upravljanje opasnim otpadom
TRANSCRIPT
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, ,
,2010
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GEOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE JOVAN CVIJISERBIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND ARTS
SPECIAL ISSUES
80
Milena Pani
HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
systemplanning, organization, functioning
BELGRADE
2010.
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80
, ,
2010.
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/ PUBLISHER 11000 , 9, Geographical institute Jovan Cviji SASA11000 Belgrade, Djure Jaksica 9, REPUBLIC OF SERBIATelephone / fax: +381 11 2637597, E-mail: [email protected]
/ ACTING PUBLISHER /Milan Radovanovi
25.05.2009. /Accepted at the meeting of the Scientic board of the Institute on May 25th, 2009
/ EDITOR () / eljko Bjeljac (Belgrade)
/ REVIEWERS. / Prof. dr Marina Ili. / Prof. dr Milutin Ljeevi. / Prof. dr Dejan Filipovi
/ LANGUAGE EDITING /
/ TECHNICAL EDITOR / Milena Pani
/ COVER DESIGN / Dejan Atanasovski
E
PRINTING OF THIS PUBLICATION WAS SUPPORTED BYMinistry of Science and tehnological development of the Republic of Serbia
/ CIRCULATION300
/ PRINTED BY , / Slubeni glasnik, Belgrade
WEB / WEB PRESENTATIONhttp:/www.gi.sanu.ac.rs
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....................................................................................................150SUMMARY.......................................................................................................153
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20.
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2001). ,
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, 2000):
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13
,
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, ,
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, ,
, ,
.
(Household Hazardous Waste)
, , (, , ,
),
(http://www.epa.gov/garbage/hhw.htm). ,
, , , ,
, , , (La Grega et al, 2001). ,
,
( 1),
(Dorian, 1988). -
,
,
,
(La
Grega et al, 2001).
,
, ,
. EPA1,
1000 kg
, (La Grega et al,
2001).
( 1.): ,
,
( -,
1(US Environmnetal Protection Agency)
-
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14
, 85%
), ,
(, , 2000; La Grega et al, 2001).
1.
Table 1. Prticipation of hazardous waste from household and commercial sector
40,0%
30,1%
16,4%
, 7,5%
, 2,5%
3,5%
Izvor:,, 2000
, (, ,
)
.
,
.
, , ,
, ,
, . ,
,
20. EPA, , 2
(Pichtel, 2005).
,
,
- ,
, ,
.
2Medical Waste Tracking Act 1988. 1991. ,
(Pichtel, 2005).
-
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15
,
, ,
.
,
, -.
,
.
20. -
,
-. ,
,
, .
91/689/EC ,
( I);
(II) (III).
(2).
, 91/689/EC
, -
.
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16
2.
Table 2. Properties of wastes which render them hazardous
21-55C
21C;
,
,
,
:, European Waste Katalogue (2002)
-,
.
,
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17
,
, , .
, ,
EPA, (La
Grega et al., 2001). ,
, Solid Waste Disposal Act 1965.
, . Resource
Conservaton and Recovery Act (RCRA)3,
: ,
, , : 1) ,
, ; 2)
,
, ,
.
, RCRA-,
: 1) ; 2)
; 3) ; 4)
4.
,
.
3RCRA ,
EPA . , .
: .
, (Watts, 1998:13-14).
4C, , (1)
, , ; (2); (3)
, , . .
(4)
, (EPA,
2001).
-
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18
(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/training/defsw.pdf). ,
, :
, ,
(Watts, 1998). ,
(Blackman, 2001):
-
;
- ;
-
;
-
, .
.
.
,
(Watts, 1998):
(3)
,
(Watts,
1998). EPA
(Blackman,
2001):
-
,
;
-
.
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19
3. ()
Table 3. USHazardous waste characteristics
- , , 24% , 60C;
-
, , ;
- ;
- ;
- pH 2.0 12.5;
- 6.36 mm/;
- ;- ;
- ;
- ,
;
- , pH 2 - 12.5,;
-
;-
;
- , ;
- ,
Tohicity Characheristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP),
,.
31 8 .
, . ,
.
