1

v / ;k; % 4v / ;k; % 4v / ;k; % 4v / ;k; % 4 Hkkx Hkkx Hkkx Hkkx 1111

f i Nys v /; k; ksa esa geus ^ Kku n sus* d s lan HkZ esa Kk u d s ek ;us v k S j K ku ds izd k jksa ij pp kZ d jrs gq , ;g ns[kk f d Kku f dlh oLr q d h r jg ugha gS v k S j blhf y , Kku d ks oLr q d h Hk kafr f n;k Hk h ugha t k ld rk A Kk u vf tZ r d jus d s fy , gjsd O;f Dr d ks v iu s iz ; kl djus gksrs gS aA lk Fk gh nwljs y ksx bls vf tZ r d jus esa enn x kj t: j gk s ld rs gS aA v /; k; r hu esa geus U;k ; n'k Z u d s vuqlk j Kk u iz k Ir d ju s ds lk/k uk sa ij la{k si esa pp kZ d hA geus ns[kk f d U;k ; n'kZu eq [; : i ls iz R;{k ] vuq eku ] mi ek u ,oa 'k Cn d ks Kku vf tZ r d ju s d s lk/ku ds :i esa ns[kr k gS A bl v /;k ; ds i gy s H kkx esa ge ik 'p k R; n'k Z u d s l anHk Z esa K ku laca/kh l ok y ksa ij FkksM +k&c gq r f op k j d jsaxs fd if 'p eh n'kZ u esa Kku ds ckjs esa D;k lk sp k x ; k gS \ K ku iz kf Ir d s l k/ku ksa ds ckjs es a D; k lksp k x ;k gS \ Hk kx nk s esa ge Kku d h 'kr ksZ a ij p p kZ d jsax s f d Kku gksu s d s fy , f du&fdu 'krk sZ a d k gk suk t : jh gS A

bl nq fu ;k v kS j blds ckjs esa gk sus o ky s Kku ds ckjs esa nq f u; k d h reke l H;r k,a c gq r igys ls f op k j d jrh jgh gSaA leL;k,a yx Hkx ogh Fkha v k S j gjsd l H;r k esa m u ij f op kj gk s jgk Fkk A v r% bl nq fu ;k ds ck js es a v yx &v yx ns'kk sa v kS j lH;r kv ksa esa gq , n k'kZ f ud f p Uru d ks t k uuk , d f nyp Li d gkuh d h rjg gS A

gt kjksa lky i gy s] t c f oK ku v kt d h rjg v ius f od f lr : i esa u gh a Fkk ] rc H kh y ksx ksa es a bl bl nq fu; k esa gksu s ok y h ?kVu kv k sa d s ckjs esa t k uus d h f nyp Lih Fk hA ;g f nyp Lih jkst ejkZ esa gksu s o ky h ?kVu kv k sa d s ckjs es a Hk h FkhA t S ls f d ] f nu&jkr dS ls gksr s gS a \ ckf j'k d S ls gksr h gS \ isM+&ikS /ks d S l s m xrs v k S j [kRe gks t kr s gS ] v kfn &v kfnA nwljh r jQ] d q N ,sl s lo ky Hk h Fks t ks bl nqfu ;k ds ckj s es a lex zrk esa t ku us ls t q Ms+ FksA t S ls f d ] bl nqf u;k d h m Rif Rr d S ls gq bZ \ D;k d qN ,slh lkekU; p ht sa gS a f t uls f ey d j ;g n qf u;k cu h gS \ bl nqf u; k d ks f dl us c uk; k gS ( v kf n&v kf n A ge ns[k ld rs gS a fd le; d s l kFk f oKku ds gq , f od kl ds ek/; e ls c gq r l s l oky ksa d k balku u s , d rjg d k f o 'o u h; Kk u vf tZ r f d ;k gS A v kt ds le; esa ;g t ku k t k p qd k gS f d f nu&jkr dS ls gksrs gS a v Fk ok ckf j'k d Sls gksrh gS A bl nqf u;k ds ckjs e sa c gq r ls lo ky ksa d s ckjs esa f o Kku gesa lar ks"k tud tck o ns pq d k gS A y sfd u fQj Hkh f oK ku ds nk ;js ls ck gj v Hkh c gqr ls l ok y gS a ftu ij laH ko r% le; ds lkFk dq N izd k'k iM +sA y sf d u d q N lo ky bl nqf u ;k ds ckjs esa gk sus o ky s Kku d s c kjs esa Hk h Fk sA t S ls f d Kku gksr k D; k gS \ ge v i us v kl ik l d h nq fu;k d s ckjs esa t ku rs d S ls gS a \ t ku us d s lk/k u D;k gSa v kS j ft ls ge t ku ikr s gS a( o g lR; gS v Fko k v lR; ] bl s ge d Sls t ku ikrs gS a \ b ud s vy ko k Hk h cgq r ls lo ky gSa ft u ij n k'kZf ud f pUru d jrs jgs gS aA ;s l ok y balku ksa d s v kp j.k ls l acaf / kr FksA t S ls f d nwljksa d s l kFk d S lk O ;o gkj fd ; k t k, \ D;k d ju k mf pr gS v kS j D;k d juk vu qfp r gS ( v kf n&v kf n \ f tr us Hk h l ok y m ij mB k, x , gSa b u esa ls cgq r ls lo ky k sa d s ckjs esa t ku us d s fy , ge f o Kku d h rjQ t krs gS a v kS j c gq r l s lok y v Hkh Hk h n'k Zu ds {ks= esa cu s gq , gS aA

f i Nys v /;k ; esa geus H kkjr h; n'kZu ds lanHk Z Kku laca/k h l ok y ksa ij f op k j fd ; k gS A bl v /; k; esa ge Kku l s t q M s+ l ok y ksa d s ck js es a d qN ik'p kR; n k'kZf ud ksa& Iy sV ks] n sd krZ ] y kWd ] cd Zys v k S j d kaV& ds er ksa d k ljy i f jp ; iz kIr d jsax sA

1111 ---- Iy sV Iy sV Iy sV Iy sV ksksksks

2

lq d jkr d k f 'k "; Iy sV ks mu egRo iw.kZ izk p hu n k'kZf ud ksa esa ls ,d gS f tlus u f l QZ if 'p eh nqf u; k d h Kku v k S j f p Uru ijaijk d ks cf Yd nqf u; k Hkj d h fp Uru ijaijk x gjs iz Hk kf o r f d; k gS A Iy sV ks d k t Ue 428 bZ lk iwoZ gq v k Fk kA Iy sVk s d k ; ksx n ku f lQZ n'kZu 'k kL= d s {ks= rd gh lh f er u gha jgk cf Yd mUgksau s jkt uhf r ] f 'k{kk ] d kuwu v kS j u hf r 'kkL= d s {ks= esa Hkh xaH khj ;k sx n ku f d; kA IysV ks us reke n k'kZ f ud iz 'u ksa ij f o p kj d jus d s fy , v Dl j ckr p hr d h ,d f nyp Li 'kS y h v iuk bZ A v ius x z UFk ksa e sa m Ugk saus d qN pf j= x <+s gS a v k S j ;s lHkh p f j= f d lh leL;k ij v i us er j[k rs gS aA y sfd u IysVk s u s l eL;k v ksa ij ckrp hr d s fy , ,d p f j= v ius x q: lqd jkr d k Hkh pq u k gS t ks f d v U; pf j= ksa ls lok y d jrs gq , v kS j muds t cko ksa ij f Qj lo ky d jr s gq , mu ds t ckok sa d h = q f V;ka f n [k kr k gS v k S j v ius er d ks LFk kf ir d jrk gS A o kLro esa ; gh 'kS y h Iy sV ks d s xq : lq d jkr us Hkh leL ;k v ksa ij f op k j f oe'kZ ds f y , v iu kbZ FkhA

v k er kS j ij ; g ekuk t krk gS fd vu q Hko ls izk Ir gksu s o ky k Kku bf Unz ; ksa ij f uHkZ j d jr k gS v Fk ok b fUnz ; iz R; {k ls iz kI r gk srk gS v k S j o gh o kLrfo d Kku gk srk gS A y sfd u I y sVks v k S j ,sls c gq r ls nk 'kZ f ud gq , gSa t ks blls f HkUu er j[k rs gS aA Iy sV ks K ku d s ckjs esa f tl leL;k ls t w> jgs Fks] og ,sls Kk u d h [kkst ls tq M+h Fk h f tlesa f uf 'prr k v kS j f LFk jr k gksA v FkkZ r ~ mlds v uq lkj Kku ,slk gk suk pk f g, f tl ij lansg u f d ;k t k lds v kS j t ks le; ds l kFk ugha c nysA

Kk u d s laca/k esa v Dlj ;g l ok y m Brk gS fd ;fn gekjk Kku gj {k .k cny rk jgs r ks D; k ge m ls Kku d gsax s \ ; f n ,slk gksrk jgs r ks 'kk; n m ls Kk u d gu s esa l eL; k gksx hA l ksp d j nsf [k ,] f t ls v Hkh rd ge Kk u ek ud j p y jgs gS a ;f n og vxys gh { k.k cny t k, r ks D; k gksx k \ m n kgj.k d s f y, ] ; fn d ksbZ bl {k .k d gs fd eq> s v Hkh lk eus t k s f n[k jgk gS og , d isM+ gS v kS j vx ys gh {k .k d gs] ; g isM + u gha d qN v kS j gS ( r ks bl ls D;k leL;k gksx h \ ek u y hf t ,] v ki jksV h cu kus d s fy , v kVk x wanu k p kgrs gS aA v kius v kV k le>d j fd l h p ht d ks Fkk y h esa y s Hkh f y ; k ysf du t Sls gh v ki iku h ls m ls x wanu k 'kq: d jsa( v kS j v ki d ks ir k pys f d ] ^^v js ! ; g v kV k u gh a] ;g r ks f eV ~Vh gS A* * ,sls f LFkf r esa D;k gksx k \ g e v f u'p ; d s va/k d kj esa x k srs y x krs jgsax s v kS j d qN Hkh d j iku s l s d r jkrs jgsax sA

Iy sV ks ds l keus bl leL;k d s izd V gksus ds n ks d kj.k FksA , d ] m uds iwo Z or hZ d qN n k'kZf ud nqf u; k d ks f ujar j i f jor Zu'kh y ekurs FksA bld k ,d ery c ; g gqv k fd ;f n p htsa yx kr kj c ny jgh gSa r ks m uds ckjs esa gk sus ok y k Kku H kh yx k rkj c nyr k jgsx k A D;ksafd t c rd ge f dl h p ht ds ck js esa Kku iz kI r d j ik,axs] v xy s gh {k.k o g p h t c ny p q d h gk sx h v k S j gek jk i gy s o ky k Kku v lR; fl ) gks t k,x kA ge f Qj ls ml o Lrq d k Kku iz kIr d jsax s o g o Lrq f Qj c ny pq d h gksx hA v Fkk Z r~ oLr q ds c n yus d s lkFk gh gek jk Kku Hk h gj {k .k cn yrk jgsx k A

nwl jk d kj.k ;g f d ] ;g d k j.k igy s d kj.k ls gh t qM+k gq v k gS ] ;f n p ht sa y x krk j c ny jgh gS a r ks bf Unz ; v uq Hk oksa d s ek /;e ls iz kI r gk sus ok y k Kku f o'o lu h; v kS j lR; u gh a jg t k,x kA m n kjg.k d s f y ,] eS a bl le; , d isM+ d ks ns[k ik jgk gwa v kS j og isM+ y x krk j c ny jgk gS A v k t ls ,d lky i gys ;g Nk sVk ] d e ?kuk Fkk A y sfd u v kt ; g c M+k v kS j l?ku gS A d y blesa v k S j Hk h if jorZu gk saxsA v Fk kZ r~ cny rs isM + d s lk Fk gekjs Kku esa H kh i f jor Zu v k,axsA v r% Iy sV ks d k eku uk Fkk fd bf Unz ; v uq Hko l s gksus ok y k Kku o kLrf od ugha gks ld r kA ysf du blds lk Fk gh c gq r ls lo ky [kM +s gks t kr s gS aA ;f n bf Unz ; vu q Hko ls iz kIr gksu s o ky k Kku o kLrf od ugha gS r ks f Qj d kS u lk Kku o kLrf od gk sx k v kS j og d S l iz k Ir gk sx k \ lkFk gh b f Un z ; vuq H ko ls gksus o kys Kku d k ge D; k d jsa \ v Fkk Z r~ bf Unz ; ksa d s ek/ ;e ls gksu s o kys Kk u

3

d ks f Qj d S ls l e>sa \ b u iz 'u ksa d s lan HkZ esa ge v kx s Iy sVks ds f op kjksa d ks le> us d k iz ; kl d jsax sA

Iy sV ks d s v uq lk j o kLrf od Kku o g gS t k s 'k q ) cq f ) ls iz k Ir gksrk gS ] f t lesa b f Unz ; Kku dh d ksbZ f ey koV u gksA cq f ) ls iz kI r gk sus o ky k Kku fuf 'pr] f LFk j v k S j v laf nX /k gk srk gS A cq f) ls izk Ir gksu s o ky s Kk u d ks IysV ks nk s izd kj d k ekur k gSA , d ] xf .krh; Kku v kS j n wljs] iz R;; ksa d k KkuA xf .k rh; Kku d s ckjs esa m ud k ekuu k gS f d ; g 'kq ) cq f ) ls iz k Ir gksu s oky k Kku gS v k S j bl ij lansg d h x qat k b'k ugha gS A mn kgj.k ds f y ,] 2 + 2 = 4 gksrs gS aA ge lHk h bls lR ; ekurs gS a v kS j bl ij lansg u gha d jr sA ; g Kk u fuf 'pr gS v kS j blesa f d lh rjg d k if jor Zu ugha gksrk A bl v k/kk j ij Iy sVks d grs gS a f d xf .kr ,o a T;k f ef r d k Kku o kLr f od Kku gS A blds v y ko k os ^iz R;; ksa* d s Kku d ks Hkh o kLr f od Kk u ekurs gS aA iz R ;; d ks vax sz t h esa ^Idea' v Fk ok ^Form' Hkh d gr s gS aA Iy sVk s d s v uq lk j ;s iz R; ; D;k gS a \

bls m nk gj.k ls le> rs gS a A gekj s v klikl c gq r ls t k uo j gS a v kS j ek u y hf t, ] b uesa ls c gq r lh f cf Yy ; ka gS aA lHkh f cf Yy ;ksa , d &nwljs ls v yx gS aA b uesa ls f dl h ,d ds ckjs esa d gk t k ldr k gS ] ^^ ;g ,d f cYyh gS A* * ; gka ^f c Yy h* 'kCn d k D;k v FkZ gS \ Iy sVks d s vu qlkj ;gka ^f cYy h* d k v FkZ fd lh ,d f o'ks"k f c Yy h ls dq N vy x gS A bl ,d fo 'ks" k f cYy h esa d q N ,sls lk ekU ; y{k.k ;k l kek U; f o 'ks"k rk ,a gS a t ks f d fd l h Hkh f c Yy h gksax sA ek u y hft , ] d ksbZ f c Yy h d ky h gS v kSj d ksbZ lQsn A d ksbZ ek sVh gS v kS j d ksbZ iry hA f Qj Hkh ge m l s ^ f c Yy h* gh d grs gS aA m ud k d ky k ; k lQsn gksuk ( ek sVk ; k iyr k gk suk r ks f o 'k s"k f c Yy h d k xq .k gks ld rk gS ] lHkh f cf Yy ; ksa d k lkekU; x q .k ugha gS A v r% fd lh p ht d s f cYy h gksu s d h i gp ku u gh a c u ldr hA ij ge f cYy h d ks n s[k rs gS a r Hkh m ls f c Yy h ds ox Z eas j[k n srs gS a( rk s bu l Hkh f o'ks" k f c f Yy ;ksa es a d ksbZ lkekU; xq .k gksu k p kf g, t k s lHk h f cf Yy ;ksa esa , d t Slk gksA f cf Yy ;ksa esa ik, t kus o kys b u lkekU; y{k .kksa d ks ge ^f c Yy hiu* d g ld rs gS a v k S j ^f cYy h iu * d k ;g y {k .k lHkh f o'ks" k f cf Yy ; ksa esa ik;k t krk gS A IysV ks fd lh o Lrq ds b Ugh a l kekU; y {k .kksa] t S ls f d ] ^f cYy h iu* d ks gh iz R;; d grs gS aA ; g ^f cYyh iu * u rks f dlh f o 'ks" k f cYy h d h rjg d Hk h t Uerk v k S j u gh d Hk h ejr k gS A ;g u rks le; l s ca/kk gS v kS j u gh fd lh LFk ku lsA IysV ks ds v uq l kj ; g 'kk 'or gS v k S j ; g v kn 'kZ f c Yy h gS A Iy sV ks ek urs gS a f d bl r jg ^f cYy hiu * ds iz R; ; d ks x z g.k d j iku k gh okLr f od Kku gS v k S j bl ^f c Yy hiu* d k Kku bf Unz ; vu q Hko l s laH ko u gha gS A o Lr qv ksa ds ,sls l kek U; y {k .k ksa d ks cq f ) gh x z g.k d jrh gS A ysf d u Iy sV ks D; ksa bf Unz ; v uqHk o ls iz k Ir Kk u d ks o kLrf od u gha eku rs vk S j cq f ) ls iz kIr Kku d k s okLr f od ekurs gS a \

