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N E W U N I pirveli demokratiuli respublikis

100 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnili

studentTa mexuTe samecniero

konferenciis statiebis krebuli

gamomcemloba `universali~ Tbilisi 2018

2

saredaqcio kolegia: saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare Tamar gardafxaZe — samarTlis doqtori, profesori, axali

umaRlesi saswavleblis reqtori saredaqcio kolegiis wevrebi: daviT geferiZe — samarTlis doqtori, profesori, axali

umaRlesi saswavleblis samecniero kvleviTi centris ufrosi

ivane sexniaSvili — filologiis doqtori, profesori, axa-li umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis dekani

anna maruaSvili — ekonomikis doqtori, profesori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da so-cialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis dekanis moadgi-le

manana nanitaSvili — ekonomikis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis biznesis administrirebis programis xelmZRvaneli

manana aladaSvilis — biznesis administrirebis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri mecnierebebis fakultetis turizmis sabakalavro programis xelmZRvaneli

qeTevan jijeiSvili — politikis doqtori, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis, samarTlisa da socialuri me-cnierebebis fakultetis saerTaSoriso urTierTo-bebis sabakalavro programis xelmZRvaneli

qarTuli enis redaqtori - filologiis doqtori valeri kvantriSvili

© krebuli, 2018

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, politkovskaias #4, : 5(99) 33 52 02; 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

ISBN 978-9941-26-329-3

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biznesisa da turizmis seqcia:

xviCa gogia

axali umaRlesi saswavlebelis biznes-administrirebis fakultetis bakalavriatis IV kursis studenti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: nana zazaZe, axali umaRlesi saswavleblis asocirebuli profesori

saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazris

Tanamedrove mdgomareoba

vidre sadazRvevo bazarze visaubrebdeT, albaT

dagainteresebT ra aris dazRveva? saidan modis daz-

Rvevis idea? vin da ratom daezRvia pirvelad? dazRveva aris riskis marTvis erT-erTi finansuri

instrumenti, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebelia ris-kis Sedegad warmoqmnili finansuri zaralis Tavidan acileba (sadazRvevo sazogadoebaze gadacema). klien-

tsa (damzRvevsa) da sadazRvevo sazogadoebas (mzRve-

vels) Soris dadebuli sadazRvevo xelSekrulebis sa-fuZvelze sadazRvevo kompania TavisTavze iRebs pasu-xisgeblobas momxmareblis winaSe,zaralis dadgomis SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli daabrunos im mdgomareobaSi, ra mdgomareobaSic imyofeboda is zaralamde.

saidan modis dazRvevis idea? dazRvevis warmoSoba im obieqtur winapirobebs

ukavSirdeba, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo im saxifaTo movlenebTan da riskebTan, rasac mohqonda adamiane-

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bisTvis udidesi materialuri da gamousworebeli fi-zikuri danakargebi.

istoriulad dazRvevis warmoSoba sazogadoebis gaCenas ukavSirdeba. Znelia daadgino zusti TariRi dazRvevis warmoSobis. erTi ram cxadia, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze adamianis moTxovnile-ba riskebisgan Tavdacvis mudmivad izrdeboda. riske-bis gadanawilebis uZvelesi meTodebi gamoyenebuli iq-

na jer kidev Zv.w.aR. me-3-me-2 saukuneebSi Cineli da ba-biloneli movaWreebis mier sazRvao gadazidvebSi, za-ralis Semcirebis mizniT. isini iyenebdnen elementa-rul sadazRvevo sistemas, romelic mefe hamurabis ka-

nonebis Semadgenel nawilad iqca Zv.w.aR. 1750 wels. am winapirobebma ubiZga adamianebs daemyarebinaT

socialuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, romelsac dazRveva uwodes.

pirveli sadazRvevo xelSekruleba gaformda ge-

noaSi 1347 wels, 1688 weli ki cnobilia londonSi yava-xana Lloyd’s Coffee House-Si pirveli sadazRvevo kompa-nia Lloyd’s-is daarsebiT.

aq Seikribnen mezRvaurebi, gemebis mflobelebi, andervraiterebi da Camoayalibes iseTi sadazRvevo kompania, romelic dResac ki erT-erTi udidesi kompa-

niaa sadazRvevo bazarze. [n.beniZe, n.Sonia, riskebi da dazRveva, Tb. 2010:242]

sadazRvevo biznesi nebismieri warmatebuli eko-nomikis arsebiT komponentad iqca. ekonomikis da daz-Rvevis istoriis Seswavlisas mravali mkvlevari aRia-rebs mWidro kavSirs myar sadazRvevo bazarsa da efeq-tian ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris. sadazRvevo biz-nesis safuZvelia adamiani da misi moTxovnileba daz-Rvevaze. es moTxovnileba mWidro kavSirSia adamianis binadrobis regionul TaviseburebebTan. amitom sain-tereso xdeba saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazris formi-

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rebisa da ganviTarebis teritoriuli aspeqtebis gan-xilva-Seswavla.

saqarTveloSi pirveli sadazRvevo kompania 1990 wels daarsda. saqarTvelos dazRvevis saxelmwifo ze-damxedvelobis samsaxuri 1997 wlidan funqcionirebs. am periodisaTvis (1997 weli) qveyanaSi ukve registrirebu-

li iyo 25 sadazRvevo kompania, 2017 wlis bolos ki maTi ricxvi 17-s Seadgens. aqve minda aRvniSno, rom 2017 wlis bolos sadazRvevo bazars, romelic warmodgenili iyo 16 sadazRvevo kompaniiT, daemata dazRvevis saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis samsaxuris mier daregistrirebuli axali, rigiT me-17 sadazRvevo kompania, "ss hualing daz-Rveva", romlis aqciebis 100% mflobelia "bazis banki". kompaniam licenzia miiRo "sicocxlis dazRvevis da daz-Rvevis (arasicocxlisa)" saxeebis saqmianobis ganxorcie-

lebisaTvis. warmodgenili 16 sadazRvevo kompania flobs sicocxlis da arasicocxlis dazRvevis licenzi-as, xolo erTi kompania, mxolod arasicocxlis dazRve-

vis licenzias [http://insurance.gov.ge/Statistics.ge] saqarTvelos Tanamedrove sadazRvevo bazris gan-

viTarebaze warmodgenas Segviqmnis statistikuri mo-nacemebis analizi.

qveyanaSi arsebuli sadazRvevo kompaniebi momxma-rebels mravalferovan sadazRvevo produqtebs sTava-

zoben, romelTa ricxvic 2017 wlis bolos 18-s aRwevs. sadazRvevo bazris Seswavlis dros sayuradReboa

2010 wlidan 2015 wlamde periodi, radgan kerZo sadaz-Rvevo kompaniebis mier moziduli sadazRvevo premie-bis moculoba meryevi tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda. mozi-duli sadazRvevo premiebis moculoba maqsimums aRwevs 2012 wels, momdevno ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ki iklebs. 2013-2014 wlebSi moziduli premiebis mkveTri kleba gamowveulia gamowveulia sayovelTao jandacvis sa-

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xelmwifo programis ZalaSi SesvliT, ramac gamoiwvia janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi moziduli premiebis kleba. es aixsneba momxmarebelTa nawilis kerZo dazRvevidan saxelmwifo dazRvevaze gadasvliT. miuxedavad amisa kerZo dazRveva mainc ar kargavs aqtualobas da 2015 wels kvlav dafiqsirda janmrTelobis dazRvevaSi mo-

ziduli premiebis zrda. nax.1 [T. duSuaSvili, J. ekono-mika, 19.04.2016]. nax.1 2010-2015 wlebSi sadazRvevo bazarze moziduli

premiebis dinamika

2017 wlis 31 dekembrisaTvis (saangariSo TariRi:

