uwcad energy for the future

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Science in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION Université du Québec Institut national de la recherche scientifique Energy and Society: what Energy for the future of humanity? United World College of the Adriatic, Duino, Oct. 24 th 2008 Federico Rosei Canada Research Chair in Nanostructured Organic and Inorganic Materials NanoFemto Laboratory (NFL) INRS Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications, Université du Québec, Varennes (Québec) [email protected]

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Page 1: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Energy and Society:

what Energy for the future of humanity?

United World College of the Adriatic, Duino,

Oct. 24th 2008

Federico Rosei

Canada Research Chair

in Nanostructured Organic and Inorganic Materials

Nano–Femto Laboratory (NFL)

INRS – Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications,

Université du Québec, Varennes (Québec)

[email protected]

Page 2: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

• Materials Science in the Developing World,

Challenges and Perspectives

Essay in Advanced Materials

F. Rosei, L. Vayssieres, P. Mensah

“Africans believe in something that is difficult to render in

English. We call it ubuntu, or botho. It means the essence of

being human. You know when it is there and when it is

absent. It speaks about humanness, gentleness, hospitality,

putting yourself out on behalf of others, being vulnerable. It

embraces compassion and roughness. It recognizes that my

humanity is bound up in yours, for we can only be human

together.”

(Desmond Tutu)

Page 3: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Worldwide Societal Challenges(Broad, General => affect everybody)

• Clean and sustainable energy

• Preserving and protecting the environment

• Improving our health and quality of life

Page 4: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

• “Questions are never indiscreet,

answers sometimes are.” Oscar Wilde

• Each generation is confronted with new challenges

and new opportunities.

In this 1970 picture, an average American

family is surrounded by the barrels of oil

they consume annually. Now this

consumption is about 40% higher.

“Currently the world‟s growing thirst for oil

amounts to almost 1000 barrels a second.”

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and

Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew.

Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

Page 5: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

“Our generation will ultimately be

defined by how we live up to the

energy challenge.”

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,

V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

Page 6: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

The Energy problem• Disclaimer: the purpose of this presentation is to

promote awareness. I do not have easy solutions (I wish!)

• There is no „one size fits all‟ solution, in other words for the moment there is no credible replacement technology for fossil fuels

• As the demand for fossil fuels increases and supply dwindles, we need to buy time – Energy Saving!

• The price of oil is correlated with everything we do(raw materials, food, real estate etc.)

• The consequences on the environment are potentially catastrophic

• Sustainability vs. population increase

Page 7: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueWe „use‟ a lot of Energy to live

in today‟s world

Human Development Index and

per capita energy consumption

Energy is embodied in

any type of goods and

is needed to produce

any kind of service.

This is why it takes

energy to improve

people‟s standard of

living.

Page 8: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Energy and Quality of Life: “You can

never get enough of what you don‟t

need to make you happy”

Eric Hoffer

• The quality of life is almost completely uncorrelated

with energy consumption, once countries are

industrialized.

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,

V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

An Unsustainable Growth in an Unequal World

“My grandmother used to say: there are but two families in the world,

have-much and have-little.”

Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote

Page 9: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe Earth at night from a satellite

Page 10: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueEnergy and Quality of Life• One could believe that the well-being of people increases with

increasing consumption of energy.

• Quality of life is highly correlated with energy consumption during basic economic development, but is almost completely uncorrelated once countries are industrialized.

• As per capita energy consumption reaches a value of ca. 2.6 ton of oil equivalents (toe)/year => no further improvement.

• Strict parallelism between overconsumption of energy and food.

• Nation with the highest number of overweight or obese people (USA: 130 million, or 64%) also the one with the highest energy consumption per capita (8 toe per year).

• An American consumes as much energy as 2 European, 10 Chinese , 20 Indian, or 30 African people.

• Calories are both biologically and socially healthy only as long as they stay within the narrow range that separates enough from too much.

• Over a definite threshold, energy inputs increase inefficiency of personal life (obesity) and social life (traffic jams), cause more waste, boost medical expenses and increase inequality.

