Unit 4Unit 4Migratory Birds and Migratory Birds and

CoffeeCoffee

Migratory birds:

Proper names:

Mexico 墨西哥Costa Rica 哥斯达黎加Colombia 哥伦比亚the Caribbean 加勒比地区

Questions:

What are the two different ways of coffee cultivation mentioned in the text?

What’s the relationship between migratory birds and the shade grown coffee?

What are the advantages of shade coffee cultivation?

Why do people begin to adopt sun coffee production?

What are the consequences of adopting sun coffee plantation?

Questions:

What are the two different ways of coffee cultivation mentioned in the text?shade coffee plantations

sun coffee production

What’s the relationship between migratory birds and the shade grown coffee?Migratory birds have found a sanctuary in the shade grown coffee plantations.

Coffee and cacao make good migrant habitat.

What are the advantages of shade coffee cultivation?

migrants’ habitat

shade trees: commodities

Why do people begin to adopt sun coffee production?

This manner of cultivation produces increased yields.

What are the consequences of adopting sun coffee plantation?It has resulted in major habitat change for migratory birds in the past two decades.

It requires chemical inputs and year-round labor, placing financial demands and the need for credits on the growers.

It brings about serious environmental and social consequences like greater soil erosion, acidification, and higher amounts of toxic run-off.

Language notes:

In both North and Latin America, migratory birds have found sanctuary in the forest-like environment of traditional coffee plantations.

在美洲和拉丁美洲，候鸟在传统咖啡种植园类似森林的环境中找到栖息地。

In eastern Chiapas, Mexico, biologists found that traditionally-managed coffee and cacao (chocolate) plantations support over 150 species of birds.

生物学家发现，在东恰帕斯和墨西哥，传统方式经营的咖啡和可可（巧克力）种植园支持的鸟类超过50 种。

Language notes:

While this manner of cultivation produces increased yields, these cannot be kept for many years without intensive management (additions of chemical fertilizers and a range of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides).

Language notes:

同时，如果没有精心管理（增加化肥和一定范围的除虫剂、除草剂和杀菌剂），就不能持续多年高产。

Language notes:

Aside from the agronomic risks, sun coffee production has resulted in major habitat change for migratory birds in the past two decades.

除了农林方面的危险，日照咖啡生产导致过去 20 年候鸟主要栖息地的变化。agronomy: 农学 农艺学 作物学

Language notes:

Of the permanent cropland planted in coffee, the amount under modern, reduced-shade coffee systems ranges from 17% in Mexico to 40% in Costa Rica and 69% in Colombia. The few studies that have concluded have found that the diversity of migratory birds drop sharply when coffee is converted from shade to sun.

Language notes:

在种植咖啡的永久性作物区，现代的，减少荫栽咖啡的系统，其总量在墨西哥为 17% ，在哥斯达黎加为 40% ，在哥伦比亚为 69% 。已经进行的为数不多的研究发现，当咖啡由遮荫变为日照，候鸟种类就急剧下降。

Language notes:

This rare bird has become an endangered ______.

I prefer to see animals in their natural ______, rather than in zoos.

This project is not ______ with the company’s long-term plans.

Vocabulary:

That tree ______ plenty of fruit.

The children’s ages ______ from 5 to 15.

Coal can be ______ to gas.

Vocabulary:

Ethiopian shepherd and sheep

Arabian monk and a bird

coffee house

coffee cherry

bake

grind

four terms to describe coffee’s quality:

风味 (Flavor)

醇度 (Body)

酸度 (Acidity)

香气 (Aroma)

Reading Skills: Understanding the Topic

A topic is the general subject of the sentences in a paragraph or that of the paragraphs in a text.