31.12.2017) qveyanaSi 2 182 327 sadazRvevo polisi moqme-debda, maTi 83% ki Semdeg oTx produqtze nawildebo-da: janmrTelobis dazRveva - 39%, sicocxlis dazRveva - 24%, ubeduri SemTxvevis dazRveva - 12%, samogzauro dazRveva - 8%. sicocxlisa da mogzaurobis dazRvevis didi wili (95% da 59% Sesabamisad) sacalo polisebze modis, ubeduri SemTxvevebisagan dazRvevis udidesi wili (mTliani moqmedi polisebis 68%) korporatiul polisebze, xolo janmrTelobis dazRvevis polisebs

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korporatiuli da saxelmwifo dazRveva TiTqmis Ta-

nabrad inawileben 49% da 45% Sesabamisad. 2016 wlis monacemebTan SedarebiT polisebis raodenoba Semci-

rebulia, saangariSo TariRisTvis (31.12.2016) -2 251 623 Seadgenda. moziduli premia pirdapiri dazRvevis saq-mianobidan zrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. 2017 wlis monacemebiT fiqsirdeba 441,40 ml. lari, sadazRvevo kompaniebis wminda mogebam Seadgina 20,34 milioni lari, aqtivebi Seadgens 580,22 milion lars, xolo kapitali 154,25 milion lars. 2016 wlis bolos registrirebulia 14 sadazRvevo kompania, 13 maTgani flobs sicocxlis da arasicocxlis dazRvevis licenzias, xolo erTi maTgani mxolod arasicocxlis dazRvevis licenzias; 2016 wlis ganmavlobaSi mozidulma sadazRvevo premiam Seadgina 393.04 milioni lari; 2 sadazRvevo kompaniebis wminda mogebam Seadgina -18,86 milioni lari, aqtivebi Seadgens 542,30 milion lars, xolo kapitali 136,27 mi-

lion lars. [wyaro: http://insurance.gov.ge/Statistics.aspx] statistikuri monacemebi cxadyofs, miuxedavad

imisa, rom sadazRvevo bazari nela viTardeba, mainc Se-iniSneba zrdis tendencia. sadazRvevo bazris ganviTa-reba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani nawilia. bolo wlebSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma, romlebic dakavSirebuli iyo wyaldidobebTan (Tbili-

sis stiqia), xanZrebTan, saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeebs kidev erTxel Seaxsena, rom qveyanaSi sadazRvevo kul-tura dabal donezea da saWiroebs garkveul stimuli-rebas, Tundac sakanonmdeblo doneze.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. n. beniZe, n. Sonia, riskebi da dazRveva, Tb., 2010. 2. T. duSuaSvili, statia: sadazRvevo bazari saqar-

TveloSi, 19.04.2016 w. /http://forbes.ge/blog/177/

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3. T. verulava, dazRvevis istoria, Tb., 2013. 4. http://insurance.gov.ge/Statistics.ge sadazRvevo bazris struqtura dazRvevis saxeobebis mi-

xedviT (pirdapiri dazRvevis saqmianoba) saangariSo peri-

odi: 01.01.2016 - 31.12.2016

# dazRvevis saxeoba moziduli

premia wili

bazarze

1 sicocxlis dazRveva 25 374 505 6,46%

2 samogzauro dazRveva 6 048 830 1,54%

3 ubeduri SemTxvevis dazRveva 4 461 129 1,14%

4 samedicino (janmrTelobis) dazRveva 175 316 207 44,61%

5 saxmeleTo satransporto sa-SualebaTa dazRveva (gardasarkinigzo transportisa)

59 705 032 15,19%

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saxmeleTo transportis gamo-yenebasTan dakavSirebuli sa-moqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisdazRveva

9 462 021 2,41%

7 sarkinigzo satransporto sa-SualebaTa dazRveva 166 338 0,04%

8 sahaero satransporto saSua-lebaTa dazRveva (korpusisdazRveva)

3 729 946 0,95%

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sahaero satransporto saSua-lebaTa gamoyenebasTan dakavSi-rebuli pasuxismgeblobis daz-Rveva

4 686 355 1,19%

10 mcuravi satransporto saSua-lebebis dazRveva (korpusisdazRveva)

432 823 0,11%

11 mcurav satransporto saSua-lebaTa gamoyenebasTan dakavSi- 32 571 0,01%

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rebuli pasuxismgeblobis daz-Rveva

12 tvirTebis dazRveva 4 997 352 1,27%

13 qonebis dazRveva 65 373 030 16,63%

14 dazRveva safinanso danakarge-bisagan 2 013 094 0,51%

15 valdebulebaTa SesrulebisdazRveva 6 038 368 1,54%

16 sakredito valdebulebaTadazRveva 11 474 0,00%

17 samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisdazRveva 25 189 538 6,41%

18 iuridiuli xarjebis dazRveva - 0,00%

sul 393 038 614 100%

sadazRvevo bazris struqtura dazRvevis saxeobebis

mixedviT (pirdapiri dazRvevis saqmianoba) saangariSo periodi: 01.01.2017 - 31.12.2017

# dazRvevis saxeoba moziduli premia

wili bazar-ze

1 sicocxlis dazRveva 24 696 964 5,60%

2 samogzauro dazRveva 7 508 284 1,70% 3 ubeduri SemTxvevis dazRveva 4 993 743 1,13%

4 samedicino (janmrTelobis) dazRveva 197 285 091 44,70%

5 saxmeleTo satransporto sa-SualebaTa dazRveva (garda sarkinigzo transportisa)

74 438 371 16,86%

6 saxmeleTo transportis gamo-yenebasTan dakavSirebuli sa- 11 468 045 2,60%

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moqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva

7 sarkinigzo satransporto sa-SualebaTa dazRveva 361 660 0,08%

8 sahaero satransporto saSua-lebaTa dazRveva (korpusis dazRveva)

7 102 483 1,61%

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sahaero satransporto saSua-lebaTa gamoyenebasTan dakav-Sirebuli pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva

4 398 902 1,00%

10 mcuravi satransporto saSua-lebebis dazRveva (korpusis dazRveva)

454 650 0,10%

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mcurav satransporto saSua-lebaTa gamoyenebasTan dakav-Sirebuli pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva

16 739 0,00%

12 tvirTebis dazRveva 6 186 295 1,40% 13 qonebis dazRveva 72 121 068 16,34%

14 dazRveva safinanso danakar-gebisagan 2 415 548 0,55%

15 valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis dazRveva 6 782 903 1,54%

16 sakredito valdebulebaTa dazRveva 554 999 0,13%

17 samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dazRveva 20 615 217 4,67%

18 iuridiuli xarjebis dazRveva - 0,00% sul 441 400 962 100%

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guga baakaSvili

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis IV kursis studenti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli manana nanitaSvili ekonomikis mecn. doqtori, profesori

socialur media marketingis roli kompaniis

warmatebaSi

Tezisebi

socialuri mediis mravalmilioniani industria

komunikaciis uaxles tendenciebs Soris msoflio li-deri gaxda. mis mimarT mzardi interesi aqvT ara mxo-lod msoflioSi arsebul warmatebul kompaniebs, ara-med qarTul organizaciebsac, romelTac sworad Sea-fases socialuri mediaarxebis mniSvneloba da gavlena momxmarebelze.

rogorc cnobilma socialuri mediis mkvlevarma Ze Zook-ma Tqva, „ara aqvs mniSvneloba, iqneba Tu ara kompania socialur mediaSi, maTi momxmareblebi ukve iq arian da aqtiurad ganixilaven am kompanias~.

socialuri media sazogadoebrivi azris formire-bis, informirebulobis, ndobis da loialurobis ga-sazrdelad saukeTeso, swrafi da efeqturi saSualebaa. momxmarebelTa raodenobis zrdis paralelurad iz-rdeba misi gavlena sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebze. sainformacio daniSnulebis garda igi konkretuli movlenebis mimarT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilis damokidebulebis dadgenis saSualebacaa.

