uwcad energy for the future
DESCRIPTION
Presentation by Federico RoseiTRANSCRIPT
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Energy and Society:
what Energy for the future of humanity?
United World College of the Adriatic, Duino,
Oct. 24th 2008
Federico Rosei
Canada Research Chair
in Nanostructured Organic and Inorganic Materials
Nano–Femto Laboratory (NFL)
INRS – Énergie, Matériaux et Télécommunications,
Université du Québec, Varennes (Québec)
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
• Materials Science in the Developing World,
Challenges and Perspectives
Essay in Advanced Materials
F. Rosei, L. Vayssieres, P. Mensah
“Africans believe in something that is difficult to render in
English. We call it ubuntu, or botho. It means the essence of
being human. You know when it is there and when it is
absent. It speaks about humanness, gentleness, hospitality,
putting yourself out on behalf of others, being vulnerable. It
embraces compassion and roughness. It recognizes that my
humanity is bound up in yours, for we can only be human
together.”
(Desmond Tutu)
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Worldwide Societal Challenges(Broad, General => affect everybody)
• Clean and sustainable energy
• Preserving and protecting the environment
• Improving our health and quality of life
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
• “Questions are never indiscreet,
answers sometimes are.” Oscar Wilde
• Each generation is confronted with new challenges
and new opportunities.
In this 1970 picture, an average American
family is surrounded by the barrels of oil
they consume annually. Now this
consumption is about 40% higher.
“Currently the world‟s growing thirst for oil
amounts to almost 1000 barrels a second.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and
Opportunities; N. Armaroli, V. Balzani, Angew.
Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
“Our generation will ultimately be
defined by how we live up to the
energy challenge.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,
V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
The Energy problem• Disclaimer: the purpose of this presentation is to
promote awareness. I do not have easy solutions (I wish!)
• There is no „one size fits all‟ solution, in other words for the moment there is no credible replacement technology for fossil fuels
• As the demand for fossil fuels increases and supply dwindles, we need to buy time – Energy Saving!
• The price of oil is correlated with everything we do(raw materials, food, real estate etc.)
• The consequences on the environment are potentially catastrophic
• Sustainability vs. population increase
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueWe „use‟ a lot of Energy to live
in today‟s world
Human Development Index and
per capita energy consumption
Energy is embodied in
any type of goods and
is needed to produce
any kind of service.
This is why it takes
energy to improve
people‟s standard of
living.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Energy and Quality of Life: “You can
never get enough of what you don‟t
need to make you happy”
Eric Hoffer
• The quality of life is almost completely uncorrelated
with energy consumption, once countries are
industrialized.
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,
V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
An Unsustainable Growth in an Unequal World
“My grandmother used to say: there are but two families in the world,
have-much and have-little.”
Miguel de Cervantes, Don Quixote
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe Earth at night from a satellite
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueEnergy and Quality of Life• One could believe that the well-being of people increases with
increasing consumption of energy.
• Quality of life is highly correlated with energy consumption during basic economic development, but is almost completely uncorrelated once countries are industrialized.
• As per capita energy consumption reaches a value of ca. 2.6 ton of oil equivalents (toe)/year => no further improvement.
• Strict parallelism between overconsumption of energy and food.
• Nation with the highest number of overweight or obese people (USA: 130 million, or 64%) also the one with the highest energy consumption per capita (8 toe per year).
• An American consumes as much energy as 2 European, 10 Chinese , 20 Indian, or 30 African people.
• Calories are both biologically and socially healthy only as long as they stay within the narrow range that separates enough from too much.
• Over a definite threshold, energy inputs increase inefficiency of personal life (obesity) and social life (traffic jams), cause more waste, boost medical expenses and increase inequality.
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,
V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Historyof individual
energy consumption:
each one of us consumes ~100 times
as much as one stone age
human
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueEquivalent Energy
• The power used by energy-affluent people: to run a TV set the continuous muscular work of 2 people is needed, while for a complete cycle with an energy-efficient washing machine the number is 15. To take-off a fully loaded Boeing 747, 1.6 million “energy slaves” are required.
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,
V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
There is a big disproportion
between the extensive use we
make of energy and the scarce
knowledge we have of it.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
“The struggle for existence is the
struggle for available energy”.
Ludwig Boltzmann
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Alarm signals
Recent cover pages
of “The Economist”
Will this be our future?
October 2003
April 2005
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueWorld Energy consumption
increases continuously
World population increases
at a rate of ~200.000
inhabitants per day
Oil (in general *non-
renewable* fossil fuels) is
still the most widely used
Fuel of modern society
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueWe are guzzling Oil at a
staggering rate
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Last year the world „gobbled up‟ 1 cubic mile (or 4,2 Km3) of Oil
1 mile
Tour Eiffel
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Drilling Oil is becoming
ever more difficult
The “Deepwater Pathfinder”
Yesterday Today: to find new Oil we have to
drill the bottom of the Ocean
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe price of oil keeps increasing
In five years it
increased fivefold
135.08
year
Pri
ce
($
/b
arr
el)
+
Or not??!!