: Watts, 1998
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
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20
,
. ,
. 1994.
5
6,
-
.
,
(2002) 20
.
. ,
91/689/C
(*).
:
1.
, , ,
;
2.
, , ,
, ;
3.
, , ;
4. , ;
5.
,
;
6. ;
7. ;
8.
, ,
, ;
9.
;10.
;
11.
;
12.
;
13.;
5European Waste Catalogue (94/3/EC 75/442/EEC )6
Hazardous Waste List (94/904/EC 91/689/EEC )
-
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21
14.
, ;
15.
, , ;
16.;
17.
( );
18./
(
,
);
19.
, off-site
;20.
(,
),
.
,
, -. EPA
,
, 3
(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/hazwaste.htm):
1. ;
2.
;
3.
;
, .
.
F. EPA ,
, , ,
,
(La Grega et al, 2001).
, (Blackman, 2001).
. :
-
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22
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
, , , , , , ,
(La Grega et al, 2001).
, , , ,
(,
, 2000).
() ,
( U),
(La Grega et al,
2001). ,
, , (DDT) (Blackman, 2001).
, EPA ,
, ,
(, , 2000).
,
, e
, .
, . ,
(),
()
.
, ( )
-
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23
,
,
. (, ,
) ,
,
. ,
creadle-to-grave ,
, .
, -
RCRA-, (Blackman, 2001):
1.
(LQG) 1000 kg
1 kg 7;
2.
(SQG) 1000 kg,
100 kg , 1 kg
;
3.
() (CESQG)
100 kg 1 kg
;
,
RCRA Hazardous Waste Reporting System,
.
, , Toxic Release Inventory
600
(McGlinn, 2000). ,
,
(Blackman, 2001).
, -,
,
(),
7 EPA
, . F P.
-
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24
, ().
. ,
, -.
--
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
,
, -.
, 30-80%
,
25% 68-76% (, 2001).
, ,
,
,
,
.,
,
(, 1999).
, - 36
(, 1999).
(, , , , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, ),
(25%),
(13%),
(13%),
(10%), (8%),
. ,1%
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25
, ,
(, 2001).
4. e --
Table 4. The total amount of hazardous waste in EU and US
1992 423 000
1994 513 000
1995 577 000
1996 606 000
1990 66 000
1992 99 000
.
1995 248 000
1996 230 000
1990 3 246 000
1991 3 387 000
1995 2 708 000
1996 3 401 000
1990 1 040 000
1992 1 513 000
1993 1 520 000
1994 890 000
1995 868 000
1996 959 000
1997 1 271 000
1994 3 394 353
1990 2 936 000
1992 2 452 000
1993 2 077 000
1991 305 000 000
1993 258 000 000
1995 214 000 000
2003 30 000 000
RCRA
: , 1999; , 2002, McGlinn, 2000
-
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26
e
,
( 4).
20. , , /
(, 1999).
-
,
.
, 4,
, .
,
,
(McGlinn, 2000).
,
, ,
.
,
,
, .
, ,
, (, ,
2000). , on-site, ,
off-site
cradle-to-grave (La Grega et al., 2001).
,
,
, .
, , 90 ,
-
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27
,
(Watts, 1998; Pichtel, 2005):
- (, 8
), , ( hazardous waste);
-
.
;
-
.
,
.
180 ( 270 ),
6000 kg ,
(Pichtel, 2005).
,
.
, , , ,
,
.
,
,
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. , -
,
(Liu, 2000).
8EPA , , , ,
. ,
, , .
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28
,
, .
,
, ,
(McGlinn, 2000). ,
,
.
,
, , (
).
,
.
: , ,
, ,
,
(, , 2000).
1997. ,
98,6% ,
80% . 1,4%
, 20%
(Blackman, 2001).
. ,
,
, ,
,
.
,
, , ,
, .
-
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29
RCRA- (),
(Blackman, 2001):
-
, , ;-
,
;
-
,
.
, ,
-,
(Blackman, 2001):
,
Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest,
.
EPA,
,
(Blackman, 2001).
Uniform Hazardous Waste
Manifest,
,
.
,
, , ;
;
;
.