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,

V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

Page 11: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Historyof individual

energy consumption:

each one of us consumes ~100 times

as much as one stone age

human

Page 12: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueEquivalent Energy

• The power used by energy-affluent people: to run a TV set the continuous muscular work of 2 people is needed, while for a complete cycle with an energy-efficient washing machine the number is 15. To take-off a fully loaded Boeing 747, 1.6 million “energy slaves” are required.

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,

V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

There is a big disproportion

between the extensive use we

make of energy and the scarce

knowledge we have of it.

Page 13: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

“The struggle for existence is the

struggle for available energy”.

Ludwig Boltzmann

Page 14: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Alarm signals

Recent cover pages

of “The Economist”

Will this be our future?

October 2003

April 2005

Page 15: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueWorld Energy consumption

increases continuously

World population increases

at a rate of ~200.000

inhabitants per day

Oil (in general *non-

renewable* fossil fuels) is

still the most widely used

Fuel of modern society

Page 16: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueWe are guzzling Oil at a

staggering rate

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Last year the world „gobbled up‟ 1 cubic mile (or 4,2 Km3) of Oil

1 mile

Tour Eiffel

Page 17: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Drilling Oil is becoming

ever more difficult

The “Deepwater Pathfinder”

Yesterday Today: to find new Oil we have to

drill the bottom of the Ocean

Page 18: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Page 19: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe price of oil keeps increasing

In five years it

increased fivefold

135.08

year

Pri

ce

($

/b

arr

el)

+

Or not??!!

Page 20: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueConsequences:Crisis in the transport sectorTruck driver‟s strike in Italy and

Spain

French fishermen

protest because

of gas price

increases

Page 21: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique„relative‟ price of oil• Presently ca. 75 $ / barrel – down from ca. 140 just a few

months ago (partly due to speculation)

• The US$ is 40% weaker today than it was 6 years ago

• Relative importance of taxes:– In Europe, most countries impose heavy duty on gas (June 10th 2008:

1.545 Euros/liter in Italy)

– In the US there are no taxes => a fivefold increase in the price of oil reflects in a fivefold increase in the price of gas at the station…!

Correlations:

Sub-prime rates and

Real estate market

crash in the US

Page 22: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

• “The wisest decision to take in any

energy crisis in developed countries is

that of reducing energy demand.”

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,

V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

Page 23: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Presently we are „finding‟ one new

barrel of oil for every four we use

History of Oil

Discovery and Consumption

History of Norwegian Oil

Production

Oil Production in many

fields/areas is decreasing

Today we

Are here

Page 24: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Hubbert Peak

Resources are limited !

Nobody knows exactlyWhen it will hit.

However:

It will come for sure!

Even if it should hit in 15-20 years, it will cause major problems. It will take much longer to change our energy infrastructure

Page 25: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

When we reach the peak…

There will be a severe shortage of liquid fuels

1. Production

2. Demand

3. Price

time

Page 26: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Page 27: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Consequences:

If economists

pay attention…

it means

it is a serious

business !

Page 28: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

September 2007

Page 29: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Oil fields

Arabian PeninsulaHormuz

Straits

Page 30: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

No „one size fits all‟ solution• Price of oil price of raw materials

• Energy saving (implies drastic changes in infrastructure, which requires heavy use of raw materials!)

• The change in infrastructure designed to „buy time‟ actually requires time and significant investment in… Energy!

• => it is very hard to catch up!!!