Iy sV ks bf Unz ; vuq Hko ls izk Ir Kku ds ck js esa d gr s gS a] ge v ka[k v kS j d ku v kf n ls b f Unz ; v uq Hko x z g.k d jrs gS a y sf du ,slk cgq r lk Kku gS t ks f d bf Un z ; v uq H ko ls lac ) ugha gksr kA m ud k ek uu k gS fd ] d ksbZ Hk h bf Unz ; f d Ugha oLrq v ksa d s v f LrRo d s gksu s v kS j ugha gk sus d ks x z g.k ugha d j ldrh A m nkgj.k d s f y , ] v Hkh eSa f tl ij cS Bd j fy [k jgk gw a og , d Vsf cy gS v kS j eS a v ka[k ls bl d s ckjs esa d q N ns[k ik jgk gwaA y sf d u o kLro esa ^Vsf cy * D;k gS \ gesa gekj h b f Un z ;ksa ls bl V sf c y ds ckjs esa D; k v uq H ko iz kIr gk s jg s gS a \ Vsf cy ls iz k Ir gksu s o ky s leLr b f Un z ; v uq Hk o ;k rks jax ds gS a ;k bld h dBksjr k ;k fpd usiu d s gSa ;k bl ls v k us ok y h v k okt ds gS aA y sf du o kLr o esa ^ Vsf cy * t S lh f d lh p ht d k r ks gesa b f U nz; v uq Hko ugha gksr kA ^^;g , d Vsf cy gS * *] bls r ks gekjh cq f ) x z g.k d jrh gS A v Fk kZ r~ fd Ugha y {k.k ksa d h l exz r k ls m Ri Uu f dlh oLrq ] tS ls f d ^ Vsf c y* d ks b f Un z; vuq Hk o ls xz g.k u gha f d;k t k ldr kA m uds v uq lkj bls cq f ) x z g.k d jr h gS A

4

b f Un z ; vuq H ko ilan v kS j ukilan d ks x z g.k u gh a d j ldr kA ek u y hf t ,] eSa dgwa f d ] ^^eS a d jsy k ilan ugha d jrk A* * v Fko k ^^ eS a d sy k ilan d jrk gwaA* * esjh ;g ilan ;k uk il an bf Unz ; vu q Hko ls x z g.k u gh a gksr hA l kFk oLr q v ksa es a lek ur k v kS j Hksn Hkh b f Un z ; vu q Hko ls x z g.k ugha gksr kA m n kgj.k d s fy , ] ^^ ;s nks d qf lZ; ka ,d tS lh gSaA* * v Fko k ^^esjh 'k VZ v kid h 'kVZ ls vyx gSA** bld k Kku Hkh b f Un z; vu q Hko ls ugha gk srk v kS j l a[; k d ks Hkh b f U nz ; v uq Hko ls x z g.k ugha fd ; k t k ldr k v kS j blh rjg v PNs v kS j cq js d k H khA v r% Iy sV ks d s er kuq lk j cqf ) gh Kku d ks x z g.k d jrh gS A y sfd u ; g t kuus ds ck n Hkh ;g lo ky rks c uk gh jgr k gS fd bf Unz;k sa ls iz kIr gk sus o ky s vu q Hko ksa d k ge D;k d jsa \ D; k o s Hk h f d lh d ke d s gS a \

Iy sV ks d gsax s f d b fUnz ;ksa d s ek/ ;e ls iz k Ir gksus o ky s oLrqv ksa d s vu q Hko o kLr o esa ^iz R;; ksa* ds iz frf cEcksa d s vuq H ko ek= gksr s gS a v kS j ;s oLr q ,a ok Lrfo d Kku d k f o" k; u gh a gS aA y sf d u m udk ekuu k gS f d b u o Lrq v ksa v kS j iz R; ;ksa es a ,d ^lk n` ';rk* gksr h gSA v Fk kZ r~ eS a v Hkh f t l V sf cy d ks ns[k ik jgk gwa o g ^Vsf cy ds iz R ;;* ds lkn` '; v Fko k lek u gS A bls m n kgj.k l s le>rs gS a] Iy sV ks ds erk uq lk j] ,d f p= d k j Vsf cy d k fp = cu krk gS A ^Vsf c y d k f p=* o kLr o esa gekj s lk eu s m if LFkr ^Vsf cy * rk s ugha gS A ^ Vsf cy d k f p= * gek js lkeus m if LFkr ^Vsf cy * d k , d iz frf cEc gS A vr% ^ Vsf cy d s f p= * d ks d k sbZ ok Lrf od ^V sf cy * Hkh ugha d gsx kA blh r jg gekj s lk eu s ^m if LFkr V sf cy * okLro esa Vsf cy ds iz R ;; d k iz f rf cE c gS A Iy sVks d s v uq l kj] iz R;; ksa d k Kk u ekuo d h cqf ) ;k vk Rek esa gksr k gS A t c ge f dlh Hkk Sf rd o Lr q d ks ns[k rs gS a rks m lls gekjh cq f ) v Fko k v k Rek esa m if LFkr iz R;; d s Kk u d k gesa Lej.k ek = gk srk gS A v Fk kZ r~ bf Un z; v uq Hko gesa d so y iz R; ;ksa d k Lej.k d jk rs gS a v kS j izR;; tUet kr : i ls gekjh cq f ) ;k v kRek esa f uo kl d jrs gS aA

d gk t k ldr k gS fd I ysVks d s fy , o kLrf od Kku izR; ;k sa ,o a x f .kr d k gS A D;ksaf d ;g LFkk ;h ] v laf nX /k v kS j l R; gS A ;g cq f) ls x z g.k gksrk gS A bf Un z ; vuq Hk o ls iz k Ir gksu s o ky k Kku bu iz R;; ksa d k iq u% Lej.k ek = gS A Iy sV ks u s K ku d h iz kfIr esa cq f ) ij v R; f/k d cy nsrs gS aA v r % m Ugsa , d cq f )o kn h nk 'kZf ud d gk t k l drk gS A

2222 ---- nsd kr Z nsd kr Z nsd kr Z nsd kr Z

jsus n sd krZ d k t Ue 1596 bZ Lo h esa] I ysVk s ls d jhc 2000 lky ckn] Qz kal esa gq v k Fkk A nsd k rZ ds n'k Z u ls if 'p eh n 'kZu d s v k/k qfu d ; qx d k iz k jaHk ek uk t kr k gS A nsd k rZ ,d ,slk nk 'kZ fud Fk k f tl us v ius iwo o rhZ n k'kZf ud ksa d s Kku d ks Lo hd k j u gh a f d ;k v k S j m lus n 'k Z u d s ,d u , <k aps d k f u ekZ .k fd ;k A m lus n'k Zu d h nqf u ;k esa ,d ubZ uhao j[k hA y sf d u blls igy s ;g t k uu k t : jh gS fd bl 2000 lky ds v Urjky esa i f 'p eh nq fu ;k ds nk'k Z fud f p Uru esa D;k d k ;Z gq v k \ n sd krZ ls igy s y Ecs l e; r d if 'p eh nqf u ;k esa bZ lk bZ /k eZ d k iz Hkq Ro jgk v k S j ; g eku k t kr k Fkk fd ckbZf cy esa t k s f y [k k gS ogh ije lR; gS A v kS j ft ls Lo; a bZ 'o j us d gk gS og xy r d S ls gks ld r k gS A m l ij lan sg d juk iki gS A ge t k urs gS a f d ;g o g le; Fkk t c d ksbZ Hkh bZ l kbZ /k eZ ;k ckbZ cy h ; Kku d s f [ky kQ cksy us d h d ksf 'k 'k ugha d jr k Fkk v kS j ;f n d jrk Hk h Fkk rk s m ls n.M fn ;k t kr k Fkk v kS j d bZ ckj ek j Hkh f n; k t krk Fk kA x Sy hf y ;ks ds ckjs esa v ki lHkh u s l quk gksx k A x Sfyy h ;ks us v i us v /;;u d s v k/kk j ij ; g dgus d h d ksf 'k'k d h Fkh f d l wjt i` Foh ds p Dd j ugha yx kr k cf Yd i` Fo h lwjt ds p Dd j yx kr h gS A ;g ck r ckbZ cy h ; Kku ds f [k y kQ t kr h Fkh D; ksafd ckbZ f cy esa ;g eku k x ; k gS f d i Fo h bl cz gkz .M ds d sUnz esa gS v k S j lwjt m ld s p Dd j yx k rk gS A v r% bZ lkbZ /keZ xq# v ksa u s x Sy h fy ;ks d ks n.M n sus d h /k ed h n h x bZ v kS j m ls ekQh ekax u h iM +hA ,sls le; esa n sd kr Z us v ius f pUru esa Kku iz kI r

5

d jus d s f y , ^ lansg d h fof /k* d k s v i u k;k v k S j m lus d gk f d f tl fd lh p ht ij H kh lansg f d; k t k ldrk gS ( m l ij l ansg f d ; k t ku k p kfg, A t c balku d s eu esa lan sg d jus d h iz fd z;k iz kjaHk gk srh gS rks m l ls 'k k; n gh d ksbZ p ht cp h jgsA

Kk u v ft Zr d jus d s f y, lansg d h f of / k d ks v iukd j nsd krZ d s f pUru us v iz R;{k : i ls bZ lkbZ /k eZ v kS j ck bZ c y h; Kk u d s iz Hkq Ro d ks p qukSr h nh A bl ek;us esa m Ugsa v k /kqfu d ; qx d k iz rhd ekuk t k rk gS A nsd kr Z Lo ;a , d J )ky q bZ lk bZ FksA os /k eZ d s ekey ksa es a p p Z ds iz Hkq Ro d ks ekurs Fks y sf d u os ;g Hkh eku rs Fks f d n'k Z u v kS j f oKk u d k {ks= p p Z d h n[ky ls Lo ra= gksu k p kf g,A fo Kk u v kS j n'kZu d h Lo ra= rk d ks y sdj m uds eu esa ges'kk g h v Ur}Z U} jgkA x Sy hfy ; ks d s pp Z ds f o #) ckr d jus d k u rht k o s ns [k p q ds Fk s blf y , v ius M j v kS j v Ur }Z U} d ks m Ugksau s v iu h ,d iqLr d esa d q N bl r jg fy [kk gS ] ^^ v iu h oS; fDrd lh ekv ksa d ks iwjh rjg ls /; ku esa j [kr s gq , eS a d ksbZ Hkh v f /kd k jiw.kZ n kok ugha d jrkA eSa v i u s lk js f op kjksa d s iz kek .; d s f y , d S Fkk sfyd p pZ ds iz Hkq Ro d ks Loh d kj d jrk gwa v k S j esjs l s T;kn k le>n kj O; f Drv k sa ds f u.kZ ; d ks ekurk gwaA eS a p kgwax k f d esjh fd l h Hkh /k kj.kk esa d k sbZ Hk h O;f Dr rc rd f o 'ok l u d js t c rd fd o g mls Li "V v kS j vdk V~ ; rd Z ds v k/kk j ij Lo;a lR; ugha ek u y sA** /k eZ ds bl v k rad ds l e; esa n sd kr Z lan sg d k s Kk u iz k Ir d ju s d h f of / k cu k jgs Fk s t k s lh /ks&lh /ks bZ lkbZ /keZ ds f [ky kQ [k M+h Fkh A

nsd k rZ d s Kku laca/k h f op kjksa ij p p kZ d jus ls igy s ; g ns[k us ls gesa enn f ey sx h fd nsd k rZ ls igys v kS j m ld h led ky hu n qfu ;k esa Kku d ks y sd j D;k f o e'k Z Fkk v k S j Kk u ds ckjs esa f dl rjg ds lo ky m Bk, t k jgs Fk s \ Kk u d h n qf u;k esa ges 'kk ls gh la 'k; ok nh jgs gS aA la'k; ok nh ges'k k ls gh K ku d h lR ;rk d ks ysd j lok y m Bkrs jgs gS aA ; g ,slk er gS t ks Kk u d s ck js es a l ok y m Bkr k jgk gS f d ] ge d Sls t kurs gS a f d ge t ks t ku rs gS a o g lR; gS \ ;g Kk u d h ,d iz eq [k leL; k gS A bl leL; k d ks , d m nkgj.k ds ek/;e ls le>rs gS aA eku y hf t ,] eSa v Hkh ,d Vsf c y ij cS B d j f y [k jgk gwaA eq >s bl Vsf cy ds ckjs esa c gq r ls b f Unz ; v uq Hko gks jgs gS a v k S j eSa ekur k gwa f d bf Unz ; v uq Hk o ls eq >s t ks Kku gks jgk gS o g lgh gS A v Fk kZ r~ eq >s bf Unz ; v uq Hk o ls ;g Vsf cy Hkwjs jax d h ] Nwu s ij d Bksj ,oa f p d uh v kS j p kSd ksj( v kf n eglwl gks jgh gS A ysf du l a'k ;o kn h lo ky mB krs gS a f d ;g d S ls r; gksx k f d Vsf cy d s ckjs esa eq >s b f Unz ; v uq Hko ls t ks Kk u gk s jgk gS ] o g lR; gS \ la'k; ok nh lo ky d jrs gS a fd ] v usd ckj gesa t k s f n[kr k gS o g lR; u gha gksr kA eku y hft , ] ge fd l h jsf x Lr ku esa gS a v kS j rst /kwi f [ky h gq bZ gS A vusd ckj gesa ,slk y x rk gS fd nwj d gha iku h Hkjk gS A t c ge ml LFkku ij i gq ap rs gS a rk s ikr s gS a f d FkksM +h nsj igy s ge t gka ik u h d k gk suk eku jgs Fks] o gka ik uh r ks ugha gS A t cf d gek jh v ka[k ks a ls gesa ogka ik uh d k Kku gks jgk Fk k A y sf du bld s cko t wn bf Unz ; v uq Hko ls gksus d s ck n Hkh lR; r ks ugha gS A blh izd kj v usd ckj ge v i us t ho u esa b f Un z; v uq Hko d ks ok Lrf o d Kku ls f HkU u ikrs gS aA

ge vusd ckj l iu k Hkh n s[k jgs gksr s gS a v k S j li u k ns[krs gq, ] gesa yx r k gS f d t ks ge ns[k jgs gS a o g , d ne lgh gS A ,slk gh ge vusd ckj tknw esa Hk h ns[kr s gS a fd ] d ksbZ t knwx j v iu h Vk sih l s d cwrj f ud ky d j gesa f n[kk jgk gS A gesa m l le; d cwr j f ud yr k gq v k fn[kk bZ nsr k gS A gekjh v k a [k sa , slk lk {kkr ~ ns[k rh gS aA y sf d u og l R; rk s u gh a gksr kA f Qj ge d S ls ek usa f d gesa t ks b f Un z ; vu q Hko ls K ku gks jgs gS a o s lR; gS a \

nsd k rZ la'k; ok fn; ksa ds } kjk Kku ds {ks= esa m Bk, x, b u lo ky ksa d k gy [kkst u k p kgrs FksA nsd k rZ ds le; esa iz k d `f rd f o Kku ksa ,o a x f .kr d s {k s= esa Hkh c gq r d ke gks jgk Fk kA ,slk Kk u

