univesity programme print file folla wyuq f,i f;dard.kakd mßÈ tajd ,ndfok ,È' tys iudk...

$: Univesity Programme print file folla wyUq f,i f;dard.kakd mßÈ tajd ,ndfok ,È' tys iudk wxl,nd.;a fofokd tlsfkld y÷kajd\qka w;r ta i|yd úúO l%u iyNd.slfhda wkq.ukh l$
wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, YsIH ixjdo ud,dj 2006 1

w ka ; ¾ ú Ya j ú o Hd ,

ixjdo ud,dj2006

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøfham%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYfha m%ldYkhls

ixCIsma; igyka

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh2

wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdo ud,dj 2006

m<uq uqøKh 2007 ckjdß

ISSN 1800-2919

ixialrKh ( uxcq, .ckdhl^wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdo ud,d jevigyfkys iyh iïnkaëldrl&

WmfoaYl;ajh ( ,hk,a .=ref.a^iïnkaëldrl" m%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYh" úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh&

PdhdrEm ( iqmqka uÿixfla;

mß.Kl ieleiau ( ,s;aud .%e*slaiawxl 42$8" ul=¿¥j" ms<shkao,'

uqøKh ( .af,daí ms%kaáka j¾laia

m%ldYkh ( úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhm%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYh

wk;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdo ud,dj 2006 hkq úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøfha m%cdiyNd.s;aj jevigyka tallfha m%ldYkhls'

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh msysgqjd.kq ,enQfha uyck m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| újdohgisú,a iudcfha odhl;ajh w;HjYH fukau Yla;su;a lsÍu wjYHh hk ±äúYajdifhks' m¾fhaIK iy WmfoaYl jevigyka Tiafia úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

rdcH md,kh yd .egqï iu:hg wod< m%Yakj,g ish wjOdkh fhduq lrhs'

wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdo ud,dj 2006 m%ldYkh hkq Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl úYajúoHd,j, isiq isiqúhka iy wdpd¾h jrekaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka mej;s jevuq¿ ydiïuka;%K ud,djla Tiafia ,nd.;a w;a±lSïj,ska wxY= ud;%hls' fuys wka;¾.;woyi wjYHfhka u úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh fyda tys wOHCI uKav,fha fydawoyia ms<sìUq fkdfõ'

jeä úia;r i|ydúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhm%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYh32$7" u,a mdr" fld<U 07'ÿrl:k ( 011-2370801-4 *elaia ( 011-2370802Bfï,a [email protected]


ud;Dldj msgqj

ixlaIsma; igyka - foaYmd,k úoHdj 04 - 32

ixlaIsma; igyka - ckikaksfõokh 33 - 60

ixlaIsma; igyka - wd¾Ól úoHdj 61 - 80

ixlaIsma; igyka - iudc úoHdj 81 - 92

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wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdoud,dj 2006

úIhfoaYmd,k úoHdj

Èkh2006'10'13 isg 15 olajd

ia:dkhuykqjr fgdmEia fydag,h

foaYmd,k úoHdj


ye¢kaùuúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh úiska YS% ,xldfõcd;sl úYaj úoHd, moaO;sh iïnkaOlr.ksñka úYaj úoHd, m%cdfõ y~iúu;afldg cd;sl m%Yak flfrys m%n,ksfhdackhla ,ndfokq jia zzhymd,kh iy YS%,xldfõ iduh f.dvkexùuZZ hk f;audjhgf;a foaYmd,k úoHd úIh flakaølr .ksñkaixúOdkh lrk ,o f;Èk jevuq¿j mokïlrf.k fuu ixlaIsma; igyka ieliS we;'

jevuq¿fõ iuia; ksfhdackh

fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h 13 11 12 12

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h 11 9 10 10

le<ksh úYaj úoHd,h 4 6 10 -

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h 6 4 10 -

w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h 4 6 - 10

kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,h 4 6 - 10

reyqK úYaj úoHd,h 4 6 10 -

inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,h 4 6 10 -

úYaj úoHd,fha ku iyNd.s jQuq¿ YsIH ixLHdj

.eyeKq msßñ

NdId udOHh

isxy, fou<

foaYmd,k úoHdj


iudrïNl ieish

ieis wruqKjevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.s jk úYajúoHd, isiq isiqúhka yg ;u woyiaújD;j t,s±laùu i|yd iqÿiqmßirhla ilialr §u yd tlsfkldw;r iïnkaO;djka f.dvk.d.ekSui|yd iqÿiq miqìula ks¾udKhlsÍu'

Èkh ( 2006 - 10 - 13

wdrïNh iy ms<s.ekSufoaYmd,k úoHd jevigyka iïnkaëldrl

ù' wó¾§kafcHIaG lÓldpd¾h fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdo ud,dj ksfhdackh lsÍu i|yd meñKS ish¨ úYajúoHd, isiq isiqúhka yd wdpd¾h uKav, idudðlhska b;d Wkqiqïj wdpd¾hjrhd úiska ms,s.kakd ,È

;jo A-9 ud¾.h jid ±óu ksidfjka jevuq¿jg fkdmeñKS hdmkh úYajúoHd,fha isiq isiqúhka Wfoid ;u lk.dgqjo Tyq úiska m%ldYlrk ,os'

Bg wu;rj fuu jevuq¿fõ wNsu;d¾:h jkqfha lsisÿ woyila m%;sCfIamlsÍu fyda jdrkh lsßu fkdj iEu woyila i|ydu jákdlula ydwjia:djla ,nd§u njo wdpd¾hjrhd úiska m%ldY lrk ,§'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


foaYmd,k úoHdj

jevigyfka wruqK meyeÈ,s lsÍu

,hk,a .=ref.aiïnkaëldrlm%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYh

YS% ,xldfõ nqoaêu;au m%cdjla f,i úYaj úoHd, m%cdj i;= nqoaêuhYlH;djh b;d m%n, jqjo furg flakaøSh .eg¿ ;=<§ úYaj úoHd, yvglka§fï m%jk;djla fyda mqreoaola fkdue;s nj m%ldY l<iïnkaëldrljrhd tu iïm%odh fjkialsÍu fuu ixjdoud,dfõ wruqK njm%ldY lf<ah

;jo b;d újD;j yd úksúo Ndjhlska lghq;= lrkq ,nk wdh;khla f,iúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh úúO wxY ksfhdackh jk mßÈ tlsfkl fjkiajevigyka /ila ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk nj;a ´kEu jevigykla fydawdh;kfha ls%hdldß;ajh ms,sn|j m%YaK lsÍug yd lrekq meyeÈ,slr.ekSugo bv lv újD; nj;a iínkaëldrl jrhd m%ldY lf<ah'

cd;sl .eg¿j ms,sn|j iEu m%cdjla ;=<u mj;akd woyia úuiqug ,lafldgfoaYmd,k úiÿula flfrys iqnjdÈ m%fúYhla we;s lsÍu i|yd úl,amm%;sm;a;s flakaøh ksrka;rfhka W;aidy .kakd njo Tyq m%ldY lf<ah'

tfukau úúO;ajh bjiSfï yd úúO wkkH;djhka .re lsÍfï udyeÕs.=Kdx.hka j¾Okh lr.ksñka cd;sl .eg¿j flfrys ixfõ§;ajhlaf.dvk.d .ekSug fuu jevigyk bjy,a lr.kakd f,i o iNyd.slhskayg Tyq úiska isysm;alrk ,§'

y÷kd.ekSfï wjia:djfufyhùu


m%:ufhka tla tla isiq isiqúhka fj; wxl ,ndÿka w;r yeu úgu iudkwxl folla wyUq f,i f;dard.kakd mßÈ tajd ,ndfok ,È' tys§ iudk wxl,nd.;a fofokd tlsfkld y÷kajd\qka w;r ta i|yd úúO l%u iyNd.slfhdawkq.ukh l<y' lú" .S;" fonia" wdÈh Tiafia tlsfkld y÷kd.;a fuuwjia:dj b;d úfkdaoldñ tlla úh'

tysÈ woyia m<l, ,hk,a .=ref.a uy;d m%ldY lrk ,oafoa tlu úYajúoHd,fha isáh§ j;a yuqù l;dnia fkdlrk fujka msßia Èjhsfka isõÈidfjka yuQ msßia iuÕ ifydaor;ajfhka lghq;= lsÍu lÈu wdo¾Yhlanjhs'


Èkh ( 2006 - 10-14

iudrïNlwjia:djm%Odk wdrdê; iyNd.s;ajhúYaj úoHd, m%;smdok fldñifï.re iNdm;s

uypd¾h .dñKS iurkdhluy;d

jevuq¿fõ iudrïNh fuÈk WoEik9'00g muK isÿ úh' ta i|yd úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIfï iNdm;suypd¾h .dñkS iurkdhl" úl,amm%;sm;a;s flakaøfha úOdhl wOHCIwdpd¾h mdlHfida;s irjkuq;a;="jevigyka iïnkaëldrl ,hk,a.=ref.a yd wdpd¾h ù' wó¾§ka we;=¿msßila iyNd.s jQy'

foaYmd,k úoHdj

wdrdê; foaYkh

wdpd¾h mdlHfida;s irjkuq;a;=úOdhl wOHCI úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh úúO jevigyka rdYshla ls%hd;aul lrñka isú,aiudch Yla;su;a lr,Sfï yd m%cd;ka;%Sh we.hqï wdrCId lr,Sfïfufyjrg odhl ù we;s wdh;khla f,i y÷kajd§ug yels nj wdpd¾hjrhd úiska meyeÈ,s lrk ,§'

tfukau furg j;auka iudc mßirh ksoyia woyia m%ldY lsÍfï ydmqrjeisfhl=g wNsudkj;aa Èúhla .;lsÍug we;s wjia:dj l%ufhka wvqjknj;a" .s,sys hk m%cd;ka;%Sh w.hka /l.kq jia úYaj úoHd, m%cdj lemúhhq;= nj o m%ldY lf,ah'

m%cd;ka;%jdofha idOkSh ,CIK /l.ekSu i|yd jk udOH i;= j.lSuw;sYh ;SrKd;aul tlla jqjo wo jk úg th tAl mdCIsl ù ;u j.lSïmeyer yßñka isák njla fmfkkafka hehso m%ldY lf<ah'

rfÜ tla fldgil mkia odylg wêl msßila wj;eka ù w;sYh idkqlïms;;;ajhlska miq jqjo rchla f,i ;u j.lSï iïNdrh ksjerÈj bgq fkdlsÍuksidfjka isú,a iudch i;= j.lSu jkqfha rch m%úIaaG ù we;s hqOuhudjf;a ksr¾:l nj fy,d±lSu nj o Tyq mejiqfõh'


foaYmd,k úoHdj

kjuq iïnkaO;djka f.dvk.d.kakd" iudch flfrys j.lshkq ,nk iudc.súiqulska fyì hym;a mqrjeishka ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ksrka;rfhka wmfjfyish hq;=hs' tfia fkdue;skï rg wrdðl;ajhg m;aùu fkdje,elaúhyelshehs o wdpd¾h jrhd jeäÿrg;a mejiqfõh'

idlÉPd yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï lsÍfïwjia:dj

ta'à'fla ' fmf¾rd - fld<U úYaj úoHd,hW;=re kef.kysr muKla fkdj Èjhsfka iEu m%foaYhlu udkj ysñlïW,a,x>kh jk neúka ta iEu lreKla .eku yvla ke.Sug isú,a iudchgyelsúh hq;=hs'

tï'whs'tï' rkQia - w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h;ñ,a kdvqj lrd ixl%uKh jk oñ, irKd.;hska jyd keje;aùu i|yd.;yels mshjr fudkjdo

id,sh nKavdr - fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,hl=vd orejka b,lal lrñka hqO yuqodj m%ydr t,a, lrkjdhehsfodaIdfrdamkh lsÍu ms<sn|j fojrla is;sh hq;=hs' fya;=j kï W;=rekef.kysr mj;sk hqOuh jd;djrKhhs'

ms<s;=re ,nd§fï wjia:dj

wdpd¾h mdlHfida;s irjkuq;a;=

ol=fKa ys¢ñka W;=f¾ ìysiqkq hqOuhmßirhla ;=< isÿjk isÿùï ms,sn|Wml,amkh lsÍu myiq kE'fya;=jkï hqoaOfha§ zzuq,au;=jd,lrejd jkafka i;HZZ ùuhs'tfy;a fmdÿfõ wm ieu tlÕúhhq;= lreK kï idudkH ck;djf.auQ,sl whs;sjdislï wdrCIdlr.ekSui|yd Tjqkg mQ¾K ksoyila ;sìhhq;= njhehs o wpd¾h jrhd ;ums<s;=re l:dfõ § m%ldY lf<ah'

udkj ysñlï W,a,x>khùïms,sn|j l;dnfya§ rch fj; uQ,slj.lSu fhduqùug m%Odk fya;=jlawe;snj i|yka lf<ah' tkï rchlahkq tla lKavdhulg fydamd¾Yjhlg muKla j.lshkq ,nkwdh;khla fkdfõ' th ish¨fokdf.a W;a;Í;r wdh;khhs'yeufofkl=f.au whs;sjdislïwdrCId lsÍu ´kEu rchl mruj.lSuhs'

furg yer hk irKd.;hska fj;iqNjdÈ wkd.;hla ;yjqre l< yelsm%fõYhla ,nd§u i|yd rchueÈy;a úh hq;=hs' tfy;a hqOuhmßirhl Tjqqkf.a brKu b;dfÄokSh úh yelshs' igka úrduld,iSudj ;=, Tjqkf.a ffoksl Èúh;=< hï m%.;shla olakg ,enqK;awojk úg hqOuh l<dmfhaÈúf.fjk idudkH isú,a jeishkaf.aÔú; flfrys j.lshkq ,nkafka kE'


wdrdê; foaYkh

uypd¾h .dñKs iurkdhliNdm;súYaj úoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj

fuu wjia:dj uE; Nd.fha furg úYaj úoHd, m%cdj tlu ;eklg talrdYsjQ wißu;a fudfyd;la f,i y÷kajdÿka uypd¾hjrhd fujka újD; yuqjlm%Odk wdrdê;hd f,ig iyNd.sùuo ;u jD;a;Sh Èúfha Nd.Hhla nj m%ldYlf<ah'

furg wOHdmkh m%uqL iEu wxYhlau wêl f,i foaYmd,kSlrkh ù we;snj;a tys,d fyd|u ksoiqk orejka mdi,g we;=,;a lsÍug .kakd iuyrls%hdud¾. nj;a meyeÈ,s lrk ,§'

tfukau foaYmd,kSlrkfha wÿre fijke,s úYaj úoHd,hg isiqka .ekSfï§ oolakg we;s nj;a furg md,lhska fl;rï úfoaY.; jqjo cmdkh jeksrgl ls%hd;aul by< .=Kd;aul l%u fõohka w;ayod ne,Sug lsis ÈklbÈßm;a ù ke;s nj;a m%ldYlrk ,§'

YS% ,xldfõ m%Odk;u .eg¿j ù we;af;a iEu lreKl§u mqrjeishd fkdjPkao odhlhd biau;=ùuhs' ksoyfika miq furg isÿjQ iS.% mßydksfha fmr.ukalrejka jQfha o fuu Pkao odhlhskau njo Tyq mejiqfõ h'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


furg iEu úYaj úoHd,hlg u tl iudk myiqlï mej;sh hq;= jqjo ;ju;aúYaj úoHd, w;r fN!;sluh f,i we;af;a msßueish fkdyels mr;rhlanjo mejiQ uypd¾h jrhd tfy;a udkj iïm;a w;ska i;=gqúh yels;;ajhla mj;sk nj;a" fujka jevuq¿ ;=,ska tjka udkj iïm;a ;jÿrg;aixj¾Ok lsÍu fjkqfjka úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhg ia;+;sjka; úh hq;=nj;a i|yka lf<ah'

wdrdê; foaYk weiqfrka

idlÉPd yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï lsÍfïwjia:dj

fÊ'ta'tia'wd¾'whs' chfldä - le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,hcd;Hka;r m%cdfõ uQ,sl wNs,dIh YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl .eg¿j úi£u fkdj;%ia;jd§kag wdOdr lsÍuhs'

ta' tÉ' iqcd;a - w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,hhqoaOh ksid W;=re yd kef.kysr ck;djf.a W,a,x>kh jk udkjwhs;sjdislï ksÍCIKh i|yd wmCImd;s m%n, fldñIka iNdjla m;al<hq;=hs'

tï'Ô'ã'î' iurfldaka - inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,h,xldfõ n,h fnod yeßh hq;= jqj;a ;%ia;jdoh lsisfia;a idOdrkSlrKh l<fkdyelshs'

id,sh nKavdr - fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,hfmvr,a hkq ,xldjg wd.ka;=l ixl,amhla' n,h fnodyeÍu ;=<ska;%ia;jd§kag iykhla ,nd fkdÈh hq;=hs'

iqfk;a r;akdhl - reyqKq úYaj úoHd,hol=fKa udOH j,ska wefik foa muKla h:d¾:h hehs úYajdi lsÍuhswjdikdj'

iefjdu YS% ,dxlSh hk wNsudkh we;s lr .ekSuhs jeo.;a

tï' iqNdðkS - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,hol=fKa fidhqrKs" wdrxÑ ud¾.fhka fkdj isheiskau wmj olskakg W;=rg ydkef.kysrg meñfKkak' uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;dj,ska wxY ud;%hla fydafkd,efnk ifydaor ck;djlf.a fYdalS jQ uqyqKq Tng tys meñKshfyd;a±lsh yels fõú'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


m%:u ieish

iïm;a odhl;ajhwdpd¾h" mdlHfida;s irjkuq;a;= uy;d

f;audj

YS% ,xldfõ j¾;udk udkj ysñlï;;ajh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r m%cdfõksÍCIKhka

1.1

furg j¾;udk udkj ysñlïj, iajNdjh ms<sn|j ksÍCIKh l< hq;=jkqfha my; i|yka j¾Okhka iuÕskah'

wdrCIl yuqod idïmQ¾j, n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu

w;=reoykaùï ms<sn|j fiùu i|yd iajdëk cd;Hka;r fldñIulam;a lsÍu i|yd ckdêm;sjrhd úiska mshjr .ekSu'

YS% ,'ks'm' yd t'cd'm w;r isÿjQ wjfndaO;d .súiqu

by; j¾Okhka ;=< olakg we;s iqNjd§ ,CIKh kï udkj ysñlïW,a,x>Kh ùï ms<sn| id;ssYh Wkkaÿjla m< lsÍug rch bÈßm;a ùuhs'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


ñksia m,syla f,i idudkH isú,a ck;dj fhdod .ekSfï wmlS¾;su;ab;sydihla rchg yd LTTE ixúOdkh hk fomd¾Yjhgu we;'

fikafpdaf,ays § l=vd orejka .=jka m%ydr j,g f.dÿre ù ñh hEu ydleì;sf.d,a,Efõ isú,a ck;d >d;k uÕska fyda we;sjk lïmkh hqoaOhksud lsÍfï W;aidyhla olajd j¾Okh fkdùu iuia; cd;sfhau wjdikdjlanjo irjkuq;a;= uy;d úiska m%ldY lrk ,§'

idlÉPd yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfïwjia:dj

id,sh nKavdr - fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h;%ia;jd§kaf.ka isxy, ckhdg isÿjk udkj whs;s jdislï W,a,x>Kh ùïcd;Hka;r m%cdfõ wjOdkhg ,la fkdjkafka wehs @

fldai, fmf¾rd - fld<U úYaj úoHd,horeKq f,i udkj whs;sjdislï W,a,x>Kh jk mßirhl isú,a iudchYla;su;a lsÍu i|yd lghq;= l< hq;=hs'

