Unit Three Sentence Unit Three Sentence WritingWriting

Lecturer: Bear LeeLecturer: Bear Lee

HomeworkHomework题型：你的观点类题型：你的观点类 (( 单边支持型）单边支持型）结构：结构： Introduction-- Your viewIntroduction-- Your view Body Paragraph--Your reasonsBody Paragraph--Your reasons Conclusion—Your summaryConclusion—Your summaryKey words: Key words: forbid-ban-prohibit-prevent-notforbid-ban-prohibit-prevent-notpermit-not allowpermit-not allowSmoking-tobacco -cigarette-smokers--Smoking-tobacco -cigarette-smokers--

non-smokers--passive smokers—secnon-smokers--passive smokers—second-hand smokersond-hand smokers

SampleSampleRecently there is a controversy as to Recently there is a controversy as to whether smoking should be forbidden whether smoking should be forbidden in public places.in public places. The vast majority of The vast majority of people hold that it is strongly reasonable people hold that it is strongly reasonable to prohibit smokers from smoking publicly. to prohibit smokers from smoking publicly. While a certain number of people consider While a certain number of people consider smoking as a personal decision in the way smoking as a personal decision in the way of life. of life.

SampleSample

As far as I am concerned, smoAs far as I am concerned, smoking should undoubtedly be king should undoubtedly be banned in public for the follobanned in public for the following reasons.wing reasons.

Different IntroductionDifferent Introduction

People have smoked tobacco for People have smoked tobacco for centuries, and the negative effects of centuries, and the negative effects of tobacco smoke have been seen as tobacco smoke have been seen as controversial. Accordingly, people of controversial. Accordingly, people of great majority strongly advocate the great majority strongly advocate the banning of smoking in public. As far banning of smoking in public. As far as I am concerned, I fully support the as I am concerned, I fully support the statement.statement.

I would like to begin by I would like to begin by pointing out that smoking in pointing out that smoking in public places does great harm public places does great harm to smokers as well as to non-to smokers as well as to non-smokers.smokers.

One of the most important One of the most important reasons for the banning of reasons for the banning of smoking lies in the great harm smoking lies in the great harm to smokers and non-smokers.to smokers and non-smokers.

Another factor that should be Another factor that should be taken into consideration is taken into consideration is smoking in public places may smoking in public places may exert a negative effect on the exert a negative effect on the environment. environment.

Finally, smoking in public Finally, smoking in public places may cause potential fire places may cause potential fire hazard. hazard.

Taking all these factors into account, Taking all these factors into account, we can safely draw a conclusion that it we can safely draw a conclusion that it is urgent to ban smoking in public is urgent to ban smoking in public places.places.

It willIt will

on….. on…..

haveexertProduce a(n) bring about

decisiveprofound

far-reachingbeneficialpositive negative

unfavorabledisastrous

effect influenceimpact

Ban on SmokingBan on SmokingSmoking has proved to Smoking has proved to be closely be closely linked tolinked to many of the most fatal many of the most fatal diseases such as cancer, heart diseases such as cancer, heart problems, and lung diseases. Doctors problems, and lung diseases. Doctors also warn us of nicotine, tar, and also warn us of nicotine, tar, and many other toxic substances many other toxic substances contained in cigarettes. We are even contained in cigarettes. We are even informed that cigarette smoking may informed that cigarette smoking may gravely jeopardizegravely jeopardize not only the not only the smokers, but also the non-smokers. smokers, but also the non-smokers. Statistics show that smoking takes Statistics show that smoking takes the lives of millions of people in the the lives of millions of people in the world every year. All these lead us to world every year. All these lead us to believe that smoking does kill. believe that smoking does kill.

Through educating himself and Through educating himself and strengthening his own will power, everystrengthening his own will power, every individualindividual should resist the temptation should resist the temptation of cigarettes. of cigarettes. Society Society as a whole ought as a whole ought to enhance health awareness. to enhance health awareness. Health Health institutionsinstitutions are supposed to shoulder the are supposed to shoulder the responsibility of informing the public of responsibility of informing the public of the above-mentioned facts. It's time for the above-mentioned facts. It's time for all governmentsall governments in the world to seriously in the world to seriously consider alternatives to the tobacco consider alternatives to the tobacco industry as a profit-making undertaking. industry as a profit-making undertaking. After all, health, the most solid essence After all, health, the most solid essence of life, must always be given top priority. of life, must always be given top priority.

I. DefinitionI. DefinitionSentences are the Sentences are the fundamental units in fundamental units in writing, and a specific writing, and a specific means of organizing words means of organizing words to create meaningful to create meaningful statements.statements.

一个正确的语句必须具备三个条件：一个正确的语句必须具备三个条件：11 、符合句法规则、符合句法规则Eg. If I Eg. If I werewere a bird, I a bird, I wouldwould fly to her right now. fly to her right now.

22 、具有逻辑性、具有逻辑性Jack bites the dogs.Jack bites the dogs.

Jack was stolen by the dog.Jack was stolen by the dog.

33 、符合句意表达的要求、符合句意表达的要求 他从不食言。他从不食言。He never He never eats his wordseats his words. (. (xx)) 收回成命收回成命 食言：食言： go back on one’s wordsgo back on one’s words

II. ClassificationII. Classification1) Declarative, Interrogative, 1) Declarative, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory (Imperative, Exclamatory (UseUse))

2) Simple, compound, complex, 2) Simple, compound, complex, compound-complex (compound-complex (StructureStructure))

3) Loose, Periodic, Balance 3) Loose, Periodic, Balance ((RhetoricRhetoric))

4) Short, Long (4) Short, Long (LengthLength))

   (( 一一 ) )  简单句 ﹝简单句 ﹝ Simple Sentence﹞Simple Sentence﹞ Beckham is popular.Beckham is popular.

