Uttaranchal Power Sector Project in India May 2005

Summary Environmental Impact Assessment

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB – Asian Development Bank DC – Double circuit DHQ – District headquarters EIA environmental impact assessment EMF – electromagnetic field EMP – environmental monitoring plan IEE – initial environmental examination LILO – loop-in loop-out MOEF – Ministry of Environment and Forests PIU – project implementation unit PTCUL – Power Transmission Corporation of Uttaranchal RHQ – regional headquarters ROW – right-of-way SC – Single circuit SEIA – summary environment impact assessment SHP – small hydropower plant SIEE – summary initial environmental examination UEID – Urban, Energy, and Irrigation Department UJVNL – Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

C (Celsius) – unit of temperature dB(A) (decibel audible) – unit of level of sound ha (hectare) – unit of area km (kilometer) – 1,000 meters km2 (square kilometer) – unit of area kV (kilovolt) – 1,000 volts kW (kilowatt) – 1,000 watts kWh (kilowatt-hour) – unit of energy m (meter) – unit of distance m3 (cubic meter) – unit of capacity MVA (million volt-ampere) – 1,000,000 VA MW (megawatt) – 1,000 kW MWh (megawatt-hour) – 1,000 kWh V (volt) – unit of voltage VA (volt-ampere) – unit of apparent power W (watt) – unit of active power

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year of the Government ends March 31. (ii) In this report “$” refers to US dollars. (iii) Transmission system refers to 400 kV or 220 kV line supplying (incoming and

outgoing feeder) grid substation(s) with primary voltage of 400 or 220 kV.

CONTENTS

Page

MAP

I. INTRODUCTION 1

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT 1

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 2

A. Project Area 2 B. Physical Resources 2 C. Ecological Resources 4 D. Socioeconomic Profile 5

IV. ALTERNATIVES 5

A. Without the Project 5 B. With the Project 6

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 8

A. Environmental Impact of Preconstruction and Construction Activities 8 B. Environmental Impact of Operation Activities 10

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 12

A. Responsibilities for Monitoring 13 B. Organization Support System 14

VII. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT 17

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE 18

IX. CONCLUSIONS 19

APPENDICES 1. The Regulatory Framework 2. Integrated Generation and Transmission Expansion Program 3. Statistical and Project Specific Data

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Under the Uttaranchal Power Sector Project (the Project), the Government of India (GOI), with Asian Development Bank (ADB) financing, proposes development of a transmission system to evacuate 5,000 megawatts (MW) of power from existing and new hydropower plants in the state of Uttaranchal. The Project will support sector reforms, commercialization of hydropower resources, and strengthening of the in-state grid. Uttaranchal Energy, and Irrigation Department (UEID) will be the Executing Agency, and the Power Transmission Corporation of Uttaranchal, Limited (PTCUL, the state transmission company) and Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam, Limited (UJVNL, the state generating company) will be the implementing agencies. 2. The Project and individual subprojects are classified according to ADB environment guidelines. The overall Project is category A. The transmission component is category B, and the small hydropower component is category A. UJVNL prepared environmental impact assessments (EIAs) for each of the six small hydropower plants (SHPs). Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL), under contract to PTCUL, prepared initial environmental examination (IEE) reports for the core subprojects in the transmission component. The EIAs for the SHPs were prepared by G.S. GeoEnvirons Private Limited and National Resources Information Centre for UJVNL, supported by field survey and secondary sources collected from central and state government departments. This summary EIA (SEIA) is based on the EIA and IEE reports. Technical Assistance consultants are preparing an environmental sector assessment for the overall Project. The EIA and IEE reports conform with Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) guidelines and regulations, and are consistent with ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines.1 The India regulatory framework applicable to the project is summarized in Appendix 1.

II. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

3. India, currently generates about 83% of its electricity from conventional thermal power plants and about 14% from hydroelectric plants (mainly located in Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, and the northeast). GOI has launched a 50,000 megawatt (MW) hydroelectric initiative. In Uttaranchal, approximately $4 billion will be invested over the near term in transmission and distribution systems, new power plant development, and hydropower rehabilitation and modernization (RMU). 4. Uttaranchal, which separated from the state of Uttar Pradesh in November 2000, has little or no fossil fuel resources. It is focusing on developing hydropower and associated transmission systems for evacuation and export. Currently a net importer of electric power, the state plans to be a net exporter by 2010. Hydropower potential is approximately 20,000 MW, of which 16,500 MW is well defined and technically viable operating at 1,160 MW and about 5,525 MW is under construction. Uttaranchal, with approvals from the Government of India and Ministry of Power (MOP) has defined an integrated system expansion centered on high-voltage transmission lines and substations, distribution upgrades, and hydropower generation consistent with least-cost power system expansion. UEID has established a two-phase development program organized along river basins. Phase I covers primarily the Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, and Yamuna river basins. Phase II primarily covers the Sarada river basin. Three government units serve as lead agencies: Uttaranchal Power Corporation, Limited (UPCL) is

1 ADB. 2003. Environmental Guidelines for Selected Industrial and Power Projects. Manila; and ADB. 2003.

Environmental Assessment Guidelines. Manila.

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responsible for distribution at 33 kilovolts (kV) and lower. PTCUL develops and operates high-voltage transmission lines and substations from 132–400 kV,2 and UJVNL is responsible for hydropower generation assets, including management of private sector participation. 5. The Project will finance (i) transmission lines: construction of 705 kilometers (km) of 400 kV double circuit (DC) line, 230 km of 400 kV single circuit (SC) line, 5 km of 220 kV DC line, 665 km of 132 kV DC transmission lines, four 400 kV substations, and four 132 kV substations in four major river basins (Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, Sarada, and Yamuna); (ii) up to 6 SHPs totaling about 35 MW of new generating capacity; (iii) renovation, modernization, and upgrading of 2 existing hydropower plants; and (iv) institutional strengthening of UEID, PTCUL, and UJVNL. The proposed ADB loan is expected to cover approximately 70% of the total project cost; the remaining 30% will be financed through equity contributions, domestic bank loans, and other domestic sources. The Project will spur economic growth by enhancing the capability of PTCUL, UPCL, and UJVNL to expand the high-voltage transmission network; sell excess power to other states;3 expand rural distribution networks; and increase hydropower capacity. The key project components are presented in Appendix 2. Statistical and project-specific data are presented in Appendix 3.

III. DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

A. Project Area 6. Uttaranchal, situated northwest of Uttar Pradesh (India's most populous state), occupies 1.73% of India’s total land area—51,125 square km (km2) and has a population of about 6.0 million; an average of 94.4 per km2. The state borders Tibet, Nepal, Himachal Pradesh, and the plain districts of Uttar Pradesh. Land use data are presented in Appendix 3, Figure A3.1. B. Physical Resources

7. The project area is divided into two physiographic zones. The nonmontane zone consists of plains, where the soil is fertile and has good water retention capacity. The montane zone consists of sub, mid, and greater Himalayas, with the greater Himalayas virtually covered with snow year-round. 8. Temperature varies with altitude, with a minimum of 0.1 degree Celsius (ºC) at Mukteswar and maximum of 40.1ºC at Dehradun. Temperature decreases with increasing altitude by a normal rate of 3.3ºC for each 1,000 meters (m). Temperature zones range from very hot in plains to extremely cold in the higher Himalayas. The state has three distinct seasons: rainy (June–September), winter (October–February), and summer (March–May). Average rainfall varies from 1,016 millimeters in Pauri to 2,540 in Nainital. 9. The Himalayas are the youngest mountains in the world. During early Mesozoic times, or the secondary geological period, the land mass they now cover was occupied by the great geosynclinal Tethys Sea. The northern division, which is occupied by higher ranges and snow-covered peaks, consists entirely of medium- to high-grade metamorphic rocks and is intruded by later volcanic rocks. The division to the south, occupied by ranges of lower altitude, consists essentially of sedimentary and low-grade metamorphic rock also intruded by later volcanic rocks. As per the seismic hazard map of India, districts of Uttaranchal along the borders with the

2 Power Grid Corporation of India will operate 765 kV lines. 3 Interstate power sales will be via Power Grid Corporation of India.

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People’s Republic of China and Nepal, i.e., Chamoli, Champavat, Pithorgarh, and Uttarkashi, lie in MSK zone V (scale of Medvedev, Sponheuer, and Karnik); intensities in excess of IX can be expected. The rest of the state, including the capital Dehradun, is in zone IV, where the maximum intensity could reach VIII. 10. Surface water resources are abundant. The upper Ganges River, known here as Bhagirathi, emerges from Gangotri Glacier. Bhagirathi eventually joins the Alaknanda River and becomes Ganga. The seven streams of Ganga are Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, Bhilangana, Janhvi, Mandakini, Rishiganga, and Saraswati, which merge into Ganga at Devprayag. The other major rivers are Bal Ganga, Dhauli Ganga, Girthi Ganga, Nandakini, Pindar, and Tons (Table 1). Existing irrigation and hydropower projects (Table 2) built in the 1970s and 1980s have altered river flow during construction and operations, with some river sections completely obstructed during low flow season.

Table 1: Major Rivers and Principal Tributaries Major River Principal Tributary Yamuna Rupin, Tons, Pabbar Bhagirathi Bhilangana Alaknanda Mandakini, Dhauliganga, Pinder Gohua Tal, Birhiganga Ramganga Kosi, Ladhiya Dhela Sarda Lidhiya Nandhaur Deoha Gola

Source: UJVNL, PTCUL 11. The Bhilangana River arises from Khatling Glacier (3,658 m) and joins the Bhagirathi at Old Tehri to become the Kali Ganga, where the Tehri hydropower project is under construction. The Tehri project (which is not physically connected to or part of the proposed ADB funded Project) includes a 1000 MW storage dam, a 1000 MW pumped storage facility, and the 400 MW Koteshwar hydropower plant about 10 km downstream from Old Tehri. The Tehri and Koteshwar structures will alter the flow regime and sediment load in the upper Kali Ganga river between Old Tehri and Hardiwar. The Tehri reservoir is expected to begin filling by June 2005. At Haridwar, an irrigation and flow control structure spans the width of the Kali Ganga.

Table 2: Existing Hydropower Projects Project Capacity (megawatts) Year of Commissioning Large Hydropower Projects (>100 megawatts)

Chibro 4 x 60 = 240 1975 Khodri 4 x 20 = 80 1984 Chilla 4 x 36 = 144 1980 Ram Ganga 3 x 66 = 198 1975

Medium Hydropower Projects (25–100 megawatts) Tiloth 3 x 30 = 90 1984 Dhakrani 3 x 17 = 51 1991 Khatima 3 x 13.8 = 41.4 1956 Kulhal 3 x 10 = 30 1975

Source: Uttaranchal Jal Vidyut Nigam.

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C. Ecological Resources

12. The mountains, meadows, lakes, and dense forests support exotic wildlife and plant life. The state has created national parks, sanctuaries and special areas: Corbett National Park, Nanda Devi National Park, Rajaji National Park, Askot Deer Sanctuary, Kedarnath Sanctuary, and Valley of Flowers. 13. Of the total land area, about 64% is covered by forests. Of this, only 77% is dense forest, the remaining 22% is open forest. Scrub forests represent 2.5% of the total forest area or 11% of the open forest area. The actual forest cover of dense canopy is only 34%. 14. Climate, altitude, rainfall, and soil types vary greatly throughout the state. Abundant rainfall and good climate give rise to rich biodiversity in the Himalayas and support a variety of forest ecosystems. Near the snow line are forests of creeping rhododendron and birch (Bhojpatra) which are followed in the downslopes by forests of silver fir (Abies pindrow), spruce (Picea smithiana), deodar (Cedrus deodara), Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), and oaks (Quercus spp). In the foothills and adjoining plains of bhabhar and tarai, the valuable Sal (Shorea robusta) forest has abundant Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), a pioneer species, especially along river courses. The following species are found:

(i) Tropical-subtropical forest zone. This zone is dominated by deciduous and subdeciduous trees and shrubs. Sal is the most predominant species found up to an elevation of about 1,300 m. The other prominent species are Haldu, Kanju, Khair, Semal, and Sissoo.

(ii) Subtropical-temperate zone. The subtropical to temperate pine forests (with Chir pine as the dominant coniferous tree) and subtropical to temperate shrubs dominate at elevations between 900 m and 2,100 m.

(iii) Temperate-subalpine zone. This zone of natural vegetation extends generally between 1,500 and 3,300 m and contains mixed coniferous forests of fir, spruce, and birch.

(iv) Alpine forests and shrubs. These are found generally up to 4,200 m. With increasing altitude, a gradual transition from larger flora to smaller bushes and alpine pastures can be observed, beyond which is a total lack of vegetal cover.

15. Domestic mammals include bhutiya dogs, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, and dogs; wild mammals include panthers, snow panthers, wild cats, bears, jackals, foxes, deer, tigers, leopards, sambhars, and wild bear. The flora is regenerating; most fauna have moved away. The fauna includes birds, such crows, jungle crows, hill myna, and sparrows. Rare birds are pea fowl, jungle fowl, titars, neelkanths, ribbon tailed atrapia, black billed magpies, snow cocks, and paradise flycatchers present in the study area of the Kaliganga project. The Tankul project lies in the Askot Wildlife Sanctuary area and will require MOEF clearance before starting any construction work. Appendix 3, Table A3.2 gives details for wildlife in Uttaranchal. 16. Golden mahseer (Tor putitora), one of the main game and food fish in the central Himalayan region, has decreased significantly. The fish migrate considerable distances upstream in the search of suitable spawning grounds. Stocks of the Himalayan mahseer are depleted and it is now considered an endangered species. Catch data from the major rivers are not available, and studies are sporadic and preliminary in nature. According to available statistics, the Himalayan mahseer contributes significantly only in one river—comprising 32.8% of the catch from the Nayar River, 9.7% from Song River, and 0.8–3.1% from other rivers.

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D. Socioeconomic Profile

17. Information to assess the baseline scenario of socioeconomic issues in the project area utilizes secondary data sources, including the 2001 census data. 18. Uttaranchal, with a population of 8,479,562, registered a 19.20% increase in population during 1991–2001. The sex ratio (i.e., the number of females per 1,000 males) increased substantially from 936 in 1991 to 964 in 2001. Population density increased from 132 per km2 to 159. The most populated district is Haridwar (1,444,000); the least populated is Champavat (224,000). Haridwar has the maximum density (612 per km2), while Uttarkashi has the least (37 per km2). 19. Uttaranchal has 536 km of national highways, 1,138 km of state highways, 1,366 km of major district roads, 5,395 km of rural roads, and 2,525 km of light vehicle roads maintained by the Public Works Department. In addition, almost 10,000 km are maintained by local bodies and other departments. 20. During the last 10 years, total literacy increased from 57.75% to 72.28%; 84.01% for males and 60.26% for females. Nainital has the highest literacy rate (79.6%); Haridwar has the lowest (64.6%). 21. Of the total population, 36.93% are workers: 23.64% are male and 13.29% female Appendix 3, Table A3.3. The percentage of main workers (workers with regular employment) is 27.39%: 19.42% male and 7.97% female. 22. Uttaranchal has 18 district hospitals, 228 primary health center, 36 community health centers, 325 state allopathic hospitals, and 47 joint/women hospital. No data is available on the health environment in the project area. While malaria, gastroenteritis, etc. are reported due to lack of water treatment facilities, the local people do not indicate that these are major concerns. Appendix 3, Table A3.4 provides electricity and water supply statistics for Uttaranchal for 2002–03. 23. No archaeological or historical sites or protected monuments are located along the proposed alignment of the transmission lines. 24. About 70% of the population lives under the poverty line compared with the national average of 46%. Subsistence agriculture supports about 75% of the population; 71% of the landholdings are less than 1 hectare. Dividends can be reaped if the rivers and streams are utilized to produce hydroelectricity. Also the state could become an attractive tourist destination. 25. Data on water, air, noise, and aquatic/fish life data are presented in Appendix 3, Tables A3.5, A3.6, A3.7, A3.8, A3.9, and A3.10.

IV. ALTERNATIVES

A. Without the Project 26. Three without-project scenarios are considered. Scenario 1 involves no action at all (business as usual). Scenario 2 involves not constructing any new generation plants and purchasing power via PGCIL (a central utility) from the northern grid. The central Government, MOP, and UEID have dismissed scenarios 1 and 2, because the state has a power shortage,

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has good potential for hydropower, and intends to develop a power surplus to foster economic growth.

27. In scenario 3, no organized evacuation of power is undertaken by the state, i.e., no integration of generation and transmission, with each generating plant constructing its own transmission line. This option is not considered feasible due to limited right-of-way available for transmission lines. B. With the Project 28. The with-project alternative is the proposed integrated generation and transmission system expansion program. Appendix 2 summarizes the key investments of the program. Appendix 3, Tables A3.11 and A3.12 provide details on the transmission lines, substations, and SHPs proposed for Project funding. 29. Transmission System Expansion. The Project comprises expansion of the transmission system to evacuate 5,000 MW of power from existing and new hydropower plants in Uttaranchal. System design will strengthen the in-state grid and facilitate the export of power to the northern regional grid. According to the tentative route of substations, land, and transmission lines as detailed by PTCUL are as follows:

(i) 400 kV DC line = 705 km, 10 segments (ii) 400 kV SC line = 230 km, 1 segment (iii) 220 kV DC line = 5 km, 1 segment (iv) 132 kV DC line = 665 km, 11 segments (v) 400 kV substation = 4 (vi) 132 kV substation = 4

30. With an integrated design and proper environmental mitigation plans, potential adverse environmental impacts associated with transmission lines will be avoided or minimized through careful route selection. The following factors were used to select the alignment and optimum route:

(i) Ecologically significant or environmentally sensitive areas such as national parks, nature reserves, or wetland as designated by MOEF will be avoided.