Ma' m%§mka - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,hj¾;udkfha udkj whs;sjdislï lvùï ms<sn| ksjerÈ m%jD;Ska udOH yrydol=Kg fkdmeñfKa' udOH lshk foag jvd W;=re kef.kysr isÿjk foa b;dfjkia

tï' fÊ' fla' ryqudka - fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,hljr md¾Yjhlf.a fyda fõjd udkj whs;s jdislï lvjQ úg ke.S isáh hq;=hs'Bg mCImd;SFjhla fkd;sìh hq;=hs'

ms<s;=re ,nd§fï wjia:dj

wdpd¾h - mdlHfida;s irjkuq;a;= uy;d

foaYmd,k úoHdj

;;ajhka ú.%h lrkakg neye

b;du jeo.;a lreK kï udkjwhs;sjdislï hkq wm ish¿ fokd i;=mru whs;shla h hkak wjfndaOlr.ekSu yd ta wkqj idudÔhmeje;au ilialr .ekSuhs'

rfÜ fld;ekl udkj whs;Skalvùula isÿ jqjo rch tys,dueÈy;aúh hq;=hs' fya;=j kï rchlahkq iEu m%cdjlf.au whs;sjdislïwdrCId lrKq ,nk W;a;Í;rwdh;kh ùuhs' wm lsisfjl=g ol=fKaisáñka ksjerÈj W;=re ydkef.kysr m<d;aj, isÿjk ìysiqkq

leì;sf.d,a,Efõ >d;k .ek ùÒneiai úYaj úoHd, isiqka;s%l=Kdu,fha >d;kh jQ isiqka miafokd .ek tf,i ls%hdlr ;sfí o@tjeks ÿ¾j,;dhs wm ksjerÈ lr.;hq;af;a'


iïm;a odhl;ajh

m%§ma mSßiawxY m%OdkS" fidaI,a bkaäflag¾ wdh;kh

f;audj

YS% ,xldfõ fmvr,a újdoh - md,l m%N+ mka;sfha isg idudkHck;dj olajd

YS% ,xldjg WÑ; n,h fnod yeÍfïjHqyhla ms<sn| lÓldjg §¾>b;sydihla we;'

fmvr,a úiÿula flfrys mj;akduyck Woafhda.h iEu Èku taldldÍfkdfõ'

foaYmd,k úoHdj

2003 § fmvr,a jHjia:djla fj;gkeUqre jQ ck;d leue;a; 43'7]jqjo 2004 § th 49'4] olajdj¾Okh úh'

rfÜ isÿjk ld,Sk foaYmd,kfjkiaùïj,g idfmaCIj fmvr,awoyi flfrys mj;sk ck;dleue;a;o wvq jeä fõ'

b;d iqúfYaIs ,CIKhla f,i m%§mamSßia uy;d i|yka lf<a iq¿cd;slhskaf.a ksfhdackh ;=< tkïl÷rg yd W;=re kef.kysr oñ<m%cdfõ yd uqia,sï m%cdfõ b;d by<leue;a;la fmvr,a ieleiaulaiïnkaOj ksr;=reju mej;Suhs'

m%§ma mSßia uy;df.a woyia m,lsÍfuka miqj iyNd.slhskame<|f.k isá ye÷kqïm; msgqmii|yka wxl j,g wod,j lKavdhïj¾. l< w;r m%Odk lKavdhï 7laTiafia m%§ma mSßia uy;df.a f;audjgwod,j újdohla wdrïN úh'


újdo ud;Dldj

YS% ,xldfõ fmvr,aújdohg jeo.;a jkafkaldf.a u;ho @

m%N+ u;ho @

uyck u;ho @

foaYmd,k úoHdj

A lKavdhu

lKavdhï kdhl ( .hdka w,ymafmreuinr.uqj úYaj úoHd,h

m%N+ u;h jeo.;a fõ

idudkH ck;dj ;=, fmvr,a jdoh ms,sn| ksYaÑ; woyila fkdue;sùu' tuwoyi f.dvke.Sug jqjo hï u;hla w;HjYHfõ'

uyck u;h fkdj yeÕSug wjYH jkafka udOHhs' udOH yryd m%N+ka u.skafmvr,a woyi uyckhd fj; Èh yel'

wd.ñl kdhlhskaf.a woyi o jeo.;ah'

idudkH ck;dj ;=, fmvr,a jdoh ms,sn| ksYaÑ; woyila fkdue;' tuksididudkH ck;djf.a u;h ksfYaOkh jkafkah'

B lKavdhulKavdï kdhl ( lms, wur;=x.chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

f*vr,a l%uh bosrshg f.khdfñ§ uyck u;h jeo.;ao@

m%cd;ka;%jdoh ls%hd;aul jk rdcHhla hkq uyckhd Wfoid lrk md,khls'tksid uyck u;h hkak m%;slafIam l< fkdyelsh'

Ys% ,xldfõ mj;akd jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh lsÍug n,mdkafka o uyck u;hhs' ta nj wdKavq l%u jHjia:dj ;=< mj;akd neúka ta i|yd cku;úpdrKhla mej;sh hq;=h'

m%N+u;h iq¿;r u;hls' uyck u;h nyq;r neúka fnfyúka jeo.;ajkafka uyck u;hhs'


fmvr,a úi÷ug m%N+;ajh n,mdkjd

wNHka;r iudch

ndysr iudch

b

,a

,S

ï

b,a,Sï

iyfhda.h

úi÷ï f.k tafïÈ uy ck;dj fkdj m%N+;ajh wksjd¾hfhkau n,mdkjd

m%N+;ajh

C lKavdhu

lKavdï kdhl ( pdkl m;srkfmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

ú

i

÷

ï

D lKavdhu

lKavdï kdhl ( ;rx. rxfokshle<ksh úYaj úoHd,h

f*vr,a woyi bÈßhg f.khdfï§ jeo.;ajkafka uycku;hhsm%cd;ka;%jdofha§ uyck u;hg.rel, hq;= ksid fmvr,a woyfia§;aTjqkag m%uqL;djh Èh hq;=h'

fuf;la .;a fmvr,a ls%hdud¾.wid¾:l jqfka tajd m%cdj úiska .;aksidh'

nKavdrkdhl - fp,ajkdh.ï -.súiqu

vâ,s - fp,ajkdh.ï - .súiqu

fmvr,a fhdackdjla iudch ;=,skamek ke.sh hq;=h' ke;skï wid¾:lúh hq;=h'

iq¿ cd;sl woyiao fmvr,a l%ufhaÈjeo.;a fõ'

cku; úuiqula jeks l%ufõohlskals%hd;aul úh hq;=h'

iudc wd¾Ól m%YaK jvd;a ixfõÈjkafka uyck;djghs' ta ksidTjqkaf.a u;h wjYH fõ'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


E lKavdhu

lKavdï kdhl ( tï' à' wiaó¾w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h

f*vr,a l%uh f.dv ke.Sug m%N+ u;hjeo.;a fõm%N+ka hkq ljfrlao@

uyck u;h i|yd m%N+kaf.a n,mEu

^f*vr,a leue;a; f.dv ke.Su& ̂ bkaoshdj&

uyck u;h ia:dms; lsrSug jeo.;a jk ndOl

1' n,h

2' iqcd;Ndjh

3' ms,s.ekSu

4' ffk;sl Ndjh

fï olajd .uka u. ;=< ck;d ls%hdldrs;ajh w;a;fkdau;sl ùu

maf,afgdaf.a mrudo¾Ys rdcHh'

foaYmd,k úoHdj

m%N+ka}F lKavdhu

lKavdï kdhl ( fldai, fmf¾rdfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

f*vr,a woyi yd uyck u;hksoyfia isg fï olajd f.k tk ,o foaYmd,k úiÿï m%N+ka u.ska woyia ùuksid fuu m%YaKh fkdúi÷kq w;r th ;jÿrg;a bÈßhg foda,kh úh'

j¾;udk iEu idlÉPd fïihlgu jdä fjkafka m%N+ mx;sfhks ^ish¨ckfldgia ksfhdckh fkdùu&

fhdackd -

ksudj" jevuq¿" ikaksfõok udOH fhdod.ekSu

mdi,a m%dfoaYsh uÜgfuka ±kqj;a lsÍu

iajdëk woyia m%ldYk whs;sh

;DKuQ, uÜgfï woyia m%N+ mx;sl woyia yd .e,mSu

újdo ud;Dldj

YS% ,xldfõ fmvr,aújdohg jeo.;a jkafkaldf.a u;ho @

m%N+ u;ho @

uyck u;ho @


G lKavdhu

lKavdï kdhl ( id,sh nKavdrfmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

f*vr,a l%uhg m%N+ u;h jeo.;a

ckdêm;s" w.ue;s" m%Odk fmf<a foaYmd,k kdhlhska ckm%sh kdhlhska ùu'

1925-1926- nKavdrkdhl uy;d zzfhdackdjlaZZ wdldrhg' ^uq,skau f.kwdjd&

1949- fp,ajkdh.ï - uy;d oerE woyi'

ckao l%uh" foaYmd,k l%uh wkqj uyck;djg ±kqula kE' ta ksid m%N+lKavdhï woyi jeo.;a fõ'

foaYmd,k l%uh ksid idudkH ck;djg foaYmd,k ±kqu wjfndaO lr.ekSfï wiSre nj

mqrjeishdg jvd Pkao odhlhd mCI kdhl;ajh úiajdi lsÍu'

uyck;djf.a foaYmd,k iú{dkl Ndjh wvqh'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


fojeks ieish

iïm;a odhl;ajhwdpd¾h" wdßhr;ak we;=.,fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h"le,Ksh úYajú úoHd,h

f;audj

foaYmd,k ikaksfõokh iy Y%S ,xldj

foaYmd,k ikaksfõokfha uQ,h n,hhs' foaYmd,ksl ikaksfõokh rgly;rjk wdKavqj f,i y÷kd.efka'

fndfyda rgj, foaYmd,ksl fj<odula olakg we;' tksidu ck;djfoaYmd,ksl ikaksfõok mdßfNda.slhska ù we;' ta khska n,k l, fmdÿ ckwhs;sh hkq foaYmd,lhdf.a n,h wNsuqj wf,ú jkakls'

j¾;udk iudch ;=< jvd;a biau;= ù we;af;a udkj ixj¾Okm%cd;ka;%jdoh fkdj úoHq;a m%cd;ka;%jdohhs' tysÈ u;=msáka udhdjla f,iikaksfõokh lrkq ,nk m%cd;ka;%jdoh foaYmd,kslj yuq fkdfõ'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


idlÉPd yd woyiam%ldY lsÍfïwjia:djwdpd¾h we;=.,hkaf.a foaYkfhkawk;=rej tu foaYkh wdY%fhkals%hdldrlula ,nd fok ,È' tkïrEmjdyskS kd,sld foll tluisoaêhla ms<sn|j bÈßm;a lrK ,om%Odk m%jD;a;s foll iudkwiudklï ú.%y lsÍuhs'

f;audj ( ( ( ( ( mYapd;a iqkdñ fufyhqïl<ukdlrK mk; ^P. Toms&bÈßm;alsÍfï wjia:dj cd;slrEmjdysksh iy isri rEmjdysksh;u m%Odk m%jD;a;s m%ldYh ;=<§úldYh lrk ,o wdldrh

tla tla lKavdhu i|yd úkdä 4lmuK ld,hla ,nd ÿka w;r tuld, iSudj ;=<§ f;dard.kakd ,olKavdhï kdhlfhla yrydlKavdhfï woyi bÈßm;a lrk ,§'yeu lKavdhulau úkdä 20l muKld,hla wod, f;audj ms,sn|jidlÉPd lsÍu uQ,slju isÿúh'

foaYmd,k úoHdj

A lKavdhubosßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl - tÉ'ù'wd¾' m%shx.sldfmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

cd;sl rEmjdysKshWoaf>daIK wjia:dj ixialrKh lr ;sîu

c'ú'fm' ler,s ldß;ajh jvd biau;= lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu

md¾,sfïka;=fõ fkdikaiqka nj jeäÿr fmkaùu

l:dkdhlf.a ÿn,;djh

tlu m%jD;sh tla foaYmd,ksl u;jdohla ksfhdackh lrhs' ^wdKavqj wdrCIdlsÍu&

leurd.; l, fldaKh ̂ yuqod md¾Yjh&

isriWoaf>daIK wjia:dj m%n,j bÈßm;a lsÍu

wdKavqfõ ±ä u¾okldÍ m%;sm;a;sh

fm!oa.,sl udOH j, mCI.%dys Ndjh

;udf.a u;h fjkqfjka fmkS isàu

leurd.; l, fldaKh' ̂ ck;djf.a md¾Yjh&

B lKavdhuboßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl - c.;a ,laisßchj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

isri rEmjdyskS kd,sldj

1& wka;¾.;h (-

i) isri mCI.%dySj woyia ±laùu

ii) jpk Ndú;h jeäh

iii) lreKq tlg f.dkqlr ±laùu

2& rEmh

i) rEm Ndú;h wvqh

ii) ck;dj m%fldamldÍ jk oiqka fmkaùu


foaYmd,k úoHdj

iii) md¾,sfïka;=j ydiHhg ,la lsÍu

iv) bÈßm;a lsÍfï wdl¾YkSh;ajh

3& wdlD;sh

i) NdIdj Ndú;h m%dKj;a

ii) ms<sfj, wvqh

iii) fláhs

rEmjdyskS m%jD;a;s

1& wka;¾.;h

i) mlaI.%dySj woyia ±laùu'

ii) lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu ydfldgia jYfhka lsÍu'

2& rEmh

i) fldgia ms<sfj,g fm< .eiaùu

ii) fmdÿ u;hg jeä ;ekla ,nd§u'

iii) md¾,sfïka;=j ydiHhg ,lalsÍu'

iv) jvd;a wdl¾IkSh ke;'

C lKavdhu

bosßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl - t,a' fla' fÊ' p;=ßldfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

cd;sl rEmjdysKsh

² iQ'i'u' .ssúiqu w;aika fkdl, nj m%ldY lsÍu ^l:dkdhl úiska&

² md¾,sfïka;=fõ úreoaO mCI uka;S%ka yeisreKq wdldrh jeä jYfhkafmkaùu'

² c'ú'fmruqKg ck;d wm%idoh we;s jk wdldrfha rEm rduq fmkaùu

isri

² tu .súiqu w;aika l< nj m%ldYlsÍu'

² tu o¾Yk ixialrKh fldgbÈßm;a lsÍu'

² m %Odk úfrd aOhla muKla±laùu'

² u¾Okh isÿ l< wdldrh jeäjYfhka fmkaùu ^ch,;achj¾Ok fmkaùu&


D lKavdhu

bosßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl - tï' tia' tï' widre§kaw.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h

cd;sl rEmjdyskS

wdlD;sh² rEmrduq bÈßm;a lsÍu

² rEm rduq fkdfmkaùu" Woaf>daIK

² iqkdñ iyk uKav,h f.k tau ifya;=lj bÈßm;a lrhs

wka;¾.;h² kd,sld folu mlaImd;Sh

² wka;¾.;hg rEm fkd.e,mSu

u;jdoh² wêm;sjdoh

² uQ,sl wruqfKka neyerhs

² m%fldamldÍ .egqï i|yd jeä bv

² wmCImd;s núska f;dr ùu

² kd,sld foflau m%ldYk m%Yia; fkdùu

foaYmd,k úoHdj


isriiuia; isoaê oduh .ek flá yd ksrjq,a jd¾;dlsÍula'

cd;slfoaYmd,ksl jYfhka .%dylhd ;=< ms,sl=,a iy.;f,i neyer lsÍfï u;jdohla

wka;¾.;h

isriflá rEm rduq ;=,ska wod, isoaêh ms,sn| w¾:hla

.%dylhdg ,nd fohs'

cd;slixialrKh fkdlrk ,o §¾> ld,Sk rEm rduq

^;u u;jdoh jvd;a ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi&

rEmuh YlH;dj

u;jdo

isri

iqkdñ iyk ufrdav, my; iïu; lsÍu ydmy; ms,sn|j meyeÈ,s fldg uOHia: bÈßm;alsÍula

cd;sl

rch úiska f.k tk jev ms,sfj, id¾:l nj;a"M,odhs nj;a rEm rduq wdY%h fldg .ksñka ;yjqrelsÍug W;aidy lrhs'

isri

chj¾Ok uy;d fmkaùu yryd úmCIfhaa u;h hïÿrlg bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy lrhs'

cd;sl

isxy, ksfõÈldjf.a bÈßm;a lsÍuúYajdikSh fõCNN wdlD;sh Ndú;d lrhs'

E lKavdhubosßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl - tï' m%§mkakef.kysr úYaj úoHd,h

;dCIKh

foaYmd,k úoHdj


iïm;a odhl;ajh

wdpd¾h ù' wñ¾§kafcHIaG lÓldpd¾hfmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

f;audj

YS% ,dxlSh uqia,sï foaYmd,kfha uE;ld,Sk m%jK;d

2'2

YS% ,dxlSh foaYmd,kh ;=< ckj¾.w;r wr., 1915 muK isg mej;sw;r uqia,sï ckj¾.h wr., i|ydueÈy;a jQ wjia:d b;d wju úh'fya;=j uqia,sïjreka wd¾Ól wxYhflfrys ;u uQ,sl wjOdkh fhduqlrñka isàuhs'

1980 oYlfha w. Nd.fha§ m%:u jrgilS%hj foaYmd,khg uqia,sïjrekaueÈy;aúh' ta YS% ,xld uqia,sïfldx.%ih yrydhs'

úúO idlÉPduh úi÷ï cd;sl

.eg¿j i|yd mej;sh ouqia,sïjrekaf.a wkkH;djhbiau;=jk lsisÿ wjia:djla tjkawjia:dj,§ fkd,eìK'

tla wjia:djl§ fjkajQ mßmd,khtallhla w.aksÈ. l,dmh fya;=lrf.k YS%,xld uqia,sï fldx.%ih úiskab,aÆ w;r LTTE ixúOdkh thm%;sfCIam lf<ah'

iqkdñ jHhik wjia:dfõ § fhdað;iqkdñ fufyhqï l<ukdlrKhdka;%Kh ;=< mjd uqia,sïjrekag

foaYmd,k úoHdj


iykhla fkd,eìK' tfy;aiqkdñfha§ uqia,sïjrekag jQ ydkshb;d m%n,h'

uqia,sï m%cdjg isÿ jQ fkdi,ldyeÍï .ek úuiSfï § isÿ l< hq;=wdikaku foh kï cd;sl .eg¿ji|yd jk úi÷ï idlÉPd jkwjia:djl m%n, ksfhdackhla uqia,sïm%cdj fj; ,nd §uhs' tfy;a tjkawjia:djl úmq, m%fhdack ,eîug;rï uqia,sï foaYmd,k mCI ydkdhlhska w;r meyeÈ,s iïuq;shlafkdue;s ùu wjdikdjka; ;;ajhls'


tÉ' tï' *d;sud refuhsid - w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,hyeu ckj¾.hlg u wh;a idudkH ck;dj yeuodu;a i;=áka ydiudodkfhka l,a.; l<d' foaYmd,k kdhlhskaf.a n, f,daNS;ajhhs j¾;udkfNaohkaf.a uQ,h' ta ksid W;=re kef.kysr ;j;a ldYaórhla fkdlsÍfïj.lSu foaYmd,k kdhlhska i;=hs'

wd¾'tÉ't,a'iS' fmf¾rd - fld<U úYaj úoHd,hðydâ jeks ixúOdk kef.kysr m,df;a ìys ù we;ehs jd¾;d jk w;ruqia,sïjreka wdhqO ixialD;shg we§ hdu ;=< cd;sl .eg¿j ;j;a W;aikakùu iajdNdúlhs' ta ksid uqia,sïjrekaf.a N+ñldj b;du jeo.;a wjidkúi÷ula lrd hdfï §'

ksYdka;s ch,;a - fld<U úYaj úoHd,hkef.kysr m,df;a irKd.;hska w;r nyq;rh uqia,sï jqj;a ta w;risxy,hskao isà' yeu úgu kef.kysr m,d; ;=< uqia,sï m%cdjg jrm%ido,nd fok úg mdrïmßl isxy, ckhdf.a wjYH;d .ek;a ie,ls,a,la ±laùujeo.;a'