(( 二二 ) )  并列复合句 ﹝并列复合句 ﹝ Compound Sentence﹞Compound Sentence﹞ I like her but she dislikes me.I like her but she dislikes me.

(( 三三 )  )   主从复合句 ﹝主从复合句 ﹝ Complex Sentence﹞Complex Sentence﹞ I love you much as the mouse loves riceI love you much as the mouse loves rice..

Simple sentence(Simple sentence( 简单句简单句 ))五个基本句式：五个基本句式：SS 十十 VV 主谓结构主谓结构SS 十十 VV 十十 FF 主系表结构主系表结构SS 十十 VV 十十 OO 主谓宾结构主谓宾结构SS 十十 VV 十十 O2O2 十十 O1O1 主谓双宾结构主谓双宾结构SS 十十 VV 十十 OO 十十 C C 主谓宾补结构 主谓宾补结构 说明：说明： SS ＝主语；＝主语； VV ＝谓语；＝谓语； PP ＝表语；＝表语；

OO ＝宾语；＝宾语； O1O1 ＝间接宾语；＝间接宾语； O2O2 ＝直接宾语；＝直接宾语； CC ＝宾语补足语 ＝宾语补足语

1.S(1.S( 主） 主） + Vi+ Vi （不及物动词）（谓） （不及物动词）（谓） eg. eg. 1) The number of female professors drop1) The number of female professors dropped significantly in 1970.ped significantly in 1970.2) Views on the issue in question vary fro2) Views on the issue in question vary from person to person.m person to person.3) The price peaked in August.3) The price peaked in August.4) Notions about drug abuse differ widel4) Notions about drug abuse differ widely.y.

2. S (2. S ( 主）主） + Vt + Vt （及物动词）（谓）（及物动词）（谓） + O+ O （宾） （宾）

1)Junk food impairs people’s health.1)Junk food impairs people’s health.

2)Traveling broadens one’s vision.2)Traveling broadens one’s vision.

3)Before airing my opinion, I will analyze3)Before airing my opinion, I will analyze the hot issue from diverse perspective.the hot issue from diverse perspective.

4) Cross-communication can remove preju4) Cross-communication can remove prejudice and hostility.dice and hostility.

3. S (3. S ( 主）主） + Lv( + Lv( 系动词）系动词） + SC+ SC （主补） （主补） We are Chinese. We are Chinese. 除了除了 be be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)1) 表感官的动词，表感官的动词， feel, smell, taste, sound, look, feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem appear, seem 等。等。2) 2) 表转变变化的动词，表转变变化的动词， become, get, grow, turn, become, get, grow, turn, go,go, 等。 等。 3)3) 表延续的动词 表延续的动词 remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, remain, keep, seem, hold, stay, restrest 等。等。4)4) 表瞬时的动词 表瞬时的动词 come, fall, set, cut, occurcome, fall, set, cut, occur 等 等 5)5) 其他动词 其他动词 eat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, steat, lie, prove, ring, run, shine, sit, stand, continue, hangand, continue, hang 等。 等。

1) S + Lv + N/Pron(1) S + Lv + N/Pron( 名词名词 // 代词） 代词） Space exploration is an investment in the fSpace exploration is an investment in the future.uture.

Overpopulation could become a serious wOverpopulation could become a serious worldwide threat.orldwide threat.2) S + Lv + Adj2) S + Lv + Adj （形容词） （形容词） The price remains constant. The price remains constant. The proposal seems quite convincing and The proposal seems quite convincing and constructive.constructive.

A vegetarian diet proves physically beneficA vegetarian diet proves physically beneficial.ial.

3) S + Lv + Adv (3) S + Lv + Adv ( 副词） 副词） Class is over. Class is over.

4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase 4) S + Lv + Prep Phrase He is in good health. He is in good health.

5) S + Lv + Participle(5) S + Lv + Participle( 分词） 分词） He is excited. He is excited. The film is interesting. The film is interesting.

4. S (4. S ( 主）主） + VT + VT （谓）（谓） + In O+ In O （间接 宾） （间接 宾） + D O+ D O （直（直接 宾） 接 宾） 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N

Job-hopping offers us a sense of achievemJob-hopping offers us a sense of achievement.ent.

Taking part-time job offers students an opTaking part-time job offers students an opportunity to combine theory and practice.portunity to combine theory and practice.

Museums give people a sense of national pMuseums give people a sense of national pride and belonging.ride and belonging.

2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase 2) S + VT + N/Pron + To/for-phrase He sent a book to me. He sent a book to me. He bought a coat for me.He bought a coat for me. 间接宾语前需要加间接宾语前需要加 to to 的常用动词有：的常用动词有： allow, briallow, bring, deny, do(ng, deny, do( 带来）， 带来）， give, grant, hand, leavgive, grant, hand, leave, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, she, read, refuse, render, restore, sell, send, show, teach, tell wish, writeow, teach, tell wish, write 等。 等。 间接宾语前需要加间接宾语前需要加 for for 的常用动词有：的常用动词有： bring, bubring, buy, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, ordey, cash, choose, fetch, get, leave, make, order, paint, play(r, paint, play( 演奏），演奏）， save, sing, sparesave, sing, spare 等。 等。

5. S (5. S ( 主）主） + VT+ VT （谓）（谓） + O+ O （宾） （宾） + O C+ O C（宾补） （宾补）

1) S + VT + N/Pron + N 1) S + VT + N/Pron + N We named our baby Tom. We named our baby Tom. We consider compulsory military service We consider compulsory military service a violation of human rights.a violation of human rights.People call TV an idiot box.People call TV an idiot box.

