, according to John Bowlby, attachment has a biological, evolutionary basis
Babies form close, intimate relationships with a caregiver to ensure its survival
Theory suggests that parents and infants may be biologically programmed to form an attachment
Social ReferencingSocial Referencing
In new settings, infants will look to caregiver for guidance on how to interpret the situation
This social referencing helps infants determine whether novel situation is safe or frightening
Strange Situation ProcedureStrange Situation Procedure
Developed by American Developmental Psychologist Mary Ainsworth
Infant uses primary caregiver as a secure base – leaves the caregiver to explore – returns for comfort and security
Playroom experiment
Led to classification of attachment
Attachment DisordersAttachment Disorders
SIGNS OF ATTACHMENT DISORDERS
Failure to reestablish interaction after separations
Excessive dependency/inability to seek and use presence of attachment figure
Lack of comfort seeking when hurt, frightened, or ill
Very common with children in the child welfare system
Impact of Mother’s Emotional Impact of Mother’s Emotional State on AttachmentState on Attachment
Emotional state experienced by mothers can greatly impact attachment pattern of their infant
Mothers who display symptoms of stress/anxiety from post partum depression tend to have infants who develop Insecure-ambivalent attachment
Three Types of TemperamentThree Types of Temperament EASY CHILD
SLOW TO WARM UP
DIFFICULT CHILD
EASY CHILD—regular positive responses to new stimuli, high adaptability to change, and mild or moderately intense mood-40 % are classified as Easy Child
Three Types of Temperament Three Types of Temperament (cont.)(cont.)
SLOW TO WARM UP—more sedate, less exuberant orientation to the world, negative responses, and slower adaptation-15 % are classified as Slow to Warm Up
DIFFICULT CHILD-unpredictable daily habits, negative responses to new stimuli, and intense negative mood
70 % of difficult infants entered psychiatric treatment in later life, while only 18 % of easy infants did
Health Risks of InfantsHealth Risks of Infants EXPOSURE TO TOBACCO SMOKE
Can increase risk of respiratory problems
Places infants at higher risk for pneumonia and bronchitis
LEAD-Infants can ingest lead by: Drinking water Household dust Eating paint chips
Health Risks of Infants (cont.)Health Risks of Infants (cont.) SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS)
Most common cause of death in the first year of life-results in approximately 7,000 deaths per year
SIDS death and death from suffocation CANNOT be distinguished with an autopsy
Back to Sleep Campaign Initiated by National Institute of Child Health
in October 2002 Encouraged parents to put babies to sleep on
their backs
AbuseAbuse
1/3 of all child abuse victims are less than 1 year old
Parents who abuse their children may have been abused as children themselves
Low Income FamiliesLow Income Families Infants in poor families are more likely to
have an increased number of injuries and health problems
WIC
Federally funded program
Provides source of supplemental nutrition for low income women and children up to age 5
At Risk ParentsAt Risk Parents PARENTS WITH MENTAL ILLNESS
Children whose parents have a mental illness-increased risk of developing mental illness themselves because of:
The parent’s behavior
Genetics
TEEN PARENTS
More prone to depression when compared to adults
Facts About AdoptionFacts About Adoption According to David Brodzinsky
(Rutgers University), the majority of adopted children DO NOT have major psychological issues
The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 prohibits adoption decisions based solely on the following:
Race
Color
National Origin
Unit 3 Quiz Review
Study this review BEFORE you take the quiz for unit 3!
Print the slides and keep them handy WHILE you take the quiz for unit 3!
If you do this, you WILL get 100% :) Yay you!
1.) According to Erikson, infancy is the psychosocial stage of ____.
*trust vs. mistrust
b. initiative vs. guilt
c. identity vs. identity confusion
d. generosity vs. self-absorption
2.) In order to make an accurate assessment of developmental problems, human service professionals should be able to _____.
