#upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w nkfq;fs; · #upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w njrj;jpd; kpj glu;fpd;w fw nkfq;fs;...

#upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w Njrj;jpd; kPJ glu;fpd;w fW

Nkfq;fs;

,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw kw;Wk;

kdpj chpikfs;;

#upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w Njrj;jpd; kPJ

glu;fpd;w fW Nkfq;fs;

ntspaPL : Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G ,af;fk;

ISBN ,y : 978-955-8103-28-9

Kjy;gjpg;G : 2015I{d;

nkhopg;ngah;g;G : nIauhkd; gpufyehj;

gjpg;ghrpupah;fs; : md;ldp NIRjhrd;

jPgh Rgh\pzp fkyehjd;

njhlh;GfSf;F : [email protected]

[email protected]

fzdp tbtikg;G:gpujPg; yf;rpwp gh;dhe;J

njhiyNgrp : 94-31 22 39750

gf;]; : 94-314 870658

tpyhrk; : ,y 10>ky;tj;j tPjp>ePh;nfhOk;G

,izaj;jsk; : www.nafso-online.org

gjpg;gfk; : mFu gjpg;gfk;

,y263> nrd; NIhrg; tPjp ePh;nfhOk;G

2 >

rhuhk;rk;

,yq;if xU tsu;e;J tUk; Rw;Wyh jykhFk;. ,e;J rKj;jpuj;jpy;

mike;Js;s ,e;j jPtpw;F 2014k; Mz;by; 1.5 kpy;ypad; Rw;Wyh

gazpfs; tUif je;jpUe;jdu;. Nkw;F INuhg;gpa ehlhd N[h;kdp

109>922 gazpfis nfhz;L Kjyhk; ,lj;jpYk;> 20097 gazpfSld;

Rtp];rh;yhe;J 5k; ,lj;jpYk; cs;sJ. ,yq;ifahdJ ,yFthf #hpa

xspia ehbtUgtu;fspd; Xa;T gaz epWjjkhf khj;jpuk; mikag;

ngwhJ. ,J gy ,Uz;l gf;fq;fis nfhz;Ls;s mNjNtis ,tw;wpy;

gpujhdkhf 26 tUlfhykhf ,lk; ngw;w cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; kw;Wk;

mjd; NghJ ,lk;ngw;w fzf;fpy; vLf;fg;glhj Aj;j Fw;wq;fs;> kdpj

chpik kPws;fs; vd;gdTk; mlq;Ffpd;wd' Aj;jk; KbTw;w epiyapYk;

,d kw;Wk; kj uPjpapyhd rpWghd;ikapdh; td;KiwfSf;F cl;gl;L

tUfpd;wdh;. I.eh. rigapd; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd cau; Mizahsu;

etdPjd; gps;is 2013 Mf];l; khj tUifapd; NghJ ,yq;ifapy;

mjpfupj;JtUk; ru;thjpfhu Nghf;F Fwpj;J Fw;wk; rhl;bapUe;jhu;.

2015k; Mz;L ,lk; ngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jypy; Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjp kfpe;j

uh[gf;r> jdJ Kd;dhy; gq;fhspahd rpwpNrdtplk; 51.28 f;F 47.58

thf;Fr; rjtPjj;jpy; vjpu;ghuhj Njhy;tpia jOtpdhu;. rpwpNrd mtu;fs;

jdJ Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy; Coiy fl;Lg;gLj;jy;> kdpj cupikfs;

ghJfhf;fg;gLjiy cWjpg;gLj;jy;> rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp kw;Wk; [dehaf

fl;likg;Gf;fis kPs;fl;bnaOg;Gjy; vd;gtw;wpid Fwpg;gpl;bUe;jhu;.

mj;Jld; epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp Kiwia ePf;Ftjd; Clhf [dhjpgjpapd;

mjpfhuq;fis Fiwg;gjhfTk; cWjpaspj;jhu;. rpwpNrd mtu;fs; jdJ

Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy;> Xu; epiyahd jpl;lj;jpid jdJ Ml;rpapy;

Kjy; 100 ehl;fSf;Fs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjhf cWjpaspj;jhu;.

,J Xu; rpwe;j Muk;gkhf njd;gl;lhYk;> midj;J jug;gpduhYk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Aj;j Fw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd ru;tNjr Rahjpd tprhuiz

kw;Wk; rpWghd;ikapdupd; cupikfis epiyahf Kd;Ndw;Wjy;

Nghd;w tplaq;fs; rpwpNrdtpd; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.

3 >

,e;j ,U mk;rq;fSk; ,tuJ Nju;jy; tpQ;Qhgdj;jpy; Gwf;fdpf;fg;gl;lik

Mr;rpupag;gLj;Jtjhf mikatpy;iy. Vnddpy; ,tu; kfpe;j uh[gf;r

murhq;fj;jpy; Xu; Kf;fpa mikr;ruhfTk;> Aj;jk; ,lk; ngw;w

fhyj;jpy; gy jlitfs; ghJfhg;G mikr;ruhf FWfpa fhyk;

filikahw;wpAkpUe;jhu;.

Nkhrkhd kdpj cupik gjptpid nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapy;> ehL

rhjhuz epiyf;F jpUk;gptpl;ljhf Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

,t;thwhd epiyapy;> ,yq;ifahdJ rkhjhdkhd kw;Wk; tskhd

Rw;Wyhj; jykhf Nkw;fj;jpa INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; jPtpukhf

re;ijg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vt;thuhapDk; ,t; mwpf;ifahdJ

ftu;rpfukhd ifNaLfspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s tplaq;fspd; kpjkhd

cz;ikj; jd;ikapd; gpz;zzpapid vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.

4 >

Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Fiwe;j kdpj cupik juj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;

Kd;ida murhq;fk;> ePz;l fhy Aj;jj;jpypUe;J kPz;l ehl;bd;

nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;F Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Xu; ghupa ce;Jrf;jp vd

tiuaWj;jJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tsu;r;rpapd; %ykhf nghJ kf;fs;

ed;ikailtNj murhq;fj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhFk;. Gjpa Jiwfspy;

mgptpUj;jp miltjw;F> r%f kw;Wk; Rw;W#oYld; ,iaghd Fiwe;j

mgptpUj;jp juq;fis ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jid gq;Fgw;Wk; midj;J jug;gpdUk; kjpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ghupa Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fs; eilKiwg;gLj;j Kd;jhf r%f

kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

flw;fiuapy; epue;ju fl;llq;fs; mikg;gJ Kw;whf jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

ajhu;jj;jpy; murhq;fNkh my;yJ KjyPl;lhsu;fNsh my;yJ

,uhZtNkh ,t; Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jp juj;jpid fzf;fpy; vLf;ftpy;iy.

,J Nghd;Nw murpayikg;gpy; cWjp;g;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s kdpj cupik

tplaq;fSk; kjpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; kPJ ,uhZtj;jpd; nry;thf;F

cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; Kbtile;jpUf;Fk; epiyapYk; ,uhZt

nrythdJ fle;j Mz;Lfspy; njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupj;J te;Js;sJ.

Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjp tUlkhd 2009k; Mz;by; ,uhZt nrytPdkhdJ

1.1 gpy;ypad;1 a+Nuhthf fhzg;gl;lJ. vdpDk; 2015k; Mz;bw;fhd

tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,uhZt nrytPdj;jpw;fhf 1.9 gpy;ypad; a+Nuh

xJf;fg;gl;lLs;sJ. ,J Njrpa nrytpd; 16.6 rjtPjj;jpw;F rkdhdJ.

,uhZtkhdJ jiug;gil> tpkhdg;gil> flw;gil Mfpatw;wpd; Clhf

ehlshtpa uPjpapy; Rw;Wyh eltbf;iffis tp];jPug;gLj;Jtjw;fhf>

Rw;Wyh tpLjpfis mikg;gjid ikag;gLj;jp tuT nryT jpl;l

epjp xJf;fPl;bid mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. ,uhZtj;jpduhy; ,t;thW

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw re;ju;gkhdJ gpur;rpidf;FwpajhfNt

cs;sJ. Vnddpy; ,J cs;Su; kf;fspd; gpujhd tUkhd khu;f;fj;ij

jLg;gjhfNt mikfpd;wJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; flikahw;Wk;

,uhZtj;jpdu; ,uhZt jpizf;fsj;jpy; ,Ue;Nj jkJ Cjpaj;jid

ngWfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F gjpyPlhf ,uhZtj;Jiw $Ljyhd tUkhdj;jpid

1. Conversion rate of Sri Lankan Rupee – Euro = EUR 1 = Rs. 152.3 (20.1.2015).5 >

ngWfpd;wJ. vdNt jdpahu; Jiwapduhy; toq;fg;gLk; tpiyapid

tpl Fiwe;j tpiyapy; Rw;Wyh nghjpfspid ,uhZtj;jpduhy; toq;ff;

$bajhf cs;sJ. ,q;F flikahw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdu; jk;ik ,uhZtj;jpdu;

vd;gjid ntspf;fhl;LtJld;> rpyu; ,uhZt rPUilapdpNyNa Rw;Wyhj;

Jiw flikfspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;. ,tw;wpd; %ykhf <l;lg;gLk; ,yhgkhdJ

kw;WnkhU gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. Vnddpy; ,jd; gad;ghL Fwpj;j

ntspg;gilj; jd;ik kpfTk; Fiwthf cs;sikahFk;.

cs;Su; kf;fSf;F ve;jtpjkhd ed;ikfSk; ,y;iy

ehl;bd; epahakhd fl;Lg;ghl;by; mgptpUj;jp miltjw;F>

murhq;fkhdJ Fwpg;ghf Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf 4

gFjpfis njupTnra;Js;sJ. mitahtd Fr;rntsp> ghrpf;Flh>

fy;gpl;b kw;Wk; njj;Jt vd;gdthFk;. vkJ Ma;thdJ Fr;rntsp>

ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; fy;gpl;b Mfpa gpuNjrq;fis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ. ,g;

gpuNjrq;fspy;; ,d uPjpapy; kpfTk; gy;tifik fhzg;gLtJld; Aj;j

fhyq;fspy; kpfTk; mupjhfNt Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; tUif je;Js;sdu;.

,jw;fpilapy; N[u;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]u;yhe;J Kftu; epWtdq;fspd;

gq;fspg;gpy; gy tpLjp tshfq;fs; fl;lg;gl;Ls;sd.

vkJ Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiw jpl;lq;fspd; fhuzkhf

kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gl;Ls;sdth? cs;Su; kf;fs; ve;jstpw;F

ed;ikailfpd;wdu;? vt;thW cs;Su; kf;fs; mgptpUj;jpfspy;

cs;thq;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;? Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapdhy; md;whl tho;f;ifapy;

jhf;;fk; vd;d? cs;Su; epy cupikfs; kjpf;fg;gl;ldth? tpLjpfspy;

gzpGupAk; gzpahsu;fspd; epiyik vd;d? vd;gij rpe;jpf;f itg;gjhFk;.

Fwpj;j %d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; murhq;fj;jpd; Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jp

juk; mupjhfNt mtjhdpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Rw;Wr; #oy; kw;Wk; r%f

jhf;f kjpg;gPLfs; mt;tg;nghOJ kl;LNk ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJld;> mjd;

mwpag;ghLfs; kpff; FiwthfNt cs;sJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw jpl;lkply;fspd;

NghJ cs;Su; kf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fSf;F ,lkspf;fg;gltpy;iy.

tpLjp tshfq;fs; fliy miltij jLg;gjhf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jdhy; kPdtu;fspd; tho;thjhuk; mgfupf;fg;gl;;Ls;sJ. epy mgfupg;G

,lk; ngWtJld; cs;Su; kf;fspy; rpwpa mstpdu; khj;jpuNk

ed;ikailfpd;wdu;. ngUk;ghyhd tpLjpg; gzpahsu;fs; ,yq;ifapd;

Vida gpuNjrq;fisr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. tpLjpfspd; Njitfis

toq;Ftjw;F nghUj;jkhd fw;ifnewpfis ngWk; tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy.6 >

N[u;kdp kw;Wk; Rtp]u;yhe;J gaz Kftu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fs;

Nkhrkhd kdpj cupik gjpTfs; fhzg;gLfpd;w NghjpYk;>

Fwpj;j gpuNjrq;fspy2; tpLjpfis mikg;gjw;F 49 N[u;kdp kw;Wk;

21 Rtp]u;yhe;J gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fs; Kd; te;Js;sd. Nghu;

,lk; ngw;w gpuNjrq;fspy; Rw;WyhJiw mgptpUj;jp jpl;lkply;fspy;

gq;nfLf;fpd;w midj;J gaz Kftu;fsplKk;> jpl;lq;fis

eilKiwg;gLj;Jifapy; kdpj cupik nfhs;iffis epiyepWj;Jtjpy;

gq;fspg;G nrYj;JkhW ehk; Ntz;bf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. ,J midj;J

gaz Kftu; epWtdj;jpdJk; r%f nghWg;ghFk;. mj;Jld; tplh

Kaw;rpAld; njhlu;r;rpahf cs;Su; gq;fhspfSld; ,ize;J kdpj

cupik nfhs;iffis epiyehl;Ltij cWjpg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

I.eh rigapd; tpahghu kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd nfhs;if

topfhl;lyhdJ Rw;WyhJiwf;F mj;jpatrpakhd tpilaq;fis

vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ. ,t; nfhs;if topfhl;lypd; mbg;gilapy;> kdpj

cupikfSf;F Neu; vjpuhd eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjid tpahghuq;fs;

jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;' mj;Jld; vt;tpjkhd kdpj cupik

kPwy;fSf;Fkhd rhj;jpaj;jd;ikfSf;F vjpuhf jPu;khdq;fis

nraw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,it gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fspdJ nghWg;G

khj;jpukd;wp> kdpj cupikfs; jhf;fj;Jld; Neub njhlu;Gila

eltbf;iffs;> gz;lq;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfspy; <LgLgtu;fspdJk;;

nghWg;GkhFk;. kdpj cupikfis kjpj;J nraw;gLj;jy; vd;gJ

khj;jpukd;wp mJ midj;J epWtd nray; KiwfspYk; Kiwahf

,izf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpa kf;fs;

rq;fkhdJ> jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; jd;dhu;t nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; kdpj cupik

njhlu;ghd tpilaq;fis jkJ flikfSld; ,izj;J nraw;gLkhU

Ntz;Lfpd;wJ. vt;thuhapDk; Ma;tpd; ngWNgWfshd> ,yq;ifapy;

Fwpj;j tpilaq;fs; njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs; jpwk;gl NghJkhdjhf

,y;iy> Nghjpa MNyhrid nray;Kiwfs; ,d;ik> epy mgfupg;G

,lk; ngwy;> fliy mZf Kbahik> fl;lha kPs;FbNaw;wk;

mj;Jld; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;Su; kf;fs; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;glhik vd;gd cs;Su; kf;fspd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

tsu;r;rpapd;ikf;F fhuzkhf miktJ re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkw;wJ.

2. As it was in December 2014.7 >

8 >

cs;slf;fk;

1. mwpKfk; - #upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w Njrj;jpd; kPJ glu;fpd;w fW Nkfq;fs;

1.1. ru;thjp;fhu Nghf;Fila ehl;bd; Nkhrkhd kdpj cupik epiyikfs;

1.2. ,d kw;Wk; kj uPjpahd rpWghd;;ikapdu; kPjhd mlf;FKiw njhlu;fpwJ

1.3. murpay; gpur;rhukhf Rw;Wyhj;jiw

1.4. ru;tNjr gaz toq;Fdu;fspd; nghWg;G

2. Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk; Ma;TKiw2.1. %d;W gpuNjrq;fspd; kPsha;T

3. MAjg; gilapd; ghj;jpuk;(tfpgq;F)3.1. tlf;fpd; ,uhZt gpurd;dk;

3.2. ,uhZtj;jpduhy; epy mgfupg;G

3.3. jdpahu; Jiwapy; MAjg;gilapdu;;

3.4. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; MAjg;gilapdu;

4. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; kdpj cupikfs;;4.1. ru;tNjr kdpj cupik fl;likg;G

4.2. nkd;ikahd rl;lf; flikfs;

4.3. [.eh. tpahghu kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfSf;fhd

nfhs;if topfhl;ly;

9 >

5. ,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw- Kf;fpa njhopy; Jiwf;fhd 5 Mz;L jpl;lk;5.1. mgptpUj;jp juq;fs;

5.2. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; %Nyhghak; 2011 – 20165.3. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tyaq;fs;

5.3.1. fy;gpl;b

5.3.2. ghrpf;Flh

5.3.3. Fr;rntsp

6. Kuz;ghLila gpuNjrq;fs;6.1. cs;Su; kf;fis <LgLj;jy;

6.2. cs;Su; kf;fs; kPjhd jhf;fk;;

6.3. epy mgfupg;G

6.4. njhopshsu; epyikfs; kw;Wk; ,dj;Jtk;

7. KbTfs;

8. Nfhupf;iffs;

9. ,izg;Gfs;9.1 RUf;fq;fspd; gl;bay;

9.2. Rtp]; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp gaz toq;Fdu;fs;

9.3 epWtdq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;l mbj;jsq;fs;

1. mwpKfk;

#upa xsp gpufhrpf;fpd;w Njrj;jpd; kPJ glu;fpd;w

fW Nkfq;fs;

11 >

,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;F toq;Ftjw;F gy mk;rq;fs;

cs;sd. Rj;jkhd Rthrf; fhw;iw cila mofpa flw;fiufs;>

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f jhtu> tpyq;fpdq;fs;> Xu; Fwpg;glj;jf;f gy;ypd> fyhr;rhu

tuyhw;Wg; gpd;zzpia nfhz;l jPT MFk;. Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy;

,yq;if Xu; gpujhd ,yf;fhf fhzg;gLtjhf Nyhd;yp gpsdl; 2013y;3

Fwpg;gpl;;lnjhU jw;nrayhd epfo;T my;y. 2012k; Mz;by; ,yq;ifapd;

cr;r <u;g;G gy Rw;Wyh gazpfspdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 2013k;

Mz;L xU kpy;ypad; gazpfs; tUif je;jpUe;jdu;. fpl;lj;jl;l 1.3

kpy;ypad;4 gazpfs; tUif je;jdu;. mj;Jld; 1.5 kpy;ypaDf;Fk;5

mjpfkhd Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; 2014y;6 tUif je;jdu;. Fiwe;jJ 69

Rtp]; kw;Wk; 124 N[u;kdp gaz Kftu;fs; ,yq;ifia mtu;fsJ

gpujhd gaz ,yf;Fj; jykhf nfhz;Ls;sdu;.7 Nkw;fj;jpa Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfspd; tUifapd; vz;zpf;if mbg;gilapy; gpupj;jhdpah Kjy;

,lj;ij ngWtNjhL mLj;jjhf ,uz;lhk; ,lj;jpy; N[u;kd; cs;sJ.8

Rtp]; Ie;jhk; ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.vt;thuhapDk; N[u;kdp> Rtp]; Mfpad

,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; Kf;fpa ehLfshFk;.9

,yq;if Rw;Wyhtpw;fhd ,yf;F kl;Lky;y. ,e;ehL gy td;Kiwahd

gpd;zzpia nfhz;lJ> 26 tUl cs;ehl;L Aj;;jj;jpd; Aj;j

Fw;wq;fs; ,d;Dk; ntspg;gLj;;jg;gltpy;iy. md;W Kjy; ,d;Wtiu

Nkhrkhd kdpj cupik epiyikia nfhz;lJ. 2009 Nk khjk10;

Kbtile;j Aj;jj;jpy;> 1983 njhlf;fk; 2009 tiuapy; rpq;fs kw;Wk;

3 Cf. http://www.lonelyplanet.com/themes/best-in-travel/top-10-countries/ (27.1.2014).4 Cf. Research & International Division. Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (Hsg.):

2012 Annual Statistical Report, Colombo:2012, S. 5. (Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Annual_Statistical_Report-2012_new.pdf (10.12.2014).)