ÈkQIa iurlafldä - inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,huqia,sï m%cdjg cd;shla f,i tlÕ;djhla ke;sùuhs .eg¿j' bia,dï rdcHh±ka h,a mek,' cd;sl rdcHh jgd yeu m%cdjlau talrdYS úh hq;=hs'uef,aIshdfõ zzN+ñ mq;%ZZ ixl,amh lÈu kso¾Ykhla' foaYSh wNsudkhla ke;swfhla isà kï" Tyq fyda weh ráka msgqjy,a lsÍuhs l< hq;af;a'

fldai, fmf¾rd - fld<UúYaj úoHd,h,xldfõ cd;sl .eg¿j ljrdldrohkak .ek w;S;fha mgkau ú.%ylrñka isákjd yefrkakg m%dfhda.slNdú;djla olakg keye' cd;sl .Sh"cd;sl fldäh jeks tajd m%uqL ldrKf,i ±kg idlÉPd fkdl< hq;=hs'

ta' tia' t*a' ßfkdishd -fld<U úYaj úoHd,huqia,sï - oñ< iyÔjkhg w;S;fhamgkau NdIdj lÈu w;aje,la jqkd'j;auka cd;sl .eg¿j úi£ug.kakd W;aidyh ;=< NdIdm%j¾Okhg yels;dla bv lv ,nd§uhs uQ,slju l< hq;af;a'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


Èkh ( 2006 - 10 - 15

f;jeks ieish

iïm;a odhl;ajhtia' whs' lS;fmdkal,kafcHIaG lÓldpd¾hfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

f;audj

idu ls%hdj,sh wdrCId lr .ekSutys .eg¿ yd wNsfhda.

idu idlpPd ì| jeà hqoaOhg wj;S¾K jQ iEu wjia:djl§u fomd¾YjhuBg b;d oreKq f,i uqyqK ÿkako Bg idfmaCIj idu idlÉPd wLKavjm%Òt,odhs lr .ekSu i|yd .;a fjfyi b;d ÿ¾j,h'

idu ls%hdj,sh wNshi m%Odk wNsfhda. folla olakg we;'

1' YS%','ks'm wdKavqj i;= md¾,sfïka;= wdik .Kk iSud iys; ùu ksidc'ú'fm yd cd'fy'W wka;jd§ u;hkag weyqka lka §ug isÿùu ol=fKafoaYmd,k hd:d¾:hla ùu'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


2' rdcmCI ckdêm;sjrhdf.a wdKavqj wNshi LTTE ixúOdkh jvd;aysxidldÍ ùu yd ta m%udKhg jvd m%n,j wdKavqj olajk yuqoduhm%;spdr'

uE; ld,Skj ,nd .kakd yuqoduh ch.%yK ksidfjka hqOuh úi÷ulskacd;sl .eg¿j úi¢h yelsh hk Wml,amkhg wdKavqj yd tys md¾Yjlrejka m;a ùuo ;j;a m%n, wNsfhda.hls'


tï'whs'tï' rkQia - w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,hidu idlÉPd iM, ùug kï cd;Hka;r m%cdj Yla;su;aj ueÈy;aùuwksjd¾h úh hq;=hs'

uOqrx. rkafoksh - le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,fomd¾Yjhu idu ls%hdj,sh uqjdfjka f.khk ysxidldÍ hqoaOh" ueoy;aiduldó ck;dj úiska fy<d ±lsh hq;=h'

Ô' iS' ms%hxl - fld<U úYaj úoHd,hhqoaOfha ìysiqkq h:d¾:h ish¿fokdf.ka jika l< mßirhlhs wmÈúf.jkafka' iduldó Ôjk ;;ajhla b,a,d isàu mqrjeishka f,i wm i;=j.lSuls'

tï' iqNdðkS - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,hwjia:djd§ foaYmd,khg uqjd ù idu ls%hdj,sfhka wE;a ùu hkq rg ;j;aoYl .Kkdjlska wdmiaig weof.k hduhs'

iqfk;a r;akdhl - reyqK úYaj úoHd,hhqoaOh ish¿ ì|jeàï j,g uq, hehs yv k.ñka isáho ksjerÈ wd¾Óll<ukdlrKhla fkd;sîu wdKavqfõ m%Odk ì|jeàuhs'

È¨ï mSßia - inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,hfkda¾fõ rdcHh fudfyd;ska m%;slafCIm lsÍu ldf,daÑ; keye' Tjqka úYd,lem lsÍula fï jk úg isÿ lr wjidkhs' cd;Ska w;r ifudaOdkhla i|ydjk ksjerÈ l%ufõohla i|yd wj;S¾K ùuhs w;HjYH fldkafoaish úhhq;af;a'

tï' iqOdlrka - kef.kysrúYaj úoHd,h W;=re kef.kysr ck Ôú;hms<sn|j ol=fKa ifydaor ck;dj ;=<we;af;a b;d wvq ±kqula nj fïjevuq¿fõ§ fyd¢ka meyeÈ,s jqkd'kef.kysr hqoaOfhka wj;eka jQ oyia.Kka ck;dj .ek is;d fyda wmsieu ifydaor;ajfhka tla fjuq'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


iïm;a odhl;ajh

uydpd¾h chka; fifkúr;akle<ksh úYaj úoHd,

f;audj

YS% ,xldj ;=< cd;sl rdcHf.dv keÕSfï .eg¿'YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl .eg¿j cd;sljd§ wr.,hla njg miq.sh oYl follld,h ;=< l%ufhka mßj¾;kh ù we;'

;uka cd;sh ;=< ,nkakd jQ m%uqL;djh ;j;a cd;shla iu. fnod yod .kakgwe;s wlue;a; ksid j¾;udkfha rdcH ;=< .egqï yd wr., mek ke.S we;snj fmkS hhs'

bÈßhla ±lSug kï rdcHh jydu m%;sjHQy.; l< hq;=h' rdcHfha .ukwjysr lrKq ,nk icd;ShlrKh" uOH.;jdoh jeks jdoj, t,a,S fkdisgl< hq;af;a nyqcd;sljd§ yd n,mx.=ldÍ o¾Ykhla bÈßhg f.k tauhs'

wo f,dalfha oejeka; rgla f,i bkaÈhdj bÈßhg meñK we;af;a iu;=,s;nyqFj jdohla rg ;=< mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH foaYmd,k yd mßmd,kjHQyhla ilid.;a ksidhs' tjka wisßhla isÿ l< bka§h rdcH ;dka;s%lhskaf.a¥ro¾YS nj furg md,lhska i;=j fkdue;s ùu o wo wm uqyqk foknrm;,u .eg¿jls'

idlÉPd yd woyiam%ldY lsÍfïwjia:dj

id,sh nKavdr - fmardfokshúYaj úoHd,hljfrla ,dxlSh cd;sh f.dv keÕSums<sn|j l:d l,;a furg jeishdwfkHdkH iyfhda.fhka l,a f.jkw;r foYmd,k mCI l%uhhs ,xldjw.dOh lrd ref.k hkq ,nkafka'

Oïu Èidkdhl - fcHIaGlÓldpd¾h - fld<U úYajúoHd,hish¿ fokd 83 l¿ cQ,sfha wiqkaornj .ek muKla l:d l,;a tysfidÿre wjia:do fkd;snqKd fkdfõ'isxy, wka;jd§ka myr foa hehs

ìfhka fou< .ïudk /l .ekSui|yd isxy, .ïudkj, msßia Èk.Kka ksÈ jrñka lem jQ j.g nÿ,a,wdYs%;j fndfyda kso¾Yk ;sfnkw;r tjeks lreKq o u;= lsÍuckjd¾.sl iyfhda.fha§ w;HjYHhs'

ÈkQI iurlafldä -inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,hckjd¾.sl w¾nqofha lrjgla .s,Sisák rgla f,i udOH Ndú;djms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a ùu b;dujeo.;a' tla;rd rEmjdyskS ±kaùulwe;s ixfõ§ ;djh b;d úYSIaGhs'yuqod fid,aodÿfjla meñfKk úgìfhka k<f,a ;s,lh uldf.k bj;ieÕfjk l=vd orefjl=" yuqodfid,aodÿjd úiska olskj' túg Tyq

foaYmd,k úoHdj

l=vd orejd Tijdf.k fmdf<dfõmia" ;u weÕs,s ;=vg f.k l=vdorejdf.a k<, u; ;s,lh ;nkjd'fujka ks¾udKYS,s udOH Ndú;djlafj; m%fõYùug ±kaj;a wm iQodkïúh hq;=hs'

ù' ã' whs' rejka;s - fld<UúYaj úoHd,hidudkH Ôú;fha§ ish¿ fokdiduhg ,eÈhs' ta;a oYl folla;siafia m%pKav hqoaOhla fuysmj;skafka' óg fya;=j wdl,amuhfjkila olakg ke;s luhs'


iudma;s ieishwruqK

jev uq¿j i|yd iyNd.s jQ YsIH YsIHdjka ta ms,sn|j m< lrkq ,nk woyiayd úfõpk i|yd wjia:dj ,nd §u'

fufyhùu

,hk,a .=ref.a uy;d

iqfk;a r;akdhl- reyqK úYaj úoHd,hfujeks jevuq¿jla ;=<ska úYajúoHd, fidhqre fidhqßhkay÷kd.ekSu Nd.Hhla' fuh fuf;lafkd,enQ yd h,s ÿ ,efíhehsfkdis;k wjia:djla' fujka wisßu;ayuqjl§ ,;a mdvï m%dfhda.sl ;,fhals%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd wmsfjfyfiuq'

ksYdka;s ch,;a- fld<U úYaj úoHd,hÔú;fha m%:u jrghs wms ish¿ fokdfï wdldrfha jevigyklg iyNd.SjQfha' b;d újD;j woyia m<lsÍui|yd ,nd ÿka wjia:dj b;dujeo.;a' ;j;a woyia m, lsÍu i|ydld,h ,ndÿkakd kï óg jvd M,odhsnj wmf.a woyihs'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


jika; l=udr - YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,húúO f;audjka wdY%fhka .eUqre ixjdo f.dvk.d .ksñka lsisod iriúh ;=< isÿfkdjk m%dfhda.sl ls%hdj,shla fuys§ isÿ jqkd' th wm w.h lrKq ,nkj' uqia,sïfoaYmd,kh yd W;=re kef.kysr fidhqre fidhqßhkaf.a ienE ck Èúh w;a olskakg,enqkd Tjqkf.a l:d nfyka' fujka jevigyka ;j ;j;a ìys lsÍu b;d ldf,dÑ;mshjrla njhs wm iriúfha yeÕSu'

tka' foafõkaøka - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,hwm ifydaor isiqka ;=< ol=fka iudch ms<sn|j mej;s ÿ¾u; fndfyda bj;a ùug fuujevuq¿j n,mE nj ksy;udkSj mejish hq;=hs' ol=fKa msßia oñ< wh" fkdreiakdwdfõ.YS,s wh f,iska wm is;d isáhd' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a ifydaor;ajh wms ÿgq w;rckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh mjd fufia újD;j ixjdoYS,s whqßka úi|d .ekSfï wjia:dj;ju;a we;s njhs wmf.a yeÕSu'

id,sh nKavdr - fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,huq¿ jevuq¿j mqrdu hï m%dfhda.sl;ajhla ÿgqjd' jvd jeo.;a jkqfha fujeks woyia ìïuÜgu lrd f.k f.dia ñksiqka ±kqj;a lsÍuhs' jevuq¿j, iajNdjh ish¿ lreKqblaukska wu;l lsÍu' ta;a fujka jevuq¿jl § ,nd.;a w;a±lSï iïNdrh Wmfhda.Slr.ksñka cd;sl .eg¿j úi£fï mshjr Wfoid hula tla lsÍughs W;aidy .;hq;af;a'

.hdka w,ymafmreu - inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,hwms ljo;a n,h fnodyer iduldñ úi÷ula furgg ,nd Èh hq;=h hk woyfia miqfjkj' iriúfha foaYmd,k úoHd ix.uh tys,d hï hï W;aidyhka ksrka;rfhka.kq ,nkjd' úúO;ajh ;=< Èú f.ùfï wisßh;a fjk;a wkkH;djkag .re lsÍfïhym;a m%;sM,;a wm fï jevuq¿j ;=<ska w;aÿgqjd'

fldai, fmf¾rd - fld<U úYaj úoHd,hfufia úYaj úoHd, m%cdfõ yvg ijka§u yd tu woyiaj,g bvla ,nd §u b;djeo.;a' ta;a iïm%odhsl wx. ,CIK iuyrla fuu jevuq¿fõ o olakg ,enqkd'iuia; úYaj úoHd, moaO;shu ksfhdackh l< msßia fuys bkakjd' ta ksid fuh iudcúoHd m¾fhaIkd.drhla f,i is;d lghq;= l< hq;=hs'

tï'whs'tï' rkQia - w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,hhdmkh úYaj úoHd,h fuys fkdue;sùu b;d wvqjla' fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a fukauthg wu;rj Ôú;h .ek mjd wjodkulska Èúf.jk wm ms<sn|j Wkkaÿ ù fujkajevuq¿jla yryd hï lÓldjla iduh ms<sn|j ks¾udKh lsÍug fjfyiSu ms,sn|júl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhg wmf.a iriúfha ia;+;sh msßkeñh hq;=hs' wms wdrdOkdlrkakg leu;shs ol=fKa ish¿ fidhqre fidhqßhka yg udOH j,ska wm ms<sn|j;SrKj,g t<fUkafka ke;sj hï ixjdohla f.dv ke.Sug odhl jk f,i'

;rx. rkafoksh - le<ksh úYaj úoHd,hfuys§ ,nd.;a ±kqu fukau y÷kd.;a msßio jeo.;a' fuys§ ñ;%;ajfhka y÷kd.;aoñ< yd uqia,sï fidhqre fidhqßhka ;=,ska jd¾.sl w¾nqofha iajNdjh;a Tjqkf.a ixialD;Skaj, úúO;ajh ms<sn|j;a b;d jeo.;a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug wmg yelsjqK'

foaYmd,k úoHdj


ksnkaOk ud;Dld y÷kajd§ufufyhùu

Oïu ÈidkdhlfcHIaG lÓldpd¾hfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

wruqKjevuq¿j ;=<§ ,nd.;a kHdhd;aul yd m%fhda.sl ±kqu Ndú;d lrñkaksnkaOk ilia lsÍu'

úYaj úoHd,h ksnkaOk ud;Dldj

fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h


chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

le<ksh úYaj úoHd,h

w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h

kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,h

reyqK úYaj úoHd,h

inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,h


fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

1& 1' YS% ,xldfõ udkj whs;sjdislï .eg¿isoaê wOHhkhla

2' YS% ,xldfõ whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu ydcd;Hka;r ksÍCIK

2& cd;Hka;r ;%ia;jdoh yd YS% ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j flfrystys n,mEu'

3& YS% ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl .eg¨j úi£u i|yd fmvr,aúiÿul fhda.H;dj

4& YS% ,xldfõ hy wdKavqlrKh yd iduh f.dvke.Sfï§ udOHld¾hNdrh ( ndOd" iSud" wNsfhda. iy wjia:d

5& YS% ,xldfõ rdcH ieliSfï§ uqia,sï wNs,dIhka

6& YS% ,xldfõ iduh f.dvke.Sfï§ isú,a iudch yuqfõ we;swNsfhda.

7& hy wdKavqlrK m%fõYhka ;=<ska cd;Ska f.dv ke.Su

8& YS% ,xldfõ úYajdih f.dvke.Su i|yd wd.ñl idOlfha ld¾hNdrh

9& tlÕ;d foaYmd,kh yd YS% ,xldfõ foaYmd,k ixialD;sfhyswkd.;h

10& YS% ,xldfõ wdKavql%u jHjia:d m%;sixialrK ms<sn| .eg¨

11& øúv foaYmd,kfha uE; ld,Sk m%jk;d

foaYmd,k úoHdj


ia;+;sh m, lsÍu

,hk,a .=ref.aiïnkaëldrlm%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYhúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

jevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.s jQ YsIH YsIHdjka ;u újD; yd úfõpkd;aul woyiaTiafia jevuq¿fõ wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd ±lajQ odhl;ajhiïnkaëldrjrhd úiska we.hSug ,lalrk ,§

tfukau ;u wdh;kh uQ,sl mshjrla f,i wdrïN l< fuu jevigyk"fm!oa.,slj fyda úYaj úoHd, uÜgfuka bÈßhg f.k hEu YsIH YsIHdjka i;=j.lSula njo th ±jeka; ld¾hhla f,i fkdis;d úYaj úoHd,hlska ;j;aúYaj úoHd,hlg jd¾Islj hkq ,nk pdßldjla f,i fyda isÿ lrkafka kïb;d jeo.;a njo m%ldY lf<ah'

fjkia u; fkdbjiSfï yd fkdi,ld yeÍfï m%;s úmdl f,i cks; jQ ìysiqkqhqoaOhla mj;sk fujka rgl fufia ifydaor;ajfhka yuq ù ifydaor;ajfhkaúisr hEu wm ish¨ fokd ,enQ ch.%ykhla nj;a ta i|yd lemjQ fmardfokshúYaj úoHd,fha fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h wdpd¾h wó¾§ka uy;d m%uqL úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjreka yd m%cd iyNd.S;aj tallfha ld¾h uKav,h m%uqLieug ;u buy;a ia;+;sh m< lrk njo ,hk,a .=ref.a uy;d wjidkjYfhka m%ldY lrk ,§'

foaYmd,k úoHdj



úIhck ikaksfõokh



ck ikaksfõokh


ye¢kaùuúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh úiska YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl úYaj úoHd,moaO;sh iïnkaO lr.ksñka furg cd;sl m%Yak flfrys úYajúoHd, m%cdfõ y~ fhduq fldg tys,d jvd m%n, ksfhdackhla,ndfokq jia zzhymd,kh iy YS% ,xldfõ iduh f.dvkexùuZZhk f;audj hgf;a ck ikaksfõok úIh flakaølr .ksñkaixúOdkh lrk ,o f;Èk jevuq¿j mokï lrf.k fuuixlaIsma; igyka ieliS we;'


le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h 11 9 20 -

YS% md,s uKavmh11 9 20 -

^fld<U úYaj úoHd,h&

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h 7 7 14 -


;S% l=Kdu,h uKavmh5 5 3 7

^kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,h&

fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h 6 4 10 -


.eyeKq msßñ

NdId udOHh

isxy, fou<

ck ikaksfõokh


ksielju kjuq w;a±lSula ,nd .ekSug yelsjevuq¿jla i|yd talrdYS jQ ish¿ YsIH YsIHdjkab;d i;=áka ms<s.kafkñ hs wdpd¾hjrhd mejiSh'

ck ikaksfõok úIh yodrK isiqka tla ia:dkhlfufia talrdYS ù újD; ixjdohla meje;a jQwjia:djla uE; ld,Skj fkdjQ nj isysm;a l<Tyq fuh isiq isiqúhka fj; ,enQKq iaj¾Kuhwjia:djla njo isysm;a lrK ,È'

