6 . , , . 6 11 398 . . 11 398 . , . . . , , , . , , . . . . 4 , . . . 3 1. 13 2. 31. 41 1. 43 2. 51 3. 59 4. 85 5. 97 6. 109 7. 119 8. 130 9. 14010. 20411. 22912. 23913. 26414. 27615. 28516. 29717. 34118. 35519. 373 1 1. 3 2. 12 3. 15 4. 27 5. 36 6. () 45 7. 58 8. 71 9. 9110. 11711. 12312. 15013. 16114. 16715. 17816. 18617. 19218. 20219. 24620. 26821. 29222. 3051.31 1. : 2011 : - : 3 - : 3( 10) - : - 1. .2..1-1~1-3, 2-1~2-3 , 3-1~3-4 .3. .4. . . 5. .6. , .4 [ 1][] 2009 , , . . , . 50 . , . . . , . [] , , . . , . , . . , , . [] . , , , , . RecQ . . , , , . .2. .1.5 [ 1-1] , . .[ 1-2] . k , .[ 1-3] , 100% 1 20nm . 80 , 2 , 90% . , 100% 80 , 90% 78 . 10 nm . (1nm 10- 9m, 0.9100.8) 6 [ 2][] CNG . -161 1/600 . LNG (LiquefiedNaturalGas)(CH4)(C2H6) . LNG . LNG 200 CNG(Compressed Natural Gas). (LPG:LiquefiedPetroleumGas) 5 (C3H8) (C4H10). LPG 1/250 . CNG LPG , 1 , , , 213, 373, 531, 688 kcal .[] . . , 2 1 . ( 1 0.02 1028, 1 .) . . . . , . 1.7 . 16 30 _

1080= 1.37 . , ( ) 50% 57.8% . .[] (CnH2n+2) , (Cl2) , (H)(Cl). . 4, 5 .H CHH* CH*C C CH*C C CC: := 1 : 4 : 5 ( H* )H , (C3H8) (C3H7Cl) , 57% 43%.H CHHCHHCHHHCl2H CHHCHClCHHHH CHClCHHCHHH+57% 43% + HCl[ 2-1] 2 . 2.5 ( : ) . , CNG LPG 8 . [ 2-2] iso-(C5H12) (Cl2) (C5H11Cl) . () . H3C CHHCCH3HCH3Cl2iso-[ 2-3] A B 3:1 I A C 1:1 II . A : B : C = 1 : 1.012 : 1.016 . A [] A 90% I II . [ 3][] . /: .. .O rjLP

21/r2 1.9LK

2:j2. .Or/:[] . . . . - . j r n/ . n 0 , / / 0.020 10- 84Js .[] 1907 . . . .[ 3-1] [] / : . L LP, LK,L O r , LP LK r0 :, /, L .10 [ 3-2] [] . L t r(t) _

/2Lcos .t . . . j(t) :

dtdr r(t) 1 :, /, L .

11,01LK(t) dt :, /, L .[ 3-3] [] L r j (r, j) . [] - / n . n Ln . Ln :, /, /, n .[ 3-4] 5 H1,, H . n c1n,, cn (c1--c)n . c1,, c . n , S c12--c2S (c1n,, cn) n(S) . n(S) .3. 2011 1 . ,, . , 1.11 ,, ,, . .12009 ,, .I .2CNGLPG . 3 . () , . , ,,. . : , , , 12 2 1. : 2011 : - : 90- : 1- , : B4 , 900 , 1,000- . ..(), (:,)0 .. .. . . . () : . . . . 2.13 I (biomedical model) . . , , , . II , 90% . , . , , . III . (Ayu) , (beda) , 1500 80% . . . IV 1971 12 3 2. . .14 . . . 40 . . 20 . V , , , , . . , .3.15[] . A, B, C . ABC P PBC, PCA, PAB n, , n (n, , n) P . ABC : , P ABC P (:,8, :,8, :,8) . ABC n, , n ABC . . 8 ABC .3 1. : 2011 : - : 150 - : 4 - , : , 2. I. .16