5 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/december%202013-web.pdf (27.1.2014).6 Cf. http://www.news.lk/news/business/item/5589-sri-lanka-s-tourist-arrivals-rose-by-16-1-

in-december (02.02.2015). 7 A list of tour operators can be found in the annex.8 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Page2DEC14.pdf (02.02.2015).9 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Tourist%20Arrivals%20by%20Country%20of%20

Residence%202013.pdf (21.11.2014).10 Cf. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2009-05-20/up-to-100000-killed-in-sri-lankas-civil-war-

un/1689524 (12.11.2014).12 >

jkpo; rdj;;njhifapy; ghupa Nrjk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. I. eh rigahdJ>

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ngw;w ,Wjpf;fl;l Aj;jj;jpy; Fiwe;jJ 40>000 - 70>000 capupog;Gf;fs;

Vw;gl;Ls;sjhf kjpg;gPL nra;Js;sJ.11 ,U jug;gpduhYk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Nghu; Fw;wq;fs; gw;wpa midj;Jyf tprhuidf;F ,yq;if kpfTk;

fLikahf mDkjpia kWj;J tUfpd;wJ. I.eh rigahdJ ,t;

kWg;gpw;F gjpyspf;Fk; Kfkhf ,yq;ifapd; xj;Jiog;gpd;wp tpupthd

tprhuidia Nkw;nfhz;lJld;> ,jd; ngWNgWfs; 2015k; Mz;L

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kdpj cupik mr;RWj;jy;fs;

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11 Cf. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General’s Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka, November 2012, S. 14. (Can be accessed at: http://www.un.org/News/dh/infocus/Sri_Lanka/The_Internal_Review_Panel_report_on_Sri_Lanka (03.12.2014).)

12 Cf. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/27/un-step-sri-lanka-war-crimes-inquiry (2.6.2014).

13 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13673 (28.11.2014).

13 >

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cupikfs; rl;lj;juzp a];kpd; Rfhtpdhy;15 Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l 2009 k;

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rpj;jputij kw;Wk; ghypay; td;Kiwf;F cl;gLtjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs;

mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ.17

,yq;ifapy; Ngr;R Rje;jpuk;> gj;jpupif Rje;jpuk; vd;gd ftdpf;fg;gl

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Clftpashsu;fs; mr;RWj;jg;gly;> nfhy;yg;gly;> fhzhky; Nghjy;>

14 See: Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA): Land Acquisitions and Related Issues in the North and East of Sri Lanka, November 2014; Democracy In Post War Sri Lanka – 2014; Field Report. Jaffna and Killinochchi Districts. 23-25 April 2013; Mirak Rakeem (CPA), Protracted Displacement. Urgent Solutions: Prospects for Durable Solutions for Protract-ed IDPs in Sri Lanka, 2013. International Crisis Group (ICG): Sri Lanka’s North I: The Denial of Minority Rights, 2012; Sri Lanka’s North II: Rebuilding under the Military, 2012; Sri Lanka’s Authoritarian Turn: The Need for International Action, 2013; Sri Lanka’s Potemkin Peace: Democracy Under Fire, 2013. Human Rights Watch (HRW): “We Will Teach You a Lesson”. Sexual Violence against Tamils by Sri Lankan Security Forces, 2013. Amnesty International (AI): Locked Away. Sri Lanka’s Security Detainees, 2012; Sri Lanka. Submission to the United Nations Human Rights Committee, 2014.

15 Cf. Yasmin Sooka, An Unfinished War: Torture and Sexual Violence in Sri Lanka 2009 – 2014, March 2014. (Can be accessed at: https://barhumanrights.org.uk/sites/default/files/documents/news/an_unfinished_war._torture_and_sexual_violence_in_ sri_lan-ka_2009-2014_0.pdf (10.12.2014).)

16 Cf. ibid.17 Cf. Freedom from Torture, Out of the Silence: New Evidence on Ongoing Torture in Sri

Lanka. 2009 – 2011. November 2011. (Can be accessed at: http://www.freedomfromtor-ture.org/sites/default/files/documents/Sri%20Lanka%20Ongoing%20Torture_ Free-dom%20from%20Torture_Final%20Nov_07_2011.pdf (10.12.2014).)

18 Cf. http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html (21.11.2014). 14 >

flj;jg;gly; my;yJ mOj;jq;fspdhy; ehl;il tPl;L ntspNaWjy19;

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19 Cf. http://en.rsf.org/sri-lanka-rwb-and-jds-address-open-letter-to-27-08-2013,45104.html (21.11.2014).

20 Cf. https://www.cpj.org/killed/asia/sri-lanka/ (5.2.2015).21 Human rights lawyer Nimalka Fernando received death threats during a broadcast on

the state-owned radio station. (Cf. http://www.forum-asia.org/?p=16489 (12.11.2014).) Human rights lawyers Ruki Fernando and Rev. Praveen Mahesan were arrested in March. (http://edition.cnn.com/2014/03/19/world/asia/sri-lanka-ruki-fernando-arrest/ (12.11.2014).)

22 Cf. http://www.news.lk/news/sri-lanka/item/5620-presidential-election-2015-final-results (02.02.2015).

23 http://www.maithripalas.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Manifesto-En-glish-for-proof-reading.pdf (14.1.2015).

24 http://www.news.lk/fetures/item/5665-maithripala-sirisena-s-100-day-work-programme (14.1.2015)

25 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/main_abt.asp?fname=President (02.02.2015)15 >

gpujhd jiyaq;fq;fs; ,uz;Lk; Idhjpgjp Nju;jy; cWjpfspy; %o;fp

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Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ma;tpd; gb> 89 jkpo; fpuhkq;fspd; ngau;fs; rpq;fsg;28

26 In 2012, more than 20 million people lived in Sri Lanka. 74.9% were Sinhalese, 11.2% Sri Lanka Tamils, 4.3% Indian Tamils and 9.2% Moors or Muslims. While the Sinhalese predominantly populate the south of Sri Lanka, the majority of Tamils live in the northern provinces of the country. In 2012 religious affiliation was as follows: 70.2% Buddhist, 12.6% Hindus, 9.7% Muslim and 7.4% Christians (Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Pop-HouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Ac tivities&tpl=3 (12.11.2014) and http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop43&gp=Ac-tivities&tpl=3 (12.11.2014).)

27 Cf. International Crisis Group, Sri Lanka’s north I: The Denial of Minority Rights. Asia Report N.219, March 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/219-sri-lankas-north-i-the-denial-of-minority- rights.pdf (10.12.2014).)

28 Cf. The Social Architects, Salt on Old Wounds: The Systematic Sinhalization of Sri Lanka’s North, East and Hill Country, 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.internation-

16 >

ngau;fshf khw;wg;gl;ld' ,J khj;jpukd;wp> Aj;jjpdhy; moptile;j

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alpolicydigest.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Salt-on-Old-Wounds.pdf (10.12.2014).)

29 Ibid.30 Cf. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Colombo-blocks-North%E2%80%99s-commemora-

tion-of-Tamil-war-victims-31111.html (4.6.2014).31 Cf. Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), Religious Violence in Sri Lanka. January 2013

– December 2013. An update of “Muslims’ Concerns” presented by the Sri Lanka Mus-lim Congress to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, August 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://www.onetext.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Annex-1-Reli-gious-Violence-2013. pdf (16.11.2014).)

32 Ibid.33 Cf. http://www.ft.lk/2014/06/26/striking-the-match/ (16.11.2014).34 Cf. http://colombogazette.com/2014/06/17/army-deployed-as-tensions-escalate/

(17.06.2014).

17 >

2013 k; Mz;by; fj;Njhypf;fu;fs; kPjhd 69 jhf;Fjy; rk;gtq;fs;

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1.3. murpay; gpur;rhukhf Rw;Wyhj;jiw

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,yq;ifapYk; ,uhZtk; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; jdJ nry;thf;fpid

gbg;gbahf tpupTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.40

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Njhw;wj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdpDk;> mT];jpNuypahtpw;fhd41

,yq;if cau;];jhdpfu; ml;;kpuy; jp]u rkurpq;f Xu; Ngl;bapd;

NghJ> “Nyhd;yp gpydl;” xU nghOJk; rpj;jputij kw;Wk; ghypay;

35 Cf. Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC), Religious Violence in Sri Lanka. January 2013 – December 2013. An update of “Muslims’ Concerns” presented by the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, August 2013.

36 Cf. http://nceasl.org/category/religious-liberty/incident-reports/ (16.11.2014).37 Cf. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25716456 (12.11.2014).38 Cf. Naceur Sophia Philip, Präsidentschaftswahl in Ägypten. Hier liefert die Armee Brot

and Wohnungen, WOZ 15.5.2014; and Schultz Stefan, Wirtschaftsmacht armed forces. Ägyptens General-Direktoren, Spiegel Online 5.7.2013.

39 Cf. Ko Ko Thett, Responsible Tourism in Myanmar: Current Situation and Challeng-es, Prague: 2012. (Can be accessed at:http://www.ecoburma.com/responsible-tour-ism-in-myanmar-current-situation-and-challenges/ (14.11.2014).)

40 Cf. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travelnews/9779857/Sri-Lanka-criticised-over-war-tourism.html (03.12.2014).

41 The High Commissioner is the highest-ranking diplomat of a Commonwealth State in another Commonwealth state. (Cf. Lorna Lloyd, Diplomacy with a Difference: The Com-monwealth Office of High Commissioner, 1880-2006, Leiden: 2007, p. 293.)

18 >

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42 Cf. http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/26025-diplomat-rejects-hrw-report.html (27.1.2014).

43 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140803/business-times/sri-lanka-branding-campaign-in-europe-kicks-off-nextmonth-109030.html (14.11.2014).

44 Cf. Osthues, Claudia, Reisen in Konfliktgebiete. Die Verantwortung von Reisever-anstaltern, Berlin: 2010. (Can be accessed at: http://tourism-watch.de/en/node/1512 (14.11.2014).)

45 Cf. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”, 2011.

19 >

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vd;gJ khj;jpukd;wp mJ midj;J epWtd nray; KiwfspYk;

Kiwahf ,izf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpa kf;fs;

rq;fkhdJ> jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; jd;dhu;t nraw;ghl;lhsu;fs; kdpj cupik

njhlu;ghd tpilaq;fis jkJ flikfSld; ,izj;J nraw;gLkhU

Ntz;Lfpd;wJ.47 vt;thuhapDk; Ma;tpd; ngWNgWfshd> ,yq;ifapy;

Fwpj;j tpilaq;fs; njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs; jpwk;gl NghJkhdjhf

,y;iy> Nghjpa MNyhrid nray;Kiwfs; ,d;ik> epy mgfupg;G

,lk; ngwy;> fliy mZf Kbahik> fl;lha kPs;FbNaw;wk;

mj;Jld; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;Su; kf;fs; ,izj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;glhik vd;gd cs;Su; kf;fspd; r%f kw;Wk; nghUshjhu

tsu;r;rpapd;ikf;F fhuzkhf miktJ re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkw;wJ.

46 Cf. Roundtable Human Rights in Tourism, Human Rights in Tourism. An Implementa-tion Guideline for Tour Operators, October 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://issuu.com/drkate/docs/rt_human_right_in_tourism_eng_02/3?e=7067515/6889112 (28.12.2014).)

47 Cf. http://www.fairunterwegs.org/aktuell/news/article/menschenrechte-im-touris-mus-praktische-loesungen-entwickeln- austausch-pflegen.html (1.12.2014).

20 >

2. Fwpf;Nfhs; kw;Wk; Ma;TKiw

23 >

2.1 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tyaq;fs; 3 njhlu;ghd tpku;rdk;

,e;j mwpf;ifapd; Nehf;fk; ahNjdpy;> ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw

mgptpUj;jpapy; kdpj cupik nfhs;iffs; gpuNahfpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wdth?

mt;thuhapd; ve;j mstpw;F gpuNahfpf;fg;gLfpd;wd? Rtp]; kw;Wk;

N[u;kdp Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; Gjpa Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fis

mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; NghJ kdpj cupikf;F vjpuhd mghafukhd

tpilaq;fis fz;lupjy; vd;gdthFk;. ,jid fz;lwptjw;F>

Vw;fdNt Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; %d;W

gpuNjrq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;: fy;gpl;b> ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk;

Fr;rntsp. ,k; %d;W gpuNjrq;fSk; ,duPjpapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ.

vkJ Ma;tpy; gpd;tUk; Fwpfhl;bfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ.

• Rw;Wyh jpl;lq;fspy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; <LghL my;yJ gq;fspg;G

• Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpapy; cs;Su; kf;fs; kPjhd r%f> nghUshjhu

jhf;fq;fs;

• Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpf;fhf epyq;fs;; jd;dfg;gLj;jg;gly;

• njhopshsu;fspd; njhopy; kw;Wk; Ml;Nru;g;G epyikfs; kw;Wk;

Copau;fspilNaahd ,dg;guk;gy;

njhopy; GupAk; rpWghd;ikapdupd; gzp epiyik kw;Wk; mtu;fs;

Ruz;lYf;F cl;gLtjw;fhd rhj;jpag;ghLfs; njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

Nrfupg;gjw;F> Ma;Tg; gpuNjrj;jpypUe;J jyh xU tpLjpia gFg;gha;tpw;F

cw;gLj;jpAs;Nshk;. ,k; %d;W tpLjpfspy; ,uz;L tpLjpfSf;fhd

Kd; $l;ba gjptpid gy;NtWgl;l Rtp]; kw;Wk; N[u;kdp gaz

elj;Jzu;fs; %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.48 fy;gpl;bapy; mike;Js;s

jw;NghJ gad;ghl;bw;F te;Js;s tpLjpf;fhd Kd; $l;ba gjpTfspid

,izaj;jsk; %ykhf Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. ,g; gFg;gha;T kw;Wk;

mwpf;iffs; fz;bg;ghf Fwpj;j tpLjpfSf;F khj;jpuNk cilaJ.

48 See agoda.com; booking.com; holidaycheck.ch.

24 >

vdNt ,it nghJikg;gLj;j KbahJ. ,it njupT nra;ag;gl;l

gpuNjrq;fSf;F Vw;GilajhfhJ.

,t; Ma;T mwpf;ifapy; fhzg;gLk; jfty;fs; Jiwrhu;e;j kPsha;T

kw;Wk; fs jfty; Nrkpg;G %ykhf ngwg;gl;lit. ,f; fs Ma;thdJ

vkJ ,yq;if gq;fhsp epWtdkhd “ Njrpa kPdt xj;Jiog;G

,af;fk;”( “National Fisheries Solidarity Movement”- NAFSO)49 vd;w

epWtdj;jpdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,k; %d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; NAFSO jpwikahd> cs;Su; gq;fhsp mikg;GfSld; ,ize;J kPdtufs;>

kPdt epWtdq;fs;> tpLjp Copau;> tpLjp Kfhikj;Jt mq;fj;jtu;fs;

Nghd;Nwhuplk; Neu;fhziy Nkw;nfhz;L jfty;fis jpul;bAs;sJ.

epu;thfj;jpd; kPJ nfhz;l mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf jk;ik milahsg;gLj;j

tpUk;ghj Neu;fhziy toq;fpatu;fs; jhq;fs; toq;fpa jfty;fis

mwpf;ifapy; ntspapl mDkjpj;jdu;. jfty;fis toq;fpatu;fis

ghJfhg;gjw;fhf mtu;fSila milahsj;jpid Fwpg;gplhky;

tpLfpd;Nwhk;.”

49 See http://www.nafso-online.org/ (16.11.2014).25 >

3. MAjg; gilapdupd; ghj;jpuk;

27 >

,yq;ifapd; MAjk; jhq;fpa gilapdu; ghJfhg;G mikr;rpd;

gzpahsu;fshtu;. ,g; ghJfhg;G mikr;R flw;gil> thd;gil kw;Wk;

jiug;gilia cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.50 2015k; Mz;L [dtup khjk; tiuapy;

ghJfhg;G mikr;R Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjpapd; ,isa rNfhjuuhd

Nfhl;lhNga uh[gf;]51 mtu;fspd; Neub fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ. ,tu;

tpLjiyg; GypfSf;F vjpuhd filrp Aj;jj;jpd; fl;lisfSf;F

nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jhu;. jkpou;fSf;F vjpuhd Nghu; Fw;w tprhuidfs;

,lk;ngwtpUf;fpd;wd.52

cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; KbTw;Ws;s NghjpYk;> fle;j Mz;Lfspy; ,uhZt

nrytPdk; njhlu;r;rpahf mjpfupj;j td;dk; cs;sJ ~Aj;jj;jpd; ,Wjp

Mz;lhd 2009y; ,uhZtr; nryT 1.1 kpy;ypad; a+Nuh fhzg;gl;lJ.

vdpDk; 2015k; Mz;L 1.9 kpy;ypad; a+Nuh xJf;fg;gl;Ls;J.53 ,J vjpu;T

$wg;gl;Ls;s nkhj;j nrytPdj;jpd; 16.6 rjtPjkhFk;.54 ikj;jpupghy

rpwpNrd mtu;fspd; ke;jpup rigapd; tuT nryT jpl;lk; vt;thW

mikAk; vd;gjid nghUj;jpUe;J ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;.

3.1. tlf;fpy; ,uhZt gpurd;dk;

Aj;jk; Kbtile;J 5 tUlq;fs; fle;j epiyapYk; ,yq;ifapd; tlf;F

gpuNjrj;jpd; ,uhZt gpurd;dkhdJ kpf mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.55

Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjp 2014k; Mz;L nra;jpj; jhs; xd;wpw;F toq;fpa

nrt;tpapy;> tlf;fpy; 70>000 Mf epiy nfhz;bUe;j Majg;gil

50 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/english.asp# (15.11.2014).51 51 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/main_abt.asp?fname=SoD (10.12.2014).52 52 Cf. United Nations, Report of the Secretary-General’s Panel of Experts on Account-

ability in Sri Lanka, März 2011. (Can be accessed at: http://www.un.org/News/dh/info-cus/Sri_Lanka/POE_Report_Full.pdf (10.12.2014).)

53 53 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/141109/business-times/sl-budget-altered-during-parlia-ment-debate-126082.html(12.11.2014).

54 Cf. http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/636871 (6.2.2015).)55 Cf. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/military-pres-

ence-in-sri-lankas-north-is-worrisomewigneswaran/article6108055.ece?utm_source=RSS_Feed&utm_medium=RSS&utm_campaign=RSS_Syndication (14.11.2014).