6

f tl ij lansg u f d; k t k ld s v kS j t ks vf uo k;Z : i ls lR; gks( bl iz d kj d s Kk u d s v kn 'kZ d s : i esa x f .kr h; Kku d ks ns[kk t kr k Fkk A Iy sV ks d h Hkk af r nsd krZ xf .krh ; Kku ds iz f r c gqr v k df "kZr Fks y sf du os f oKk u ls Hk h iz Hkk f o r Fk sA xf .k r v kS j f oKk u esa Kku iz k Ir d jus d h f of /k ;ka , d &n wljs ls c gqr f HkUu gksr h gSaA t gka x f .kr esa leLr K ku cqf ) }k jk v f tZ r gksrk gS o gh a f oKk u esa b f Unz ; vuq H ko d s v k /kkj ij iz kIr f d ;k t k rk gS A n sd krZ Hk h Iy sVks d h Hkk af r Kk u d ks Bk sl v kS j i Dd h u hao ij [kM +k d ju k p kgrs Fks v kS j blf y , m Ugksau s f uf 'p r ,o a v l afnX /k Kk u iz k Ir d jus d s f y , ,d nk'k Zf ud f of /k v iukbZ v kS j bld s fy , m Ugksaus p kj f u; e crk ,:

, d, d, d, d ] t c rd f d lh p ht d h l R;r k d k Li"V Kku ugha gk s t k, r c rd m ls lR; ugha ekuu kA v Fk kZr~ fd lh p ht ds ckjs e sa v i u h /k kj.kk cu kr s le; t Yn ckt h v k S j iwokZ x z g d ks lk o/k kuh iwo Z d nwj d ju k vk Sj m lh p ht d ks xz g.k djuk ft ld h l R;r k ij lansg u fd ; k tk ldsA nwl jnwl jnwl jnwl js] t c Hkh f d lh leL;k ij f op kj d ju k gks rks m lds m fpr lek /kku d s fy , f tru k laHk o v kS j t: jh gk s] m ld s NksV s&NksVs f gLls d jd s f o 'ys"k.k d juk A r hl jr hl jr hl jr hl js] fd l h Hkh iz 'u ij O; of LFk r < ax ls f o p kj d jrs gq , ljy ] lgt v kS j lqx e p ht ksa d s Kku ls 'kq : d jd s v kf gLr k&v kf gLrk ,d f uf 'p r d z e esa v kx s c <+r s t kukA p k S Fk sp k S Fk sp k S Fk sp k S Fk s] v ius f o p kjksa esa d ne&dne ij Bgjd j iq u% m Ugsa ns[k y suk r kfd bl ckr ij ;d hu gks t k , fd f op kj Ja [k y k esa d gh a Hk h d ksbZ pwd rks ugha gk s x bZ gS A

nsd k rZ us Kk u iz kIr d jus d h f of /k ds ckjs esa t ks d gk x ;k gS m lls ; g ekuk t k ldrk gS fd o s K ku iz kIr d jus ds f y, fd lh v k jaf Hkd f cUnq d h ry k 'k esa FksA d ksbZ ,slk K ku f tl ij lansg u fd ; k t k ldsA m ud k ,sl k eku uk Fkk f d d ksbZ iz LFk ku f cUnq f ey t kus ij cq f ) ds lgkjs rd Z d jrs gq , v laf nX /k Kku iz kI r f d;k t k ld r k gS A f d lh v laf nX /k v k S j f uf 'p r Kk u ls nwl js v laf nX /k v kS j f uf 'p r Kku ij i gqap us d k ;g x f .kr h; r jh d k gS f tls f ux eu Hkh d gk t kr k gS A

nsd k rZ us v i uh f of /k d s vuq l kj i gy s l s iz kI r iz R;sd Kku d ks l R; ek uus l s bad kj fd ; k v kS j m l ij lansg f d ;kA nsd k rZ us v iuh jk st ejkZ d h ft U nx h esa gk sus ok y s v uq Hk ok sa ,o a K ku ij Hk h lan sg fd ; kA jk st ejkZ d h ft Unx h esa gksu s o ky s ,sls v uq Hk ok sa d k s f t Ugsa ge lR; ekurs gS a] m uds ckjs esa os d grs gSa f d ; g laHk o gS f d d ksbZ 'kS rku gesa /kk s[k k n s jgk gksA o g 'kS r ku gesa Hk jek, gq , gksA gesa yx ld rk gS f d ge t kx jgs gS a y sf du ge li uk ns[k jgs gksa A bl izd kj nsd krZ b f Un z ; v uq H ko ls Kk r gk sus ok y h izR ;sd p ht ij lan sg d jrs gS aA o s ,d m n kgj.k n srs gS a] ^^ D;k eS a bl ij lansg d j ldrk gwa f d eSa v kx ds l keu s d iMs+ i gu s cSBk gwa \* * o s d grs gS a] ^^ gka] ,slk gk s ld rk gS D; ksaf d v usd ck j eS a ,sls li us n s[kr k gwa v kS j t cfd eSa f cu k d i M+ksa d s f cLrj esa lk s jg k gksrk gwa A cgq r ckj ikx y v kn eh ,d Hkz e d h f LFkfr esa gk srk gS v kS j ;g l aHko gS fd eS a Hk h m lh d h r jg d j jgk gwaA* * blh r jg o g nwl jk m nk gj.k nsr k gSA ek u y hf t ,] eS a v ius d ejs d h f [k M+d h ls ck gj ns[k jgk gwa v kS j eq >s dk sbZ p ht pyr h&f Qjr h ut j v k jgh gS A m lus lwV iguk gS ,o a V ksih yx kbZ gq bZ gS v kS j og p y jgh gS A eS a ;g eku cS Br k gwa fd og d ksbZ v kn eh gS A y sfd u ,slk Hk h rks gks ld r k gS f d og d ksbZ e'khu gks v kS j v iu s&v k i py jgh gksA

nsd k rZ fu f 'pr v kS j v laf nX /k Kku ij igq apu s ds fy, lansg d h f of /k d ks bl gn rd y s t k rs gS a f d i gy s ls Kkr d ksbZ Hkh p h t m lls ck gj ugha jg t kr hA gk y kafd T;k f ef r v kS j x f .kr d s Kk u d ks lansg ls ij s ek uk t kr k gS ysf du nsd krZ d k ek uu k gS f d m l ij H kh lan sg f d; k t k ldr k gS A ysfd u o g d grk gS f d ,slk gks ldrk gS f d eSa 2$ 3 tk sM+ jgk gwa vk S j l aHk or% ;g

7

x y r gk s D; ksaf d dk sbZ 'kS rk u eq >s /k ks[k k nsus esa yx k gk sA ;f n nsd krZ d k lansg b ruk t cjnLr gS rk s lok y m Br k gS f d f Qj m ud s v uq lkj lR; v k S j v laf nX /k Kku fd ld k v kSj d S l s gks ld r k gS \

t c nsd kr Z iz R; sd p ht ij lan sg d j jgs Fks v kS j v laf nX /k v kS j l R; Kku d h ry k 'k esa Fk s rHk h m ud k /;k u bl v ksj x ; k fd d e ls d e ,d p ht gS f t l ij lansg u gh a f d;k t k ld r k v k S j o g gS ] ^^ eSa lksp rk gwa blf y , eS a gwaA** ysf d u loky m Brk gS fd bl d k ery c D;k gS v kS j ;g v laf nX /k dS ls gS \

nsd k rZ d grs gS a f d ; g laHk o u gha gS f d ^lksp us o ky s eu * ij lan sg f d ;k t k,A ;f n gekjk eu lk sp us d k d ke d j jgk gS r ks m ld k gksu k fuf 'pr gS A blfy , ck d h l Hkh p ht ksa d h cf uLcr ^eu* d k vf LrR o vlaf nX/k gS v kS j ;f n esjk lk sp uk can gks t k, rks esjs gksu s d s ckjs f d lh r jg d k iz ek.k u gha gksx kA v FkkZr ~ ; fn eSa l ksp r k gwa rk s blls lksp us ok ys eu d k v laf nX / k Kku r ks gksrk gh gS A ^eSa* , d ,slh p ht gwa t k s lksp rk gS v kS j esjs v f LrRo d k lk j blh esa gS fd eSa lk sp rk gwaA l kspu s ds fy , fy , f d lh Hkh H kkS f rd p ht d h t : jr u gha gS A y sf d u nsd k rZ v i us ls gh lok y d jrs gS a f d ;g d Sls f l) gksrk gS f d ^eSa lk sp rk gwa* \ bld s tcko esa og d gr k gS f d ;g v lafn X/k gS v k S j , d ne Li"V ,oa lq fuf 'pr gS A blls v kx s o g , d v kS j fl)k Ur nsrs gS a f d ] ^^l Hkh p h tsa f t Ugsa ge cgq r gh Li "V v kS j l qfuf 'pr : i esa x z g.k d jrs gS a o s lR; gS aA* * ;gka n sd krZ ^lkspu s* d k v k'k ; O; ki d v FkksZ a esa y sr s gS aA v Fkk Z r~ mud k lksp us ls v k'k; & le>uk ] eglwl d ju k] u d kjuk ] lad Yi d ju k] d Yiuk d juk v kfn ls gS A os d grs gSa f d lkspu k eu d k lk j rRo gS A eu ges'k k l ksp r k gS ] flQZ t kx r v oLFkk esa gh u gh a cf Yd x gjh uhan esa Hk h lk sp rk gS A

;f n nsd krZ ds bl okD; d ks] ^ ^eS a lk sp r k gwa] blf y , eS a gwa** d k s le>u s d s f y, Fk ksM+h n sj d s fy , m YVk d jds n s[k k t k, r ks ;g ^^eS a ugha lksp rk] blf y , eSa gwa* * cu rk gS A b l d Fku ds ckjs esa d gk t k,x k fd bl dFku ls Hkh l kspu s o kys eu d k gksuk f l) gksr k gS D;k saf d ;g Hk h ^^eS a ugha lksp rk blf y, eSa gwa** l kspus o ky k eu gh ;g d g jgk gS A bl iz d kj ;g d gk t k ldrk gS f d nsd kr Z v iu h lansg d h f of /k ls ,d ,sls eu d h lRr k ij i gqapr s gSa f tl d k gksuk f uf 'pr gS v k S j m l ij lansg ugha fd ;k t k ldrk A blh d ze esa o g v kx s d gr k gS fd ckd h y ksx ksa ds ^eu* ls esjk ^ eu * d gha T; k nk Li "V v kS j fu f 'pr gS A

bl izd kj ge ns[k ld rs gS a fd nsd krZ lH kh p ht k sa ij lan sg d jrs gq , lkspus ok ys eu d h v laf nX /krk ij i gqap rs gS aA m Ugksau s b f Un z; vu q Hko ksa d ks lansg d h ut j l s n s[k kA eu v Fko k cqf) }k jk iz k Ir gksus ok y s Kku d ks m Ugksau s v laf nX /k v kS j fu f 'pr ekuk A n 'k Z u ds {k s= esa nsd k rZ d k ;g egRRo iw.k Z ; ksx n ku gS f d m Ugksaus v i uh lan sg d h f of /k ls mu lHkh fo 'o klksa ij lk sp us d s fy , izsf jr f d ;k ft Ugsa ge lR; eku s cS Bs jgr s gS aA ;f n O;f Dr ds eu esa , d ck j lansg d h iz fd z;k 'k q : gks xbZ rk s bld s ek ;us gS a fd m lds n k;js esa o s lHkh f o'o kl v k tk rs gS a ft U gsa ge p k gs jkst ejk Z d h f tUnx h d s ckjs esa ek ur s gksa v Fko k t ks gesa gekjh ijai jk ls f eysa gk s ; k f Qj /k eZ ds ck js esa ek us x , gk saA

3333 ---- tk W u tk W u tk W u tk W u yk W dyk W dyk W dyk W d

t kWu y kWd d k t Ue 1632 esa gq v kA u flQZ n 'k Z u'kk L= ds { ks= esa c f Yd jkt uhfr 'k kL= ds {ks= esa y kWd d k ;ksx nku egRo iw.k Z ekuk t k rk gS A y kWd d h f nyp Lih H kh Iy sV ks v kS j n sd krZ d h r jg lR; ] lqf uf 'p r ,oa r d Z laxr Kku iz kIr d jus es a Fkh A y sf du bld h [k kst es a m Ugksau s f t l jk Lrs