,
, (Blackman,
2001). ,
(Pichtel, 2005). ,
,
,
.
, EPA
-
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30
.
,
, , , , ,
.
,
,
,
, .
,
.,
-, ,
,
,
(, ,
2000). ,
,
10 ,
(Blackman, 2001).
,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
(Pichtel, 2005):
, , ;
,
(23 );
, ,
;
(),
;
-
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31
,
;
, EPA;
, ; , Uniform Hazardous
Waste Manifest
.
,
,
.
. ,
, , 1957.
ADR,
(Jovanovi, 2004).
,
, 9 (5).5.
Table 5. The classes of dangerous goods
1
1
1 ,
2 ,
3
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
5.2
6.1
6.2
7
8
9 : Jovanovi, 2004
-
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32
1: a (:ADR)Fig. 1. Table advisories for transport vehicles marking (ADR)
,
. ,
(, ,
) ( 1).
(2 3 )
(6), (4 )
.
6.
Table 6. Basic and addition danger on table advisories
2
3
4
5
6 8
0
1
2
3
5
6
8
9
: Jovanovi, 2004
-
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33
,
, X ,
,
(Jovanovi, 2004).
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
.
,
.
Assante-Duah Nagy (2001)
:
-
;
- ,
;
-
;-
;
-
;
-
;
- ,
;
-
,
, ;
-
7/26/2019 Upravljanje opasnim otpadom
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34
-
,
;
- ,
.
,
OECD-9.
,
OECD ,
,
(, , 2000).
, ,
,
,
( ,
,
),
(Toovi i dr,
1998). ,
. ,
(Mihajlov, Petkovi, 1998).
, 1992.
OECD-
,
,
.
(Krueger, 1999).
OECD-
.
9
(Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment)
-
7/26/2019 Upravljanje opasnim otpadom
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35
, ,
, 259/93/C10
.
OECD-,
-
,
.
,
,
(Krueger, 1999).
1995. -,
, 1.665.500 , 85%
-, 8% OECD-,
, -, , , 6%
.
OECD- ,
,
. , .
16.000 1%
, , ,
(, 1999).
,
.
75% -,
20% .
, ,
, , .
,
, ,
10
Council Regulation 259/93/C on Supervision and control of shipments of waste within, intoand out of the European Community
-
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36
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
(Blackman, 2001).
,
, , (Adeleke, 2001).
, (2),
,
,
(Blackman, 2001; Soesilo, Wilson, 1995).
,
,
.
2.
Fig 2. The waste hierarchy
-
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37
, ,
,
, , , .
(La Grega et al, 2001):
,
, (,, 2000).
11,
.
,
,
(Pichtel,
2005).
,
,
,
cradle-to-grave. -
RCRA-,
, .
, RCRA
,
.
, ,
, .
11Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities TSD Facilities
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38
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
, EPA
, .
,
, ,
,
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,
, (),
,
,
(Pichtel, 2005).
,
,
.
,
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.
,
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.
,
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39
. ,
, ,
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,
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, ,
.
,
, .
,
,
(, ,
2006). ,
,
.
:
,
,
, .
, ,
(EPA, 1997; Miloevi et al,
2009).
,
(Pichtel, 2005).
,
(EPA, 1997).
-
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40
,
,
, , .
,
. ,
(1)
(2) ,
.
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.
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;
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( ). ,
.
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, EPA
,
61
(Pichtel, 2005).
,
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41
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. ,
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. ,
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,
, .
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.
20 ,
,
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.
-
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42
,
:
;
; , (Theodore, Reynolds, 1987).
.
, .
,
. , ,
,
. ,
.
,
, ,
.
, , .
(Jaki, Ili, 2000; La Grega et al, 2001).
/
,
.
,
,
.
,
, .
-
7/26/2019 Upravljanje opasnim otpadom
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43
, .
, . ,
,
.
,
, ,
(),
()
(Wiles, 1988; Jaki, Ili, 2000).
, ,
, ,
(http://glossary.eea.europa.eu/EEAGlossary/C/
Chemical_treatment_of_hazardous_waste).
, ,
(
), ()
(Pichtel, 2005).
, .