(ii) Potential environmental and social impacts (including resettlement, land take, and cultural or religious sites) associated with initial alignments and locations will be minimized by realigning or selecting alternative sites.

(iii) Involuntary resettlement will be minimized. (iv) Monuments of cultural or historical importance will be avoided. (v) Indigenous peoples, including tribal communities, will not be threatened. (vi) Social infrastructure, i.e., playgrounds or schools, will not be directly impacted. (vii) Clearing of any existing forest resources will be avoided to the maximum extent

possible, and where unavoidable will be minimized and compensated according to India regulatory criteria.

(viii) Affected people will be consulted and offered adequate compensation options as appropriate.

31. Other additional safeguards include the following:

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(i) Alignments are generally sited 10–15 km away from major towns, whenever possible, to allow for future urban expansion.

(ii) Forests are avoided if possible, and where this is impossible, a route is selected in consultation with the local divisional forest officer, to cause minimum damage to existing forest resources. National parks and sanctuaries and any other forest area rich in wildlife have been totally avoided.

(iii) Alignments are selected to avoid riverbeds and unstable areas. 32. To achieve this, PTCUL is selecting routes for individual transmission lines in close consultation with representatives from MOEF and the Department of Revenue. Although under national law, PTCUL has right of eminent domain (Indian Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, Section 42), alternative alignments are being considered to arrive at the most optimum route. PTCUL has notified the Rajaji National Park and Nanda Devi Park of the likely impact of the following transmission lines: (i) 400 kV DC Tapovan-Kuwaripass line, (ii) 132 kV DC Lata Tapovan-Kuwaripass line, (iii) 132 kV DC Bhinderganga-Kuwaripass line, (iv) loop-in loop-out (LILO) of 132 kV DC Bhinderganga-Kuwaripass line at Pulana, and (iv) 400 kV DC Kothlibhal-Roorkee line. 33. As noted in the IEEs, the exact extent of affected forest will be known only after detailed surveys. Supreme Court approval will be required for affected forestland in the wildlife sanctuaries. Alternate route possibilities will be explored during the final survey of these lines. 34. Small Hydropower Development. Constructing new SHPs and augmenting existing hydroelectric projects will result in the generation of additional power. The proposed SHPs are

(i) Kaliganga Small Hydel Scheme-I (2 x 2,300 kW) and Scheme-II (2 x 3,000 kW) in Rudraparayag district along the Rudraprayag-Okhimath-Guptakashi,

(ii) Bhilangna Small Hydel Scheme (2 x 2,250 kW) in Tehri district, (iii) Madhyamaheshwar Small Hydel Scheme (2 x 2,800 kW) in Rudraprayag district, (iv) Tankul Small Hydel Scheme (2 x 3,900 kW) in Pithorgarh district, and (v) Kaldigad Small Hydel Scheme (2 x 3,000 kW) in Uttarkashi district.

35. Trench weirs4 will divert water to the powerhouse and will not create any major backwater in the rivers. The hydropower plants will function as base load stations. The power generated will be evacuated through 33 kV transmission lines built by UPCL. Minimum flow will be maintained, including during the dry season (November to April). 36. UJVNL will ensure that the following activities will be undertaken after construction: stream restoration and stream bank stabilization; restoration of gravel mining and dredging areas in the impacted sites; protection of riparian vegetation; monitoring of water quality; use of eco-friendly techniques for any necessary road development and maintenance; and establishment of strong working partnerships among civil engineers, environmental biologists, and the public. Lessons learned in the hydropower sector and past related ADB projects should guide project design, particularly related to the generation of baseline information for informed decisions and the design of necessary mitigation measures. The design will include mitigation measures for weirs, and maintenance of flow level to address any dewatering effect downstream during the dry season. The effect is local and can be overcome to some extent by maintaining minimum compensation flow. Compensation flow for the conservation of microflora,

4 A trench weir is a concrete-lined drainage trench, built in the river bed, perpendicular to the axis of flow. The design

ensures that river flow is not fully obstructed.

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aquatic insects, and fish in the dewatering zone will be maintained between 10–20% of the regular flow. The compensation flow varies from river to river.

V. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

37. Hydropower development in the country is being given priority to improve the hydro-thermal mix, and to optimize the efficiency of the country’s power system and usage of resources for sustainable power generation in an environment-friendly manner. From the operational perspective, hydropower projects also provide synergy for optimizing generation, result in fuel savings, minimize greenhouse gases, and produce power in an environment-friendly manner, supporting sustainable development. Hydropower results in energy being generated from renewable resources and avoids emissions from equivalent thermal plants. Table 3 presents the emission factors from a comparable coal-fired power plant offset by ensuring power generation from clean hydropower.

Table 3: Emission Levels Offset From Coal-Fired Plants (tons/year)

Item CO2 SO2, NOx TSP Current Generation 970.5 MW @ 50% PLF, 8 months/year 13,664 72 51 48Projected Generation in 10th plan 4,000 MW @ 50% load factor, 8 months/year 56,314 294 210 197CO2 = carbon dioxide, MW = megawatt, NOx = nitrogen dioxide, PLF = plant load factor, SO2, = sulfur dioxide, TSP = total suspended particulate. Source: Asian Development Bank reference data. A. Environmental Impact of Preconstruction and Construction Activities 38. Transmission lines will involve tree removal along the alignment where required, excavation for installation of towers, erection of towers, erection of substation equipment, civil works related to the transmission line, and line stringing. Appendix 3, Table A3.13 indicates the extent of tree removal required in the right-of-way (ROW). SHP construction will involve tree removal at the project site; excavation work; erection of equipment; and civil works relating to construction of the desilting chamber, forebay, penstock, powerhouse, and other related works. During the operation phase, most of the construction phase impacts will be stabilized; impacts during operation and maintenance of the Project will be limited. 39. Environmental impacts associated with the transmission system, substations, and SHP locations will be studied on a case-by-case basis. The EIAs provide site selection criteria to avoid unnecessary problems, and all subprojects are located to avoid ecologically sensitive areas such as reserve forests and wildlife sanctuaries.

1. Physical Resources

40. Impact on Topography. During construction, the topography will change due to excavation and erection of towers; and fill and cuts for leveling the tower erection sites and construction powerhouse, forebay, desilting chamber, and penstock. A minor change of surface features will occur because of tree removal at the tower erection site and along the ROW to facilitate construction. The most prominent impact on the surface topography will be in the hilly region along the reserve forest for both transmission lines and the SHPs. The impact will be local but irreversible due to the presence of the transmission line, substations, and SHPs.

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41. Impact on Air Quality. During construction, activities will involve excavation for tower erection and power channel construction for the SHPs, movement of vehicles carrying the construction material, etc. All will result in the emission of dust particles thereby affecting air quality marginally at the site; this will be transitory. Spraying of water during excavation will reduce the dust emission to a great extent. 42. Impact on Noise. During construction the major sources of noise pollution will be movement of vehicles transporting construction material and equipment to the site. Since most of the access roads are not motorable, nonmotorized transport vehicles will transfer the equipment, i.e., mainly using mules along a mule road. The major construction work is expected to be carried out during the day time. Noise produced will not have a significant impact on existing ambient noise levels. As noted, the predominant land use along the most part of alignment is agricultural and reserve forest. Faunal population in the reserve forest will be disturbed marginally due to the construction noise and they may move to nearby forest areas. Use of low-noise-generating equipment and restriction of construction activity for limited periods will minimize disturbance to the forest fauna. 43. Impact on Surface Water Quality. Construction will not have any major impact on surface and groundwater quality in the area. Contamination of water bodies may result due to spilling of construction materials and surface runoff from the construction site. Turbidity levels may increase where the alignment crosses waterways and if the surface runoff during construction enters the river. Even during construction of the trench weir, the turbidity, total suspended solids, and some other chemical parameters like biochemical oxygen demand are likely to increase. This can be avoided by careful selection of sites and access roads so that surface runoff does not enter the river. 44. Care should be taken to locate the temporary construction worker colony away from bodies of water. Adequate drinking water facilities, sanitary facilities, and drainage in the temporary colonies should be provided to avoid polluting surface water. Provision of adequate washing and toilet facilities with septic tanks and appropriate refuse collection and disposal systems should be obligatory. Sedimentation ponds should be provided at the substation site during construction. Oil-confining basins and oil water separation should be provided at the substation areas to avoid surface water pollution. Oil traps should be provided for separating oily waste. The sludge generated at the trap should be kept in a specified place inside the premise of substations and sold to authorized contractors/third parties. No sludge disposal on land will be allowed.

45. Impact on Soil and Geology. Excavation activities and land clearance may result in soil erosion at the construction site and along access routes. Erosion-prone areas will be avoided when siting the towers. Leveling and stabilization of tower construction sites will be done after completion of construction. Construction chemicals, if any, must be handled properly to avoid any soil contamination.

2. Ecological Resources

46. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology. The initial construction work along the alignment involves land clearance, cutting, filling, and leveling; and may cause loss of vegetation. This will be an irreversible impact. Care should be taken to avoid thick vegetation; towers should be located where the vegetation is thin. This will greatly minimize tree loss and compensation to be paid to tree owners. The Project involves deforestation of reserve forest along a major part of the alignment,

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hence MOEF clearance is required. Compensatory afforestation has to be done in association with the state Department of Forests. Trimming of trees should be done in consultation with the Department of Forests. 47. The removal of herbaceous vegetation and loosening of the top soil generally causes soil erosion. However, such impacts will be primarily confined to the project site during initial periods of construction and need to be minimized by adopting mitigative measures like paving, surface treatment, and water sprinkling. 48. Terrestrial Fauna. During construction, the fauna in the reserved forests may be disturbed due to various construction activities. Care will be taken to not disturb the major wildlife habitat. No significant commercial fisheries will be affected by water quality impacts from construction.

3. Human Environment

49. Agriculture. Some permanent and temporary losses of agricultural land will occur due to locating towers in agricultural fields, loss of crops along the access route, etc. Land will be acquired for construction of new substations and the SHPs. As far as possible, prime agricultural land will be avoided for transmission lines, and construction will occur after crop harvesting. Adequate compensation will be given to the affected land holders.

50. Socioeconomic. During construction, job opportunities will be available for the local population.

51. Resettlement. Issues related to resettlement and rehabilitation are discussed in the resettlement framework and plans. 52. Cultural Sites. No archaeological, historical, or culturally important sites are located in the ROW of the alignment for transmission lines and or near substations or powerhouses.

53. Traffic and Transport. During the construction phase, traffic disturbance needs to be minimized by avoiding high density areas, using proper traffic signs, ensuring proper access roads, and avoiding road blockage

B. Environmental Impact of Operation Activities

1. Physical Resources

54. Impact on Topography. No topographical changes are envisaged during the operation phase; existing access routes will be utilized during operation and maintenance. 55. Impact on Climate. The construction of transmission lines, substations, and SHPs will involve some tree removal.

56. Impact on Hydrology. The headwork for SHPs consists of a trench weir for diversion of water to the powerhouse. The operation will not have significant impact. The Project will not have any impact on the water table. Some erosion will take place mainly on the terraces and soil-covered slopes. The terraces are glacio-fluvial in origin and soil is eroded through run-off water. Also along the steep slopes and escarpment, gravity fall of fragmented rock boulders is common.

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57. Imbalances. Tectonically, the project area has undergone three to four phases of deformation. It is located north of the main central thrust, a well-defined tectonic lineament. However, the entire project area is located over a stable area in general. In the stretch of power channel, leakages may cause saturation of debris material, which may result in slope failure. However, no significant damage will be caused by project implementation.

58. Sediments. The project area is characterized by steep slopes covered with soil and thick vegetation. Small nalas are the main source of erosion in the area, as runoff water causes flow of soil and small rock masses from the slopes. Sedimentation is practically insignificant as the stream has sufficient capacity to carry these sediments leading to erosion. During the rainy season, large blocks, boulders, etc. carried from the upper zones often get dumped in the river bed at lower reaches due to changes in gradient or broadening of the river bed. 59. Impact on Air Quality. The Project does not generate any air emissions during operations, and will generate a net environmental benefit by offsetting air emissions from thermal power generation. 60. Impact on Noise. During project operation, noise from the substation and powerhouse operation, and corona noise from the conductors will be felt only up to 15–30 m. The noise generated will not be intense and no major settlements are within 30 m from the proposed sites. Substation areas should be surrounded by walls with a minor sound insulation effect; total noise control will be quite expensive. The other alternative is proper maintenance of the equipment/machines inside the substations so that the ambient noise level meets the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) standard for residential areas—55 audible decibels (dB[A]) during daytime and 45 dB(A) during nighttime—at the boundary of substations. Hence the impact will not be significant. 61. Impact on Surface Water Quality. The operation of the proposed transmission line and SHPs will not have any major impact on the surface and groundwater quality. Transformers free of polychlorinated biphenyl will be used for the substations.

62. Impact on Groundwater Quality. Groundwater pollution can occur if chemical substances and oily waste percolate to the water table. Avoiding spilling at the tower construction site and powerhouse will minimize the chances of leaching construction chemicals to the groundwater. Adequate treatment facilities at substation areas should be provided to avoid groundwater pollution.

63. Impact on Soil and Geology. No impact on soil is expected during the operational phase. Geological impacts are related to damage due to seismic conditions. The area under the Project primarily falls in zone IV—a high damage risk zone. Foundation design of the towers and powerhouses considers the probability of earthquake at the design stage itself.

2. Ecological Resources 64. Impact on Terrestrial Ecology. During the operational phase, clearing of vegetation and trimming of trees along the alignment corridor will be done for maintenance purposes. This will reduce the chance of fires due to electric sparks. As per Table A3.13, approximately 1,142.25 hectares of reserved forest are to be acquired and approximately 331,200 trees will need to be removed. This will require regulatory approval (“forest clearance”) from MOEF. Since the proposed sites for most of the project works are in forest-designated land, forest clearance will be required from the state government. The Department of Forests will receive compensation for

12

the ROW from PTCUL and for compensatory forestry from UJVNL; this will be reported to the state ministry responsible for environment and forests. 65. Terrestrial Fauna. During the operation phase, birds may hit the transmission lines. Deflectors will be added to minimize this risk. 66. Impact on Aquatic Ecology. The proposed transmission line will pass over rivers at many places. No significant impacts on aquatic ecology are envisaged as tower sites near the river will be carefully selected and designed to prevent excess run-off or erosion into the river and disturbing aquatic fauna. Some disturbance will occur during construction of the trench weir for the SHPs, but no commercial fisheries are operating in the project area. The Tankul project in Pithoragarh district is in the Askot Wildlife Sanctuary and will require MOEF permission before work starts.5 3. Human Environment

67. Health and Safety. Health and safety impacts, such as accidents due to electro-cutting, fires and explosions, and exposure to electromagnetic fields along the alignment and at the substation, may occur. Houses will not be allowed within the project ROW. A safety and emergency procedures manual will be developed and kept at the substations. Necessary training regarding safety aspects to the personnel working at the substation and line inspectors will be provided. Personal protective equipment like safety gloves, helmet, and noise protection will be provided during construction and during maintenance work. Priority will be given to maintaining hygienic conditions and good aesthetics at the substations. 68. Socioeconomics. Rural and urban electrification is expected to have beneficial impacts on socioeconomic conditions. Anticipated light industrial development will trigger economic growth. 69. Solid Waste Generation. Solid waste may be generated, such as metal scraps, wooden packing material, and oily waste. Oily waste and scrap will be collected and disposed of in compliance with the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, and applicable regulations and rules.

VI. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

70. A draft environmental management plan (EMP) has been prepared for the Project. The EMP summarizes anticipated impacts, monitoring requirements, and proposed mitigation measures during preconstruction, construction, and operation and maintenance. Detailed site-specific mitigation measures and monitoring plans are being developed for core subprojects; and will be developed for all noncore subprojects. 71. Details of anticipated project impacts and proposed management plan with resources required are given in Table A3.14. A summary of the EMP and environmental mitigation measures and monitoring requirements for each phase is given in Table A3.15. Box A3.1 gives the details provided by PTCUL regarding some important EMP-related queries. Figure 1 shows the institutional organization structure of the various entities within PTCUL and their role vis-à-vis- other government agencies.

5 The Askot sanctuary area has been proposed to be re-defined. If the new demarcation is approved, the Tankul

SHP will be outside of the redefined sanctuary.

13

Figure 1. Institutional Structure for Project Implementation

Ministry of Finance, Department of

Economic Affairs (DEA) of GOI

Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Ministry of Power

(MOP) of GOI; Government of

Uttaranchal (GoUA)

Uttaranchal Pollution Control Board,

Uttaranchal Forest Department

Government of Uttaranchal’s Energy and Irrigation

Department (UEID) (EA)

Asian Development Bank

PTCUL (EA) UJVNL (IA)

PMO/PMU Planning and Design Construction Management Financial Management, Accounting, and Auditing Procurement Contract Management Environmental and Social Safeguards Management

PIU/Field Operations

Construction Supervision and QA/QC Environmental and Social Safeguards Compliance Community Liaison, Public Consultation

Environmental

Management and Social Division

(EMSD) (Project Head)

Environmental Issues Supervision of EMP

Social Issues Social Concerns, Community Development

EA = Executing Agency, IA = Implementing Agency, PIU = project implementation units, PMO = project management office A. Responsibilities for Monitoring 72. PTCUL will be responsible for monitoring construction of transmission lines and substations, and UJVNL will be responsible for monitoring construction of the SHPs. Monitoring is a continuous process at all stages—site selection, construction or maintenance, compliance with construction contracts, state and health of environmental resources, and effectiveness of mitigation measures. PTCUL and UJVNL are establishing project implementation units (PIUs) that will regularly report to ADB. Apart from the site managers reviewing daily progress, regular

14

project review meetings will be held at least monthly to discuss the environmental aspects of the subprojects and remedial measures required. Issues identified will be submitted to the PIU. B. Organization Support System 73. The proposed organization support system in PTCUL and UJVNL for implementation and monitoring of environmental and social management plans follows.