[] . 7|, 6|, 5| A, B, C 8| . n, , n ABC . ABC . (1, 1, 0) C . . , , ABC . Q(8, 8, 2) 6 , .[] , . , . () , , . , .3.17[] . , . , . , . . [] [] . (25)(1) [] n, , n (n, , n) . n, , n . (2) [] . , ABC , 4| . [] [] . (25) : . , . n , I . , , .(1) , 18 ( 1 ) I t . (, , )(2) .(3) / , I Q . (, q )[] . . . . . 2 2 . . , .[] . . , , . . .3.19 . . . .[] . , . , .[] 1953 DNA (A) (T), (G) (C) . DNA RNA, , DNA RNA , RNA . DNA RNA (U) . DNA RNA , A, G, C, U 4 3 64 . 61 , 3 . ( : ACU/ACC-,CAU/CAC-,CCA/CCU-,CUU/CUC-, GAA/GAG-, GUA /GUG-, GGA/GGC-, UAA/UGA-) [] , . , , . 20 . . , . 4 7 DNA . 4 5 6 7 3-TGA GGA CTT CTC-5 3-TGA GGA CAT CTC-5 [] 1/500 . , . , . [][] . (25)(1) , [] . . (DO) . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 () 4 5 8 14 20 24 25 28 25 21 15 8 DO (ppm) 13.7 12.9 12.8 10.2 10.2 9.8 9.9 8.4 7.5 7.5 10.1 12.23.21(2) [] . [][] , . (N2) (O2) (Ar)(CO2)(Ne) (He) (CH4) () -196 -183 -186 -57 -246 -269 -162 (10-30 m3)31.2 29.4 27.8 51.8 15.3 11.5 66.6 [][] . (25)(1) [] [] , .(2) [] [] .(1) r, j (r, j) ABC n - -n : (: ABC).n,,n n - -n : n, , n (n, , n) . PBC BC P BC . PBC n P BC3.

22 P BC . CA , n AB .(2) , ABC Q . . (2) . . ( ) . 4| 4 R(4, 4, 0), S(0, 4, 4), T(4, 0, 4) . , ABC R, S, T RST . ( RST ABC ) , 4| .(1) , . , . 0 ,

3.23 . .(2) . : . , , . , , . : . , , . .(3) , , . , Q . Q :q/.(1) . . () () . [] . n n . ,

24 . () (). . () () . [] . . () ().(2) [] . . , . . . . .(1) 4-7 DNA , , 4-7 --- --- , 6 . , [] DNA 5-ACU CCU GAA GAG , 5-ACU CCU GUA GAG [] . , 6 6 .

3.25 , . [] . . , . (2) . , . [] . () . 4. () 20111, , , . . I , , 26 .,, . . . ,, . ( )

[] : [ ] , Wikipedia: "barycentric coordinates" [] : Wikipedia: "barycentric coordinates" [] : I, 5, 2008 [] : I, 5, 2008

[] : I, 4, (), 2003 [] : II, 2, , 2004 [] : [] : II, 1, , 2008 [] : I, 7, , 2008 4, (), 2008 [] : I, 6, , 2008 7, , 20084.27[] j ](r) :, n, c . ,:n](r)dr ,: - cn - c](r -c)dr ,:n](r) dr ,- n- :](-r)dr, / :n](/) .4 1. : 2011 :() () - : 180 - : 14, 4 (1 , 2, 3, 4 ) - , : - : 1. ?2. , ?2. 28 [] ](r),q(r) .,c/] (r)q(r)dr |](r)q(r)|c/-,c/](r)q (r)dr[] ]n(r) (n 0, 1, 2, ) n 0(,c/]n(r)dr),c/(n 0]n(r))dr , cn cr/ r ,]n(r), cn n 0cn . [] ](r) ](c) 0 ](r) (r -c)q(r) q(r) . 1. ()(a) ](r) n ](n) -](2 -n) (n-1)10-2(n-1)2 , () limn