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueConsequences:Crisis in the transport sectorTruck driver‟s strike in Italy and
Spain
French fishermen
protest because
of gas price
increases
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique„relative‟ price of oil• Presently ca. 75 $ / barrel – down from ca. 140 just a few
months ago (partly due to speculation)
• The US$ is 40% weaker today than it was 6 years ago
• Relative importance of taxes:– In Europe, most countries impose heavy duty on gas (June 10th 2008:
1.545 Euros/liter in Italy)
– In the US there are no taxes => a fivefold increase in the price of oil reflects in a fivefold increase in the price of gas at the station…!
Correlations:
Sub-prime rates and
Real estate market
crash in the US
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
• “The wisest decision to take in any
energy crisis in developed countries is
that of reducing energy demand.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,
V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Presently we are „finding‟ one new
barrel of oil for every four we use
History of Oil
Discovery and Consumption
History of Norwegian Oil
Production
Oil Production in many
fields/areas is decreasing
Today we
Are here
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Hubbert Peak
Resources are limited !
Nobody knows exactlyWhen it will hit.
However:
It will come for sure!
Even if it should hit in 15-20 years, it will cause major problems. It will take much longer to change our energy infrastructure
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
When we reach the peak…
There will be a severe shortage of liquid fuels
1. Production
2. Demand
3. Price
time
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Consequences:
If economists
pay attention…
it means
it is a serious
business !
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
September 2007
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Oil fields
Arabian PeninsulaHormuz
Straits
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
No „one size fits all‟ solution• Price of oil price of raw materials
• Energy saving (implies drastic changes in infrastructure, which requires heavy use of raw materials!)
• The change in infrastructure designed to „buy time‟ actually requires time and significant investment in… Energy!
• => it is very hard to catch up!!!
• Important Note: liquid fuels are the only ones with sufficient energy density to fly a plane – they have so many advantages (which is why they have been overused) that they are extremely hard to replace
• Despite obvious drawbacks, nuclear energy may be an acceptable (temporary) solution to buy time
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Alternative energy sources/vectors• Nuclear fission
• Wind power
• Hydroelectric
• Solar
• Nuclear fusion*
• Hydrogen*
Alternative is not enough! *Sustainable!*
* Under development
“The nuclear power industry remains as safe as a
chocolate factory”
The Economist, March 29th 1986 (4 weeks before
the Chernobyl catastrophe)
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Concept of EROEI
• EROEI = Energy Return On Energy Investment
• 30 years ago, you could „invest‟ the equivalent
(in Energy) of one barrel of oil when drilling a
new oil field, and would retrieve 200 barrels
• EROEI examples:
– Ethanol from corn: 1 to 1.3
– Ethanol from sugar cane: 1 to 8 (acceptable)
– Alberta tar sands: 2 to 3 (barely acceptable)
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Consequences on the environment
“Some side-effects of energy consumption are
transmitted to future generations; others, burden
our society.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,
V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
In the last 100 years
the average surface
temperature has
increased at a record
rate in our planet‟s
history
A fast warming world
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
The Ice-quakes
Ice-quake frequency has tripled in recent years
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe North-West Passage
is now open!
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Photo Source: NASA
Where on Earth are we going?
Every year the world‟s population increases by 70 million inhabitants
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Their Energy:
grassland
Their Energy:
Palm trees
Our Energy:
Fossil fuels
Easter Island population
St Paul island reindeer
World population
Collapse?
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Materials Science:- Materials by Design
- Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology
“Scientists have the moral duty to inform the general public of the
urgency and complexity of the energy problem.”
“The Earth is in our hands. Are we capable of reducing
disparity and creating a more peaceful world?”
“If our black and nervous civilization, based on coal, shall be followed by
a quieter civilization based on the utilization of solar energy that will not
be harmful to progress and to human happiness”
Giacomo Ciamician
“The efficient production of clean solar fuels would represent the most
important breakthrough of modern science.”
The Future of Energy Supply: Challenges and Opportunities; N. Armaroli,
V. Balzani, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Ant: ~ 5 mm
Virus DNA Protein Atoms
Relative dimensions in Nature
Mite Hair Red Blood cells
Every item is approx. 10 times smaller
than the previous one
5/10.000.000 of a mm
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
The atomic structure of matter
Just as buildings are
made of bricks…
…matter is
made of
atoms and
molecules
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Most materials are made by „throwing together‟
various atomic species in random fashion
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Lego
car
Advanced materials by designNanotechnology aims at placing the right
atoms at the right places
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
• Au (gold) is inert in its bulk form (the
most noble of all metals!)
• In the form of clusters (~3 nm in
diameter) it becomes chemically
reactive
Valden, Lai, Goodman, Science 281, 1647 (1998)
• Challenges:
control of size, shape, stability, density
and positioning
• Nano size effects: at the
nanoscale, the surface/volume ratio
becomes important => this tends to
change many properties
Lycurgus Cup, (4th Century A.D).
Appears green in reflected light, red in
transmitted light. Contains Au / Ag
particles ~70 nm (b).