28 >

jw;nghOJ 12000 khf Fiwe;Js;sjhf Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.56 vdpDk; ,r; nrt;tp

toq;fg;gl;l FWfpa fhyj;jpw;Fs;> n[dpthtpy; eilngw;w ntspehl;L

,uhrje;jpupfspd; re;jpg;gpd;nghOJ [dhjpgjp nrashsu; yypj; tPuJq;f

gpd;tUk; jutpid toq;fpapUe;jhu;.57 kpf cau;e;j vz;zpf;ifapy;

fhzg;gl;l 120>000 tPuu;fspy; 30 rjtPjk; gilj;Jiw Fiwg;G

nra;ag;gl;L Aj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;du; 80>000 tPuu;fshf 2013k; Mz;L

xf;Nlhgupy; Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ. 58vt;thuhapDk;> ,e;j gil Fiwg;ghdJ

,uhZtg;gilapid kl;LNk Fwpg;gplg;gl;lJld; flw;gil kw;Wk; thd;

gilapdu; ,jDs; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy.59

56 Cf. http://www.dailynews.lk/local/troops-drastically-down-north (12.11.2014).57 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/lalith-weertaunge-rebuts-presi-

dent-on-northern-troop-numbers/ (12.11.2014).58 Cf. http://www.dh-web.org/hrsits/GenevaLWppt.pdf (12.11.2014). 59 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/lalith-weertaunge-rebuts-presi-

dent-on-northern-troop-numbers/ (12.11.2014).29 >

I.eh. rigapd; kdpj cupikf;fhd cau; Mizahsu; etpgps;is

jdJ tlf;F> fpof;F khfhzq;fspw;fhd tp[aj;jpd; nghOJ>

,uhZtj;jpdupd; gpurd;dj;jpd; jhf;fk; ghJfhg;ig epiyg;gLj;j my;yJ

kPs;fl;likg;G Njitia tplTk; mjpfkhf cs;sJ vd;w Kbtpw;F

te;jpUe;jhu;.60 2014k; Mz;L ghJfhg;G mikr;rpdhy; ntspaplg;g;l;l

mwpf;ifapy;> ntspehl;L flTr; rPl;il cilatu;fs; tl gFjpf;F

nry;tjw;F Kd; mDkjp ngwg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.61

mj;Jld; nry;tjw;fhd fhuzj;jpidAk; Fwpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.62 2015k;

Mz;L Gjpa murhq;fj;jpdhy; ,f;fl;Lg;ghL jsu;j;j;g;gl;lJ.63

3.2. MAjg; gilapduhy; epy mgfupg;G

gy jrhg;gq;fshf MAjg;gil ,yq;ifapd; tl gFjp kf;fspd;

epyq;fs; RtPfupf;fg;gl;L jd;dfg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.64 Aj;j

fhyj;jpy; tl gFjp kf;fs; ntspehLfSf;F my;yJ ehl;bd; Vida

gFjpfSf;F ,lk;ngau;e;Js;sdu;. Aj;jk; KbTw;w gpd;du;> gyu; jkJ

nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;F kPsj; jpUk;g tpUk;GtJld; jkJ epyq;fis

kPsg; ngw tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;.65 kf;fspd; RtPfupf;fg;gl;l epyq;fs; ,uhZt

Kfhk;fshf> cau; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fshf (HSZ)66 my;yJ tpNrl

nghUshjhu tyaq;fshf(SEZ)67 khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. aho; Flhtpy; kl;Lk; 60 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=13673

(14.11.2014).61 Cf. http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/south-asia/sri-lanka-imposes-new-curbs-

on-travels-to-northern-province/article6504385.ece (16.11.2014).62 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=Foreign_Passport_holders_traveling_to_the_

North_20141030_02 (16.11.2014).63 63 Cf. http://colombogazette.com/2015/01/16/regulations-for-foreigners-lifted/

(19.1.2015).64 64 Cf. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-22652210 (03.12.2014).65 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/1474-northern-tamils-petition-appeal-

court-to-help-prevent-grab-oftheir-homes-by-rajapaksa-regime/ (5.2.2014). 66 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives, Land in the Northern Province. Post-War Politics,

Policy and Practices, December 2011(Can be accessed at: http://cpalanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Land-Issues-in-the-Northern-Province-Post-War-Politics-Policy-and-Practices-.pdf (6.2.2015).)

67 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives, Trincomalee High Security Zone and Special Economic Zone, September 2009 (Can be accessed at: http://cpalanka.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Trincomalee%20High%20Security%20Zone%20and%20Special% 20Economic%20Zone.pdf (6.2.2015).)

30 >

fpl;lj;jl;l 6000 Vf;fu; epyg;gug;gpid epue;ju cau; ghJfhg;G tyakhf;f

Ntz;Lnkd MAjg;gilapdu; NfhUfpd;wdu;.68

flw;gilapdUk; fy;gpl;b gpuNjrj;jpy; epy RtPfupg;gpid

Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sjid ,t; Ma;T Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. flw;gilapdu;

VO filfspidAk; xU kUj;Jt tshfj;jpidAk; Mf;fpukpj;Js;sdu;.

epy cupikfSf;fhd cWjpg; gj;jpuq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; epiyapYk;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l epy cupikahsu;fSf;F vJtpj el;l<Lk; ,Jtiu

toq;fg;gltpy;iy. ,jw;Fk; Nkyhf> flw;gil Kfhk;fSf;F mUfpy;

kPd;gpbapy; <LgLtjidAk; jil nra;Js;sdu;. ,it Aj;j fhyj;jpy;

mikf;fg;gl;l Kfhk;fs; vdpDk; ,it ,d;Wk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

mj;NjhL fsj;jpy; vkf;F fpilj;j jftypd; gb> mur Gydha;T

gpuptpdu; kPdtu;fis flypy; epWj;jp tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhz;L

tUfpd;wdu;. vkf;F fpilj;j jftypd; gb> Fr;rntspapy; 150 Vf;fu;

epyj;jpid flw;gil jd;dfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,tw;Ws; xU njd;id

tpij cw;gj;jp epiyaKk; xd;gJ fliy milAk; ,lq;fSk;(gpuNtr

top) cs;slq;Ffpd;wd.

3.3. jdpahu; Jiwapy; MAjg;gilapdu;

,uhZtkakhjy; gutyhf ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ,J tlf;fpy; khj;jpukd;wp

,yq;ifapd; tu;j;jf jiyefuhd nfhOk;gpYk; ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

,uhZtk; nghJg;gzp> ,aw;if ghJfhg;;G> fl;bl epu;khdg; gzpfs;

kw;Wk; Rj;jk; nra;Ak; Ntisfspy; <LgLfpd;wJ.69 cs;ehl;L Aj;jk;

KbTw;w ehspypUe;J> ,uhZtk; gy;NtW jdpahu; Jiw nraw;ghLfspy;

mjpfupj;j msT <Lgl;L tUfpd;wJ. cs;ehl;L nkhj;j cw;gj;jpapy;

gq;Nfw;W cz;ikahd nghUshjhu tsu;r;rp eltbf;ifapid

68 Cf. The Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, No. 1807/23, 26th April 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://documents.gov.lk/Extgzt/2013/PDF/Apr/1807_23/1807_23%28E%29.pdf (16.11.2014).)

69 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), Forced evictions in Colombo: The ugly price of beautification, Colombo April 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://f.cl.ly/items/3T1o3B3v263n3Z3r2u24/Colombo%20Evictions%20Report%20-%20April%202014.pdf (10.12.2014).)

31 >

epiyepWj;jtNj ,uhZtj;jpd; Xu; ,yf;fhFk;.70 ,uhZtk; jdJ

Ra mDkjpAld; 2011k; Mz;L ghuk;gupa tpahghupfis tpl Fiwe;j

tpiyapy; fha;fwp tpw;gidia Mhk;gpj;jJ.71 2012k; Mz;L ,uhZtk;

jdJ nrhe;j tptrha kw;Wk; fhy;eil cw;gj;jpia Muk;gpj;J tptrha

kw;Wk; ghw;nghUs; cw;gj;jpia Cf;Ftpj;jJ. ,jDhlhf ,uhZtk;

muprp> gotif> fha;fwp kw;Wk; ghw;nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.72

Njrj;jpd; gpujhd ghw;nghUs; cw;gj;jpahsuhf Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid

,uhZtk; Ra ,yf;fhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.73

3.4. Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; MAjg;gilapdu;

nghJg; gzpfs;> tptrhaj;Jiw khj;jpukd;wp> Rw;Wyh Jiw

njhlh;ghd ,uhZtj;jpdJ mtjhdKk; mjpfupj;j td;dKs;sJ.

Rw;Wyh gazpfSf;fhf gy;NtW Nritfis toq;FtNjhL jiug;gil

'thd;gil" flw;gilfs; ehL KOtjpYk; Rw;wyh tpLjpfisAk;

Muk;gpj;Js;sdu;.xU re;ju;gj;jpy; mjhtJ 2014 nrg;lk;gu; khjk;

$l;lnkhd;wpw;F gq;Fgw;wpa Njrpa xj;Jiog;G ,af;fj;jpd; Ma;T FOtpd;

gpujpepjpnahUtu; Fwpg;gpl;lJ ahnjdpy; fpof;F khfhzj;jpd; nyt;bdl;

fkhz;lu; N`th tpjhuzNf yhy; ngNuuhtpdhy; vjph;fhyj;jpy; ehL

KOtjpYk; 150Rw;Wyh tpLjpfis Muk;gpg;gjw;F vjpu; ghu;jpUg;gjhf

fUj;J Kd;itf;fg;gl;ljhf $wg;gl;lJ.

70 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140817/business-times/sri-lankas-business-like-army-moves-into-dairy-farming-110771.html (06.10.2014).

71 Cf. http://www.defence.lk/new.asp?fname=20110107_02 (13.11.2014).72 Cf. http://www.army.lk/detailed.php?NewsId=4343 (13.11.2014).73 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140817/business-times/sri-lankas-business-like-army-

moves-into-dairy-farming-110771.html (06.10.2014).32 >

,uhZtj;jpduhy; elhj;jg;gLk; Rw;Wyh trjpfs; kw;Wk;

nghjpfspd; gl;bay;

a Cf. http://www.layahotels.lk/ (06.10.2014).b Cf. http://www.dailymirror.lk/news/14575-army-to-build-a-five-star-

hotel-in-colombo.html (12.11.2014).c Cf. http://malima.lk/ (06.10.2014).d Cf. http://whalewatching.navy.lk/ (06.10.2014).e Cf. http://www.airforce.lk/ (06.10.2014).f Cf. http://thalsevanaresort.com/ (06.10.2014).g Cf. http://thalsevanaresort.com/naturepark/ (06.10.2014).h Cf. http://www.army.lk/sfhqmlt/ (06.10.2014).

33 >

,yq;ifapd;; nra;jpj;jhs;> rz;Nl yPlupd; mwpf;ifapd; gpufhuk;>

“y$d; fghdh]; ghzk” tpdhy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; epykhdJ Kd;dhy;

cupikahsUf;F NghJkhd ,og;gPL toq;fhky; mgfupf;fg;gl;l Vida

epyq;fspy;; ,JTk; xd;W vd;gw;fhd Nghjpa Mjhuk; cs;sjhf

Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f; fhzp jw;nghOJ flw;gilf;F cwpj;jhdJ.74

NkYk;> vkJ Ma;Tg; gq;fhspfspd; jftypd; mbg;gilapy;> tlf;F cau;

ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpy; “jy;nrtd” tpLKiw tpLjp fhq;Nfrd;Jiwapy;

mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpw;F nghJ kf;fs; nry;tjid

,uhZtk; jil nra;Js;sJ.

STP epWtdk; ,uhZt jiyaPl;NlhL elhj;jg;gLk; Rw;Wyh trjpfs; kw;Wk;

nghjpfs; Xu; gpur;rpidAs;s tplakhFk;. ,jw;F fhuzk;> ,J cs;Su;;

kf;fspd; tho;thjhuj;ij rpijf;fpd;wikahFk;. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy;

flikahw;Wk; ,uhZtj;jpdu; ,uhZt jpizf;fsj;jpypUe;Nj

jkJ Cjpaj;jpid ngWfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F gjpyPlhf ,uhZtj;Jiw

$Ljyhd tUkhdj;jpid ngWfpd;wJ.75 vdNt jdpahu; Jiwapduhy;

toq;fg;gLk; tpiyapid tpl Fiwe;j tpiyapy; Rw;Wyh nghjpfspid

,uhZtj;jpduhy; toq;ff; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,q;F flikahw;Wk;

,uhZtj;jpdu; jk;ik ,uhZtj;jdu; vd;gjid ntspf;fhl;LtJld;>

rpyu; ,uhZt rPUilapdpNyNa Rw;Wyhj; Jiw flikfspy;

<LgLfpd;wdu;. ,tw;wpd; %ykhf <l;lg;gLk; ,yhgkhdJ kw;WnkhU

gpur;rpidahf cs;sJ. Vnddpy; ,jd; gad;ghL Fwpj;j ntspg;gilj;

jd;ik kpfTk; Fiwthf cs;sikahFk;.

74 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2013/05/12/land-grab-at-panama/ (06.10.2014).75 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/increasing-military-involv ement-in-

sri-lankan-business-ventures/(03.12.2014).34 >

4. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; kdpj cupikfs;

37 >

ru;tNjr Rw;Wyhj; njhopw; JiwapdJ epiyj;jpU

mgptpUj;jpahdJ> Vida Jiwfis tpl mjd; re;ijg;gLj;jypYk;

kw;Wk; el;ngaupYNk ngupJk; jq;fpAs;sJ. ,j;Jiw Vida Jiwfis

tpl epWtdg; nghWg;gpy; gpd;jq;fpAs;sJ. Rw;Wyh tu;j;jfkhdJ

rl;luPjpapy; KOg; nghWg;Gf;$wy; mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. r%f nghWg;G

tha;e;j epWtdq;;fs; kdpj cupikfis kjpg;gjpYk;> Rw;Wr;#oy;> r%f

mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; jdJ gq;fhspfSld; njhlu;r;rpahd njhlu;ghliy

nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mj;Jld; ,tw;iw eilKiwg;gLj;j Jizahf

,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.76

,t; mwpf;if ru;tNjr juj;jpy; tu;j;jf ];jhgdq;fs; nghWg;Gld;

ele;J nfhs;sf; $ba topfhl;ly;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,J kdpj

cupik gpufldq;fs; kw;Wk; nkd; Nghf;fhd rl;lf; flikfis

cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ.

4.1. ru;tNjr kdpj cupik fl;likg;G

,yq;if> 1948k; Mz;L kdpj cupik gpufldj;ij kjpg;gjw;F

Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.77 kw;Wk; ,yq;if I.eh.rigapd; gpd;tUk; kdpj

cupik gpufldq;fspy; ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;sJ.78

• nghUshjhu> r%f> fyhr;rhu cupikfSf;fhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if.79

• rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay; cupikf;fhd ru;tNjr cld;gbf;if80

• rpj;jputijf;F vjpuhd gpufldk;81

76 Cf. Arbeitskreis Tourismus and Entwicklung, Unternehmensverantwortung - die Heraus-forderung für Reiseveranstalter, Basel 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://www.fairunter-wegs.org/fileadmin/ContentGlobal/PDF/CSR/CSRaktedef_gesamt.pdf(17.12.2014).)

77 Cf. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Can be accessed at: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf (26.11.2014).)

78 Cf. http://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/TreatyBodyExternal/Treaty.aspx?Country-ID=164&Lang=EN (14.1.2015)

79 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CESCR.aspx (15.12.2014)80 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx (15.12.2014)81 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CAT.aspx (14.1.2015)

38 >

• ngz;fSf;F vjpuhd midj;J tpjkhd ghugl;rj;jpid

,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd cld;gbf;if82

• midj;J tpjkhd ,d ghugl;rj;jpid ,y;yhnjhopg;gjw;fhd

cld;gbf;if83

• Gyk;ngau;e;j njhopshsu; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ FLk;gj;jpdu;

midtuJk; cupikfis ghJfhgg;jw;fhd ru;tNjr

cld;gbf;if84

• rpWtu; cupikf;fhd cldgbf;if85

4.2. nkd;Nghf;Fila rl;lf; flikfs;

1990k; Mz;by; eLg;gFjp njhlf;fk;> gy;Njrpa epWtdq;fs;

kdpj cupikfSf;fhf nghWg;Gf; $wy;fSf;F ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy;

gy;NtW Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. ,k; Kaw;rpapd; gydhf

Ra Vw;ghl;by; mu;gzpg;Gld; $ba nkd; rl;l mbg;gil tpjpfs; kw;Wk;

juq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd'

• cyf tq;fpapd; IFC epiyj;jpUf;ff; $ba fl;likg;G(Rw;Wr;

#oy;> r%f nfhs;if> nraw;jpwd; juk; kw;Wk; jfty;

mwptjw;fhd nfhs;if86

• ru;tNjr njhopshsu; epWtdj;jpd; (ILO) Kj;jug;G Nfhl;ghl;L

gpufldk; (gd;dhl;L epWtdq;fs; Fwpj;J kw;Wk; ILO tpd; ru;tNjr njhopshsu; juk; cl;gl 59 Nfhl;ghLfis cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ)87

82 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx (14.1.2015).83 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CERD.aspx (14.1.2015).84 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspx (14.1.2015).85 Cf. http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx (14.1.2015).86 Cf. http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/topics_ext_content/ifc_external_corporate_site/

ifc+sustainability/our+approach/risk+management/ifcsustainabilityframework_2012 (14.1.2015).

87 Cf. International Labour Office (ILO), Tripartite Declaration of Principles. Concerning Multinational Enterprises and Social Policy, 2006. (Can be accessed at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---emp_ent/---multi/documents/ publication/wcms_094386.pdf (24.11.2014).)

39 >

• I.eh kdpj cupikfs; kw;Wk; tu;j;jf Nfhl;ghLfSf;fhd

topfhl;ly; (,J mur kw;Wk; tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; gw;wpaJ)88

• nghUshjhu kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpf;fhd epWtdk; (OECD) –gz;dhl;L epWtdq;fSf;fhd topfhl;ly; ( OECD ehLfspy; jskhff; nfhz;l midj;J tu;j;jfk; gw;wpaJ)89

• fhzp >kPd;gpb >fhLfs; gad;ghl;bw;fhd nghWg;ghd Ml;rpf;Fupa

jd;dhu;t topfhl;ly; - I.eh czT kw;Wk; tptrha epWtdk;

(FAO) ( epyq;fis muR kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; thq;Fjy; my;yJ

gad;gLj;jy;)90

Nkw; Fwpg;gpl;l midj;J nkd;ikahd flikfisAk; Rtp]; kw;Wk;

N[u;kdp Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. OECD apd; topfhl;ly; jtpu;e;j

Nkw;Fwpg;gplg;gl;l midj;J topfhl;ly;fSk; Nfhl;ghLfSk; ,yq;iff;F

Vw;GilajhFk;.

4.3. [.eh. rigapd; tu;j;jf> kdpj cupikfSf;fhd

nfhs;if topfhl;ly;

[.eh. tu;j;jf> kdpj cupikfSf;fhd nfhs;if topfhl;lyhdJ

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; kdpj cupikfs; kjpf;fg;gLtjw;F rpwg;G Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,t; topfhl;ly;fs; ru;tNjr rl;lj;jpd;; fPo;

nghWg;Gfs; cilait my;y. vt;thuhapDk;> ,t; topfhl;ly;fs;

mur kw;Wk; tpahghu nghWg;GfSf;F Xu; cWjpahd fl;likg;ghf

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,it murpd; eilKiwapy; cs;s kdpj

cupik xg;ge;jq;fis mbj;jskhff; nfhz;likfpd;wd.mj;Jld;> cyf

88 88 Cf. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”, 2011. (Can be accessed at: http://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_en.pdf (24.11.2014).)

89 Cf. OECD, OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. Recommendations for Responsible Business Conduct in a Global Context, 2011. (Can be accessed at: http://www.oecd.org/daf/inv/mne/48004323.pdf (24.11.2014).)