1. Environment Monitoring by PTCUL

74. Corporate. In 2004, PTCUL created a corporate environmental management cell headed by the advisor, general manager (transmission); with an executive engineer as member. PTCUL will upgrade this to an environment management department and then to an environment and social management department. The department will:

(i) advise and coordinate regional headquarters (RHQs) and district headquarters (DHQs) on carrying out environmental and social surveys for new projects;

(ii) help RHQs and DHQs finalize routes of the entire power transmission line considering environmental and social factors that could arise;

(iii) help RHQs and DHQs to follow up with the state forest offices and other state departments in expediting forest clearances and the land acquisition process for various ongoing and new projects;

(iv) act as a focal point for interaction with M0EF to expedite forest clearances and follow-ups with the Ministry of Power; and

(v) provide training to PTCUL’s RHQs and DHQs on environment and social issues and their management plan.

75. Divisional. The environmental and social management team, which includes the head of the division responsible for implementing the environmental and social aspects of the Project, will have the following key functions:

(i) conduct surveys on environmental and social aspects to finalize the route for the power transmission projects,

(ii) conduct surveys for the sites being considered for land acquisition, (iii) interact with the forest departments to make the forest clearance proposal and

follow up for MOEF clearance, (iv) interact with revenue authorities for land acquisition and follow up with authorized

agencies for implementation of the social management plan, (v) implement the EMP and social management plan, and (vi) monitor the EMP and social management plan and produce periodic reports.

76. PTCUL will be well equipped to implement and monitor its environment and social management plans in a phased manner within 3–4 months.

2. Environment Monitoring by UJVNL. 77. Corporate. The UJVNL environmental cell will:

(i) monitor and implement mitigation measures; (ii) prepare and implement environment policy guidelines and environmental good

practices;

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(iii) advise and coordinate regional environmental management cells activity for effective environment management;

(iv) liaise with MOEF and state department of environment, and seek their help to solve environment-related issues of project implementation;

(v) advise project planning cell on environmental and social issues to avoid negative environmental impacts; and

(vi) provide training and build awareness of project staff on environmental and social issues related to hydroelectric projects.

78. Divisional. The divisional environment cells will:

(i) implement environment policy guidelines and environmental good practices at

the sites; (ii) advise on and coordinate field office activity for effective environment

management; (iii) liaise with the state pollution control board and seek their help to solve issues

related to environment monitoring; (iv) carry out environmental and social surveys in conjunction with the project

planning cell to avoid negative environmental impacts; and (v) provide training and awareness to the field offices on environmental and social

issues related to transmission systems and hydroelectric projects.

3. Environmental Assessment and Review Procedures for Subprojects

79. An environmental assessment of each subproject has been or will be undertaken. The scale and characteristics of potential environmental impacts of noncore subprojects, are expected to be similar to those already assessed in this SEIA. IEEs and EIAs have been prepared for core subprojects, and will be prepared for all noncore subprojects, pursuant to the environment category. 80. Subproject Selection Criteria. Specific environment criteria for subprojects include:

(i) transmission lines and substations will not be located within or cross areas of virgin forests, ecologically significant or environmentally sensitive areas such as national parks, nature reserves, or wetlands as designated by MOEF;

(ii) potential environmental impacts associated with initial alignments and locations will be minimized by realignment or selection of alternative sites;

(iii) monuments of cultural or historical importance will be avoided; (iv) clearing of existing forest resources will be avoided where possible, and where

unavoidable will be minimized and compensated according to India regulatory criteria;

(v) an EMP with adequate budget will be developed for each subproject; and (vi) environment category A transmission subprojects will be avoided to the extent

possible. (vii) All additional subprojects will be subject to ADB classification, and any

subprojects deemed “sensitive” will require justification and documentation that anticipated impacts can be effectively mitigated.

81. Application of Selection Criteria. These criteria have been used to select the core subprojects, and will be applied to noncore subprojects. UEID will propose noncore subprojects for ADB concurrence, and IEEs and EIAs will be prepared as appropriate depending on

16

subproject classification. A summary EIA of any category A noncore subprojects will be made available to the general public at least 120 days before subproject approval. 82. Environment Classification. An environment categorization process using the checklist approach in compliance with ADB Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2003, will be applied. Any category A subproject will follow guidelines (para. 88) for full review before implementation. 83. Public Consultations. At least one public consultation will be conducted with local communities and potentially affected people for each category B subproject. Two public consultations will be required for Category A subprojects must be communicated to the local community before construction begins. 84. Responsibilities/Authorities. The PIUs will be responsible for implementation of the entire environmental assessment and review procedures of selecting noncore subprojects, subject to review and concurrence by ADB. This includes ensuring that the EMP is strictly adhered to in a timely and adequate manner, environmental monitoring and institutional requirements are fully met, and public consultations are carried out satisfactorily. The PIUs will submit the categorization checklist, complete rapid environmental assessment checklists, and monitoring reports to ADB for review. ADB will be responsible for regular review and timely approval of subproject checklists and compliance with the EMP for each subproject. ADB will provide technical guidance to the PIUs, if needed; review monitoring reports; and officially disclose subproject compliance with ADB environmental guidelines for selected subprojects on its website. 85. Preparation of Detailed Design. Detailed design work for each additional subproject must follow the recommendations of the draft EMP. To ensure this, the PIUs will evaluate detailed designs before contracts are finalized and will make modifications if necessary. They must provide ADB with certification that detailed designs comply with EMP recommendations before contracts can be finalized. 86. Preparation of Construction Contracts. Early during implementation, model construction contracts will be prepared incorporating general environmental safeguards and practices. Specific individual contracts will be based on the model contracts, but checked by the PIUs to ensure that any special or particular safeguard recommended for the particular subproject is incorporated within the contract. 87. Monitoring during Construction. The PIUs will be responsible for monitoring of compliance with construction contracts, the state and health of the environmental resource, and the effectiveness of mitigation measures. They will report to ADB on a regular basis. 88. Monitoring of Subproject Operations: The draft EMP is formulated to minimize recurrent responsibilities and costs so that staff resources are optimized. The PIUs will be responsible for internal monitoring of EMP implementation, and will forward quarterly progress reports to UEID. The progress reports will note compliance with the principles and matrix set out in the EMP. UEID will submit monitoring reports twice a year to ADB.

4. EMP Budget Costs

89. Table A3.16 gives an illustrative analysis of the three alignments for each of the proposed subprojects. The summary EMP for the project components: transmission systems and SHPs is provided in Table A3.17. A Summary Cost Estimate for EMP implementation is

17

presented in Table 4. Compliance with the EMP for each subproject will be prepared based on optimum and reasonable costs derived from minimizing mitigation measures on a least-cost basis whenever possible. Cost estimate summaries for the implementation of environmental mitigation measures, and monitoring and independent audit costs for core subprojects are provided in Table A3.18.

Table 4: Summary Environmental Management Plan Costs Item

Sub-item

Total Cost (Rs) ($)

A. Transmission System Mitigation Measures As prescribed by the EMP and

EIA 112,250,000 2,592,380

Monitoring Activities 5,500,000 127,020 Independent Audit and Monitoring Agencies

11,425,000 263,860

Contingency 3% contingency 3,875,250 89,500 Subtotal (A) 133,050,250 3,072,760 B. Small Hydro Projects

Mitigation Measures As prescribed by the EMP and EIA

19,102,000 441,155

Monitoring Activities As detailed by the EMP 600,000 13,860 Independent Audit and Monitoring Agencies

200,000 4,620

Contingency 3% contingency 597,060 13,790 Subtotal (B) 20,499,060 473,425 Total 3,546,185 EIA = Environmental impact assessment, EMP = Environmental Management Plan . Note: $1.00 = Rs43.3. Source: Detailed Project Reports from PTCUL and UJVNL.

VII. ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT

90. During the last 5 years, energy demand has increased about 13% faster than gross domestic product. Continued expansion of the energy and electricity supply and delivery infrastructure will enable rapid growth in the agriculture and industry sectors. To meet economic growth targets, electricity supplies will need to grow at substantial rates. The development of natural resource-based generating capacity (hydro) will introduce a greater diversity of sources of electricity supply and with that enhanced security of supply. 91. The Project will minimize the environmental costs of providing the required increase of the state’s power-evacuating capacity. The proposed run-of-river hydropower projects are recognized internationally as the preferred option over fossil fuel plants. An alternative fossil-fueled power plant, i.e., coal or oil, would have a capital cost per kW installed significantly in excess of that of the proposed plant. Energy markets in India are now shifting to least-cost-based economy of operation. Generation costs from thermal plants are expected to increase with escalating costs of fuel and transportation, while generation costs from hydropower plants normally decline every year with respect to the first year tariff; although first year tariffs may be marginally high.

18

92. Small hydro projects as proposed have minimal environmental impacts while providing energy in remote and hilly areas where extension of grid systems is either not possible or is uneconomical. Small hydro projects, especially run-of-the-river projects, are economically viable and environmentally benign, and have relatively short gestation periods. 93. On a national basis, investment in the Project will generate significant benefits. It will (i) serve as a catalyst for Uttaranchal energy development and provide a suitable power trading capacity to the state; (ii) reduce dependence on energy from the national grid, thereby enhancing the state’s balance of payments account; and (iii) enhance the flow of capital into Uttaranchal state, thereby leaving scarce national resources for other projects, while at the same time generating tax revenues for the state government. Economic analyses for the Project indicate an economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of approximately 18%, without environmental benefits. When global greenhouse gas benefits are considered, the EIRR is approximately 26%. The proposed investments are consistent with least-cost expansion planning, and will have positive environmental benefits. Mitigation measures have been built in to the project by design in accordance with Indian regulatory requirements and good engineering and environmental management practices, and therefore are not amenable to least-cost analyses.

VIII. PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND DISCLOSURE

94. The Government must notify the public whenever a power transmission system is being considered for approval (Electricity [Supply] Act of 1948). Details, including the area (villages/towns) through which the system will pass, are be published in daily newspapers of the area to provide information and solicit comments from the public within a stipulated period. This is to allay fears and apprehensions and take note of objections or suggestions to be considered in project site selection. Public consultation is done as a part of social assessment separately to ascertain that the people’s reactions and related issues are covered in the social assessment report. 95. A grievance redressal committee will be set up in each subproject location to provide a forum for discussing all concerns, objections, and grievances of local communities and affected parties. The committee will comprise representatives from local authorities; affected parties; village panchayat; and well-reputed persons from health and education sectors, as mutually agreed with the local authorities. A senior official from the PTCUL and UJVNL region/corporate office will attend. The grievance redressal committee will be locally located and functional to ensure easy access to communities and affected parties, and will meet at least twice a year or when required. UEID will be responsible for disseminating information to committees. 96. This SEIA will be circulated to the ADB Board and published on the ADB website at least 120 days prior to consideration of the Project. This SEIA will be translated into local language(s) and made available to the public. The SEIA will also be published on the PTCUL (www.upcl.org/PTCUL)6 and UJVNL (www.uttaranchaljalvidyut.com) websites. Two rounds of public consultation have been conducted (for SHPs), and PTCUL has conducted public consultations for the transmission line components. The details of the two rounds of public consultation are discussed in Table A3.19. The objectives of the consultation were to

(i) disseminate information on the Project to stakeholders and help them better understand the trade-offs between project benefits and disadvantages;

(ii) help identify key causes of environmental problems;

6 The IEE for the Transmission Component was published on the PTCUL website in February 2005.

19

(iii) gain a better understanding of existing environmental conditions; (iv) help stakeholders contribute meaningfully to project design; (v) gain greater trust with the project proponent and support for the Project; (vi) reduce potential conflicts and substantial delays; (vii) help identify possible alternatives; (viii) help establish a comprehensive EMP by incorporating local input and know-how; (ix) help to determine project programs that fit the needs and priorities of the affected

people; and ensure project sustainability. 97. During the walkover environmental survey of the site, the public was consulted on environment issues and to determine the community’s reaction to the perceived impact of the Project on individuals and communities. During the public consultation process most seemed to be unaware of the Project but said they would be happy if the Project was implemented as it would make the area economically stronger and result in more employment opportunities. They were not bothered about environmental issues, though some people seemed to be concerned about the impact on ecological resources. Discussions were also held with nongovernment organizations and the media regarding their perceptions. They had similar views that the Project should be implemented, but at the same time care should be taken to protect ecological resources. Since the Project is environmentally sensitive in nature, PTCUL conducted more public consultations along the sensitive alignments during its detailed site survey process (Box A4.). 98. Iinformation provided at these consultations was well received. People in the subproject areas, in general, welcomed the Project in terms of the socioeconomic benefits. Most of the issues raised were typical for power transmission line projects—mostly concerned with social and safety issues. The consultations provided an opportunity to inform stakeholders of the nature of the Project, and to clarify certain issues of concern at this early stage. Additional public consultations are proposed (Table A3.20).

IX. CONCLUSIONS

99. Benefits Outweigh Negative Impacts. The Project will improve operational efficiency, quality of power, system reliability, and at the same time reduce losses. Evacuation of power from the region will boost economic development of the area. Overall, the major social and environmental impacts associated with transmission subprojects are limited to the construction period and can be mitigated to an acceptable level by implementing recommended measures and using the best engineering and environmental practices. 100. Impacts are Manageable and Can Be Managed Cost Effectively. Some environmental impacts will result from the Project. Careful mitigation and monitoring, specific subproject selection criteria, and review/assessment procedures for candidate subprojects have been defined to ensure that impacts are minimized. 101. Both PTCUL and UJVNL have completed IEEs and EIAs for core subprojects, but as with all infrastructure projects, precisely predicting the impacts for each subproject is difficult, especially considering that detailed design is not complete. Additional work may be required during the detailed design phase to take into account the unknowns and ensure that appropriate procedures are incorporated as part of the construction works. This will be achieved through the implementation of the EMP.

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102. The IEE and EIA work performed by PTCUL and UJVNL to date is adequate for purposes of project evaluation. Based on the environmental assessment and surveys conducted for the Project, the potential adverse environmental impacts can be mitigated to an acceptable level by adequate implementation of the mitigation measures identified in the IEEs, EIAs, and EMP. Adequate provisions will be made in the Project to cover the environmental mitigation and monitoring requirements, and their associated costs.

Appendix 1

21

THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 1. The environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines, and controls that may impact this Project are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. The principal environment regulatory agency in India, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF), formulates environment policies and accords environmental clearances for projects (Table A1.1). Important environmental legislation in India includes

(i) Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, amended in 1991; (ii) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1975, amended in 1988; (iii) Forest (Conservation) Act 1980, amended in 1988 (iv) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981, amended in 1987; (v) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, amended in 1993; (vi) Environmental Clearance Notification, 1994; (vii) National Environmental Appellate Authority Act, 1997; (viii) National Forest Policy, 1988; (ix) Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000; (x) Ministry of Environment and Forest, Guidelines for EIA for River Valley Projects;

and (xi) National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation for Project Affected Families

2003, Ministry of Rural Development (MORD) (2004);

Table A1.1: Key Environmental Legislation Name Scope and Objective Key Areas Operational

Agencies/Key Players Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974)

Provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and enhance the quality of water

Controls sewage and industrial effluent discharges

Central and state pollution control board

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981)

Provide for the prevention and control of air pollution

Controls emissions of air pollutants

Central and state pollution control boards

Forest Act, 1927 Consolidate acquisition of common property such as forests

Regulates access to natural resources, state has a monopoly right over land, categorizes forests

State government, forest settlement officers

Forest Conservation Act, 1980

Halt India’s rapid deforestation and resulting environmental degradation

Restriction on de-reservation and using forest for non-forest purpose

Central government

Wildlife Protection Act, 1980

Protect wildlife Creates protected areas (national parks, sanctuaries) categories of wildlife protected

Wildlife advisory boards; central zoo authorities

Environment Protection Act, 1986

Provide for the protection and improvement of the environment

An umbrella legislation; supplement laws

Central government nodal agency MOEF; can delegate powers to state department of Environment

2. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) published ambient air quality standards on 11 April 1994 (Table A1.2)

Appendix 1

22

Table A1.2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards Concentration (microgram/m3)

Pollutant

Time

Industrial Area Residential, Rural and Other Areas

Sensitive Area

Sulphur Dioxide Annual Average 24 hours

80.00 120.00

60.00 80.00

15.00 30.00

Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2

Annual Average 24 hours

80.00 120.00

60.00 80.00

15.00 30.00

Suspended Particulate Matter

Annual Average 24 hours

360.00 500.00

140.00 200.00

70.00 100.00

Respirable Particulate Matter

Annual Average 24 hours

120.00 150.00

60.00 100.00

50.00 75.00

Lead Annual Average 24 hours

1.00 1.50

0.75 1.00

0.50 0.75

Carbon Monoxide 8 hours I hour

5,000.00 10,000.00

2,000.00 4,000.00

1,000.00 2,000.00

G = gram, m3 = cubic meter, NO2 = nitrogen dioxide Source: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).

Table A1.3: Ambient Status of Air Quality Annual Mean Concentration Range (microgram/m3) Industrial Residential

Pollution Level SO2 & NOx SPM SO2 & NOx SPM Low 0–40 0–180 0–30 0–70 Moderate 40–80 180–360 30–60 70–140 High 80–120 360–540 60–90 140–210 Critical >120 >540 >90 >210 m3 = microgram, NOx = nitrogen oxides, SO2= sulphur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter Source: Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), New Delhi. 3. MOEF published ambient noise level standards via gazette notification (26 December 1989) and in schedule III of the Environmental Protection Rules 1986. It is based on the A-weighted equivalent nose level (Table A1.4).