, ,
,
,
(, , 2000).
,
(7), , :
,
.
-
7/26/2019 Upravljanje opasnim otpadom
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44
7.
Table 7. Common chemical treatment processes for hazardous waste
-
,
-
/
- ,
.
.
: Pichtel, 2005
,
,
, pH
.
,
. pH
2-12.5, , 6-8,
(Pichtel, 2005; Blackman, 2001; , , 2000).
,
,
. ,
,
. , , ,
.
, ,
,
.
(Pichtel, 2005).
,
, ,
.
-
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45
, .
,
(Pichtel 2005). ,
(8).
8.
Table 8.Commonly used oxidizing and reducing agents
: Pichtel, 2005
,
,
. ,
, , pH
. ,
: , .
, .
(, , 2000).
. , ex-situ, ,
(Blackman,
2001).
,
,
,
-
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46
. ,
, ,
. 1900. -
, , , ,
(La Grega et al, 2001).
, ,
,
, , ,
,
(Blackman, 2001).
,
, , ,,
(, ,
2000). , EPA
,
, ,
,
, .
(Jilani, 2004):
;
;
.
,
:
, -, ,
, pH, , ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
(Jilani, 2004). ,
,
,
-
7/26/2019 Upravljanje opasnim otpadom
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47
(, ,
2000).
( ) ,
(, , , .), (PCB, DDT .).
, ,
4-15 3-6 .
,
,
. , ,
, (Blackman, 2001).
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
: ;
,
; .
,
, .
, ,
, , (Pichtel,
2005; Blackman, 2001)
, ,
,
.
, , , ,
(, , 2000).
, , ,
, ,
(Pichtel, 2005).
, , , (
-
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48
) (Blackman, 2001).
(http://www.wau.boku.
ac.at/fileadmin/_/H81/H813/IKS_Files/Lehre/Archiv/813359_0607/5_incinerati
on_hazardous.pdf ): ;
;
( CO2,
,...)
().
(Theodore, Reynolds, 1987). ()
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
.
(http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/training/incin.txt):
;
;
.
(, , 2000):
;
;
;
;
;
-
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49
.
,
, 90% .
, ,
.
,
. , .
,
,
.
,
(, , 2000).
, ,
, ,
()
,
. , ,
,
, ,
(Pichtel, 2005).
,
(Theodore, Reynolds, 1987):
;
, , ;
;
,
.
-
7/26/2019 Upravljanje opasnim otpadom
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50
,
,
.
, , (, , 2000).
, ,
, 648 C 1694 C,
,
(Blackman, 2001).
, ,
,
. ,
, , (, , 2000).
, ,
,
, ,
.
,
(La Grega et al., 2001).
,
,
,
.
,
, ,
,
.
, .
,
.,
,
: 25-30%
,
(, , 2000).
, .
-
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51
:
,
. ,
425-760 C
.
99.9999% (Shah, Schulz, Daiga, 1988).
,
,
(, , 2000):
; :
1.
;
2.
(NaCl, FeCl2, Zn, Pb);
3.
, .
,
,
, ,
,
.
,
, .
, , ,
,
.
,
, -1997. ,
1400 , 1999. , 1205 (Kiel, Zabel,
2001).
, ,
-
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52
.
, Superfund12 ,
-,
(, ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
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zahtevaju regulaciju na federalnom nivou. Podaci se auriraju na godinjem nivou(http://www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html).
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9.Table 9. Hazrdous waste structure in Austria
(
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0.9
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,
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(6thReport on the State of the
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(List of Wastes Ordinance)
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Table 10. Hazardous waste structure in Austria
(%)
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98
(National Hazardous Waste Plan),
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101
19902006.
, ( 11). 1992.
, , ,
1995. .
,
. ,
,
. 1998. ,
29%, ,
, ( 21.5% 1996.
), 15% (, 2001).
11.
Table 11.Hazardous waste in Ireland
1990 66 000
1992 99 000
1995 248 000
1996 229 634
1998 296 017
2001 258 0002004 307 778
2006 284 184
: , 2002;PIreland, 2007
,
, 2006.
8% 2004. , 10%
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, 2002. ,
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102
102
20082015,
.