90 Cf. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests in the Context of National Food Security, 2012 (Can be accessed at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i2801e/i2801e.pdf (24.11.2014).)

40 >

tq;fpapd; nghUspay; rhu; epWtdq;fshd OECD kw;Wk; ru;tNjr

epjp epWtdk; (IFC) Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; mk;rq;fs;> I.eh rigapd;

kdpj cupik Nguitapd; xUkpj;j Kbthy; Fwpg;gpl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;> muRfspdhy; Fwpj;j topfhl;ly;

newpKiwfis nray;gLj;jy; kpfTk; fbdk; vd ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

INuhg;gpa Mizak; jkJ cWg;G ehLfis Nkw;fz;l topfhl;Ljy;fis

tu;j;jf kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfspy; nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd eilKiwj;

jpl;lnkd;wpid jahu; nra;AkhW Nfl;Lf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.91jw;nghOJ

gpupj;jhdpah> neju;yhe;J> ,j;jhyp kw;Wk; nld;khu;f; Mfpa ehLfs;

,t; topfhl;ly;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njrpa jpl;l tiugpid

nfhz;Ls;sd.92 ,jw;fhf Rtp]u;yhe;jpy; Njrpa nray;jpl;lk; xd;W

tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.93

91 Cf. http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/corporate-social-responsibility/human-rights/index_en-.htm (14.1.2015)

92 Cf. ibid.93 Cf. http://www.parlament.ch/d/suche/seiten/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id,=20123503

and http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Business/NationalPlans/HRAndBusinessBaselineSwitzerland.pdf (14.1.2015)

41 >

tu;j;jf nraw;ghL kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; topfhl;ly;

Nfhl;ghLfspd; %d;W gpujhd Jhz;fs;94

1. kdpj cupikfis ghJfhg;gjpy; murpd; flik:

muR murpdhy; 3k; jug;gpdhy; nra;ag;gLk; kdpj cupik

kPwy;fis jLg;gjw;F ,ize;Js;sJ.cjhuzkhf jk; epyq;fspy;

tu;j;jfu;fs; nra;fpd;w nraw;ghLfspdhy; eilngWfpd;w

kPwy;fis Fwpg;gplyhk;.kdpj cupikfs; kPwg;gLtij jLg;gjw;F

guprPyid nra;tjw;F jz;lid toq;Ftjw;F kdpj cupikfs;

kPwg;gl;bUg;gpd; e\;l<L toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

2. kdpj cupikfis kjpg;gjw;fhd epWtdq;fspd;

nghWg;G:

tpahghuq;fs; NeubahfNth my;yJ jdJ tpahghu

njhlu;Gilatu;fs; %ykhfNt kdpj cupikfSf;F Nenujpuhd

jhf;fj;jpid jtpu;j;jy; kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfis kjpj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. ,g; nghWg;Gf;fis miltjw;F tpahghuq;fs;

Fwpj;j nfhs;iffis nraw;gLj;JtJ kw;Wk; tplhKaw;rpAld;

eilKiwg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

3. cupikf;fhd jPu;T:

ehLfs; Xu; gaDs;s jPu;tpid toq;Ftjw;F NghJkhd

mstPLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSf;F

cupa ,og;gPLfs; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. tpahghuq;fSk; mjpfhu

kl;lj;jpyhd rl;lk; rhuh topKiwfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;

my;yJ mt;thuhd topKiwfspy; gq;Nfw;f Ntz;Lk;.

94 Cf. United Nations, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights. Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy”, 2011. (Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/documents/publications/GuidingprinciplesBusinesshr_en.pdf (24.11.2014).)

42 >

5. ,yq;ifapd; Rw;Wyhj;Jiw:-

Ie;J tUlj; jpl;lk;

45 >

5.1.mgptpUj;jpapd; juq;fs;

,yq;if murhq;fkhdJ cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; KbTw;w gpd;du;

nghUshjhuj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia gpujhd njhopw;

Jiwahf tiuaWj;Js;sJ. Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tUkhdj;jpd; %yk; kf;fs;

ed;ikailtij gpujhd Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.95 ,t;tpUj;jpia

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F Gjpa gFjpfspy; r%f Rw;Wr; #oYld; ,ire;J

nry;Yk; tifapy;> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mjpfhurig Fiwe;j mgptpUj;jpj;

juq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJld;> ,it gq;Fgw;Wk; midj;J

jug;gpduhYk; mtjhdpf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.96

Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;

• Rw;Wyh jpl;lq;fSf;F Njitahd Rj;jkhd jz;zPu; toq;fy;

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. egu; xUtUf;fhd ehs; xd;wpd;

jz;zPu; Njit Fiwe;jJ 450 yPl;lu; MFk;. midj;J Rw;Wyhj;

jpl;lq;fspYk; Rw;Wr; #oYld; ,irthd fopT ePu; Rj;jpfupg;G

Kiwik fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;. midj;J Rw;Wyh jpl;lq;fSk;

RW;Wyh mjpfhu rigapdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;ljhf mikjy;

Ntz;Lk;.97

• midj;J vjpu;fhy KjyPl;lhsu;fSk; jpl;lj;jpd; msT>

epyg;gug;gpd; jhf;fj; jd;ik mbg;gilapy; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f

kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. midj;J Rw;Wyhj;

jpl;lq;fspYk; r%f jhf;fj;jpw;F cl;glf; $ba gpuNjrq;fspy;

r%f jhf;f kjpg;gPLfs; jpl;lq;fs; Muk;gpg;jw;F Kd;djhfNt

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; mtrpakhFk;. vdpDk; ,t; kjpg;gPLfs; vt;thW

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ njspthf Fwpg;gplg;ltpy;iy.

mjhtJ ve;j mbg;gilapy; kw;Wk; vt;thW juTfs;

rupghu;f;fg;gLjy; vd;gd njspTgLj;jg;gltpy;iy.98

95 Cf. Ministry of Economic Development, Tourism Development Strategy 2011 – 2016. (Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/English.pdf (27.1.2014).)

96 A survey of legal and institutional foundations for tourism development in Sri Lanka can be found in the annex.

97 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/development_guidelines (1.12.2014).98 Cf. ibid.

46 >

• flw;fiu ghJfhg;G jpizf;fskhdJ flw;fiuapid

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Xu; fl;likg;ig jPu;khdpj;Js;sJ. ,j;

jPu;khdj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;> ve;j xU re;ju;gj;jpYk; flw;fiuapy;

epue;ju fl;blq;fs; mikj;jyhfhJ. epue;jukw;w ,yFtpy;

mfw;wf;$ba fl;Lkhdq;fspid Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.99 jz;zPUld;

njhlu;Gila tpisahl;Lf;fs; rhu;e;j fl;blq;fs; njhlu;gpy;

jdpj;jdpahd Kiwapy; ,yq;if Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapdhy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;.100

Rw;Wr; #oy; kw;Wk; r%f fl;Lg;ghLfs; Nghyd;wp> tpUe;jpdu;fspd;

eyDld; njhlu;Gila juq;fs; kpfj; njspthf Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jd;gb> Rj;jkhd fhw;Nwhl;lk;> Fsp&l;ly; trjp> gRik> thfd

jupg;gplk; kw;Wk; tPjpfl;likg;G epiy vd;gd Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sd.101

,f; fl;Lg;ghLfs; cs;Su; kf;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;gpy; vjidAk;

Fwpg;gplg;gltpy;iy.

99 Cf. Coast Conservation Department, Coastal Zone Management Plan (Can be accessed at: http://www.coastal.gov.lk/ downloads/pdf/CZMP%20English.pdf (1.12.2014).)

100 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/development_guidelines (1.12.2014).101 101 Cf. ibid.

47 >

5.2. Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; %Nyhghak; 2011 – 2016

cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; KbTw;w gpd;du; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F

murhq;fk; Xu; Ie;J Mz;L fhy jpl;lj;ij tFj;Js;sJ (2011 – 2016).102

,j;jpl;lkhdJ gpd;tUk; ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; %Nyhghaq;fis

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,yf;Ffs; 103

• 2016y; 2.5 kpy;ypad; Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs;

• Ie;J tUlfhyj;jpy; 3 gpy;ypad; Neub ntspehl;L KjyPL

• Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; mjpf vz;zpf;ifapyhd Ntiytha;g;G

2010k; Mz;by; 125000 jpy; ,Ue;J 2016k; Mz;by; 500000 tiu

mjpfupj;jy;

• Rw;Wyh %yk; cs;Su; kf;fs; gadiljy;

• md;zpa nryhtzpia ngUf;Fjy; ( 2010k; Mz;bd; 500

kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyupypUe;J 2016k; Mz;by; 2.75

gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu; tiu mjpfupj;jy;)

• ru;tNjr tu;j;jf myfpid tpUj;jp nra;tjpy; Rw;Wyhj;

Jiwapd; gpujhd gq;fspg;G

• Mrpahtpd; gpurpj;jp ngw;w Rw;Wyhj; jykhf ,yq;ifia

cUthf;Fjy;

%Nyhghaq;fs; 104

• Rw;Wyhj;Jiwf;F cfe;j #oiy cUthf;Fjy;

• rupahd ghijapy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwia Cf;Ftpj;jy;

• Rw;Wyhg; gazpfspd; jpUg;jpia cWjpg;gLj;jy;

• cs;Su; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia Kd;Ndw;Wjy;

• ,yq;if gw;wpa vz;zf;fUit kw;Wk; Njhw;wg;gl;lil tpUj;jp

nra;jy;


103 Cf. ibid.104 Cf. ibid.

48 >

,yq;ifapy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwf;fhd epiyikfis tpUj;jp

nra;tjw;F KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;fhd tup tpjpg;Gf;fis ,yFgLj;jy;>

rf;jp nrytpid Fiwj;jy; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfis tpUj;jp

nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,j;Jld; tpLjpfspy; miwfspd; vz;zpf;if ghupa

mstpy; mjpfupf;fg;gly; mtrpakhFk;. 2010k; Mz;by; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh

mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapdhy; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l 22> 735 miwfs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wd. vt;thuhapDk; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; 2.5 kpy;ypad; cy;yhrg;

gazpfspd; jq;Fkplj;jpw;F ,d;Dk; 22>500 miwfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wJ.105

ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F ,yq;ifahdJ> 327>600

a+Nuhtpw;F mjpfkhf KjyPL nra;gtu;fSf;F 4–12 tUl fhy tup tpyf;fpid mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.106

,j; jPtpy; epahakhd fl;Lg;ghl;by; Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpia

Jupjg;gLj;Jtjw;F> murhq;fkhdJ 45 Rw;Wyh tyaq;fis

cUthf;fpAs;sJ.107 ,jd; gpujhd Nehf;fkhf miktJ Rw;Wr; #oy;

kPjhd Nenujpu; jhf;fj;jpid Fiwg;gjhFk;.108

jw;Nghija mgptpUj;jpia fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; nghOJ> murhq;fj;jpd;

%Nyhghak; ntw;wpaspf;fpd;wik Gydhfpd;wJ. 2008k; Mz;by; 440>000

Rw;Wyhg; gazpfs; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;Js;sdu;. ,J 2013k; Mz;by;

1.3 kpy;ypadhf mjpfupj;Js;sJ.109 2014k; Mz;by; 1.5 kpy;ypad; Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfs; tUif je;Js;sdu;.110 ,Nj Nghd;W mz;zpa nryhtdpAk;

mjpfupj;js;sJ. fle;j tUlj;Jld; xg;gpLk; nghOJ 44.1 rjtPjk;

mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ,J 1.04 gpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fshFk;. mj;Jld;

105 105 Cf. ibid.106 Cf. http://www.investsrilanka.com/setting_up_in_srilanka/investment_with_tax_

incentives_17.html (28.1.2014). 107 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/tourism_zones (28.1.2014). 108 Cf. http://www.investsrilanka.com/key_sectors_for_investment/tourism_introduction.

html (28.1.2014).109 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/december%202013-web.pdf (27.1.2014).

Development of tourist numbers: in2011: 855,975; in 2012: 1,005,605 (Cf.: Research & International Division. Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (ed.):2012 Annual Statistical Report, Colombo: 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Annual_Statistical_Report-2012_new.pdf (17.12.2014).)

110 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Page1DEC14.pdf (2.2.2015). 49 >

,yq;ifapd; gpujhd tUkhd khu;f;fq;fspy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Ie;jhk;

,lj;jpid ngw;Ws;sJ. ,t; Mz;by; fle;j Mz;Lld; xg;gpLifapy;

17.4 rjtPjk; Nkyjpf njhopy;tha;g;G cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.111

5.3 Rw;Wyh tyaq;fs;

111 Cf. Research & International Division. Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (ed.): 2012 Annual Statistical Report, Colombo: 2012.

50 >

Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpapy; gpujhdkhf ehd;F gpuNjrq;fspy;

ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.112

• tl fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiyf;F mz;ikapy;

mike;Js;s Fr;rntsp

• fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpy; kl;lf;fsg;gpw;F mz;ikapy;

mike;Js;s ghrpf;Flh

• tl Nkw;F fiuNahuj;jpy; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpy;

mike;Js;s fy;gpl;b

• njd; Nkw;F fiuNahuj;jpy; nge;njhl;ltpw;F mz;ikapy;

mike;Js;s njj;Jit

vkJ Ma;tpy;> ehk; fy;gpl;b> ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; Fr;rntsp Mfpa

tyaq;fspy; ftdk; nrYj;jpAs;Nshk;. ,g;gFjpfs; ,d uPjpapy;

gy;tifik nfhz;lJld;> Aj;j fhyj;jy; kpfTk; FiwthfNt Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfs; tUif je;Js;sdu;. ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; tpLjpfis mikg;gjw;F>

Fiwe;jJ 49 N[u;kdp kw;Wk; 21 Rtp]; gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fs;

Kd;te;Js;sd.113

5.3.1 fy;gpl;b

fy;gpl;b Flh rpwpa jPTfspdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J nfhOk;gpypUe;J

170 fpNyhkPl;lu; njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ. fy;gpl;bahdJ ,e;J

rKj;jpuj;jpype;J Gj;jsk; tisFlhit gpupf;Fk; mofpa flw;fiu

gpuNjrkhFk;.114 fy;gpl;b Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;dUk; gpd;dUk; Rw;Wyhg;

gazpfisf; ftu;e;j gpuNjrkhFk;.115 ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjrq;fSld;

112 Cf. http://www.investsrilanka.com/key_sectors_for_investment/tourism_introduction.html (28.1.2014).

113 Exact listing follows in the subsequent paragraphs. 114 Cf. http://www.ceylonroots.com/destinations/kalpitiya-dolphin-watching/ (3.2.2014).115 Cf. http://www.lankapage.com/NewsFiles/Oct25_1382709190.php (3.2.2014).

51 >

xg;gpLifapy;> Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G vd;gtw;wpy;

kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa gpuNjrkhFk;.116 2012k; Mz;by; Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpd;

rdj;njhif 759>776 MFk;.117 Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpd; xu; gFjpahd

fy;gpl;bapy; 86>019 Ngh; gutyhf tho;fpd;wdu;. Gj;jsk; khtl;lj;jpd;

rdj;njhifahdJ ,d kw;Wk; kj mbg;gilapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ:

73.6 rjtPjkhdtu;fs; rpq;fstu;fs;> 19.3 rjtPjkhd118 tu;fs; K];ypk;fs;

kw;Wk; 6.3 rjtPjkhdtu;fs; jkpou;fs; tho;fpd;wdu;.119 43.2 rjtPjkhd

ngsj;ju;fSk;> 20 rjtPjkhd ,];yhkpau;fSk;> 3.2 rjtPjkhd

,e;Jf;fSk;> 32.8 rjtPjkhd fj;Njhypf;fu;fSk; trpf;fpd;wdu;.120

116 Cf. http://www.sacw.net/IMG/pdf/Sri_Lanka_IFFM_final_report-16-03-11.pdf (17.2.2014).

117 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp =Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).




52 >

fy;gpl;b xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lk; (KITRP)

murhq;fkhdJ 2008k; Mz;by; ftu;rpfukhd Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapid

gad;gLj;jp fy;gpl;b xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lj;jpid

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,j; jpl;lj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; Fwpj;j 14

jPTfspy; tpLjp kw;;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G jpl;lq;fSf;F KjyPl;lhsu;fis

ngWtjhFk;.121 Fiwe;jJ MW mjp nrhFR tpLjpfs; mikg;gjw;F

jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.122 khiyj;jPtpd; khjpupia gpd;gw;wp cau; tpiy

vy;iy nfhz;l Rw;Wyh gpuNjrkhf fy;gpl;bia mikg;gNj murpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.123 ,yq;if Rw;Wyh rigapd; $w;wpd; gpufhuk;> ,t;

Mz;bd; ,Wjpf;Fs; 10>000 gLf;if miwfisf; nfhz;l VO tpLjpfs;

mikf;fg;gl cs;sJ.124 ,t; ,yf;fpid miltjw;F> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh

mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig nghJ epyq;fis ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fSf;F

30-40 tUl Fj;jiff;F toq;f Kd;te;Js;sJ.125 vkJ Ma;tpd;

gb> Rw;Wr; #oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPNlh my;yJ r%f jhf;f kjpg;gPNlh

,Jtiuapy; fy;gpl;bapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy. ,j; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;

Neub njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; 15>000 kiwKf Njhopy; tha;g;G 22>500

cUthf;FtNj fy;gpl;b xUq;fpize;j Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lj;jpd;

Nehf;fkhFk;.126 mj;Jld;> ,j; jpl;lj;jpy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;G

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.127 mj;Jld; ,r; nraw;ghLfspd; nghOJ

kf;fspd; tho;thjhuq;fSf;F ghjpg;Gf;fs; my;yJ ,lg;ngau;Tfs;

eilngwyhfhJ.128

jq;Fkpltrjp; kw;Wkpd;wp> Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftUk; tifapy; gy;NtW

jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> Nfspf;if g+q;fh>

cs;Su; tpkhd epiyak;> Nfhy;/ jply; vd;gtw;wpid Fwpg;gplyhk;.

jdpahu; KjyPl;lhsu;fs; kw;Wk; mtrpakhd cl;fl;likg;Gfs; ngw;Wf;

121 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).122 Cf. http://www.development.lk/project_detail-1a--10.html (3.2.2014). 123 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_detail-7-53.html (5.2.2014).124 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).125 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_details-7-56.html (4.2.2014).126 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).127 Cf. http://www.development.lk/project_detail-1a--10.html (3.2.2014).128 Cf. http://www.news.lk/news/politics/item/3179-not-a-single-displacement-or-loss-of-

livelihood-due-to-kalpitiya-tourism-development-project (24.11.2014).53 >

nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ.129

Kjw; ghu;itapy; murhq;fj;jpd; jpl;lk; ntw;wpfukhf njd;gLfpd;wJ.

ept;Nahf; lapk;]; rQ;rpif mwpf;ifapy;> 2013k; Mz;bd; “45 nry;y Ntz;ba ,lq;fs;” gl;baypy; fy;gpl;b 31k; ,lj;jpid ngw;Ws;sJ.130

jw;NghJ nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; tpLjpfs;

2014k; Mz;L ,Wjpapy; ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; gjpTfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

Kjy; tpLjpahf Kfj;Jthuk; jPtpy; mike;Js;s mjpnrhFR tpLjpahd

“lr; Ng upNrhu;l;” mikfpd;wJ. ( ,J lr; Ng my;yJ %l;Lty; vdTk;

mwpag;gLk;)

lr;Ng upNrhu;l;

2013k; Mz;L jpwf;fg;gl;lJ cupikahsu;: ePy; B rpy;th> lr; Ng

upNrhu;l; fy;gpl;b

lr;Ng upNrhu;l;bw;fhd gjpTfs; Neubahf nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; gaz

Kftu;fs; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;s ,ayhJ. khwhf ,izaj;jsq;fspd;

ClhfNt Nkw;nfhs;syhk;. (agoda.com;booking.com; holidaycheck.ch).

jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s tpLjpfs;

rd; upnrhl; ,d;tr;kd;l; fk;gzp ypkp;ll;> nts;isj;jPtpy; Rw;Wr;#oYld;

,iaghd Rw;Wyh tpLjpia mikf;f jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ. ,j; jPthdJ

,yq;if> khiyj;jPT kw;Wk; Rtp]; KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; ,ize;j

Kaw;rpapy; Ie;J tUl fhy Fj;jif mbg;gilapy; 24>200 a+Nuhtpw;F

ngwg;gl;L mikf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.131 <t; “rd; rplb fy;gpl;b” 2017k; Mz;L

129 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/kalpitiya (3.2.2014).130 Cf. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2013/01/10/travel/2013-places-to-go.html?_r=0

(3.2.2014). 131 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_detail-7-54.html (5.2.2014). See also: http://www.

tagesanzeiger.ch/schweiz/standard/ Fischer-muessen-Insel-fuer-Touristenanlage-raeumen/story/11921226 (3.12.2014).