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socialuri media es onlainkomunikaciis uwyveti formaa, romelic sxvadasxva arxis daxmarebiT saSua-lebas aZlevs momxmareblebs mudmivad iyvnen CarTuli maTTvis saintereso procesebis Sefasebasa da ganxil-vaSi. kompaniebi, romelTac miznobriv auditoriasTan komunikaciisTvis socialuri media airCies, ukve saub-roben mis finansur efeqtze da loialuri momxmareb-lebis gazrdil maCvenebelze.

socialuri mediasaSualebebis mravali saxeoba ar-sebobs: socialuri qselebi, multimedia, bukqmarkingi, podkasti, viki, blogebi, mikroblogebi da sxva. socia-luri arxebi ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze ipyrobs kompaniebis yuradRebas. saqarTveloSi socialuri qse-lebi da multimedia gansakuTrebiT did interess iw-vevs, TiToeuli maTgani ki gansxvavebuli tipis kompa-nias Seefereba.

socialuri qselebi (Facebook-i, MySpace-i da sxva) - Seefereba kompanias, romelsac surs fanebis interaq-ciis gziT Seqmnas platforma, sadac arsebul da po-tenciur momxmareblebs erTmaneTTan eqnebaT komuni-kacia. komunikaciis procesi uwyveti, regularuli un-da iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi momxmarebeli kargavs gverdis mimarT interess, iklebs CarTulobis koefi-cienti da socialuri mediaaqtivoba aramiznobrivi xdeba. marketingis menejerebisTvis mniSvnelovania so-cialur qselSi da vebgverdze ganTavsebuli informa-ciis gamijvna.

socialuri media momsaxureba gulisxmobs poten-ciur momxmarebelTan efeqtur komunikacias, sxvadas-xva socialuri media platformis gamoyenebiT, ris Se-degadac izrdeba organizaciis cnobadoba da izrdeba gayidvebi.

Cven mier Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, qarTuli kompaniebis 67% vebgverdze ganTavsebul informacias

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oficialur qselSi warmoidgens identurad, rogorc kompaniis Sesaxeb informaciis gavrcelebis wyaros. si-namdvileSi, socialuri qseli gacilebiT mravlismom-cveli platformaa. es aris adgili, sadac momxmareb-lebi kompaniebs ekontaqtebian, uziareben maT mosaz-rebebs sxvadasxva produqtisa da servisis Sesaxeb, us-menen sxva momxmareblebs da kiTxuloben maT komenta-rebs. kompania Tavis mxriv axdens investirebas socia-lur qselSi reklamasa Tu qselur aplikaciebze, rac tradiciul mediasaSualebebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT nakleb danaxarjs moiTxovs.

vebgverdze ganTavsebuli informaciisgan gansxva-vebiT, socialuri qseli mudmiv komunikaciaSi unda rTavdes momxmarebels da uzrunvelyofdes mis inte-ress industriis mimarT. sxvadasxva socialur qsels Soris facebook-i udidesi popularulobiT sargeblobs, mis mimarT kompaniebis interess farTo miznobriv au-ditoriasTan dauyovnebliv wvdoma ganapirobebs.

multimedia (YouTube, SlideShare, Flickr) - Seefereba iseT kompanias, romelsac aqvs „mdidari media" fo-to/video masalis saxiT da surs misi virtualuri gziT gavrceleba. multimediis sxvadasxva saSualebas Soris qarTveli momxmarebeli YouTube-s aniWebs upirateso-bas, maTi aqtivoba am arxze maRalia da, Sesabamisad, es kargi platformaa kompaniebisTvis brendingis proces-Si. momxmarebeli, romelsac moswons konkretuli fo-to an video, xSirad aziarebs mas, amiT ki zrdis kompa-niis, misi produqtisa da momsaxurebis cnobadobas da exmareba brends pozicionirebaSi.

sainteresoa kompaniebis mier blogebisa da mik-roblogebis gamoyenebis xarisxi. mravali eqspertis gancxadebiT, is sayuradReboa iseTi organizaciebis-Tvis, romelTac industriis eqspertad pozicionireba surs.

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socialur media marketingSi investirebidan amo-nagebis ROI maCveneblis ZiriTadi parametria, romli-Tac kompaniebma aqtivobis monitoringi unda ganaxor-cielon. martivad rom vTqvaT, rodesac organizacias aqvs Facebook gverdi, masze ganTavsebuli sxvadasxva foto/video Tu teqsturi informaciiT, es ar aris sak-marisi momxmareblisTvis. momxmarebels surs komuni-kacia, dasmul SekiTxvebze swrafi pasuxi, gakeTebul komentarze drouli reagireba, siaxleebis Sesaxeb drouli informireba da SegrZneba, rom is kompaniis-Tvis mniSvnelovania.

arsebobs mravali parametri, romelic socialur mediaaqtivobas afasebs. Sefasebis sakuTari analiti-kuri sistema gaaCnia sxvadasxva arxs, (magaliTad, Facebook Insights-s, YouTube Views-s, Google Alerts-sa da sxv.) Tumca arsebobs fasiani kompiuteruli programebi, romlebic kompaniebis monitoringis amomwurav saSua-lebas iZleva.

monitoringis sxvadasxva saSualebas Soris msof-lioSi arsebuli socialur mediaSi aqtiuri kompaniebi upiratesobas aniWeben Semdeg instrumentebs: GoogleAnalytics-s, SocialBakers-s, KISSmetrics-s, SocialFlow-s. saqarTveloSi socialuri mediis monitoringi neli tempebiT viTardeba, Tumca is yvelgan warmoadgens marketingis ganyofilebis muSaobis Sefasebis erT-erT umTavres instruments.

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nino xuciSvili axali umaRlesi saswavleblis VII-semestris studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profeso-ri TinaTin doliaSvili

produqciis moculobis, danaxarjebisa da

mogebis damokidebulebis analizi

menejeruli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas menejmen-

tis nebismier ierarqiaze saWiroa zrunva imaze, Tu ra damokidebulebaSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan produqciis moculoba, danaxarjebis sidide da misaRebi mogebis maCvenebeli. am process CVP analizsac uwodeben (cost-volume-profit analysis).

pirobiTad CVP analizi eyrdnoba Semdeg daSvebebs: • yvela xarji aris an wminda cvladi an wminda

mudmivi; • warmoebuli erTeulebi gayiduli erTeulebis

tolia; • erTeulze Semosavali ar icvleba moculobis

cvlilebasTan erTad. aRniSnuli daSvebebidan gamomdinare, firma, rome-

lic awarmoebs erTi saxis produqts dagegmvis proces-Si wrfiv damokidebulebas warmoebis danaxarjebsa da produqciis raodenobas Soris gansazRravs Semdegi formuliT: warmoebis danaxarjebi(y) = mudmivi xarjebi(a) + cvladi xarji erTeulze(b) * produqciis raodenoba(x) (1)

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produqciis raodenoba damoukidebeli cvladia, xolo warmoebis danaxarjebi damokidebuli cvladi. mudmivi da erTeulze cvladi xarjebis gaangariSeba SesaZlebelia ori xerxiT:

• mini-maqsis, anu diapazonis meTodiT; • maTematikuri xerxiT. diapazonos meTodis dros mwkrividan amoirCeva

produqciis raodenobis mxolod maqsimaluri da mini-maluri doneebi Sesabamisi danaxarjebiT da maTi ana-lizis Sedegad ganisazRvreba cvladi da mudmivi xar-jebis sidideebi. miRebuli mniSvnelobebi ar gamoirCe-va sizustiT. amitom sando sidideebis gasaangariSeb-lad iyeneben maTematikur xerxs, anu regresiuli ana-

lizis meTods. am meTodis algoriTmidan ∑n - ∑x - ∑y - ∑x² - ∑xy gamomdinare formulebiT ganisazRvreba cvladi xarji erTeulze da mudmivi danaxarjebis si-dide:

cvladi xarji erTeulze(b) = ( n * ∑xy - ∑x ∑y) : (n * ∑x² - (∑x) ²) (2) mudmivi xarjebi(a) = ∑y : n – b * ∑x: n (3) n aris wlis ganmavlobaSi analizs daqvemdebarebu-

li Tveebis raodenoba, anu wevrTa ricxvi simravleSi. ganvixiloT praqtikuli magaliTiT zemoT aRniSnu-

li garemoebebi. vTqvaT arsebobs oTxi Tvis monacemebi: ivlisi 300 erTeuli (x) 8160 lari (y) agvisto 310 8350 seqtemberi 305 8100 oqtomberi 320 8560 sul 1235 33170 gamovTvaloT mudmivi da cvladi danaxarji erTe-

ulze mini-maqsis meTodiT: I maqsimaluri 320 8560 minimaluri 300 8160

17

II sxvaoba 20 erTeuli 400 lari III cvladi xarji erTeulze(b) = y : x = 400 : 20 = 20 lari IV mudmivi xarji (a) = y - b x = 8560 – 20* 320 = 2160 lari,

an a = 8160 - 20* 300 = 2160 lari. maTematikuri xerxis gamoyenebisas algoriTmSi ga-

keTdeba Semdegi Canawerebi da gamoTvlebi: Tveebi x y x² xy ivlisi 300 8160 90000 2448000 agvisto 310 8350 96100 2588500 seqtemberi 305 8100 93025 2470500 oqtomberi 320 8560 102400 2739200 ∑n=4 ∑x=1235 ∑y=33170 ∑x²=381525 ∑xy=10246200 CavsvaT miRebuli monacemebi me-2 da me-3 formu-

lebSi: cvladi xarji erTeulze (b) = (4 * 10246200 – 1235 *

33170) : ( 4 * 381525 – 1235²) = 22,69 lari; mudmivi xarjebi(a) = 33170 : 4 – 22,69 * 1235 : 4 = 1287 lari. aqedan gamomdinare, maTematikuri xerxis gamoyeneba

uzrunvelyofs produqciis TviTRirebulebis sididis zust prognozirebas da misi erTeulis gasayidi fasis optimalurobas. es garemoeba ki ganapirobebs firmis konkurentunarianobis donis zrdas bazarze.

amis Semdgom SesaZlebeli xdeba produqciis mocu-lobisa da danaxarjebis dakavSireba mogebis maCvene-belTan detaluri analizis ganxorcielebis mizniT. rogorc viciT

mogeba (p) = Semosavali (s) - xarjebi (a+bx) (4) mogeba = Semosavali - cvladi xarjebi - mudmivi xarjebi (5) mogeba = (gayiduli raodenoba * erTeulze Semosavali) – (gayiduli raodenoba * cvladi xarji erTeulze) – mudmivi xarjebi (6)

18

mogeba = gayiduli raodenoba * (erTeulze Semosavali - cvladi xarji erTeulze) - mudmivi xarjebi (7)

menejerebis survilia produqciis erTeulze zRvruli sargeblianobis (contribution margin), anu zRvruli mogebis sididis codna, romelic warmoad-gens sxvaobas produqciis fassa da cvlad xarjebs So-

ris. zRvruli sargeblianoba erTeulze (zRvruli mo-

geba erTeulze) ganapirobebs im sargebels, romelic calkeul gayidul produqts moaqvs mudmivi xarjebis dasafaravad. mas aseve zRvrul kontribuciasac uwo-

deben. Sesabamisad, me-7 formula SegviZlia Semdegnai-rad CavweroT:

mogeba = (gayiduli raodenoba * erTeulze zRvruli sargeblianoba) - mudmivi xarjebi (8)

es formula gamoiyeneba firmis biujetirebis dros. menejerebs aqvT SesaZlebloba gamoiyenon CVP to-

loba warmoebis erTeulebis saWiro raodenobis dasad-genadac, imisaTvis rom miaRwion mogebis samizne dones. am SemTxvevaSi me-8 gantoleba SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegnairad:

produqciis raodenoba samizne mogebis misaRebad = samizne mogeba + mudmivi xarjebi / erTeulis zRvruli sargeblianoba (9)

gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, rodesac gadawyveti-

lebis mimReb pirebs surT icodnen ramdeni erTeulis gayidvaa saWiro waugeblobis donis misaRwevad, me-9 gantoleba miiRebs Semdeg saxes:

19

waugeblobis gayidvebis raodenoba (wonasworobis wertili) = mudmivi xarjebi / erTeulis zRvruli sargeblianoba (10)

wonasworobis wertili aris produqciis is raode-

noba, rodesac xarjebi da Semosavali erTmaneTis to-lia, anu arc mogeba gvaqvs da arc zarali.

mmarTvelobiTi aRricxvis specialistebi erTeu-lis zRvruli sargeblianobis Sefardebas erTeulze miRebul SemosavalTan uwodeben zRvruli sargeblio-

anobis koeficients. amitom me-10 formula SeiZleba warmovidginoT Semdegnairad:

waugeblobis gayidvebis raodenoba (wonasworobis wertili) = mudmivi xarjebi / zRvruli sargeblianobis koeficienti (11)

imisaTvis rom gaviangriSoT mogebis sidide da wo-

nasworobis wertili, saWiroa gansazRvrul iqnes pro-duqciis erTeulze misaRebi Semosavali, anu erTeulis savaraudo gasayidi fasi Semdegi formulis meSveobiT: produqciis erTeulis savaraudo gasayidi fasi = [cvladi xarji erTeulze (b) + mudmivi xarji erTeulze (a/x)] + fasnamati (12)

fasnamati aiReba procentulad mTliani xarjebis

(y), anu sruli TviTRirebulebis proporciulad. Tu fasnamats ganvsazRvravT xarjebis mimarT 20%-is ode-nobiT, maSin Cveni pirobiTi magaliTis mixedviT misi sidide iqneba toli: (22,69 + 1287 : 1235) * 0,2 = 4,75 lari.

Sesabamisad, miRebuli sididis CasmiT me-12 formu-laSi, miviRebT:

20

produqciis erTeulis savaraudo gasayidi fasi = 22,69 + 1,04 + 4,75 = 28,48 lari.

aqedan gamomdinare, me-7 formuliT gansazRvruli mogeba iqneba toli:

mogeba = 1235 * ( 28.48-22,69) -1287= 5863,65 lari. Sesabamisad me-10 formulis gamoyenebiT wonaswo-

robis wertili (ww) = 1287 : (28,48 22,69) = 222 erTeuli. mravalproduqtian firmebSi, sadac SeuZlebelia

sxvadasxva produqtis gaerTianeba naturalur sidide-

ebSi, CVP analizis dros gansazRvraven zRvruli moge-

bisa da mogebis fardobas SemosavlebTan, anu C/S da P/S koeficientebs da Sesabamisad angariSoben waugeblo-bis wertils realizaciis moculobaSi:

wwr = mudmivi xarjebi : C/S = mudmivi xarjebi * Semosavali / zRvruli mogeba (13) menejments ainteresebs inmformacia imis Sesaxebac,

sadamde SeiZleba daeces produqtebis warmoeba, ise rom firma kvlav momgebiani darCes. amisaTvis ganisaz-Rvreba:

usafrTxoebis diapazoni fulad erTeulSi = Semosavali - wwr (14) usafrTxoebis diapazoni % = P/S : C/S = P/C (15)

Tu arsebul monacemebs CavsvamT me-13, me-14 da me-15 formulebSi, miviRebT Semdeg sidideebs:

wwr = 1287 * ( 28,48 * 1235) / 1235* ( 28,48 -22,69) = 6330 la-

ri; usafrTxoebis diapazoni = ( 28,48 * 1235) – 6330 = 28843

lari;

21

usafrTxoebis diapazoni = 5863,65 / 1235 * (28,48 -

22,69) = 0,82, anu 82%. miRebuli monacemebi metyvelebs imaze, rom firmaSi

dagegmvis procesi, anu biujetireba ganxorcielebu-lia resursebis optimaluri gamoyenebiT.

zemoT aRniSmulidan gamomdinare CVP analizi ga-dawyvetilebis mimReb pirebs awvdis moxerxebul, moq-nil informacias produqciis moculobasa da mogebas Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis xelsayreli fonis SesamuSaveblad.


