Use the verb tener to show relationship,possession, or age, or in other expressionssuch as tener hambre/sueño/sed/razón.

The verb tener

PLACEHOLDER

Use tener que + infinitive to say thatsomething has to be done.

Tenemos que escribir mucho en la clase de inglés.

The verb tener

¡Hola! Me llamo Miguel. En mi escuelasiempre estamos muy ocupados. Vamos aver lo que hacemos en las clases.

La profesora de español de la Escuela Benito Juárez prepara un cartel con las reglas de la escuela.

La profesora de español de la Escuela Benito Juárez prepara un cartel con las reglas de la escuela.

¿Cuáles son las reglas?

Hay que…

&

Se prohíbe…

The Impersonal Imperatives

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition;

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition;

that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when an action is prohibited.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition;

that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when an action is prohibited.

Spanish can accomplish this imperative in one of several ways:

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition;

that is, when an action MUST be accomplished or when an action is prohibited.

Spanish can accomplish this imperative in one of several ways:

Let’s look at the ways Spanish can demand or prohibit action.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…

• Simple infinitive

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…

• Simple infinitive

• Commands

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…

• Simple infinitive

• Commands

• Personal obligation

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition. Spanish can achieve this with…

• Simple infinitive

• Commands

• Personal obligation

• Impersonal obligation

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Simple infinitive

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Simple infinitive (-ar, -er or -ir ending)

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Simple infinitiveWritten signs often convey an imperative in this way.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Simple infinitiveWritten signs often convey an imperative in this way.

The infinitive is NOT conjugated.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Simple infinitiveWritten signs often convey an imperative in this way.

The infinitive is NOT conjugated.

EJEMPLOS

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Simple infinitiveWritten signs often convey an imperative in this way.

The infinitive is NOT conjugated.

EJEMPLOS

¡Seguir todas las señales de tráfico! Follow all traffic signals!

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Simple infinitiveWritten signs often convey an imperative in this way.

The infinitive is NOT conjugated.

EJEMPLOS

¡Seguir todas las señales de tráfico! Follow all traffic signals!

No fumar en tren. Do not smoke on the train.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action.

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command.

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command.

EJEMPLOS

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command.

EJEMPLOS

Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood. The formation of this mood is based upon who is being ordered to do or NOT to do the action. In Spanish 1 you learned the informal singular command, called the affirmative tú command.

EJEMPLOS

Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly.

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.

EJEMPLOS

Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly.

 * To form regular affirmative tú commands… 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.

EJEMPLOS

Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly.

 * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense. 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.

EJEMPLOS

Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly.

 * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense. comer = come

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.

EJEMPLOS

Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly.

 * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense. comer = come mirar = mira

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Commands — the verb is in the imperative mood.

EJEMPLOS

Carlos, escribe una carta a abuelita. Carlos, write a letter to grandma.

Por favor, habla más despacio. Please, speak more slowly.

 * To form regular affirmative tú commands, just use the él/ella/Ud. form of the present tense. comer = come mirar = mira llegar = llega

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Personal obligation

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an

obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an

obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb.

EJEMPLOS

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an

obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb.

EJEMPLOS

Debo escribir más legiblemente. I should write more legibly.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Personal obligation — these are verbs that indicate an

obligation or duty by the subject personally used to conjugate the verb.

EJEMPLOS

Debo escribir más legiblemente. I should write more legibly.

Tienes que asistir a escuela. You have to attend school.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person.  

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

EJEMPLOS

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

EJEMPLOS

Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

EJEMPLOS

Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.

One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

EJEMPLOS

Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.

One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins.

Se prohíbe ir al armario durante la clase.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

EJEMPLOS

Hay que estar en el asiento cuando la clase empieza.

One must be in (one’s) seat when class begins.

Se prohíbe ir al armario durante la clase.

It is forbidden to go to (one’s) locker during class.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows

the expression is an infinitive!

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows

the expression is an infinitive!

 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows

the expression is an infinitive!

Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor.  