常用于这句型的动词有：常用于这句型的动词有： appoint, call, choappoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, noose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(minate( 命名）。 命名）。

2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj 2) S + VT + N/Pron + Adj He painted the wall white. He painted the wall white. The cloning technology can make humans The cloning technology can make humans redundant, replaceable and even extinct.redundant, replaceable and even extinct.常用于这句型的动词有：常用于这句型的动词有： beat, boil, cut, drive,beat, boil, cut, drive, find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, pai find, get, hold, keep, leave, like, make, paint, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wishnt, see, set, turn, want, wash, wipe, wish等。 等。 3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase 3) S + VT + N/Pron + Prep Phrase She always keeps everything in good order.She always keeps everything in good order.

4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive 4) S + VT + N/Pron + Infinitive I require the department concerned to send s I require the department concerned to send someone to settle this thorny matter in a weeomeone to settle this thorny matter in a week. k. 常用于这句型的动词有：常用于这句型的动词有：a)a) 不定式带不定式带 toto 的词：的词： advise, allow, ask, beg, cadvise, allow, ask, beg, cause, choose, command, decide, encourage, ause, choose, command, decide, encourage, expect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, liexpect, force, get, hate, invite, know, leave, like, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remke, love, order, permit, persuade, prefer, remain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wishain, request, teach, tell, want, warn, wish 等。等。b)b) 不定式不带不定式不带 toto 的词：的词： feel, have, hear, know, feel, have, hear, know, let, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watclet, listen to, look at, make, notice, see, watchh 等。 等。

5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle (5) S + VT + N/Pron + Participle ( 分词） 分词） I heard my name called. I heard my name called. I feel something moving. I feel something moving. 常用于这句型的动词有：常用于这句型的动词有： catch, feel, find, get, hacatch, feel, find, get, have, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look ave, hear, imagine, keep, leave, listen to, look at, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, stat, notice, observe, perceive, see, set, smell, start, watchrt, watch 等。等。

6) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive 6) S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-word + Infinitive He show me how to do it. He show me how to do it. 常用于这句型的动词有：常用于这句型的动词有： advise, ask, inform, shoadvise, ask, inform, show, teach, tellw, teach, tell 等。 等。

7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause 7) S + VT + N/Pron + That-clause He told me that the film was great. He told me that the film was great. 常用于这句型的动词有：常用于这句型的动词有： assure, inform, assure, inform, promise, remind, teach, tell, warnpromise, remind, teach, tell, warn 等。等。 8)S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause 8)S + VT + N/Pron + Wh-Clause He asked me what he should do. He asked me what he should do. 常用于这句型的动词有：常用于这句型的动词有： advise, ask, infoadvise, ask, inform, show, teach, tell. rm, show, teach, tell.

并列复合句 并列复合句 Compound SentenceCompound Sentence 　　并列句是由两个以上的简单句合并而成的并列句是由两个以上的简单句合并而成的句子，通常用连接词和逗号进行连接。连接句子，通常用连接词和逗号进行连接。连接后的简单句具有同等重要的意义，连接词被后的简单句具有同等重要的意义，连接词被称为并列连词和连接副词。称为并列连词和连接副词。常用的并列连词有常用的并列连词有 and, or, nor, for, so, but.and, or, nor, for, so, but.

常用的连接副词有常用的连接副词有 however, therefore, mhowever, therefore, moreover, then, accordingly, nonetheless,oreover, then, accordingly, nonetheless, besides, indeed, otherwise, thus, conse besides, indeed, otherwise, thus, consequently, likewise, hence, furthermore, quently, likewise, hence, furthermore, meanwhile, nevertheless. meanwhile, nevertheless.

1)1) 并列句的结构：独立分句并列句的结构：独立分句（（ independence claindependence clauseuse ）） ++ 并列连词并列连词（（ coordinating conjunctiocoordinating conjunctionn ）） ++ 独立分句独立分句（（ independence clauseindependence clause ））2)2) 并列句的常用并列连词可分为四组： 并列句的常用并列连词可分为四组： ① ① the AND groupthe AND group （表示并列关系的连词）（表示并列关系的连词）E.gE.g ： ： I like English I like English andand he likes French. he likes French.　　　　 Not onlyNot only the fur coat is soft, the fur coat is soft, butbut it is also it is also warm.warm.　　　　 The car was almost new; The car was almost new; furthermore,/ bfurthermore,/ besides,/likewise,/moreover,/againesides,/likewise,/moreover,/again, it was in e, it was in excellent condition.xcellent condition.　　　　 Roads were flooded, Roads were flooded, and and entire homes wentire homes were washed away.ere washed away.

　 　

② ② the BUT groupthe BUT group （表示转折关系的连词）（表示转折关系的连词）E.g: E.g: The coat was thin The coat was thin butbut it was warm. it was warm. The car was quite cold; The car was quite cold;yet/still/however/yet/still/however/

neverthelessnevertheless it was in excellent condition. it was in excellent condition.In spite of /Despite/notwithstandingIn spite of /Despite/notwithstanding its age, the c its age, the c

ar was in excellent condition.ar was in excellent condition.The car quite old; The car quite old; despitedespite that it was in excellent that it was in excellent

condition.condition.The government has made great efforts to preserThe government has made great efforts to preser

ve the cultural legacy, ve the cultural legacy, yetyet there are still many b there are still many being severely damaged.eing severely damaged.

　　　　

　③ 　③ the OR groupthe OR group （表示选择关系的连词）（表示选择关系的连词）E.g: You must work hard, E.g: You must work hard, oror you will fail in you will fail in the final exam.the final exam.　　　　 EitherEither you you oror I am wrong. I am wrong.　　　　 NeitherNeither you you nornor I am to blame. I am to blame.　　　　 Many students do not like to study for Many students do not like to study for tests, tests, nornor do they like to write term papers. do they like to write term papers.