54 >

jpwf;fg;gl cs;sJ.132 ,e;jpa epWtdkhd f;a+gp yq;fh nyru; Gug;gl;b

16.82 kpy;ypad; mnkhpf;f nlhyu; (14.5 kpy;ypad; a+Nuh) nrytpy;

,Yg;gd; jPtpy; Rw;Wr;#oYld; ,iaghd Rw;Wyh tpLjpia mikf;f

jpl;lkpl;Ls;sJ.133 ,j; jPtpid 98>000 a+Nuhtpw;F Ie;J tUl Fj;jiff;F

ngw;ws;sJ. 134

5.3.2. ghrpf;Flh

,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpy; mike;Js;s rpwpa fpuhkk;

ghrpf;Flh. khYkhY upNrhl; ghrpf;Flhit gpd;tUkhU tpgupj;Js;sJ>

neUf;fbahd efupypUe;J ghupa njhiytpy; mike;Js;s fly;top

Eiothapy;> ,t; nrhu;f g+kpapy; ntw;Wg;ghjq;fspy; nkd;ikahd

#lhd nts;is kzypid czu KbAk;> kpf ngWkjpahd Rj;jkhd

flw;fhw;iw czu KbAk;.135

kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; ghrpf;Flh mike;Js;sJ.136 kl;lf;fsg;G

khtl;lj;jpd; rdj;njhif 525>142 MFk;.137 ,jpy; 23>317 ghrpf;Flhtpy;

gutpAs;sJ.138 ,g; gpuNjrKk; ,d kj uPjpapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ.

72.6 rjtPjk; jkpou;> 25.5 rjtPjk; K];ypk;fs;> 1.2 rjtPjk; rpq;fstu;fSk;

thOfpd;wdu;.139 64.6rjtPjj;jpdu; ,e;Jf;fs;> 25.5 rjtPjkhdtu;fs;

,];yhkpau;fs;> 8.8 rjtPjkhdtu;fs; fj;Njhypf;fu;fs;; kw;Wk; 1.1

rjtPjkhd ngsj;ju;fSk; trpf;fpd;wdu;.140

132 Cf. http://www.attractionsmanagement.com/detail.cfm?pagetype=detail&sub-ject=news&CodeID=312796 (16.12.2014).

133 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/ongoing_projects (5.2.2014).134 Cf. http://www.development.lk/news_detail-7-55.html (5.2.2014).135 See: http://www.maalumaalu.com/ (5.11.2014).)136 Cf. http://welcometobatticaloa.com/visits-activities/passikudah-and-kalkudah-beaches/

(5.3.2014). 137 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&g-

p=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).138 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop31&g-



p=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).55 >

ghrpf;Flh Njrpa tpLKiw tpLjp

1983k; Mz;bw;F Kd;du; ghrpf;Flh Xu; gpugy;akhd Rw;Wyhj; jykhFk;

mf;fhyj;jpy; ,g; gpuNjrj;jpy; %d;W tpLjpfspy; 171 miwfs; fhzg;gl;ld.

1983k; Mz;L cs;ehl;L Aj;jk; Muk;gpj;j gpd;du; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Kw;W

KOjhf rupe;jJ. ghrpf;Flh upNrhu;l;> ,g;gpuNjrj;jpd; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia

fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd murpd; Xu; Kaw;rpNa MFk;. mur jftypy; gb

60 n`f;Nlau;fspy; 500 Gjpa tpLjp miwfs; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.141

gj;jpupif kw;Wk; gaz Kftu; epWtdq;fs; 1>000 tpLjp miwfis

vjpu;T $wpAs;sdu;.142 ,yq;ifapd; thuhe;j gj;jpupifahd rz;Nl

xg;rtu;> vjpu;fhy Rw;Wyh tsu;r;rpf;F cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSf;fhd

ghupa KjyPLfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd vd Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. mj;Jld;

kl;lf;fsg;G tpkhd epiyak; tp];jupf;fg;gLk;> Gifapuj fl;likg;G

tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;. Nkyjpf jpl;lq;fshf> Gjpa re;ijj; njhFjp>

jpwe;j ntsp jpNal;lu;> kpjp tz;bg;ghij Nfhy;/ jply; kw;Wk; ePu;

tho;fhl;rp rhiy vd;gdTk; mikf;fg;gl cs;sd.143

rz;Nl xg;rtupd; mwpf;ifg;gb. Xu; Rw;Wr; #oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPL

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L mjd; mwpf;if nghJ kf;fs; ghu;itf;fhf khtl;l

nrayfj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.144 vkJ fs Ma;tpd; gpufhuk; cs;Su;

kf;fSf;F kjpg;gPl;bd; ngWNgWfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

jw;NghJs;s tpLjpfs;

2014k; Mz;L brk;gu; khjj;jpypUe;J ghrpf;Flh tpLjpfSf;fhd ru;tNjr

gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;

141 Cf. http://www.sltda.gov.lk/passekudah_project (1.3.2014).142 Cf. http://www.colombopage.com/archive_12/Jan28_1327770179CH.php (14.1.2015)

and http://holidayplace.co.uk/news/details/105377/sri-lanka-to-develop-pasikuda-as-tour-ist-destination (14.1.2015).

143 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/06/02/fea09.asp (1.3.2014) 144 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/04/04/fin17.asp (14.11.2014).

56 >

khY khY upNrhu;l; kw;Wk; ];gha

2011k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ b cupikahsu;; Theme Resorts & Spas (Pvt)

Ltd. cjPk; upNrhl; kw;Wk; ];gh]; jdpahu; epWtdk;

NIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gd;fspDlhf ,t;

N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa gjpT

nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

a Cf. http://www.dutchbayresorts.com/index.php (5.11.2014).

b Cf.http://www.dutchbayresorts.com/index.php/boutique-hotel (5.11.2014).

c Cf. http://www.dutchbayresorts.com/index.php/contact (5.11.2014).

`khah gPr;d

2013k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.e cupikahsu;- Amaya Resorts & Spa f

`khah upNrhl; kw;Wk; ];gh

NIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t;

N`hl;lypd; Nritfis ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Kd;$l;bNa

gjpT nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

d Cf. https://www.amayabeach.com/ (5.11.2014).

e Cf. http://www.breakingtravelnews.com/news/article/centara-set-to-open-second-resort-in-sri-lanka/ (3.3.2014).

f Cf. http://www.amayaresorts.com/find-a-resort (30.10.2014).

57 >

mnk];jp upnrhu;l; ghrpf;Flhh

2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.i cupikahsu; -va;bfd; ];ngd;];

N`hl;ly; Kfhikj;Jt jdpahu;

epWtdk J

nIu;kd; kw;Wk; Rtp]; Rw;Wyh tu;j;jf fk;gdpfspDlhf ,t;


nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

h Cf. http://www.amethystpassikudah.com/ (5.11.2014). i Cf. http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-

details&code_title=47837 (3.3.2014). j Cf. http://www.amethystpassikudah.com/contact_us.php (5.11.2014).

cfh Ng upNrhu;l;k

2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. cupikahsu;- cfh v];nfg;];

jdpahu; epWtdk; Uga Escapes Pvt Ltd m



nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

k Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/ugabay/ (5.11.2014).

l Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2012/10/14/fin06.asp (5.11.2014).

m Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/about-us.html (5.11.2014).

58 >

mdpyhdh ghrpf;Flhn

2013k; Mz;L

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.o cupikahsu; - mdpyhdh N`hl;ly; kw;Wk;

Gug;gl;b -Anilana Hotels & Properties Limited p



nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

n Cf. http://www.anilana.com/pasikuda/index.html (5.11.2014).

o Cf. http://www.anilana.com/index.html#about (3.3.2014).

p Cf. http://www.anilana.com/board-of-directors.html (5.11.2014).

rd; mf;Fth ghrpf;Flhq

2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. cupikahsu; - rd;rpahk; upNrhl;

Sun Siyam Resorts s



nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

q Cf. http://sunaqua.com/pasikudah (16.12.2014). (The “Sun Aqua Pasikudah” is also called “The Beach House” by German and Swiss agencies. Cf. http://www.restplatzboerse.ch/hotel/the-beach-house-at-pasikudah-sri-lanka-hid-72697/ (17.12.2014).)

r Cf.http://www.attractionsmanagement.com/detail.cfm?pagetype= detail&subject = news&CodeID=312796 (16.12.2014).

s Cf. http://www.sunsiyam.com/ (16.12.2014).

59 >

5.3.3. Fr;rntsp

,yq;ifapd; fpof;F fiuNahuj;jpy; jpUNfhzkiyapypUe;J 40

fpNyhkPl;lu; njhiytpy; mike;Js;s rpwpa kPd;gpb fpuhkkhd Fr;rntsp>145

Rw;Wyh gpuNjrq;fshd jpUNfhzkiy kw;Wk; epyhntspf;F ,ilNa

mike;Js;sik Fr;rntspiaAk; Xu; Rw;Wj;jykhf khwpAs;sJ.

Fr;rntspapd; 8 fpNyhkPl;lu; ePykhd146 flw;fiuapid Xu; kpf Kf;fpa

Rw;Wyh tyakhf murhq;fk; gpufldg;gLj;jpAs;sJ147 Fr;rntsp

jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.148 ,J Rw;Wyh tyakhf

milahsg;gLj;jg;gl Kd;du; tpLjpfs; mikf;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy.149

2012k; Mz;L jpUNfhzkiy khtl;lj;jpd; rdj;njhif 380>000 MFk;.150

,jpy; 33>100 Fr;rntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; gutpAs;sJ.151 ,k; khtl;lKk;

,d kj uPjpapy; gy;tifik nfhz;lJ. 2012k; Mz;by; 40.4 rjtPjk;

K];ypk;fs;> 30.6 rjtPjk; jkpou;fs;> 27 rjtPjk; rpq;fstu;fSk;

tho;fpd;wdu;.152 26 rjtPjk; ,];yhkpau;> 25.9 rjtPjk; ngsj;ju;fs;> 25.9

rjtPjk; ,e;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; 5.8 rjtPjk; fj;Njhypf;fu;fs; Mtu;.153

145 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2013/02/03/fea09.asp (3.3.2014).146 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110320/BusinessTimes/bt03.html (3.3.2014).147 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/eastern_region_development (3.3.2014). 148 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouS/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop31&gp=Ac-

tivities&tpl=3 (5.3.2014).149 Cf. http://www.tourismnews.lk/index.php/health/item/220-jungle-beach-in-kuchchaveli-

awarded-best-luxury-hideawayresort-of-indian-ocean (3.3.2014).150 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&g-




p=Activities&tpl=3 (3.3.2014).60 >

Fr;rntsp Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp tyak;

,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig Fr;rntspapy; kpfg;

ghupastpy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiwia Kd;Ndw;wp tUfpd;wJ. Rw;Wyh

KjyPl;Lf;fhd 500 Vf;fu; epyk; 20 Vf;fu; Jz;Lfshf gpupf;fg;gl;L

xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapd;

mwpf;ifg;gb> Fr;rntsp flw;fiuapd; cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jp

nra;ag;gl;L Xu; jd;dpiwthd fpuhkkhf mikf;fg;gLk;. mj;Jld;> jiu

kw;Wk; ePu; njhlu;ghd tpisahl;Lf;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd trjpfs;

Nkw;nfhs;s jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.154 2010k; Mz;L rz;Nl xg;rtupy;>

Fr;rntspapy; fl;Lkhdq;fs; Muk;gpg;gjw;F Kd;djhf Rw;Wr; #oy;

jhf;f kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;s jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ vd njuptpj;Js;sJ.155

vkJ Ma;tpd; jftypd; gpufhuk;> ,j;j jhf;f kjpg;gPL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ljh

vd;gjw;fhd njspthd tpguk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

ghrpf;Flh kw;Wk; fy;gpl;b gpuNjrq;fSf;F ghupa KjyPLfs;

fpilf;fg;gl;l NghjpYk;> Fr;rntspf;fhd KjyPl;lhsu;fis ngWtjpy;

ghupa rpukq;fs; epyTfpd;wd.156 ,J tiuapy; xNu xU tpLjpahd

“[q;fy; gPr;” kl;LNk jpwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,yq;ifapd; thuhe;j gj;jpupif

rz;Nl lapk;]; KjyPl;lhsu;fspd; gq;fspg;G ,d;ikf;fhd fhuzj;jpid

,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapdhy; mikf;fg;gl;l epy

Fj;jif rhu; khw;wj;jpDhlhf tpsf;f Kw;gl;lJ. murhq;fkhdJ

jpBnud Vf;fUf;fhd 30 tUl Fj;jif tpiy 328 a+Nuh> 8 Vf;fUf;fhd

99 tUl Fj;jif tpiy 131>000 a+Nuh vd mjpfupj;jJ. 2011k; Mz;L

Mu;tKs;s KjyPl;llhsu;fs;> (,tu;fspy; rpyu; Vw;fdNt 65>000

a+Nuhtpid fl;blq;fSf;F Kjypl;Ls;sdu;) ,ize;J Fr;rntsp

KjyPl;lhsu; rq;fj;jpid cUthf;fp murpd; mj; jd;dpr;irahd

tpiyNaw;w Kbtpw;F vjpuhf Nguhbdu;.157 2013k; Mz;L nghJeytha

ehLfspd; mur jiytu;fspd; re;jpg;gpw;F Kd;du;> epyq;fSf;fhd

154 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/eastern_region_development (3.3.2014).155 Cf. http://www.sundayobserver.lk/2010/04/04/fin17.asp (04.12.2014).156 Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?p=12220 (3.3.2014).157 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/110320/BusinessTimes/bt03.html (3.3.2014).

61 >

Fj;jif tpiy kPz;Lk; mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ murhq;fk; 10

Vf;fu; epyj;jpw;F 5 kpy;ypad; mnkupf;f nlhyu;fs; tpjpj;Js;sJ. ,J

200 rjtPj mjpfupg;ghFk;.158 2013k; Mz;L etk;gupy; nghJeytha

tu;j;jf mikg;gpd; re;jpg;gpd; nghOJ> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp

mjpfhurig kPz;Lk; xU jilit Fr;rntsp Rw;Wyh tyaj;jpw;fhd

KjyPl;llhsu;fis <u;f;Fk; eltbf;ifia Nkw;nfhz;lJ. ,yq;if

Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapd; jpl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;> 510 Vf;fupy; 40

flw;fiu tpLjpfs; mikg;gjhFk;. ,e;j epyq;fs; ePz;l fhy Fj;;jif

mbg;gilapy; toq;f KbAk;.159 vdpDk; tpiyapd; mjp$ba mjpfupg;gpd;

fhuzkhf ,k; Kaw;rp ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.160

jw;NghJ mike;Js;s tpLjpfs;

2014k; Mz;bd; brk;gu; khj ,Wjpapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l [q;fy; gPr;rpy;

ru;tNjr gjpTfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

[q;fy; gPr;

2012k; Mz;L Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ cupikahsu; - Uga Escapes Pvt Ltd c



nra;J nfhs;s KbAk;.

a Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/junglebeach/ (5.11.2014). b Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?p=12220 (3.3.2014). c Cf. http://www.ugaescapes.com/about-us.html (5.11.2014).

158 Cf. http://www.ceylontoday.lk/22-58450-news-detail-land-offered-in-former-war-zone-kuchchaveli-to-chogm-businessdelegates-govt-inflates-prices-and-fails-to-attract-inves-tors-for-tourism-zone.html (17.3.2014).

159 Cf. Board of Investment of Sri Lanka, Commonwealth Business Forum. Colombo, Sri Lanka. 12th to 14th Nov 2013. Project Proposals, Colombo: 2013. (Can be accessed at: https://www.muenchen.ihk.de/de/international/Anhaenge/sri-lanka-projectproposals-62-s.-4-26-mb-.pdf (10.12.2014).)

160 160 Cf. http://www.ceylontoday.lk/22-58450-news-detail-land-offered-in-former-war-zone-kuchchaveli-to-chogm-businessdelegates- govt-inflates-prices-and-fails-to-attract-investors-for-tourism-zone.html (17.3.2014).

62 >

N[u;kdp gaz Kftu;fs;- 5vorFlug, Arendt Reisen, B&R Reisen, billiger.

de,DERPART, DERTOUR, Discount Travel.com, Expedia.de, ferien.de, Flieg-ab-Basel,Flyloco,

FTI, Geoplan Touristik, HOLIDAY LAND, Inforeisen.de, ITS Reisen, JahnReisen, Kozica

Reisen, lastminute.com, Lidl Reisen, L’TUR, Merican Reisen, Neckermann Reisen, Oscar

Reisen, Raiffeisen-Tours-Kooperation, reisefieber-reisen, Reisegeier, reiselinie.de touristik,

Schmetterling Reisen, Sri Lanka Reisen,

Thomas Cook, Ticket Shop, TravelScout24, tropo, TUI, weg.de

Rtp]; gaz Kftu;fs; - Big Blue Tours, ebookers.ch, FTI Schweiz, Helvetic

Tours, Kuoni, Lanka Reisen, L’TUR tourism , Manta Reisen, Neckermann Reisen Schweiz,

Reisegeier Schweiz, Restplatzbörse Schweiz, srilanka-rundreise.ch, tourasia, Tourisme Pour

Tous, travelhouse, travelsrilanka.ch, WTA-X Travel

jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;s tpLjpfs;

Gjpa Rw;Wyh tpLjpj; jpl;lkhdJ Fr;rntsp gpuNjrj;jpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L

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,q;F epu;khdg; gzpfspy; <Lgl;Ls;stu;fs; cs;Su; rpiwf; ifjpfs;

vd mwpaf;fpilj;jJ.