8

d ks v iuk ;k o g bu n ksu ksa nk'k Zf ud k sa ls , d ne f H kUu Fkk A t S lk f d geus I y sVk s v k S j nsd krZ ds lan HkZ esa t k uk] bu n ksu ksa nk 'k Z f ud kas v kS j cgqr ls vU ; nk 'k Zf ud ksa d k t ksj cq f ) d s ek/; e ls Kku iz kIr d jus ij Fkk v kS j b Ugk saus cq f ) ls iz kIr gksu s o ky s Kku d k s gh l R; v kS j lqfu f 'pr Kk u ekuk A bf Unz ; vu q Hko ksa d s ek/; e ls iz kIr gksu s o ky s Kku d ks Iy sV ks us rks f ljs ls gh [kkf jt d j f n;k ysf du nsd krZ us v uqH ko ksa l s iz kI r Kku d k s f t ruk lansg d h u t j ls ns[kk ] m lls b f Unz ; v uq Hko ls iz kIr Kku ds fy , d ksbZ [kkl LFkk u ugha cp rk A b uls m yV y kWd us bf Unz ; vu q Hko ls iz kIr gksu s oky s Kk u ij t k sj f n ;k A i f 'p eh n'k Zu d h nqf u;k esa ,sl k igy h ckj Fkk v k Sj ; g , d u , rjg d k f l)kUr FkkA gk y kaf d f o Kku d s {k s= esa gk s jgh iz x f r esa Hk h v kuq Hko ls iz kI r gksus o ky s Kku d k s egRo fn; k t k jgk Fkk ysf du n'kZ u ds {ks= esa i gy h ck j v uq Hko ds fy , f of /k or LFk ku f ny kus d k t ks iz ; kl y k Wd us f d ;k m lds fy , if 'p eh n 'k Z u dh nqf u; k esa m Ugsa v uq Hko ok nh /k kjk d k vxq o k nk 'kZ fu d eku k t krk gS A n jv ly ] v i us iwoZ o rh Z n k'kZ f ud ksa d h r jg gh y kWd d s lk eu s H kh Kku l s t q M s+ lo ky FksA os lks p jgs Fk s f d v kf [kj balk u d ks Kku gksr k d S ls gS \ balk uh Kk u ds os d kS u ls r jhd s gS a f tu ls ek uo eu d ks Kk u gk srk gS v kS j balku d ks f du oLrq v ksa d k Kk u gk s ld rk gS \

y kWd d k ekuuk Fk k fd tUe d s lk Fk gekjk eu ^d ksjh Ly sV* ; k ^d ksjs d k xt * dh r jg gksr k gS A bld k D; k v Fk Z gS \ t Slk f d geus Iy sVks ok y s f gLls esa ns[k k ] I y sVk s ek ur s gS a f d iz R; ; t Uet kr : i ls balku d s eu v Fko k v kRek esa jgrs gS aA v uq Hk o rk s m ld k Lej.k ek = d jok rs gS aA blls m yV y k Wd d grs gS a f d d k sbZ Hkh iz R; ; tUet k r : i ls balku ds eu esa ugha gk srsA y sfd u gekjk lk ekU ; Kku gesa crk rk gS v kS j ge n s[k rs gSa f d cM+s gksus ij r ks bal ku d s eu esa reke rjg d k Kku v Fk ok iz R; ; gk srs gS a( t S ls f d&isM+] ik uh] go k] f drk c] isu] [k sr] Qly ] jax v k S j Qy v kf n& v kf nA f Qj ;s iz R ;; d Sls c urs gS a \ y k Wd d grs gS a f d t Ue ds ckn vu q Hko ksa d s t f j, reke v o /kk j.k k,a balk u d s eu esa cu rh gS aA m ud k ekuu k gS f d f d lh Hkh r jg d k Kku iz kIr d jus d s f y , b fUnz; v uq Hko i gy k dne gksr s gS aA i f 'p eh n q fu ;k ds f y , ; g , d d z kf Urd k jh f l)kUr Fkk A blls i gy s ;k r ks cqf ) d ks Kku d k lz ksr ekuk t kr k Fkk ;k f Qj ckbZ cy h ; Kku d ksA t S l k fd v kius m ij ns[kk U; k; n 'kZ u r ks iz R ;{k d ks i gy k iz ek.k ekur k gS ( v k S j iz R;{k rks vu q Hko gh gS A Hkkjr h; n 'kZ u esa rks v u q Hko Kku ds v k/kk j d s : i esa Lo hd ` r Fkk A

y kWd ekurs Fks f d gekjk leLr K ku b fUnz ; v uq Hk o ls vf tZ r gksr k gS A gk y kaf d m U gk saus xf .kr v k S j rd Z 'k kL= ds Kk u d ks bld k v io kn t : j eku kA m Ugk saus IysVk s v kS j nsd krZ ds t U et k r iz R;; ksa d s f l)kUr d k f o jks/k d jr s gq , d gk fd d ksbZ Hkh iz R; ; v kS j fl)k Ur t Uet kr u gha gk srs gS aA m U gksau s f o Lr kj ls ;g crk ;k fd f d l r jg balku h vuq Hk o ls f of Hk Uu rjg d s iz R;; v Fko k v o /kk j.k k,a c ur h gSaA m ud k eku uk Fkk fd gekjh v o /kk j.k k,a v kS j Kk u nks r jg ls c ur k gS A , d ] bf Unz ; laosn uk sa d s t f j, v kS j nwl js] f p Ur u } kjk v Fkk Z r~ bf Unz; laosn uksa l s iz kI r vuq H ko ksa d ks t ksM+d j eu d h H kwf ed k }k jkA

y kWd d grs gS a f d bf Unz ; l aosn uksa d s ek/;e ls ge sa c gq r ls v u q Hko gksrs gS aA m n kgj.k d s f y ,] eS a v Hk h ,d Qwy d ks ns[k jg k gwaA ;g x qy kc d k Qwy gS A bld k jax y ky gS v kSj bls eS a v iu h v k a[k ls ns[k ik jgk gwa A bld h xa/k d k s eSa v iu h uk d ls eglwl d j ik jgk gwaA bl s Nwu s ij ;g eq >s eqy k;e v kS j f pdu k eglwl gk srk gS ] bls eS a Li 'kZ d s ek/; e ls t ku ik jgk g waA blh rjg ;fn eSa bl s p [k wa r ks bl d k Lo kn t hHk ls eglwl d j ld rk gwaA x qy kc d s Qwy d s ckjs esa ;s lH kh v u q Hko eq >s b f Unz; laosn uksa d s ek/; e ls gksrs gS aA blh r jg gekjk eu ;k cq f ) bu lHk h v uq Hko ksa d ks x z g.k d j bls ,d xq y k c ds Qwy ds lk Fk f ijk s nsrk gS v kS j ;g x qy kc d s Qwy ds ckjs esa esjk , d rjg d k K ku cu t kr k gS A bl h ds lkFk y k Wd d grs gS a f d f d lh p ht ds ckjs

9

esa gek js eu es a cu s iz R; ; d ks m l p ht ds bf Unz ; lao snu ls v y x d jd s n s[kk t k uk p kf g,A gesa v iu h iz R; sd Kkusf U nz; ls v yx&v yx vuq Hk o gk srs gS a v kS j ; g vuq Hk o gk sus d h izfd z ; k iz R;; ls v yx gS A ;s v u q Hko f d lh oLrq ls iz k Ir gksrs gS a t ks f d m l oLrq d s xq .k gk srs gS aA y sfd u bu v uq Hko ksa ls t ks p ht gekjs eu esa cu rh gS o g iz R;; gksr h gS v kS j f uf 'p r r kS j ij iz R;; gekjs eu esa jgr s gS aA

y kWd bu iz R ;;ksa d k s n ks J sf .k ;ksa esa ckaV rs gS aA ,d ] ljy iz R;; v kS j nwljs] t fVy iz R; ;A y kWd ljy iz R ;;ksa d k s v uq Hko dh lcl s Nk sVh b d kbZ ds : i esa ns[krs gSa t ks f d lh /ks bf Unz ; lao sn u d s ek/;e ls c ur s gS a t S ls f d ] ihy k ] o x kZ d k j] eq y k;e] dB ksj v kS j dk s;y d h v ko kt v kf n& v kf nA bls nwljs r jg ls d gk t k, r ks bu izR;; ksa d s c uu s ds fy , vf uo k; Zr% b fUnz ; v uq Hko v ko ';d gS aA f cuk b ud s ; s c u gh ugha ldr sA y sf d u nwljh rjQ ,sl s iz R; ; Hkh gksr s gSa t ks f d b u ljy iz R;; ksa d s la;k sx ls c urs gS aA

blh rjg y k Wd b u iz R;; ksa d k Hksn o kLrf od v kS j dkYi f ud d s : i esa H kh d jrs gS aA ok Lrf od iz R;; ksa ls y k Wd d k v k'k; gS ] ,sl s iz R;; f tud s v uq: i d ksbZ o Lrq bl iz d `fr esa ikbZ t krh gS ;k bl iz df r esa f t ud k d k sbZ v k/ kkj gS A d kYifud iz R;; ksa ls m ld k v Fk Z ,sls izR ;;k sa ls gS t ks f d ge nk s iz R;; ksa d ks f eykd j cu k nsr s gSa v kS j ft ud s v uq : i izd `fr esa d ksbZ p h t ugha gksr hA m n kgj.k ds f y ,] d ksbZ d gs f d lhax ksa o ky k [k jx k s'kA

y kWd us d gk f d bl nqf u; k esa f o 'ks" k p ht ksa d k gh v f LrR o gk srk gS v kS j gek jk eu m uesa lk ekU ; [k kst rk gS A m nk gj.k ds fy , ] gesa iz d `fr esa vyx &vyx r jg ds isM + f n[kkbZ nsr s gSaA ;s isM+ v yx& vyx izt kf r d s gS a v kS j ,d gh iz t k fr esa Hk h v usd isM+ gk srs gSaA t S ls f d gekjs ?kj d s v klikl uh e d s p k j isM+ gS a v kS j ; s p k jksa isM+ uh e ds gksus ds ckn Hk h vyx &vyx gSaA y sfd u ge lHkh isM+k sa d s f y , ^isM+* 'k Cn d k bLrseky d jrs gS a ;k gekjs ?kj d s v klikl ds p k jksa uh e d s isM+ksa d s fy , Hkh ^uhe d s isM+* d g nsrs gS aA bl m n kgj.k esa geus ^isM+* v k S j ^u he* d h lk ekU ; laKk n s n h gS A o s d grs gS a f d lkekU; d h ;g / kkj.kk f lQZ 'kkf Cnd gS A isM+ d k lk ekU; iz R;; v uq Hk o d s v k/ kkj ij gek jk eu f uf eZ r d jr k gSA

y kWd ds Kk u laca/kh f p Uru esa ge ns [k ld r s gS a f d bf Unz ; v uq Hk o ls f uf eZr gk sus o ky s Kku ij c y gS A gk y kaf d o g eu d h Hkwf ed k d ks bu b f Un z ; v uq Hko ksa d ks x z g.k d jus ok y s ,oa ljy iz R;; ksa ls tf Vy iz R;; ksa d k f u ekZ .k d jus oky s d s : i esa ns[krs gS aA b f Un z ; vu q Hko d s ek/; e ls Kk u d h f uf eZf r f 'k{kk esa [kk l egRo j[kr h gS A ;g f 'k {k.k ds m u reke f l)kUr ksa d k f ojk s/k d jrh gS ft lesa f d O; k[; ku ds r jhd s d ks v i uk ;k tk rk gS A

4444 ---- c dZ c dZ c dZ c dZ ysysysys

i f 'p eh n k'kZf ud ksa d s ckjs esa v Hkh r d d h x bZ p pkZ ds ckn t kWtZ cd Zys d s f op kj gesa Fkk sM+s eq f 'd y izrh r gk saxsA l eLr t M+ in kFkk sZa d s f u"ks/k d s d kj.k cd Zys d k nk 'k Zfu d f p Uru i gy h ut j esa n qfu ;k d ks t k uu s&le>us d s gekjs lk ekU ; ck s /k d s f o# ) iz rhr gk srk gS A gky k afd vi us er d s izf riknu ds f y, og B ksl rd Z nsrk gS A blds fy , mud s f op kjksa d ks x aHkhjr k ls le> us d h t : jr gksx hA c d Zys v ius n 'kZ u ls ; g iz f rikfn r d jus d k iz ;k l d jrk gS f d leLr ;Fk kFkZ tx r ¼ck gjh tx r esa ikbZ t k us ok y h leLr oLr q ,a½ ekuf ld gSaA v FkkZ r~ ck gjh t xr eas ikbZ t k us o ky h leLr p ht ksa d k vf Lr Ro K krk ls Lo ra= ugha gS A nwl jh rjg d gsa rks] ;f n Kkr k ugha gS r ks ckgjh p ht ksa d k v f Lr Ro H kh ugha gS A v i us blh f op kj d h ot g ls c d Zys bl n'kZ u d h n qfu; k esa v iu k f of 'k" V LFkku j[kr s gS aA

10

c d Zys bl n qf u; k d s ck js esa gk sus o kys leLr Kku d k lz ksr iz R;{k vuq Hk oksa d ks ek urs gS a ysfd u os iz R;{k ds Kk u ls ck gj fdl h oLrq d s gksus d k s Lo hd kj u gh a d jr sA bls ,d m nkgj.k ls le>us d h d ksf 'k 'k d jr s gS aA eku y hf t ,] v k il s d ksbZ d gs] ^^ eSa f tl Hkh p h t d k s n s[k jgk gksr k g wa m ld k vf LrRo esjs ns [ku s ij f uHk Z j d jrk gS ( v kS j ; f n eSa m l p ht d ks ugha ns[k jgk gksrk g w a rk s ml p ht d k v f LrRo Hkh u gh a gS A** ; g ckr v k id k s dq N v Vi Vh yx sx h ; k ugha \ m nkgj.k d s fy , ] eSa v iu h f [kM+d h d s ckgj , d isM + ns[k jgk gwaA c d Zy s d s vu qlkj bl isM + d k v f LrRo esjs n s [ku s ij f u HkZ j gS A v FkkZ r ~ bl isM+ d k vf Lr Ro blfy , gS D;ksaf d eS a bl s n s[k j gk gwa A ;f n eS a bl isM+ d ks ugha n s[k j gk gaw r ks bl isM+ d k v f LrRo Hkh u gha gS A

bls le>us d s f y , c dZ ys d s f op kjksa] m ld h izfrc )rk v kS j n'kZ u d h nqf u;k eas py jgs f op kjksa ij Fk ksM+k x kS j d juk iMs+x kA c d Zys d k t Ue 1685 bZ Lo h esa v k ;jy S .M esa gq v k Fk kA o g bZ lk bZ /keZ d k u f lQZ v uq ; k; h Fkk c fYd ,d iknjh H kh Fkk A Kk u v kS j f o Kku d s {k s= esa iz xf r ds lkFk gh /k kf eZd ek U;r kv ksa ,oa f o' o klk sa ij v usd lo ky [k Ms+ gksu s y x s Fk sA cd Z y s d s iwo Z o rhZ v kS j led ky h u d q N nk 'k Z fud / kkf eZd ek U;r kv ksa] bZ 'o j d s vf LrRo ] v kRek d h v ejr k v k fn d k f ojk s/k d j jgs Fks v k S j ; s n k'kZ f ud bl nq fu ;k esa f lQZ t M+ i nk FkksZ a d s vf Lr Ro d ks gh L o hd kj d jrs FksA b uds f o# ) cd Zy s d k y {; bZ l kbZ /keZ d h ekU; rkvksa d ks n` <+rk ls LFk kf ir djuk Fkk A m l us v i us n'k Zu esa bZ 'o j ds vf Lr Ro] m ld s /keksZ a v kS j v kRek d h v ejr k d ks f l) d jus d k iz ; kl f d; kA m ld k eku uk Fkk fd bZ 'oj] v kR ek v kS j iz R; ;ksa ds vy ko k fd lh p ht d k v f LrRo d kYif ud gh gks ld r k gS A

c d Zys d k s v u q Hko oknh nk 'kZf ud eku k t k rk gS D;ksaf d o g Kk u gksu s d k v k o'; d lz k sr iz R;{k v uq Hko d ks eku rk gS A o g d gr k gS fd ge bf Unz ; ksa }kjk iz R;{k d j jgs gksrs gS a m l le; ge o Lr q d ks ugha o Lr q d s x q .kksa d ks t ku jgs gksrs gS aA b fUn z ; iz R;{k esa ge oLr q ds jax ] v kd kj] / of u v kf n d k iz R;{k d j jgs gk srs gSaA ge bu jax ksa v kS j /of u; ksa v kf n d s d k j.kksa d k iz R;{k u gha d j jgs gk sr sA v Fk kZ r~ ;s jax ] /of u ,oa v kd k j v kf n f d l ot g ls eglwl gk srh gS a] ;g gesa ugha ir k py r kA bl ds l kFk gh og ,d egRRo iw.k Z ckr ;g H kh d grk gS f d o Lrq ds ;s x q .k iz R; {k d jus o ky s d s lk is{k gksr s gSaA bld k ,d ery c ; g gqv k fd f d lh o Lr q esa d ksbZ Hk h x q .k oLrqf u"B : i esa ugha jgr s v Fko k oLr q esa ,sl s x q .k ugha gk srs t ks vf uo k; Zr% o Lrq esa ik, tkrs gksa v kS j lHk h t kuus ok y ksa d ks lek u eglwl gk saA bl s , d m nkgj.k ls le>rs gS aA eku y hf t ,] gek jk , d gkFk BaM +k v kS j ,d gkFk xje gS A ; f n ge bu nksuksa gkFkk sa d k s ckjh& ck jh l s x je ik uh esa M kysa rk s ,d gkFk d ks iku h BaM k yx sx k v kS j ,d d ks x jeA bl m nkgj.k ls cd Zy s ; g f l ) d jus d k iz ;kl d jrs gS a f d oLr qv ksa d s xq .k t ku us o kys d s eu esa gk srs gS aA ;f n os o Lrq esa gksrs r ks t kuus o ky s d ks ,d lek u gh egl wl gksr s] y sf du o s r ks vyx &vyx eglwl gksr s gS aA blh d s lk Fk o g d gr k gS fd bu iz R;{k fd , t k ldu s o ky s xq.k ksa d s v y ko k d ksbZ Hk h p ht iz R;{k d jus ;k sX ; ugha gksr hA l kFk gh iz R; {k d h t k ld us ; ksX ; o Lrq ,a x q .k ;k x q .k ksa d s leqPp ; d s v y ko k v k S j d qN u gha gksr haA