n111/ 2 - nn](/) .(b) () .,01rn(1 -r)ndr(, n .)(c) n 0

(2n-1)!2n(n! )2(b)() ,01

j(r)1dr ,j(r) 4.29. (, n! n (n-1)2 1 0 ! 1 .)(d)](r) limrc

(r-c)81;',c

2c - r](t)dt -,

2c- rr](t) dt

] (c) () , . (, .)[] mRNA , tRNA. tRNA , 3 mRNA . 3 mRNA . tRNA mRNA mRNA . (AUG) , (UAA, UAG, UGA) tRNA .[] . X , X X . X .[] mRNA A, B, C . ( 1-a). ( 1-b). 30 1 (a) A, B, C mRNA (b) [] RNA DNA RNA 0.5 nm. RNA , , . RNA 2 . . 2 RNA , 8 3 . ( 1 nm 10- 9m, 1 pN 10- 12N.) 2. () : .(a) () X 309 . 100 123 . X mRNA . ( AUG UAG . .)4.31(b) () X , . X X . . () .(c) () 2 3 . () () . (, 1 (b) , 3 1 2 .)(d) () kJ/ . (, 0 1028 .) 2 3[] (k) (Kc)., (). ( 4). 32 . 1 , (Lc) . , , . (.H ) . () , (.H< 0) (.H 0) . 1 . / A10- 0.0 Lc,1, Kc L 10- 0.0 .H,1 A L 1 . 4 [] 5-a A B C . A ,[B][C] 5-b., 300K . 5 (a) (b) 4.33[] . . , . , . - . - . E A B . E' E . 1 . A B E E' 1 3. () : .(a) 5 B B , C , A . () 5 A, B, C , B A C . (b) (a) ( 1) 300 K 400 K B C . , ( 2) , 2 [B], [C] 1 [B], [C] () .34 (c) () B , B E' . 6[] c , 0 t . c. . c . c. .[] . 1 6 c H M I C . . . L . 7 . . C t 0 C t 1 . t 0 1 - . 2 8 1 1 . . 1 t 0 1 - .4.35 7 8 [] . . . (CuSO4) 99.9% . 4. () (), (), () .(a) 1 - , .(b) 2 1 - , .(c) 1 2 M M W .(d) 6 X Y . 1 2 , . , . 36 5 1. : 2011 : () - : 2 - : 3 - , : - 1) 2) 3) () : : 1) : , , 2) : 3) : , , 2. .5.37(Johannes Kepler, 1571~1630) . (Pierre de Fermat, 1601~1665) . . ] r / ,](r-/) ](r) . ](r -/) ](r) , / 0 . r ] . . , . , . L , A L-A . L (A-L)L-(A-L) A(L-A) , .A(L-A) (A-L)(L-A-L),LL -2AL -L2 0L , L-2A-L 0. L 0 , 2A L . L . . ] 0 , . ] 0 . , .[ 1] (40)(1) . , c r ](r) ,](r) r .(2) ] , ] .(3) 0 38 ] , ] .(4) ] ] (r) 8r2-0r 0 , [-1, 8[ ] .(5) [-1, 8[ ](r) rc- r . . (1) (2) [] . . . , (I) , . [] (1) B I . . F ( . ) ( j ) ( r ) . (F) (L), (I)(|). F LI | .[] (2) ( ) . , (-) ( ) . (+) c , / . 5.39 (1)[]19 , . (1) . , , . [ 2] (30)(1) 80 1021 . 1.0 10- 19C . () (I) .(2) () (1) 2 (1) . , . (3) () ( ) . (2) r, j, . . .40 (2), . ( (2)). , , , . [] . , .[] . . CO2- H2O--H2CO8--H-- HCO8---H-- CO82 -[ 3] (30)(1) () 2 . (2) () (1) 1960 1 m3 315 mL CO2 , 2010 390mL CO2 . . 5.41 ( 3). 1 m3, , 1 22.4 L . .C8H$-O28CO2- 4H2O(3) .CO2- H2O --H2CO8 ( 1)H2CO8--H-- HCO8-( 2)HCO8---H-- CO82 - ( 3)Ca2 -- CO82 - CaCO8 ( ) ( 4) () . . r 0 c,2 c] (r) 0 ](r) 0 c2,4 0(1) c , r r ](r) r(c-r). ] [0, c[ . ] , ] [0, c[ ](r) ](0) ](c) .3. () 1 42 r 1 1 ] (r) 0 0 ](r) r 1 1 3] (r) 0 ](r) -c