　　　　 Students may live in the dormitories, Students may live in the dormitories, oror they may live in off-campus housing. they may live in off-campus housing.

④④the SO groupthe SO group （表示因果关系的连词）（表示因果关系的连词）E.g: Smoking may cause potential fire hazE.g: Smoking may cause potential fire hazard ard for for smokers are careless about the cigsmokers are careless about the cigarette butts.arette butts.The rain began to fall, The rain began to fall, soso we went home. we went home.We worked until six; We worked until six; then then we went home.we went home.He broke the rules of the school; He broke the rules of the school; so/so/

therefore/consequently/accordinglytherefore/consequently/accordingly he had he had to leave.to leave.　 　

33 ）连接分句的连接性副词 主要有）连接分句的连接性副词 主要有：：① ① 用用 besides, furthermore, moreover, in additibesides, furthermore, moreover, in additi

onon 等表示递进关系 等表示递进关系 　 　 The river sustains many forms of wildlife; The river sustains many forms of wildlife; in in

additionaddition, it provides children with a safe plac, it provides children with a safe place to swim.e to swim.

② ② 用用 likewise, similarly, in the same waylikewise, similarly, in the same way 等表示等表示“相同”的意思 “相同”的意思 　 　 You must pack plenty of food for the journYou must pack plenty of food for the journey; ey; likewiselikewise, you will need warm clothes., you will need warm clothes.

③ ③ 用用 however, nevertheless, still, instead, in cohowever, nevertheless, still, instead, in contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, on the cntrast, on the other hand, otherwise, on the contraryontrary 等表示转折和让步关系 等表示转折和让步关系

　 　 Many ads do provide information about proMany ads do provide information about products; ducts; howeverhowever, some of them are merely mis, some of them are merely misleading and cheating. leading and cheating.

④ ④ 用用 accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, as a resultas a result 等表示因果关系 等表示因果关系

　 　 You can receive individual guidance from your cYou can receive individual guidance from your counselor; ounselor; therefore,therefore, you should take advantage you should take advantage of this service.of this service.

⑤ ⑤ 用 用 for example, in fact, for instancefor example, in fact, for instance 等表示强调等表示强调和说明 和说明 The center offers a variety of exhibits and events;The center offers a variety of exhibits and events; for example,for example, just last week students could see p just last week students could see paintings by French Impressionists, attend a perfoaintings by French Impressionists, attend a performance of Othello, and hear music by Mozart.rmance of Othello, and hear music by Mozart.

⑥ ⑥ 用用 meanwhile, then, subsequently, afterwards, meanwhile, then, subsequently, afterwards, earlier, laterearlier, later 等表示先后关系 等表示先后关系

They will be here in 15 minutes; They will be here in 15 minutes; meanwhile,meanwhile, we we will have some coffee.will have some coffee.

复合句复合句　　复合句是由一个主句及一个或多个从句构复合句是由一个主句及一个或多个从句构成的。在复合句中，主句结构独立，从句依成的。在复合句中，主句结构独立，从句依附于主句；从句所表达的概念是对主句意义附于主句；从句所表达的概念是对主句意义的补充、解释或限定。复合句包括状语从句、的补充、解释或限定。复合句包括状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句。 定语从句和名词性从句。

1) 1) 状语从句： 状语从句： 　　时间状语从句：常用连接词有　　时间状语从句：常用连接词有 after, aafter, as ,as soon as, as long as, before, since, s ,as soon as, as long as, before, since, ever since, until, when, whileever since, until, when, while 等 等 　　 Basically, obesity occurs Basically, obesity occurs whenwhen a per a person eats more calories than the body bson eats more calories than the body burns up. urns up. 　　 As long asAs long as we are fully conscious of t we are fully conscious of the gravity of youth drug abuse, and adhe gravity of youth drug abuse, and adopt some remedial measures, I am conopt some remedial measures, I am convinced we can overcome the problem.vinced we can overcome the problem. Our means of communication has unOur means of communication has undergone dramatic changes dergone dramatic changes sincesince the In the Internet was invented.ternet was invented.

　　 　　

原因状语从句：由原因状语从句：由 because, as ,since, for, now tbecause, as ,since, for, now thathat 等从属连词引导等从属连词引导Riding a bike is physically beneficial Riding a bike is physically beneficial becausebecause bicyclists burn excess fat while ridin bicyclists burn excess fat while riding.g.

Many people are opposed to animal testing Many people are opposed to animal testing bebecausecause it deprives animals of the right of subsi it deprives animals of the right of subsistence.stence.

地点状语从句：常用从属连词有地点状语从句：常用从属连词有 where, wherever,where, wherever, everywhere, anywhere everywhere, anywhere 　　 Many workers are out of employment Many workers are out of employment where where computers are widely used.computers are widely used.

条件状语从句： 由条件状语从句： 由 if , provided that, unlessif , provided that, unless 等从等从属连词引导属连词引导　　　　 IfIf a child lacks adequate moral guidance a a child lacks adequate moral guidance and supervision, he or she is likely to go astray.nd supervision, he or she is likely to go astray. Environmental degradation will accelerate Environmental degradation will accelerate if if the increase in the global human population the increase in the global human population is not slowed down.is not slowed down.让步和对比状语从句：由让步和对比状语从句：由 although, even though, although, even though, though, whereas, whilethough, whereas, while 等从属连词引导等从属连词引导　　 AlthoughAlthough tourism brings us a huge amount tourism brings us a huge amount of foreign currency and creates many job oppof foreign currency and creates many job opportunities, it poses potential risks to the conseortunities, it poses potential risks to the conservation of indigenous culture.rvation of indigenous culture.No matter howNo matter how advanced and convenient e-bo advanced and convenient e-books are, traditional books still have a large maoks are, traditional books still have a large market share. rket share. 　　　　　　