1. entoni a. atkinsoni, robert s. kaplani, ela mea. maT-sumura, s. mark iangi, mmarTvelobiti aRricxva. ga-

momcemloba `saqarTvelos macne~, 2009, gv. 40-47. 2. i. WilaZe. mmarTvelobiTi aRricxva. Teoria da

praqtika. gamomcemloba `meridiani~, Tb., 2018, gv. 59-

66.

22

maka badalaSvili

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis II kursis studenti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori maia Wania

APPLE- msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze

inovaciuri da cnobadi brendis

warmatebis formula Apple rom msoflioSi yvelaze inovaciuri da war-

matebuli brendia, amas misi rogorc moyvarulni, aseve moZulenic erTxmad aRiareben. is erTaderTi kompaniaa, romelsac ZaluZs Cveulebrivi preskonferencia aqci-os globalur movlenad da milionobiT loialuri fa-ni Tu cnobismoyvare adamiani miajaWvos monitorebs, prezentaciis pirdapir eTerSi sayureblad. miuxeda-vad maRali fasebisa, Apple-is produqcia udidesi moT-xovniT, popularobiTa da prestiJulobiT sargeblobs yvela asakobriv jgufSi.

Apple Inc – amerikuli multinacionaluri korpora-cia, awarmoebs samomxmareblo eleqtronikasa da mas-Tan dakavSirebul programul uzrunvelyofas.

Apple amzadebs, yidis da mxardaWeras uzrunvel-yofs personaluri kompiuteris seriisTvis, portati-uli media-pleerebisTvis da sxva aqsesorebisTvis. Apple amJamad aseve dakavebulia axali teqnologiuri koncefciebis SeqmniT, maT Soris iPhone-is, Apple TV-is, Apple watch-is da axali operaciuli sistema Mac OS X El Capitan-is damuSavebiT.

23

tipi: sazogado/saaqcio dafuZnda: kalifornia, aSS (1 aprili, 1976, rogorc

Apple Computer, Inc.) wamyvani: tim kuki, mTavari aRmasrulebeli direqtori dargi:kompiuteruli teqnika programuli uzrunvelyofa

Apple korporaciuli Stabbina mdebareobs kuperti-

no, kalifornia. kompleqsis teritoriaze eqvsi nagebo-

ba mdebareobs, saerTo farTobiT 79,000 m2 da aSenebul iqna 1993 wels sobrato development kosis mier.

2006 wels, Apple-ma axali kompleqsis mSeneblobis gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb gancxadeba gaakeTa momijnave miwebze, romelTa farTobi 202, 000 m2-s Sead-gens. aseve kupertinoSi mdebare axali kompleqsi Zve-

lisagan 1,5 km-iT iqneba daSorebuli.

logos ganviTareba

(1976-1977) (1977-1998) (1998-2003) (2003-)

Apple-s logos mokbeCili vaSlis forma aqvs. logos

forma aRebulia bibliuri epizodidan adam da evas Se-

saxeb. misi Sinaarsia `codnis xis~ (“Tree of Knowledge”) na-yofis gemeba, anu codnasTan ziareba.

24

Apple-is istoria

Apple daarsebul iqna 1976 wlis 1 aprils stiv job-

sis, stiv uozniakis da ronald ueinis mier.

1977 wlis 3 ianvars korporaciad gardaiqmna. pirveli proeqti, romelic ganaxorcieles jobsma

da vozniakma iyo mowyobiloba BlueBox. es iyo eleqtro-nuli mowyobiloba, romelic telefonis qselSi agzav-nida impulsebs da mwyobridan gamoyavda satelefono sadguri. am mowyobilobiT SesaZlebeli iyo msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi ufasod darekva. maT SeZles 200 –ze meti Bluebox-is Seqmna da gayidva.

1976 wels gamovida Apple-is pirveli kompiuteri Apple Computer I. prezentacia gaimarTa kompiuterul klubSi Homebrew Computer Club, riTac axalgazrda kom-paniam miiqcia msoflioSi pirveli kompiuteruli maRa-

ziis Byte Shop-is yuradReba. stiv jobsis aqtiurobiT Apple-ma miiRo pirveli in-

vestori – milioneri armas klif markkulu, romelmac sakuTari 90 000 dolaris da amerikis bankis (Bank of America) 250 000 dolaris kreditis investireba moaxdi-

na kompaniaSi. Sedegad 1977 wlis 3 ianvars firma Apple (Apple Computer) gaxda saaqcio sazogadoeba.

1977 wels Apple-is prezidenti gaxda maikl skoti. am periodSi moxda gansakuTrebuli garRveva kompiute-rul bazarze.

kompaniam gamouSva pirveli feradi grafikis mqone personaluri kompiuteri Apple Computer II. swores es modeli iTvleba pirvel personalur kompiuterad.

miuxedavad maRali fasisa (1300 dolari), kompiute-

ri Apple Computer II sargeblobda udidesi moTxovniT.

25

mTlianobaSi gayiduli iqna 2 milioni egzemplari. ga-

moSveba grZeldeboda 1990 wlamde.

1983 wels kompania Apple-ma (Apple) gamouSva kompiu-

teris axali modeli – Lisa. es iyo mniSvnelovnad gaum-jobesebuli monacemebis mqone kompiuteri. fasi Sead-

genda 9995 dolars. misTvis specialurad Seqmnili iyo axali operaciuli sistema.

1990 wels kompaniam gamouSva Tavisi yvelaze Zviri modelis kompiuteri–Mac IIfx, romelic Rirda 10 000 dolari.

2000-ian wlebSi, Apple-ma ganavrco Tavisi fokusi programirebis kuTxiT da profesionaluri da proziu-

meruli video, musikaluri da foto warmoebis gadaw-yvetebi SesTavaza momxmareblebs, Tavis axal produq-

tebs is warmoadgens, rogorc „cifrul centrs“. man aseve gamouSva iPod, msoflioSi yvelaze popularuli cifruli musikaluri fleieri.

2006 wels gamodis Apple-is pirveli Intel – is proce-

soris bazaze Seqmnili kompiuteri – iMac da MacBook Pro. 2001 wels kompania uSvebs pirvel aifons (iPod).

26

finansebi

Apple aris msoflios meore teqnologiuri kompa-

nia Semosavlebis mxriv Samsung Electronics-is Semdeg da msoflioSi mesame yvelaze didi telefonis kompania. misi amJamindeli sabrunavi Tanxa utoldeba 446 mili-

ard amerikul dolars. 2015 wlis 17 Tebervals Apple gaxda pirveli amerikuli kompania romlis sabazro Ri-

rebuleba iyo 750 miliardi amerikuli dolari. 2010 wlis Semosavali 65 miliardi dolari iyo, ma-

tebam ki daaxloebiT 82 miliard dolars miaRwia. kom-

paniis yovelwliurma Semosavalma 2013 wels 170 mili-

ardi dolari Sedgina. amave wlis maisSi, Apple moxvda 500 yvelaze iRblian kompaniebSi pirvelad, da mogvia-

nebiT man me-6 adgilic ki daikava. 2015 wlis monaceme-

biT Apple-is biujeti Seadgens 200 miliard amerikul dolars, romlis 90% aris amerikis SeerTebuli State-

bis gareT gadasaxadebis mizezebis gamo. Apple-ma Seqmna Svilobili kompaniebi iseT qveynebSi rogoric aris: irlandiis respublika, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi da britaneTis kunZulebi dabali gadasaxadebis gamo.