;jo fuys jvd;a iqúfYaIS lreK kï iEu úYajúoHd,hlu ckikaksfõokh yodrK isiqisiqúhka iyNd.S ùu u fkdj isxy," øúv"uqia,sï wd§ f,i úúO cd;Ska tlg tlaj lghq;=lsÍu njo wdpd¾hjrhd mejiSh'

fmd,af;,a myk ±,aùu

iyNd.SFjh

î' .fka., uy;d.re f,alï - ckudOH wud;HdxYh

m%uqL wdrdê; msßfia yd isiq isiqúhkaf.a iyNd.S;ajfhka isÿ

úh'

ck ikaksfõokh

wdrïNh iy ms<s.ekSujevuq¿fõ - wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, jevigyka iïnkaëldrl"

^ckikaksfõok&

wdpd¾h" pkaøisß rdcmCIwxYdêm;s - ckikaksfõok wOHhk wxYh

le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h


jevuq¿fõ wruqK meyeÈ,s lsÍu

,hk,a .=ref.awxY m%Odks - m%cd iyNd.SFj jevigyka wxYh

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

f,dalh úYaj .ïudkhla ù we;s fudfyd;l ±kqu uq,skau ,Õd lr.; yelsmsßi w;r ckikaksfõok úoHd¾Òka m%uqLhs' tjka msßila tlu ia:dkhlys¢ñka fuu iqúfYaIS úIh yd ne÷Kq lreKq idlÉPdjg ,la lrKq ,nkwisßu;a fudfyd;la f,i fï wjia:dj ye¢kaùu b;d WÑ;hs'

ckudOH hkq ksrka;r újdodmkak ud;Dldjla' iudchl m%.ukh WfoidudOHhg l< yels fufyh wiSñ;hs' fudfyd;ska fudfyd; fjkiajkiudchl ckudOH fõÈhd i;= ld¾hNdrho Ndrÿr tlla'

ckjd¾.sl w¾nqoh ksidfjka udOH jd¾;dlrKh wo jk úg ixlS¾K ù;sfnkjd' tysÈ jvd úu¾Ykd;aul yd ÿro¾YS ±laula Tiafia lghq;= lsÍugckudOHfõÈhdg isÿ ù ;sfí'

;jo fujka jevuq¿jl§ we;s lr.kakd in|;djka o wñ,hs' kj úIhlafIa;% ms<sn|j .eUqre lÒldjla fj; m%fõYjk fujka fudfyd;l TnÈjhsfka i;r foiska meñKs ish¿ fokd w;r f.dvkef.k in|;djhwkd.;fha Tfí jD;a;shg uyÕ= w;aje,la jkjd fkdwkqudkhs'

wdrdê; foaYkh

î' .fka.,f,alï - ckudOH wud;HdxYh

ksoyia wOHdmkfha jrñka b;d ÿIalr m%foaYhl isghs ud fujka ks,hlaolajd meñKsfha' .f,afj, isg meñKs ud ,enQ Nd.Hh wiSñ; lemùu u;hs,enQfha' iriú jrï ,nd we;s Tn;a Woaf>daIK yd j¾ck j,ska ñ§iriúfhka ,nd .; hq;= m%;sM, ,nd .ekSug fjfyish hq;=hs'

ck udOH hkq mq¿,a úIhla' th ixlS¾k f,i ck Èúh yd ne÷Kq úIhlanjg m;a ù wjidkhs' fuh udkj ixy;sfha wdïNfha mgka mj;skaklsfndfyda rgj, .=rel=, úiska ckudOHhg wh;a úIh lafIa;% ms<sn|j úúOks¾jpko olajd ;sfnkjd'

ckudOH mdGud,d uq¿ rg mqrdu jHdma; fj,d' ta;a wm wud;HdxYfhaióCIKhlska fy<s jqkd bka 90] ksis m%ñ;shlska f;dr mdGud,d nj'fndfyda ckudOH mdGud,dj, iy;sl re'500g mjd ,nd fok ;;ajhl=hsmj;skafk'

fndfyda ckudOH mdGud,dj,§ m%uqL;ajh ,nd fokq ,nkafka kHdhd;aullreKqj,ghs' tfy;a jvd jeo.;a jkqfha fujka úIhl m%dfhda.sl Ndú;djhsta wkqj fujka jevuq¿ ;=,ska ,efnk m%;sM, wiSñ;hs'

ck ikaksfõokh


m%Odk wdrdê;hd fjkqfjka ia;+;shm< lsÍu'

wdpd¾h frdayK ,CIuka mshodifcHIaG lÓldpd¾h


oykjjeks ishjfiys w.Nd.fha§ uqo,a fkdue;s jqjo ks¾udKd;aulld¾hhka i|yd th ndOdjla fkdjqk;a wo jk úg uqo,a ;sfíkï l<fkdyels fohla ke;s uÜgug iudch m;a fj,d' fuu wiqNjd§ m%jK;djhch .ekSu i|yd udOHhg l< yels foa wiSñ;hs'

b;d ¥,n wjia:djla jQ fujka jevuq¿jl" m%Odk wdrdê;hd f,i iyNd.S jQckudOH wud;HdxYfha f,alï;=udg wm ieuf.a ia;+;sh msßkeñh hq;=hs'

wdrdê; foaYkh weiqfrka idlÉPdj

wfkdaud ùrfialr - le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

ckudOH úIh 2007 jif¾§ mdi,a úIh ud,djg we;=<;a lrkafkao @

iuka;s,l nKavdr - fld,U úYaj úoHd,h

flá Ñ;%mghla ksIamdokh l<;a th ixialrKh lsÍu i|yd fndfyda ÿIalrls%hd l< hq;=hs' úYaj úoHd, uÜgñka Bg wod, myiqlï ÈhqKq l< hq;=hs'

ck ikaksfõokh


bkaÈld ksfrdaIkS - ;S%l=Kdu, uKavmh

wm úYaj úoHd,h wdYs%;j Èú f.jk ck;dj b;d ÿIalr;d ueohs Èúf.jkq ,nkafk' Tjqka fjkqfjka hula lsÍu i|yd wm úYaj úoHd,hgmyiqlï ,nd Èh hq;=hs' fyd| uÜgfï leurdjla fyda ±kg wm i;=jkeye'

vï'mS' kkaok ixÔj - le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

úYaj úoHd,j, iqúfYaIS l,d ks¾udK ìysfjkjd' l,d Wf<,j,a ksr;=reju mj;ajkjd' ta;a lsis Èfkl tjeks foag ckudOHj,ska m%pdrhla ,ndfokafk keye' tla mqxÑ wr.,hla isÿjqfkd;a th w;sfYdalfhka m%pdrhlsÍug kï m%Odk udOH yeu úgu iQodkï'

Wodr - YS%md,s uKavmh

udOH iodpdrh wdrCId lsÍu i|yd ckudOH wud;HdxYh .kq ,nkW;aidyh m%udKj;a keye'

m%Odk wdrdê;hdf.a ms<s;=re foaYkh

ckudOH úIh ±kgu;a mdi,a úIh ud,djg hï m%udKhlska wvx.= fldg;sfnkjd'

iriúj,g wod, hï Ñ;%mg ixialrK ld¾hhla ;sfíkï th újD; úYajúoHd,h yryd isÿlr.; yelshs'

ixúOdkd;aul b,a,Sula lsÍug yelskï ckudOH wdjrKh l,d lghq;=i|yd ,nd .ekSug;a" wjYH myiqlñ ,nd .ekSug;a yelshdj ;sfnkjd'

wdrdê; foaYkfhka wk;=rej p;=r trkaÈl m%kdkaÿ úiska .S;hla .dhkdlrK ,È'

ck ikaksfõokh


yÿkd.ekSfï wjia:djfufyhùu

,hk,a .=ref.awxY m%Odks" m%cd iyNd.S;aj jevigyka wxYh

m%:ufhkau iyNd.slhska yg wxl ,ndÿka w;r tys§ tl iudk wxl ,nd.;a fofokd tlsfkld ms<sn|j uQ,sl f;dr;=re i|yka l< hq;= úh'

lú" .S;" kdgHuh fonia wdÈh Tiafia y÷kd.ekSï isÿ jQ w;r ta i|ydish¿ iyNd.slfhda Woafhda.fhka hq;=j iyNd.S jQy'

ck ikaksfõokh


fojeks ieishiïm;a odhl;ajh

uypd¾h - frdydka iurÔjieish fufyhùu

wdpd¾h - áhqv¾ ùrisxyf;audj

woH;k hq.fha YS% ,dxlSh udOHfoaYmd,khf;dr;=re ldCIKfha kj uxfm;a ms<sn|j idlÉPd l< o iïm;a fn§hdfïúIu;djh ms<sn|j ±äj ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'

2004 j¾Ifha§ .Dyia:" ÿrl:k Ndú;h niakdysr m,d; ;=< 45]la jQ w;rol=Kq m,d; 20la úh' W!j 10]ls'

mrs.Kl Ndú;fha§ o b;d úYd, mr;rhla olakg ,efí' niakdysr m,d;;=< 10] jk úg W!fõ ;;ajh 0'5ls'

furg .=jkaúÿ,sh wrUk ,oafoa BBC .=jka úÿ,s wdo¾Yfhka fkdj wefußldtlai;a ck mofha m%dfoaYSh .=jka úÿ,s wdlD;sh uq,a lr f.khs' furg.%dóh ls%hdldrlï wNshi BBC .=jka úÿ,s wdlD;sh fkd.e,fma'

rEmjdyskS foaYmd,k ixjdo hkq lsisÿ yrhla ke;s yqÿ fonia yrUhlamuKhs' bka Y%djlhdg ,efnk ljr fyda m%fhdackhla keye'

ck ikaksfõokh


foaYkfhka wk;=rej wdpd¾hwdßhr;ak we;=., uy;df.afufyhùfuka iyNd.slhska Wfoidls%hdldrlula Super Highway Commu-nication kñka ,nd fok ,È' tkïish¿ fokd tlu rjqula isák fiafm<.iajd wdpd¾hjrhd úiska hïix{djla ,nd §uhs' tu ix{dj tlafl<jrl isg ;j;a fl<jrlg .ukalsÍug .;jQ ld,h .Kkh l< w;riyNd.slfhda ;u odhl;ajh ta i|yd,nd ÿkay'

iïm;a odhl;ajh

fudydka iurkdhlieish fufyhùu

wdpd¾h - pJøisß rdcmCIf;audj

.fõIkd;aulmqj;am;a l,dj.fõIkd;aul mqj;a l,dj hkqidïm%odhsl mqj;aj;a l,dfjkaTíng .uka l< tlla' thidïm%odhslj Ndú;d lrKq ,nkl=ulao" l=uk fõ,djlo" fld;ko"ljodo" wehs iy fldfyduo hkiSudfjka bÈßhg .uka lrKj'fldfyduo yd wehs hkak flfrysb;d by< wjOdkhla fuys,d fhduqlrKjd'

m%cd;ka;%jdoh hkq f;dr;=rehhkakhs wo iïu;h' m%cd;ka;%jdohjvd w¾:j;a jkqfha iudchf;dr;=re j,ska ikakoaO jQ ;rughs'hym;a m%cd;ka;%Sh md,khla hkqw,a,i fyda ¥IKh wdÈfhka úhqla;md,khlghs' tys,d .fõYkd;aulmqj;am;a l,dfjka ,efnk msgqn,hwiSñ;hs'

ck ikaksfõokh


.fõYkd;aul mqj;am;a l,dfõÈhd ksr;=rejuks¾Nh" ;sr wÈgkska hq;a bjik iq¿"ksÍCIKd;aul yd wmCImd;S mqoa.,fhla úhhq;=hs"

ck;djg w;HdjYH jqjo .fõYkd;aula mqj;am;al,dj wjodkï iy.;hs' ±ä ;¾ckd;aulwjia:dj,§ mjd .fõIkd;aul mqj;am;al,dfõÈhd ;u ld¾hh ksis f,i bgq l< hq;=hs'wekd fmd,sÜfldjqialhd" fpÉksh hqO iufha isÿlrK ,o jd¾;dlrKh fya;=fjka iïudkhgmd;% jQ .fõIkd;aul mqj;am;a l,dõÈkshla'tjka WodyrK fndfyda bÈßm;a l< yelshs'

iïm;a odhl;ajh

;s,la chr;ak

f;audj

m%Odk Odrdfõ udOHhgúl,am udOHhla f,im%cd udOHhieisfha myiqldrl

fiakdks yßiapJøfcHIaG lÓldpd¾hYS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

m%fõYh

m%cd udOH ms<sn|j mq¿,a ú.%yhla bÈßm;a lrK

,o fuu woyia ±laùfï§ ta ydine¢ mq¿,a újdod;aul woyia o;s,la chr;ak uy;d úiska bÈßm;alrK ,È bka tla woyila jQfha YS%,xldfõ m%cd .=jka úÿ,s ke;ehshkqfjka Tyq l< m%ldYhhs' ;jÿrg;a lreKq ±lajQ chr;ak uy;dmy; woyiao bÈßm;a lrK ,È'

tla ld,iSudjl úl,amh ;j;a ld,jljdkqjl m%Odk Odrdfõ udOHhhlaúh yelsh'

m%Odk Odrdfõ udOHhhka yS whs;shrch fyda fj<| iud.ï i;= jqjo"úl,am udOHh rdcH fyda jdkscmd,kfhka f;drh'

úl,am udOHhkayS .%dyl ixhq;sh.%dóh m%cdj" ;reK ;reKshkaia;S%ka" úúO;ajh" nyqúO;djh wdÈhjk w;r wêm;sjd§ l;sld m%;sfCIamlsÍu ;u wka;¾.;h f,i i,lhs'

wo ,xldfõ iuyr jD;a;slhska"yi< ±kqula we;a;ka f,i fkdjudisl jegqmg jev lrkakka f,iye¢kaùug isÿ ù we;'

furg m%cd .=jka úÿ,s ls%hd;auljkafka ke;'

ck ikaksfõokh



l=fïIs - YS% md,s uKavmhwo ,xldfõ m%cd .=jka úÿ,s ke;ehs hk woyi ms<s.ekSug wmyiqhs'

iqrxð - fydrK YS% md,s uKavmh,xldfõ m%cd .=jka úÿ,s we;ehs hk woyig tfrysùu i|yd ;s,la chr;akuy;dg we;s whs;sh l=ula o@ fya;=j Tyq tjka .=jka úÿ,s weröu i|ydmqfrda.dñfhla jQ ksid'

uÔâ - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,hm%cd .=jka úÿ,s úiska iudc h:d¾:h fy<s l,;A tajd mj;ajdf.k hEu i|ydwdOdr ,efnkqfha rcfhka neúka tjka wjia:djl meje;au ms<sn| .eg¿u;=úh yelshs'

ms<s;=re foaYkh - ;s,la chr;ak uy;dudOHj,g n,mEï lsÍug weu;sjrekag fyda ks<OdÍkag we;s n,h wfydaisl< hq;=hs' ta i|yd iajdëk udOH wêldßhla we;s l< hq;=hs'

fuu woyia m,lsÍï ms<sn|j wdpd¾h pJøisß rdcmCI úiskao ;u u;hbÈßm;a lrK ,È' Tyq mejiqfõ w;S;fha§ le,E m;a;rh mjd fyd|úl,amhla nj;a úl,am udOH iajdëk jk ;rug bka ck;djg fi;ie<fik nj;a h'

ck ikaksfõokh


f;jeks ieish

lKavdhï bÈßm;alsÍï

ls%hdldrlï - Im%Odk rEmjdyskS kd,sld follúldYh jQ m%jD;a;ska foll iudkwiudklï úuiSu

rEmjdyskS kd,sld

cd;sl rEmjdysKsh

isri kd,sldj

m%jD;a;sh i|yd mdol jQ isÿùu -

mYapd;a iqkdñ fufyhqïl<ukdlrk .súiqu f.k tafï §we;s jQ ck;d ls%hdldÍ;ajh ms<sn|júuiSu'A lKavdhu

bosßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl

;drl ldßhjiï

YS% md,s uKavmh

cd;sl rEmjdysKsh

Woaf>daIK wjia:dj ixialrKh lr;sîu

c'ú'fm' ler,sldß;ajh jvd biau;=lsÍug W;aidy lsÍu

md¾,sfïka;=fõ fkdikaiqka njjeäÿr fmkaùu

l:dkdhlf.a ÿn,;djh

tlu m%jD;a;sh tla foaYmd,kslu;jdohla ksfhdackhlrhs' ^wdKavqj wdrCId lsÍu&

leurd.; l, fldaKh ^yuqodmd¾Yjh&

isri

Woaf>daIK wjia:dj m%n,j bÈßm;alsÍu

wdKavqfõ ±ä u¾okldÍ m%;sm;a;sh

fm!oa.,sl udOH j, mCI.%dys Ndjh

;udf.a u;h fjkqfjka fmkS isàu

leurd.; l, fldaKh' ̂ ck;djf.amd¾Yjh&

ck ikaksfõokh


lKavdhï kdhl - iqfka;%d úchka;s iurfldaka - YS% chj¾Okmqr ú'ú

rEmjdysKs m%jD;a;s

1& wka;¾.;h

i) mlaI.%dySj woyia ±laùu'

ii) lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu fldgia jYfhka lsÍu'

2& rEmh

i) fldgia ms<sfj,g fm< .eiaùu

ii) fmdÿ u;hg jeä ;ekla ,nd§u'

iii) md¾,sfïka;=j ydiHhg ,lalsÍu'

iv) jvd;a wdl¾IkSh ke;'

isri rEmjdysKs kd,sldj

1& wka;¾.;h

i) isri mCI.%dySj woyia ±laùu

ii) jpk Ndú;h jeäh

iii) lreKq tlg f.dkqlr ±lsù

2& rEmh

i) rEm Ndú;h wvqh

ii) ck;dj m%fldamldÍ jk oiqka fmkaùu

iii) md¾,sfïka;=j ydiHhg ,la lsÍu

iv) bÈßm;a lsÍfï wdl¾YkSh;ajh

3& wdlD;sh

i) NdId Ndú;h m%dKj;a

ii) ms<sfj, wvqh

iii) fláh

C lKavdhu

bosßm;a lsÍu lKavdhï kdhl - tia' wñ¾;d - ;s% l=Kdu, uKavmh

cd;sl rEmjdysKsh

cd;sl

iQ'i'u' .ssúiqu w;aika fkdl, nj m%ldY lsÍu

^l:dkdhl úiska&

md¾,sfïka;=fõ úreoaO mCI uka;S%ka yeisreKq

wdldrh jeä jYfhka fmkaùu'

c'ú'fmruqKg ck;d wm%idoh we;s jk wdldrfha

rEm rduq fmkaùu

isri

fuu .súiqu w;aika l< nj m%ldY lsÍu'

tu o¾Yk ixialrKh fldg bÈßm;a lsÍu'

m%Odk úfrdaOhla muKla ±laùu'

u¾Okh isÿ l< wdldrh jeä jYfhka fmkaùu

ck ikaksfõokh


D lKavdhu

bosßm;a lsÍu lKavdhï kdhl - i|ud,s .=Kr;ak - ;s% l=Kdu, uKavmh

E lKavdhu

bosßm;a lsÍu lKavdhï kdhl - Mia' m%§mka - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,h

wdlD;sh

rEmrduq bÈßm;a lsÍu

rEm rduq fkdfmkaùu" ^Woaf>daIK&

iqkdñ iyk uKav,h f.k tauifya;=lj bÈßm;a lrhs

wka;¾.;h

kd,sld folu mlaImd;Sh

wka;¾.;hg rEm fkd.e,mSu

u;jdoh

wêm;sjdoh

uQ,sl wruqfKka neyerhs

m%fldamldÍ .egqï i|yd jeä bv

wmCImd;s núska f;dr ùu

kd,sld foflau m%ldYk m%Yia; fkdùu

wka;¾.;h

isri

iuia; isoaê oduh .ek flá yd ksrjq,a jd¾;d lsÍula'

cd;sl

foaYmd,ksl jYfhka .%dylhd ;=< ms,sl=,a iy.; f,ineyer lsÍfï u;jdohla

isri

flá rEm rduq ;=,ska wod, isoaêh ms,sn| w¾:hla.%dylhdg ,nd fohs'

cd;sl

ixialrKh fkdlrk ,o §¾> ld,Sk rEm rduq ^;uu;jdoh jvd;a ;yjqre lsÍu msKsi&

rEmuh YlH;dj

u;jdo

isri

iqkdñ iyk uKav, mk; iïu; lsÍu yd mk;ms,sn|j meyeÈ,s fldg uOHia: bÈßm;a lsÍula

cd;sl

rch úiska f.k tk jev ms,sfj, id¾:l nj;a" M,odhsnj;a rEm rduq wdY%h fldg .ksñka ;yjqre lsÍugW;aidy lrhs'

isri

úmlaIfha foaYmdk{hska fmkaùu yryd úmCIfhaa u;hhï ÿrlg bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidy lrhs'

cd;sl

isxy, ksfõÈldjf.a bÈßm;a lsÍu úYajdikSh fõ

CNN wdlD;sh Ndú;d lrhs'