结果状语从句：由结果状语从句：由 so that, so/such… thatso that, so/such… that等从属连词引导等从属连词引导Western fast food is Western fast food is soso tempting tempting thatthat few few children can resist its temptation.children can resist its temptation. 　　　　Teenagers lack adequate self-control aTeenagers lack adequate self-control and self-discipline, nd self-discipline, so thatso that they tend to r they tend to revel in games.evel in games. 　　　　

　　目的状语从句：由目的状语从句：由 so that, in order that, lestso that, in order that, lest 等从等从属连词引导属连词引导　　 Females should be encouraged to go out to pFemales should be encouraged to go out to pursue their careers so that they can exhibit their ursue their careers so that they can exhibit their talents.talents.　　 Heavier penalty should be imposed on traffic Heavier penalty should be imposed on traffic violators so that the traffic problem can be better violators so that the traffic problem can be better solved. solved.

比较状语从句：由比较状语从句：由 so… as, not as/so …as, more so… as, not as/so …as, more …than, less…than, the more…the more…than, less…than, the more…the more 等从属连等从属连词引导词引导As you sow, As you sow, so so will you reap.will you reap.The moreThe more tourists arrive, tourists arrive, the morethe more serious pollut serious pollution problem perplexes us. ion problem perplexes us.

　　 2) 2) 名词性从句：名词性从句可用作句子的主语、表名词性从句：名词性从句可用作句子的主语、表语、宾语和介词宾语。名词性从句的引导词包括语、宾语和介词宾语。名词性从句的引导词包括 that that ，，疑问词疑问词 what, whatever, who, whoever, when, whewhat, whatever, who, whoever, when, whenever, where, wherever, how, which, why, whethenever, where, wherever, how, which, why, whether. r. 例： 例： Where the ship sank is unknown.Where the ship sank is unknown. That the climate around the world is changing is That the climate around the world is changing is an accepted fact.an accepted fact.What is done cannot be undone.What is done cannot be undone. 覆水难收 覆水难收 We would like to inquire whether the university wiWe would like to inquire whether the university will accept late registration.ll accept late registration. （宾语从句）（宾语从句）

The main reason for the defeat was that the enemy The main reason for the defeat was that the enemy has superior weapons.has superior weapons. （表语从句）（表语从句）

I will never forget the fact that I fail to the exam. I will never forget the fact that I fail to the exam. （同位语）（同位语）

1.该不该给小孩零花钱引发了激烈的争论。

2.人们普遍认为旅游业的发展对当地经济有深远的影响。

Whether or not children should be given pocket money has sparked off a heated discussion.

It is commonly believed the development of tourism exerts profound influence on the local economy.

Write through Translating

Translate the following sentences into English.

3.现阶段人们更加关心的是政府是否能够创造更多的就业机会。

4. 在本文中，我将探讨许多语言和文化不断消失的原因。

What people are more concerned with at this stage is whether the government can create more job opportunities.

In this essay, I intend to explore why many languages and cultures are disappearing.

Write through Translating

5.人口爆炸和淡水短缺是当今人们面临的两大棘手问题

6.许多政府禁止克隆人是因为克隆人不合伦理道德。。

Overpopulation and fresh water shortage are two thorny problems that people are confronted with today.

The reason why many government ban human cloning is that it is morally wrong.  

Write through Translating

7. 他们小组很可能会赶到我们前头去。

8. 你选择什么课程并不重要；只是要找出色的教授。

It is likely that their group will get ahead of us.

It doesn’t matter what courses you take; just find the great professors.  

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III. Some features of effective III. Some features of effective sentencessentences

1.Unity (Completeness)1.Unity (Completeness)

1) Complete meaning1) Complete meaning

Du Fu was one of the greatest Du Fu was one of the greatest poets.poets.

Du Fu was one of the greatest Du Fu was one of the greatest poets of the Tang Dynasty.poets of the Tang Dynasty.

1.Unity (Completeness)1.Unity (Completeness)

2) Complete structure2) Complete structure

I try my best to earn money. I try my best to earn money. To make her happy. To make her happy. Otherwise she will say Otherwise she will say goodbye to me.goodbye to me.

I try my best to earn money I try my best to earn money to make her happy.to make her happy.

2. Coherence2. Coherence

It means clear and reasonable It means clear and reasonable connection between parts.connection between parts.

A man is judged not only by what A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.he says but also by his deeds.

A man is judged not only by what A man is judged not only by what he says but also by what he he says but also by what he does.does.

A man is judged not only by his A man is judged not only by his words but also by his deeds.words but also by his deeds.

3.Conciseness3.Conciseness

A sentence should contain no A sentence should contain no unnecessary words.unnecessary words.

1)Avoid unnecessary repetition1)Avoid unnecessary repetition

In my opinion, I think you are right. In my opinion, I think you are right. (X)(X)

2)Avoid using wordy word2)Avoid using wordy word

There areThere are many people many people whowho smoke in smoke in public.public.

3)Avoid gorgeous style—Less use claus3)Avoid gorgeous style—Less use clauses, more use p.p phrase, gerund, infinities, more use p.p phrase, gerund, infinitive, prep phrases.ve, prep phrases.Eg. If you work hard, you will surely sucEg. If you work hard, you will surely succeed.ceed.Working hard will ensure you success.Working hard will ensure you success.

4.Variety 4.Variety 1)Various beginning of the sentence1)Various beginning of the sentence

A.A. 以以 There There 开始的句子来表示存在开始的句子来表示存在There has been a good deal of controversyThere has been a good deal of controversy as to whether PC games should beas to whether PC games should beprohibited.prohibited.B.B. 以数词和量词开始的句子来引起特别的注意以数词和量词开始的句子来引起特别的注意Several factors should be taken into Several factors should be taken into account when a company hires an account when a company hires an employee.employee.