Table A1.4: National Ambient Noise Standards LEQ in dB(A)

Category of Zones Day a Night Industrial 75 70 Commercial 65 55 Residential 55 45 Silence Zoneb 50 40 a Day time is from 6 AM to 9 PM) b Silence Zone is defined as an area upto 100m around premises of Hospitals, Educational Institutions, and Courts.

Use of vehicle horn, loudspeaker and bursting of crackers is banned in these zones. Source : Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) . 4. The expected noise level of construction equipment is given in Table A1.5.

Table A1.5: Expected Noise Emissions No. Machine dB (A) 1 Compactor 81–85 2 DG Set 80–110 3 Dozer 80–85 4 Drilling Machine 120–130 5 Dump Truck 80–90 6 Face Shovel 80–90

Appendix 1

23

No. Machine dB (A) 7 Grouting m/c 100–120 8 Motor Scraper 85–95 9 Pumps 80–100 dB(A) = decibel audible Source: US Environmental Protection Agency, Noise from Construction Equipment and Operations. 5. Effluent Discharge Standards. The Environmental Protection Rules (1993) stipulate standards for discharge of environmental pollutants from industries, operations, or processes; this is to protect and improve the environment and prevent and abate environmental pollution. Table A1.6 summarizes general standards for discharge effluent in Indian surface water bodies.

Table A1.6: Effluent Discharge Standards (Inland Surface Water) Parameter Units Standards

1 Color and Odor All efforts should be made to remove color and unpleasant odor as far as practicable.

2. Suspended Solids, max. mg/l 100 3. Particulate Size of Suspended Solids Shall pass 850 micron IS Sieve 4. pH Value 5.5 to 9.0 5. Temperature, max. oC Shall not exceed 5oC above the receiving water

temperature 6. Oil and Grease, max. mg/l 10.00 7. Total Residue Chlorine, max. mg/l 1.00 8. Ammonical Nitrogen (as N), max. mg/l 50.00 9. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (as N), max. mg/l 100.00 10. Free Ammonia as (NH3), max. mg/l 5 11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days at

20 oC), max. mg/l 30

12. Chemical Oxygen Demand, max. mg/l 250.00 13. Arsenic (as As), max. mg/l 0.20 14. Mercury (as Hg), max. mg/l 0.01 15. Lead (as Pb), max. mg/l 0.10 16. Cadmium (as Cd), max. mg/l 2.00 17. Hexavalent Chromium (as Cr+6), max. mg/l 0.10 18. Total Chromium (as Cr) max. mg/l 2.00 19. Copper (as Cu), max. mg/l 3.00 20. Zinc (as Zn), max. mg/l 5.00 21. Selenium (as Se), max. mg/l 0.05 22. Nickel (as Ni), max. mg/l 3.00 23. Cyanide (as CN), max. mg/l 0.20 24. Florides as F, max. mg/l 2.00 25. Dissolved Phosphates (as P), max. mg/l 5.00 26. Sulphides (as S), max. mg/l 2.00 27. Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH),

max. mg/l 1.00

28. Radioactive Materials � emitters, �curie/ml, max. � Emitters, �curie/ml, max.

10-7

10-6 29. Bioassay test 90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100%

effluent 30. Manganese (as Mn) mg/l 2.00 31. Iron (as Fe) mg/l 3.00 32. Vanadium (as V) mg/l 0.20 33. Nitrate Nitrogen mg/l 10.00

Appendix 1

24

As = Arsenic , oC = degree centigrade, Cd = cadmium, C6H5OH = phenol, CN = cyanide, Cr = chromium, Cr+6 = hexavalent chromium, Cu = Copper, F = Fluorides, Fe = Iron, Hg = Mercury, IS = Indian Standard, mg/l = milligrams per liter , Mn = Manganese, N = Kjeldahl Nitrogen, NH3 = Free Ammonia, Ni = Nickel, P = Dissolved Phosphates, Pb = Lead, S = Sulphides, Se = Selenium, V = Vanadium, Zn = Zinc Source: Bureau of Indian Standards 6. To determine and categorize existing water quality, the results of the analysis of water quality need to be compared with water quality standards given in Table A1.7.

Table A1.7: Tolerance Limits for Inland Surface Water Quality Characteristic Designated Use Class of Indian Waters A B C D E pH Value 6.5–8.5 6.5–8.5 6.5–8.5 6.5–8.5 6.0–8.5 Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l, min 6 5 4 4 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days at 20 oC), mg/l 2 3 3 Total Coliform Organisms, MPN/100 ml max. 50 500 5,000 Color Hazen Units 10 300 300 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l, max. 250 600 600 Sodium Adsorption Ratio max 26 Boron (as B), mg/l, max 2 Sulphates (as SO4), max 400 400 1000 Nitrates (as NO), mg/l max. 20 50 Conductivity at 25oC µOhm/cm max 1000 2250 Arsenic (as As), max. 0.05 0.2 0.2 Iron (as Fe), mg/l 0.3 50 Flourides (as F), mg/l 1.5 1.5 1.5 Lead (as Pb), mg/l. 0.1 0.1 Copper (as Cu), mg/l 1.5 1.5 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l 1.5 1.5 Manganese (as Mn) 0.5 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 1,500 2100 Total Hardness (CaCO3), mg/l 300 Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l 100 Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l 250 600 600 Cyanides (as CN), mg/l 0.05 0.05 0.05 As = Arsenic, B = Boron, oC =, CaCO3 =,CI = Chlorides, CN = Cyanides, Cu = Copper, F = Flourides, Fe = Iron, Mg = Magnesium, mg/l = milligrams per liter , Mn = Manganese, MPN = , NO = Nitrates, Pb = Lead, pH = , SO4 = Sulphates, Zn = Zinc Notes: A = Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfections. B = Outdoor bathing organized. C = Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfections. D = Propagation of wildlife and fisheries. E = Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal. Source: Bureau of Indian Standards 7. The National Electricity Policy1 identifies key issues surrounding hydropower generation as follows:

(i) Hydroelectricity is a clean and renewable source of energy. Maximum emphasis would be laid on the full development of the feasible hydro potential in the country. The 50,000 MW hydro initiative has been already launched and is being vigorously pursued with Detailed Project Reports (DPR) for projects of 33,000 MW capacity already under preparation.

1 Ministry of Power, Government of India. 2005. The Gazette of India. Resolution No. 23/40/2004-R&R (Vol. 1).

Delhi, 12 February.

Appendix 1

25

(ii) Harnessing hydro potential speedily will also facilitate economic development of States, particularly North-Eastern States, Sikkim, Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh and J&K, since a large proportion of our hydropower potential is located in these States. The States with hydro potential need to focus on the full development of these potentials at the earliest.

(iii) Hydel projects call for comparatively larger capital investment. Therefore, debt financing of longer tenure would need to be made available for hydro projects. Central Government is committed to policies that ensure financing of viable hydro projects.

(iv) State Governments need to review procedures for land acquisition, and other approvals/clearances for speedy implementation for hydroelectric projects.

(v) The Central Government will support the State Governments for expeditious development of their hydroelectric projects by offering services of Central Public Sector Undertakings like National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC).

(vi) Proper implementation of National Policy on Rehabilitation and Resettlement (R&R) would be essential in this regard so as to ensure that the concerns of project-affected families are addressed adequately.

(vii) Adequate safeguards for environmental protection with suitable mechanism for monitoring of implementation of Environmental Action Plan and R&R Schemes will be put in place.

26 Appendix 2

UTTARANCHAL POWER SECTOR DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: INTEGRATED GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION EXPANSION PLAN1

Transmission Component Substation Component Associated Hydro Project (not financed by ADB except as noted)

Project (400 kV except as noted)

Date of Completion

Cost ($ M)

Substation Date of Completion Cost ($ M)

Project [Owner] Capacity (MW)

Date of Completion

Alaknanda Basin Lata Tapovan-Kunwari

Pass (132 kV line) 03/2009 3.2 Kunwari Pass 400

kV (Pooling station cum feeder)

03/2009 11.9 Lata-Tapovan [NTPC] 3 X 36 2010

Tapovan Vishnugad-Kunwari Pass

03/2009 7.7 - - Tapovan Vishnugad [NTPC]

4 X 130 2010

Kunwari Pass-Srinagar 03/2009 24.0 Srinagar 400 kV (Pooling station cum

feeder)

03/2009 11.3 N/A -

Srinagar PH-Srinagar S/s

03/2009 4.8 - - Srinagar [TATA] 330 -

Bhinderganga-Kunwari Pass (132 kV)

03/2011 3.3 - - Bhinderganga [UJVNL]

15 -

LILO of Bhinderganga-Kunwari Pass at Pulana

06/2011 3.2 - - Pulana [UJVNL] 13 -

Baranvara-Srinagar 03/2009 3.2 Baranvara 132 kV - Site selection under

progress

03/2009 0.0 SHP in Baranvara Area [UJVNL]

Kunwari Pass-Karanprayag

03/2009 17.9 Karanprayag 400 kV (Pooling station cum

feeder)

03/2009 10.7 - -

LILO of Kunwari Pass-Karanprayag-Vishnugad

03/2009 1.3 - - Vishnugad Pipal Koti [THDC]

420 2012

Bawlanandprayag-Karanprayag (132 kV)

03/2009 1.6 Karanprayag 400 kV (Pooling station cum

feeder)

- Bawlanandprayag [UJVNL]

132 2011

132 KV DC Malkhet-Karanprayag

03/2009 3.6 Melkhet 132 kV 03/2009 Rishiganga [UJVNL] 8.25 10/2008

Banala [UJVNL] 10 1ADB funded components are shaded.

Appendix 2 27

Appendix 227

Transmission Component Substation Component Associated Hydro Project (not financed by ADB except as noted)

Project (400 kV except as noted)

Date of Completion

Cost ($ M)

Substation Date of Completion Cost ($ M)

Project [Owner] Capacity (MW)

Date of Completion

Devoli [UJVNL] 10

Malkhet [UJVNL], 15

Alaknanda I [UJVNL] 15

Alaknanda II [UJVNL] 10

SHP (ADB) Madhyamaheswar * [UJVNL]

9 10/2008

Kaliganga I * [UJVNL] 4.6

Kaliganga II * [UJVNL] 6

Tankul * [UJVNL] 7.8

400 KV DC Karanprayag-Almora

03/2009 28.1 Almora 03/2009 11.2 [Vishnugad Pipalkoti and

Bawlanandprayag]

-

Almora-Rampur 03/2009 21.6 Rampur (PGCIL) 03/2009

400 KV SC Srinagar-Kashipur

03/2009 33.3 - - [Alaknanda large HPPs]

-

Bagirathi Basin Lohari Nagpala-

Koteshwar 06/2008 29.4 Koteshwar (Pooling

station cum feeder) 03/2008 Lohari Nagpala

[NTPC] 4 X 150

MW 2010

LILO of Lohari Nagpala-Koteshwar at Palamaneri

12/2008 1.3 - - Pala Maneri [UJVNL 416]

416 MW 03/2009

Kothlibhal-Roorkee 03/2009 14.3 - - Kothlibhal [NHPC] 815 MW 2012 Roorkee 400 to 220 kV

(5 km) 03/2009 0.5 Roorkee (400 kV) 03/2009 10.8

Roorkee-Saharanpur 03/2009 8.0 Saharanpur 03/2009 - -

SHP (ADB) Bilangna II * [UJVNL]

4.5

Kaldigad * [UJVNL]

6.0

RMU (ADB) Maneri I * (Tiloth) RMU

Mohammadpur RMU

28 Appendix 2

Transmission Component Substation Component Associated Hydro Project (not financed by ADB except as noted)

Project (400 kV except as noted)

Date of Completion

Cost ($ M)

Substation Date of Completion Cost ($ M)

Project [Owner] Capacity (MW)

Date of Completion

Pathri RMU Yamuna-Tons Basin

Arakot Tuni (LILO) - Khodri line (132 kV)

12/2010 0.4 Khodri (existing) - Arakot Tuni [UJVNL] 70 03/2010

Hanol Tuni-Khodri (132 kV)

03/2010 11.2 Khodri (existing) - Hanol Tuni [UJVNL] 45 DPR under preparation

LILO at Tuni Palasu of Hanol Tuni-Khodri line

(132 kV)

12/2010 0.4 Khodri (existing) - Tuni Palasu [UJVNL] 42 03/2011

132 KV DC Morie-Barkot

06/2008 4.0 Mori Substation (132 kV)

03/2009 1.9 Devori Mori [UJVNL]

27 10/2008

Gangani [UJVNL]

8

Rupin [UJVNL]

15

Mori-Hanol [UJVNL]

27

Supin [UJVNL]

11.2

Barkot [UJVNL]

30

Siana-Chatti [UJVNL]

45

132 KV DC Barkot-Khodri

06/2008 33.3 Barkot Substation (132 kV)

03/2009 2.0 Hanuman Chatti [UJVNL]

33 10/2008

To be determined To be determined Kishau

600 2013

To be determined To be determined Lakhwar

300 DPR stage

To be determined To be determined Vyasi

120 DPR stage

Khodri RMU

Dakhrani RMU

Dhalipur RMU

Kulhal RMU

Appendix 3 29

Figure A3.1: Land Use

LAND USE PATTERN OF UTTARANCHAL

64%

4%

12 %

3%1%

6%

6% 4%

Non-Agricultural 3%Net Sown Area 12 %Misc. Trees 4%Forest 64%Culturable Waste 6%Pastures 4%Unculturable Waste 6%Other Fallow 1%

Table A3.1: Ownership Distribution of Forests (square kilometers)

Forest Area under District Total RF CS VP

Total Area under Forests Forest as % of Total

Almora 5,385 1,491 1,821 628 3,940 73.17 Pithoragarh 8,856 181 1,210 714 2,105 23.77 Nainital 6,792 3,563 192 208 3,963 58.35 Pauri 5,440 2,469 1,806 376 4,651 85.50 Chamoli 9,125 3,705 1,043 521 5,269 57.74 Tehri 4,421 2,649 871 0 3,520 79.62 Dehradun 3,088 1,496 516 0 2,012 65.16 Uttarkashi 8,016 6,955 148 0 7,103 88.61 Total 51,123 22,509 7,607 2,447 32,563 63.70 % 100 69.12 23.36 7.51 63.70 CS = civil and soyam, RF = reserve, VP = van panchayat. Source: Uttaranchal Government Statistics.

30 Appendix 3

Table A3.2: Wildlife Wildlife National Park (i) Number 6 (ii) Area ( 4,083 Wildlife Sanctuary (i) Number 6 (ii) Area (km2) 2,396 Important Wild Animals (i) Tiger (number) 245 (ii) Leopard (number) 2,090 (iii) Elephant (number) 1,391 (iv) Chital (number) 35,000 (v) Musk Dear (number) 160 (vi) Himalayan Black Bear (number) 37

Source: Uttaranchal Government Statistics

Table A3.3: Main Workers by District

Main Workers in Uttaranchal District Total Population Total Workers Main Workers /T/R/U P M F P M F P M FUttaranchal Total 8,483,355 4,321,041 4,162,314 3,133,281 2,005,858 1,127,423 2,323,518 1,647,759 675,759Rural 6,312,415 3,146,031 3,166,384 2,501,791 1,446,825 1,054,966 1,752,827 1,135,357 617,470Urban 2,170,940 1,175,010 995,930 631,490 559,033 72,457 570,691 512,402 58,289

Main Workers in Uttaranchal (Continued)

District Cultivators Agricultural Labourers Household Industries Other Workers /T/R/U P M F P M F P M F P M FUttaranchal Total 1,559,415 685,921 873,494 258,752 190,836 67,916 69,996 42,964 27,032 1245,118 1,086,137 158,981Rural 1,544,824 676,240 868,584 243,877 178,618 65,259 51,808 30,016 21,792 661,282 561,951 99,331Urban 14,591 9,681 4,910 14,875 12,218 2,657 18,188 12,948 5,240 583,836 524,186 59,650F = female, M = male, P = total population Source: Census of India, 2001.

Appendix 3 31

Table A3.4: Electricity Consumption and Water Supply

Electricity Consumption (’000 kWH) Unit Total (i) Domestic ’000 kWH 1,084,038 (ii) Commercial ’000 kWH 277,983 (iii) Industrial ’000 kWH 546,167 (iv) Street Lighting ’000 kWH 23,986 (v) Agriculture ’000 kWH 369,137 (vi) Water Works/ Waste Disposal ’000 kWH 162,566 Rural Electrification Electrified Villages No. 12,863 Electrified SC Settlements No. 9,521 Energized Pump Set/ Tube Well No. 17,007 Drinking Water Supply Villages Covered No. 15,403 Population Covered No. 5,150,000 Scarcity Villages No. 34 Scarcity Hamlet (i) Not Covered No. 51

(ii) Partially Covered No. 550 kWH = kilowatt-hour Source: Uttaranchal Govt 2002-03 statistical reports

Table A3.5: Water Quality in River Basins Along Proposed Transmission Lines

Parameters BIS Limit (Drinking Water)

Bhagirathi River near Gangotri

Tons River near Tuini village

Alaknanda River near Badrinath

Sharada River

Appearance Colorless Colorless Colorless Odor Unobjectionable Odorless Odorless pH 6.5-8.5 7.8 7.70 7.80 Total Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 500 54 114.0 110 Hardness (mg/l) 300 30 60 50 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 10.2 9.5 Biological Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 1.0 5.0 4.0 Chemical Oxygen Demand (mg/l) 4.0 60.0 4.0 Nitrates (mg/l) 45 0.013 1.5 0.12 Sodium (mg / l) - 4.0 6.0 0.5 Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (mg/l) 1.6 1.5 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 200 8 55 10 Sulphates (mg/l) 200 1.6 9.8 1.8

32 Appendix 3

Calcium (mg/l) 5 4 Magnesium (mg/l) 30 28 Chlorides (mg/l) 250 10 5 12 Fecal Coliforms (mph/100 ml) Nil 377 mph/100ml 4 mpn/100 ml 258 mph/97 ml Total Coliforms (mph/100 ml) Nil 17,500 mph/100ml 23 mpn/100 ml 18,400 mph/99 ml Turbidity (NTU) 5 11.0 9.0 BIS = Bureau of Indian Standards, mg/l = milligrams per liter, ml = milliliter, mpn = most probable number, NTU = normal turbidity units Source: UJVNL

Table A 3.6: Water Sample Analysis Collected from the Six Small Hydropower Plants in the Project Area

Parameter Kaldigad Madhyamaheshwar Kaliganga I Kaliganga II Tankul BhilanganaLimits IS 10500:1991

Desirable Permissible Odor Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Unobjectionable NS PH 7.8 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.7 7.5 6.5 - 7.5 No relaxation Turbidity NTU 13 15 15 15 12 17 5 NS Total Solids 81 115 115 115 78 103 NS NS Total Dissolved Solids 69 105 105 105 62 87 500 2000 Chlorides as Cl 4 6 6 6 8 10 250 1000

Hardness as CaCO3 30 65 68 67 74 66 300 600 Sulphate SO4 35 7.5 7.5 7.5 5 7 200 400 Nitrate NO3 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 7 9 45 100 Total Alkalinity 16 42 43 40 31 45 200 600 Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) 25 20 20 20 17 21 NIL NIL Fecal Coliform (MPN/100ml) 5 2 2 2 1 2 NIL NIL CaCO3 = calcium carbonate, CI = chloride, IS = Indian Standard, ml = milliliter, MPN = most probable number, NS = no standard, NO3 = Nitrate, NTU = normal turbidity unit, SO4 =Sulphate Source: Data was collected from the various EIA reports by RITES, WRDTC Roorkee, IPPs and other relevant sources available.