2015 wels informaciulma saagentom routerma ga-

nacxada, rom Apple imuSavebda 54,4 miliard dolars

27

sazRvargareT, romelic iyo dabegvris gareSe IRS (sa-

erTaSoriso Semosavlebis servisis) mier. amerikis Se-erTebuli Statebis kanonmdeblobis mixedviT korpo-racia ar ixdis gadasaxads iqamde, sanam es monagebi Tan-xa ar iqneba SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze.

brunva aSS $229.234 miliardi[1]

sawarmoo Semosavali aSS $61.344 miliardi[1]

sufTa mogeba aSS $48.351 miliardi[1]

TanamSromeli 123,000 (2017)

Svilobil(eb)i • FileMaker Inc. • Anobit • Braeburn Capital • Beats Electronics • Apple Energy, LLC • Apple Sales International[2]

(2017wlis monacemebi)

(2017 wlis monacemebi)

28

kompania Apple -is TanadamfuZnebeli stiv jobsi kompiuteruli industriis wamyvani figura iyo.

mis Sesaxeb arsebobs faqtebi, romlebic bevrisTvis ucnobia.

• stiv jobsi disleqsiiT iyo daavadebuli. (dis-leqsia ganimarteba, rogorc kiTxvis unaris nawilob-rivi darRveva, romelic vlindeba imaSi, rom pirovneba kiTxvis dros mudmivad imeorebs erTsa da imave Secdo-mas.

• kiboTi gardacvalebamde ori wliT adre, stiv jobss, apple-is amJamindeli mflobelis, tim kukis RviZ-li gadaunerges.

• SviaTi Apple-1 kompiuteri, awyobili stiv jobsis avtofarexSi, auqcionze 2014 wels 905.000 dolarad ga-iyida.

• yvela Apple-is iPhone-is reklamaSi, iphone-is ekra-

ni aCvenebs 9:41 saaTs, stiv jobsma es wesi 2007 wels Se-moiRo.

rogor daibada telefonis ekranis ganblokvis idea?

inJinrebs telefonis ganblokvis meTodi unda moe-

fiqrebinaT, romelic erTdroulad iolic unda yofi-

29

liyo da rTulic, rom bloki momxmareblis jibeSi an CanTaSi misi Zalisxmevis gareSe ar moxsniliyo. Apple-is TanamSromlebma didxans veraferi moifiqres.

erT dRes, dizaineri fredi anzuresi san-francis-kodan niu-iorkSi TviTmfrinaviT brundeboda. is tua-

letSi Sevida da kari gadaketa. swored am saketma STaa-

gona da moafiqrebina mas meqanizmi Slide to unlock, rome-lic mogvianebiT erT-erTi TanamSromlis patara Svil-ze gamoscades. bavSvi meqanizms gaumklavda, ris Semde-

gac misi danergva gadawyda.

maS ase, ganvixiloT Tu ra magaliTis aReba SeiZleba eflisgan warmatebis misaRwevad:

1. ugulebelyaviT oponentebi

Tqven rogorc mewarmes, albaT xSirad gsmeniaT, rom warmatebis sawindari momxmareblis survilis gan-

30

sazRvraa. stiv jobsi, eflis aw-gardacvlili aRmas-rulebeli direqtori, am mosazrebas ugulebelyofda da amticebda rom adamianebma Tavad ar ician Tu ra surT. miuxedavad winaaRmdegobebisa da kritikisa, ef-li mSvidad ganagrZobda sakuTari ideebis ganxorcie-lebas, is arc produqciasTan asocirebuli xarjebisa da sirTuleebis ufrTxoda. msgavsi strategiis gamo, xSir SemTxevavaSi kritikosebi eflis produqcias wa-rumateblobas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen, Tumca Sedegi saxezea.

2. yuradReba gaamaxvileT vizualur mxareze

dameTanxmebiT albaT, rom eflis produqciis xaze-bi Tu marketinguli masalebi gansakuTrebuli vizua-luri efeqturobiT gamoirCeva. stivi yovelTvis did mniSvnelobas aniWebda produqtis vizualur mxares momxmareblisaTvis misi aRqmis efeqturobis gasazrde-lad. Tqven unda aiRoT magaliTi maTgan da gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba miaqcioT im masalebis dizains, romlebic Tqvens imijsa da saxes gadmoscems. aseTebia: veb-gverdi, produqtis SefuTva, broSurebi, flaere-bi, savizito baraTebi da a.S. albaT SeamCnevdiT, rom efli upiratesobas didi zomis suraTebs aniWebs. swo-rad SerCeuli foto Tqvens mesijs aramarto mokled da lakonurad, aramed ufro lamazad da momxibvlela-dac miitans Tqvens momxmareblamde.

3. gaamarTleT fasi

arasodes yofila iseTi mZafri konkurencia, ro-

gorc es 21 saukuneSia, yvela arseul produqts moepo-veba alternativa. aseT maRal konkurentunarian gare-moSi, kompaniebi cdiloben momxmareblebi dabali fa-

31

siT moxiblon da miizidon. eflma es kanonzomierebac uaryo. maTi produqtis fasi orjer ufro maRalia vidre misi konkurentebis, Tumca misi gayidvebis rao-denoba dRiTi-dRe izrdeba.

Apple amarTlebs misi priduqtis fass ori saSua-lebiT:

a) qmnis vizualurad lamaz, momxibvlel pro-duqts.

b) momxmarebels sTavazobs produqcias, garkveu-li maxasiaTeblebiT, romelTac analogi ar moepoveba. magaliTad, dResdReobiT eflis nouTbuki Macbook Air aris mTels msoflioSi yvelaze Txeli nouTbuqi. Tu Tqven SeZlebT Tqveni servisiTa Tu produqciiT gan-sxvavdebodeT Tqveni oponentebisgan, momxmarebeli ar daiSurebs gadaixados Tundac ormagi.

4. SemoifargleT martivi SetyobinebebiT

martivi Setyobinebebi iolia rogorc mosasmenad

da aRsaqmelad, aseve dasamaxsovreblad da gasaziareb-lad. Tuki eflis vebgverds ewveviT naxavT, rom pro-duqtis specifikaciebi da teqnikuri informacia ara-sodes aris gamotanili wina planze, maT nacvlad dai-naxavT momxmareblisaTvis advilad gasageb da aRsaq-mel aRwerilobebs, rac produqts ufro sasurvels xdis.

momxmarebelisaTvis informaciis maTTvis gasageb enaze miwodeba gayidvebis pirdapirproporciulia, amitom SeecadeT SemoifargloT martivi mesijebiT, iyaviT lakonuri da mokle, xazi gausviT produqtis yevlaze mniSvnelovan maxasiaTeblebs.

32

5. dae Tqvenma momxmarebelma gayidos Tqvenive produqcia

eflis marketinguli kampaniebidan TvalSi sacemia

is garemoeba, rom kompania sareklamo rgolebSi ume-tes SemTxvevaSi mis momxmarebels warmogviCens da mis mier gancdil gamocdilebaze akeTebs aqcents.

Tqvenc SegiZliaT mibaZoT maT: TxoveT Tqvens mom-xmarebels gagiziaroT STabeWdilebebi, dagiweroT re-komendacia, an gadaiRos sakuTari gamocdilebis amsax-veli video. yvela zemoT CamoTvlili masala ki gamoi-yeneT Tqvens sasargeblod, miawodeT is lamazad Tqvens potenciur momxmarebels. es yovelive Zalian dagexmarebaT axali klienturis mozidvasa da ukve ar-sebulis SenarCunebaSi.

6. SeuqmeniT momxmarebels unikaluri

gamocdileba

efli resursebs ar iSurebs, raTa misi momxmareb-lis gamocdileba, maRaziaSi Tu veb-gverdze produq-tis SerCevidan dawyebuli, pdoruqtis yuTidan amoRe-biT, instalirebiTa da gamoyenebiT dasrulebuli, unikaluri da dasamaxsovrebeli iyos. mxolod kargi produqtis Seqmna ar aris momgebiani biznesis sawinda-ri; servissa da momxmareblis gamocdilebas gadamwyve-ti roli eniWeba. momxmareblis mier produqtisagan mi-Rebuli STabeWdileba mTels sistemaze aisaxeba, masze unda aagoT rgoli: warmoeba, miwodebis jaWvi, marke-tingi da a. S.