C.C. 以介词开始的句子以介词开始的句子In discussing this problem, different pIn discussing this problem, different p

eople have different opinions.eople have different opinions.D.D. 以以 although, if, when, while, now thalthough, if, when, while, now th

atat 等引导的从句等引导的从句As the price of a computer decreases, As the price of a computer decreases, more and more people can afford to more and more people can afford to buy one.buy one.

E.E. 当主语过长或者需要强调时， 可以使用以当主语过长或者需要强调时， 可以使用以 it it 开始的句子开始的句子

It appears important that everyone shoulIt appears important that everyone should learn a foreign language after China’d learn a foreign language after China’s entry into WTO.s entry into WTO.

结构结构 1 It is +1 It is + 形容词形容词 +that+that 从句从句It is evident (apparent) that…It is evident (apparent) that… 显然…显然…It is essential that… …It is essential that… … 是必不可少的是必不可少的It is reasonable that… …It is reasonable that… … 是合理的是合理的It is likely that…It is likely that… 有可能…有可能…It is notable that…It is notable that… 值得注意的是…值得注意的是…

It is +(generally, commonly, widely)It is +(generally, commonly, widely)过去分词过去分词 ++thatthat 从句从句

It is known that… It is known that… 众所周知…众所周知…It is believed that…It is believed that…人们相信…人们相信…It is accepted that…It is accepted that…可接受的是…可接受的是…It is predicted that…It is predicted that…据预测…据预测…It is supposed that…It is supposed that…据推测…据推测…It has been illustrated that…It has been illustrated that…据图示…据图示…It can be seen that…It can be seen that…可以看出…可以看出…It must be admitted that…It must be admitted that…必须承认…必须承认…It cannot be denied that…It cannot be denied that…不可否认…不可否认…It must be pointed out that…It must be pointed out that…必须指出…必须指出…It has been proved that…It has been proved that…已证实…已证实…

It +It + 不及物动词不及物动词 +that+that 从句从句It seems that…It seems that…It follows that… It follows that… 由此可见…由此可见…It stands to reason that… … It stands to reason that… … 是有道理的是有道理的It turns out that…It turns out that… 其结果是…其结果是… It is +It is + 名词名词 +that+that 从句从句It is common knowledge that…It is common knowledge that… 众所周知众所周知It is no harm that… …It is no harm that… … 是没有害处的是没有害处的It is no good that… …It is no good that… … 是没有益处的是没有益处的It is an undeniable fact that…It is an undeniable fact that…

F.F. 以副词或短语开始的句子以副词或短语开始的句子Most importantly, there is going to be aMost importantly, there is going to be amassive increase in the number of elderlymassive increase in the number of elderlypeople.people.

G.G. 为使句子多样化，可以使用反问句或设问句为使句子多样化，可以使用反问句或设问句Should we read selectively or extensively?Should we read selectively or extensively?Different people may respond to it in Different people may respond to it in various ways.various ways.

H.H. 用非谓语动词来变换句式用非谓语动词来变换句式Considering these factors I have meConsidering these factors I have me

ntioned above, I can draw a reasontioned above, I can draw a reasonable conclusion that…..nable conclusion that…..

(1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm (1) The goats grazed peacefully in the farm and were unaware of the approaching huand were unaware of the approaching hunter. (nter. ( 并列分句并列分句 ))

(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the far(2) Grazing peacefully, the goats in the farm were unaware of the approaching huntm were unaware of the approaching hunter.(er.( 现在分语短语现在分语短语 ++ 简单句简单句 ))

(3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully (3) In the farm, the goats grazed peacefully and were unaware of the approaching huand were unaware of the approaching hunter. (nter. ( 副词短语副词短语 ++ 并列分句并列分句 ) )    

(4) There were goats grazing peacefully (4) There were goats grazing peacefully in the farm, unaware of the approachiin the farm, unaware of the approaching hunter.ng hunter.

(( 简单句简单句 ++ 形容语短语形容语短语 ))(5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the (5) As the goats grazed peacefully in the

farm, they were unaware of the approfarm, they were unaware of the approaching hunter. aching hunter.

(( 原因副词从句原因副词从句 ++ 主句主句 ))

A: The young pilot was on his first overseaA: The young pilot was on his first overseas training.s training.

B: He felt very uneasy.B: He felt very uneasy.

(a) The young pilot on his first (a) The young pilot on his first overseas training felt very uneasy.overseas training felt very uneasy.

(b) The young pilot felt very uneasy (b) The young pilot felt very uneasy during his first overseas training.during his first overseas training.

(c) The young pilot's first overseas (c) The young pilot's first overseas training made him feel very uneasy.training made him feel very uneasy.

(d) Extreme uneasiness seized the (d) Extreme uneasiness seized the young pilot on his first overseas young pilot on his first overseas training. training.

(e) The young pilot was on his first (e) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, feeling very overseas training, feeling very uneasy.uneasy.

(f) It being his first overseas training, (f) It being his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.the young pilot felt very uneasy.

(g) Being on his first overseas (g) Being on his first overseas training, the young pilot felt very training, the young pilot felt very uneasy.uneasy.

(h) The young pilot was on his first (h) The young pilot was on his first overseas training and felt very overseas training and felt very uneasy.uneasy.

(i) The young pilot, who was on his first (i) The young pilot, who was on his first overseas training, felt very uneasy.overseas training, felt very uneasy.

(j) When the young pilot was on his/first (j) When the young pilot was on his/first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.overseas training, he felt very uneasy.

(k) As the young pilot was on his first (k) As the young pilot was on his first overseas training, he felt very uneasy.overseas training, he felt very uneasy.