Appendix 3 33

Table A3.7: Ambient Air Quality at Six Small Hydropower Plants in the Project Area (microgram per cubic meter)

Project Site SO2 NOx SPM Kaldigad BDL 5 63 Madhyamaheshwar BDL 6 78 Kaliganga I BDL 5 69 Kaliganga II BDL 6 62 Tankul BDL 6 93 Bhilngna 1 6 90

BDL = below detection limit, NOx = nitrogen oxides, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, SPM = suspended particulate matter Note: Data is for winter season. Source: The data has been collected from the various EIA reports by RITES, WRDTC Roorkee, and IPPs.

Table A3.8: Air Quality in River Basins

Parameter Particulars (max.) SOx NOx RPM SPM Bhagirathi River at Pala Maneri Dam Site 20.6.03 BDL 9 40 102 Colony Site 27.06.03 BDL 6 22 48 Power House Site 26.06.03 BDL 5 22 58 NOx = nitrogen oxides, SO2 = sulfur dioxide, RPM = respirable particulate matter, SPM = suspended particulate matter Source: The data has been collected from the various EIA reports by RITES, WRDTC Roorkee, IPPs and other relevant sources available.

Table A 3.9: Noise Quality in River Basins

Parameter

Particulars (max.)

Dam Site

Power House

Colony Site

Muck Removal from Dam, Tunnels etc.

Bhagirathi River at Pala Maneri 1600 hrs 59.4 61.2 56.4 2.1 million m3 Alaknanda River at Srinagar 1400 hrs 49.8 53.2 45.4 m3 = cubic meter Source: The data has been collected from the various EIA reports by RITES, WRDTC Roorkee, IPPs and other relevant sources available.

34 Appendix 3

Table A3.10: Aquatic and Fish Life Data

Hydropower site

Fish Ladder for

Migration

Stocking of Fish (up/down stream)

Catch Data

% of Water Availability on Downstream

Discharge from

adjoining colonies Pala Maneri None Yes Are being collected Minimum 2 m3/ sec

Negligible

Srinagar None None Are being collected Minimum 3 m3/ sec

Negligible

m3 /sec = cubic meters per second Source: EIA Report for Pala Maneri Hydropower Project, PTCUL

Table A3.11: Salient Features of Transmission Lines and Substations

No

Name of Work

Details

Environmental Settings around

Study Area

Terrain

Agriculture/Forest

Route

Forest Type

River, Train, Transmission Line

1 400 kV DC Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar line

DC, 90 km Bhagirathi River, Uttarkashi,. Tehri, Pala Maneri

Hilly (100%)

Fauna and reserve/social forest (Sal)

Lambgaon, Tehri River crossing

2 LILO 400 kV Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar line at Pala Maneri

8 km Bhagirathi River, Uttarkashi

Hilly (100%)

Fauna and social forest (pine)

Maneri

3 400 kV DC Kotibhal Roorkee line

DC, 114 km

Vyasi, Rishikesh, Hardwar, Rajaji National Park (20 kms)

Hilly (83%), plain (17%)

Agriculture: 26%, Fauna: present

Pauri/Tehri/ Dehradun/Haridwar

Rajaji National Park (20 kms)

Railway crossing River crossing Transmission line

4 400 kV DC Tapovan Kuwari pass line

DC, 10.5 kms

Joshimath R.F. Hilly (100%)

Agriculture (90%) Joshimath, Vishnugadh, Tapovan

Social and reserve forest

River

5 400 kV DC Kuwari pass Srinagar line

DC, 125 km

Alaknanda River. Dhanpur, Nandprayag and Joshimath R.F.

Hilly (90%) Plain (10%)

Agriculture (10%) Chamoli, Rudraprayag, Pauri

Reserve, social forest

River crossing Transmission line crossing

6 400 kV DC Kuwari pass Karanparayag line

DC, 65 km Alaknanda River. Sunala, Nandprayag and Joshimath R.F.

Hilly (100%)

Chamoli, Rudraprayag

Reserve, social forest

River crossing Transmission line crossing

7 400 kV DC Srinagar PH-400 KV Srinagar S/s line

DC, 6 km Pauri Hilly (80%), plain (20%)

Agriculture: 15%, Fauna: present

Kirtinagar Reserve Forest

River crossing Transmission line crossing

8 132 kV DC Baranvara- DC, 66 km Alaknanda and Hilly Agriculture (30%) Rudraprayag, Pauri Reserve, River crossing

Appendix 3 35

No

Name of Work

Details

Environmental Settings around

Study Area

Terrain

Agriculture/Forest

Route

Forest Type

River, Train, Transmission Line

Srinagar line Mandakini River. Manikanth and Pharasu R.F. mostly dense pine.

(100%) social forest

9 132 kV DC Lata Tapovan Kuwari pass line

DC,21 km Joshimath R.F. Nanda Devi National Park

Hilly (100%)

Agriculture (35%) Vishnugad, Joshimath, Tapovan

Social and reserve forest

River crossing

10 132 kV DC Karanprayag Bawla Nandprayag line

DC, 20 km Rudraprayag, Fairly mix dense jungle

Hilly (100%)

Agriculture (95%) Nandprayag, karanprayag, Simli

Social and reserve forest - Devdar

River crossing

11 132 kV DC Bhinderganga-Kuwari pass line

DC, 10 km Chamoli, Nanda Devi National Park

Hilly (100%)

Agriculture (10%) Vishnugad, Joshimath

Social and reserve forest - Devdar

River crossing

12 LILO 400 kV Kuwari pass Karanparayag line at Vishnugad (Pipalkoti)

2 x 5 km Chamoli Hilly (100%)

Agriculture (25%) Pipalkoti Social and reserve forest

River crossing

13 LILO 132 kV DC Bhinderganga-Kuwari pass line at Pulana

2 km Urgam R.F., Chamoli Hilly (100%)

Reserve forest - Devdar

14 400 kV SC Srinagar Kashipur line

SC, 230 km

Nagdeo R.F. Hilly (80%) Plain (20%)

Agriculture (15%) Pauri Reserve, social forest

River crossing Transmission line crossing

15 400 kV DC Karanprayag Almora line

DC, 86 km Pindar and Nalgaon River. Pindarpar R.F.

Hilly (100%)

Agriculture (20%) Gairsain, Ranikhet, Simli

Social and reserve forest

River crossing

16 220 kV DC Roorkee to Roorke Line

DC 35 km Forest

17 132 kV Hanol Tuni – Khodro Line

DC 80 km

18 LILO 132 kV Hanol Tuinikhodri line at Arakot Tuni

2 x 5 km -

19 132 kV DC Barkot-Khodri line

DC, 100 km

Yamuna River. Kuwa R.F.

20 132 kV DC Mori Barkot line DC, 50 km Rateri R.F. Mixed dense forest mainly pine.

21 132 kV DC Karanprayag Malket line

DC, 61 km Pindar River. Nalgaon, and Pindarpar R.F.

Hilly (100%)

Agriculture (15%) Therali, Guwaldum Social and reserve forest -

River crossing

36 Appendix 3

No

Name of Work

Details

Environmental Settings around

Study Area

Terrain

Agriculture/Forest

Route

Forest Type

River, Train, Transmission Line

Devdar Sub-Stations Size of

SS Features Drainage Resettlement Agriculture

1 400 kV S/s Simli (Karanprayag)

2 x 240 MVA

8 hectares of barren land, 8 km to Karanprayag

Irrigation facility

No resettlement/PAP

2 400 kV S/s Almora 2 x 315 MVA

10 hectares of hilly land, 4 km from Almora Town

No irrigation

14 families resettlement

Agriculture land – wheat and rice

3 400 kV S/s Srinagar 2 x 240 MVA

16 hectares of plain land, 7 km to Srinagar town

No irrigation

No resettlement/PAP

Government land

4 132 kV S/s Barkot 2 x 40 MVA

2 hectares of land, 4 km from Barkot town

Not effected, rain

Small resettlement Agriculture

5 132 kV S/s Mori 2 x 40 MVA

2 hectares of land, 2 km from Morie Town

Canal Very less resettlement

Agriculture, rice, wheat

6 400 kV S/s Kuwari pass 2 x 240 MVA

8 hectares of hilly Land, 12 km from Gorang village

Canal Moderate resettlement

Agriculture

7 132 kV S/s Baranwara 2 x 40 MVA

1.5 hectares of hilly private land

Medium resettlement

Agriculture – wheat, rice

8 132 kV S/s Malhet 2 x 40 MVA

2 hectares of hilly land - Very less resettlement

Barren but small agricuture

Total DC = double circuit, kV = kilovolt, km = Kilometre, MVA = Million volt-ampere, SC = single circuit, S/s = substation Source: PTCU EIA report

Table A3.12: Salient Features of Small Hydroelectric Projects

Item Kaliganga -I Kaliganga -II Bhilangna Madhyamaheshwar Tankul Kaldigad Capacity 2 x 2300 KW 2 x 3000 KW 2 x 2250 KW 2 x 2800 KW 2 x 3900 KW 2 x 3000 KW Location/ District 79o04’38” E and

79o04’49” E longitude and 30o37’25” N and 30o36’05” N latitude. District :Rudraprayag

79o04’50” E and 79o05’10” E longitude and 30o35’30” N and 30o34’20” N latitude. District: Rudraprayag

District: Tehri Between 79o06’55” E and 79o05’40” E longitude and 30o32’55” N and 30o31’50” N latitude District: Rudraprayag

District Pithoragarh

District : Uttarkashi

Nearest rail station/main city

Rishikesh, 194 km Rishikesh, 194 km Dehradun, 110 km

Rishikesh, 175 km Haldwani Rishikesh, 145 km

Appendix 3 37

Type of project Run of the river with trench-type weir.

Run of the river with trench-type weir.

Run of the river with trench-type weir.

Run of the river with trench-type weir.

Run-off the river with trench-type weir.

Run of the river with trench-type weir.

Climate Temperature range: 0o–34oC. Humidity max:70%

Temperature range: 0o–34oC. Humidity max: 70%

Temperature range: 0o–32oC

Temperature range: 5.5°–8°C.

The weather is cold in winter and pleasant in summer.

Land Use Forest: 78.66%, Cultivable land: 13.06% Barren: 5.75% Settlements: 2.53%.

Forest: 52.55%, Cultivable land: 25.15% Barren: 14.95% Settlements: 7.35%

Forest: 58.54% Cultivable land: 30.83% Barren and settlements : 10.62%

Forest: 39.43% Cultivable land: 40.76% Barren: 14.35% Settlements: 5.36%

Forest: 70.50%, Cultivable land: 20.72% Barren and settlements: 8.78%

Forest – 88%

Catchment Area 33 km2 120 km2 343 km2. 240 km2. 35 km2 Hydrology Kaliganga is a

tributary of Mandakini river. In lower 10 km before its’ confluence with Mandakini it descends from about 2,000 m MSL to 1,100 m with steep gradient of the bed.

Bhilangna is a perennial stream emanating from Gangotri group of glaciers.

Madhyamaheswar Ganga is a tributary of Mandakini river that originates from glaciers The river drops about 180 m within its’ last 8 km stretch. The river has perennial snow cover in the upper regions.

Shyamkholagad is a perennial stream and located at an average elevation of 1,800 m above MSL. The discharge of the river is mainly due to snow melt and groundwater throughout the year except for rainy season.

Socioeconomic Profile Males: 48.18% Females: 51.82

Males: 48.18% Females: 51.82

Males: 52.5% Females: 47.5%.

Males: 50.3% Females: 50%.

Males: 52.0% Females: 48.0%.

Males: 52.0% Females: 48.0%.

Farmers: 49% Laborers: 20%, Service: 15%

Farmers: 49% Laborers: 20%, Service: 15%

Farmers: 57.8% Laborers: 20%, Service: 14%

Farmers: 50% Laborers: 20% Service: 15%

Farmers: 46% Laborers: 34%

Farmers: 46% Laborers: 34%,

Average household size is 5–9.

Average household size is 5-9.

Average household size is 5–10.

Average household size is 5–9.

Literacy: 29.14% for males and 11.03% for females.

Literacy: 29.14% for males and 11.03% for females

Literacy: 38.0% for males

Literacy: 36.40% for males and 17.13% for females

Literacy: 58.0% for males and 47% for females.

Overall literacy is 66.58% with female literacy of approximately 47%.

38 Appendix 3

Archaeological/Historical site

Not present Not present Not present Not present Not present Not present

oC = degree centigrade, km = kilometer, km2 = square kilometer, MSL = mean sea level Source: UJVNL

Table A3.13: Extent of Tree Removal

No. Name of Work Approximate Forest Land

Approximate Length of Forest (Line Length) in

km

Approximate Number of Trees

1 400 kV DC Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar Line 345000 m2 75 km (90 km) 28,000 2 LILO 400 kV Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar Line at Pala Maneri 138,000 m2 3 km (8 km) 609 3 400 kV DC Kotibhal Roorkee Line 3772,000 m2 82 km (114 km) 17,475 4 400 kV DC Tapovan Kuwari Pass Line 115,000 m2 2.5 km (10 km) 15 5 400 kV DC Kuwari Pass Srinagar Line 4,830,000 m2 10.5 km (12.5 km) 9,250 6 400 kV DC Kuwari Pass Karanparayag Line 2,392,000 m2 52 km (65 km) 7355 7 400 kV DC Srinagar PH-400 KV Srinagar S/s Line 2 hectares 61 km (6 km) 2,80 8 132 kV DC Baramvara-Srinagar Line 1296000 m2 48 km (66 km) 5850 9 132 kV DC Lata Tapovan Kuwari Pass Line 216000 m2 6 km (21 km) 350 10 132 kV DC Karanprayag Bawla Nandprayag Line 40500 m2 15 km (20 km) 210 11 132 kV DC Bhinderganga-Kuwari Pass Line 243000 m2 50 km (10 km) 15 12 LILO 132 kV DC Bhinderganga-Kuwari Pass Line at Pulana 54000 m2 2 km (2 km) 105 13 LILO 400 kV Kuwari Pass Karanparayag Line at Vishnugad

Pipalkoti 7.5 ha 2.5km (2x5 km) 2,700

14 400 kV DC Karanprayag Almora Line 7.5 ha 2.5 km (80 km) 2,700 15 400 kV SC Srinagar Kashipur Line 6 ha 2 km (230 km) 97,200 16 400 kV DC Almora Rampur Line 105 ha 35 km (170 km) 31,500 17 400 kV DC Rishikesh Saharanpur Line 36 ha 25 km (50 km) 12,960 18 220 kV DC Rishikesh, 400 KV Rishikesh 220 KV Line - 0 (5 km) - 19 132 kV DC Khodri Power House Line 67.5 ha 45 km (140 km) 12,150 20 LILO 132 kV Hanol Tuini Khodri Line at Arakot Tuni 3.75 ha 2.5 km (2x5km) 675 21 LILO 400 kV Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar Line at Tuni Palasu 3.75 ha 2.5 km (2x5km) 675 22 132 kV DC Mori Barkot Line 18 ha 12.5 km (50 km) 3,375 23 132 kV DC Barkot-Khodri Line 45 ha 30 km (100 km) 8,100 24 132 kV DC Malkot-Karanprayag Line 22.5 ha 15 km (60 km) 4,050 Substations Cost of Land (Rs) 1 400 kV S/s Simli (Karanprayag) 8 ha 23 million Government Land 2 400 kV S/s Almora 10 ha 30 million Private 3 400 kV S/s Srinagar 16 ha 48 million Private 4 132 kV S/s Barkot 2 ha 6.5 million Private 5 132 kV S/s Mori 2 ha 4.5 million Private 6 400 kV S/s Kuwari Pass 8 ha 100 million Private/Government 7 132 kV S/s Baranvara 1.4 ha 28 million Private

Appendix 3 39

No. Name of Work Approximate Forest Land

Approximate Length of Forest (Line Length) in

km

Approximate Number of Trees

8 132 kV S/s Malhet Total 1,142.25 ha 240 million 331,200 In addition, a total of 31,500 private trees will be cut. DC = double circuit, kV = kilovolt, km = kilometer, m2 = square meter, S/s = substation Source: IEE report prepared by PTCUL .