;dCIKh

cd;sl rEmjdyskS

ck ikaksfõokh


ls%hdldrlï - II

m%cd .=jka úÿ,sh i|yd iÔj .=jka úÿ,sjevigykla bÈßm;a lsÍu

tla lKavdhula úkdä 10l muK ld,hla ;=< ;u jevigyk bÈßm;a lrK

,È' úúO ud;Dldo ;u f;audjka f,i fhdod .kakd ,È'

m%Odk f;audj (- hymd,kh iy udOH1 lKavdhu

jevigyka fufyhùu (- ä,dks fmf¾rd - ;s%l=Kdu, uKavmh

jevigyfka ku (- Yksod ixjdo uKavmh

iyNd.SFjh (- bkaÈl úfÊiQßh

i|ud,s .=Kr;ak'

jevigyfka wka;¾.;h

isxy, fn!oaO udOH l;sldj ;=< fkdi,ld yeÍug ,lajk iq¿ ck;djf.audOH whs;Ska ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu'

udOHh Ndú;dfõ mCImd;S;ajh ksidfjka W;=re kef.kysr ck;dj flfrysol=fKa ck;dj ;=< mj;akd wiqnjd§ woyia ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsÍu'

2 lKavdhujevigyk fufyhùu (- È,areCIs

jevigyfka ku (- ukaodlsks

iyNd.SFjh (- à'iS'mS' fmf¾rd

mS' wiañkS

tï' tia' m,sylalr

jevigyfka wka;¾.;h

ldka;djkag niar: m%uqLj uy uÕ§ ú¢kakg isÿjk w;jr ms<sn|jwjOdkhg ,la lsÍfï wjia:d yd o¾Yk

ckudOH ia;S% mqreI Ndjh ms<sn| wkjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu ksid we;s jk;;ajh idlÉPdjg Ndckh lsÍu'

ck ikaksfõokh


3 lKavdhujevigyka fufyhùu (- wñ, i|rejka

jevigyfka ku (- udOH l;sld ixjdo ud,dj

jevigyfka wka;¾.;h

rfÜ ld,Sk m%YaK ms<sn|j úúO md¾Yj ksfhdackh lrK msßia yd ixjdolsÍu

m%yikd;aul yd Wmydid;aul f,i jevigyk meje;aùug W;aidy lsÍu'

^fuu jevigyk bÈßm;a lrK ,o wdl¾IKSh ffY,Sh ms<sn|j by<m%;spdrhla iyNd.slhska fj;ska ,enqKs&

ls%hdldrlï - III

mqj;a yiqkla ks¾udKh lsÍujevuq¿jg iyNd.sjQ isiq isiqúhka jevuq¿fõÈ ,nd.;a kHdhd;aul ydm%dfhda.sl ±kqu wdY%fhka mqj;a yiqkla ks¾udKh lsÍu fuys§ isÿúh'

1 lKavdhu

ks,dks wdßhr;ak

le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

ví'tï' puß m%d¾:kd

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

k§YdkS chj¾Ok

YIsld ouhka;s


wfkdaud ùrfialr


W;am,d ú;dkf.a


hym;a iudchla Wfoid iudc l;sldjla

ckms%h ixialD;sfha wre;anr udOH

úl,am m%;sm;a;s flaJøfha mrud¾:

^hym;a udOH i;aldrhla i|yd&

udOH yd foaYmd,kh

m%Odk Odrdfõ udOHhg úl,am udOHhla f,i m%cd udOH

ku ud;Dldj

mqj;a yiqk i|yd isiq isiqúhka bÈßm;a lrk ,o

,sms yd úfYaIdx.

ck ikaksfõokh


2 lKavdhu

ksYdks iqrxðld f*dkafiald

Ys% md,s uKavmh

p;=rx.kS ,shkf.a

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

ta't,a'tï' uqðí

ta' fi,aú

;S% l=Kdu, uKavmh

l=fïIs m%NdIskS .uf.a

YS% md,s uKavmh

fla'hQ'ð' bñysß Wodr

Ys% md,s uKavmh

Ys% ,xldfõ ls%hd;aul jk m%cd .=jka úÿ,sh úl,am udOHhla fkdfõ'

^;s,la chr;ak uy;df.a woyia weiqfrka&

.fõIkd;aul mqj;am;al,dfõ we;=,dka;h

ldjH ixl,amkdjla

ck udOH inka mmvï ld¾udka;hls ^woyia Wmqgd ±laùuls&

N.G.O. hym;a ld¾hhla fjkqfjka

ku ud;Dldj

ck ikaksfõokh

3 lKavdhu

ÈkQId ,lañKs

Ys% md,s uKavmh

ksYdÈ rejka m;srk

;S% l=Kdu, uKavmh

fi,aú

uqÔí

ysrEId

;S% l=Kdu, uKavmh

;drl ldßhjiï

Wlal=jdf.a lj

u; úuiqï

YS% ,xldfõ iduh Wod lsÍfï uÕ

msiaidf.a m,du,a,

ku ud;Dldj


4 lKavdhu

5 lKavdhu

jðr Tfífialr

wkqIald Èma;s iqÿisxy YS% md,s uKavmh

à'tÉ'mS' ksfrdIks ;S% l=Kdu, uKavmh

tka'à' wurkdhl ta'whs'tï' uÔï

l=fïIa .uf.a

wd¾'ã'tia'ta' l=udr

;=is; ,shkf.a

fuh újdod;aul u;hls

ldjH ixl,amkdjla

wisßu;a ikaksfõokh

l;= jelsh

ldjH ixl,amkdjla

jevuq¿j ms<sn|j ye¢kaùula

ldjH ixl,amkdjla

ku ud;Dldj

tia' wñ¾;d fi,ajr;akï

rejka l=udrisß

;rx.sld wurKdhl

Ys% md,s uKavmh

iqf¾ld o¾YkS ,shkf.a

le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

fÊ' ta' tia' ms%hka;s

Ys% md,s uKavmh

bka§jß chfialr

Ys% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

fÊ'ta'tia' ms%hka;s

Ys% md,s uKavmh

fÊ'ta'tia' ms%hka;s

Ys% md,s uKavmh

iYsl,d fiõjkaÈ

à'tÉ'mS' ksfrdaIkS

;S% l=Kdu, uKavmh

ldjH ixl,amkd - ckudOH l,dfjys fyg oji

ixfõ.fhka ±kqï §uhs

hy md,kh ^lú ixl,amkd&

l,yh ̂ lú ixl,amkd&

mqj;am;a udOHh iy fm!oa.,sl;ajh

ckudOH hkq l=ula o@

fgdmEisfha wfma ieish

Tnj wmg ±kqfka fufyuhs

ldjH ixl,amkdjla

ku ud;Dldj

ck ikaksfõokh


m%fõYh

f,dal ckudOHfha kj m%jK;dy÷kajdfoñka tys,d olakg we;siqúfYaIS ,CIK ms<sn| m%udKj;aú.%yhla iqkkao foaYms%h uy;d ;uwoyia m<lsÍfï§ bÈßm;a lrK ,ÈYS% ,xldfõ w;a±lSï o Bg wod,jbÈßm;a lsÍu isiq isiqúhkaf.a by<wjOdkhg md;% úh'

iïm;a odhl;ajh

iqkkao foaYm%shwxY m%Odks - udOH tallh"úl,am m%;sm;a;s flaJøh

f;audj

foaYmd,k fufyhqï iy ckudOHjd¾;dlrejka - n%uKdpd¾hhka iyfoaYmd,k{hska

ieish fufyhùu

wdpd¾h frdayK ,CIuka mshodi

hï mqj;la ta wdldrfhkau bÈßm;afkdfldg ;ukg wjYH mßÈ úúOwre;a kefÕk fia uqod yeÍufoaYmd,k n%uKdpd¾hhka f.ald¾hhhs' tfy;a Bg fhdok fhÿubx.S%is Spin doctor hkafkys w¾:himqrd w¾: .ekafjkafka ke;'

fufia mqj;a oÕleùu ;=< idOdrKhl< fkdyels ;rfï ueÈy;aùulaolakg we;s w;r hï iud.ula fydafoaYmd,k mCIhla flfrys jkksfYaOkd;aul woyia idOkSh njgfmr<Suo isÿ fõ'

ckudOH yiqrejd .ekSfï§ i;Hh"wmCI md;S nj yd iunr;djh hkuQ,O¾uhka u; mokïj lghq;=lsÍu jeo.;ah' ;jo uyck hym;hk ;Srlh fhdod .ekSu ;SrKd;aulidOlhhs'

wo jk úg fndfyda n%uKdpd¾hhskaolakg ,efnkqfha hqO fufyhqï ydine¢ mqj;a ks¾udKfha§h' ,xldfõo fï iajNdjh iq,Nh'

ck ikaksfõokh


idlÉPd yd woyia bÈßm;a lsÍïls%hdldrlï

m%fõYh

iqkkao foaYms%h uy;df.a woyia bÈßm;a lsÍu wdY%fhka iyNd.slhska w;rújdohla meje;aùh'

f;audj

uyck fiajd udOH l,djla i|ydfm!oa.,sl yd rdcH udOH flfia iliaúh hq;= o@újdoh fufyhùu

p;=rfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

A lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - lKavdhï kdhsldl=fïYS m%NdIsKSYS% md,s uKavmh

fm!oa.,sl udOH

ck;d woyia bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ jvdbÈßfhka isákqfha fm!oa.,sludOHhhs

,dN ,eîfuka f;drj udOHmj;ajdf.k hd fkdyelshs' ta;ack;dj w;r mej;Sug kïh:d¾:jd§ úh hq;=hs' ta wkqjfm!oa.,sl udOHh YS% ,xldj jeksrgl m%.ukhg b;d fhda.Hhhs'

ck ikaksfõokh


B lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - lKavdhï kdhlkkaok ixÔjle,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

rdcH udOH

iSka uelan%hsÜ jd¾;djg wkqj ne¨jo i;H f;dr;=re iïmdokh ixj¾Okld¾hhka i|yd ufydamldÍ ùu wd§ lreKq imqrd,k l%ufõohla f.dv kÕdwe;af;a rdcH udOH muKs'

ck;dj flfrys ksrka;r ne£ula rdcH udOHfha mj;S' tksidúYajdikSh;ajh by<ska /÷Kq udOH jkqfha rdcH udOHhs'

C lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - lKavdhï kdhsldÔ'ta'Ys%hdKs;S% l=Kdu,h uKavmh

fm!oa.,sl udOHh (

rdcH udOH ;=< lsisÿ kùk;ajhla ke;' kj f,dj ks¾udKd;aul m%jK;duq,skau .%yKh lr .kq ,nkqfha fm!oa.,sl udOH úisks'

ck;d wfmaCIdjkag jvd rdcH udOH m%uqLFjh ysñjkafka rdcH mCImd;S;ajhghs' tfy;a fm!oa.,sl udOH ixj¾Okd;aul udOH fufyjrla bgqlrhs'

D lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - bka§jÍ chfialrYS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,

rdcH udOHh (

fm!oa.,sl udOH i;=j ;ukagu wdfõksl wkkH;djla ke;' tfy;a rdcHudOH i;=j ld,dka;rhla ;siafia mj;ajdf.k hk hym;a wkkH;djhlawe;'

rdcH udOHhkayS NdIdj yeisrùu yd ixialD;sl yrhka wdrCId lsÍu b;dby<ska isÿ l,;a" fm!oa.,sl udOH tjka udOH Ndj;djla isÿ fkdlrhs'

ck ikaksfõokh


E lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - lKavdhï kdhliqf¾Ia jika; l=udrYS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

fm!oa.,sl udOHh (

rdcH udOH yeuúgu fm!oa.,sl udOH i;= wdl¾IKSh jevigyka fldmslrhs'

f;dr;=re ,nd §fï§ fm!oa.,sl udOH jvd bÈßfhka isà' rdcH udOHj,we;af;a we,auereKq ffY,shls'

F lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - lKavdhï kdhlb¾Idâ;s% l=Kdu, uKavmh

rdcH udOHh (

fm!oa.,sl udOHfha wruqk yqÿ fma%CIl wdl¾IKh muKhs' jevigykaj,ksis m%ñ;shla keye'

iudc we.hqï ms<sn|j lsisÿ yeÕSula fm!oa.,sl udOH wêldÍkag keye'rdcH udOH rgl iïm%odhg .re lsÍfï úNj;dfjka hqla;hs'

G lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - lKavdhï kdhl;drl ldßhjiïYS% md,s uKavmh

ck ikaksfõokh


fm!oa.,sl udOHh (

fm!oa.,sl udOHh Odß;dj jeähs' foaYmd,k wêldßhlg j.fkdlshk ksid ;ukaf.au jQ iajdëk kHdh m;%hlg jev l< yelshs'ta;a rdcH udOHfha ne£ï wiSñ;hs'

fm!oa.,sl udOH jevigyka bÈßm;a lsÍfï§ fkdìhj w;ayod ne,Sïisÿ l<;a" rdcH udOH tys,d miq.dñhs'

H lKavdhu

bÈßm;a lsÍu - lKavdhï kdhl

;=is;YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h

rdcH udOHh (

rdcH udOHh yeuúgu úúO;ajhg .re lrk w;ru cd;slwkql,khla fjkqfjka lghq;= lrKjd'

fm!oa.,sl udOH fuka taldlD;sl udOH Ndú;djla wkq.ukhlrkafk keye'

jevigyk ms<sn| m%;spdr

m%ùk udOHfõ§ iqkkao foaYm%sh" le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,fha fÊHIaGlÓldpd¾hjreka jk wdpd¾h wdßhr;ak we;=.," wdpd¾h frdayK,CIjka mshodi yd ;s% l=Kdu, uKavmfha fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hrdfcJøka hk wh ;u woyia bÈßm;a l< w;r my; woyia fmdÿfõTjqka úiska bÈßm;a lrK ,§'

uyck fiajd ckudOH hkak ksjerÈj újdofha§ ks¾jpkh fkdùu'

uyck fiajd ckudOH ms<sn| b;d ksjerÈ ksoiqka jk cmdkfha NHKrEmjdysKsh" TiafÜ%,shdfõ ABC wdh;kh jeks tajd i|yka fkdlsÍu'

rEmjdyskS kd,sld ms<sn|j muKla wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu'

;dCIKsl lreKq muKla i|yka fldg kHdhd;aul lreKq neyerlsÍu'

ck ikaksfõokh


ksnkaOk ud;Dld y÷kajd§u

wruqK

ckikaksfõok úIh flaJø lr.ksñka f;Èkla mqrdmeje;s jevuq¿j wjik bka ,nd.;a kHdhd;aul ydm%fhda.sl ±kqu Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka isiq isiqúhka ygksnkaOk bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wjia:dj Wod lsÍu'

fufyhùu

wdpd¾h - pJøisß rdcmCIwxYdêm;s" ckikaksfõok wOHk wxYh le<ksh úYajúoHd,h



YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h


YS% md,s uKavmh

kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,fha

;s% l=Kdu, uKavmh

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

1& iïm%odhsl udOH Ndú;h iy ckudOH f.dvke.Su'

2& 1' m%cd iyNd.S;ajh iy .=jka úÿ,sh

2' udOH iy u;jdoh

3& 1' úl,am udOHhla f,i mqj;am;

2' .egqï ksrdlrKh yd úoHq;a udOH

4& 1' iduh i|yd udOH Ndú;h

2' YS% ,xldfõ .egqï yd udOH Ndú;h

5& mqj;a wiu ;=,s; nj - W;=re ol=Kq mj;sk .egqï weiqfrka

6& 1' udOH wdpdr O¾u yd f;dr;=re

2' hymd,kh i|yd udOH Ndú;h

ck ikaksfõokh


wdpd¾h uKav,fha woyia

iudma;s ieishwruqK

jevuq¿j ksfhdackh l< iyNd.slhska yg ta ms<sn| woyia ydúfõpk bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wjia:dj ,nd §u'

fufyhùu

,hk,a .=ref.a uy;d

wd¾ rdfÊJøka - fÊHIaGlÓldpd¾h - ;S% l=Kdu,uKavmhfujka jeo.;a jevuq¿jla i|ydwmg iyNd.Sùug ,eîu Nd.Hhla'

W;=r yd ol=K w;r mj;akdmr;rh i|yd md,ula jk fujkajevuq¿ wLKavj meje;aùu hq.fhawjYH;djhla'

fiakdks yßiapJø - fÊHIaGlÓldpd¾h - YS% chj¾OkmqrúYaj úoHd,hyrj;a jevuq¿jlg lÈu wdo¾Yhlaf,i fujka jevuq¿ y÷kajd§ugyelsh'

jvd m%dfhda.sl W;aidyhla jQ fïjevuq¿j ixúOdkh l< úl,amm%;sm;a;s flaJøhg ia;+;sjka; úhhq;=hs'

Ñka;l rKisxy - iyldrlÓldpd¾h - fld<U úYajúoHd,h50-60 oYlj, udOH wdh;k iuÕftkaøSh iïnkaOhla Wiia wOHdmkwdh;kj,g ;snqk;a wo jkúg th

.s,syS ;sîu wNd.Hhla

b;d úêu;a udOH lÓldjla i|ydfï jevuq¿j ;=<ska Wodlr ;snQwjia:dj mßmQ¾K whqßkam%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd iEuisiqfjlau bÈßm;a jQ njla fmkS.sfha keye'

fujka jevuq¿ ;=<§ lreKq .eUqßkawjf,dalkh lsÍu i|yd ;u f;jekswei §ma;su;aj ;sîuhs wjYH jkqfha'tfy;a fuysÈ tjka ;;ajhla udÿgqfõ keye' jvd;a mq¿,ajks¾udKd;aul Ndú;djla yrydidudÔh m%YaK jgyd .ekSfï ±laulafj; yeufokdu .uka l< hq;=hs'