0 100000 200000 300000
1996
1998
2001
2004
2006
2.
Graph 2. Industrial hazardous waste in Ireland
(: , 2007)
,
, , .
,
19962006. ( 2),
, , .
( 3),
(62%
), , (8%),
(7%) , (6%)
(, 2007).
-
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103
3.
Graph 3. Most important hazardous waste generators
19962006. .,
( 12, 4),
,
.
,
(P,2007).
12. 1996-2006 ()
Table 12.Options for hazardous waste management 1996-2006 (in tons)
1996 1998 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
On-site
141.151 131.738 95.565 - - 86.328 - 88.409
Off-site
33.470 39.055 48.013 - - 55.952 - 60.872
51.727 99.598 115.366 109.545 180.678 165.498 146.811 134.904
: , 2007; R, 2001.
n-site 19962006. ,
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tone
izvoz opasnog otpada
on-site tretman u industrijskim post rojenjima
off site tretman u autorizovanim postrojenjima
4.Graph 4. Comparison of different options of hazardous waste management
2006. .,
, 47,5% (
) (
) .. 31%
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(, ,
), 21%
( 15 ,
) (, 2007).
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106
2.
Sketch. 2.Hazardous waste recovery and disposal facilities in Ireland
(: EPA, 2001)
-
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107
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110
110
, 13.2 ( 13), 2.97 per
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13.
Table 13.Estimates of the annual amount of waste
/
1.2
2.6
1.6
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,
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111
0
10000
20000
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5. (2001-2005)
Graph 5. Reported hazardous waste quantities (2001-2005)
(: Plan gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj 2007-2015)
, -
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112
3.
Sketch 3.Facilities for hazardous waste collection and storage
(: Plan gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj 2007-2015)
:
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113
4.
Sketch 4.Facilities for hazardous waste treatment(: Plan gospodarenja otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj 2007-2015)
, ( 1994.
). 2004. 2005. , 12.805 , ,
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129
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Table 14.Hazardous waste properties
: , 2007
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130
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(2007), 19992005. ,
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6. O
Graph. 6. Hazardous waste in Serbia
(: , 2007)
,
.
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,
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, (Grupa autora, 2002)., - ,
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, 2010).
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132
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133
7.
Graph 7. Conditions of storage facilities
(: , 2007)
,
( 5%)
(95%) (8).
8
(: , 2007)
,
, ,
( 15).
,
,
(5).
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134
15
Table 15. Hazardous waste temporarily stored or disposed on landfills (historical amounts)
,
,
588.978.84299,99%
,
14.014,4
14.147.739,94
36.2%
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5
Sketch 5. Spatial distrubution of storage facilities and industrial landfills
(, 2007)
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137
, ,, .
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138
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16- 2007.
Table 16.Transboundary movement of hazardous waste in 2007
()
()
500 23,94
1.000 495,69
184,99
(
)
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0,5714
125,71 89,87
100 151,52 27,79
: http://www.reciklaza.sr.gov.yu/baza_podataka_otpad.htm
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Sketch 6.Regional hazardous waste management
-
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: Erkurt et al., 2007
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(: Zhang et al., 2000)
Sketch. 8 The risk imposed on population by different levels of contaminant concentration
(Source: Zhang et al., 2000)
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SUMMARY
How are human needs suddenly began to grow, and intensive development
of science and technology made them freely meet, there was a production ofsignificant quantities of different types of waste, which features in the beginning
were not fully known. Detection of a large number of new artificial materials
especially applicable in industrial production, resulting in the generation of
specific types of waste - hazardous waste, its characteristics and long-term
seriously threaten human health, other living organism and the environment in
general. It is for the aforementioned reasons, it is necessary to consider the
whole issue related to hazardous waste, that is, become familiar with its
characteristics, behavior in nature, where at the beginning of massive
uncontrolled delayed, subdivisions, which includes, anthropogenic processesthat generate and grade the severity of the expected consequences .