bl m nk jg.k ls c dZ ys ;g f l) d juk p k gr s gSa fd ; fn o Lrq esa d ksbZ Hkh x q .k oLr qf u "B gksrs r ks lHk h d ks leku : i ls egl wl gksr sA y sf du ,slk ugha gksrk ] b u x q .kksa d k iz R; {k t kuus ok y s ij f u HkZ j d jrk gS A blh d s lkFk m ld k eku uk Fk k f d eu d s v y ko k f dl h Hkh p h t d k v f LrRo laHk o ugha gS A bld s fy , c dZ ys d gr k gS f d t c eS a f dlh p ht d ks ns[k jgk gwa rk s m ldk vf Lr Ro gS A ;f n eSa ml p h t d ks ugha ns[k jgk g wa r ks m ld k vf Lr Ro ugha gSA ysf du cd Zys d ksbZ v cw> n k'kZ f ud rks Fkk u ghaA o g v ius le; esa f o Kku d h izx f r ls Hk h i f jf pr Fkk A d ksbZ Hk h ; g lo ky lgt gh dj ld rk gS f d ] ^^ eSa v i uh f [kM +d h ls ckgj , d isM+ n s[k rk gwaA ;g

11

rk s l gh gS f d isM+ d ks ns[ kr s gq , eq >s isM+ d k Kku gksr k gS A y sfd u eSa d ejs esa u gh a gwa v Fko k isM+ d ks u gha n s[k jgk gwa( r ks D; k isM + d k vf LrRo Hkh ugha gS \** c dZy s d gsx k f d ] ^^;fn bls d ksbZ ugha ns[k jgk gS r ks isM+ d k vf LrR o ugha gS A* * y sfd u v kxs lo ky fd ; k t k ld rk gS fd eS a gj jk st bl isM+ d ks blh LFk ku ij ns[k rk gwa( v kSj eS a gh ugha vusd O ;f Dr bl isM+ d ks ;gha ns[kr s gS aA r ks D;k esjs ugha ns[ku s ij bld k v f LrRo ugha gS \ c dZ ys iqu % ;gh d gsx k f d ;f n ;f n ;f n ;f n

d ksbZ ugha n s[ k jgk gS r k sd ksbZ ugha n s[ k jgk gS r k sd ksbZ ugha n s[ k jgk gS r k sd ksbZ ugha n s[ k jgk gS r k s bl isM+ d k vf Lr Ro u gh a gS A y sfd u ge ns[kr s gS a f d bld s fy , og , d 'krZ y x kr k gS f d ^;^;^;^; fnfnfnfn d ksbZ ugha n s[k j gk gS rk sd ksbZ ugha n s[k j gk gS rk sd ksbZ ugha n s[k j gk gS rk sd ksbZ ugha n s[k j gk gS rk s **** isM + d k vf LrRo u gha gS A Fk ksM+h n sj ds fy , eku y srs gS a f d d ksbZ v kl ik l u gha gS v k S j d ksbZ m ls u gha ns[k jgk gS ] rk s D;k isM+ d k vf Lr Ro u gha gS \ cd Z ys d gsx k f d ;f n bl isM+ d ks d k sbZ ugha ns[k jgk gS r ks bZ 'o j r ks m ls ns[k gh jgk gS A v r% isM + d k vf Lr Ro r ks jgsx k ghA y sfd u ; gk a Hk h v Ur r% cd Zys isM+ d s gk sus d ks fdl h d s ns[k us v Fko k iz R ;{k ls gh t ksM+r s gS aA v c p kgs ;g ns[k uk f d lh O; f Dr d k gks ; k bZ 'o j d k A c d Zys iz R;{k d s vy ko k fd lh p ht ds K ku d ks Lohd k j u gh a d jrsA y sf du blh f l) kUr d ks v kx s oLrqv ksa d s vf LrRo ls t ksM +d j o g d grk gS f d ;f n fd lh p ht d k iz R;{k v uq Hko ugha gk s jgk gS r ks m ld k v f LrRo Hkh u gha gS A bl f l)kUr ds p y rs c d Zy s ckgjh nqf u; k d s ckjs esa oLrq v ksa d s Lora= vf LrRo d ks ud kjrk gSA v Fkk Z r~ Kkrk ds f c uk Ks; oLr qv ksa d k vf Lr Ro u gh a gS ( ; k bls nwljh rjg ls d gsa rks t k uu s o kys d s f c uk t kuus ;ksX ; oLrqv ksa ¼leLr ckgjh nq fu ;k esa ik bZ t kus ok y h o Lr qv ksaa½ d k vf LrR o ugha gS A

;g FkksM +h eq f 'dy ckr gS v k S j ; g gekjs lk ekU ; ck s/k ls v yx y xrh gS A geus v /; k; 2 esa bl ckjs esa rk s p p kZ d h gS fd Kk u t kuus ok ys v Fko k Kkr k ls v yx ugha jgr k v kSj ;g Kkr k d h eu%f LFkfr gS A v Fk kZr~ fd l h H kh p ht d s Kku gksu s d s f y, Kk rk d k gksuk vf uo k; Z gS A ysf du c d Zys r ks ;gka rd d grk gS fd Kkr k ls Lo ra= f dlh o Lr q d k vf LrR o gh ugha gS A og d grk gS f d geas p htsa ck gjh t x r esa izrhr gksrh gSa y sfd u mu d k Kkrk ls Lor a= vf Lr Ro u gha gksr kA blds f y , og v ius iz R;{k laca/kh er d k s lk eus j [krk gS A lkekU; r; k t c ge ckg~ ; n s'k ¼f dlh f n 'k k esa n s[kr s gq , f t l LFk ku d k gesa v k Hkkl gksr k gS ½ r Fkk nwjh d k iz R; {k d jr s gSa rc ge ck g~ ; n s'k d ks v ius eu ls v yx v kS j Lora= ekurs gS a] ysf du cd Zys d grs gSa f d ; g lgh ugha gS A bls ,d m n kgj.k l s le>u s d h t: jr gS A eku y hft , ] eSa nwj , d isM+ d k s ns[k jgk gwaA isM+ d k s n s[k rs gq , isM+ v kS j esjs ch p eq >s LFk ku v k S j nwjh d k v k Hkkl gksrk gS A v Fk kZ r~ gesa yx rk gS fd gekjs chp [k ky h tx g v kS j nwjh gS A ge eku rs gS a f d ;g [kk y h t x g v kS j n wjh gekjs eu ls v yx v kS j Lor a= gS v Fk ok b ud k gekjs eu ls Lor a= v f Lr Ro gS A c d Zy s d grs gS a f d o kLro esa bl [kky h tx g v kS j nwjh d k eu ls Lor a= vf Lr Ro u gh a gS A c d Zys d gr s gS a fd ^nwjh* r Fk k ^n s'k * iz R; {k d k f o "k; u gha gS A ges a iz R;{k v u q Hko ls b u p h t ksa d k cks/ k ugha gk srkA bls le>k us d s f y , cd Zys Li'k Z v kS j v ka[k d s ek/; e ls gksus o ky s v u q Hko ksa esa Qd Z cr krs gS aA o s d grs gS a fd iz R;sd bf Unz ; lao snu d k f o"k; v y x gksr k gS A t Sls f d lquus dk f o"k ; /of u gS ] m lh izd kj ns[ku s d k f o"k; izd k 'k v kS j jax gSaA o s d grs gS a f d ^nwjh * ;k ^ns'k * ns[ku s d s f o "k; ugha gS aA og d grk gS] t c eS a p Unz ek d k s n s[k rk gwa ] m l le; iz R;{k v uq Hk o esa p Unz ek dk v k d kj eq >s , d N ksVs iz d k'k; q Dr x ksys d s : i esa f n[kk bZ nsr k gS A ysf du bld s l kFk gh eq >s ;g Hk h ir k pyr k gS f d p Unz ek eq >ls cgq r nwj gS A eS a ;g H kh t ku rk gwa f d p Unz ek d k t ks : i eq >s f n [k kbZ iM+ jgk gS o g m ld k ok Lrf od : i ugha gS A t ks pUnz ek eq >s bl le; f n [k kbZ n s jgk gS ] ok Lr o esa p Unz ek m lls c gq r cM +k gS A v c iz 'u m Br k gS f d ;fn p Unz ek d s iz R;{k ds lk Fk eq >s n wjh d k Hkh Kk u gk s r ks eq >s p Unz ek ds o kLrf od v kd k j d k Hk h Kku gks u k p kf g, A y sf du eq >s p U nz ek d s ok Lrf o d v kd kj d k K ku ugha gk srkA bld k ery c gqv k fd nwjh iz R; {k d k f o "k ; ugha gS A og d gr k gS f d f tl isu ls eS a f y [k jgk gwa] bld k Li'k Z m l isu ls v yx gS

12

f tls eS a ns[k jgk gw aaA v ka[k ls eq >s isu ds jax rFkk izd k'k d h p ed d k iz R;{k gks jgk gS y sf du Li'k Z l s isu d h f LFkfr d kA

c d Zys eku rs gS a f d Kku esa t ks ;ksx nku Li'k Z v kS j ns[k us d k gS ] o g v U; laon suk sa ls d gha vf / kd egRRo iw.kZ gS A m ud k ekuuk gS fd ns[ku s v k S j Li 'kZ esa Qd Z gksr s gq , Hkh n ksu ksa esa ijLij x gjk laca/k gS A ge t ks d qN ns[k r s gS a m ls Li'k Z d s }k jk Hkh eglwl d j ld rs gS aA c d Zys ek ur s gSa fd gesa t ks Hk h iz R; {k gk srk gS og eu l s v yx ugha gksrk A m ld k d gu k gS f d t c ge f d lh p ht d ks Hkk "kk esa v f HkO ;Dr d jrs gS a r ks ; g ekuu s y xrs gS a f d m l 'kC n d s v uq :i f dlh p ht ds o kLrf od vf Lr Ro gS A bld k ur ht k ;g gksr k gS fd reke d k Yifud p ht k sa d ks Hk h ge ekuus yx rs gS aA og d gr k gS f d bl ckr d ks iz R;sd O;f Dr Lo hd kj d jsx k f d ] gekjs f o p kj] H kko v kS j d Yiu k }k jk f uf eZr iz R;; eu ds f cu k d ksbZ vf Lr Ro u gh a j[krs gS aA og ;g Hk h d gr k gS fd iz R;{k v uq Hko ls iz kIr gksu s o kys lao snu iz R;{k d jus o kys gekjs eu d s f cu k ugha jg ld rsA eku y hf t ,] eSa v i us d ejs es a d q l hZ d k iz R;{k d j jgk gw aA eS a o gk a ekS t wn gwa blf y , gh eSa m ld k iz R;{k d j ik jgk gwaA ; f n eSa d ejs ls ckgj v k t kma r ks eq >s ml dq lh Z d k iz R;{k ugha gksx k A v Fk kZ r~ d qlh Z ds iz R;{k ;k Kk u ds f y , f d lh psr u eu d k gk suk v ko';d gS A og d gr k gS f d fd l h rjg d h xa/k gS D; ksaf d m ls lwa?kk x ;k] f dlh rjg d h /of u gS D; ksaf d m ls lq uk x ; kA blh izd k j f dlh p ht d k jax ;k v k df r gS D; ksaf d m ls ns[kk x ; kA ;f n d ksbZ O;f Dr ugha lwa?k jgk gS ] lq u jgk gS ; k ns[k jgk gS r ks bu d s v f LrRo d k gesa K ku u gha gks x k A v Ur esa og d grk gS f d f d Ugha p ht ksa d k gk suk o kLro esa m ud k iz R; {k vuq H ko f d ; k t ku k gS A ;f n iz R;{k v uq Hko ugha f d ; k t k,x k r ks os p htsa Hkh u gh a gk sax hA

y sfd u gekjk lk ekU ; ck s/k rk s d grk gS f d ] ;f n d k sbZ o Lr q gS rks o g iz R;{k d jus ok ys ds f cu k Hk h gk srh gS A m nkgj.k ds fy , ] eS a f tl jk Lrs ls fudy rk gwa ogka ij isM+ gS aA eSa b Ugsa jk st kuk o gha ikrk gwaA v kS j eSa gh ugha] d ksbZ Hk h O;f Dr o gka ls x qtjr k gS o g H kh mUgsa ogha ikr k gS A v Fkk Z r~ b u o Lr qv ksa d k v f LrRo bU gsa iz R;{k d jus ok y s eu ls Lo ra= gS A

;f n oLr q d k gksu k m ld k iz R;{k f d ;k t ku k gS r ks f dlh o Lr q d k iz R; {k ugha f d ;k t k rk r ks D;k m ld k v f LrRo Hkh ugha jgr k \ c d Z ys d k er gS fd ,sl h d ksbZ f LFkf r ugha gk srh ft lesa o Lr q d k v f LrRo gks rFkk ; g Hkh d gk t k ld s fd m ld k iz R ;{k ugha gk srkA ;f n o Lrq dk iz R;{k eq >s ugha gksrk rks fd l h v U; d k s gksr k gS v kS j ;fn fd lh d ks H kh u gha gksr k rks Lo ;a bZ 'oj d ks gksrk gS A v FkkZr~ ;f n oLr q d k v f LrRo gS r ks mld k iz R;{k H kh gks jgk gS A ; gk a l eL;k [kM +h gks t k rh gS f d ;g oLrq d h orZ ek u f LFkf r d h ds ck js gq v kA d ksbZ o Lrq v rhr esa Fk h v Fko k Hk f o" ; esa gksx h] ;g f dl v k/k kj ij d gk t k ldr k gS \ ;f n fd lh oLrq d s vf LrR o v kS j m lds iz R;{k gksu s d ks ge , d gh ekurs gSa r ks ;g f d l v k/k kj ij ekuk t k ldr k gS f d d ksbZ o Lr q v rhr esa Fk h v kS j Hkf o" ; esa gksx h \ v Fkk Zr~ ;g d S ls ek usa fd d ejs esa n ks fn u i gys est Fk h v k S j d ejs esa nk s f nu ckn est gksx h \

c d Zys d k d gu k gS f d ;fn ge d ejs esa x , gk srs rk s ge d ejs esa est d k iz R;{k d jr sA t c ge d grs gS a f d d ejs esa est gksx h rks bld k ery c gk sx k f d ;f n d ejs esa t k, a r ks o gk a est gk sx hA y sfd u iz R; {k d k gk suk gh oLr q d k gksu k gS ] blesa d q N d fBuk b; ka 'ks"k jg tk rh gSaA iz R;{k r ks O; f Dr rd gh l hf er gks t k rk gS f d ] f dlh O; f Dr d ks fd lh p ht d k iz R; {k gk s jgk gS v kS j ;g bf Unz; iz R;{k rd gh lhf er gS A ,sl h f LFkfr esa v k Recks/k ] xf .kr ds f l)k Ur] iz kd `frd f u;e ;k Lo ;a c d Zy s ds v uq lk j bZ 'oj d k cks/k v kf n d Sls laHk o gksax s \ bld s fy , cd Zys cq f ) d ks Hk h Kk u d k lz ksr ek ud j bl d f Bu kbZ ls c p us d k jkLrk f ud ky rs gS aA