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows

the expression is an infinitive!

Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor. Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español. 

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows

the expression is an infinitive!

Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor. Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español.  Use hay que + infinitive for impersonal obligations.

Imperatives are expressions that indicate obligation or prohibition.

Impersonal obligation — these are impersonal verbs; that is, they are not directed to any one person. They indicate that all are obliged to comply. 

* In both personal & impersonal obligation, the action verb that follows

the expression is an infinitive!

Toda la clase debe responder a las preguntas del profesor. Hay que llegar a tiempo a la clase de español.  Use hay que + infinitive for impersonal obligations. Use se prohíbe + infinitive for impersonal prohibitions.

La clase de Esteban

¿Qué pasa con Esteban elprimer día de clases? Leela historia.

El primer día de clases

Esteban: Bienvenidos a laclase de historia. Algunosde Uds. me conocen comoEsteban. Pero hoy soy elprofesor.Pedro: Esteban piensa quees el profesor. ¡Qué divertido!

1

Esteban: Señoritas, ¿sabenqué hora es?Angélica: Hola, Esteban. Sonlas nueve y seis.Esteban: Y la clase empieza alas nueve y cinco. ¿Por quéllegan tarde Uds.?Lisa: Pero, ¿por qué estás túdelante de la clase? ¿Dóndeestá la profesora?

2

El primer día de clases

Esteban: Yo soy el profesor.¡Y hay que estar en el asientocuando la clase empieza!

3

El primer día de clases

Lisa: Profesor . . . necesito iral armario. No tengo el libro.

4

El primer día de clases

Esteban: ¡No! ¡Se prohíbe iral armario durante la clase!Nadie tiene el libro. Es elprimer día de clases.

5

El primer día de clases

Esteban: Mamá, ¿por quéestás aquí en la clase?Mamá: No tengo idea. ¿Yqué vas a enseñar hoy?

6

El primer día de clases

Mamá: ¿Por qué noempiezas?Esteban: Es la clase dehistoria. Pienso dar undiscurso sobre algunos delos presidentes de losEstados Unidos . . . Elprimer presidente fueGeorge Washington . . .

7

El primer día de clases

Mamá: Esteban. Esteban. ¡Yaes tarde!Esteban: ¿Qué pasa? ¿Dóndeestoy? ¡Ay! El primer día declases . . .

8

El primer día de clases

The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitivethat is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er,or -ir.

Stem-changing verbs

The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitivethat is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er,or -ir. For example, the stem of empezar isempez-.

Stem-changing verbs

The stem of a verb is the part of the infinitivethat is left after you drop the endings -ar, -er,or -ir. For example, the stem of empezar isempez-. Stem-changing verbs have a spellingchange in their stem in all forms of thepresent tense except the nosotros(as) andvosotros(as) forms.

Stem-changing verbs

The syllable of the stem that undergoes these changes is ALWAYS the LAST SYLLABLE of the STEM!

Stem-changing verbs

The syllable of the stem that undergoes these changes is ALWAYS the LAST SYLLABLE of the STEM!

So, for the infinitive preferir the stem change occurs in the last e.

Stem-changing verbs

▪There are three kinds of stem-changing verbs that you have learned.

To review them, here are the present-tense forms of: poder (o → ue) empezar (e → ie) pedir (e → i).

—Si no puedes contestar una pregunta, ¿qué haces?

–Generalmente le pido ayuda a otro estudiante o al profesor.

Stem-changing verbs

Stem-changing verbs

NEVER stem-change the nosotros (-as) form!

Stem-changing verbs

Stem-changing verbs

The letters b, v, and d

The letters b and v are both pronouncedthe same. When the b or v is the firstletter of a word or follows an m or n, it ispronounced like the English letter b. Listento and say these words:

bien vecinos también invierno

The letters b, v, and d

In all other positions, the letters b and vhave a softer “b” sound. To produce it, putyour lips close together (but not touching)and push the air through them. Listen toand say these words and sentences:

gustaba jóvenes árbol devolver

Benito Vásquez era un hombre que viajaba en Brasil.