Table A 3.14: Checklist of Anticipated Impacts and Proposed Management Plan

Magnitude of Impacts

Management Plan Project Phase Sr. No.

Environmental Attribute

Potential Impacts Nature of Impact

Low Medium High A. Physical Resources

1. Topography Change in the surface features and present aesthetics due to the construction at various project sites

Direct/local/ irreversible

X Plantation surrounding the substation and powerhouse area to improve aesthetics. No other mitigation required

Operation phase

2. Climate Impacts on the climatic conditions unknown as removal of trees along alignment and SHPs to be done

Direct/local/ irreversible

X -- -- Compensatory afforestation Construction and Operation

3 Hydrology Operation of headworks Direct/local/ irreversible

X Construction of trench type weir Operation

Groundwater table No impact Dewatered river bed (during lean

period) due to stream diversion Direct/local/ irreversible

X Since rivers are snow fed, even during lean period flow would be optimum. Only one turbine operation during lean period

Operation

Change in flow regime (during lean period) due to stream diversion

Direct/local/ irreversible

X Since rivers are snow fed, even during lean period flow would be optimum. Only one turbine operation during lean period

Operation

Flow disruption (during lean period) due to ponding at diversion

Direct/local/ irreversible

X Since rivers are snow fed, even during lean period flow would be optimum

Operation

Change in land use by submergence of land due to ponding at diversion

Direct/local/ irreversible

X Land to be submerged negligible Operation

Sedimentation No impact X Operation River morphology Direct/local/

irreversible X Large blocks/boulders get dumped in river

bed due to change of gradient Operation

Pests and weeds No impact Operation B. Environmental Resources

1. Air Quality Project will have marginal impact on air quality during the construction period due to dust emission.

Direct/local/ reversible

X Watering at construction site, limited bare soils, maintenance of project vehicles, etc

Construction

40 Appendix 3

Magnitude of Impacts

Management Plan Project Phase Sr. No.

Environmental Attribute

Potential Impacts Nature of Impact

Low Medium High 2. Noise Noise due to general

construction activities Direct/local/ reversible

X Restriction of noise-generating activities at night and use of personal protective equipment like ear plugs, mufflers, etc.

Construction

Noise arising from substation operation and corona noise from conductors.

Direct/local/ permanent

X Locate transformers away from the settlement area. Monitoring of possible corona noise to identify and correct problems. Proper maintenance of equipment/ machineries so ambient noise standard is met.

Operation

3. Surface and Ground Water quality

Runoff from the construction site leading to increase in COD, BOD, oil, grease, etc.

Direct/Local/ reversible

X Careful siting of towers and access roads. Sedimentation ponds at the substations.

Before construction activity

Domestic wastewater from construction sites and during substation/SHP operation leading to increase in COD, BOD, oil, grease, etc.

Direct/local/ reversible

X Domestic waste treatment by providing septic tank.

During construction and operation

Oil spillage Indirect/local/ reversible

X Containment structures, oil water separation, adopting good practices for oil handling and maintenance works for substations.

During construction and operation

Oil contamination during maintenance

Indirect/local/ reversible

X Oil trap installation for separation of oil from water for substations.

During operation

4. Soils and Geology Soil erosion due to tower erecting and clearing of vegetation in the ROW and access roads

Direct/local/ reversible

X Avoiding sites that are prone to soil erosion. Leveling of tower construction sites. Use of few access roads. Rehabilitation and stabilization of disturbed land.

During and after the construction activity

Soil erosion due to tunnel excavation and clearing of vegetation in the powerhouse and access roads

Direct/local/ reversible

X Avoiding sites that are prone to soil erosion. Leveling of powerhouse construction sites. Use of few access roads. Rehabilitation and stabilization of disturbed land.

During and after the construction activity

Improper debris removal/accumulation

Direct/local/ reversible

X Proper planning for debris removal from tunnel, powerhouse, substations to be stored temporarily/used for site reclamation

Pre-construction and construction

Damage due to seismic activity Direct/regional/reversible

X Site selection and proper tower foundation design considering the geological conditions and seismicity.

Before the construction activity

C. Ecological Resources 1. Terrestrial

Ecology Loss of vegetation Direct/local/

irreversible X Minimum corridor width. Location of towers

and powerhouse at thinly vegetated area and waste lands to minimize tree loss. Selection of few access roads. Compensatory afforestation.

Before the construction phase

2. Terrestrial Fauna Disturbance to the local fauna Direct/local/ X Some wildlife species are reported to be No mitigation required

Appendix 3 41

Magnitude of Impacts

Management Plan Project Phase Sr. No.

Environmental Attribute

Potential Impacts Nature of Impact

Low Medium High during construction reversible seen along the alignment. Minimal impact.

Disturbance to the local fauna during operation

Direct/local/ reversible

X Monitoring of lines especially for bird strikes during the operation and deflectors will be added if required.

During operation phase

3. Aquatic Ecology Disturbance to fish during construction of trench weir

Direct/local/ irreversible

X No mitigative impact required. Since the rivers are snow fed, even during the lean period, minimum flow is there; hence aquatic ecology will have no impact.

During construction/operation phase

D. Human Environment 1. Health and

Safety Exposure to electromagnetic fields

Direct/local/ continuous

X Alignment route away from the settlement. No houses will be allowed in the ROW of the alignment, or hear power houses, substations

Before and after the construction phase.

Fires, explosions, and other accidents at the substations/power house.

Direct/local X Use of personal protective equipment during construction and maintenance. Prepare and implement safety and emergency manual at substation. Regular inspection of lines for faults prone to accidents.

During operation phase

2. Agriculture Permanent and temporary loss of agriculture land due to tower erection, susbstation/powerhouse, and due to access routes

Direct/local/ reversible

X Avoid prime agriculture land. Assessment of land required and compensation. Construction activity after crop harvesting and selection of few access routes.

Before construction phase

3. Socio-economics Beneficial impacts from rural and urban electrification. Job opportunities during construction phase

Direct/regional

X Overall industrial and economic growth of the region.

During operational phase

4. Resettlement Resettlement of the house falling along the ROW.

Direct/local/ reversible

X Resettlement issues and mitigation measures are separately discussed in the social assessment report.

Before the construction phase

5. Cultural sites No archaeological, historical, or cultural important sites are affected by the construction of the Project.

-- -- -- -- No mitigation required --

6 Traffic and Transportation

Traffic congestion due to movement of construction vehicles

Direct/local/ reversible

X Avoid high density areas, proper traffic signs at the construction site, ensuring proper access roads

During construction phase

7. Solid Waste Generation

Probability of surface and groundwater pollution

Indirect/local/ reversible

X The oil sludge should be separately stored in the containers. Used transformer oil to be collected and reclaimed by contractors through the Office of Stores and Purchase. Separated oily waste and scrap will be collected and disposed of in compliance with the Environmental Protection Act, 1986, and applicable regulations and rules.

During operation phase

42 Appendix 3

SHP = small hydropower plant Source: EIA and IEE reports prepared by PTCUL and UJVNL

Table A3.15: Environmental Management Plan

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Preconstruction Location of transmission towers and transmission line alignment and design

Exposure to safety related risks

Setback of dwellings to overhead line route designed in accordance with permitted level of power frequency and the regulation of supervision at sites.

Tower location and line alignment selection with respect to nearest dwellings

Setback distances to nearest houses - once

PTCUL Part of tower siting survey and detailed alignment survey and design

PCBs not used in substation transformers or other project facilities or equipment.

Transformer design Exclusion of PCBs in transformers stated in tender specification—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of tender specifications for the equipment

Exclusion of CFCs stated in tender specification—once

Part of tender specifications for the equipment

Equipment specifications and design parameters

Release of chemicals and gases in receptors (air, water, land)

Processes, equipment, and systems not to use chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), including halon, and their use, if any, in existing processes and systems should be phased out and to be disposed of in a manner consistent with the requirements of the Government

Process, equipment and system design

Phase out schedule to be prepared in case still in use—once

PTCUL, UJVNL

Part of equipment and process design

Transmission line design

Exposure to electromagnetic interference

Transmission line design to comply with the limits of electromagnetic interference from overhead power lines

Electromagnetic field strength for proposed line design

Line design compliance with relevant standards—once

PTCUL Part of detailed alignment survey and design

Substation/SHP location and design

Exposure to noise Design of plant enclosures to comply with noise regulations.

Expected noise emissions based on substation design

Compliance with regulations—once

PTCUL Part of detailed siting survey and design

Impact on water bodies and land

Consideration of site location at where they could be located to avoid water bodies or agricultural land.

Site location, line alignment selection (distance to water and/or agricultural land)

Consultation with local authorities and land owners—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of project siting survey and detailed survey and design

Careful site selection to avoid existing settlements

Site location, line alignment selection (distance to nearest dwellings or social institutions)

Consultation with local authorities and land owners—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of detailed project siting and survey and design

Location of transmission towers and transmission line alignment and design Location of powerhouse, headworks

Social inequities

Minimize need to acquire agricultural land

Site location, line alignment selection (distance to agricultural land)

Consultation with local authorities and land owners—once

PTCU, UJVNL Part of detailed project siting and survey and design

Appendix 3 43

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Involuntary resettlement or land acquisition

Social inequities Compensation paid for temporary/ permanent loss of productive land as per LAA & its process

RAP implementation Consultation with affected parties—once in a quarter

PTCU, UJVNL Prior to construction phase

Avoid encroachment by careful site and alignment selection

Tower location and line alignment selection (distance to nearest designated ecological protection area)

Consultation with local authorities—once

PTCUL Part of detailed siting and alignment survey /design

Encroachment into precious ecological areas

Loss of precious ecological values/ damage to precious species

Minimise the need by using existing towers and RoW wherever possible

Tower location and line alignment selection

Consultation with local authorities and design engineers—once

PTCUL Part of detailed siting and alignment survey/design

Avoid encroachment by careful site and alignment selection

Consultation with local authorities—once

Minimise the need by using existing towers, tall towers and RoW, wherever possible

Tower location and line alignment selection (distance to nearest protected or reserved forest)

Consultation with local authorities and design engineers—once

Transmission line through forestland

Deforestation and loss of biodiversity

Obtain statutory clearances from the Government

Statutory approvals from Government

Compliance with regulations—once for each subproject

PTCUL Part of detailed siting and alignment survey/design

Loss of agricultural productivity

Use existing tower footings/towers wherever possible

Tower location and line alignment selection

Consultation with local authorities and design engineers—once

Part of detailed alignment survey and design

Avoid siting new towers on farmland wherever feasible

Tower location and line alignment selection

Consultation with local authorities and design engineers—once

Part of detailed siting and alignment survey /design

Farmers compensated for any permanent loss of productive land

Design of implementation of crop compensation (based on affected area)

Consultation with affected parties—once in a quarter

Prior to construction phase

Design of implementation of tree compensation (estimated area to be trimmed/removed)

Consultation with affected parties—once in a quarter

Prior to construction phase

Encroachment into farmland

Farmers/landowners compensated for significant trees that need to be trimmed/ removed along RoW.

Statutory approvals for tree trimming /removal

Compliance with regulations—once for each subproject

PTCUL, UJVNL

Part of detailed siting and alignment survey /design

Noise related Nuisance to neighbouring properties

Substations, powerhouse, headworks, tunnel sited and designed to ensure noise will not be a nuisance.

Noise levels Noise levels to be specified in tender documents—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of detailed equipment design

Interference with drainage patterns/Irrigation channels

Flooding hazards/loss of agricultural production

Appropriate siting of towers to avoid channel interference Appropriate tunnel alignments to avoid channel interference

Site location and line alignment selection (distance to nearest flood zone)

Consultation with local authorities and design engineers—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of detailed alignment survey and design

44 Appendix 3

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Transformers designed with oil spill containment systems, and purpose-built oil, lubricant and fuel storage system, complete with spill cleanup equipment.

Equipment specifications with respect to potential pollutants

Tender document to mention specifications—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of detailed equipment design /drawings

Escape of polluting materials

Environmental pollution

Powerhouses/substations to include drainage and sewage disposal systems to avoid offsite land and water pollution.

Powerhouse/substation sewage design

Tender document to mention detailed specifications—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of detailed substation layout and design /drawings

Equipment submerged under flood

Contamination of receptors (land, water)

Powerhouse/substations constructed above the high flood level (HFL) by raising the foundation pad.

Substation design to account for HFL (elevation with respect to HFL elevation)

Base height as per flood design—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Part of detailed substation layout and design /drawings

Design of Powerhouse/substations to include modern fire control systems/firewalls.

Explosions/fire Hazards to life

Provision of fire fighting equipment to be located close to transformers, power generation equipment.

Substation design compliance with fire prevention and control codes

Tender document to mention detailed specifications—once

PTCUL Part of detailed substation layout and design /drawings

Construction Equipment layout and installation

Noise and vibrations Construction techniques and machinery selection seeking to minimize ground disturbance.

Construction techniques and machinery

Construction techniques and machinery creating minimal ground disturbance—once at the start of each construction phase

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Physical construction Disturbed farming activity

Construction activities on cropping land timed to avoid disturbance of field crops (within 1 month of harvest wherever possible).

Timing of start of construction

Crop disturbance—Post harvest as soon as possible but before next crop—once per site

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Noise, vibration and operator safety, efficient operation

Construction equipment to be well maintained.

Construction equipment—estimated noise emissions

Complaints received by local authorities—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period Mechanized construction

Noise, vibration, equipment wear and tear

Proper maintenance and turning off plant not in use.

Construction equipment—estimated noise emissions and operating schedules

Complaints received by local authorities—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Construction of roads for accessibility

Increase in airborne dust particles

Existing roads and tracks used for construction and maintenance access to the site wherever possible.

Access roads, routes (length and width of new access roads to be constructed)

Use of established roads wherever possible—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Appendix 3 45

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Increased land requirement for temporary accessibility

New access ways restricted to a single carriageway width within the RoW.

Access width (meters) Access restricted to single carriageway width within RoW—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Temporary blockage of utilities

Overflows, reduced discharge

Temporary placement of fill in drains/canals not permitted.

Temporary fill placement (m3)

Absence of fill in sensitive drainage areas—every 4 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Site clearance Vegetation Marking of vegetation to be removed prior to clearance, and strict control on clearing activities to ensure minimal clearance.

Vegetation marking and clearance control (area in m2)

Clearance strictly limited to target vegetation—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Fire hazards Trees allowed to grow up to a specified height within the RoW by maintaining adequate clearance between the top of tree and the conductor as per the regulations.

Species-specific tree retention as approved by statutory authorities (average and maximum tree height at maturity, in meters)

Presence of target species in RoW following vegetation clearance—once per site

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Trees that can survive pruning to comply should be pruned instead of cleared.

Species-specific tree retention as approved by statutory authorities

Presence of target species in RoW following vegetation clearance—once per site

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Trimming/cutting of trees within RoW

Loss of vegetation and deforestation

Felled trees and other cleared or pruned vegetation to be disposed of as authorized by the statutory bodies.

Disposal of cleared vegetation as approved by the statutory authorities (area cleared in m2)

Use or intended use of vegetation as approved by the statutory authorities —once per site

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Wood/vegetation harvesting

Loss of vegetation and deforestation

Construction workers prohibited from harvesting wood in the project area during their employment, (apart from locally employed staff continuing current legal activities).

Illegal wood /vegetation harvesting (area in m2, number of incidents reported)

Complaints by local people or other evidence of illegal harvesting—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Excess fill from tower foundation excavation disposed of next to roads or around houses, in agreement with the local community or landowner.

Location and amount (m3)of fill disposal

Appropriate fill disposal locations—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period Surplus earthwork/soil Runoff to cause water pollution, solid waste disposal

Soil excavated from powerhouse/tunnel disposed of by placement along backfill dams, etc.

Soil disposal locations and volume (m3)

Acceptable soil disposal sites—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Substation construction

Loss of soil Fill for the substation foundations obtained by creating or improving local water supply ponds or drains, with the agreement of local

Borrow area siting (area of site in m2 and estimated volume in m3)

Acceptable borrow areas that provide a benefit—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

46 Appendix 3

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

communities. Substation construction

Water pollution Construction activities involving significant ground disturbance (i.e., substation land forming) not undertaken during the monsoon season.

Seasonal start and finish of major earthworks (pH, BOD/COD, suspended solids, other)

Timing of major disturbance activities —prior to start of construction activities

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Ground disturbance during vegetation clearance (area, m2)

Amount of ground disturbance—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period Site clearance Vegetation Tree clearances for easement establishment to only involve cutting trees off at ground level or pruning as appropriate, with tree stumps and roots left in place and ground cover left undisturbed.

Statutory approvals Statutory approvals for tree clearances—once for each site

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Storage of chemicals and materials

Contamination of receptors (land, water, air)

Fuel and other hazardous materials securely stored above high flood level.

Location of hazardous material storage; spill reports (type of material spilled, amount (kg or m3) and action taken to control and clean up spill)

Fuel storage in appropriate locations and receptacles—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Construction schedules

Noise nuisance to neighbouring properties

Construction activities only undertaken during the day and local communities informed of the construction schedule.

Timing of construction (noise emissions, [dB(a)])

Daytime construction only—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Provision of facilities for construction workers

Contamination of receptors (land, water, air)

Construction workforce facilities to include proper sanitation, water supply and waste disposal facilities.

Amenities for workforce facilities

Presence of proper sanitation, water supply and waste disposal facilities—once each new facility

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Use existing access roads wherever possible

Usage of existing utilities

Ensure existing irrigation facilities are maintained in working condition

Status of existing facilities

Protect /preserve topsoil and reinstate after construction completed

Status of facilities (earthwork in m3)

Loss of agricultural productivity

Repair /reinstate damaged bunds, etc. after construction completed

Status of facilities (earthwork in m3)

Complaints received by local people /authorities—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period Encroachment into farmland

Social inequities Compensation for temporary loss in agricultural production

Implementation of Crop compensation (amount paid, dates, etc.)