*contrast a child’s current level of functioning with what is expected of normal children that age
b. identify the role of infant brain development
c. follow the immunization schedule for infants
d. understand the sequence of development for children from other developed nations
3.) Resulting in approximately 7,000 deaths each year, the most common cause of death in the first year of life is _____.
a.diphtheria
b.whooping cough
c. upper respiratory infections
*sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
4.) In October 2002, the National Institute of Child Health initiated the Back to Sleep Campaign which encouraged parents to _____.
a. have their children immunized
b. assess their infant for developmental delays
c. recognize infant sleeping patterns
*recognize that babies are safest when they sleep on their
backs
5.) Exposure to tobacco smoke can increase the risk of respiratory problems for infants, placing them at higher
risk for pneumonia and bronchitis.
*True
False
6.) Piaget’s theory of cognitive development classifies the period from birth to age two as the sensorimotor stage. Which of the following statements is not true regarding this stage?
From birth to one month of age, reflexes present at birth are the basic building blocks for intelligent behavior.
Between one and four months of age, the baby learns that certain reflexes bring about pleasurable results. This is called primary circular reactions.
During the coordination of secondary schemes (8 to 12 months), the baby learns to take several random activities and put them together to achieve a goal.
*Around 12 to 18 months, babies make a transition from being action oriented to being symbol oriented and representational thought begins.
7.) Categorization is the process of placing new experiences into older categories for classifying experience. Research has shown that infants as young as
eight or nine months display this ability.
True
*False
8.) Which of the following best reflects the
developmental milestones for speech and language?
Babbling, cooing, holophrastic speech, and then telegraphic speech
Using vowel-consonant combinations, using vowels alone, saying “mama” and “dada” and then using two to three word sentences
* Coos, babbles, says “mama” and “dada” uses 2-3 words besides “mama” and “dada” uses many words and can point to body parts, uses 2-3 word sentences, refers to self by own name
Cooing, babbling, telegraphic speech, and then holophrastic speech
10.) Research on infant temperament typically uses three classifications: easy child, slow to warm up child, and difficult child. Which of the following statements accurately
reflects the research on these temperaments? Approximately 40% of children are
classified as easy.
70% of difficult infants entered psychiatric treatment later in life, but only 18% of easy infants did so.
15% of infants studied fall into the category of slow to warm up.
*All of the above
11.) The emotional states experienced by mothers can greatly influence the attachment pattern of their infant. For instance, mothers who display symptoms of anxiety and stress in response to post partum depression tend to have infants who develop ________.
*insecure-ambivalent attachment
insecure-secure attachment
insecure-avoidant attachment
insecure-reserved attachment
12.) Which one of the following examples is a sign of attachment disorder?
Failure to reestablish interaction after separations
Excessive dependence or inability to seek and use supportive presence of attachment figure when needed
Lack of comfort seeking when hurt, frightened, or ill
*All of the above
13.) When infants are in new settings, they will look to the caregiver for guidance in how to interpret the situation. In other words, ___________ helps infants to receive vital information from their parent about whether the novel situation is safe or frightening.
separation individuation
*social referencing
parallel play
cross-modal transfer
14).In order to assess whether a child has failed to thrive, practitioners compare weight and age to identify whether a child has fallen below the _____ for their age.
*5th percentile
2nd percentile
4th percentile
none of the above
15. The Strange Situation Procedure was developed by an American Developmental Psychologist _____.
*Mary Ainsworth
Susan Mahler
John Bowlby
Jane Curroseau
17.) The Multiethnic Placement Act of 1994 prohibits adoption decisions based solely on _____.
race
color
national origin
*all of the above
18.) According to David Brodzinsky at Rutgers University, the majority of adopted children have major psychological issues.
True
*False
19.) Infants in poor families are more likely to have _____.
nurturing parents
a regular routine
*more injuries and health problems
adequate nutrition
20). The federally funded program that provides a source of supplemental nutrition for low income pregnant women and their children up to the age of 5 is called _____.
Head Start
*WIC
Medicaid
none of the above
23.) Infants can ingest lead by _____.
drinking water
household dust
eating paint chips
*all of the above
24.) Children whose parents have a mental illness are more at risk of developing mental illness themselves because of _____.
poverty
the parents’ behavior
genetics
*B and C
25.) According to Osofsky, Hann, and Peebles (1993), compared to adults, teen parents _____.
are more verbally active with their infants
offer their babies plenty of cognitive stimulation
*are more prone to depression
are less punitive with their child-raising practices