áhqv¾ ùrisxy - fÊHIaGlÓldpd¾h - YS% md,suKavmhb;d m%dfhda.slj jevuq¿jl wisßu;aw;a±lSula ,nd .ekSug iriú isiqisiqúhka yg fuys§ yelsjQ nj ish¨fokdf.a m%;spdr ;=,ska mejishyelshs'

b;d úêu;a l;sldjla Tiafia cd;sl.eg¨j ms<sn| h:d¾;jdÈwjfndaOhla ,eîug;a" ;u úIhlafIa;%h Tiafia b;d úêu;a wka;¾iïnkaOhla f.dv k.d .ekSug;afujka jevuq¿ úYaj úoHd, m%cdjg

b;d m%fhdackj;a nj mejeishhq;=uhs'

wojk úg úYaj úoHd, m%cdj mjdidudÔh m%YaK wNshi jHdl+, ùisák njhs fmkS hkafka' tjkawjia:djl tlsfkld i;=wkkH;djka ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;aùug wjia:djla iriú isiqkag ,eîuTjqka ,enQ Nd.hHla

ckikaksfõokh jeks ksr;=rejukj;djkaf.ka hqla; úIhla njwmf.a jegySuhs' tjka úIhl kjuqm%fõYhka ms<sn|j idlÉPd fkdlsÍuksidfjka wkd.;fha nysjkqfha ¥m;audkisl;ajfhka fyì msßila' bkaje,lSug fujka jevuq¿ Wmfhda.slr.; hq;=hs'

ck ikaksfõokh


jevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.s jQiriú isiq isiqúhkaf.a woyia

tÉ'Ô'tï'tia' l=udr - ;S%l=Kdu, uKavmhwmg ,enqKq fï wjia:dj b;djeo.;a' ol=fKa isÿ lrk fujkald¾hhka ysÈ wm yd in|;djhmj;ajd.ekSug W;aidy lsÍu wmw.h lrkjd

wvq myiqlï hgf;a yd wjodkïl,dmhl Èú f.jñka jqjo fujkawjia:d i|yd wm wksjd¾hfhkauiyNd.S fjkjd" fya;=j fujka ixjdoyryd cd;sl .eg¿jg úi÷ulafidhd.ekSu i|yd wjia:djWodlr.ekSug yelsùuhs'

fuysÈ wmg yels jqKd cd;sl m%YaKhms<sn|j ol=fKa mj;akd u;h±k.kakg' woyia w;r mj;akdÿria:Ndjh wju ùu i|yd fuujevuq¿j fya;= jQ njhs wmf.a yeÕSu'

fujka iqnjdÈ m%fõYhla ,nd ÿka,hk,a .=ref.a uy;d m%uqL ieugwm úYaj úoHd,fha ia;+;sh ysñfjkjd'

;drl ldßhjiï - YS% md,suKavmhiriúfha§ ,nkjdg jvd fjkiam%dfhda.sl w;a±lSula fuysÈ,nd.ekSug yels jqKd' ish¿ m%Odkiriú j, ckikaksfõokh yodrkifydaor isiq isiqúhka tlu ;eklg/iaù fufia ixjdo lrKq olakg,eîu wm ,enQ Nd.Hhla' óg;a jvdjevuq¿j ixjdohg újD; jqjdkïjvd fyd|hs'

tfukau cd;sl .eg¿j úi£u i|ydiriú m%cdj f,i wmg l< yels foams<sn| hï ixjdohla fï jevuq¿jyryd u;= ùu hq.fha wjYH;djhlayeáhghs wm olskafka

m%nqoaOd ;;airKs - le,KshúYaj úoHd,hckikaksfõok úIh wdYs%; úYd,

ysveila fuuÕska msrjqKd hehsmejiSu wi;H keye' fu jeks

jevuq¿ yryd YS% ,xldfõhymd,kh yd iduh f.dvkexùu

ms<sn|j lÓldj;la f.dvkexùugodhl ùu w.h l< hq;=hs' rdcH

fkdjk ixúOdkhla f,i bÈßm;aùu yeu w;skau jeo.;a fya;=j

fujeks ld¾hhka l< hq;af;a rchueÈy;a ùu ;=<skqhs

lsisÿ fNaohla ke;sj fufia tlu

ia:dkhl f.dkqùu lÈu wdo¾Yhla'tfukau újD;j wmf.a woyia fufia

m< lrkakg ,eîu b;d fyd|,CIKhla' fujeks W;aidyhka ;j

;j;a .; hq;=hs'

ck ikaksfõokh


i|ud,s .=Kr;ak -fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,hwOHdmkh ,eîfïÈ wm hï hïmyiqlï hgf;a th ,nd.;a;;awmg jvd ±ä ÿIalr;d uOHfhawOHdmkh yodrk wfmau fidhqrefidhqßhka msßila fuysÈ wmgyuqjqKd' fï jevuq¿j ;=<ska wm b;dksjerÈj jgyd .;a;d fjk;a cd;Skayd iu.s iïmkakj Èú f.ùfï ydñ;=oï meje;aùfï ienE wre;'

jvd;a m%fhda.sl t<Uqula Tiafia wmyodrd we;s kHdhd;aul ±kquls%hd;aul l< hq;af;a flf<i±hswm fufy È jgyd .;a;d' fujkajevuq¿ yryd isÿjk udkj iïm;aixj¾Okh ms<sn|j úl,am m%;sm;a;sflakaøhg wm iriúfha ia;+;shmsßkeñh hq;=hs'

mS'ta'.uf.a - fld<U úYajúoHd,húYaj úoHd, YsIHhhska jqj;a fujekswka;¾ in|;d mj;ajd.ekSfïÈ wmb;d ÿ¾j, nj ms,s.;hq;=hs' wka;¾úYaj úoHd, lS%vd ;rÕ meje;ajqj;afujeks b;d iqúfYaIS in|;df.dvk.d .;yels jevigyka úYajúoHd, ;=< olskakg kE' tjkaysveila fï jeks jevigyka yryd

msrfjk nj lsj hq;=uhs'

iriú isiqka f,i jvd nqoaêu;aj ydmq¿,aj cd;sl .eg¿j ms<sn|jwjOdkh fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;awd;aud¾:ldñ fÉ;kd mfil,diduQyslj lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wmsw;aje,a ne|.ksuq' ta i|y u. fmkajQ úl,am m%;sm;a;s wdh;khg b;dia;+;shs'

bka§jß chfialr - YS%chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,hjevuq¿jg iyNd.s jk wjia:dfõÈwmf.a is;=ú,a, jqfha ;j;a tlaidïm%odhsl jevuq¿jla f,ihs'tkuq;a jvd;a m%dfhda.sl yd ls%hdldßÈk ;=kla fuys§ .; lrkakg ,enqKqw;r th wmf.a wkd.; jD;shlghq;= i|yd ksh; jYfhkauufydamldÍ fjkjd' tmuKlafkdfjhs' wmf.a úfõpkd;aul ydújD; woyia i|yd fuysÈ újrjQ bvms<sn|j iEySulg m;afjkjd

ñka wk;=rej fyda wfkl=;a úYajúoHd, iuÕ jvd;a mq¿,a in|;djlaf.dvk.d.ekSu i|yd wm fhduqúhhq;=uhs' úúO;ajfhka imsß iduhmsreKq rgl Èú f.ùu i|ydwkd.; mrmqrg fyda wjia:dj,nd§ug wm fjfyish hq;=hs'

ck ikaksfõokh


ia;+;sh m< lsÍu


jevigyfkys wruqKqj,g iu.dójjvd;a m%dfhda.sl yd yrj;ajevuq¿jla Wfoid iyNd.s fjñkaBg ;u odhl;ajh ,ndÿka ish¿fokdg iïnkaëldrl jrhd úiskaia;+;s lrk ,§' ;j ÿrg;a woyiaolajñka fufia o mjik ,§'

Tn ish¨ fokd b;d M,odhSl;sldjla f.dvkxjd,Su i|ydfjfyiqkd' jvd jeo.;a jkafkafujka W;aidyhla iudch ;=<id¾:lj w;ayod ne,Suhs' fjkiawkkH;d yd úúO;ajh bjik iq¿iudchla f.dv k.d ,SfïwNsfhda.d;aul ld¾hh i|yd Tnfuys§ ,nd.;a kHdhd;aul yd

m%dfhda.sl ±kqu Ndú;d l< hq;=h'jvd úuis,su;a úh hq;= lreKjkqfha Tnf.a úIh lafIa;%h yrydmq¿,a ±laula f.dvk.d .ekSuhs'

ck ikaksfõok úoHd¾Òka f,iTnf.a ld¾h lrk w;r;=r ±kgwm iudcfha iuyr fokd wkq.ukhlrkq ,nk mgq ls%hdjka ydixl,amkdjkag wkql+,j lghq;=fkdlsÍug Tn j. n,d .ekSu b;djeo.;a' fya;=j úúO wkkH;djkag.relsÍfï yd úúO u; bjiSfïmqreoao Tnf.a wkd.; jD;a;shg b;djeo.;a ùuhs' tjka m%fõYhla ;=<skamuKhs cd;sl .eg¿j úi£u i|ydodhl úh yelafla'

ck ikaksfõokh



úIhwd¾Ól úoHdj

Èkh2006'11'26 - 28


wd¾Ól úoHdj


wd¾Ól úoHdj

ye¢kaùuúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh jd¾Islj ixúOdkhlrkq ,nk wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdo ud,djzzhymd,kh iy YS% ,xldfõ iduh f.dvkexùuZZhk f;audj hgf;a meje;ajQ w;r tys f;jeksjevuq¿fõ flakaøSh úIh f,i idlÉPd lrkq,enqfha wd¾Ól úoHdjhs' tu f;Èk jevuq¿jmokï lr .ksñka fuu ixlaIsma; igyka ieliSwe;'









rcrg úYaj úoHd,h 4 3 7 -



.eyeKq msßñ

NdId udOHh

isxy, fou<


iudrïNl ieishfufyhùu


ieis wruqKjevuq¿fõ iyNd.slhska w;r ñ;%YS,Smiqìula ks¾udKh lrñka jvd;aújD; yd yrj;a ixjdohla i|ydTjqkaf.a iyNd.S;ajh jvd;a j¾Okhlr,Su'

wdrïNh iy ms<s.ekSuwd¾Ól úoHd jevigyka iïnkaëldrl

wdpd¾h iqukisß ,shkf.awxYdêm;s wd¾Ól úoHd wOHhk wxYhfmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h

iudc úoHd;aul úIhla flakaø lr .ksñka f;Èkla mqrd mj;ajkq

,nk fujeks jevuq¿jla Wfoid imeñKs isiq isiqúhka b;d

i;=áka ms<s.kakd nj wdpd¾hjrhd mejiSh'

wd¾Ól úoHd úIh jekakla .eUqßka ixjdohg ,lafldg th

m%dfhda.sl Ndú;djla lrd fhduq lsÍug W;aidy .kakd fujka

fudfyd;l isiq isiqúhkaf.a lemùu yd Woafhda.h b;d jeo.;a

njo mejiSh'

wd¾Ól úoHd úIh yodrK YS% ,xldfõ iEu úYaj úoHd,hlu

isiq isiqúhka" tlu ia:dkhl tla/ia ù isgk fujka ÿ¾,N

fudfyd;l jevuq¿fõ wruqKq idCId;a lr .ekSu i|yd jk

iyNd.slhskaf.a lemùu m%Odk;u idOlhla f,i wdpd¾hjrhd

ye¢kaúh' tfukau úúO;ajfhka imsß fuu jevuq¿j i|yd

hdmkh úYaj úoHd,hg iyNd.S ùug fkdyels ùu lK.dgqodhl

njo mejiSh'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


fmd,a f;,a myk ±,aùu

jevuq¿fõ m%Odk wdrdê;hd jQ uypd¾h tka' nd,ls%IaKka uy;d

m%uqL wdrdê; msßi w;ska isÿúh

jevigyfka wruqK meyeÈ,s lsÍu


úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh jd¾Islj ixúOdkh lrkq ,nk zwka;¾ úYaj

úoHd, ixjdo ud,dfõ fujr f;audj hymd,kh iy YS% ,xldfõ iduh

f.dvkexùu hehs mejiQ iïnkaëldrl jrhd furfÜ mj;akd w¾nqoldÍ

jd;djrKh iukh lsÍfuys,d úYaj úoHd, m%cdfõ odhl;ajh ,ndfoñka

Bg hï wjldYhla ,nd §ug W;aidy lsÍu fuu jevuq¿fõ wruqK njo

,hk,a .=ref.a uy;d úiska i|yka lrk ,§'

isú,a iudch Yla;su;a lr,Sfï yd m%cd;ka;S%h w.hka /l .ekSfï wruqKska

lghq;= lrk wdh;khla f,i úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh" cd;sl m%YaK

flfrys mj;akd úYaj úoHd, m%cdfõ y~ ms<sn|j b;d by< wjOdkhla

wd¾Ól úoHdj


fhduq lrk njo i|yka lf<ah'

cd;sl m%YaKh yd ne÷Kq úúO ldrKdjkays§ m%uqL jkqfha wd¾Óluh

.eg¿h' tys,d fuu úIfha m%dfhda.sl Ndú;djka ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Su

ld,Skj b;d jeo.;ah'

fuu jevuq¿fõ wruqKq woyia hgm;a fldg wmf.a wruqKq biau;= lsÍu

fkdfõ' yels;dla úúO ksfhdackhka i|yd wjia:dj ,nd §uhs' újD;j yd

úfõpkd;aulj fï i|yd iyNd.Sùug Tng bvlv we;'

úúO cd;Ska yd NdIdjka ksfhdackh lrñka jevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.S jk

ish¿ fokdg iaj¾Kuh wjia:djla Wod ù we;' ta tlsfkld w;r in|;djka

f.dv kÕd .ekSughs' wfkHdakH úYajdih ;yjqre lr .ekSug fujka

wjia:d mdol lr .; hq;= hehs o iïnkaëldrl jrhd wjika jYfhka

mejiQfõh'

yÿkd.ekSfï wjia:djfufyhùu

,hk,a .=ref.awxY m%Odks" m%cd iyNd.S;aj jevigyka wxYh

m%:ufhka tla tla iyNd.lhska yg wxl ,nd fok ,§' wk;=rej iudk

wxl ,enqKq fofokd ne.ska f;dar .;a w;r tla wfhl=f.a uQ,sl f;dr;=re

wfkla ñ;=rd úiska mejish hq;= úh'

fï i|yd ish¿ iyNd.slfhda Wkkaÿfjka iyNd.S jQy' ;uka m%:ufhka

y÷kd.;a ñ;=rd m s< sn|j

y÷kajd §fï§ jvd m%idx.sl

iajrEmhlska th isÿ lsÍug

iyNd.slfhda j. n,d .;ay'

fuys§ woyia m< l< ,hk,a

.=ref.a uy;d" tlu úIh

lafIa;%hla yeoErejo tlsfkld

fkdy÷Kk mßirhla ;=<

fufia ñ;=oï j¾Okh ùu

wdYajdokSh lreKla njo

i|yka lf<ah'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


´kEu isú,a w¾nqohl flakaøSh.eg¿jla f,i wd¾Ólh yd ine¢ldrKd y÷kd.; yelsh' oñ<ckhdg fM;sydislj w;a olskakg jQwd¾Ól mSvkhka ckjd¾.slwr.,hl iajrEmfhka biau;= ùwe;'

hqoaOfha mj;akd wiqnjd§ m%jK;dms<sn|j j.lsj hq;= m¾Yj úúOwjia:dj, woyia m%ldY l< om%dfhda.sl Ndú;dfõ§ tjekaklaolakg fkdùu lK.dgqodhlh'

igka úrdu ld,iSudj ;=< .egqïl,dmhkayS Èú f.jQ ck;djf.a Ôú;j, hï fjkila isÿ úh' W;=rekef.kysr ck;djg ;u uQ,slwjYH;d fyda imqrd .ekSug we;swhs;sh b;d fÄokSh f,i ke;s ùwe;'

foaYmd,k kdhlhska i;= wjxlm%fõYhla fkd;sîu;a" iudc .eg¿foi rdcH;dka;s%l oDIaÀfhkafkdn,d flá ld,Sk úi÷ï ,nd §ugW;aidy lsÍu;a ksid furg hqoaOh;j;a W;aikak ù we;' ueoy;aÑka;khlska hqla;j lghq;= fkdlsÍuksid isÿ jkqfha YS% ,xldfõixj¾Okd;aul isyskh fnd| ùhEuhs'

jevuq¿jg iyNd.S jk Tngf;dard.ekSï folla we;' tllaidïm%odhsl wêm;sjdÈ u;fha isrùiudch m%YaK lsÍfuka f;drj Ôj;aùuhs' wfkl uE; ld,Sk iudcmiqnEï ms<sn|j úfõpkd;aulj is;dh:d¾:hd ióm ùuhs' i;Hh ;=<Èúf.ùu lgql w;a±lSula úh yelsjqj;a m%.s;sYS,s ukilg thwdYajdokSh w;a±lSula hehs mejiSuw;sYfhdala;shla fkdfõ'

m%Odk wdrdê; iyNd.S;ajhjevuq¿fõ m%Odk wdrdê;hd f,i iyNd.S jQfha uydpd¾h tka' nd,ls%iaKkauy;dhs' Tyq m%Odk wdrdê;hd f,i werhqï ,eîug fya;=j wdpd¾h iqukisß,shkf.a uy;d fufia i|yka lf<ah'

fmardfoKsh yd hdmkh úYaj úoHd,j, lS¾;su;a wdpd¾hjrfhla jQnd,ls%IaKka uy;dg fujka jevuq¿jla i|yd werhqï lsÍug fya;= rdYshlai|yka l< yelsh'

wd¾Ól úoHd úIh ms<sn| úYdrofhla yd ta yd ineÈ cd;Hka;r w;a±lSfukamsßmqka mqoa.,fhla ùu bka m%Odk jk w;r cd;sl .eg¿fõ uQ,hka yd Bgwod, úi÷ï ms<sn| ksr;=re woyia m<lrkq ,nk úoajf;la ùuo ;j;alreKla f,i wdpd¾hjrhd úiska meyeÈ,s lrk ,È'

m%Odk wdrdê; foaYkh

uydpd¾h tka' nd,ls%IaKka uy;d

in|;djka j, yd ixjdofha ÿ¾j,lï ksidfjka úúO ckjd¾.sl fldgiaw;r fkdikaiqka;d j¾Okh ù we;s iuhl isiq isiqúhka ishhlg wêlmsßila isÿ lrKq ,nk fuu ld¾hl wdo¾Yu;a tlla nj Tyq úiska m%ldYlrk ,È' ;jo'''

ksjerÈ wd¾Ól l<ukdlrKhlafkdue;s ùu ixj¾Okh fjñkamj;sk rgla f,i YS% ,xldjg m%n,jn,mdkq ,nk .eg¿jls' tksiduiudcfha we;s jQ wd¾Ól úIu;djkayd ú/lshdj jeks .eg¿ fl<jrjQfha ysxidldß yd wiïu;wdldrfhks' fyd|u ksoiqka kï 1971we;s jQ le/,a, yd 1989 we;s jQle/,a,hs'

ol=fKa we;s jQ tjka isú,a w¾nqoms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï§ W;=re ydkef.kysr wdYs%; ;;a;ajh ms<sn|jWml,amkh lsÍu wmyiq ke;'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


m%:u ieishiïm;a odhl;ajh

wdpd¾h - mdlHfida;s irjkuq;a;=úOdhl wOHCIúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh

f;audj

YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólh iy iduh

f,dj ljr rgl jqjo hqoaOhlaj¾Okh ù we;skï bka m%ldYs;woyila jkqfha wd¾Ól úIu;djhs'ke;skï ksjerÈ wd¾Óll<ukdlrKhla fkdùuhs'

wo furg W;=re kef.kysrjd;djrKh b;d wjdikdjka; f,i;j ;j;a w¾nqoldß ù we;' bkawe;s jk wd¾Ól mSvdj fkdje,elaúhyelalls'

igka úrdu .súiqu yd ne£ mej;siqnjd§ wdl,am fomd¾Yjhflfrkau wE;a ùu oyia .Kkackhd ,enQ wjdikdjka; ;;a;ajhls'igka úrduh M, ord ;snQ iufhaW;=re yd ol=K w;r mej;siïnkaOh wdl¾IkSh tlla úh'foaYmd,kslj jdis iy.; oDIaÀfldaKhlska fkdn,kafkl=g igkaúrdu .súiqu hkq idudkH isú,ackhd ,enQ iqúi,a" chla f,ifmfkkd fkdwkqudkh'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


iduh yd wd¾Ólh w;r we;af;awúfhdackSh in|;djls' wo jk úgirKd.;hska f,i irKd.; l|jqre;=< isák oyia .Kka ckhd hkqwiSñ;j wd¾Óluh mSvdjg m;a jQmsßils'

udkQISh wdOdr wiSñ;j W;=re ydkef.kysr wo jk úg wjYHj we;'ta;a th m%udKd;aul yd M,odhSj isÿjk whqrla fkdfmfka' th l%uj;ajisÿ lsÍug fyda wjOdkhla fhduq ùfkd;sîuo ie,ls,a,g Ndckh l<

hq;= ;;ajhls'