Consultation with affected parties—once in a quarter

PTCUL, UJVNL Prior to construction

Need for access tracks minimised, use of existing roads.

Uncontrolled erosion/silt runoff

Soil loss, downstream siltation;

Limit site clearing to work areas

Design basis and construction procedures (suspended solids in receiving waters; area re-

Incorporating good design and construction management

PTCUL, UJVNL, Contractor through contract provisions

Construction period

Appendix 3 47

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Regeneration of vegetation to stabilize works areas on completion (where applicable) Avoidance of excavation in wet season Water courses protected from siltation through use of bunds and sediment ponds

vegetated in m2; amount of bunds const ructed [length in meter, area in m2, or volume in m3])

practices—once for each site

Contract clauses specifying careful construction practices.

Contract clauses Incorporating good construction management practices—once for each site

As much as possible existing access ways will be used.

Design basis and layout Incorporating good design engineering practices—once for each site

Losses to neighbouring land uses/ values

Productive land will be reinstated following completion of construction

Reinstatement of land status (area affected, m2)

Consultation with affected parties—twice—immediately after completion of construction and after the first harvest

IA (Contractor through contract provisions)

Construction period Nuisance to nearby properties

Social inequities Compensation will be paid for loss of production, if any.

Implementation of tree/crop compensation (amount paid)

Consultation with affected parties—once in a quarter

IA Prior to construction

Flooding hazards due to construction impediments of natural drainage

Flooding and loss of soils, contamination of receptors (land, water)

Avoid natural drainage pattern /facilities being disturbed /blocked /diverted by ongoing construction activities

Contract clauses (e.g., suspended solids and BOD/COD in receiving water)

Incorporating good construction management practices—once for each site

IA (Contractor through contract provisions)

Construction period

Equipment submerged under flood

Contamination of receptors (land, water)

Equipment stored at secure place above the high flood level (HFL).

Store room level to be above HFL (elevation difference in meters)

Store room level as per flood design—once

IA Construction period

Inadequate siting of borrow areas

Loss of land values Existing borrow sites will be used to source aggregates, therefore, no need to develop new sources of aggregates

Contract clauses Incorporating good construction management practices—once for each site

IA (Contractor through contract provisions)

Construction period

Contract provisions specifying minimum requirements for construction camps Contractor to prepare and implement a health and safety plan.

Health and safety Injury and sickness of workers and members of the public

Contractor to arrange for health and safety training sessions

Contract clauses (number of incidents and total lost-work days caused by injuries and sickness)

Contract clauses compliance—once every quarter

IA (Contractor through contract provisions)

Construction period

48 Appendix 3

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Training of IA environmental monitoring personnel

Training schedules Number of programs attended by each person—once a year

Implementation of effective environmental monitoring and reporting system using checklist of all contractual environmental requirements

Respective contract checklists and remedial actions taken thereof.

Submission of duly completed checklists of all contracts for each site—once

Inadequate construction stage monitoring

Likely to maximize damages

Appropriate contact clauses to ensure satisfactory implementation of contractual environmental mitigation measures.

Compliance report related to environmental aspects for the contract

Submission of duly completed compliance report for each contract—once

PTCUL, UJVNL Routinely throughout construction period

Operation and Maintenance Location of transmission towers, transmission line alignment, powerhouse and design

Exposure to safety related risks

Setback of dwellings to overhead line route designed in accordance with permitted level of power frequency and the regulation of supervision at sites.

Compliance with setback distances (“as-built” diagrams)

Setback distances to nearest houses—once in quarter

PTCUL, UJVNL During operations

Equipment submerged under flood

Contamination of receptors (land, water)

Equipment installed above the high flood level (HFL) by raising the foundation pad.

Substation design to account for HFL (“as-built” diagrams)

Base height as per flood design—once

PTCUL, UJVNL During operation

Oil spillage Contamination of land/nearby water bodies

Substation transformers located within secure and impervious bunded areas with a storage capacity of at least 100% of the capacity of oil in transformers and associated reserve tanks.

Substation bunding (“as-built” diagrams)

Bunding capacity and permeability—once

PTCUL, UJVNL During operation

Careful design using appropriate technologies to minimise hazards

Usage of appropriate technologies (lost work days due to illness and injuries)

Preparedness level for using these technologies in crisis —once each year

Safety awareness raising for staff. Preparation of fire emergency action plan and training given to staff on implementing emergency action plan

Training/awareness programs and mock drills

Number of programs and % of staff /workers covered—once each year

Inadequate provision of staff/workers health and safety during operations

Injury and sickness of staff /workers

Provide adequate sanitation and water supply facilities

Provision of facilities Complaints received from staff /workers every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL Design and operation

Appendix 3 49

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Careful design using appropriate technologies to minimise hazards

Usage of appropriate technologies (number of injury incidents, lost work days)

Preparedness level for using these technologies in crisis —once a month

Security fences around substations/powerhouse/ headworks

Maintenance of fences

Barriers to prevent climbing on/dismantling of transmission towers

Maintenance of barriers

Appropriate warning signs on facilities

Maintenance of warning signs

Report on maintenance—every 2 weeks

PTCUL, UJVNL Design and operation Electric Shock Hazards

Injury/mortality to staff and public

Electricity safety awareness raising in project areas

Training /awareness programs and mock drills for all concerned parties

Number of programs and % of total persons covered—once each year

Adequate training in O&M to all relevant staff of substations and transmission line maintenance crews.

Operations and maintenance staff skills less than acceptable

Unnecessary environmental losses of various types

Preparation and training in the use of O&M manuals and standard operating practices.

Training/awareness programs and mock drills for all relevant staff

Number of programs and % of staff covered—once each year

PTCUL, UJVNL Operation

Inadequate periodic environmental monitoring.

Diminished ecological and social values.

IA staff to receive training in environmental monitoring of project operations and maintenance activities.

Training/awareness programs and mock drills for all relevant staff

Number of programs and % of staff covered—once each year

PTCUL, UJVNL Operation

Equipment specifications and design parameters

Release of chemicals and gases in receptors (air, water, land)

Processes, equipment and systems using cholofluorocarbons (CFCs), including halon, should be phased out and to be disposed of in a manner consistent with the requirements of the Government.

Process, equipment and system design

Phase out schedule to be prepared in case still in use—once in a quarter

PTCUL, UJVNL Operation

Transmission line maintenance

Exposure to electromagnetic interference

Transmission line design to comply with the limits of electromagnetic interference from overhead power lines

Required ground clearance (meters)

Ground clearance— once

PTCUL Operation

Powerhouse maintenance

Exposure to electromagnetic interference

Powerhouse design to comply with the limits of electromagnetic interference within floor area

Required vibrations level, instrumentation

Instrumentation regular

PTCUL, UJVNL Operation

Noise related Nuisance to neighbouring properties

Powerhouse/substations sited and designed to ensure noise will not be a nuisance.

Noise levels (dB(a)) Noise levels at boundary nearest to properties and consultation with

PTCUL, UJVNL Operation

50 Appendix 3

Project Activity/Stage

Potential Impact Proposed Mitigation Measure Parameter to be Monitored

Measurement and Frequency

Institutional Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

affected parties if any—once

BOD/COD = Biochemical oxygen demand/Chemical oxygen demand, CFC = chloro fluoro carbon, dB = decibel audible, HFL = high flood level, IA = Implementing Agency, m3 = cubic meter, RoW = Right of Way Source: EIA and IEE reports from PTCUL and UJVNL

Appendix 3 51

Box A3.1: Transmission Component Debris Disposal Costs The transmission subproject of the Power Transmission Corporation of Uttaranchal (PTCU) comprises 4 400 kilovolt (kV) substations and 4 132 kV substations in different basins of Uttaranchal. Being a hilly terrain land for substations, a workable leveled platform has to be made by cutting the hill slopes in different terrains for installation of equipment and casting of foundations. For 400 kV Karanprayag substation, 400 kV Srinagar substation, 132 kV Barkot substation, and 132 kV Morie substation, the land is almost flat whereas in other cases, the stone cuttings will be utilized in the concreting of pillars for land fencing and leveling the platforms thereby leading to no extra debris for disposal. The labor cost for disposal of extra debris as per civil schedule of rates of PTCUL is Rs 50/per cubic meter up to 100 meter length of disposal trench.

Sl. No. Name of Substation

Quantity of

Debris (m3)

Quantity of Debris at this Stage at

Substation Land (m3)

Quantity of Extra Debris (m3)

Rate (Rs) (up to 100 meter)

Extra Cost of Debris Disposal

1. 400 kV S/s Almora 30,000 30,000 Nil 50 0 2. 400 kV S/s Kuwaripass 35,000 35,000 Nil 50 0 3. 400 kV S/s Karanprayag 100 100 Nil 50 0 4. 400 kV S/s Srinagar 25,000 25,000 Nil 50 0 5. 132 kV S/s Barkot 200 200 Nil 50 0 6. 132 kV S/s Melkhet 15,000 15,000 Nil 50 0 7. 132 kV S/s Baranvara 30,000 30,000 Nil 50 0 8. 132 kV S/s Morie 1,500 1,500 Nil 50 0

Note : The extra debris volume will be negligible, disposal of extra debris will have no cost impact. Ground Stabilization PTCU measured the soil strength of all existing substations land and of transmission line-specified tower locations. Similarly the soil strength will be measured at all substations land and design will be made accordingly. For land slides, etc., proper retaining walls and revetment walls will be constructed. At the time of actual implementation of transmission line and substation work, the soil testing will be carried out through the geological department of the Indian Government and remedial measures taken accordingly while casting of foundation, etc. Ground Runoff into Rivers Substation. The rainwater or otherwise flowing through substation land will pass through mesh provided in the weep holes of retaining/revetment walls around the periphery of substation land. The resulting water will not have any impurities. A sump tank is also provided at one corner of substation where runoff water will be collected; a mesh will be provided at the outlet so that water emerges without any impurities. For the safety of environment and pollution, pits that are 2 meters deep and 2 meters wide will be created around all the power transformers for collection of transformer oil at any time from transformers or any other related equipment using transformer oil. This transformer oil will be collected and auctioned on a yearly basis to safeguard the environment. Transmission Line. At different tower locations, retaining/revetment walls will be constructed with weep holes and a mesh so that ground runoff water may pass through and be filtered. kV = kilovolt, Rs = Rupees, S/s = substaion Source: ADB TA Consultants

52 Appendix 3

Table A3.16: Comparison of Alignment Alternatives

S. No

Name of Work Alignment 1 Alignment II Alignment III Final Costs/option

Length

Forest Resettlment/PAP

Specific Cost

Length

Forest Resettlement/PAP

Specific Cost

Length

Forest Resettlement/PAP

Specific Cost

Most suitable

1 400 kV DC Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar line

90 km 75 km Nil 28,000 trees

88 km 78 km Nil 39,500 trees

82 76 Nil 50,500 Option 1: Less trees

2 LILO 400 kV Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar line at Pala Maneri

9 km 2.5 km

Nil 885 trees 8 3 609 trees

8.5 4.2 649 trees

Option 2: Less trees

3 400 kV DC Kotibhal Roorkee line

114 82 17,475 120 105 17,475 trees

125 110 17,475 Option1: less area through Rajaji National Park (20 km)

4 400 kV DC Tapovan Kuwari pass line

10.5 km

2. 5 km

Nil 15 trees 12 kms

5 km Nil 30 trees 11.5 kms

6 km Nil 35 trees Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

5 400 kV DC Kuwari pass Srinagar line

125 km

105 km

Nil 9,250 trees 135 m 115 km

Nil 11,150 trees

130 km

118 km

Nil 13,250 trees

Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

6 400 kV DC Kuwari pass Karanparayag line

65 km 52 km Nil 7,335 trees 70 km 64 km Nil 9,150 trees

72 km 66 km Nil 10,105 trees

Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

7 400 kV DC Srinagar PH-400 KV Srinagar S/s line

6 km 61 km Nil 280 trees 6.8 km

80 km Nil 350 trees

7.25 km

82 km Nil 410 trees

Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

8 132 kV DC Baramvara-Srinagar line

66 km 48 km Nil 5,850 trees 70 km 59 km Nil 7,250 trees

71 km 60 km Nil 7,850 trees

Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

9 132 kV DC Lata Tapovan Kuwari pass line

21 km 8 km Nil 350 trees 22 km 10 km Nil 450 trees

24 kms

12 km Nil 550 trees

Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

10 132 kV DC Karanprayag Bawla Nandprayag line

20 km 15 km Nil 20 trees 22 km 20 km Nil 360 trees

24 kms

22 kms

480 trees

Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

11 132 kV DC Bhinderganga-Kuwari pass line

10 km 9 km Nil 15 trees 12.5 km

10 km Nil 25 trees 11 km 10.5 km

Nil 30 trees Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

12 LILO 132 kV DC Bhindesganga-Kuwari pass line at Pulana

2 km 2 km Nil 105 trees 2.1 km

2.1 km

Nil 150 trees

2.2 km

2.2 km

Nil 280 trees

Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

13 LILO 400 kV Kuwari pass Karanparayag line at Vishnugad Pipalkoti

2 km 1 km Nil 2.2 km

1.5 km

Nil 2.4 kms

1.65 km

Nil Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

14 400 kV DC Karanprayag Almora line

85 km 43 km Nil 91 km 55 km Nil 98 km 55 km Nil Option 1: Min ROW, less

Appendix 3 53

S. No

Name of Work Alignment 1 Alignment II Alignment III Final Costs/option

Length

Forest Resettlment/PAP

Specific Cost

Length

Forest Resettlement/PAP

Specific Cost

Length

Forest Resettlement/PAP

Specific Cost

Most suitable

forest 15 400 kV SC Srinagar

Kashipur line

16 400 kV DC Almora Rampur line

17 400 kV DC Rishikesh Saharanpur line

16 220 kV DC Rishikesh, 400 kV Rishikesh 220 KV line

17 132 kV DC Khodri power house line

18 LILO 132 kV Hanol Tuinikhodri line at Arakot Tuni

19 LILO 400 kV Lohari Nagpala Koteshwar line at Tuni Palasu

20 132 kV DC Mori Barkot line 21 132 kV DC Barkot-Khodri

line

22 132 kV DC Karanprayag Malkot line

61 km 45 km Nil 67 km 50 km Nil 73 km 50 km Nil Option 1: Min ROW, less forest

SUBSTATION 1 400 kV S/s Simli

(Karanprayag) 18 Acres

Agriculture

22 Rs 23 milliom

20 acres

Agriculture

Rs. 24 million

15 Acres

Agriculture

21 Rs. 21 million

Option 2, ROW, least loss

2 400 kV S/s Almora 25 Acres

Agriculture

15 Rs 30 million

15acres

Agriculture

20 Rs. 27.5 million

12 Acres

Agriculture

22 Rs. 25 million

Option 1, EOW, least loss

3 400 kV S/s Srinagar 35 Acres

Agriculture

12 Rs 50 million

40acres

Agriculture

- Rs. 48 million

30Acres

Agriculture

16 Rs. 46 million

Option 2, EOW, least loss

4 132 kV S/s Barkot 5 Acres

Agriculture

10 Rs 6.5 million

4.2acres

Agriculture

20 Rs. 6.5 million

3.5 Acres

Agriculture

20 Rs. 6.8 million

Option 1, EOW, least loss

5 132 kV S/s Morie 3.5 Acres

Agriculture

15 Rs 14.8 million

3.2 acres

Agriculture

20 Rs. 5 million

3.5 Acres

Agriculture

3 Rs. 4.58 million

Option 3, EOW, least loss

6 400 kV S/s Kuwari pass 20 Acres

Agriculture

100 Rs 100 million

20 acres

Agriculture

25 Rs. 150 million

20 Acres

Agriculture

12 Rs. 100 million

Optin 2, ROW, location, cost

7 132 kV S/s Baranwara 2.5 Acres

Agriculture

60 Rs 25 milliom

3.5 acres

Agriculture

50 Rs. 28 million

3.5 Acres

Agriculture

40 Rs. 28 million

Option 3, ROW, least loss

8 132 kV S/s Malhet 10 Acres

Agriculture

25 Rs 70 milliom

5 acres

Agriculture

25 Rs. 35 million

5 Acres

Agriculture

5 Rs. 35 million

Option 3, ROW, least loss

DC = direct circuit, km = kilometer, kV = kilovolt, PAP = project affected people Source: IEE for Transmission Component prepared by PGCIL

54 Appendix 3

Table A3.17: Summary Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP)

Environmental Monitoring Tasks Implementation Responsibility

Implementation Schedule

Preconstruction Phase Transmission System and SHPs

Audit project bidding documents to ensure EMP is included. IA through project implementation unit

Prior to issue of bidding documents.

Transmission System and SHPs

Monitor contractor’s detailed alignment survey to ensure relevant environmental mitigation measures in EMP are included.

IA with assistance of project implementation unit

Prior to IA approval of contractor’s detailed alignment survey.

Transmission System Audit detailed designs of substations to ensure standard environmental safeguards/mitigation measures (as identified in the EMP) are included.

PTCUL with assistance of project implementation unit

Prior to PTCUL approval of contractor’s detailed designs.

SHPs Audit detailed designs of power stations to ensure standard environmental safeguards/mitigation measures (as identified in the EMP) are included.

UJVNL with assistance of project implementation unit

Prior to UJVNL approval of contractor’s detailed designs.

Construction Phase Transmission System Regular monitoring and reporting of contractor’s compliance

with contractual environmental mitigation measures. PTCUL with assistance of project implementation unit

Continuous throughout construction period.

SHPs Regular monitoring and reporting of contractor’s compliance with contractual environmental mitigation measures at each SHP.