33

7. sworad SearCieT personali.

`didi saqmeebi biznesSi ar keTdeba erTi pirovnebis mier, warmatebisaTvis sworad SerCeuli adamianT jgu-fia mniSvnelovani~ — swored am deviziT xelmZRvane-lobda stiv jobsi. SearCieT qarizmatuli top meneje-rebi, isini ki swored Tavisive msgavs gunds Semoikre-ben garSemo. mudam gaxsovdeT personali asaxavs Tqveni kompaniis saxes da gansazRvravs Tqveni produqtisa Tu servisis xarisxs. sworad SerCeuli momsaxure persona-li Tqveni biznesis warmatebisis safuZvelia.

34

nika balaxaZe

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis administrirebis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli manana nanitaSvili ekonomikis mec. doqtori, profesori

momxmareblis qceva

Tezisebi

firmebis (kompaniebis) saqmianobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, samomxmareblo qcevebi.

momxmareblis qceva kompleqsuri mecnierebaa. igi moicavs fsiqologias, sociologias, anTropologias, demografias, ekonomikas.

momxmareblis qcevas, rogorc mecnierebis, arsebo-bis manZilze gaCnda sxvadasxva kvleviTi orientaciebi. es orientaciebi iyofa imis mixedviT, Tu ra faqtorebi axdens gavlenas momxmareblis mier saqonlis SeZenis procesze:

1. gadawyvetilebis gamotanis perspeqtiva; 2. bihevioristuli gavlenis perspeqtiva; 3. gancdiTi perspeqtiva. faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen momxmareb-

lis qcevaze devs kontiniumze, romlis erT boloSi mo-Tavsebuli koncefciebi unikaluria TiToeuli indivi-disaTvis, es aris analizis individualuri done, xolo meore boloSi devs ufro zogadi faqtorebi- esaa ana-lizis garemoebrivi done.

35

analizis individualur doneze xdeba fokusireba momxmareblis individualur maxasiaTeblebze: mis aR-qmaze, yuradRebaze mexsierebaze, grZnobebze, motiveb-ze, gadawvetilebis gamotanis darwmunebiT komunika-ciebze da sxva.

analizis garemoebriv doneze mkvlevarebi ikvleven imas Tu rogor axdens jgufi da ojaxi gavlenas myidve-lobiTi qcevis ganxorcielebaze, rogoria is situaci-uri faqtorebi, magaliTad, sacalo maRaziebis atmos-fero, rogoria kulturis efeqtebi, ekonomikuri pi-robebis gavlena, saxelmwifo regulaciebi.

momxmareblis fsiqografiuli profilis dadgenas seriozuli kvleva sWirdeba. dReisaTvis segmentaciis ori midgoma arsebobs: individualuri da sindicire-buli. individualuri midgomis SemTxvevaSi momxmare-belTa segmentacia konkretuli kvleviTi proeqtis farglebSi xdeba. sindicirebuli midgoma ki segmenta-ciis iseTi universaluri modelis gamoyenebas gulis-xmobs, romlis instrumenti SemuSavebulia da misi ga-moyeneba nebismieri kvlevis farglebSia SesaZlebeli,

saqarTveloSi `momxmarebelTa qcevas~ yuradReba miepyro 2005 wels, rodesac qarTveli momxmareblis fsiqo segmentaciis mizniT socialuri kvlevebis kom-

paniam `ATC~ VALS-is meTodis gamoyenebiT Caatares marketinguli kvleva.

kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa qarTuli sociumis 6 Zi-

riTadi fsiqotipi: mizanswrafulebi - 15%, gadarCena-

ze orientirebulni -17%, reformatorebi -15%, kon-

servatorebi -15%, STabeWdilebebze orientirebulni -18% da poziorebi -20%.

saqarTvelos kultura sakmaod TviTmyofadi aR-

moCnda, rom es dasavluri instrumenti mxolod „mcire koreqtirebis“ Sedegad morgebuliyo qarTul bazars.

36

irine kaWarava

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis III kursis studenti xelmZRvaneli: fsiqologiis doqtori nino cercvaZe

inetrnet biznesi da globalizaciis

procesi XXI saukuneSi

(Tezisebi)

globalizacia qveynebs Soris urTierTdamokidebu-

lebis zrdis Sedegia. es sakiTxi prioritetulia Cvens TanamedroveobaSi. interneti qmnis globalur sain-formacio sivrces da warmoadgens msoflio qselis sa-fuZvels, es ki, ra Tqma unda, globalizaciis Sedegia.

interneti, misi miRweva da globaluroba gaxda Cve-ni yofacxovrebis ganuyofeli nawili.

msoflio gadadis axal etapze, asparezze iWreba in-ternet biznesi da es ganviTarebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi miRwevaa.

saqarTvelo, rogorc ganviTarebadi qveyana, ra Tqma unda fexs uwyobs globalizaciis am sferos da na-bijebs dgams adgilis dasamkvidreblad mimdinare pro-cesebSi.

XXI saukuneSi internet momxmareblis raodenoba dRiTidRe izrdeba, rac gansazRvravs Cvens informi-rebulobas da xelmisawvdomobas ganviTrebasTan. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom internetma gaaiola biznesis war-moeba, yidva-gayidvis sfero gaxada ufro martivi da moxerxebuli.

37

internetis globaluri qselebis sainformacio in-frastriqturis ganviTarebam Secvala biznesis warmo-ebis saSualebebi da Seqmna eleqtronuli bazari. daiw-yo internetis, rogorc virtualuri arxis gamoyeneba kompaniis biznes-partniorebTan da klientebTan urTi-erTobebisaTvis, ramac uzrunvelyo interaqtiuli marketingisa da pirdapiri onlainuri gayidvebis war-marTva.

38

nata cicqiSvili

axali umaRlesi saswavlebeli biznesis, samarTlisa da socialur mecnierebaTa fakultetis me-2-kursis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori profesori: nino cercvaZe

pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da

biznesgaremo saqarTveloSi

(Tezisebi)

bolo periodSi politikur da sazogadoebriv wre-ebSi aqtiuri diskusia mimdinareobs qveynis ekonomikis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. diskusiis ZiriTadi sagania erovnuli valutis devalvacia, inflaciuri molodi-nebi, sainvesticio garemos mimzidveloba, biznes gare-mo da sxva.

biznesgaremo warmoadgnes socialur, teqnologi-ur, ekonomikur da politikur garemos, romelic ze-gavlenas axdens organizaciis gadawyvetilebebze, strategiebze, procesebze da saboloo jamSi gansaz-Rvaravs biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs.

qveyanaSi warmatebuli biznesgaremos formirebi-saTvis grZeli gzaa gasavleli. aucileblia Zlieri in-stitutebis, stabiluri sakanonmdeblo regulirebisa da, rac, albaT, yvelaze mTavaria, biznesis Zlieri kulturisa da tradiciebis arseboba.

politika biznes garemos erT-erTi ZiriTadi da mniSvnelovani nawilia, romlis zegavlena samewarmeo

39

garemoze mniSvnelovania iseT ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, rogoric aris saqarTvelo. dReisTvis mTel rig ganvi-Tarebad qveynebSi politikuri moRvaweoba qmnis bizne-sis warmatebuli gaZRolis administraciul garanti-ebs.

pirdapiri ucxouri investicia saerTaSoriso sa-investicio saqmiaobis kategoriaa, romelic gulis-xmobs erTi qveynis rezidentis mier sxva qveynis teri-toriaze ganlagebuli sawarmos wilis flobas da am sa-warmosTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri xasiaTis sxva-dasxva operaciis warmoebas. statistikuri meTodolo-giiT, pirdapiri investori sawarmos aqciebis arnakleb 10 procents unda flobdes.

erTis mxriv, sainvesticio garemo stabiluri unda iyos xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, meores mxriv ki, igi unda iyos sakmaod moqnili da iTvaliswinebdes erovnul ekonomikaSi resursfaqtorebis Tanafardo-baSi momxdar cvlilebebs.

investiciebi mkafiod unda iyos dakavSirebuli adamianuri kapitalis ganviTarebasTan da muSakTa kva-lifikaciis amaRlebasTan.

sainvesticio garemom ar unda daarRvios sameur-neo sistemebis ekonomikuri mdgradobisa da ekonomi-kuri usafrxoebis kompleqsuri Tvisebebi.