W;=re muKla fkdj ol=fKa mjd hymd,khla fkdue;s ùu ksid rdcHm%;sm;a;suh ie<iqï hkak yqÿyrhla fkdue;s fohla njg m;ajwe;' ol=fKa wia:djr uQ,Hl<ukdlrKfha fodaI tla hqOuhch.%yKhla biau;= fldg jid.ekSug yelshdj ,eî ;sîuwdKavqfõ ;djld,sl ch.%yKhls'ta;a ck;djf.a me;af;ka jyd msì§uwksjd¾h idOlhla úh hq;=uh'

idlÉPd yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfïwjia:dj ''''

ta'fla'tia' Èidkdhl - rcrg úYaj úoHd,hW;=re fõjd ol=fKa fõjd wd¾Ól mSvdj yeuodu;a ±fkkafka idudkH isú,ack;djghs' wjdikdjg Yla;su;a isú,a iudchla fkdue;s ksid ck;djmSvdjg m;a ùu je<elaúh fkeyelshs'

ví'tï'ã' fjkavfldaka - le<Ksh úYaj úoHd,hfurg wd¾Ól ia:djr;ajhla fkdue;af;a ;%ia;jd§kaf.a ñf,aÉP ls%hd ksihs'rgg fi!Nd.H Wodlr .ekSug kï ;%ia;jd§ka mrdch l< hq;=hs'

uqkSIa - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,h;%ia;jdoh mrdch lsÍu ish¿ frda. ksjdrKhg fya;=jla hehs is;d isàuydiHhg lreKla' tys uQ,hka fiùu yd Bg ms<shï fh§uhs Kekj;a ls%hdj'

YIsl,d chfialr - chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,hrchg wjxl fÉ;kdjla fkdue;s ùu;a ck;dj mqrjeishka f,i fkdj Pkaoodhlhska f,i yeisÍu;a ksid Woa.; ù we;s w¾nqohla muKhs rfÜmj;skafka'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


iïm;a odhl;ajh

uydpd¾h - ví'ã',CIukafld<U úYaj úoHd,h

f;audj

mYapd;a ixj¾Ok ;;ajhl§ ixj¾Okls%hdj,sh ;=< rdcHh

f;jeks f,dj rgla f,i y÷kd.kakdwjia:djl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhms<sn|j ¥ro¾YS ±laula <Õd lr.ekSu furg m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskajyd ueÈy;a úh hq;= jqj;a ta ms<sn|jiqnjd§;ajhla olakg ke;'

YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okfhys,drdcH ueÈy;aùu ;j ÿrg;a wjYHh'ish,a, fm!oa.,sl wxYhg mjrdksy~ ùu j.lsj hq;= rchlm%;sm;a;sh fkdfõ'

furg b;d wiqnjd§ m%jK;djh kïwd¾Ól úoHd{hskaf.a fhdackdtlfy<d bj; ±óuhs'

l,ska l,g fjkia jk foaYmd,kwêldÍka ;=< ksYaÑ; wd¾Ólm%;sm;a;shla fkdue;s ùuo wo ojfia±jeka; wNsfhda.hls'

Yla;su;a yd M,odhS rdcH;dka;S%hueÈy;a ùula fkdue;s ùuo YS%,dxlSh wd¾Ól ixo¾Nfha m%n,miqneuls'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


idlÉPd yd woyia m< lsÍfï wjia:dj

ã'hQ'ta'ã' fodvdf.dv - fld<U úYaj úoHd,hfoaYmd,k{hskaf.a w;a;fkdau;sl wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;s msgq oelSfï Yla;su;a

l%ufõohla fj; jyd wj;S¾K ùug ld,hhs fï'

iS' fldäisxy - reyqKq úYaj úoHd,hfurg lS¾;su;a yd j.lSï iy.; wd¾Ól úoHd{hskaf.a wvqjla ;sfnkjd'foaYmd,k u;s u;dka;r yuqfõ ;u m%;sm;a;s mdjdfok nqoaêu;=ka nyq;rhl=hs

,xldfõ isákafk' fiakl ììf,a jeks mqoa.,hska ìyslr .ekSuhs jeo.;a'

;kQIshd - fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,hiaj{dkfhka yd iduQysl W;aidyfhka rgla f,i f.dvke.Sug Ñka;lhska ;=<

mj;akd ÿn,;djhhs ,xldj ;=< mj;sk .eg¿j'

ta'tï' *sfrdaia - w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h,xldfõ .eg¿j Ñka;k oßø;djhhs' W;=re yd ol=Kq f,dal folla;rug ÿria ù ;sìh§;a nqoaÈu;=ka ksy~j isàu ydiH cklhs'

t,a'tï'wd¾' chúl%u - rcrg úYaj úoHd,h,xldfõ yeuodu;a isÿ jkafka noaêu;=ka m%YaK j,ska m,d hduhs' fuys meñKsnqoaêu;a Tfnka wms b,a,kq ,nkafka m%YaK j,ska m,d fkdhk f,ihs'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


iïm;a odhl;ajh

uydpd¾h - uq;=ls%IaK i¾jdkkaokam¾fhaIK m%Odksixj¾Okh i|yd jQ fmdhskaÜ fmâfrda wdh;kh'

f;audj

YS% ,xldfõ .egqï l,dmhkays wd¾Ólh

YS% ,xldfõ mj;akd ckjd¾.slw¾nqoh wdishdfõ muKla fkdjiuia; f,dalfhau wjOdkhg ,lajQjls' Bg idfmaCIj hqoaOfha M,úmdl f,i f.jk iudc yd wd¾Ólmsßjeho wiSñ;hs'

.egqï l,dmhkayS wd¾Ól ydidudÔh m%;súmdl wOHhkh lsÍfïÿIalr;d mj;sk w;r isÿ ùwe;af;ao b;d iSñ; m¾fhaIKlsysmhls' tfy;a th w;HdjYH jQjlanjo i|yka l< hq;=h'

YS% ,xldfõ mj;akd cd;sl .eg¿fõienEj ±k .ekSu i|yd Wmfhda.Slr.; yels ióCIK j, wvqjlawe;' fya;=j kï hqOuh l,dmhkafj; m%fõY ùfï .eg¿jhs'

.;jQ oYl tlyudrl ld,h ;=< YS%,xldfõ o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha b;d

wju odhl;ajh olajkq ,nkafkaW;=re m,d;hs'

kef.kysr l,dmfha iy,aksIamdokh;a W;=f¾ r;=¿KqksIamdokh;a hqOuh ld,iSudj ;=<ì|jegqKo igka úrdu ld, iSudfõ§tys úYañ; j¾Okhla we;s úh ñßia"w," ì;a;r wdÈh iïnkaOj fï;;a;ajh tf,iskau n,mj;ajhs'

1980 - 2001 ld, iSudfõ ud¿we,a,Sug jvd 2004 tkï igka úrduld, iSudj ;=< ud¿ we,a,Su fo.=Kúh' th b;d iqúfYaIS ,CIKhls'

há;, myiqlï" wksl=;a m<d;aj,gjvd wvqfjkau olakg ,efnkqfhaW;=re yd kef.kysr m<d;a,hs'tfy;a W!jg yd inr.uqjgidfmaCIj jvd iqrCIs;j c,h mdkhl< yelafla W;=frks'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


hqoaOfha M, úmdl f,i W;=re yd kef.kysr iudc wdka;SrKhg ,laj we;swdldrho úuish hq;=h' tfukau oßø;dj iudc wiudk;dj ydysxidldÍ;ajfha m%;sY;ho wksl=;a m<d;aj,g idfmaCIsj b;d by<h'

Èh nqnq,la u;= jkakd fia igka úrdu ld, iSudfõ§ W;=f¾ yd kef.kysrwd¾Ólh nen¿Kdo h,s;a hqoaOh meñKs jyd th mqmqrd .sfhah'

W;=re yd kef.kysr iod;ksl oßø;djfha fkd;nd o< cd;sl ksIamdokfhaby< m%;sY;hla olajd tu m<d;a ixj¾Okh l< hq;=h' tys,d

ojfia mqrd A-9 ud¾.h újD;j ;eîu'

wê wdrCIsl l,dm iïnkaO ±ä iSud bj;a lsÍu'

ud¿ we,a,Sfï ;yku jyd bj;a lsÍu'

t,a'à'à'B' ixúOdkfha w;a;fkdau;sl ls%hd neyer lsÍu'

ish¿ md¾Yjhka NSIKh yd ysxikh fy<d ±lSu'

t,a'à'à'B' ixúOdkfha mQ¾K wkque;sh W;=f¾ kej; mÈxÑhg meñfKkuqia,sï m%cdj fj; ,nd §u wdÈh wkq.ukh l< hq;=h'

idlÉPd yd woyia m%ldY lsÍfï wjia:dj

mS - wiaúkS - kef.kysrúYaj úoHd,hcd;sl w¾nqoh ms<sn|j ksjerÈjf;dr;=re ,nd fkd§fï .eg¿jlafurg ld,dka;rhla ;siafiamj;skjd' ta;a fuu foaYkh ;=<skab;d ksjerÈ yd jeo.;a f;dr;=rerdYshla ,nd ÿkak' fufia ÿgq

hqoaOfha m%;súmdl ±l fyda iduldóm%fõYhlg wm .uka l< hq;=h'

tka'tia'tï' biauhs,a - fld<UúYaj úoHd,hwm ksOdkhla w;yer we;ehsis;kj' fya;= W;=re yd kef.kysru.ska lDIsld¾ñlj yd ëjr

l¾udka;h wkqj n,k úg b;d by<odhl;ajhla o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;hfjkqfjka ,nd .; yelshs' n,hfnod yeÍfï l%ufõohla uÕska fydata i|yd uQ,sl mokula fhÈh hq;=hs'

ã'tia'tï' O¾uodi - rcrgúYaj úoHd,htla cd;shla tl È.gu fkdi,ldyeÍïj,g ,la jqjfyd;a isÿ úh yelsydkshhs wo hqoaOh f,i wm olskafka'fï ;;a;ajh lS fokdo wjfndaOlrf.k we;af;a'

tÉ't,a'ta'tia' ,shkf.a -inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,hljr ÿIalr;d ;snqK;a W;=re ydkef.kysr fidhqre fidhqßhkawOHdmkh fjkqfjka lrk lemùuw.h l< hq;=hs'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


iïm;a odhl;ajh

m%§ma mSßiawxY m%OdksfidaI,a bkaäflag¾ wdh;kh

f;audj

wd¾Ólh ms<sn| ck;d woyia iy iduhi|yd jQ iyfhda.h

hï ixisoaêhla fyda lreKla ms<sn|jksYaÑ;j ±k.ekSu i|yd ióCIKWmfhda.S lr .; yelsh' ta;a th100] ksjerÈ fkdjkakd fiau l,skal,g ck;d woyiao fjkia úhyelsh'

iduh i|yd jvd m%Yia; úi÷u f,ifmvr,a l%uhla i|yd 2003 § ;snQck;d leue;a; 43'7] jQ w;r th2004 § 49'4] olajd j¾Okh úh'

úoHq;a yd uqøs; udOHhl yd m%n,foaYmd,ksl isÿùï' wNshi ck;dwoyiao jßkajr fjkia fõ' ta;aiduh i|yd ksr;=reju m%n, ck;d

leue;a;la mj;S'

jvd ie,ls,a,g Ndckh l< hq;=,CIKhla we;' tkï iduh i|ydmj;sk ck;d leue;af;a úúOfjkialï ;sîuhs' iuyrekat,a'à'à'B' ixúOdkh iyuq,skamrdch lsÍu iduh hehs wfmaCIdlrK w;r ;j;a wfhla fou<ckhdg wdfõKsl m%Yak ke;ehsotfy;a iduh wjeis hehso mjihs'

igka úrdu ld,iSudj hkq wd¾Óluhf,i W;=re kef.kysr fom<df;aoYl tlyudrlg miq ixj¾Okhlaisÿ ù ld, iSudjhs'

kef.kysr m<d; ;=< uqia,sï ck;djwj;eka ùu iDcqju wd¾Ólhgn,mdk w;ru W;=f¾ ud¿ we,a,Suyd iïnkaOj mj;sk iSudjka ksidoñ< ck;djf.a ffoksl Èúh w;sYhÿIalr ;;a;ajhg m;aj we;'

kef.kysr yd W;=f¾ mj;akdwjodkï ;;a;ajh ksidfjka ióCIKmeje;aùug wdmiq ù we;' ta ksidb;d wx. iïmQ¾K ióCIKjd¾;djla bÈßm;a lsÍug wjia:djlake;'

wd¾Ól úoHdj


iïm;a odhl;ajh

wdpd¾h È,sks .=Kj¾Okfmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

f;audj

YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfhys ldka;d Y%uiemhqu

YS% ,xld wd¾Ólh ;=< ldka;d Y%u odhl;ajh .ek we;s wjOdkh b;d wvqhtu ksidu ta i|yd ysñ úh hq;= we.hsu fkd,eî we;'

ldka;d Y%u odhl;ajh jeo.;a jqjo ta wdYs%;j mek ke.S we;s idudcSh m%Yakflfrys o m%udKj;a wjOdkh;a fhduq ù ke;'

ls%hdldrluby; f;audj weiqfrka iyNd.slhka w;r újdohla we;s l< w;r ta i|ydlKavdhï jYfhka isiq isiqúhka iyNd.s jQy

f;audj

YS% ,xld Y%u iemhqfï úma,jhla we;s ù;sfío@

wd¾Ól úoHdj


A lKavdhubÈßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl

wñ, i|rejka - le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

YS% ,xld Y%u iemhqfï úma,jhla we;s ù ;sfí

1977 újD; wd¾Ól m%;sm;a;sh

j;= wd¾Ólh

úfoaY /lshd

we.¿ï l¾udka;h

ia;S% Wiia wOhdmkh

/lshdjkays .=Kd;aul nj

l=gqïN wd¾Ól ;;ajh

wdl,amuh fjkialï

B lKavdhubÈßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl

ta' tï' *sfrdaia - w.aaksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h

YS% ,xldfõ Y%u iemhqu i|yd ldka;d odhl;ajfhaúma,jldß njla ;sfí

wOHdmkfha j¾Okhla we;súh'

cSjk úhou by,hdu

úfoaY fiajhg bvm%ia:d mq¿,a ùu

iudc wdl,am fjkiaùu'

.%dñh ldka;d ix.ï yryd msìÈu

fiajd wxYfha msìÈu

ldka;djkaf.a Y%uhg we;s

ldka;d Y%ufha M,odhs;ajh ^we.¨ï l¾udka;h&

wd¾Ól úoHdj


C lKavdhubÈßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl

iS' fldäisxy - reyqK úYaj úoHd,h

YS% ,xldfõ Y%u iemhqfï ldka;d odhl;ajfha úma,jldßnjla ;sfí

wdl,amuh fjkila we;sùu'

uqia,sï wh /lshdjg fhduqúh

wOHdmkh ^j;= wxYh - .=re jD;a;sh&

.=re jD;a;sh fi!LH" óg fmr ;snqfKa ldka;djka Y%u iemhqfïlDIsl¾udka;h

Ôjk úhou by< hdu

/lshdjla lrk msßñhdf.a wdodhu m%YaKhla fkdùu mjq,a tallh ;=<wd¾Ól m%Yak we;s ùu'

jegqma kuH;djh ;=< we;s fjkialï'

újdy ùfï jhi m%udKh by< hEu'

iajdëk;ajh

.Dy fiaúldjka Wmhk wdodhï weÕ¿ï fCIIa;%h

fiajd wxYfha msì§u'

wOHdmkh ÈhqKqùu ksid fiajd wxYfha fndfyda /lshd wjia:dldka;djkag ysñùu

wd¾Ól úoHdj


wksgq m%;súmdl

mjq,a tallfha m%Yak we;sù th foord hEu'

orejkag ksis /lrKh ,efí o@

fiajd iemhqu jeä ù ;sfnkafka jhi 20 - 30 olajd muKhs' 30ka miqldka;d Y%uh ySk fj,d' wfma Y%u n,ldhg ldka;d odhl;ajh wjYHjkafka fï jhia mr;rh ;=< muK o@

D lKavdhubÈßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl

tÉ'tï'fla'fla' lreKdr;ak - fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h

YS% ,xldfõ ldka;d Y%u iemhqfï úma,jhla isÿ ù ;sfí

wOHdmk lafIa;%fha isÿjQ m%idrKh'

iudc yd ixialD;sluh jYfhka isÿjQ wdl,amuh fjki'

foaYmd,k m%;sm;a;suh fjki

Ôjk úh|u by< hdu'

wd¾Ólfha isÿ jQ jHqyd;aul fjki'

úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh by< hEu

E lKavdhubÈßm;a lsÍu

lKavdhï kdhl

ã'tia'tï' O¾uodi - rcrg úYaj úoHd,h

wd¾Ól úoHdj


ldka;d Y%u iemhQfï úma,jh

1977ka miq

weÕ¿ï l¾udka;h

ksoyiska miq

kj/lshd wjia:d úfoaY fiajd kshqla;sh

j¾;udkh

ld,h

j¾;udkh'ld,h48 77

mqreIhd

j¾;udk ld,h

wd¾Ól úoHdj



wruqKwd¾Ól úoHdj úIh flaJø lr.ksñka f;Èkla mqrd meje;s jevuq¿jwjik bka ,nd.;a kHdhd;aul yd m%fhda.sl ±kqu Wmfhda.s lr.ksñka isiq isiqúhka yg ksnkaOk bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wjia:dj WodlsÍu'



fld<U úYaj úoHd,h

w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,h

YS chj¾Ok úYaj úoHd,h

rc rg úYaj úoHd,h



reyqKq úYaj úoHd,h

1& (i) 1994 - 2001 ld,h ;=< YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfha u; ikakoaOwr.,h we;s l, m%;s úmdl idlÉPd lrkak'

(ii) n, mx.=ldÍ;ajh;a ^Power - Sharing& i|yd SubsidiarityuQ,O¾uh Yla;su;a ;¾lhla bÈßm;a lrhs idlÉPd lrkak'

2& (i) W;=re m<df;a wd¾Ólh u; ikakoaO wr.,h we;s l< m%;súmdl idlÉPd lrkak'

(ii) 1994 - 2001 ld,h ;=< YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólfha u; ikakoaOwr.,h we;s l, m%;s úmdl idlÉPd lrkak'