13

c d Zys d k f p Uru iz R; {k d ks Kku d k lz ksr eku rk gS A lkFk gh o g ;g Hk h d gr k gS f d gesa f d l h o Lr q d k Kku u gha gksd j o Lr q ds x q .kksa d k Kku gk srk gS v kS j o Lrq ds ;s x q .k gek js eu es a jgr s gS aA ;s x q .k fd lh o Lr q d s ,sl s x q .k ugha gS a t ks f d K krk ls Lor a= gk saA og K krk ls Lora= o Lr qv ksa d s v f LrRo d ks Hk h ud kjr k gS A bl izd k j d gk t k ldr k gS f d cd Zys d s Kk u d h v o /kk j.k k O;f Drf u"B gS A v FkkZr ~ Kk u Kk rk ij f uHk Z j d jr k gS v k S j ;g iz R ;sd Kk rk d k vyx &vyx gksr k gS A

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Kku dh 'k rs aZKku dh 'k rs aZKku dh 'k rs aZKku dh 'k rs aZ n'k Z u'kk L= esa çk ;% Kk u d s ckjs esa f par u ;k m ldh eh ek alk bl ç 'u ij fop kj d jus ls 'k q # gksrh gS f d v kf [k j Kk u dgsax s f dlsA çk ;% bl ç d kj d s ç 'u ls , d ç d kj d h [kh> iS nk gksr h gS A v kf [k j t c ge d grs gS a fd gesa Nr hlx<+ d s Hk wx ksy d k Kku gS rk s gek js eu esa Kk u d h d ksbZ u d ksbZ lad Yiuk r ks gk srh gh gS A v c vx j d ksbZ iy V d j gels iwN y s f d i gy s ; s r ks crkv ks fd v kf [k j ; s Kku D;k p ht gS r ks vV iV k rk s y x sx k ghA ysf du n'kZu 'kkL= ds fy , ;g lo ky csrq d k ugha gS A n'k Zu'kk L= h gels v is{kk d jrs gS a f d gek js eu esa Kku d h t ks lad Yiuk gS ml s ge v f Hk O;ä d jus d h d k sf 'k'k d jsa v k S j bl d ksf 'k'k d s n kS jku ge O;of LFk r <+x ls m ijksä ç'u ij f op kj djsaA t c ge K ku d h lad Yi uk d h eq [k j v f HkO ;f ä djsax s rk s n wljksa d s lk Fk lk>k H kh d jsax s v k S j , d lo ZekU; le> cu kus d k H kh ç ;kl d jsax sA

f ox r d bZ lf n;ksa ls n'kZ u'k kL= h K ku d h ,d iq [k~ r k le> c u kus d h d ksf 'k'k d j jgs gS aA bru k rk s n'kZu 'kkL= h eku p qds gS a fd Kk u ,d ç d kj d h eu ksn 'k k gS & K krk ds eu esa iS nk gksu s ok y k , d ç d kj d k gypy gS A gekjs eu esa v usd f op k j v krs gS a] gekj h [kq c lk jh ek U;r k;sa gksrh gS a v k S j ;s gek js eu esa gypy m Ri Uu d jr h gSaA y sfdu br uk Hk j d g nsus ls ck r ugha c ur h gS A t S ls eu q "; ds ckjs esa bruk Hkj d g nsu s ls d ke u gh a p y sx k f d o g Lr uik;h t ho gS A gky k ¡fd Lru ik ;h t ho gk suk euq "; gksu s d h v fu ok;Z 'k rZ gS A ysf du euq" ; gksus ds f y, Lruik;h gksu k gh i ;k Z Ir ugha gS A v x j ge eu q "; d h iq [k~r k le> cu kuk p kgr s gSa r ks gesa d q N v kS j 'krsaZ yx kuh i M+sx h t Sls eu q "; ,d ,slk Lrau ik ;h t ho gS lh /ks iS jksa ij p y ldr k gS ] gk Fk v kS j v ax wBs d k l/k k gqv k bLr sek y d j ld r k gS ] lkekf t d çk.k h gS ] og f op kj v kS j lao kn d s f y , Hk k"k k d k ç ;ksx d jr k gS ] v kR ep sr l çk .kh gS ] lwn wj v rhr d h ck r lksp ldrk gS v kS j v kus ok y s le; d h d Yiu k d j m ld s fy , ; kst u k;sa c uk ld r k gS v kfn& v kf n A euq "; d h lad Yiu k d ks ?ksjsus d s fy , rk s ir k ugha v kS j f druh l kjh 'krsaZ y x ku h iM+sx h ; k ,slk Hkh gks ldr k gS f d bu esa ls dq N ckrsa euq "; d s ck js es a lgh r ks gksa] y sf d u o g euq "; gksu s d h vfu ok ;Z 'krZ ugha gk s A

bl ç d kj f dlh çk.k h d ks ge euq "; rHk h d gsax s t c o g euq "; gksu s d h d q N U;wur e 'kr ksaZ d ks iwjk d jr k gk sA v x j f o 'y s"k.k d s ckn geu s ik; k f d euq " ; gk sus d h ik ¡p v f uo k; Z 'k rsaZ gS a] r ks m Ugha ik¡p 'kr ksaZ d ks iwjk d ju s o ky s çk.kh d ks ge euq " ; d gsax sA b u ik¡p esa l s r hu ; k p kj 'kr ksaZ

14

d ks iwjk d ju k f dlh çk.k h d ks eu q "; d gus d s f y , i ;k Z Ir u gha gksx k ] D;ksaf d geu s rks i gy s gh m Ugha 'kr ksaZ d ks j[kk gS t ks v fuo k; Z Fk haA o S lh v k uq "kafxd 'kr ksaZ d ks rks geu s i g y s gh v yx dj f n;k gS t ks v f uo k;Z 'kr ksaZ ij gh f V d h gk srh gSaA

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/; ku j[k sa f d d gha ,slk u gk s t k, f d u nh d h lad Yiu k esa oS lh u gjsa H kh 'kkf ey gks t k,a f tu esa lk y d s gj egh us esa ik uh c gr k gS v k S j d qN NksV h cjlk rh uf n; k¡ NwV u t k,a f tuesa eq f 'd y ls d Hkh iku h v kr k gS A ugjksa d k 'kkf ey gks t kuk 'kk L= h; Hk k"k k esa vf rO; kf Ir nks" k d gy k ,x k v kS j cjlk rh uf n; ksa d k NwV t kuk v O;k f Ir nks" k A

v c t jk f op kj d jsa eku oh; Kk u d h iq [k~ r k le> cu kus d s f y , Hk h D; k ge d q N v fu ok ;Z 'kr ksaZ d k f u/kk Z j.k d j ldrs gS A ,sl h 'krsaZ t ks lk Fk f eyd j f d lh p ht d ks Kku d gus ds fy , i; kZ Ir gksaA

f i Nys v /; k; esa Kku ds r hu çd kjksa ls v k i v ox r gks p q ds gS a& d kS 'ky ] if jp ;kR ed Kku v kS j rF; kRed K kuA ge ; gk ¡ f lQZ r F;k Red Kku d h ckr d jsax sA d kS 'ky ds Kku d ks t k¡p us dk rjh d k rk s d k e d jd s ns[k uk gh gks ldrk gS A m Lesa n kos d h t k ¡p d h t# jr gks rk s d k e d jds ns[ku k gk sx kA if jp ;kRed K ku d ks t k¡pu s d h t:jr gh u gha gS A dso y lan sg gk sus ij mls ns[ku s d h t# jr gksx hA fd lh v kS j d ks ;s cr ku s ij H kk"k k esa v f Hk O; ä gk sd j i f jp; Red Kku v k S j d k S 'ky nksu ksa gh rF; kR ed K ku esa rCn hy gks t k; sax sA

rk s d qy f ey k d j ge ; gk ¡ r F;k Red Kku d h 'krk saZ dh ck r d j jgs gS aA v kx s c <+u s ls igy s ;gk ¡ ;g Hkh nq gjk ysu k Bhd gksx k fd Kk u fd lh p sru lÙk k d ks gh gk s ld rk gS A vr % Kk u esa d ksbZ u d ksbZ t kuus ok y k v Fkk Zr Kkr k gksrk gS A Kku f dlh p ht d s ckjs esa gk srk gS A ft ld s ckjs esa Kk u gk srk gS m ls Ks; d grs gS aA Kku K krk d h euk sn'kk d k uke gS A eu ksn'k k;sa ; k eu %f LFk f r; k¡ d bZ ç d kj d h gks ld rh gSa: v kd " kZ .k] H k;] }s"k v kfnA ,slh gh ,d eu% f LFkfr gk s ld r h gS t c gesa f d lh p ht ds ck js esa d q N f o 'o kl gks t S ls ^'k sj 'k kd &lCt h ugha [k kr k* ; k ^p h rk bl /kjr h ij lcls r st n kSM+~ us oky k çk.k h gS * v kf n&v kf n A ysf du flQZ f o 'o kl Hk j gksus ls ge f d lh p h t d k s Kk u ugha d gsax sA f o'o kl gk suk Kk u gk sus d h ,d vf uo k;Z 'krZ gS ] y sfd u d qN nwljh vf uo k;Z 'krsaZ Hkh y x kuh i M+sx hA Kku ehekalk d jus o ky s d qN y ksx f ox r vu sd lfn ;ksa ls d grs v k , gSa f d f dlh f o'o kl d ks Kku d gus d s f y , mld k lR; gksu k v kS j Kkr k d s ikl ml dh iq f"V d s fy , i ;kZ Ir rdZ ;k ç ek .k d k gksu k v f uo k; Z gS A bl çd kj fd lh nko s ij v k /kkf jr rF; kRed K ku d h if jH kk"kk d jrs gq , IysV ks us d gk gS & ^ lR ; f o'o kl ds lk Fk&l kFk vx j rk fd Zd çek.k Hk h gk s r ks ge m ls Kku d g ld rs gS A^ [True belief accompanied by rational account is knowledge ¼Plato] Theaetetus, Penguin] 1987] 2 01d½ ]

Kk u d h 'k kL= h; i f jHk k"k k: bl çd k j Kk u d h 'k kL= h ; if jHk k"k k& çekf .kd l R; f o 'o kl gh Kk u gS & d s v uq lkj Kku d h rh u vf uo k;Z 'krsaZ gS a:

1- Kk rk ds eu esa f o 'ok l gk suk] 2- m lds f o'o kl d k lR ; gk suk v kS j 3- f o 'ok l d ks lR; eku us d s fy , mlds ikl ç ek .k d k gk suk

;s r huksa 'k rsaZ , d lk Fk f eyd j gh Kku gksus d s 'krZ d ks iwjk d jrh gS a blf y , b u rh uksa d k s ,d lk Fk f ey kd j b Ugsa Kku d h i ;k Z Ir ; k ;Fks" V 'krZ dgsax sA v yx &v yx b uesa ls ç R;sd d ks Kk u

15

d k vf uo k; Z 'krZ ek uk t k,x k A b u r huksa v fu ok; Z 'krk saZ ij v yx & v yx la{ksi esa p p kZ d jus ls ;g ck r Li "V gksx h f d Kku d h lad Yiu k esa b ud h v f uo k;Z ek St wnx h D; ksa v ko';d gS A

f o 'ok l d h vf u ok;Zr k: Kku d ks v x j ge Kk rk d h eu%f LFkf r ds : i esa le >uk p kgrs gSa r ks gesa Kku d ks f o 'ok l d s J s.kh esa gh Mky uk i M+sx k A lHk h f o'o kl Kku u gha gksr s] d soy os gh f o 'ok l Kku gksrs gS a t k s lR ; gk s v k S j f t uds ek uus d s ih Ns d k sbZ ç ek.k gks] y sf d u vx j ,sl k d gsa f d lH kh Kku v arr % fo 'okl r ks gk srs gh gS a r ks xy r u gha gksx kA t Sls lH kh Lru ik ;h t ho euq "; u gh a gksr s] y sf du l Hkh euq "; Lr uik; h t ho gksr s gS aA v k e cksy p k y d h H kk" kk esa Kk u d k s d Hk h&d Hk h f o 'o kl ds ox Z d k , d m iox Z u eku dj m l d k f oy kse ekuk t k rk gS A d Hk h&d Hk h nk 'kZ fud H kh b Ugsa , d nwljs ls f HkUu ekurs gSaA Iy sVks u s t gk¡ v iuh çkjaf Hk d jp uk eSuks esa eku k gS f d Kk u esa f o 'ok l 'k kf ey gS ] o gh a ckn d h jpu k f ji f Cyd esa m lus Kku v k S j f o 'o kl d ks , d nwljs l s f HkUu eku kA K ku t gk¡ f LFkj v kS j l ansgksa ls ijs ¼infallible½ gksrk gS ] o gha f o 'ok l f u jk/kk j gksr k gS t k s d Hkh Hk h /o Lr ¼fallible½ gks t k ld rk gS A

y sfd u f Qj H kh ;g lkspu k eq f 'd y gS f d cxS j fd lh f o'o kl d s d ksbZ Kk u gks l drk gS A ;g d guk fd ^eS a t kurk r ks gw¡ f d ckf j'k gk s jgh gS ] y sfd u eS f o 'o kl u gha djr k* csr q d h ck r yx rh gS A t c ge bl çd kj d h ck r Hkh d jrs gS a f d ^ ;g esjk egt f o'Oo kl gh ugha gS f d d sjy H kkjr d k lo kZf /kd f 'k f{kr jk T; gS ] eSa t kur k gw¡ f d ,slk gh gS * rc Hkh ge Kk u d ks f o 'ok l d s f ojks/k esa u gh a j [k jgs gS a] c f Yd Kku d ks f o'o kl ls dq N v kx s c<+h gq bZ p ht eku jgs gS aA bl okD; esa ^ egt * ] ^ gh* v kfn ç; ksx ksa ij / ;ku nsa rks LI" V gk s t k ,x k fd oäk d s eu esa Kk u fo 'ok l gh u gh a] m ll s d q N v kx s c <+h gq bZ p ht gS A

nk s ç d kj d s o kD;k sa d h lwp h cu k;saA igy h J s.k h esa ^eq >s yx rk gS* ;k ^m ls y xrk gS * ls 'k q # gksus o ky s ok D; ksa d ks j[k sa v kS j nwljh Js.kh esa ^eS a t kurk gw¡* ; k ^o g t ku rk gS * ls 'kq # gk sus o kys o kD;ksa d k sA

• eq > s yxr k gS f d eu ksgj v kS j lq js'k esa eueq Vko p y jgk gS A

• eq > s yx r k gS fd f Hky kbZ Nrh lx<+ d k l cls c M+k v kS |ksfx d ux j gS A

• &&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&& • &&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&& • &&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&&

• eS a t ku rk gw¡ f d euk sgj v kS j ujs'k esa eueq Vko py jgk gS A

• eS a t kurk gw¡ f d f Hk y kbZ Nr hlx <+ d k lcls cM +k v kS | ksf x d ux j gS A

