UNIT IV – CH. 8

NOW WHAT? Let’s fix America!!!

• Goal of War of 1812 – resume American economic success = AMERICAN SYSTEM

• Second Bank of the United States chartered 1816 – secure stable currency of state banks

• Tariff of 1816 – protection of American industries

• Transportation – – National Road (Cumberland) from Potomac

River to Ohio River– Robert Fulton – advanced steamboat – didn’t

have to rely on current• Revolutionized trade networks

The “American System”

• Henry Clay– bank– Tariff– Internal

improvements

The American SystemThe American System

WEST WEST got roads, canals, and got roads, canals, and federal aide. federal aide.

EAST EAST got the backing of got the backing of protective tariffs from the protective tariffs from the West. West.

SOUTH SOUTH ????

ELECTION OF 1816

“Virginia Dynasty” 1800-1824 All Secretary of States

TJ – J. Madison J. Madison – J. Monroe

James Monroe Cabinet: State – JQA; War – John C. Calhoun Toured nation

Columbian Centinel, Federalist newspaper in Boston: “Era of Good Feelings” has arrived

Era of Good Feelings

• (1817 – 25) Period of U.S. national unity and complacency

• Stimulated by two events of 1816– first U.S. protective tariff – second national bank

• Presidency of Monroe– dominance of the Democratic-Republican

Party and the decline of the Federalist Party (By 1820 gone)

PANIC OF 1819 Panic = economic depression

1st major financial hurdle for American expansion Caused by bank failures (states) in response to

harsh/tightening demands of 2nd B. of US political issue of 1820’s – creates new faction (later)

Tariff of 1824 protected from foreign competition

Marked beginning of the end of EGF

MARSHALL’S COURT

CJ 1801-1835 – only Federalist dominance left in national politics Advanced powers of courts at expense of branches and

states, advanced propertied and commercial classes Cases that strengthened FEDERAL gov. over states:

Cohens v. Virginia (1821) – reaffirmed constitutionality of federal review b/c states sacrificed sovereignty in ratification

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – upheld constitutionality of BoUS under “implied powers” State banks cannot tax nat’l bank – power to tax = power to

destroy – Daniel Webster Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – Expanded “commerce clause”

Who Interprets the Constitution?Who Interprets the Constitution?

John MarshallJohn MarshallJudicial reviewJudicial review

Thomas JeffersonThomas JeffersonNullification by statesNullification by states

Marbury v. MadisonMarbury v. Madison, 1803, 1803• Issue

– Judicial review– Partisan politics

• Background– “Lame duck” Federalist Congressmen passed a new Judiciary Act in

early 1801– Adams (F) appointed “midnight judges” but Jefferson (DR) refused

to deliver commissions– Marbury sued for his job

• Outcome– S.C. established its power of judicial review over president and

Congress– Marbury didn’t get the job– This case was the most important precedent (stare decisis = let the

decision stand)

Cohens v. VirginiaCohens v. Virginia, 1821, 1821

• Issue– Federal jurisdiction over the states

• Background– The Cohens were convicted in Virginia for selling illegal

lottery tickets– The Cohens appealed the state convictions through the

federal courts

• Outcome– Supreme Court asserted its power to review state court

decisions

Fletcher v. PeckFletcher v. Peck, 1810, 1810

• Issue– Contract law

• Background– Corrupt Georgia legislature granted land to speculators

in exchange for bribes (“Yazoo Land Scandal”)– After election, new Georgia legislature canceled the deal

• Outcome– S.C. upheld land grants– Sanctity of contracts (no matter how they were formed)– Victory of “wealth and privilege” over “mob” wanting

wealth redistribution

Dartmouth College v. WoodwardDartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819, 1819

• Issue– Contract law

• Background– Dartmouth was created by a royal charter

from King George III– New Hampshire tried to place college under

state control

• Outcome– S.C. ruled that the college charter stands– Sanctity of contracts– Laissez-faire (government shouldn’t interfere

with private enterprise)

McCulloch v. Maryland, McCulloch v. Maryland, 18191819• Issue

– National supremacy– Interstate commerce– National bank

• Background– Maryland hated the national bank, so it imposed a tax on the

bank’s branch in Maryland• Decision

– National bank is constitutional under the “necessary & proper” (elastic) clause

– “The power to tax is the power to destroy”… therefore Maryland cannot be given the power to tax the national government

– Established national supremacy over the states

Gibbons v. OgdenGibbons v. Ogden, 1824, 1824• Issue– Interstate commerce

• Background– Gibbons and Ogden ran competing steamboat companies

that ferried goods from state to state– Ogden, who had the exclusive NJ state monopoly license,

sued in order to shut down Gibbons, who had a federal license

• Decision– Only the federal government (not states) may regulate

interstate commerce– National supremacy over the states– Gibbons (federal license) won

Review: Main IdeasReview: Main Ideas

• National supremacy• Economic growth• Independence and power of judicial branch• Key Cases– Marbury v. Madison: judicial review– McCulloch v. Maryland: national supremacy,

national bank– Gibbons v. Ogden: national supremacy, interstate

commerce

EXPANSION

John Quincy Adams – committed nationalist Goal – promote American expansion

Negotiated w/ Spanish minister Luis de Onis Resisted giving up entire FL peninsula

Seminole War - Andrew Jackson stopping raids of Seminole Indians in FL – excuse to invade FL and take it instead of negotiating

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) – acquired ALL of FL

ADAMS-ONIS TREATY (1819)

EXPANSION = SECTIONAL TENSION!

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• Missouri applied statehood 1819 – slavery well established– Population: white – 50,000; slaves – 10,000

• Tallmadge Amendment– Rep. James Tallmadge Jr. (NY) – proposed

gradual emancipation of slaves and prohibition of slavery

• 11 free; 11 slave – uneven upset balance b/t N & S

• Social, political, economic arguments for and against – depended on expansion west

MISSOURI COMPROMISE

• Maine applied for statehood• Combine proposals:– Maine – free– Missouri – slave

• Balance maintained

– Thomas Amendment – prohibited slavery in rest of LA territory north of 36/30

• Proposed by Henry Fing Clay• Temporary fix to a MAJOR issue dividing

the nation

“MONROE DOCTRINE”

• “the American continents…are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”– Closed off American continent to Europe

• 1823 – authored by Sec. of State JQA• Importance:– Expression of the spirit of nationalism– Concern about threat of European forces– American hegemony

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823The Monroe Doctrine, 1823

3. What would the US do if the warning was not headed?

Monroe Monroe Doctrine Doctrine

2. What warning is given to the European countries?

1. What foreign policy principles are established?

Referred to as “America’s Self-Defense Doctrine”