UJVNL with assistance of project implementation unit

Continuous throughout construction period.

Operation and Maintenance Phase Transmission System Observations during routine maintenance inspections of

substations and transmission lines RoWs. Inspections will include monitoring implementation status of mitigation measures specified in the EMP.

PTCUL As per PTCUL’s inspection schedules

SHPs Observations during routine maintenance inspections of hydroelectric projects, to include monitoring implementation status of mitigation measures specified in the EMP.

UJVNL As per UJVNL’s inspection schedules

RoW = Right of Way, SHP = small hydropower plant Source: EIA and IEE reports prepared by PTCUL and UJVNL

Table A 3.18: Summary of Estimated Costs for Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) Implementation (Rs)

A. Transmission Lines 1. Mitigation Measures a Total Forest Cost 19,238,874,000 b. Crop Compensation (1,042.5 km @ Rs50,000/-) 5,212,535,000 c. Compensation to Power and Telecommunication Coordination Committee (PTCC) (1,042.5 km x

Rs50,000/-) 5,212,535,000

Appendix 3 55

d Cost toward implementation of EMP (contractor’s scope) for For 8 New Substations ( 8 x 1,000,000.00)

8,000,000.

Subtotal (a+b+c) 29,671,944,000 2. Implementation Monitoring and Audit

a. Human resources involved for EMP implementation and monitoring in entire route of transmission lines (Rs10,000 x 1,042.5 km)

10,425,000

b. Human resources involved for EMP implementation and monitoring in entire route of transmission substation (Rs. 10,000 x 8 Nos.)

80,000

c. Independent audit (L.S.) 100,000.00 Total (2) 11,505,000 Total (1+2) 29,683,449,000 B. Small Hydro Projects

1. Mitigation Measures a. Tree plantation compensation/compensatory reforestation 2 hectare x Rs16,000

For six SHP 32,000

6 x 32,000 Subtotal (a) 192,000

b. Crop compensation (5 hectare @ Rs7,000) For six SHP

35,000 6 x 35,000

Subtotal (b) 210,000 c. Compensation for tunnel and disposal of other debris 20,000 cubic meters for 2 km. @ Rs150 per cubic

meter, for six SHPs

3000,000 6 x 3000,000 Subtotal (c) 18,000,000

d. Cost toward implementation of EMP (contractor’s scope)—For 6 New SHP (6 x 100,000) 600,000 Subtotal (d) 600,000

e. Other cost for environmental compliance For Six SHP lump sum

100,000

Subtotal (e) 100,000 Subtotal (1) 19,102,000 2. Implementation Monitoring and Audit

a. Human resources involved for EMP implementation and monitoring Rs100,000 per project For six SHP’s (6x Rs100,000) = (Rs10,000 per month for 10 month for each SHP)

600,000

Subtotal (a) 600,000 b. Independent audit (L.S.) 200,000

Subtotal (b) 200,000 Subtotal (2) 800,000 Total (1+2) 19,902,000 km = kilometer, L.S. = lump sum, Rs = rupee, SHP = small hydropower plant Note: For project purposes, the cost of nonforest land in Uttaranchal is currently taken at Rs12,00,000 per acre. Government of Uttaranchal has taken up the case with the Government of India to waive the cost of forestland (Rs15,262,100,000) as per provision made in forest conservation act but made applicable only in Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh due to local state decision) Budget estimates are only indicative and based on data available and on similar project experiences. 1 USD = 43.3 INR Source: EIA and IEE reports from PTCUL and UJVNL

56 Appendix 3

Table A3.19: Public Consultations

A. First Consultation

For Hydroelectric Projects No. SHP

details Location Dates Number

of Attendees

Remarks

1 Kaldigad Sangamchetti Village

6 Nov, 2004

11 • People do not have any awareness of the Project. • They are not concerned about environmental pollution. • They want the project to come as this would create local job opportunities at least during

construction phase. 2 Bhilangna Dyut Village 7 Nov 2004 7 • People are fully aware of the Project.

• They are not concerned about environmental pollution, though they vehicle use of roads would result in dust.

• They want the project to come as this would create job opportunity for local at least during construction phase.

3 Kaliganga –I & Kaliganga-II

Jal Tala Village

8 Nov 2004 10 • People are fully aware of the Project as groundwork started as early as 1982. • They are not concerned about environmental pollution. • They want the Project to come as this would create job opportunity for locals at least during

construction. • Villagers also expect that the surrounding villages should be electrified as the villages are

unelectrified. SHP = small hydropower plant Source: ADB TA Consultants field notes

Appendix 3 57

B. Second Consultation

Location/ Site/Date/

Time Issues Participants’ Comments and Suggestions

General perception about the Project and awareness of the transmission lines, substations, small hydropower plants, etc. Number of inhabitants of village, number of families, castes/tribes in the village, general socioeconomic standing Whether village electrified, each house has connection, quality of power available Source of drinking water Use of fuel Women’s participation in economic activities and average time spent by the women in household activities Access to the forestland and the use of forestland Current rates for the agricultural land (revenue as well as market rates) Loss of residential structures, if any Loss of community life Resettlement and Land acquisition Marketplaces, if any Health and environment Mela places, occasion, and session of occurrence Historical or archaeological sites, if any

People are aware about the Project in generic terms. They wanted specific description and knowledge about the Project. Number of families (project village) Kalinganga-I and II = 71, average household size = 5, No scheduled tribes Madhymahesswar =11, No scheduled castes or tribes Kaldigarh=45, No tribes, 3 scheduled caste families. Most of the houses are electrified (almost 80%) Natural stream water through tap or may be direct stream water. Firewood Being a hilly state, both men and women take part in economic activities. Agriculture being the major source of income, women engage in all agricultural activities as well as household activities thereby causing a double burden of work for the women. On average, women spend 4 hours in household activities and around 5 hours in the field. Forests are usually used as the source of fuel, fodder, and in some cases grazing land. Most villagers have access to forestland. Rs80,000/- to 1.5 lac per acre depending upon the fertility of the land. No residential structures will be lost in the project area. No people will be displaced, so the chances of disturbance to community life are not foreseen. No resettlement is required, but land will be acquired from both private persons as well as the government/forestland. No market place will be affected by the Project. Health of people living in the hills is normally good due to the climate. No vulnerable or epidemic diseases were found in these areas. The site of Kaliganga-I and II small hydropower station has some historical importance.

58 Appendix 3

Location/ Site/Date/

Time Issues Participants’ Comments and Suggestions

Type of compensation expected (cash or kind) Approximate daily wage rates Perceived benefits from the Project Perceived losses from the Project What other organizations of a social nature (nogovernment or community organizations) are active in the area, name, phone Name of any Panchayat members, phone contact Any other issues

According to the villagers, a religious gathering is held every year in June. Necessary precautionary measures like, supply of safe drinking water, maintaining the sanctity of the place during the project construction, etc. were suggested by the local people. These will be incorporated in the safeguard measures. People prefer cash compensation for land loss and in case of community property like the playground in Madhyamaheswar, they want an alternate playground to be built by the project officials. The approximate wage rate in the village area of Uttaranchal varies from Rs80 to Rs120 depending on the nature of work. People do agree that the subprojects will have benefits, i.e., temporary job opportunities, mercerization of the local product, opening up of small business centers for the construction workers, enhancement of infrastructure, and maybe increase in supply of electricity. Land acquisition may cause some burden to those who will lose a greater amount of land. Outsiders, who will be engaged by the contractors in the construction, may cause disturbance among the local community. They are aware about a few organizations operational in social development activities but they don’t know the names. Kaliganga- I and II SHP Mr. Murlidhar Bhatt Mr. Tikaram Bhatt Mr. Pradeep Chauhan Ms. Vimla Devi Mr. Ram Chandra Singh Ms. Sumati devi Mr. Virendra singh Madhymaheswar SHP Mr. Ganesh Taplyal Ms. Anjana Rawat Kaldigad SHP Ms. Sabitri Devi Ms. Phuli Devi Mr. Darshan Lal Mr. Mahadev Mr. Mr. Virendra Singh Ms. Seema Saha Provision to make a water tank to improve the drinking water supply to all the villagers.

Appendix 3 59

Location/ Site/Date/

Time Issues Participants’ Comments and Suggestions

Supply of the water to the tank should be from the hydroplant site. Alternate playground to be made by the government at Madhymaheswar site. Engagement of local labor in the construction work should be made mandatory for the

contractors. Consultation with the local people and with the local bodies should be continued

throughout project implementation. Fishing is not done in these villages even if small fish are in the river. Debris from the construction work should be used for road construction or maybe for

some other village infrastructure development. All the schools should be electrified at no charge, and provision should be made by the

government official to make this happen. Proper meter reading for the electric bill. Local people should have direct access to higher officials during the compensation. Overall, the Project is welcomed by the people and they gave assurance that they will

provide all their support for the successful execution of the Project.

** Land Acquisition and Resettlement Issues Particulars Name of the Projects Land Kali Ganga-I Kali Ganga-II Madhyamaheswar Bhilangna-II Kaldigad Tankul Total Land 34,100 m2 31,100 m2 27,700 m2 43,000 m2 47,000 m2 456,000 m2 Forestland 29,000 m2 7,600 m2 20,000 m2 20,000 m2 42, 000 m2 356,000 m2

Cultivated Land 5,100 m2 23,500 m2 7,700 m2 23,000 m2 5,000 m2 10,000 m2 Displacement Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant

Resettlement

m2 = square meter

Source: ADB TA Consultants field notes

60 Appendix 3

Table A3.20: Schedule of Public Consultations

S.No. Activity Technique Schedule 1. Walkover survey Informal group discussion Completed 2. Preliminary survey Group discussion, one to one meeting Under progress 3. Detailed/ check

survey Public meeting at different places (50-100 km) en-route final route alignment of line 3–4 such meetings

4. Construction phase Localized group meeting, pamphlet/ information brochures, public display, etc. During entire construction period 5. O&M phase Information brochures, operating field offices, response to public enquiries, press

releases, etc. Continuous process as and when required.

Box: Public Consultation and Information Disclosure Workshop for the Transmission Component in February 2005

The workshop on Public Consultation and Information Disclosure was held at Kaddukhal and Bayasi to provide the public living in the area of the proposed project area about the following aspects:

project area and its selection criteria; project objective, cost, and time frame; project implementation strategy; decentralized features of the Project; criteria for selection of land for substations and routes of lines; and environmental and social safeguards.

Comments on the workshop report are

other socially relevant organizations such as nongovernment organizations, self-help groups, cooperatives, etc. should be invited (apparently some women self-help groups were invited but were unable to attend because of pressing work);

special efforts will need to be made to ensure women are included in the public consultations in some form or another; as of now, the signature sheet at the Kaddukhal meeting shows 3 women out of 19 participants, and the one for Bayasi shows no women out of 30 participants;

the dialogue with the public should incorporate some idea of their present socioeconomic condition, access to electricity, and experience with previous transmission lines and substations apart from information about and suggestions for the present Project;

documentation of the meetings should include the points suggested above, and refer to the process utilized for organizing the meeting, e.g., mentioning how the self-help group of women could not attend because of pressing work;

at Kaddukhal, a participant wanted to be assured that his land was not going to be built upon—the substation was to be built on adjoining Government land, so he was shown the map with all boundaries marked—this satisfied him;

the list of 19 areas given to the public consultation agency to hold consultations should be shown against the 13 transmission lines and eight substation sites; it is possible that a few areas are not covered (each transmission line passes through several districts); and

separate meetings are likely required for families (preferably with all adults in the family attending) whose lands may be acquired or pylons placed, or who are otherwise affected.

Appendix 3 61

Walk through/informal consultations on the route of the proposed 400 kV DC Kothlibhal-Roorkee Transmission line (5-6 February 2005) This line travels some 114 km over four districts (Pauri, Tehri, Dehradun, Haridwar) mostly over hilly terrain (83%); 82 km are likely to be over forest areas; 20 km will be through Rajaji National Park, which has reserve and social forests. About 25% of the area may be agricultural; important towns along the alignment are Vyasi, Rishikesh, and Haridwar. Four informal consultations were held in Pauri and Tehri districts. Consultations remain to be held in Dehradun and Haridwar districts. The overall impressions are

• significant numbers of villages and homes remain without access to power; • where power is available, the almost universal complaints in the hills are of low voltage and insufficient attention to breakdowns; • everyone welcomed the proposed Project of transmission lines as spreading the fruits of development to more people, including

themselves; • almost no one had a problem with transmission lines over forest areas; and • most people had reservations about placing pylons on agricultural land, and suggested this be undertaken with due application for

determining the best course. Consultation 1: Gular, Gehradar, Dogi villages, Tehri District Fifteen participants were present most of whom were women (among the participants was Komal from Gehradar and Jaisingh from Vyasi). Gular is near the Rishikesh-Vyasi road, but Gehradar village is 15 km to its left. Networked electricity services are available only to Timli village some 5 km away from the road, thus Gehradar is without electricity. Electricity came to Gular village only a year or two ago when a transformer was installed at Vyasi. Similarly, networked water supplies have only reached to Timli village. In Gehradar, drinking water supplies have to be fetched from 500 m away. Pucca roads have not been made away from the main road. There is no coverage for mobiles. Most people in Gehradar are farmers. There is a school up to 12th standard, but without electricity. They were informed of the proposed Project. They felt no harmful fallouts were expected from transmission lines, rather benefits were likely, such as reaching electricity to more uncovered villages. One young man did warn there could be some harmful effects from transmission lines (he could not mention specifics however) but agreed that they were necessary to take power to more people. Consultation 2: Vyasi Bazar, Tehri District A group of about 15–20 men, most of them shopkeepers of Vyasi bazaar (among them were Tilak Joshi, Vyasi Shopkeeper, Phone : 01378-262922, Jagmohan Chauhan, Phone 01378-2622929 and Shriman) were spoken to. The area has many schools within 1–2 km of walking distance. While electricity is available in surrounding villages, the voltage is low and it is difficult to think of commercial activities (like small cottage industries). As a result many families do not take connections. Connection fees are high at Rs3,000.00 and monthly bills average Rs300–400. Per unit cost was around Rs4.00. These are appreciable amounts for villagers. People who set up grinding mills, etc., which ran on power received such high bills that they closed down the mill. They were informed of the proposed Project. The participants felt that the general public was aware and that no one could have any objection to development activities. Down in the plains they knew of agricultural plots with a plethora of transmission lines passing through—these plots could not be sold. They did not agree that the pylons posed no problems after erection—there was an appreciable amount of noise from the towers so that people were afraid to go near them for farming activities. However, people were unlikely to have any problems with lines to be run through forest areas. Consultation 3: Teen Dhara, Tehri District About 15 participants, nearly all shopkeepers/employees from the Teen Dhara bazaar (among them was Vijay Singh and Govind Singh, Phone: 01378-265412) were spoken to. Surrounding villages had electricity, but the bazaar itself got connections only recently. They said the minimum payable bill for electricity at Rs282 a month was too high, especially as breakdowns may take as long as 15 days to fix. They experienced

62 Appendix 3

problems of both high and low voltage. They were informed of the proposed Project. Vijay Singh said that where there was development, there was bound to be destruction and there was no escape from that. Other participants agreed. People were unlikely to have any problems with the Project, including when lines are run through forest areas. Consultation 4: Kirti Nagar Naya Pull, border of Pauri -Tehri District A group of about 15 people, including some women, were spoken to. Several of the participants were from Kirtinagar town itself and involved in various commercial activities such as shopkeeping (among them YS Rana, Phone : 1370-260139). A few of them were from the surrounding villages, such as Jakhni village where most people were farmers (among them Rajendra Shah, Phone : 1370-2657570). There were no tribes in the area, but a few scheduled castes such as Lohar and Das were there. They experienced voltage fluctuations though electricity has been available for more than a decade in the surroundings villages such as Khola village. Follow up with Uttaranchal Power Corporation yielded no results. However, overall, the participants estimated that some 40% of the population was still without access to power. In regard to the proposed Project, they felt that if the pylon was proposed in a piece of land whose owner had little other agricultural land, then that would be problematic. Gadoli villagers were resisting the installation of 10 pylons that had to pass through their village for the 132 kV Srinagar-Satpuli transmission line (not in the proposed Project). Though only 4 pylons have to be situated on agricultural land but the villagers refused to conduct a proper dialogue. Note: Organized by Power Transmission Corporation of Uttaranchal.

Table A4.23: Impact Assessment

No. Parameter Environmental Impact Units Without Project With Project Net Change Magnitude 1. Crops Nil Negative Small Low 2. Natural Vegetation Nil Negative Small Low 3. Land Use Nil Negative Small Low 4. Forests Nil Negative Small Medium 5. Natural Reserves/Sanctuaries Nil Negative Small Low 6. Fisheries Nil Negative Small Medium 7. Eutrophication Nil Negative Small Low 8. Wildlife Nil Negative Small Low 9. Rare Species Nil Negative Small Low 10. Endangered Species Nil Negative Small Low 11. Species Diversity Nil Negative Small Low 12. Minerals Nil 13. Water Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 14. Air Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 15. Noise Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 16. Solid Waste Nil Negative Small Low 17. Land Pollution Nil Negative Small Low 18. Soil Erosion Nil Negative Small Low 19. Health Nil Positive Big High 20. Benefits to Economy Nil Positive Big High 21. Displacement of People Nil Negative Small Low

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22. Employment Opportunities Nil Positive Big High 23. Infrastructure Nil Positive Big High 24. Hydrological Balance Nil Negative Small Low 25. Social Upliftment Nil Positive Big High 26. Aquaculture Potential Nil Negative Small Low 27. Archaeological Monuments Nil 28. Water Availability Nil Negative Small Low 29. Siesmicity Nil Negative Small Low 30. Alignment Nil Negative Big Medium 31. Tourism Nil Positive Big High Source: ADB TA Consultants field notes.