• Important Note: liquid fuels are the only ones with sufficient energy density to fly a plane – they have so many advantages (which is why they have been overused) that they are extremely hard to replace

• Despite obvious drawbacks, nuclear energy may be an acceptable (temporary) solution to buy time

Page 31: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Alternative energy sources/vectors• Nuclear fission

• Wind power

• Hydroelectric

• Solar

• Nuclear fusion*

• Hydrogen*

Alternative is not enough! *Sustainable!*

* Under development

“The nuclear power industry remains as safe as a

chocolate factory”

The Economist, March 29th 1986 (4 weeks before

the Chernobyl catastrophe)

Page 32: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Concept of EROEI

• EROEI = Energy Return On Energy Investment

• 30 years ago, you could „invest‟ the equivalent

(in Energy) of one barrel of oil when drilling a

new oil field, and would retrieve 200 barrels

• EROEI examples:

– Ethanol from corn: 1 to 1.3

– Ethanol from sugar cane: 1 to 8 (acceptable)

– Alberta tar sands: 2 to 3 (barely acceptable)

Page 33: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Consequences on the environment

“Some side-effects of energy consumption are

transmitted to future generations; others, burden

our society.”

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,

V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

Page 34: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

In the last 100 years

the average surface

temperature has

increased at a record

rate in our planet‟s

history

A fast warming world

Page 35: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

The Ice-quakes

Ice-quake frequency has tripled in recent years

Page 36: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe North-West Passage

is now open!

Page 37: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Photo Source: NASA

Where on Earth are we going?

Every year the world‟s population increases by 70 million inhabitants

Page 38: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Their Energy:

grassland

Their Energy:

Palm trees

Our Energy:

Fossil fuels

Easter Island population

St Paul island reindeer

World population

Collapse?

Page 39: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Materials Science:- Materials by Design

- Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology

“Scientists have the moral duty to inform the general public of the

urgency and complexity of the energy problem.”

“The Earth is in our hands. Are we capable of reducing

disparity and creating a more peaceful world?”

“If our black and nervous civilization, based on coal, shall be followed by

a quieter civilization based on the utilization of solar energy that will not

be harmful to progress and to human happiness”

Giacomo Ciamician

“The efficient production of clean solar fuels would represent the most

important breakthrough of modern science.”

The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,

V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.

Page 40: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Ant: ~ 5 mm

Virus DNA Protein Atoms

Relative dimensions in Nature

Mite Hair Red Blood cells

Every item is approx. 10 times smaller

than the previous one

5/10.000.000 of a mm

Page 41: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

The atomic structure of matter

Just as buildings are

made of bricks…

…matter is

made of

atoms and

molecules

Page 42: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Most materials are made by „throwing together‟

various atomic species in random fashion

Page 43: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Lego

car

Advanced materials by designNanotechnology aims at placing the right

atoms at the right places

Page 44: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

• Au (gold) is inert in its bulk form (the

most noble of all metals!)

• In the form of clusters (~3 nm in

diameter) it becomes chemically

reactive

Valden, Lai, Goodman, Science 281, 1647 (1998)

• Challenges:

control of size, shape, stability, density

and positioning

• Nano size effects: at the

nanoscale, the surface/volume ratio

becomes important => this tends to

change many properties

Lycurgus Cup, (4th Century A.D).

Appears green in reflected light, red in

transmitted light. Contains Au / Ag

particles ~70 nm (b).

Nanostructured Materials:

Nano–size effects

Page 45: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Nanoscience and nanotechnology

The IBM Logo, written using 36Xenon atoms on a Nickel surface,exemplifies our present control onmatter:

We can read and write using atoms

Page 46: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

STM movies: Diffusion of Pt adatoms

T.R. Linderoth et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4978 (1997)

Examples of STM Movies: www.phys.au.dk/camp

Diffusion of Pt

adatoms on

Pt(110)–(1x2)

Page 47: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueNanoBioMed• Emerging applications:

– sunscreen, cosmetics

– new drugs and drug delivery systems

– new materials

• Biomedical research tools:

– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics

– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed

Nanosomes (L’Oréal)

Chemical sensors

New materials:non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic

Lotus leaf (artificial): nm-sized

hydrophobic wax

size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans

sol-gel based technique -> on market

Self-cleaning plastic, textiles:

CNT stabilized enzymes in polymer

Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’

Air-D-Fense (InMat, New Jersey):

nanoclay/butyl thin film

3000 fold decreased permeability

Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat):