c1

c88r -1 0 2 3] (r) 0 0 ](r) 0r 0 ] (r) 0 ](r) 0 ] (r) c-2r 0r

2c,](r) . ](r)

4c2 r

2c . : r

2c(2) ](r) r8 ] (r) 8r2 r 0 ] (r) 0. , , r 0 . (3) ](r) r8-8r ,] (r) 8(r-1)(r-1) 8r2-8 ] (-1) ] (1) 0. , ](-1) ](1) .(4)] ] (r) 8r2-0r](r) r8-8r2-c . 0, ](2) $ -12 -c 0c 4., ](r) r8-8r2-4 .](-1) 0,](0) 4,](2) 0,](8) 4. [-1, 8[ ] 4.: 4(5) ] (r) c- r-rc- r c- r(1 -r) , r 1 ] (r) 0. , ](1) .](-1) -c,](1)

c1, ](8)

c88. [-1, 8[ ]

c1 -c.:

c1, -c 5.43(1)- ( ) - ( , )(2) 1) (390-315) ml CO2/m3 * 1 m3 = 75 ml CO2 2) 75 ml CO2/(22.4 * 1000 ml) = 3.348 *10-3 mol = 3.348 mmol CO2 2 (1) Q() = = 1021 1.0 10- 19C =160C,I() = Q() / t() = 160 C/ 80 sec = 2 A(2) 2

21 . , I j

AL L 2L, A

2A 4 . V II

4I ., | . , L(4I)| . (F LI |)

41 .(3) (2) . c . b b , r ., . . () j c . 3 44 3) 3.488 mmol/3 = 1.116 mmol 4) = 3*12 + 8 = 44 mg/mmol1.116 * 44 = 49.1 mg ( 0.049 g )(3) 1) 1 2) 1 , 3) 4) () 6.()45

, , . . 6 ()1. : 2011 2 - : 120 - : 3 + 1( ) - 1) 1,2 : 2) 3 : 600 3) : 300 -, - 2, 1( )- - 2. [ 1] . (30)46 (Cantor, 1845-1918) A L , A L A L . , .[ 1] N , N N0 , . (10)[ 2] A 1,2,8 . (10)[ 3] N , N . (10)[ 2] . (30)

. . r 1 . n 1,n rn (, ). r12 r1 r . rn 1,n . , 0.00 0.00,12 0.00 . 1,n , rn n ,W limn (1 -n)n,(1 -r) n . W 1 n .6.()47

[] , . , .[] . , , , , , , . , . , , .[] . [ 1] 1,n rn r . (8)[ 2] , (, r 0 ) r12 r,12 . (10)[ 3] rn n

nr tn

n1logc(1 -r) . n tn W1 W2 (, r0). (12)(,c limn (1 -

n1)n 2.71$ ) [ 3] . (40)48 , . , . 14 .[] (bio-fuel) . . 2% . . , , . .[ 1] , , (), (), () (500 ). (20)[ 2] (), (), () , , , , (500 ). (20)[ 4] (10) ( ) , , 1~2 . (300 )6.()49 ] .] : N N0, ](n) n-1(n N) ] N N0 .N : 1 2 8 4 n N0: 0 1 2 8 4 n-1 N N0 . N N0 .[] N N0 . , ] ] : N N0, ](n) n, n : n-2, n : (nN) ] . `: 1 2 8 4 0 2n-1 2n N0 : 0 1 2 8 4 2n-2 2n-1