63 >

6. Kuz;ghl;L gpuNjrq;fs;

65 >

6.1. cs;Su; kf;fspd; jiyaPL (kf;fis cs;thq;Fjy;) ;

6.1.1. Njrpa nfhs;if (mtfhrk;)

jpl;lq;fis mKy;gLj;Jtjw;F Kd;du; cs;Su; kf;fSld;

fye;jhNyhrpg;gJ gy;NtW rthy;fSf;F cl;gl;lJ. rpyu; jhk;

jhf;fg;glyhk; vd;w mr;rj;jpd; fhuzkhf jpl;lq;fis tpku;rpg;gjid

jtpu;f;fpd;wdu;. KjyPl;lhsu;fSk; cs;Su; kf;fSk; Xj;j nkhopia

NgRgtu;fs; my;y. cs;ehl;L Aj;j mDgtj;jpd; fhuzkhf cs;Su;

jkpo;> K];ypk;> fj;Njhypf;f rpWghd;ikapduplk; ntspahl;fs;

njhlu;gpid Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; kpff; fbdkhFk;. ,JNt ,yq;if Rw;Wyh

mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurigapd; mDkjp ngw;wjd; gpd;du;> jpl;lq;fs; Fwpj;J

kpf mupjhfNt cs;Su; kf;fSf;F mwpaf;fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,e;epiyik

ghupa Kuz;ghLfis Njhw;Wtpf;fpd;wJ.

Ngr;R> xd;W$ly; kw;Wk; njhopw;rq;f Rje;jpuk;

mjpfhu uPjpapy; Ngr;R> xd;W$ly; kw;Wk; rq;fk; mikg;gjw;fhd

Rje;jpuq;fSf;F ve;jj; jilAkpy;iy vd;gJld; ,r; Rje;jpuq;fs;

murpayikg;gpy; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.161 vdpDk; muir

tpku;rpg;gtu;fs; mr;RWj;jg;gly; kw;Wk; gpioahd gpur;rhuk;

vd;gtw;wpw;F ,yf;fhfpa tof;Ffs; Mtzg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.162

“Clftpashyu;fis ghJfhf;Fk; FOtpd;” fUj;jpw;Nfw;g> 2002k;

Mz;bypUe;J ,d;W tiu 19 Clftpashyu;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

,d;Wtiu ,t; tof;Ffs; jPu;f;fg;gltpy;iy.163 ,Nj Nghd;W vjpu;g;G

eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; khztu;fs; kw;Wk; kPdtu;fs; njhlu;;rpahf

kpUfj;jdkhf jhf;fg;gLfpd;wik NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l Rje;jpuk;

161 Cf. http://www.priu.gov.lk/Cons/1978Constitution/CONTENTS.html (24.11.2014).162 Cf. http://www.forum-asia.org/?p=16489 (12.11.2014).163 Cf. https://www.cpj.org/killed/asia/sri-lanka/ (5.2.2014).

66 >

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy vd;gJld;>164 165mur td;KiwfSf;F cl;gLk;

gpui[fis ghJfhg;gjpy; jpwdw;W cs;sJ.

Coy;

ru;tNjr ntspg;gilj;jd;ik mikg;gpd; (Transparancy International) Coy; czu;T Rl;nlz;zpy; 175 ehLfspy; ,yq;if 85k; ,lj;jpy;

cs;sJ.166 murJiwapy; Coy; kpfTk; gutyhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

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fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.167

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapd; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik ,d;ik

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; ntspg;gilj;jd;ik kpff; Fiwthf cs;sJ.

cjhuzkhf> Kd;dhy; [dhjpgjpapd; rNfhjuUk; Kd;dhy; nghUshjhu

mgptpUj;jp mikr;ruhd grpy; uh[gf;r ghuSkd;w mDkjp ,d;wp

nts;isj;jPT kw;Wk; ,Yg;gd;jPTfis Fj;jiff;F ngw;Ws;shu;.168

,Nj Nghd;W> ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mjpfhurig Rw;Wyh gazpfspd;

tUif njhlu;ghd Gs;sptpguq;fis jpupTgLj;jp ntspapLtjhf

tpLjp cupikahsu;fs; Fw;wk; rhl;bAs;sdu;. jdpahu; tpLjpfspy;

jq;Fgtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpff; Fiwthf cs;sikahy; ,yq;if

Rw;Wyh mjpfhurigapd; Rw;Wyh gazpfspd; tUif njhlu;ghd

Gs;sptpguq;fis epahag;gLj;j KbahJs;sJ.169 jfty; ntspapLk;

nfhs;ifapYk; Fiwe;j ntspg;gilj; jd;ikNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

cjhuzkhf> ghzk fpuhkj;jpdUf;F mtu;fsJ epyj;jpy; jpl;lkplg;gl;l

164 Cf. http://colombogazette.com/2014/10/26/human-rights-group-slams-crackdown/ (24.11.2014).

165 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120219/News/nws_17.html (24.11.2014).166 Cf. http://www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results (04.12.2014).167 Cf. http://www.transparency.org/news/pressrelease/20121205_sri_lanka_placed_79th_in_

global_corruption_perception_index (28.11.2014).168 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2011/03/27/govt-leasing-out-islands-in-kalpitiya-to-

foreign-investors/ (24.11.2014).169 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/140803/business-times/tourism-rules-but-are-the-num-

bers-right-109023.html (24.11.2014).67 >

Rw;Wyh eltbf;if Fwpj;J mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy.170 mtu;fsJ epyq;fs;

,uhZt Kfhk; mikg;gjhff; $wp mgfupf;fg;gl;lJ. ghjpf;fg;gl;l

350 FLk;gq;fSk; gwpf;fg;gl;l jkJ epyq;fspy; cyf tq;fpapd;

mDruidapy; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mjpfhurigapdhy; Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fs;

Kd;ndLf;fg;gLtjhf mwpag;ngw;wdu;.171 murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspdhy;

gpuRupf;fg;gl;l Gifg;glq;fspd;172 thapyhf jk;kplk; gwpf;fg;gl;l epyq;fspy;

flw;gilapduhy; tpLjpfs; fl;lg;gLtjid mwpe;J nfhz;Ls;sdu;.173

,Nj Nghd;w jtwhd jfty; aho; Flhehl;bYk; gug;gg;gl;lJ. ,uhZt

Kfhk; mikg;gjw;fhf kf;fspd; epyk; ngwg;gLtjhf mwptpf;fg;gl;l

NghjpYk;> ,Wjpapy; Fwpj;j epyj;jpy; ,uhZtj;jpduhy; elhj;jg;gLk; “ jy;nrtd tpLKiw tpLjp” fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.174

170 Panama is a small coastal village in the immediate neighbourhood of Arugam Bay in the south east of Sri Lanka.

171 Cf. http://www.ceylontoday.lk/51-30929-news-detail-legally-bequeathed-illegally-ac-quired.html (26.11.2014).

172 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2013/05/12/land-grab-at-panama/ (09.12.2014).173 Cf. http://lagooncabanas.lk/ (28.11.2014).174 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), Legal and Policy Implications of Recent Land

Acquisitions, Evictions and Related Issues in Sri Lanka, November 2014, S. 35. (Can be accessed at: http://f.cl.ly/items/2Y450U3L0j0y000J3e3l/Legal%20 and%20Policy%20Impli-cations%20of%20Recent%20Land%20Acquisitions,%20Evictions%20and%20Related%20Issues%20 in%20Sri%20Lanka.pdf (10.12.2014).)

68 >

6.1.2 Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

MNyhriz

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cupik

Ma;tpd; KbT

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tha;%y xg;ge;jj;jpy; cs;Su; kf;fs; jPtpy; njhlu;e;J trpf;fyhk;

vdTk;> mry; epyj;jpw;F gjpyhf 10 Vf;fu; epyk; jug;gLtjhfTk;

cWjpaspf;fg;gl;lJ. Nfhtpy;> tPLfs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfs;

nra;tjw;Fk; KjyPl;lhsu;fshy; xg;Gf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,t; tha;%y

xg;ge;jk; kjpg;gspf;fg;gltpy;iy. KjyPl;lhsu;fs; jw;nghOJ cs;Su;

kf;fis jPit tpl;L ntspNaWkhW $wptUfpd;wdu;. cs;Su; kf;fSld;

fye;jhNyhrpf;fhky; nts;isj;jPtpy; gl;lk; gwf;ftpLk; gapw;rp epiyak;

xd;W mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. gl;lk; tpLk; fhyq;fspy; kPdtu;fs; fliy

mZFtjw;F ,t; epiyak; jilahf miktjhy; gl;lk; gwf;ftpLk;

gapw;rp epiyak; cupikahsUf;Fk; cs;Su; kPdtu;fSf;Fkpilapy;

Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;wpAs;sd.175

175 Name known to the STP.69 >

ghrpf;Flh

cldb Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk; gw;wp kPdtu;fSf;F mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy

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mDkjp kWf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf176 gpuhe;jpa kPd;gpb gupNrhjfu; 2014k; Mz;L

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vdTk; ,q;F kPd;gpbg;gjw;F mDkjpapy;iy vdTk; flw;gil Kfhkpd;

fl;lis mjpfhup njuptpj;Js;shu;.

epahakw;w Kiwik

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupikfs;

jPu;tpiz mDFtjw;fhd cupik> Ngr;R kw;Wk; xd;W $ly; Rje;jpuk;

Ma;tpd; KbT

$l;Lj;jhgdq;fs; my;yJ rl;lrhu;gw;w ];jhgdq;fspy; cs;Su;

kf;fs; KiwghLfspid Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gfs; ,y;iy. rl;l

topKiwfspy; kl;LNk Kiwg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

176 A beach seine is a seine net operated from the shore. In the process, schools of fish are caught with the seine. A large number of people are required for towing the seine to the shore. (See: http://www.fao.org/fishery/geartype/202/en (21.11.2014).)

70 >

fy;gpl;b

jkJ epyq;fspy; “lr; Ng upNrhu;l;” epu;khz gzpfis Nkw;nfhs;tjhf

mjd; cupikahsu;fshd Kd;W K];ypk;fs;(ngz;fs;) Kiwg;ghL

nra;Js;sdu;. ,jid “lr; Ng upNrhu;l;” cupikahsu; myl;rpak;

nra;jJld; ,f; fhzpia jhk; NtW xUtuplk; thq;fpajhfTk;

$wpAs;shu;. vdNt ,g; ngz;fs; ePjpkd;wj;ij ehbdu;. ,jd; Kyk;

epyj;jpd; cupik mtu;fSilaJ vd cWjpnra;ag;gl;lJ.177

ghrpf;Flh

,uhZtj;jpduhy; jkJ epyk; gwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjhf ,U epy

cuikahsu;fs; Kiwg;ghL nra;Js;sdu;. ,e;j ,lk; jw;NghJ Rw;Wyh

jpl;lj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.178

Fr;rntsp

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epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ.

177 Cf. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kalpitiya:-Muslim-woman-defeats-mega-tour-ism-project-over-land-expropriation-23734.html (5.2.2014).

178 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130728/business-times/cid-probes-passikudah-land-grab-from-swiss-nationals-54009.html (1.3.2014).

71 >

cly; uPjpahd td;KiwAk; kf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gk;


jdpegu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd cupik> Ngr;R kw;Wk; xd;W $ly; Rje;jpuk;

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fhtyhspia ,uhZt tPuu;fs; tpul;babj;Js;sdu;. ,J njhlu;gpy;

fhty; Jiw tprhuizfis Muk;gpj;Js;sJ.179

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mg;gpuNjr kPdtu;fis fliy tpl;L nry;yhtpbd; kPd;gpb cgfuzq;fis

jPapl;L nfhOj;Jtjhf mr;RWj;jpAs;shu;.

6.2. cs;Su; kf;fs; kPjhd jhf;fk;

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kdpj mgptpUj;jp Rl;nlz; 0.715 iaf; nfhz;L 187 ehLfspy; ,yq;if

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fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 2010k; Mz;by; 84.7 rjtPj tWikapy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l

179 179 Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130728/business-times/cid-probes-passikudah-land-grab-from-swiss-nationals-54009.html (1.3.2014).

180 Cf. http://181 Cf. http://data.worldbank.org/country/sri-lanka (24.11.2014).

72 >

kf;fs; fpuhkg; gFjpfisr; rhu;e;jtuhtu;.182 ,ytr Njrpa Rfhjhu

Nrit fhzg;gl;lhYk;> Njrpa itj;jpa Nritapy; itj;jpaupfspd;

Ntiyg;gO fhuzkhf Njrpa Rfhjhu Nrit kpff; Fiwe;j juj;jpNyNa

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mNdfkhd itj;jpa epiyaq;fs; nfhOk;G tyaj;ij

ikag;gLj;jpNa mike;Js;sJ. fpuhkq;fspy; rpwg;G Rfhjhu epGzu;fs;

fpilg;gJ fbdkhFk;.183 cyf tq;fpapd; mwpf;ifg;gb> ,yq;if

rdj;njhifapy; 82 rjtPjkhdtufs; fpuhkg;Gwj;jtu;fs;.184

flw; njhopy;

Vwj;jho 1.3 kpy;ypad; ,yq;if kf;fs; kPd; gpbia jkJ tho;thjhukhf

nfhz;Ls;sdu;.185 vdNt jq;Fjilapd;wp fliy miljy;

,d;wpaikahjJ. Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp jpl;lq;fs; mjid rpukg;gLj;JtJ

my;yJ jLg;gjhf mikfpd;wJ. Xu; FLk;g tpahghukhd kPd;gpbapy;

Neubahf fliy miljy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhFk;. kPd;gpb glFfspd;

jupg;gplk; fpuhkj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; mike;Js;sikahy;> ngz;fs; mq;F

nrd;W jdJ fztUf;F cjtpahf kPd;fis tiyapype;J vLj;J

,ilj;jufu;fSf;F tpw;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,jw;F Nkyhf cg;G

kw;Wk; fUthl;L cw;gj;jpapy; <Lglyhk;. glF Jiwfis miltJ

fbdkhapd; ngz;fs; kPd;gpb Jiwapy; cs;thq;fg;glkhl;lhu;fs;. ,J

kPd; tpw;gid %yk; tUkhdk; FiwtiltJld; FLk;g RikAk;

mjpfupf;Fk;.

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;G

,yq;ifapd; tWiknahopg;gpw;F Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fis 182 Cf. The Centre for Poverty Analysis, A closer look at Sri Lanka’s poverty figures: are we

reading them right?, Colombo,September 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=88119 (29.11.2014).)

183 Cf. Schuster Adrian (Organisation suisse d’aide aux réfugiés, OSAR), Sri Lanka: Gesund-heitsversorgung im Norden Sri Lankas. Themenpapier der Länderanalyse, Bern 2013. (Can be accessed at: http://www.fluechtlingshilfe.ch/herkunftslaender/asia/sri-lanka/sri-lanka-gesundheitsversorgung-im-norden-sri-lankas (10.12.2014).)

184 Cf. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS/countries (20.11.2014).185 Cf. http://www.fisheries.gov.lk/content.php?cnid=ststc (20.11.2014).

73 >

cUthf;Ftjw;F Rw;Wyh Xu; cfe;j tplakhFk;. ,yq;ifapy; mur

MjuT Rw;Wyhj; Jiw Kw;W KOjhf ,jd; tUkhdk; %yk; cs;Su;

kf;fs; ed;ikailtjhfNt mikf;fg;gl;lJ. Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy;

cUthf;fg;gLk; njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; %yk; kf;fspd; tho;thjhuk;

cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.186


74 >

6.2.2 Ma;T KbTfs;

tho;thjhuk;


NghJkhd tho;ifj;ju cupik> elkhLk; cupik> tpUk;gpa

njhopiy nra;tjw;fhd cupik kw;Wk; jdpegu; ghJfhg;gpw;fhd

cupik.

Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

Rw;Wyh jpl;lj;jpd; fhuzkhf fliy miltjpy; fhzg;gLk;

rpukq;fspdhy; gy kPdtu;fs; tho;thjhuj;ij ,yf;Fk; mghak;

mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wJ. rpy re;ju;gq;fspy; ,J ,lk; ngw;Wtpl;lJ.

fy;gpl;b

fliy kw;Wk; tskhd kPd;gpb gpuNjrq;fSf;F nry;tjw;F gy

kPdtu;fSf;F jil tpjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; lr; Ng upNrhu;l;

tpLjpfspd; epu;khzj;jpd; NghJ 4 Vf;fu; rJg;G epyk; mopf;fg;gl;lJ.

,q;F Kd;du; ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWtu;fshy; ,why; kw;Wk; rpq;fp ,why;

gpbf;fg;gl;lJ. ,q;F mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s fhy;tha; kPdtu;fs; thtpia

miltj;ij jLf;fpd;wJ. lr; Ng upNrhu;l;bdhy; 100 kPl;lu; Rw;wsTs;s

gpuNjrk; mgfupf;fg;gl;L jz;zPupy; muz;fSk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,jd; topahf kPdtu;fs; fliy miltJ jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J

thtpapd; Xu; gFjpahFk;. ,t;tplj;jpy; 50 kPdtu;fs; jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij

Nkw;nfhz;bUe;jdu;. flw;fiuapy; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j ,uz;L Jhz;by;

kPd;gpb ,lq;fSk; mopf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jpy; Ntis nra;j 57 kPdtu;fs;

NtW Ntis Njb nry;y epu;ge;jpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;. nts;isj;jPtpy;

gl;lk; tpLk; Rw;Wyh eltbf;ifapdhy; kPdtu;fs; thtpia miltJ

jilg;gl;Ls;sikahy; kPdtu;fs; kpf Nkhrkhf ghjpf;fg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

rpwe;j kPd;tsu;g;G gpuNjrkhd rPdfyp gFjpapy; tpLjp epu;khz gzp

fhuzkhf ,why; gz;idj; njhopy; elhj;j KbahJs;sJ. ,jdhy;

cs;Su; kf;fs; tUkhd %yj;jpid ,oe;Js;sdu;.

75 >

ghrpf;Flh

cs;Su; kf;fs; fliy miltjw;fhd midj;J topfspidAk;

,oe;Js;sdu;. mtu;fs; jw;nghOJ 5 fpNyhkPl;lu; ele;J nrd;W

mz;kpj;j glFJiwia milfpd;wdu;. 300f;Fk; mjpfkhd kPdtu;fs;

5 fpNyhkPl;lu; ePsKs;s kpff; FWfpa 14 n`f;nlau; flw;fiuapid

gad;gLj;jtjw;F js;sg;gl;ls;sdu;. jw;nghOJ mtu;fs; 300 kpl;lupw;F

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sjhy; newpry; epiy fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Fr;rntsp

flw;fiu futiy kPd;gpbg;G Kiw 17 ,lq;fspy; jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

,jd; fhuzkhf gpujhdkhf 900 K];ypk; kPdtu;fs; jkJ

tho;thjhuj;ij ,oe;Js;sJld; kpd;gpb glFfis gad;gLj;Jgtu;fSk;

mr;RWj;jYf;F cs;shfpAs;sdu;. NkYk; fliy milAk; 9 ,lq;fs;

jLf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. jw;nghOJ rpy kPdtu;fs; 3 fpNyhkPl;lu; Jhuk; ele;J

fliy milfpd;wdu;.

mur nghJ cl;fl;likg;G trjp


juj;jpw;F Vw;g NghJkhd tho;f;ifj;ju cupik> fy;tp cupik>

tpUk;gpa ,lj;jpw;F nry;tjw;fhd cupik> capu; tho;tjw;fhd

kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G cupik

Ma;T KbTfs;

murhq;fk; toq;fpa cWjpnkhopahdJ NenujpuhdJ>

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l cl;fl;likg;G trjpfspy; cs;Su; kf;fs; kpfr;

rpwpa mstpNyNa ed;ikaile;Js;sdu.; kf;fspd; md;whl

tho;f;ifapy; Rw;Wyhj; Jiw jpl;lq;fs; ghupa jhf;fj;jpid

Vw;gLj;jpAs;sd.