Mi novio vivía en el Caribe pero ahora vive en Buenos Aires.

The letters b, v, and d

Like the b and v, the Spanish d can havea hard or a soft sound. The d is hard at thebeginning of a word or after n or l, likethe d in the English word dough. Listento and say these words:

donde desfile falda cuando aprender

The letters b, v, and d

Otherwise the d is soft like the English thin the English word though. Listen to thesoft d in these words and repeat them:

ciudad moderno cuñado boda ayudar

The letters b, v, and d

Repeat the following refranes. What do youthink they mean?

Affirmative and negative words

Affirmative and negative words

•Or you may substitute the negative word in place of no in front of the verb.

― Nunca estudiamos el sábado por la noche.

•You may NOT use a negative word in a phrase that is affirmative or vice versa!

―Mi hermana nunca dice algo a alguien.but

― Mi hermana nunca dice nada a nadie.

By now you know many affirmative and negative words.Affirmative and negative words

Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas, and ninguno, ninguna match the number(sing. or pl.) and

gender (masc. or fem.) of the noun that follows.

Affirmative and negative words

Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas, and ninguno, ninguna match the number(sing. or pl.) and

gender (masc. or fem.) of the noun that follows.

—¿Uds. van al laboratorio de computadoras enalgunas clases?

Affirmative and negative words

Alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas, and ninguno, ninguna match the number(sing. or pl.) and

gender (masc. or fem.) of the noun that follows.

—¿Uds. van al laboratorio de computadoras enalgunas clases?—No, no vamos al laboratorio en ninguna clase.

Affirmative and negative words

When alguno and ninguno come before a

masculine singular noun, they change to algún and

ningún.

Affirmative and negative words

When alguno and ninguno come before a

masculine singular noun, they change to algún and

ningún.

—¿Vas a dar algún discurso en la clase de inglés?

Affirmative and negative words

When alguno and ninguno come before a

masculine singular noun, they change to algún and

ningún.

—¿Vas a dar algún discurso en la clase de inglés?

—No, no voy a dar ningún discurso.

Affirmative and negative words

Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb.

Affirmative and negative words

Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb.

Siempre pido ayuda cuando no entiendo la lección.

Affirmative and negative words

Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb.

Pido ayuda siempre cuando no entiendo la lección.

Affirmative and negative words

Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb.

No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela.

Affirmative and negative words

Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb.

No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela.Nunca traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela.

Affirmative and negative words

Siempre and nunca are adverbs, so they may be placed almost anywhere in the sentence, even in front of the verb.

No traigo mi almuerzo nunca a la escuela.Nunca traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela.No traigo mi almuerzo a la escuela nunca.

Affirmative and negative words

aprender de to memorize memoriacontestar to answerdar un discurso to give a speechdiscutir to discussexplicar to explainhacer una to ask a question pregunta

to talk about what you do in class

el informe reportel laboratorio laboratoryla palabra wordpedir ayuda to ask for helpel proyecto projectsacar una buena to get a good grade nota

to talk about what you do in class

a tiempo on timeentregar to turn inllegar tarde to arrive lateprestar atención to pay attentionla regla rulerespetar to respectse prohíbe . . . it’s forbidden . . .

to talk about classroom rules

el armario lockerel asiento seatel carnet de I.D. card identidadla cinta adhesiva transparent tapela grapadora staplerlos materiales supplies, materialslas tijeras scissors

to name school objects

alguien someone, anyonealgún, alguna, some, any algunos, -asnadie no one, nobodyningún, ninguno, -a no, none, not any

negative and affirmative words

conocer to knowlo que whatsobre on, about

other useful words

almorzar (o ue) to have lunch

almuerzo almorzamosalmuerzas almorzáisalmuerza almuerzan

empezar (e ie) to start, to begin

empiezo empezamosempiezas empezáisempieza empiezan

entender (e ie) to understand

entiendo entendemosentiendes entendéisentiende entienden

repetir (e i) to repeat

repito repetimosrepites repetísrepite repiten