Industrialized countries that were due to accelerated industrialization first met
with the aforementioned problem, have initiated detailed studies that have
produced a series of rules and principles defined in the form of legal provisions
governing the operation of hazardous waste management system. This system,
also called the system of cradle-to-grave, encompasses all phases of his
generation, or generation of hazardous waste, through collection, transportation,
storage, treatment and final disposal. For the proper functioning of each phase
and the behavior of the participants in this complex system, it is necessary to
establish an appropriate legislative, institutional and planning framework and
mechanisms for their implementation, thus reducing the risk of potential adverse
effects.
Hazardous waste management system is an organized approach of
continuous direct and control the same from the moment of its creation,
collection, storage, treatment and final disposal. It is characterized by extreme
complexity, due to very pronounced risk of his release and penetration into the
environment, which directly affected all living organisms and environmental
quality. Guidelines for sustainable management, regulating the responsibilities
of all stakeholders mentioned system and prescribe for each phase individually.Generation of hazardous waste is a particularly problematic phase because of the
complex organization of the system for monitoring the quantitative and
qualitative variations within a general trend of the waste generated, and the
establishment of effective mechanisms to control the generators themselves,
especially when it comes to industrial plants, which bear great responsibility for
future the fate of waste generated. As a logical continuation, after the generation
of hazardous waste, usually lead to its temporary storage, which involves storing
hazardous waste on its way to the facility for treatment and final disposal. Due to
the accumulation of large quantities of hazardous waste in one place, this phase
represents a major challenge in the sense of order to prevent possible accidents.
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For this reason, the constant control, not only by the direct responsible parties,
but also by the competent authorities of a state. Further functioning of the
management of hazardous wastes usually involves its removal from the plant for
its treatment, which significantly increases the risk of accidents and threat topopulation and environment in wider areas, along routes that are used. In order
to partially or completely neutralized characteristics of hazardous waste have
been developed various forms of treatment, possibly followed and disposal in
landfills that are specially equipped for the said function. Today, after a long
experience in the pursuit of a system of hazardous waste as more aligned with
high ecological standards have been created more options for managing
hazardous waste relating to the promotion of technologies that generate less
waste, substitution of hazardous substances less hazardous, recycling and reuse
existing hazardous waste and the like. This situation resulted in theestablishment of new technological standards have further improvements to
measure very short intervals, and further progress in this field is inevitable. Like
many developing countries, the Republic of Serbia started with a serious change
in the field of environmental protection, which resulted in separation of a
number of serious problems that require a special approach to the resolution.
How is the current practice of hazardous waste ocenjana as extremely poor and
completely unsustainable in the future to Serbia's EU flows, it became clear that
the crucial changes are necessary. First of all, we started the construction of a
new regulatory system must be fully adapted to EU standards, the institutional
framework that should enable the implementation of all provisions prescribed
and planned basis to be Put the short-and long-term objectives in establishing a
system of hazardous waste. The competent authorities must have open
communications and cooperation among themselves and with the responsible
parties and the public who are the unavoidable future system. In this sense, it is
necessary to implement adequate training and then continuous control, which
will ensure the implementation of established principles for managing hazardous
waste.
In addition to these changes, the extent to which the work began, the
problem must be mentioned non-availability of network facilities for hazardouswaste management, ie, lack of facilities for some form of treatment or disposal
of hazardous waste. It is clear that a country with its industrial production and
the desire to preserve environmental quality, is unable to support such an
approach, but it has accelerated its approach to the creation and construction.
This begins with the realization of one of the basic principles presented in the
EU directives, which points to the necessity of self-sufficiency of each Member
State in addressing hazardous waste on its territory. Of course, it is clear that
introduced changes involve significant financial investment and to a large extent
on the economic strength of a country, which can be partly alleviate a goodassessment of real needs and a clear definition of short and long term goals. This
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is supported by the attitude of the developed European countries, which on the
said road support countries that are in the process of establishing a system of
hazardous waste, to look at my options and choose an acceptable option,
regardless of their position in the hierarchy of options for addressing waste.Accordingly, it is justified presented a regional approach to hazardous waste
management in Serbia, which will initially dispose of its development with one
facility for treatment and disposal at the national level and more central regional
warehouses, which are determined in the districts with the greatest production of
hazardous waste. This will directly influence the reductio