76 >

ghrpf;Flhtpy;> kPd;gpb epiyaq;fs; tpLjpfs; mikg;gjw;F toptpl

Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,jdhy; kPd;gpb tiy kw;Wk; cgufuzq;fis

ghJfhj;J itg;gjw;fhd ,lj;jpid ,oe;Js;sJld; kw;Wkd;wp kPd;

Nrfupg;gpw;F gad;gLj;Jk; Fspu;rhjd ngl;bfis Fiwe;j tpiyf;F

tpw;f Ntz;ba epiyapy; cs;sdu;.

Fr;rntspapy;> flypid mz;kpj;j tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> nghJrd

epiyak;> fpzWfs; kw;Wk; ,e;J Myaq;fs; Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

fw;gpl;b Kfj;Jthuk; jPtpy;> fj;Njhypf;f jpUr;rigapd; kf;fshy; gy

jrhg;jq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l eilghij> lr; Ng upNrhu;bd; epu;khzg;

gzpfspdhy; jilg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;nghOJ Mgj;jhd Xu; ghij toahfNt

jpUr;rigia milaKbfpd;wJ. ,Yg;gd;jPtpy;> KjyPl;lhsu;fs;

(f;fPa+gp yq;fh) kw;Wk; cs;Su; kf;fspilNaahd tha;%y xg;ge;jk;

kjpf;fg;glhikapdhy;> mikj;Jj; jUtjhf cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l

cl;fl;likg;G trjpNa> jz;zPu; toq;fy;> ghyu; ghlrhiy> Rfhjhu

trjp Nghd;w vitAk; mikf;fg;gltpy;iy. khztu;fs; mUfpy; cs;s

cr;rpKid jPtpYs;s ghlrhiyf;F nry;fpd;wdu;. ,q;fpUe;Nj jkf;F

Njitahd FbePiuAk; ngWfpd;wdu;.

77 >

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; cs;Su; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wy;


gq;Fgw;Wk; cupik> njhopy; Guptjw;fhd cupik

Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

Rw;Wyhj;Jiw tu;j;jfj;jpy; cs;Su; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;WjYf;fhd

tha;g;G kpfTk; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpLjpfspd; epu;khzg;

gzpfspd; nghOJ Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; jpwf;fg;gl;ld>

vdpDk; ,jd; gpwF cs;Su; kf;fshy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; tUkhdk;

ngWtJ fbdkhf cs;sik ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• fy;gpl;b : fy;gpl;bapy;> lr; Ng upNrhu;l; epu;khzg; gzpfspy; cs;Su;

kf;fs; gq;Fgw;wp jkJ tUkhdj;jpid ngw;wdu;. vdpDk; vkJ

Ma;tpy; jpul;lg;gl;l jftypd; gb> ,q;F gq;Fgw;wpatu;fSf;F

rupahd nfhLg;gdTfs; toq;fg;gltpy;iy vd njupate;Js;sJ.187

jw;nghOJk; kpff; rpwpa mstpyhd cs;Su; kf;fNs tpLjpfspy;

gzpf;F mku;j;jg;gl;Ls;sjhf Fw;wk; rhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

• ghrpf;Flh: ghrpf;Flhtpy;> tpLjp epu;khzg; gzpfspy; gzpGuptjw;F

cs;Su; kf;fSf;F tha;g;G toq;fg;gl;lJld; rpyu; khj;jpuNk

mtw;wpid Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. vdpDk; epu;khdg; gzpfs;

epiwTngw;wTld; mtu;fSf;F tpLjpfspy; Ntistha;g;G

toq;fg;gLtjpy;iy. Majg;gilapduhy; tpLjpfis mz;kpj;J

rpwpa filfs; elhj;jg;gLtjhy; cs;Su; kf;fspw;fhd tUkhdk;

ngWk; re;ju;g;gk; kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

187 187 Neil de Silva, owner of the “Dutch Bay Resort”, has allegedly not respected con-tracts and failed to make payments. One supplier (name known to the STP) received a cheque for over EUR 22,300 that bounced. Likewise, the accounts of the building contractor (name known to the STP) have not been settled. The resort does not appear to generate any income.

78 >

• Fr;rNtyp: Fr;rNtyp vkJ Ma;tpd;gb> [q;fpy;gPr; upNrhu;l;by;

flikahw;Wgtu;fspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; kj;jpa kiyehl;ilr;

Nru;e;jtu;fs;.188 kpff; Fiwe;j msthd cs;Su; kf;fNs tpLjpfspd;

Kyk; tUkhdk; ngWfpd;wdu;.

• Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l %d;W tpLjpfSf;Fkhd kPd;

,ilj;jufu;fs; %ykhfNt ngwg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; nghOJ cs;Su;

kPdtu;fs; kpf mupjhfNt ftdpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.

kf;fspd; Rfhjhuk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G


Rfhjhuj;jpw;fhd cupik

Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

Rw;Wyhj; Jiwapy; jz;zPu; toq;fs; Nenujpuhd jhf;fj;ij

nfhz;Ls;sJ.

• fy;gpl;b tpLjpfspy; jz;zPu; Efu;T mjpfupj;jpg;gjdhy; cs;Su;

kf;fs; ghupa ePu; gw;whf;Fiwia vjpu;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. FbePu;

gw;whf;Fiw kw;Wkd;wp Vida NjitfSf;Fkhd jz;zPu;

gw;whf;Fiw Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

188 “Hill Country” is a mountainous inland region located between the cities of Kandy, Nuwara Eliya and Badulla.

79 >

6.3. epyk; mgfupg;G

6.3.1. Njrpa re;ju;g;gk;

murhq;fk; Njrpa ghJfhg;G> efu mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; Rw;Wyhj;

jpl;lq;fSf;F epyq;fis jd;dfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

epy cupik

murhq;fkhdJ nghJ eyd; fUjp epyq;fis jd;dfg;gLj;jp

Kd;dhy; cupikia ,uj;J nra;a KbAk;. vdpDk; ,jid ngw;Wf;

nfhs;tjw;F> epy cupikahsu;fSf;F Kk; nkhopfspYk; mwptpj;jy;

toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mwptpj;jy; toq;fg;gl;L 14 ehl;fSf;Fs; jkJ

Ml;Nrgidia Kd;itf;fyhk;. Ml;Nrgid nra;ag;gLk; nghOJ nghJ

mwptpj;jy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.189 Rw;Wyhj;Jiw NjitfSf;F epyq;fs;

jd;dfg;gLj;jy; ,yq;ifapy; rl;lg+u;tkhFk;. nghJ eyd; fUjp

epyq;fs; jd;dfg;gLj;jypd; nghOJ Nkw;$wg;gl;lit Vw;GilajhFk;.190

,yq;ifapy; ntspehl;L gpui[fs; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fs; epyq;fis

nfhs;tdT nra;a KbahJ. vdpDk; Fj;jiff;F ngw mDkjp cz;L.191

epyk; njhlu;ghd Kuz;ghL

Rdhkp Nguoptpd; jhf;fk;

2004k; Mz;L Rdhkp Nguoptpd; gpd;du;> flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; jhf;f

tyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. me;j jhf;f tyaq;fspy; guk;giu

189 190 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of

2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Re-public of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005. (Can be accessed at: http://www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Tourism_%20Act_%202005_0.pdf (01.12.2014).)

191 Cf. Minister of Finance and Planning, Land (Restrictions on Alienation), published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of August 15, 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://documents.gov.lk/ Bills/2014/GS%20-%20land/landE.pdf (01.12.2014).)

80 >

guk;giuahf tho;e;j kf;fs; mfw;wg;gl;ldu;.192 ,J gpujhdkhf kPdtu;fs;

kw;Wk; flw;fiuia mz;kpj;J trpf;Fk; flw;fiuia tho;thjhukhf

nfhz;ltu;fSf;F ghupa gpur;rpidahFk;.193 fiuNahuq;fspy; Kd;du;

tho;e;j kf;fs; mfw;wg;gl;L mj;jhf;f tyaq;fspy; tpLjpfs;; kw;Wk;

Rw;Wyhj; jyq;fs; mikf;f mDkjp mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.194

tl khfhzj;jpy; epiyik

,yq;ifapd; tl khfhzj;jpy; Aj;j fhyj;jpy; MAjg;gilapduhy;

ghupasT epyq;fs; mgfupf;fg;gl;ld. epy cupikahsu;fs; kPsj;jpUk;g

Kaw;rp nra;jhYk; ,uhZtk; ,d;Wk; me;epyq;fspy; jq;fpapUf;fpd;wJ.

,jw;F gjpyhf epy cupikahsu;fs; ,og;gPl;bid ngwTs;sdu;.

Mapuj;jpw;Fk; Nkw;gl;l jkpo; kf;fs; jq;fs; epyq;fis kPsg;;

ngWtjw;fhd Kiwg;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.195

efuq;fspy; epiyik

khw;Wf; nfhs;iffSf;fhd epiyaj;jpd; fw;ifapd;gb> efuq;fspd;

etPdkakhf;fSk; epy Kuz;ghlhfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. nfhOk;gpy;

mz;zsthf 70>000 Ngu; ,lkhw;wj;jpw;F cl;gl;Ls;sdu;. mNdfkhd

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,t;thwhd ,lkhw;w nrad;Kiwapd; NghJ nghJ

kf;fSld; fye;jhNyhrpf;fg;gLtjpy;iy kw;Wk; Nghjpa jfty;

toq;fg;gLtJkpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; MAjg;gilapduhNyNa ,t;thwhd

kPs;FbNaw;wq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. 2010k; Mz;L Nk khjk;>

,uhZtj;jpduhy; trpg;gpl kf;fspd; vjpu;g;gpidAk; kPwp nfhOk;G

nfhk;gdpj; njU gFjpapy; 20 tPLfs; cilf;fg;gl;ld.196

192 Cf. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2006/s1560405.htm (11.06.2014).193 Cf. http://www.thesundayleader.lk/archive/20050206/issues-1.htm (11.06.2014).194 Cf. http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2006/s1560405.htm (11.06.2014) and http://www.

srf.ch/sendungen/dok/bufferzone-sri-lanka-zehn-jahre-nach-dem-tsunami (14.12.2014).

195 Cf. http://www.ucanews.com/news/tamils-up-in-arms-over-jaffna-land-seizures/68595 (17.06.2014).

196 Cf. Centre for Policy Alternatives (CPA), Forced evictions in Colombo: The ugly price of beautification, Colombo April 2014. (Can be accessed at: http://f.cl.ly/items/3T1o-3B3v263n3Z3r2u24/Colombo%20Evictions%20Report%20-%20April%202014.pdf

81 >

,Nj Nghd;w Xu; epfo;T 2014k; Mz;L nfhOk;gpd; nghuy;iy gFjpapy;

,lk;ngw;wJ. rl;l nrad;Kiwfs; vjidAk; gpd;gw;whJ trpg;gtupfspd;

vjpu;g;Gf;F kj;jpapYk; tPLfs; mopf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;j tplak; ePjpkd;wj;jpy;

jPu;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.197

6.3.2.Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

epyq;fis jd;dfg;gLj;jtjw;F Kd;duhd fye;jhNyhrid


jfty; mwpAk; cupik

Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

epyq;fis jd;dfg;gLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;> ,yq;if

Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig my;yJ ,uhZtj;jpduhy;

NghJkhd tpguk; mwptpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

Kfj;Jthuj;jpy;(fy;gpl;b)> jdf;F mwptpf;fhky; jdJ epyj;jpy;

tpLjp epu;khdg;gzpfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sjid mtjhdpj;Js;sdu;.198

kw;WnkhU trpg;gplj;jtupd; epyj;jpy; mwptpj;jypd;wp mjp nrhFR

upNrhu;l; xd;W fl;lg;gl;lJ.199 kPd;gpb gUtj;jpy; kPdtu;fs; guk;giuahf

trpj;Jte;j nts;isj; jPtpypUe;J MNyhrizfs; vJTk; ,lk;ngwhky;>

ntspNaWkhW mwptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,Yg;gd;jPtpy; epyj;ij gad;gLj;jy;

njhlu;ghd tha;%y xg;ge;jk; kPwg;gl;lJld; trpg;gtu;fis fl;lhag;gLj;jp

jPit tpl;L ntspNaw;wpAs;sdu;.

(01.12.2014).)197 Cf. https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/appeal-courts-instruct-uda-

to-stop-damagingdestroying-houses-in-34-watte-until-matter-is-settled-in-court/ (01.12.2014).

198 Cf. http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kalpitiya:-Muslim-woman-defeats-mega-tour-ism-project-over-land-expropriation-23734.html (5.2.2014).

199 Name is known to STP.82 >

Fr;rntspapy;> FbapUg;ghsu;fSld; vJtpjkhd MNyhrizAkpd;wp

mtu;fsJ epyq;fs; mgfupf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.rl;luPjpahd Mtzq;fspd;

FiwghL fhuzkhf vjpu;g;gjw;F re;ju;g;gk; mikatpy;iy.

epy mgfupg;G nrad;Kiw


jd;dpr;irahf jdpegu; nrhj;J gwpf;fg;glhky; ,Ug;gjw;fhd

cupik> NghJkhd tho;ifj;ju cupik> Ngr;R Rje;jpuk;

Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

cs;Su; FbapUg;ghsu;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wjypd;wp epy mgfupg;G

nrad;Kiw mbf;fb ,lk;ngWfpd;wJ.

Fr;rntspapy;> Rw;Wyh tyaj;jpypUe;J 300 kPdtu;fs; kw;Wk;

tptrhapfs; ntspNaw;wg;gl;Ls;sdu;. 2010k; Mz;by; flw;gilapduhy;

epyj;ij tpl;L nry;YkhW mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ.2012k; Mz;L epyq;fis

kPsg;ngw;Wj;jUkhW kD xd;W khtl;l nrayfj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

Fwpj;j fl;blk; mike;Js;s epyj;jpw;fhd gj;jpuk; jP tpgj;jpy;

mope;Jtpl;ljdhy; epy cupik Fwpj;J rl;l uPjpahd Mtzkpy;iynad

kDtpw;F tpsf;fkspf;fg;gl;lJ. flw;gilapdu; ,e;J ,isQu; kd;wj;jpd;

epyj;jpid mgfupj;Js;sdu;. ,J Fwpj;J ,e;J ,isQu; kd;wk; rl;l

eltbf;if vLj;Js;sJ.

NkNy Fwpg;gl;lJ Nghd;W> fy;gpl;b Kfj;Jthu jPtpy; K];ypk;

FbapUg;ghsUf;F nrhe;jkhd epy mgfupg;G Fwpj;J ePjpkd;wpy;

jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;lJ.200 mj;Jld; epyj;jpw;fhd cupik ePjpkd;wj;jpdhy;

200 200 Seinulabdheen Saleema noticed that construction workers of the “Dutch Bay Resort” (DBR) had entered her property. When she alerted DBR chairman Neil de Silva to this, he told her that he had purchased the land from another party. Hence Saleema went to court and filed charges against the hotel project. After seven months of hearings the court recognised her right of ownership. Given that the resort had already been completed by then, the parties agreed to compensation of EUR 32,800. (See: http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Kalpitiya:-Muslim-woman-defeats-mega-tourism-project-over-land-expropria-tion- 23734.html (5.2.2014).)

83 >

milahsk; fhzg;gl;lJ. epy cupikahsu; epyj;jpid lr; Ng upNrhu;l;

cupikahsu; ePy; B rpy;thtpw;F tpw;gid nra;ayhk;. ,t; epyk; Ntyp

xd;wpdhy; Vida epyq;fspy; ,Ue;J gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. kw;WnkhU epy

cupikahsuhy; lr; Ng upNrhu;l;upd; epy mgfupg;Gf;nfjpuhf njhlug;gl;l

tof;fpy; ntw;wp ngw;Ws;shu;.201 vdpDk; Fwpj;j epyj;jpy; lr;Ng

upNrhu;l; epu;khzg;gzpfis g+u;j;jp nra;Js;sikahy; ,Ujug;gpilNa

Ngr;Rthu;j;ij eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. NkYk; Kfj;Jthuj;jpy; 40 Vf;fu;

epyk; rl;lj;jpw;F Kudhf thq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.202

nts;isj;jPtpy;> kPd;gpb gUtj;jpy; 12 FLk;gq;fisr; Nru;e;j 60 Ngu;

tho;e;J tUthu;fs;. midtiuAk; ntspNaWkhW KjyPl;lhsu;fs;

$wpAs;sdu;. ,Yg;gd;jPtpy; epue;jukhf trpf;Fk; 40 FLk;gq;fisAk;

gUtfhy thrpfshd 100 NgupidAk; jPit tpl;L ntspNaWkhW

Ntz;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

ghrpf;Flhtpy;> Rtp]; gpuiQf;F nrhe;jkhd epyk; mtUf;F njupahkNy

tpw;fg;gl;L Rw;Wyh epWtdj;jpw;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jw;nfjpuhd rl;l

eltbf;if eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ.203

201 201 Name known to the STP.202 202 40 acres: 5 acres belong to the Mohotthuwarama church (St. Anthony’s Church); 8.5

acres are privately owned (the land titles were handed over to a businessman, whose son resold it); 8.5 acres are the property of another individual (who has, however, no deed of ownership); the owners of the remaining 17 acres of land could not be identified.

203 203 In the summer of 2013, the Sunday Times reported on land grabbing in Passikudah. Two Swiss nationals own 13 acres of land in Passikudah worth EUR 1.1 million. The nota-rised documents are available. Allegedly, the land has been sold by a third party to Citrus Leisure PLC. The case now is a matter for the courts and is also being investigated by the Criminal Investigation Department (CID). The guard employed by the Swiss nationals had been ousted by soldiers. The local police had been pressured not to investigate this matter. The Swiss Embassy is observing the case, while Citrus Leisure PLC has suspended the hotel project. (Cf. http://www.sundaytimes.lk/130728/business-times/cid-probes-passikudah-land-grab-from-swiss-nationals- 54009.html (1.3.2014).)

84 >

6.4 njhopshyu; epiyik kw;Wk; ,dj;Jtk;

6.4.1. Njrpa re;ju;g;gk;

,yq;ifapd; mjpfhug+u;t Ntiyaw;Nwhu; tpfpjk; 4.4 rjtPjkhFk;.

,tw;Ws; 15 tajpw;Fk;; 24 tajpw;Fk; cl;gl;ltu;fs; 19.1 rjtPjkhFk;.

,yq;ifapd; tlf;F kw;Wk; fpof;F gpuNjr ngz;fspd; Ntiyaw;Nwhu;

tpfpjk; mjpfkhFk; (10 rjtPjk;).204 ,yq;ifapd; rl;lg+u;tkhd khjhe;j

Cjpak; gapw;rp kl;l mbg;gilapy; 43 a+Nuhtpw;Fk; 62 a+Nuhtpw;Fk;

,ilg;gl;ljhFk;.205 Nkyjpf Neu Ntis nfhLg;gdT rhjhuz

kzpj;jpahy nfhLg;gdtpd; 1 ½ klq;F MFk;.206 ,yq;if 1988k;

Mz;by;> ru;tNjr njhopshyu; mikg;gpd; C111 ghugl;rkpd;ik

cld;gbf;ifapy; ifr;rhj;jpl;Ls;sJ. ,J Ntiy toq;Fk; Kiwapy;

ghFghbd;ikia vLj;Jiuf;fpd;wJ.207 MapDk;> ,yq;ifapd; njd;gFjp

fk;gdpfs; jkpou; gFjpfspy; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; epu;khzg;gzpfspy;

gpujhdkhf rpq;fsj; njhopshyu;fis kl;Lk; cs;thq;Ffpd;wJ vd;w

Fw;wr;rhl;bw;F cs;shfpAs;sJ.208

204 204 Cf. http://www.statistics.gov.lk/samplesurvey/LFS_Annual%20Bulletin_2013-f.pdf (24.11.2014).