, , . , 2~3 . 3. 1) 1[ 1] ( 10)50 , ] .] : N N0, ](n) ,,

0, n 1n-2, n : 1 n, n : (nN), `: 1 2 8 4 2n 2n-1 N0 : 0 1 2 8 4 2n-1 2n . N N0 .[ 2] ( 10)A 1,2,8 A A L . A L ] . ] :AL , L ](1),](2),](8) ](1), ](2), ](8) . L 8 L A 1,2,8 . L A . A 1,2,8 . .[] A 1,2,8 A A . , A 1,2,8 7 .,1,2,8,1,2,1,8,2,8 A 1,2,8 A A . A .6.()51 A , 1,n rn 1 r 1 .[ 3] ( 10) L . , L 2,4,0,. L N . , ] .] : N L, ](n) 2n (nN) ] N L . N: 1 2 8 4 n L: 2 4 0 $ 10 2n N N L . N . N N .[] . , ] N O (,O ,O 1,8,,)](n) 2n-1 , ] N N O .N: 1 2 8 4 n O: 1 8 7 9 2n-1 N N O . N . N N .() ] : N 8, 0, 9, 12, , ](n) 8n(nN) ] : N 8, 7, 11, 1, , ](n) 4n-1(nN)] : N 2, 7, 12, 17, , ](n) n-8(nN)2) 2[ 1] ( 8)52 A(1 -rn)n A(1 -r) rn r . rn (1 -r)1,n-1 (, rn _n

1 -r -1) ( A (1 -rn)n (1 -r) .) c limn (1 -

nc)n cc[ 2] ( 10) . c,/ n . (c-/)n/ 0nnC/c//n - /(, / 0nnC/cn - /// ) r12 .(1 -r12)12 1 -r (1) ,(1 -r12)12 1 -12C1(r12)1-12C2(r12)2-12C8(r12)8--12C12(r12)12 (2) r12 0 , (2) r12 2 3 1 2 . 2 (1) .1 -r 1 -12r12 r12r,12 r12 .[ 3] ( 12)6.()53 W1 W2 . W1limn (1 -n)n,(1 -r)limn (1 -

nr)n,(1 -r) cr,(1 -r) W2limn (1 -tn)n,(1 -r)limn 1 -

n1logc(1 -r)n,(1 -r) clogc(1 - r ),(1 -r)

1 -r1 -r 1W11, W2 1 tn

n1logc(1 -r) n

nr . W1 W2 . W1limn (1 -n)n,(1 -r)limn (1 -

nr)n,(1 -r)limn (1 -

n,r1)n,rr,(1 -r) cr,(1 -r) W2limn (1 -tn)n,(1 -r)limn 1 -

n1logc(1 -r)n,(1 -r)limn |1 -

n,logc(1 -r)1n,logc(1 - r )|logc(1 - r ),(1 -r) clogc(1 - r ),(1 -r)

1 -r1 -r 154 , , , 3) 3[ 1] ( 20) , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . , , , , , , , . , .[ 2] ( 20) . , , . . . .4) 4 ( 10)6.()55 . . , . .4. 1) 1 [ 1]N N0 [ 2]A 1,2,8 [ 3]N 10- ((), () ) ()2) 2 56 [ 1] [ 2] , [ 3], , . ((), (), () )3) 3 [ 1] [ 2] , , , , 4) 4( ) 1) (, , ) , 6.()57, , : : () .2) , 58 7 1. : 2011 : - : 150 - : 4~5 - , : , 2,000 - : 1 () : (, , , ) 1 -, -, : 1 ( )7.59[] . , , , . . . (unit cell) . .[] . . . (a) . (b) (c) . , () 7 2. .60 . (a) (b) (c) [] . , , . , . . , , .[] . 20 . . . . [] . . . . 7.61[] . km . . . , , . (Great Pacific Garbage Patch) . , [1] (Y), (Ba), (Cu), (O) . []~[] (Y?Ba?Cu?O?) . [20][2] []~[] . [15] .62 6 . . , . [] A, B . A, B , , A, B .1 A, B 10,000, 70,000 . A