No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag

Nanoshells of gold can

be heated from outside

the body by IR, releasing

drugs locally

Page 48: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Nanotechnology–made LEDsIncandescence Fluorescence

Fire lamp lamps LEDs

Year

Brief history of lighting

Page 49: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Saving Electric Energy

Each LED

Traffic light saves

1200 $ worth of

Electricity per year

By lighting with LEDs

just one room in every

house we can reduce

CO2 emissions by

1 billion tons per year

Page 50: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

“The latest advances in Nanoscience and

Nanotechnology focusing on Materials

and their impact in the Construction Sector”

Nanotechnology for Construction:redesigning infrastructure

Example: Aerogel, a new construction

nanomaterial for efficient insulation

Applications:

1) Wall thermal insulation

2) Window panels thermal insulation

The hand does not burn although

the flame temperature is 800 oC

Page 51: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Nano-catalytic materials

Computer model of

a bimetallic

nanocrystal

Example: design nano-materials with optimized catalytic

activity, for methane to methanol conversion

STM image of a nano-

engineered model

catalyst

Page 52: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

• The famous paper “The Photochemistry of the Future”

also published in Science by Giacomo Ciamician in 1912,

where he pointed out the need for an energy transition

from fossils to renewables. One century later this call is

more urgent than ever.

Page 53: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

Nanomaterials for photovoltaics- matching the solar emission spectrum

Nano-dots of In1-xGaxN promise to double

Solar cell efficiency

Solar Flux

Gallium Percentage

Fluorescing nano “dots” of the In1-xGaxN alloy

Other approaches: hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells

Page 54: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe hydrogen car

General Motors

Hy-Wire car

prototype

The Car The interior

The chassis The cloche

• The Hydrogen Economy

• ““I believe that water will one

day be employed as fuel, that

hydrogen and oxygen which

constitute it, used singly or

together, will furnish an

inexhaustible source of heat

and light, of an intensity of

which coal is not capable … .

Water will be the coal of the

future”” Jules Verne, The

Mysterious Island

A hydrogen fuel-cell bus in Iceland. The water

splitting and recombination reactions are

figuratively represented by the opening and

closing of the door.

Page 55: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifique

An Energy „Crisis‟?

The word crisis has a Greek origin.

It means a divergence of paths, or

“choice”This is the character which

means “crisis” in Chinese; it

is a composite character.

Means “Danger!”=>

Means “Opportunity”=>

Page 56: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueA few words about INRS:the graduate school of the University of Quebec

Location: the south shore of Montreal

Approx. 25 km from the city centre

Page 57: UWCAd Energy for the Future

INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION

Université du Québec

Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueAcknowledgements

AFOSR

Energy:

• R. Rosei, University of Trieste (Italy)

Ge/Si, Si, Ge nanostructures:

• F. Ratto, D. Riabinina, C. Durand, K. Dunn, M. Chaker (INRS), J. Margot (UdeM)

• M. De Crescenzi, A. Sgarlata, A. Balzarotti, P.D. Szkutznik (Roma 2)

• S. Heun, A. Locatelli, S. Fontana (Elettra, Trieste)

• S. Kharrazi, S. Ashtaputre, S. Kulkarni (University of Pune, India)

• N. Motta (QUT, Australia)

Nanostencil / functional materials:

• A. Pignolet, C. Cojocaru, C. Harnagea (INRS)

Organic molecules:

• J. Miwa, A. Dadvand, F. Cicoira, C. Santato, J. MacLeod, J. Lipton-Duffin, S. Clair (INRS); D.

Perepichka (McGill)

• B.J. Eves, G.P. Lopinski (NRC–SIMS, Ottawa)

• T.R. Linderoth, F. Besenbacher (Univ. of Aarhus)

Nanostructured Biomaterials:

• K.G. Nath, F. Variola, F. Vetrone (INRS), A. Nanci, J.D. Wuest (UdeM)

Carbon Nanotubes:

• S. Miglio, A. El Khakani (INRS), P. Castrucci, M. De Crescenzi, M. Scarselli, F. Tombolini (Roma2)