205 Cf. http://www.salary.lk/home/salary/minimum-wage/faq-on-minimum-wages/faq-mini-mum-wages-in-sri-lanka#Inf4 (06.10.2014).

206 206 Cf. http://www.salary.lk/home/salary/minimum-wage (06.10.2014).207 Cf. http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUN-

TRY_ID:103172 (28.2.2014). The Convention affirms that “all human beings, irrespective of race, creed or sex, have the right to pursue both their material well-being and their spir-itual development in conditions of freedom and dignity, of economic security and equal opportunity” and considers further that “discrimination constitutes a violation of rights enunciated by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights”. See http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID:312256 (last accessed 05.01.2015).

208 208 Cf. International Crisis Group, Sri Lanka’s North I: The Denial of Minority Rights. Asia Report N.219, March 2012. (Can be accessed at: http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/me-dia/Files/asia/south-asia/sri-lanka/219-sri-lankas-north-i-the-denial-of-minority- rights.pdf (10.12.2014).)

85 >

6.4.2. Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

Ntiy nra;Ak; epiyik

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kdpj cupik

gzpapy; rhjfkhd epiyikf;fhd cupik> NghJkhd tho;f;ifj;ju

cupik> njhopw;rq;f cupik

Ma;tpd; KbTfs;

vkf;F fpilj;j jftypd;gb> Ntiy nra;Ak; epiyik njhlu;gpy;

njhopshyu;fs; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy.

[q;fpy; gPr; upNrhu;l;by; Rj;jg;gLj;jy; njhopy; GupAk; 10 ngz;fs; r%f

nfhLg;gdTfs; vjidAk; ngwtpy;iy.

khY khY upNrhu;l;by; gzpGupAk; njhopshyu;fs; jkJ Cjpak;

njhlu;gpy; jpUg;jpailatpy;iy. njhopw;rq;fk; mikf;f Kbahikahy;

,J Fwpj;J epu;thfj;jpid mZf KbahJs;sdu;.

vt;tpj ghFghLkpd;wp rkkhd kw;Wk; epahakhf

elj;jg;gLjy; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk;


ghFghL ,d;ikf;fhd cupik> Ntiy nra;tjw;F nghWj;jkhd #oy;

cupik

Ma;T KbTfs;

jw;Nghija epiyikapy;> rpWghd;ik njhopshyu;fSf;F njhopy;

rhu; ghFghL fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sjh vd;gJ njhlu;ghd jfty;fis

ngWtjpy; vkJ Ma;Tf; FO rpukq;fis vjpu;nfhz;Ls;sJ. vkJ

Ma;tpy; cl;gLj;jg;gl;l tpLjpfspy; rpWghd;ikapdUf;F ghFghL

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gjw;fhd Mjhuq;fs; vitAk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

86 >

7. KbTfs;

89 >

fy;gpl;b> Fr;rNtsp kw;Wk; ghrpf;Flh gFjpfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l vkJ Ma;Tfspd; gpujpgyd;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;tpy; fz;lwpag;gl;l juTfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUk; rpghupRfis (KbTfis) Kd;

itf;fpd;Nwhk;

• ehk; Muha;e;j juTfSf;F Vw;g Rw;Wyhj;jpl;lq;fspy; cs;Su;

kf;fis ifahs;tjpy; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig

jhNd mwpKfk; nra;j ju epiyikfis Fiwe;jsthtJ

gpd;gw;wgtpy;iy. mt;tg;nghOJ khj;jpuk; r%f kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy;

jhf;f kjPg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sd. rpy gpuNjrq;fis

nghWj;jtiuapy; kjPg;gPl;L mwpf;ifapd; ntspg;gilj;

jd;ik kpff; FiwT my;yJ Kw;whf ntspg;gilj;jd;ik

,y;iynadyhk;.

• ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp Rw;Wyh rig kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;

cldb Rw;Wyhj;jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; cs;Su; kf;fSldhd

fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;tpy;iy. mj;Jld; jpl;lq;fspd;

jhf;fq;fs; Fwpj;Jk; kpff; FiwthfNt mwptpj;Js;sdu;.

cs;Su; kf;fs; gq;Fgw;Wk; tifapy; vt;tpjkhd MNyhriz

nrad;KiwAk; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

• ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp mjpfhurig kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;

mikr;rpd; flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; epue;ju fl;blk; mikf;Fk;

jilia Gwf;fzpj;Js;sdu;.

• Ma;Tf;F cl;gl;l %d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; elkhLk; cupik

kWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. kPdtu;fSf;fhd tha;g;Gfs; Fwpg;glj;jf;fsT

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;L my;yJ Kw;whf jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

• cs;Su; kf;fSf;F kpfTk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tUkhdj;jpidNa

Rw;Wyhj;Jiw ngw;Wj;jUfpd;wJ. tpLjpg; gzpahsu;fspy;

ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; Vida Jhug; gpuNjrq;fis rhu;e;jtu;fs;.

cztfq;fspw;fhd kPd; nfhs;tdT ,ilj;jufu;fsplNk

90 >

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJld; cs;Su; kPdtu;fs; ngupJk; fzf;fpy;

vLf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.

• mbg;gil trjpfs; njhlu;ghf murhq;fk; gy cWjpfis

toq;fpdhYk; murhq;fj;jpd; cWjpnkhopf;F khwhf>

cl;fl;likg;G mgptpUj;jpapdhy; cs;Su; kf;fs; kpfr; rpwpa

mstpy; kl;LNk ed;ikailfpd;wdu;. ,tw;Wld;> Rw;Wyh

mgptpUj;jp FbapUg;ghsu;fspd; md;whl tho;ifapy; ghupa

jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. nghJtrjpfs; Rw;Wyhj;

jpl;lq;fSf;F toptpl Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ. fy;gpl;bapy;>

tpLjpfspd; ePu; ghtizapd; mjpfupg;G fhuzkhf cs;Su;

kf;fs; ePu; gw;whf;Fiwapid vjpu;Nehf;Ffpd;wdu;.

• Ma;T nra;ag;gl;l %d;W gpuNjrq;fspYk; ,yq;if

Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp Rw;Wyh rig> ,uhZtg;gil kw;Wk;

KjyPl;lhsu;fspdhy; rl;lj;jpw;F Kudhd epy mgfupg;G my;yJ

fhuzkhf epue;ju FbapUg;ghsu;fis ,lk;ngaur; nra;Js;sdu;.

• rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;> cWjpaspf;fg;gl;l ,og;gPL toq;fg;gltpy;iy.

,og;gPl;L nfhLg;gdTfs; mNdfkhd re;;ju;g;gq;fspy; ePjpkd;w

jPu;g;gpd; %yNk ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. mitfs; ePjpkd;wj;ij

Mde;jg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sJ. ePjpj;Jiw rhuh Kiwg;ghl;L

topKiwfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy.

• Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp nrad;Kiwfspy; fhuzkhf; Ntiytha;g;G

re;ju;gq;fspd; NghJ mu;j;JKs;s ngz;fspd; gq;F

Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;Lk; kw;Wk; Xuq;fl;lg;gl;Ls;sdu;.

91>

8. Nfhupf;iffs;

93 >

,t; Ma;tpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; njhlu;gpy;

cldb eltbf;if Njitnad ehk; ek;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ,yq;if>

Rtp]u;yhe;J> N[u;kdp murhq;fq;fs;> INuhg;gpa xd;wpak;>

gaz Kftu;fs;> tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fsplk; vkJ

Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itf;fpd;Nwhk;.

,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh

mjpfhurigf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs;

rl;lj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gly; kw;Wk; kdpj cupik kPwy;fspypUe;J

kf;fis ghJfhj;jy;

• ,yq;if murhq;fk; mjd; Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jp %Nyhghaj;jpid

khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk; mj;Jld; flNyhu> fpuhkg;Gw r%fq;fspd;

tho;thjhuk; kw;Wk; epy cupikfs; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gly;

Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;if murhq;fKk; Rw;Wyh mjpfhurigAk; mjd;

rl;lq;fSf;Fk; kuGfSf;Fk; fl;Lg;gl;L kdpj cupik kPwy;fspy;

,Ue;J kf;fis ghJfhf;f Ntz;Lk;. Rw;Wyh tyaq;fspy; r%f

kw;Wk; Rw;Wr;#oy; jhf;f kjpg;gPLfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;

vd;gJld; Rw;Wyhj; jpl;lq;fspd; NghJ cs;Su; kf;fSld;

fye;jhNyhrpf;f Ntz;Lk;. rk;ke;jg;gl;l msTNfhy;fs;

ntspg;gilahdjhfTk; nghJ kf;fshy; ,yFtpy; mZff;

$bajhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;. ,jw;F Nkyhf> nrad;Kiwfs;

kdpj cupik ,lu; ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; jhf;f kjpg;gPLfSld;

,izj;J nrw;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

• ,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mjpfhurigAk;

tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; cl;fl;likg;Gfis jpl;lkpLtjw;F>

epu;khzpg;gjw;F Kd;du; cs;Su; kf;fSld; fye;jhNyhriz

Nkw;nfhz;L mtu;fspd; mDkjp ngw;wjid cWjpg;gLj;j

Ntz;Lk;. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fSld; Ngr;Rthu;ij elhj;jp gu];gu

flikfs; Fwpj;J (fl;lha) xg;ge;jk; ifr;rhj;jplg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

94 >

• cs;Su; kf;fs; jilfspd;wp fliy miltjid cupikia

cWjpg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; Rw;Wyh mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fspdhy;

ve;jtpj fhuzj;ijf; nfhz;Lk; ,jid jilg;gLj;jyhfhJ.

• Rw;Wyh tyaq;fspy; thOk; cs;Su; kf;fs; fy;tp fw;Fk;

tha;g;Gfs; tpUj;jp nra;jy; mtrpak;.

• MAjg; gilapdupd; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspdhy; cs;Su;

kf;fspd; nghUshjhu tha;g;Gfs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glyhfhJ.

• Rw;Wyh Jiw eltbf;iffspdhy; kdpj cupik kPwy;fspy;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; mjw;nfjpuhd eltbf;iffspid

Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tifapy; ,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if

Rw;Wyh mjpfhurig Rje;jpukhd ePjpj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw rhuh

Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwfis toq;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t; topKiwfis

ifahSk; mjpfhupfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; ,yFtpy; mZfp

jPu;khdq;fis mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

• ,yq;if murhq;fk; kw;Wk; ,yq;if Rw;Wyh mjpfhupfs;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fSf;fhd ,og;gPl;L kw;Wk; kPs;nrYj;jy;fis

toq;f Ntz;Lk;.

Rtp];> N[u;kdp kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa mjpfhupfSf;fhd

Nfhupf;iffs;

• ,yq;ifapy; kdpj cupik gw;whf;Fiwapid Fwpj;Jf; fhl;LtJld;

rl;l eilKiwfis mKy;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

• Rtp];ru;yhe;J> N[u;kdp> INuhg;gpa xd;wpaj;jpd; ehLfle;j kw;Wk;

ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ,aq;Fk; epWtdq;fs; rl;lj;jpw;F fl;Lg;gl;L

nraw;gLtjw;fhd rl;ljpl;lq;fis cUthf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk;

jiyikafj;jpd; rk;ke;jg;gl;l rl;l ,aw;Wdu;fs;> ghjpf;fg;gl;Nlhu;

jkJ Kiwg;ghLfis jiyik fhupahyaj;jpy; Neubahf

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd fl;lha rl;lg+u;tkhd eltbf;iffis

cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;.

95>

• Rtp];u;yhe;J> N[u;kdp kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; ,yq;ifAldhd

,Ujug;G kw;Wk; gd;Kf uPjpapy;> Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; kdpj

cupikf;fhd ghjfkhd epiyikfs; njhlu;gpy; mbf;fb

gwpkhw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;baJld; ,jd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhd

Njitfspid fz;fhzpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

,yq;ifAld; njhlu;Gfis nfhz;Ls;s Rtp];

kw;Wk; N[u;kdp gaz Kftu;fSf;fhd Nfhupf;iffs;

kdpj cupikfis mtjhdpjy; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhd

Njitahd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;

• gaz Kftu;fs; kdpj cupikfSf;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;

kw;Wk; kdpj cupikfs; njhlu;ghd rl;l eltbf;iffspid

jkJ epu;thf fl;likg;gpw;Fs; nraw;gLj;Jtjid tof;fkhf

nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.209 mj;Jld; jq;fshYk; jq;fsJ

Nrit toq;Fdu;fs;> toq;Fdu;fspd; eltbf;iffspd; NghJ

kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; ,lk; ngwhikia cWjpg;gLj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;(vjpu;fhy Kftu;fs;> tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; KjyPl;lhsu;fs;).

• gaz Kftu;fshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kf;fs; gad;gLj;Jk; tifapy;

Xu; Kiwg;ghl;L topKiwapid nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapd; kdpj cupik ghjpg;GfSf;fhd epue;ju vjpu;

eltbf;if kw;Wk; jPu;Tfs; fhzg;gl Ntz;Lk;.210

• mgfupf;fg;gl;l epyq;fspy; fl;lg;gl;Ls;s tpLjpfs;> cs;Su;

kf;fs; kw;Wk; kPdtu;fs; fliy milaKbahJ jLf;Fk;

tpLjpfs;> ngz;fs; kw;Wk; rpWghd;ik ,dj;jpw;nfjpuhd Ntw;Wik

209 For useful and specific information on how this can be implemented in prac-tice, see: Roundtable Human Rights in Tourism, Human Rights in Tourism. An Implementation Guideline for Tour Operators, October 2013. (Can be accessed at: http:// issuu.com/drkate/docs/rt_human_right_in_tourism_en-g_02/3?e=7067515/6889112 (28.12.2014).)

210 See ibid.96 >

fhl;Lk; tpLjpfs; mj;Jld; njhopw;rq;f eltbf;iffis jil

my;yJ kWj;Js;s tpLjpfs; Nghd;wtw;wpid jkJ gl;baypy;

cl;gLj;jf; $lhJ.

• ,uhZtj;jpduhy; elhj;jg;gLk; Rw;Wyh jyq;fs;>

mikf;;fg;gl;Ls;s epyj;jpw;fhd cupik epy mgfupg;gpd;

%ykw;wJ my;yJ kdpj cupik kPwy;fs; ,lk;ngwtpy;iy

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97 >

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AI Amnesty InternationalCHOGM Commonwealth Head of Government MeetingCID Criminal Investigation DepartmentCPA Centre for Policy AlternativesEU European UnionGDP Gross Domestic ProductHDI Human Development IndexHRW Human Rights WatchHSZ High Security ZoneICG International Crisis GroupILO International Labour OrganizationKIA Kuchchaveli Investors AssociationKITRP Kalpitiya Integrated Tourism Resort ProjectLTTE Liberation Tigers of Tamil EelamMOD Ministry of DefenceNAFSO National Fisheries Solidarity MovementNGO Non-governmental OrganizationOECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentSEZ Special Economic ZoneSLMC Sri Lanka Muslim CongressSLTDA Sri Lanka Tourism Development AuthoritySTP Society for Threatened PeoplesTI Transparency InternationalUNO United Nations OrganizationYMHA Young Men Hindu Association

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• Government of Sri Lanka (GoSL) The “Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka” is a free, independent and sovereign state. The governmental system is based upon a presidential system, which was established in 1978. The executive is led by the president and the heads of the various ministries. The legislature consists of the parliament with its 225 members.211 The president is head of state as well as head of the executive branch, and commander-in-chief of the armed forces.212

• Ministry of Economic Development (MED) The Ministry of Economic Development consists of various branches, including regional and rural development, poverty eradication and development of the tourism industry.213 The new Sri Lankan government dissolved this ministry and established the Ministry of Tourism and Sport.214

• Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005 The “Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005” is a law that introduced a new institution into tourism: the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA). The Sri Lankan Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management, Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau as well as “the Sri Lanka Convention Bureau” also emerged through this act.215 The act came into effect in October 2007, and in the process the “Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority” replaced the former Sri Lanka Tourism Board.216

211 Cf.http://www.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=arti-cle&id=200&Itemid=374&lang=en (07.11.2014).

212 Cf. http://www.priu.gov.lk/execpres/Indexep.html (07.11.2014). 213 Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?page_id=2 (07.11.2014).214 Cf. http://www.priu.gov.lk/Govt_Ministers/Indexministers.html (6.2.2015).215 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No.

38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005. (Can be accessed at: http:// www.sltda.lk/sites/default/files/Tourism_%20Act_%202005_0.pdf (10.12.2014).)

216 Cf. http://www.sltda.lk/tourisum_act (07.11.2014).101>

• Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA)The mission of the SLTDA is to develop Sri Lanka as a destination for international and domestic tourists. It advises ministers on tourism issues and provides support to the other, newly created tourism authorities. Another responsibility is to strengthen the tourism sector so as to contribute to the economic development of Sri Lanka. Additional tasks of the SLTDA are to develop and advance adequate, attractive as well as effective tourism services; the assignment and accreditation of tourism businesses; the implementation and maintenance of international and local standards.217 The population still often refers to the Tourism Board as the tourism institution.

• Sri Lanka Institute of Tourism and Hotel Management (SLITHM) The SLITHM is in charge of training women and men for the tourism industry.218 It should identify the tourism-related areas that require the training of staff and develop the corresponding curriculum. It also issues certificates and administers vocational centres.219

• Sri Lanka Tourism Promotion Bureau (SLTPB) The SLTPB is in charge of marketing Sri Lanka as a tourism destination. It is to praise Sri Lanka as the “gateway to Southeast Asia”, and make Sri Lanka known as the region’s centre of excellence in tourism management and development.220 The SLTPB manages the Official Sri Lanka Tourism Website where all national tourism attractions are advertised.221

217 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Demo-cratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005.

218 Cf. http://www.slithm.edu.lk/ (07.11.2014).219 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act,

No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Demo-cratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005.

220 Cf. ibid. 221 Cf. http://www.srilanka.travel/ (07.11.2014).

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• Sri Lanka Convention Bureau (SLCB) The SLCB advertises Sri Lanka as a venue for fairs, meetings and exhibitions and subsequently coordinates these events.222

• Board of Investment (BOI) The BOI is the investment promotion agency of the Sri Lankan government. The main task of the BOI is to attract investments into the economy so as to bring in capital, generate employment and encourage the development of new skills. The BOI may offer tax incentives to investors,223 especially in the target sector tourism and for tourism-related projects.224

222 Cf. Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, Tourism Act, No. 38 of 2005; published as Supplement to Part II of the Gazette of the Demo-cratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka of December 02, 2005.

223 Cf. http://med.gov.lk/english/?page_id=89 (07.11.2014). 224 Cf. Board of Investment of Sri Lanka, Commonwealth Business Forum. Colom-

bo, Sri Lanka. 12th to 14th Nov 2013. Project Proposals, Colombo: 2013. (Can be accessed at: https://www.muenchen.ihk.de/de/international/Anhaenge/sri-lan-ka-projectproposals-62-s.-4-26-mb-.pdf (10.12.2014).)

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