81 B B

81 A .n A, B cn, /n , A

81cn B

82cn , B

81/n A . (n-1) A cn - 1

82cn -

81/n . B /n - 1

81cn-

82/n . (1) .(cn - 1/n - 1);'

82

81

81

82

(cn/n)(1)[3] [] A, B r,j . r limncn, j limn/n . r,j . [20][4] n C, D cn,dn (n 1, 2, 8). , C D , . 1 C 1/5 D , 7.63 D 2/5 C . 2 C 3/5 D , D 2/5 C . I, Q, I [] .( ) [15](c2d2) I(c1d1), (c8d8) Q(c2d2), (c8d8) I(c1d1)[] . . , ( ) . , . , , . . [] . (Hb) [Hb(O2)4] . (1) . Hb(aq) + 4O2(g) Hb(O2)4(aq) (1) , . , , . , , pH . .64 [] . . . , . [] . 1 15~18 , . , , . [] pH . (CO2) (HCO3-) (H2CO3) pH 7.4 .CO2(g)+H2O(l)H2CO3(aq)HCO3-(aq)+H+(aq)(2) pH (acidosis) . , pH .[5] . pH . [30]7.65 1 A, B r limncn, j limn/n ,cn - 1

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81cn-

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82j . rj. , cn - 1

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82cn -

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21Kcc K/c

01 . t 2011 c / A(2011) -L(2011) . n c C(n) .[ 2] [ 2-i] [ 2-ii] .11.125[ a] [ b] [ 2-i] / A(/), / 0 H :, j . [ a] H Lout, [ b] H Lin . Lout Lin . L( Lin -Lout) . / 0, . [ 2-ii] [ a] . H , (/ 0). Lout .[ 3] [ 3-i] [ 3-iv] . .126 . , (0 10- 84 Js). , . [ 3-i] M V , : / . VF . [ 3-ii]KTX 180 km/h , 3 m/s . 90 km/h , 2 m/s . m/s?[ 3-iii] 20 g 300 m/s . .[ 3-iv] abcd 80 , bc V I . L . S j / EF . ( q ) V . . 11.127 DNA 4 , . DNA [ 4] [ 4-i] [ 4-iii] . . 1 . 2 . . 78%, 20%, 0.93% , , 1.07% .[ 4-i]Ca . . . ( )[ 4-ii]Ca , , . [ 4-iii] [ 4-i] (0, 1) 44.8 . Ca , Ca . (Ca 40 g/mol , )[ 5] [ 1] [ 5-i] [ 5-iii] .128 mRNA, . 3 . , (R-) 3 . 3 . 20 . mRNA 3 , . 64 61 20 1 . UGA, UAA, UAG . DNA . UC A GUUUUUCUUAUUGUUUUC UCC UAC UGC CUUAUCA UAA UGA AUUG UCG UAG UGG GCCUUCCUCAUCGUUCUC CCC CAC CGC CCUA CCA CAACGA ACUG CCG CAG CGG GAAUUACUAAUAGUUAUC ACC AAC AGC CAUA ACA AAAAGAAAUG ACG AAG AGG GGGUUGCUGAUGGUUGUC GCC GAC GGC CGUA GCA GAAGGA AGUG GCG GAG GGG G[ 1] 11.129 . 1 2n 2n ( n ). 2n-1 . . mRNA AUGGUUCUUAAGGAA 1 AUGCUUCUUAAGGAA 2 AUGGUUAUUAAGGAA 3 AUGGUUCUUGAGGAA 4 AUGGUUCUUAAGGAU[ 5-i] . , mRNA [ 1] .----[ 5-ii] . [ 1] .[ 5-iii] () mRNA (AUG) 5 4 ( ). 4 , . 2-2. 2 [1][1-i][1-ii] .130 , . n . n . , . . . . () () , .1 .

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