• &&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&& &&& • &&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&& &&& • &&&&&&&&&& &&&& &&& &&&

v c fo p kj d jsa f d fdu f LFkf r ;ksa esa v ki ;g d gus ls c p rs gS a f d ^eS a t kurk gw¡*A

njv ly ge m u f o 'o kl ksa d ks Kku ds : i esa is'k d jus ls u gh a f gp drs f tud s lR ; gksus d k gesa iwjk Hk jk slk gk srk gS A bld k v FkZ gS fd f o 'ok l d k lR ; gksuk Kku d h , d v kS j vfu ok;Z 'kr Z gS A

f o 'ok l d k lR; gksu k: gekjs o s f o'o kl gh Kk u d h Js.kh esa v k; sax s t ks lR ; Hkh gk sa A v ke t ho u esa lR ; v kS j vlR; d k f u/k kZ j.k cgq r eqf 'dy ugha yxr kA ^ v kleku d k jax u hy k gksr k gS * ;g o ä O; ; k rks l R; gk sx k ; k v lR; A ge ckgj t kd j ns[k ld rs gS a f d lp eqp v k leku

16

d k jax u hy k gS ; k ughaA o kLrf od tx r esa p h tsa v x j o S lh gh gSa t S l k gekjs eu esa f o 'okl gS rk s gekjk f o 'ok l lR; gksx kA

lR; d h ; g ,d / kkj.kk gS ft ls Kku eh ekal k esa lax rrk d k f l/nk ar ¼correspondence theory½ d grs gS a& v Fk krZ t ks d q N ge ekurs gS a okLrf o d tx r esa Hkh o g oS l k gh gSA lR; d h v ke t ho u esa ;g eku h gqbZ dlkS Vh gS v kS j blesa d k sbZ leL; k ugha f n[kr h gS A ysf du Kku eh ekalk d jus o ky s y ksx bruh v klku h ls bl d lkS V h d ks ugha eku y sax sA f t l lan sgo kn ls v k /kqf ud Kk uehek alk d h iS nkb 'k gq bZ gS m l ijaijk d s y k sx rk s v usd lo ky mB k;sax sA v ki d ks d S ls eky we d h v k leku d k jax lp eqp u hy k gS \ d gha ; g v k id k – f" VHkz e rk s u gha gS \ v ki d gsax s ,slk eq >s gh ugha y xr k v k Sjk sa d k s Hkh y x rk gS rks o s d gsax s f d gks ld r k gS f d ; g lk ewf gd –f "V Hk z e gk s A 'k k;n blds ckn v k i v i us d Fku d k s dq N v kS j nq# Lr d j ysa v k Sj d gsa f d /k jrh ij jgus o ky s bal kuk sa d k s v kleku d k jax u hy k fn [k y kbZ iM +rk gS A t c ge bl çd k j d h ckr d jrs gS a rk s ge lR; d h , d nwljh Kku ehekalk Red f ln ~ /kkar rd i gw¡p iS nkb 'k t krs gS aA bl nwljs f l/nkar d ks f o 'o klksa esa ij Lij lax fr d k fl /nkar ¼coherence theory½ d gk t kr k gS A f o 'okl ksa esa lax fr ds n ks i{k gS a A , d rks fd lh , d K krk d s eu esa f t rus f o 'ok l gS a m uesa ij Lij var f o Z jks/k ugha gk suk p kf g,A t S ls eku y sa d ksbZ O;f ä , d l kFk nk s ckr sa d gs t ks d q N bl ç d kj d h gksa f d :

1- /k jr h ij jgus o ky s y ksx ksa d ks v kl eku d k jax uhy k f n [k y k; h iM+rk gS ] v k S j 2- v k leku d k jax gj i y cnyr k gS A

rk s ge d gsax s f d m lds f o'o klk sa esa v kil esa lax f r ugha gS A f o 'ok lksa esa lax f r d k n wljk igyw ;g gk s ld rk gS fd f o f Hk Uu Kk rkv ksa d s f o 'o kl ksa esa ijLij lax f r gksA

bl ç d kj vx j ns[ksa rk s ; g nwljk f l/nkar lR; dk v f/k d ls vf /kd varo S Z ;f ä d d lk SVh gh ç nku d jr k gS A lR; d s o Lrqf u"B ] Bk sl v kS j l ko ZH kkSe d l kSVh çkIr d ju s d h eku oh ; gljr ksa d ks ; g iwjk u gh a d jr kA Iy sV ks d h rjg v k t Kku d k s d Hk h Hkh f d lh çd kj /oLr u gksu s ok y h p h t ¼infallible½ ekuuk eq f 'd y v o'; gks x ;k gS D;ksaf d f oKk u d s n 'k Z u esa gh ekuk t k us yx k gS fd o S Kkf ud Kku rHk h rd lR; ek us t k; sax s t c rd d ksbZ m ls v lR; l kf cr u d j n s] y sfd u f Qj Hk h lR; d h v is{kk — r vf /k d Hk jk slsean d lkSVh d h çkI r d jus d h bPNk çk— f rd f o Kku esa gh ugha] c f Yd bfrgkl tS ls eku f o d h d s v U; f o"k ;ksa esa Hkh f n[ky k; h i M+rh gS A

b u nk suk sa f l/n kark sa ls vyx l R; d k , d rh ljk f l/nkar Hkh gS f tls O ;o gk jok nh ; k ç ;kst u oknh ¼pragmatic theory½ f l/ nkar d gk t kr k gS A bl f l/nkar d s v uqlkj lR; d h ,d d lk SVh ;g gks l drh gS f d m ld s v k/k kj ij d qN iwo kZ u q eku yx k ;s t k ld rs gS a ; k ughaA t S ls vx j o S Kkf ud ksa us irk yx k;k f d 'k q "d go k esa 2000 r ki ek u ij /of u d k osx 343 eh Vj çf r lsd s.M gksrk gS r ks O;o gkjok nh d gsax s fd bl Kku d s v k /kkj ij vx j d ksbZ ; a= cu rk gS r ks m l ;a= d ks B hd d ke dju k p kf g, ; k /o fu ds os x ls Hkh v f /kd xf r ls py us o ky s f o eku c ukus esa blls en n f eyuh p kf g, A vx j m ä Kku d s v k/k kj ij f o ek u c u tkr k gS v k S j B hd m lh ç d kj d ke d jus y xrk gS f tl çd k j d k e djus d h m Eehn m lls d h x ;h Fk h rks Kk u d ks lR; ek uk t k ,x k v U;Fkk ughaA

d qy f ey kd j geus ns[kk f d Kku ds bl nwl jh 'k rZ ¼f o 'ok l d k lR; gksuk ½ d k ekey k bruk lh /kk v k S j ljy u gh a gS ] y sf du f Qj Hkh Kku d h 'k kL= h ; if jHkk" kk esa bls vf uo k;Z eku k x; k gS A v c ge Kku d h rh ljh 'krZ – f o'o kl d ks lR; eku us d s f y , ç ek .k d k gksuk& d h ckr d j ldr s gS aA

17

ç ek f .kdr k d h 'kr: Z Fk ksM+h n sj d s f y , eku ysa f d vk id k ,d f o 'ok l gS fd vk id k , d nk sLr t ks jk; x <+ esa jgr k gS o g b u fn uksa chek j p y jgk gS A eku y sa nq Hk kZ X ; ls o g lp eqp chekj gS A y sfd u v ki ds ikl m ls chekj ek uus d s fy , i; kZ Ir v k/k kj ugha gS A i; kZ Ir v k/kkj u gha gksu s dk ery c gS fd og Ld wy ds f nuksa esa d Hk h&d Hk h cjlk r ds ekS le esa ch ek j gks t k;k d jr k FkkA v k ius blh v k/kk j ij ek u fy ; k fd o g chekj gS A nq Hk kZ X ; ls o g chek j gS Hk hA v c v k ius m lds chekjh d k gky t kuus d s fy , m ls Qksu d j f y ;k A v k id h n ksLr h v kS j ijo ku p <+ x ;hA

d qy f ey kd j v ki d k ,d f o 'o kl Fkk v kS j f o'o kl lR; FkkA v c bls K ku ek uus esa D; k f n Ddr gS \ Kku d h bl rhljh 'k rZ ^ç ek f .kdr k* d h v ko '; drk D; ksa gS \

d q N ,slh v U; f LFkf r;k sa d h H kh d Yd q N ,slh v U; f LFkf r;k sa d h H kh d Yd q N ,slh v U; f LFkf r;k sa d h H kh d Yd q N ,slh v U; f LFkf r;k sa d h H kh d Y i uk d jsa i uk d jsa i uk d jsa i uk d jsa f dl h tt d k f o 'o kl gS fd fd lh eqd n es esa m lds lkeus t ks v k jk sih m if LFkr gq v k gS og p ksj gS ] ysf du tt ds ik l mls p ksj ek uu k d k d ksbZ B ksl v k /kkj ugha gS A f d U gha v uq Hko ksa d s d kj.k t t ;g eku rk jgk gS fd çk; % fBx us d n ds eksVs y ksx p ksj gk srs gS aA m lds lk eu s t ks v kjksih is'k gq v k og fBx uk v kS j eksV k Fkk A v c tt us mls p k sjh d s fy , l t k lquk n hA la;k sx ls mä O; fä lp eqp p ksj Fkk A D; k gesa eku uk p kf g, f d tt d ks bl ck r d k Kku Fkk f d m ä O;fä p k sj gS A f dl h çf r;k sx h ijh {kk esa , d c gqf od Yih ç'u iwNk x ; k& eqxy ck n~ 'kk g t gk ¡x hj ds f ir k d k uk e D; k Fkk\ v ki us bld s mÙkj esa n wljs u Ecj d s f od Yi d s lk eus lgh d k f p à yx k ;k ] gky k¡f d v k id k s m Ùkj eky we u gh a Fk kA v ki us ;s v ankt yx k fy ;k f d T;k nk rj ç'uk sa d s lgh m Ùk j nwljs f od Yi esa f n, x ;s gS aA lk S HkkX ; ls v kid k m Ùkj lgh gks x ;kA D; k ;g eku k t ku k p kf g, fd v k id ks eq xy o a'k d k Kk u gS A

bl r jg ds v k S j m n kgj.k x <+us d h d ksf 'k 'k d jsa v kS j f op kj d jsa fd lR; f o'ok l d k s Kku ekuus esa D;k f n Dd r gS \ fd lh f o'o kl d ks Kk u d gu s d s f y , ç ek f .kd r k d k 'krZ yx ku k D; ksa v k o';d gS \

njv ly Kku ds ek ey s esa Kk u eh ek alk d jus ok y s y ksx ^ nq Hkk ZX ;* ] ^lk S HkkX ;* ] ^la;k sx * ^b ÙksQk d * t S lh f LFk fr ;ksa ugha v k us nsu k p k gr sA 'kq # esa geus ck r d h Fkh fd os Kku d h ,d iq [k ~ rk le> c uku k p k gr s gS aA lR; f o'o kl d ks Kk u ekuus esa D; k ijs'k kuh gS bl ij lSdM+k sa o "k Z iwo Z IysVk s us f op k j fd ; k FkkA 'kk; n vki d ks irk gks fd Iy sVks u s v iu h fd rk c ^eSuks* lao kn 'kSy h esa f y [k h gS A bl laok n esa m lus v ius xq : lqd jkr d ks lao kn d jus o ky s , d p f j= ds : i esa is'k f d; k gS A bl l aok n esa lqd jkr Iy sVks d s f o p k jksa d k çf rfu f/k Ro d jrk gS A lao kn d k ,d f gLlk dqN bl çd k j gS %

lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr % vx j d ksbZ y jhLlk ; k f dlh v U; tx g d k jkLrk t k ur k gS ] rks r ks og [k q n Hkh ogk ¡ t k ld r k gS v kS j f dlh vk S j d k s H kh y s t k ld r k gS A ,slh f LFkf r esa m ls ,d l{k e x k bM ekuk t k; sx kA D;k rq e lger gk sA

e S uks %e S uks %e S uks %e S uks % f cYdq y

llll q d jkr %q d jkr %q d jkr %q d jkr % ysf du ,d O;f ä vx j o gk ¡ t k us d k lgh jk Lrk p qu ysrk gS ] gk y k¡fd o g o gk ¡ d Hk h ugha x ;k v k S j jk Lr k ugha t k urk gS rks og Hkh n wljks a d ks lgh jkLrk cr k nsx kA

e S uks %e S uks %e S uks %e S uks % gk¡] cr k nsx kA

lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr % v kS j t c rd jk Lr s d s ck js esa lgh f o'o kl m ls gS og m ru k gh v PNk x kb M gS f truk v PNk jkLrk t kuu s ok y kA

18

e S uks %e S uks %e S uks %e S uks % gk¡ m ruk gh v PN k x kb M gksx kA

lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr % blf y , l gh d k;Z d jus d s f y , l R; f o 'ok l m ru k gh v PNk x kbM gS f tr uk v PNk Kk uA

;gk¡ Iy sV ks ;g rd Z ns jgk gS f d dS ls lR; f o'o kl Hkh m ru k gh d kjx j gks ldrk gS f truk f d Kku A gekjk d ke r ks lR; f o 'ok l ls Hkh py t kr k gS ] f Qj ge K ku d ks bruk vf / kd egÙo D; ksa nsr s gS aA bld s m Ùk j esa og d gr k gS f d lR ; f o 'ok l ls gekjk d ke rHk h rd pysx k t c r d o g gek js f nekx esa f VdsA lq d jk r us bl lao kn esa bl ç 'u ds t ks m Ùkj f n, m lds v usd i{k gSa] y sf du ge ;g¡ m lds , d egÙo iw.kZ laok n d h ckr d jsax sA

lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr %lq d jkr % lPp k f o'o kl vPNh p ht gS v kS j o g r eke v PNh ckrsa d j ld r k gS t crd d h og v i uh tx g fV d k jgs] y sf d u og cgqr nsj rd f Vd k ugha jg ld rk Ao g balku ds f n ekx ls i y k;u d j t k rk gS ] t c r d f d rdZ &f o rd Z d jd s m ls Bh d l s ck¡/k u f y ;k t k ,A ,d ckj t c m ls rd Z d s Qans ls ck ¡/k f y ; k t kr k gS rks og Kku c u t kr k gS v k S j f Vd kÅ gks t kr k gS A lPps f o'o kl d ks Kku ls t ks p ht vyx d jr h gS og gS r dZ d k QankA blfy, lPp k f o 'okl Kk u ls d e ewY;o ku gS A

bl çd k j I y sVks u s l k{ ; ij v k/kk f jr rd Z ls iq "V lR; f o 'ok lksa d h egÙk k d ks L Fkkf ir f d ;k gS v k S j m ls gh Kku eku k gS A v c gesa v k x s ns[ku k p kf g, f d f o'o kl d ks ç ekf .kr d jus d h d kS u d kS u lh i /nf r;k ¡ gks ld rh gS aA