(l) The young pilot was on his first (l) The young pilot was on his first overseas training, so that he felt very overseas training, so that he felt very uneasy.uneasy.

句子写作四项基本原则句子写作四项基本原则一、要写完整的句子一、要写完整的句子11 、避免残缺句 、避免残缺句 (Fragment)(Fragment) 1). 1). 误用非谓语动词误用非谓语动词

Why does he call home once a week? To keep Why does he call home once a week? To keep in touch with his family.in touch with his family.

He calls home once a week to keep in touch wiHe calls home once a week to keep in touch with his family.th his family.

2). 2). 误用标点符号误用标点符号 Some people think one should read selectively.Some people think one should read selectively.

Because some books are beneficial to him an Because some books are beneficial to him and some books are harmful to him.d some books are harmful to him.

Some people think one should read selectively Some people think one should read selectively because some books are beneficial to him anbecause some books are beneficial to him and some books are harmful to him.d some books are harmful to him.

22 、避免错误的省略、避免错误的省略33 、避免连写句、避免连写句当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号当两个或两个以上的独立句子被错误地用逗号隔开或根本就没有标点符号相连时，就形成隔开或根本就没有标点符号相连时，就形成了连写句。（可以加上标点或连接词来改了连写句。（可以加上标点或连接词来改正）正）

E.g Tom decided to stop smoking he didn’t E.g Tom decided to stop smoking he didn’t want to die of cancer. (want to die of cancer. (xx))

Tom decided to stop smoking, for he didn’t Tom decided to stop smoking, for he didn’t want to die of cancer. want to die of cancer.

二、句子要符合规范二、句子要符合规范11 、语序的严格性（注意宾语从句和倒装）、语序的严格性（注意宾语从句和倒装）22 、句子的一致关系（人称、语态、时态）、句子的一致关系（人称、语态、时态） 谓语动词形式必须与句中主语在人称、数上保持谓语动词形式必须与句中主语在人称、数上保持

一致一致 前后时态必须一致前后时态必须一致

33 、主次分明，从属得当、主次分明，从属得当重要的思想一般在主句中表达，次要的思想由从句表重要的思想一般在主句中表达，次要的思想由从句表达。 从属必须得当，一是要立意明确，二是要合乎逻达。 从属必须得当，一是要立意明确，二是要合乎逻辑，三还要中心突出、主从分明。辑，三还要中心突出、主从分明。11 ） ） The meeting having been brought to a close,The meeting having been brought to a close,

no further discussion arose. no further discussion arose. (Correct ) No further discussion arising, the me(Correct ) No further discussion arising, the me

eting was brought to a close.eting was brought to a close.22 ） ） I read in today’s newspaper about a positiI read in today’s newspaper about a positi

on with your company for which I am applying.on with your company for which I am applying. (Correct) I am applying for the position with yo(Correct) I am applying for the position with yo

ur company which I read about in today’s neur company which I read about in today’s newspaper.wspaper.

44 、注意修辞语的位置、注意修辞语的位置Only the teacher laughed at me.Only the teacher laughed at me.

The teacher only laughed at me .The teacher only laughed at me .

55 、避免悬垂修饰语、避免悬垂修饰语悬垂修饰语：指与句子中任何词都没有明悬垂修饰语：指与句子中任何词都没有明显关系的短语或分句。显关系的短语或分句。

E.g When trying to lose weight, all snE.g When trying to lose weight, all snacks are best avoided.acks are best avoided.

When trying to lose weight, you had bWhen trying to lose weight, you had better avoid all snacks.etter avoid all snacks.

三、句子要简洁明了三、句子要简洁明了11 、避免使用空洞、多余的短语、避免使用空洞、多余的短语In spite of the fact that I have advised him sIn spite of the fact that I have advised him s

everal times, he continues to be in attentieveral times, he continues to be in attentive in class.ve in class.

22 、避免过多地使用并列句、避免过多地使用并列句 Eugene O’Neill was an American playwriEugene O’Neill was an American playwri

ght, and he had an unhappy childhood, anght, and he had an unhappy childhood, and he told the story of his childhood in a pld he told the story of his childhood in a play entitled A Long Day’s Journey into Niay entitled A Long Day’s Journey into Night and he said it was written in tears and ght and he said it was written in tears and blood.blood.

改为： 改为： Eugene O’NeillEugene O’Neill ，， an American an American playwright, told the story of his unhaplaywright, told the story of his unhappy childhood in a play entitled A Loppy childhood in a play entitled A Long Day’s Journey into Night, which ng Day’s Journey into Night, which he said was written in tears and bloohe said was written in tears and blood.d.

33 、避免过多地使用从句、避免过多地使用从句

In my opinion, I would say that we here in In my opinion, I would say that we here in China today in the last quarter of the 20th China today in the last quarter of the 20th century often place a high value on the century often place a high value on the successful achievement of an education on successful achievement of an education on the college level and it seems to me that the college level and it seems to me that the reason why we believe this is that the reason why we believe this is that college is the place where a young man or college is the place where a young man or woman is first helped to begin to grasp woman is first helped to begin to grasp and understand what the true meaning of and understand what the true meaning of life really is.life really is.

The Chinese people now value a college The Chinese people now value a college education highly because it helps a education highly because it helps a student to understand the meaning of life.student to understand the meaning of life.