3& kef.kysr m<df;a wd¾Ólh u; ikakoaO wr.,h we;s l<m%;súmdl idlÉPd lrkak'

4& 2002 fmnrjdß udfiaÈ fou< úuqla;s fldá ixúOdkh iu.igka úrdu .súiqula w;aika lsÍug YS% ,xldfõ wdKavqj fufyhjQ wd¾Ól idOl fudkjdo@

5& 2002 - 2005 hqoaOhla ke;s iduhla ke;s ;;ajh úiska we;s l<iDcq yd jl% wd¾Ól m%;s úmdl idlÉPd lrkak'

6& kej; YS% ,xldfõ hqoaOhla we;s jqjfyd;a thska we;s úh yelswd¾Ól m%;sM, ljf¾o@

7& wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd foaYmd,k ia:djr;ajh w;HjYHfldkafoaishls' miq.sh úis jif¾ w;a±lSï weiqfrka idlÉPdlrkak'

8& YS% ,xldfõ ckjd¾.sl - foaYmd,k .egqfï wd¾Ól uQ,hkafudkjdo@

wd¾Ól úoHdj


ia;+;sh m, lsÍu


jevigyfkys wruqKqj,g iu.dój jvd;a m%dfhda.sl yd yrj;a jevuq¿jlaWfoid iyNd.s fjñka Bg ;u odhl;ajh ,ndÿka ish¿ fokdg iïnkaëldrljrhd úiska ia;+;s lrk ,§' ;j ÿrg;a woyia olajñka fufia o mjik ,§'

fujka ld¾hhla M,odhs jkqfha wkd.;fha § Tn ljrdldrfhka fujkals%hdj,Skag odhl jkjd o hk lrek u;hs fujka mq¿,a jevigyka ixúOdkhlsÍug Tng wmyiq fõú' tkuq;a fm!oa.,sl uÜgñka fyda cd;Ska w;r ñ;=oïjeä Èhqkqjk wdldrfha jevigyka j,g odhl ùuhs jvd jeo.;a'

wd¾Ól úoHd úoHd¾Òka f,i Tnf.a ld¾h lrk w;r;=r ±kg wm iudcfhaiuyr fokd wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk mgq ls%hdjka yd ixl,amkdjkag wkql+,jlghq;= fkdlsÍug Tn j. n,d.ekSu b;d jeo.;a' fya;=j úúO wkkH;djkag.relsÍfï yd úúO u; bjiSfï mqreoao Tnf.a wkd.; jD;a;shg b;d jeo.;aùuhs' tjka m%fõYhla ;=<ska muKhs cd;sl .eg¿j úi£u i|yd odhl úhyelafla'

wd¾Ól úoHdj



úIhiudc úoHdj


ia:dkhuykqjr ys,afgdma fydag,h

iudc úoHdj


iudc úoHdj









rcrg úYaj úoHd,h 3 4 7 -



.eyeKq msßñ

NdId udOHh

isxy, fou<

ye¢kaùuúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøh jd¾Islj ixúOdkh lrkq,nk wka;¾ úYaj úoHd, ixjdo ud,dj zzhymd,khiy YS% ,xldfõ iduh f.dvkexùuZZ hk f;audjhgf;a meje;ajQ w;r tys y;rjeks jevuq¿fõ flakaøShúIh f,i idlÉPd lrkq ,enqfha iudc úoHdjhs' tuf;Èk jevuq¿j mokï lr .ksñka fuu ixlaIsma;igyka ieliS we;'


iudrïNl ieish fufyhùu

,hk,a .=ref.ajevigyka iïnkaëldrl

iyNd.slhska ms<s.ekSu

uydpd¾h áhqv¾ is,ajdwka;¾ úYaj úoHd,jevigyka iïnkaëldrl"mSgdêm;s" l,d mSGhfmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,h

ieisfha wruqKjevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.SjkiyNd.slhka w;r ñ;%YS,S;ajhj¾Okh lsÍu;a jevuq¿fõl%shdldrlï i|yd jvd újD;j ydúfõpkd;aul iyNd.S;ajhla i|ydÈßu;a lsÍu;a'

iudc úoHdj


jevuq¿j fjkqfjka ish¿ úYaj úoHd, ksfhdackh lrñka iyNd.s jQ isiqisiqúhka yd wdpd¾h uKav, idudðlhska uydpd¾hjrhd úiska ms<s.kakd ,È'

YS% ,xldfõ hymd,kh yd iduh f.dv kexùfï ls%hdj,sh i|yd iudc úoHdúoHd¾Òka i;= woyia yd fhdackd idlÉPdjg .; yels b;d iqúfYaISjevuq¿jla fjkqfjka ld,h lemlsÍug is;Su wkd.; wdfhdackhla nj;añka hym;a yd Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSu iyNd.slhska i;= j.lSula njouydpd¾hjrhd isys lf<ah'

cd;sl m%YaKh Wfoid úêu;a l;sldjla iuia; iudcfhau we;súh hq;=iuhla fï' tkuq;a mgq wruqK imqrd .kakd wúêu;a idlÉPd ksr;=rejumj;skafka' iudc úoHdj yodrK ishhlg wêl msßila tala ia:dkhl wotalrdYS fj,d' fujka fudfyd;l iriú isiqkag úêu;a lÓldjla i|ydnyqúO m%fõYhla wkq.ukh l< yelsh'

fmd,a f;,a myk ±,aùum%Odk wdrdê;hd f,i iyNd.S jQ wdpd¾h wdßhr;ak we;=., uy;d m%uqLmsßi w;ska isÿ úh'

jevuq¿fõ wruqK meyeÈ,s lsÍu

,hk,a .=ref.aiïnkaëldrlm%cd iyNd.S;aj jevigyka wxYh

tlu úIhla yodrKq ,nk iriú isiqka ishhlg wêl msßila tluia:dkhl talrdYS ùu ÿ,n wjia:djla nj iïnkaëldrljrhd mejiSh';jÿrg;a woyia ±lajQ Tyq''''

iudc úoHdj


ixjdoh yd úfõpkh fkd bjik iudchla wo mj;skafka' m%cd;ka;%jd§yrhka mjd b;d wNd.H iïmkak f,i .s,syS hñka mj;skafka' tu whym;aiudc mßirfha fjkila ±lSuhs ieuf.a wruqKq úh hq;af;a' tu wruqKq ch.ekSuhs fuu jevuq¿fõ mrud¾:h'

cd;sl m%YaKfha nyqúO yd idudÔh m%YaKj, h:d¾:jd§ iajrEmh ±lsh yelslÈu úIhla jkqfha iudc úoHdjhs' iriú m%cdfõ y~ wjÈlsÍu i|yd,efnk wjia:djla fï' ñka Tn m%fhdack .; hq;=hs' ks¾udKd;aul fydaúfõpkd;aul Ñka;khla olakg ke;s jd;djrKhl iriú isiqka jk Tnmqfrda.dó msßila úh hq;=hs'

m%Odk wdrdê; foaYkh

wdpd¾h wdßhr;ak we;=.,iNdm;s - YS% ,xld rEmjdyskS ixia:djfÊHIaG lÓldpd¾h"ckikaksfõok wOHhkdxYhle,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h

ld,Sk wjYH;djla yd cd;sl fufyjrla f,i ye¢kaúh yels b;d iqúfYaIsjevuq¿jl m%Odk wdrdê;hd f,i iyNd.S jkqfha b;d i;=áka nj i|ykal< wdpd¾h jrhd ta fjkqfjka úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhg ;u ia;=;sh m<lf<ah'

furg ksoyiska miq Wodlr.;a j¾Okhka ms<sn|j kej; wdj¾ckhla l<hq;=hs' úfYaIfhka úYaj .ïudkfha n,mEu ;=< wm jeks rgj,g isÿ jkafkal=ulao hk ldrKh .eUqßka idlÉPdjg ,la l< hq;=hs' nqoaêu;=ka i;=ld¾hh jkqfha yqol,dj isáñka f,dal yd iudc m%jK;d j,ska wE;ajÈúf.ùu fkdfõ' kj udkhka yd j¾Okhka i|yd iudch fm<Uùuhsjeo.;a jkqfha'

iudc úoHdj


iudc we.hqï yd yrhka kj mdßfNda.sl iudc m%jdyhla Tiafiaúm¾hdihlg ,lafjñka mej;Su Tn isys Kqjkska ksÍCIKh l< hq;=hs' tys§Tn i;= j.lSu jkqfha fuys h:d¾;h ck;djg fmkajd§uhs' ta i|yd wjeisnqoaêuh yd ks¾udKd;aul yelshdj Tn i;= nj wu;l fkdl< hq;=hs'

kQ;k ;dCIKfha wisßu;a ksmehqï yd ikaksfõokfha fmr<sldr iajrEmhiEu iudchlgu buy;a n,mEula isÿ lr wjidkhs' tu.ska ixj¾Okhfjñka mj;sk wm jeks rgj,g isÿ lrK n,mEu wiSñ;hs' fj<|±kaùïj, úldYkh úuikak' t;=<ska m%ldY jk kj woyia iudc.; ùfï§w¾nqo u;=ùu b;d iajdNdúlhs' fya;=j idïm%odhsl Ndú;djka wNsnjdmdßfNda.sljd§ woyia biau;= ùuhs'

fujka jevuq¿ yryd u;=jk ixjdod;aul woyia b;d jeo.;a' fya;=j furgcd;sl m%YaKfha uQ,h wkH u;jdohkag bvlv újr fkdlsÍuhs' Tfíld¾hNdrfha m%;sM, furg ck;djf.a iyÔjkd;aul wkd.;h Wfoidjeo.;a ùu wksjd¾hhs'

y÷kd.ekSfï wjia:djfufyhùu

,hk,a .=ref.a uy;djevigyka iïnkaëldrl

Èjhsfka isõfoiska" cd;sl úYajúoHd, 9la ksfhdackh lrñkajevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.S jQiyNd.slhska y÷kd.ekSfï ieishm%:u Èkfha wjika wx.h f,iskameje;aúK'

m%:ufhkau iEu iyNd.slfhla

i|ydu wxl ,nd ÿka w;r miqjtl iudk wxl ,nd .;a fofokdúiska ;u ;uka y÷kd .; hq;= úh'

iydNd.slfhda .S;" lú" úúO foniawdÈh Ndú;d lrñka tlsfkldy÷kajdÿka tu wjia:dj b;dúfkdaod;aul tlla úh'

m%:u Èkfha wjik" fld<U úYajúoHd,fha isiqúhla jQ fÊ'rù oñ<.S;hla .dhkd lf<ah'

iudc úoHdj


iïm;a odhl;ajh

uydpd¾h áhqv¾ is,ajdl,d mSGdêm;s

fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,hf;audj

ckjd¾.sl;ajh hymd,kh iy iduhf.dvkexùuieish fufyhùu

whs'ù' tÈßisxywxYdêm;siudc úoHd wOHhkdxYhfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

w;S;fha § ckjd¾.sl;ajh t;afkdaia hkqfjka ye¢kajQ w;r miqj 1953 §muK Tlaia*¾â Yío fldaIh u.ska t;aksisá hkak jHjydrhg .kakd ,È'uq, wjia:dfõ bka y÷kajdfok ,oafoa weka.af,a ielaika ixl%uKsl ckhdhs'

ckjd¾.sl lKavdhï ;=< mj;akd iqúfYaIS ,CIK lsysmhla i|yka l<yel

m%cdfõ iajNdjh fy<sjkakdjQ kduhla

fmdÿ woyi

fM;sydisl ixisoaëka" ùrhska yd ieureï wdÈh fnodyod.;a m%cdjla

fmdÿ ixialD;sl ,CIK tllg jvd mej;Su

iudc úoHdj



iudc úoHdj

wruqKq

jevuq¿j ;=<§ ,nd.;a kHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.sl ±kquwdY%fhka iudc úoHd;aul f;audjla Tiafia úYaj úoHd,uÜgñka ksnkaOkhla iïmdokh lsÍu'

fuyhùu

ù'whs' tÈßisxyfÊHIaG lÓldpd¾hfld<U úYaj úoHd,h

úYaj úoHd,h f;audj

w.aksÈ. úYajúoHd,h wïmdr Èia;s%lalh ;=< iduh f.dvke.Sfï ls%hd odufha§ wd.ñlixúOdk i;= N+ñldj

kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,h uvl,mq Èia;s%lalh ;=< iduh f.dvke.Sfï§ wd.ñl ixúOdk i;=N+ñldj

fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,h uOHu m,df;ys j;= yd wjg .ïudk in|;djka ;=< u;=fjñkamj;akd .eg¿

YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,h fld<U k.rfha m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ;=< ±l.; yels ckjd¾.slúfNaok rgd

fld<U úYaj úoHd,h cd;sl tald.%;djh yd ine¢ rdcH m%;sm;a;Ska ms<sn| úYaf,aIKhla

le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,h ckjd¾.sl wdl,am W;amdokfhys,d isxy, udOHfha ld¾hNdrh

reyqK úYaj úoHd,h ùrú, .=jka f;dgqm, jHdmD;sh ms<sn| m%cd woyiaoßø;djh hymd,kh yd ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sfha foaYmd,kSlrKh

rcrg úYaj úoHd,h YS% ,xldfõ fjkia jk wdrCIl ;;a;ajhka ys n,mEï ;=< W;=re ueom,df;a udhsï .ïudkj, Woa.; ù we;ss .eg¿

inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,h uOHu m,df;ys j;= yd wjg .ïudk in|;djka ;=< u;=fjñkamj;akd .eg¿


iudma;s ieish

wruqKjevuq¿j i|yd iyNd.S jQ ish¿ iriú isiq isiqúhka i|yd ;uka ,nd.;aw;a±lSï wdY%fhka úfõpkd;aul yd újD;j woyia m< lsÍu Wfoidwjia:dj ,nd §u

fufyhùu

,hk,a .=ref.aiïnkaëldrl m%cd iyNd.s;aj jevigyka wxYh

ysud,s fiakdkdhlreyqKq úYaj úoHd,h

wm fu;rï mq¿,a wfmaCIdjkaf.ka hq;a jevuq¿jla wfmaCId lf<a keye'kuq;a b;d m%dfhda.sl jQ f;Èk jevuq¿jlg iyNd.S ùug wmg wjia:dj Wodjqkd' ol=fKa fidhqre fidhqßhkag kef.kysr wfmau fidhqre fidhqßhkaf.awoyia ±k .ekSug uq,a jrg wjia:dj Wod jQfha fï jevuq¿j yrydh' cd;sl.eg¿j úi£ug kï uQ,slju fï jeks ixjdo yels;dla meje;aúh hq;=hs',nd ÿka wjia:dj iïnkaOj wm iriúfha ia;=;sh msßkukakg leu;shs'

iudc úoHdj


tï'whs'mS'tia'tï' wdßhr;ak - fld<U úYaj úoHd,hiriúfhaÈ ,nkjdg jvd b;d fjkia w;a±lSula ,eîug fuys§ wjia:dj WodjqKd' úúO;ajfhka imsß w;a±lSï rdYshla fuys§ ,nd .;a;d'

iduh f.dvkexùfï f;audjg fhda.H f,i iudc úoHd;aul ud;Dld fhdod.ksñka hï m%dfhda.sl W;aidyhla .ekSug úl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhgyelshdj ,enqKd' fujeks W;aidyhka i|yd iriú isiqka f,iksrka;rfhkau wmf.a iyNd.S;ajh yd wdYS¾jdoh ysñ fjkjd'

tï' iafõ;d - kef.kysr úYaj úoHd,hwm ;=< mej;s fndfyda wiqNjd§ wdl,am fï jevuq¿j;a iuÕ ke;s ù .shd'ol=fKa isxy, fidhqre fidhqßhkaf.a ienE ñ;%;ajh fuys§ wm ÿgqjd'fu;rï ióm;ajhla f.dv kÕd .ekSu i|yd wjia:dj ;sìh§;a cd;sl.eg¿j j¾Okh jQfha flf,il ±hs is;d .ekSug fkdyelshs'

fl;rï ÿIalr ld,iSudjl§ jQj;a wm ;=< mj;akd ukqIH;ajh fkdkeiSmj;ajd .ekSuhs jeo.;a' fujeks talrdYS ùï yryd furfÜ iduhf.dvkexùfï ls%hdj,shg hï iÔú odhl;ajhla ,nd§ug wjia:dj ,nd ÿkaúl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhg wmf.a iriúfha ia;=;sh ysñ fjkjd'

bfrdañ ùrfldaka - inr.uqj úYaj úoHd,hiuia; úYaj úoHd,h moaO;shu ksfhdackh lrñka iyNd.S ùu wm ,enqNd.Hhla' ta yeugu jvd kef.kysr wiSñ; ÿIalr;d ueo Èúf.jk wfmaufidhqre fidhqßhka msßila yuqù idlÉPd lsÍu b;d iqúfYaIS w;a±lSula'

fujeks hym;a W;aidyhka ;=<ska muKhs furg iduh f.dvkexùfïls%hdj,sh id¾:l lr .; yelafla'

ufkdaß Wohdx.kS - YS% chj¾Okmqr úYaj úoHd,htlsfkld iuÕska újD;j ixjdo fkdlsÍu ;=< wm fudk;rï mgq ixl,amkd;=< isrfõo hk j. wm fuys§ w;a ÿgqjd' wm ksr;=reju W;aidy lf<a f;aúfõlfha§ fyda kef.kysßka wd wfmau iriú fidhqfrla fyda fidhqßhlaiu.ska l:d lsÍughs'

fï jevuq¿fõ§ fuka cd;sl m%YaKfha§;a yeu ckjd¾.sl fldgila iuÕuújD; ixjdohlg hdug yels m%fõYhka ks¾udKh l< yels kï b;djeo.;a' wvq ;rñka NdIduh f,i fyda idOdrK wjia:d iq¿ cd;Skag ,nd §ufl;rï idOdrK yd jyd l< hq;= ld¾hhla ±hs wm fuys§ jgyd.;a;d'

iudc úoHdj


hQ'tia'tka' úu,r;ak - rcrg úYaj úoHd,hiriúfhka neyerj b;d m%fhda.sl w;a±lSula wmg ,nd .ekSug yelsjqKd'

óg;a jvd m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ;snqKdkï wm leue;af;ka iyNd.S fjkjd'fya;=j úúO;ajfhka imsß fjk;a woyia yd .eàug yels wjia:djla t;=<skaks¾udKh ùuhs'

iriú m%cdfõ y~ Wfoid fõÈldjla ks¾udKh l< ieug wmf.a ia;=;sh ysñúh hq;=uhs'

ta'wd¾'tï' ;jq*Sla - w.aksÈ. úYaj úoHd,hb;d úYsIaG ld¾hhlg iyNd.S ùug wm ieug wjia:d Wod lsÍu ms<sn|júl,am m%;sm;a;s flakaøhg ia;=;sjka; úh hq;=hs'

wm ish¿ fokd fufia ifydaor;ajfhka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug leu;shs'YS% ,xldfõ iduh fjkqfjka wmg l< yels ld¾hh iq¿fjka fyda l< hq;=hs'

jhs'tï'ta'tia'fla' hdmdr;ak - fmardfoksh úYaj úoHd,hjevuq¿fõ iajrEmh ms<sn|j wm iEySug m;ajk nj mejish hq;=hs' fya;=júúO ckj¾. ksfhdackh lrkq ,nk wfmau ifydaor msßia iuÕ ixjdolsÍu i|yd ,enqKq lÈu wjia:djla'

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iudc úoHdj

univesity programme print file folla wyuq f,i f;dard.kakd mßÈ tajd ,ndfok ,È' tys iudk...

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