çk;% ge ,d f o 'ok l d ks çekf .k r d jus ds f y, ,d lk{ ; nsr s gS aA o g l k{ ; Lo a; ,d f o 'o kl gksrk gS A f Qj bl nwljs f o'o kl ds fy , ,d v kS j lk{ ; ;k ç ek.k <wa< +rs gS a t ks f Qj l s , d v kS j f o 'ok l gk srk gS A v c ;g flyf ly k v kx s p y rk t krk gS t crd fd d ksbZ ,slk lk { ; ;k ç ek .k ugha f ey t k, f t ls f l/n d ju s d h t: jr u gha gks A v FkkZ r ge , d ,sls ç ek .k r d igw¡p s t ks Loa; f l/n gk sA

d qy f ey kd j ; gk¡ Kku d h lajp u k d qN ,sls c gq eaf tys Hko u ;k <+k p s d h rjg d h gksr h gS f tl esa rh ljh eaf ty nwljh eaf ty ij f Vd k gksrk gS ] n wljh eaf ty igy h eaf ty ij v k Sj v ar es uh ao gksr h gS t ks /kjrh ij t k d j fV drh gS A /kjr h d ks fV dus ds f y , f dlh lgk js d h v k o';dr k ugha gksrh gS A ç ek.k <w< +us d h bl i /nf r ; k f l/n kar d k s v k /kk jo kn ;k cq fu; kn okn ¼foundationalism½ d grs gS a A

bld k lcls v PNk mn kgj.k x f .kr ;k r dZ 'k kL= esa f ey rk gS A T; kf erh esa f dlh lk /; d ks f l/n d jus d s fy , igy s çekf .k r fd ;s x ;s lk /; dk gok y k f n ;k t krk gS A f Qj m ä lk /; d s fy , f iNy s fd Ugh lk/; ksa d k A var esa d qN Loa; flf /n; k¡ cp r h gS a ft Ugsa ç ek f .kr d jus d h v k o';dr k u gha i M+r h gS A Lo ;a f lf /n; ka d q N bl ç dkj d h gksr h gS a&

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blh ç d kj d q N n wljs rjg d s y k sx bf Uæ; ls l h/ks ç kIr gk sus ok y s laosn uk sa d k s eku oh ; Kku dh cq fu; kn eku ldrs gS aA gky k ¡fd la'k; okf n; ksa us Kku d s ewy v k /kk jk sa ij v usd ç'u [kM+s f d, gS ¡A la'k; ok f n; ksa ds lHk h rd ksaZ d k f o Lrkj ls p p kZ d h ;gk¡ v ko ';drk u gh a gS ] ysf du m uds

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ç 'u dq N bl çd kj ds gk s rs gS a& B hd gS v ki d g jgs gS a f d v k ius cgq r lk js gkf Fk ;k sa d k s v iu h v k ¡[kk s l s n s[kk gS v kS j m l v k/k kj ij d g jgs gS a f d gk Fkh d ky k gksr k gS ] y sf d u v ki d ks d S ls irk f d v k ius v cr d f truh ckj Hkh gkf Fk ;k sa d ks n s[kk gS v ki us li us esa ugha ok Lro esa gkFk h d ks n s[k k gS A bl ç d kj d h v k if Ùk ;k ¡ çFke –"V; k csrqd h yx ld rh gS a] y sfd u vx j Kk uehek alk esa ç R;{k K ku d k iq [r k v k/ kkj <wa< +us d h d ksf 'k'k gk srh gS rks ml ls ; g v is{kk gksx h f d o g bl rjg ds l ansgksa d h laHk kou k d ks lekI r dj nsA

cq fu; kn ok n d k v kx z g gS f d ; k rk s d qN rd Z ; k bf Uæ; ls lh/k s çkI r v uq Hk o la'k; ls ijs gk sr s gS a blf y , m Ugsa nwljs v U; f o 'o klksa d k v k /kkj ek uk t k ld rk gS v kS j m ud s vaf r e çek.k ds : i esa çLr q r f d; k t k ld r k gS A la'k; ok f n ;ksa u s m u ij Hk h ç 'u [k M+s d j f n; sA

d q N nk'kZf ud ksa us Kku dh lajp uk d k ,d nwljk e‚ My çLrqr f d ;kA bl e‚M y esa lHk h f o 'ok l ijLij ,d nwljs d ks iq "V d jrs gSa] d k sbZ Hkh f o 'ok l ,slk ugha gk srk ft ls fd lh ds lgkjs d h v ko ';rk u gha gks v Fk kZ r lHk h f o 'o kl ,d&nwljs d k s lgkjk nsrs gSaA bl f l /nkar d ks ijLij v ky ac uo kn ;k lax fro kn ¼coherentism½ d g ld rs gS aA

ijLij v k y acu ok n d h ,d 'kr Z r ks ; g gS fd f o'o klk sa d h f dlh O; oLFkk esa d ksbZ f o 'o kl ijLij f ojk s/kh u gha gks] y sf d u bruk gksu k gh d k Qh ugha gS A f o 'okl ksa d h ijLij , d n wljs ij iw.kZ r% ; k v kaf 'kd f uH kZ jrk gk suh p kf g, A tS ls ek u y sa fd lh d k ,d f o 'okl gS fd or Z ek u f 'k {kk&ç .kky h oS ;f äd çf rLi /kkZ d k s c <+k ok n srh gS A nwljk f o 'ok l ;g gS fd f o|kFk hZ ,d& nwlj s ls v i us uk sVl f Nik d j j[ku k p k gr s gS aA r hljk f o 'o kl ;g gS f d f tu f o|kf FkZ ; ksa d ks v f / kd vad çk Ir m uds QksV ks v [k ckjk sa esa N ir s gS a v kS j f t Ugsa d e v ad çkIr gk srs gS a m Ugsa i f jo kj v kS j lekt çr kf M+r d jrk gSA p kS Fkk f o 'o kl ;g gS f d lk ek f td &v kf FkZd t hou esa H kh ç f r Li/k kZ f n [k y k; h iM +rk gS A v c ;s lkjs f o 'o kl ijLij ,d &nwljs d ks iq "V d jrs gS aA bu esa ls d ksbZ Hk h v U; f o'o klksa d k v af re vk/k kj ugha gS A gky k¡f d b Ugsa , d nwljs d s v k /kkj d s : i esa Hk h çLr q r f d; k t k ldrk gS A t S ls lk ek ft d&v kf FkZd if jo s'k es çf rLi/ kkZ gS ; g d gus d k v k/k kj gS fd f 'k {kk Hkh çf rLi/ kkZ ij v k/kk f jr gS A f 'k {kk O; oLFk k esa ç f rLi /kkZ gS ;g d gu s d k v k/k kj ;g gS fd f o |kf FkZ ;ksa d k s ,d &n wljs ls u ksV l Nq ik rs ns[kk x ; k gSA vx j b Ugsa , d &nwl js d s v k/k kj ds : i esa j[kk t k; rks d ksbZ iwN ldr k gS f d u ksV l Nqik uk ç f r Li /k kZ gksu s d k v k/k kj D; ksa ek uk t k ,A gks ldrk gS f o|k FkhZ ,d &nwl js o S ls gh ls 'kek Z rs gk sa ; k d ksbZ [ksy [k sy jgs gksaA laxf ro kn ; k ijLij v k y acu o kn d h ckr d jus o ky s br uk gh d gsaxs f d d e ls d e uksV l Nq iku k igys f o 'ok l d k f ojk s/kh ugha gS v k S j Hky s gh og v dsy s l Hkh f o 'ok lksa d k v k/k kj ugha gks ysf du ;s lk js f o'o kl , d &nwljs d ks iq "V d jr s gS aA

cq fu; kn ok n v kS j ijLij v ky ac uo kn – n ksu ks gh ekM y k sa ls ;g l e>u s esa enn f ey r h gS fd ç ek .k u d h çfØ ;k esa d S ls vyx &vyx f o'o kl , d&nwljs ls lac /n gksr s p y s tkrs gS aA ; s n ksu ksa laca/ku ds n ks ekMy k sa d h ck r d jrs gS a y sf du laca/ku d h ck r n ksuk sa gh d jr s gS aA

d qy f ey kd j ge bl f u"d "kZ ij i gq ¡ps f d o Slk lR; f o 'ok l ftls f dlh u f dlh ek My d k lgkjk y sd j çekf .k r fd ; k t k lds Kku gS A bl ç dkj Kku d h rhu vfu ok ;Z 'krsaZ gSaA ; s r hu ksa vf uo k;Z 'kr saZ t c cu t k rh gS a rks Kk u d h lHkh 'k rsaZ iwjh gk s t kr h gS aA blf y, y Ecs le; rd ç ek f .kr lR ; f o 'ok l f d gh ¼rF; kRed ½ Kku eku k t kr k jgk gS A

xsf V; j d h leL;k: lu 196 7 esa , MeaM xsf V ;j ¼Edmund Gettier½ u ke ds , d n k'kZfu d us d qy rh u i" Bksa d k , d y s[k n'k Zu 'kkL= d s f d lh tu Zy esa çd k f 'kr d jo k; kA y s[k d k 'kh" kZ d Fkk & "Is Justified True Belief Knowledge."

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bl ys[k es a x sf V;j us d qN ,sls m nkgj.k f n, t ks Kk u d h r hu ksa gh 'krk saZ d k s iwjk d jr s gS a] y sfd u f Qj Hkh m ls Kku d s : i esa Lo hd k j d jus esa f nDdr gks ld rh gSA d q N m nkgj.k xsf V; j u s [kq n f n, v kS j d q N ckn esa y ksx ksa us m lls f ey rs t qyrs mn kgj.k x <+sA bl ç d kj d k , d m nkgj.k ;g gS: eku ysa v ki B hd ck jg ct s n ksi gj esa f dlh 'k gj esa igq ¡p rs gS aA v ki d ks lo k ck jg ct s fdlh ls o gk ¡ f eyu k gS A v kid ks f o'o kl gS fd ckjg cts gksa xsA f Qj H kh v ki o gk ¡ LV s'k u d s ik l ds ?k aVk?k j d h r jQ ut j Mky rs gS aA v ki d ks ?kM +h d h nksuksa lq b ;ka ckjg ij f n [k y k; h iM +rh gS A v ki f uf 'p ar gks t kr s gS a f d ck jg c t s gS a v kS j v k i le; ij ehf V ax d s f y, i gq ap t k ;saxsA

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v c bl m n kgj.k esa v ki dks f o 'o kl gS f d ckjg c ts gk sax sA m l le; ckjg c t Hkh jgs Fks v kS j v k ids ik l çek.k Hkh Fk k D; ksaf d v kius ?k aVk?k j d h ?kM +h esa ns [kk Fk k A blf y , bl m n kgj.k esa v k id ks f o 'ok l gS ] v kid k f o'o kl lR; Hkh gS v k S j v kid s ikl ç ek .k Hk h gSA y sf d u v kius f o 'ok l d ks çekf .kr d jus d s fy , v kius f t l ?kM+h d k s ns[kk o g ?kM +h rk s can F k hA ; g r ks egt la; ksx Fkk f d m l le; mrus gh c t s Fk s f t r us ij ? kM +h d h lq b ;ka Fk ha A geus i gy s gh ckr d h gS f d Kku eh ekalk d jus o kys y ksx ^ la;k sx * ]^b ÙksQk d * t Slh f LFk fr; ksa d k s Kku d s ek eys esa Loh d kj u gh a d jrsA y sf du ;gk¡ r ks la; ksx d h cM +h Hk wf ed k gS& gky k ¡f d Kk u d h r huksa gh vf uo k;Z 'kr saZ iwjh gks jgh gS a A

d q N y ksx ksa u s x sfV ;j d h leL;k d k lek/k ku ;g d g d j d jus d h d ksf 'k 'k d h f d m ijksä m n kgj.k esa f o'o kl d ks Bhd <+ax ls ç ekf .kr ugha fd ; k x ;k A ,d ek= ?k M+h ij f o 'okl d j fy ; k x; k] t cf d ;g lksp u k p kf g, fd ?kM+h [k jk c Hkh gks ld rh gS A fnDdr ; g gS f d B hd <+x ls çekf .k r d juk f d ls d gsax s ; g r ; d juk eqf 'd y gS A vx j , d ?kM+h [k jk c gks ld rh gS rk s ik ¡p ?kfM +;k¡ Hk h [kjk c gks ld rh gS a v kS j la;k sx Hkh ?k fV r gks l drk gS A blfy , xyf r; ksa d h laHk ko uk d ks d e r ks f d; k t k ldrk gS ] y sfd u m lls iwjh r jg cp k ugha t k ldrk A blf y, ^B hd ls ç ek f .kr * d jus* dh 'k rZ fd lh f uf 'p r tx g ij t k d j u gh a iwjh ugha g ksr hA

fu " d" kZ %fu " d" kZ %fu " d" kZ %fu " d" kZ %

bl ç d kj ns[ksa rk s Kk u d h ,d ,slh iq [k~ r k i f jHk k"k k rks u gha c u ik ;h gS f t lesa la;k sx v kf n d h d ksbZ Hkwf ed k ugha gksA f Qj Hk h çek.k d h Nyu h ls Nuk gqv k lR; f o'o kl f uf 'p r : i ls vf /kd fu Fkjk gq v k v kS j Hkjk slsean K ku gS& Hkys gh xsf V;j tS ls m n kgj.k ksa us ; g f l/n d j f n; k gS fd ç ek.k d h Nyu h d ks d S ls ;k f d ru k l?k u cq uk t k ; f d m lls lp sr : i ls t k¡p k&ij[k k lR; f o'o kl gh Nud j v k , ;g r; dju k eq f 'dy gS A

t ho u ds v yx &vyx {ks=ksa esa v kS j v yx &vyx voljksa ij ç ek .k d h lVh d rk d k v kxz g d e ;k T; knk gks ldrk gS A t c v ki d ks f dlh c gqr egÙo iw.k Z ; k= k ij t k uk gks rks v k i ?kaV k?kj d h ?kM+h d ks gh ugha ns[kr s A f M lIys cksMZ ij I y sVQk eZ uEcj v kS j x kM+h d s v kus d k l e; f y [k k gq v k gk s rc Hk h iwNrkN dk maV j d s d eZ p kjh ls Hkh iw N ysr s gS aA D;k ir k f Ml Iy s ck sMZ [k jk c gk s v k S j ml ij dy d h Vªsu d h lwp uk gh ç nf 'kZr gks jgh gks A b u f LFkf r; ksa esa lkekU; Hk kjrh ; O; fä xsf V;j t S lh leL;k l s c p us d h iwjh d k sf 'k'k d jr k gS A

f dl h y ksdr kaf= d lekt esa U ;k; d s {ks= esa Hk h f lQZ i f jf LFkf rt U; lk { ;ksa l s d k e ugha py r kA U; k;& ç.kky h d ks ç ek .k d h d lkSV h d ks bru k i Dd k cu kuk iM+rk gS f d m lesa f lQZ f ut h f o 'ok lksa v k S j iwok Z x z gksa d s v k/k kj ij d ksbZ f u .k Z ; ugha gksA

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f 'k {kk d k K ku ls x gjk ljksd k j gS A f 'k{kk Ø e esa f t l Kku d ks ge 'k kf ey d ju k p kgrs gS a m lds ckjs esa gekjh le> K ku ds p ;u v kS j f 'k{k.k&f of /k ls y sd j gekjh ewY ; kad u f of / k rd d ks çHk kf o r d jsx kA d gha ,sl k r ks u gh a gS f d or Z eku f 'k{kk &ç.k ky h esa ge v u sd ckj lR ; f o 'ok lksa d ks K ku ds : i esa Lo hd kj d j y srs gS aA d bZ ck j rk s lR ; d h Hk h ijo kg ugha d h t kr h& f of H kUu l keqn kf ;d& lkaL— f rd f o 'ok lksa d ks f 'k {kkØ e esa T;k sa d k R;ksa 'k k f ey d jo kus dk v kx z g f d ;k t k rk gS A

Kk uehek alk Kku d h d ksbZ lVhd i f jHk k"k k d j ik, ;k u gh a] çekf .kd l R; f o 'ok l d k m ld k v kx z g f uf 'p r : i ls 'k S f {kd fp aru d h –f "V ls egÙo iw.kZ gS A

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