Nanostructured Materials:
Nano–size effects
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Nanoscience and nanotechnology
The IBM Logo, written using 36Xenon atoms on a Nickel surface,exemplifies our present control onmatter:
We can read and write using atoms
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
STM movies: Diffusion of Pt adatoms
T.R. Linderoth et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 4978 (1997)
Examples of STM Movies: www.phys.au.dk/camp
Diffusion of Pt
adatoms on
Pt(110)–(1x2)
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueNanoBioMed• Emerging applications:
– sunscreen, cosmetics
– new drugs and drug delivery systems
– new materials
• Biomedical research tools:
– nano materials for labeling & diagnostics
– tools of nanoscience applied to biomed
Nanosomes (L’Oréal)
Chemical sensors
New materials:non-permeable, self-cleaning, anti-septic
Lotus leaf (artificial): nm-sized
hydrophobic wax
size: water rolls (not slides) -> cleans
sol-gel based technique -> on market
Self-cleaning plastic, textiles:
CNT stabilized enzymes in polymer
Textiles with ‘Stain Defender’
Air-D-Fense (InMat, New Jersey):
nanoclay/butyl thin film
3000 fold decreased permeability
Ceramic Coatings: (Inframat):
No barnacles on ship hulls: reduced drag
Nanoshells of gold can
be heated from outside
the body by IR, releasing
drugs locally
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Nanotechnology–made LEDsIncandescence Fluorescence
Fire lamp lamps LEDs
Year
Brief history of lighting
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Saving Electric Energy
Each LED
Traffic light saves
1200 $ worth of
Electricity per year
By lighting with LEDs
just one room in every
house we can reduce
CO2 emissions by
1 billion tons per year
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
“The latest advances in Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology focusing on Materials
and their impact in the Construction Sector”
Nanotechnology for Construction:redesigning infrastructure
Example: Aerogel, a new construction
nanomaterial for efficient insulation
Applications:
1) Wall thermal insulation
2) Window panels thermal insulation
The hand does not burn although
the flame temperature is 800 oC
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Nano-catalytic materials
Computer model of
a bimetallic
nanocrystal
Example: design nano-materials with optimized catalytic
activity, for methane to methanol conversion
STM image of a nano-
engineered model
catalyst
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
• The famous paper “The Photochemistry of the Future”
also published in Science by Giacomo Ciamician in 1912,
where he pointed out the need for an energy transition
from fossils to renewables. One century later this call is
more urgent than ever.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
Nanomaterials for photovoltaics- matching the solar emission spectrum
Nano-dots of In1-xGaxN promise to double
Solar cell efficiency
Solar Flux
Gallium Percentage
Fluorescing nano “dots” of the In1-xGaxN alloy
Other approaches: hybrid organic/inorganic solar cells
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueThe hydrogen car
General Motors
Hy-Wire car
prototype
The Car The interior
The chassis The cloche
• The Hydrogen Economy
• ““I believe that water will one
day be employed as fuel, that
hydrogen and oxygen which
constitute it, used singly or
together, will furnish an
inexhaustible source of heat
and light, of an intensity of
which coal is not capable … .
Water will be the coal of the
future”” Jules Verne, The
Mysterious Island
A hydrogen fuel-cell bus in Iceland. The water
splitting and recombination reactions are
figuratively represented by the opening and
closing of the door.
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifique
An Energy „Crisis‟?
The word crisis has a Greek origin.
It means a divergence of paths, or
“choice”This is the character which
means “crisis” in Chinese; it
is a composite character.
Means “Danger!”=>
Means “Opportunity”=>
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueA few words about INRS:the graduate school of the University of Quebec
Location: the south shore of Montreal
Approx. 25 km from the city centre
INRSScience in ACTION for a World in EVOLUTION
Université du Québec
Institut national de la recherche scientifiqueAcknowledgements
AFOSR
Energy:
• R. Rosei, University of Trieste (Italy)
Ge/Si, Si, Ge nanostructures:
• F. Ratto, D. Riabinina, C. Durand, K. Dunn, M. Chaker (INRS), J. Margot (UdeM)
• M. De Crescenzi, A. Sgarlata, A. Balzarotti, P.D. Szkutznik (Roma 2)
• S. Heun, A. Locatelli, S. Fontana (Elettra, Trieste)
• S. Kharrazi, S. Ashtaputre, S. Kulkarni (University of Pune, India)
• N. Motta (QUT, Australia)
Nanostencil / functional materials:
• A. Pignolet, C. Cojocaru, C. Harnagea (INRS)
Organic molecules:
• J. Miwa, A. Dadvand, F. Cicoira, C. Santato, J. MacLeod, J. Lipton-Duffin, S. Clair (INRS); D.
Perepichka (McGill)
• B.J. Eves, G.P. Lopinski (NRC–SIMS, Ottawa)
• T.R. Linderoth, F. Besenbacher (Univ. of Aarhus)
Nanostructured Biomaterials:
• K.G. Nath, F. Variola, F. Vetrone (INRS), A. Nanci, J.D. Wuest (UdeM)
Carbon Nanotubes:
• S. Miglio, A. El Khakani (INRS), P. Castrucci, M. De Crescenzi, M. Scarselli, F. Tombolini (Roma2)