四、句子要灵活多变四、句子要灵活多变

句子开头多样性句子开头多样性 交替使用长短句交替使用长短句 不同的句型结构不同的句型结构

IV. The problems of using IV. The problems of using sentences in TEM-4sentences in TEM-4

一、语法问题一、语法问题指代、修饰、一致、平行、断句、连词、搭配、指代、修饰、一致、平行、断句、连词、搭配、误用、汉语式英语误用、汉语式英语二、连贯问题二、连贯问题11 、不会使用过渡词、不会使用过渡词22 、不会使用实词、不会使用实词重复关键词、运用同义词、运用上下义词、反重复关键词、运用同义词、运用上下义词、反义词义词

三、逻辑问题三、逻辑问题句意不连贯、前后不呼应、条理不清、主次句意不连贯、前后不呼应、条理不清、主次颠倒、离题颠倒、离题

Exercises on SentenceExercises on Sentence I. Translate the following Chinese into English.I. Translate the following Chinese into English. 1. 1. 人们普遍认为自然资源是有限的。人们普遍认为自然资源是有限的。 2. 2. 很显然自从上个月以来价格一直在上升。很显然自从上个月以来价格一直在上升。 3. 3. 有人建议政府应该限制私家车来解决交通堵塞问题。有人建议政府应该限制私家车来解决交通堵塞问题。 4. 4. 必须指出电脑技术给人类带来了很大的便利，但同时也给人必须指出电脑技术给人类带来了很大的便利，但同时也给人类的生活带来了潜在的灾难。类的生活带来了潜在的灾难。 5. 5. 现已证实长时间看电视会导致焦虑。现已证实长时间看电视会导致焦虑。 6. 6. 人们相信太空探索将解决我们面临的许多棘手的问题。人们相信太空探索将解决我们面临的许多棘手的问题。 7. 7. 据估计大约有三分之一的学生每天花费五小时玩游戏。据估计大约有三分之一的学生每天花费五小时玩游戏。 8. 8. 关于该不该禁止克隆人引发了一场激烈的讨论。关于该不该禁止克隆人引发了一场激烈的讨论。 9. 9. 取得巨大成功的人，毫无例外，都是善于利用零碎时间的人。取得巨大成功的人，毫无例外，都是善于利用零碎时间的人。 10.10. 仔细比较了网络的利弊后，最有力的结论就不言而明了。仔细比较了网络的利弊后，最有力的结论就不言而明了。

II. Write a paragraph, paying attention to II. Write a paragraph, paying attention to the variety of sentence structure. (at leathe variety of sentence structure. (at least 80 words.)st 80 words.)

The advantages and disadvantages The advantages and disadvantages of Internetof Internet

Key to the translations.Key to the translations.1. 1. 人们普遍认为自然资源是有限的。人们普遍认为自然资源是有限的。1. It has long been accepted that natural re1. It has long been accepted that natural resources are limited.sources are limited. 2. 2. 很显然自从上个月以来价格一直在上升。很显然自从上个月以来价格一直在上升。2.It is apparent that the price has been on t2.It is apparent that the price has been on the rise since last month.he rise since last month.3. 3. 有人建议政府应该限制私家车来解决交通堵有人建议政府应该限制私家车来解决交通堵塞问题。塞问题。3. It is suggested that the government sho3. It is suggested that the government should restrict private cars to solve the traffic uld restrict private cars to solve the traffic jam problem.jam problem.

4. 4. 必须指出电脑技术给人类带来了很大的便利，必须指出电脑技术给人类带来了很大的便利，但同时也给人类的生活带来了潜在的灾难。但同时也给人类的生活带来了潜在的灾难。4.It must be pointed out that the comput4.It must be pointed out that the computer technology has brought great benefits er technology has brought great benefits to human being, but it has also caused poto human being, but it has also caused potential disasters.tential disasters.5. 5. 现已证实长时间看电视会导致焦虑。现已证实长时间看电视会导致焦虑。5.It has been proved that heavy TV viewin5.It has been proved that heavy TV viewing leads to anxiety.g leads to anxiety.

6. 6. 人们相信太空探索将解决我们面临的许多人们相信太空探索将解决我们面临的许多棘手的问题。棘手的问题。6. It is widely accepted that space reach 6. It is widely accepted that space reach will resolve many thorny problems perplwill resolve many thorny problems perplexing mankind.exing mankind.7. 7. 据估计大约有三分之一的学生每天花费五据估计大约有三分之一的学生每天花费五小时玩游戏。小时玩游戏。7. It is estimated that about one third of 7. It is estimated that about one third of students spend five hours in playing gamstudents spend five hours in playing games.es.

8. 8. 关于该不该禁止克隆人引发了一场激烈的讨论。关于该不该禁止克隆人引发了一场激烈的讨论。8. Whether human cloning should be banned has 8. Whether human cloning should be banned has triggered a fierce argument.triggered a fierce argument.9. 9. 取得巨大成功的人，毫无例外，都是善于利用零碎取得巨大成功的人，毫无例外，都是善于利用零碎时间的人。时间的人。9.The men who have achieved great success are, 9.The men who have achieved great success are, with no exception, the men who have utilized thewith no exception, the men who have utilized their odd moments wisely.ir odd moments wisely.10.10.仔细比较了网络的利弊后，最有力的结论就不言而仔细比较了网络的利弊后，最有力的结论就不言而明了。明了。10. When the strengths and weakness of internet 10. When the strengths and weakness of internet are carefully weighed, the most striking conclusiare carefully weighed, the most striking conclusion is self-evident.on is self-evident.

The advantages and disadvantages The advantages and disadvantages of Internetof Internet

Advantages:Advantages:

Easy and quick access to the latest Easy and quick access to the latest information worldwideinformation worldwide

A convenient and cheap source of A convenient and cheap source of entertainment.entertainment.

Play a role of education Play a role of education

communicatecommunicate

Disadvantages:Disadvantages:Over-indulgence in the internet proves Over-indulgence in the internet proves detrimental physically and mentally.detrimental physically and mentally.Lack social interactionLack social interactionCause near-sightednessCause near-sightednessExposure to excessive sex and violencExposure to excessive sex and violence enables children to go astray.e enables children to go astray.