40

salome cxovrebaZe

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ll kursis studentebi

lana Tolordava

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis ll kursis studentebi

xelmZRvaneli: axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori maia Wania

informaciuli teqnologiebi

da globalizacia

anotacia

informaciuli teqnologiebi qveynis ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. aRsaniSnavia, globali-zaciasa da Tanamedrove teqnologiebs Soris kavSiri. nebismieri qveyana yovelTvis dainteresebulia maRal-teqnologiuri mrewvelobis ganviTareba-gafarToebiT, amis uzrunvelyofa warmatebiT SeuZliaT teqnopar-kebs. teqnoparki warmoadgens ekonomikuri ganviTare-bisa da teqnologiuri sferos ekosistemis erT-erT mTavar elements.

sakvanZo sityvebi: globalizacia; informaciuli teqnologiebi;

41

Sesavali:

globalizacia — „problema“ Tanamedrove msoflio-Si. globalur ekonomikur sistemaSi sainformacio teqnologiebis rolis ukeT dasanaxad saWiroa globa-lizaciisa da sainformacio teqnologiebis ufro de-taluri analizi. Tanamedrove interneti warmoadgens daaxloebiT 5 mln sabazo eleqtrogamomTvleli manqa-

nebis qsels, romlenic SeerTebulia „swrafi“ optikur-

boWkovani kavSiris xazebiT. igi aerTianebs 90 aTas qse-

lur struqturas msoflios 100 saxelmwifoSi. nebismi-eri biznesisTvis informacia warmoadgens mniSvnelo-van komponents. warmoebis efeqturi marTvisTvis in-formacia yovelTvis iyo da aris aucilebeli, rogorc produqti (saqoneli) da rogorc resursi. dReisaTvis informaciuli teqnologiebi, upirveles yovlisa, globaluri kompiuteruli qseli–interneti ara mxo-lod informaciis gadacemisa da gacvlis, aramed ko-merciuli saqmianobis funqciasac asrulebs. epoqas, romelSic vcxovrobT, sainformacio teqnologiebis epoqas uwodeben.

sainformacio teqnologiebi Tanamedrove teqniku-ri procesis umniSvnelovanesi elementia. sazogadoeb-rivi cxovrebis nebismieri sfero: socialuri, politi-kuri, ekonomikuri Tu sxva, warmoudgenelia iseTi sa-komunikacio saSualebebis gareSe, rogoricaa interne-ti, monacemTa bazebi, informaciis gacvlis qseluri sistema. kacobrioba ganviTarebis iseT etapze gadavi-da, rodesac informaciis floba gadamwyvet rols Ta-maSobs adamianTa saqmianobis yvela sferoSi. informa-cia iqca ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvnelovan faqtorad. zogadad axali teqnologiebi dRes ara mxolod eris keTildReobis mTavar faqtors warmoadgens, aseve uz-runvelyofs mis stabilur winsvlas.

42

globalizacia Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis dominanturi kanonzomierebaa. igi Tana-medrove terminia da asaxavs cvlilebebs sazogadoeba-sa da msoflio ekonomikaSi, romelic gamowveulia sa-erTaSoriso vaWrobisa da kulturuli gacvlis drama-tuli zrdiT. is aseve asaxavs vaWrobisa da investicie-bis zrdas barierTa rRvevisa da qveyanaTa urTierTda-mokidebulebis zrdis Sedegad. specifiurad, ekonomi-kur konteqstSi is xSirad igulisxmeba rogorc vaWro-bis pirdapiri Sedegi, gansakuTrebiT savaWro libera-lizaciis, anu Tavisufali vaWrobis Sedegi. globali-zaciis procesi Slis politikur da ekonomikur saz-Rvrebs qveynebs Soris. momsaxurebis produqciis baza-ri sul ufro ganviTarebuli xdeba, rasac xels uwyobs socialur-kulturuli msgavseba qveynebs Soris. dRe-vandeli msoflio uprecedento siswrafiT miiltvis integraciisken.

informaciuli teqnologiebi efuZneba Tanamedro-ve informaciul da kompiuterul saSualebebs codnisa da informaciis miRebis, Senaxvisa da gardasaxvis pro-cesebis gansaxorcieleblad. informaciuli teqnolo-giebi maTi sirTulis, unikalurobisa da siZviris gamo, pirvelad mxolod samecniero centrebsa da msxvil samrewvelo kompaniebSi iyo gamoyenebuli. droTa gan-mavlobaSi igi TandaTan ufro ixveweboda da srulyo-fili xdeboda. aman ki saboloo jamSi, sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis ganviTareba ganapiroba. informaciu-li teqnologiebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis analizis sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze sa-fuZvels iZleva gakeTdes daskvna, rom es roli stra-tegiuli mniSvnelobisaa da igi uaxloes momavalSi ga-izrdeba.

msoflio ekonomika da erovnuli ekonomikuri sis-temebi sul ufro ganicdis globalizaciis mzard gav-

43

lenas. globalizaciis mniSvnelovan pirobas warmoad-

gens industriuli ekonomikis gardaqmna e.w „axal eko-nomikad~, sadac informacia da codna radikalurad gardaqmnis rogorc materialuri warmoebis sferos, aseve sazogadoebriv cxovrebasac. msoflios axali teqnologiurad formirebadi wyoba xasiaTdeba infor-maciul-telekomunikaciuri teqnologiebis swrafi danergviT, informaciuli qselebis mzardi raodeno-biT, romelic planetis yvela macxovreblis mier dag-rovil codnas xelmisawvdoms xdis. man Seqmna nebismier manZilze arsebuli informaciis miRebis uprecedento SesaZleblobebi. internetis saSualebiT informaciu-

li gacvlis moculoba ormagdeba yovel 100 dReSi, e.i. yovelwliurad izrdeba daaxloebiT 8-jer.

informaciuli revoluciuri gardaqmnebis piro-bebSi gamoCnda axali tendencia — gansxvavebaTa zrda ara marto centrebsa da msoflio meurneobaTa danar-Cen periferiul nawilebs Soris, aramed centris qveya-naTa jgufebs Sorisac axali teqnologiebis da samec-niero produqciis, agreTve informaciuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis doniT. virtualur garemoSi informaci-uli teqnologiebis daxmarebiT gadaadgildeba sazo-gadoebaSi ganviTarebis iseTi umniSvnelovanesi resur-sebi, rogoricaa inteleqti da finansebi, romlebmac ar ician materialuri sazRvrebi. maTma swrafma ganvi-Tarebam win wamoswia umniSvnelovanesi resursebis ricxvSi agreTve drois faqtori.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, informaciul teqnologi-ebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs sawarmos ganviTarebis pro-

cesSi. amJamad msoflios sawarmoebis 80%-ze mets aqvs internetSi sakuTari gverdebi, riTac isini aqtiurad sTavazoben Tavis sakuTar produqcias, eZeben da pou-loben momgebian mimwodeblebs, partniorebsa da inves-torebs. yovelive es gaTvaliswinebulia Tanamedrove

44

globalizaciis pirobebSi qveynis socialur-ekonomi-kuri ganviTarebis mimarTulebis gansazRvris dros. ekonomikuri aspeqtiT globalizacias, rac gulis-xmobs msoflios Tavisufali bazris Seqmnas, udavod mravali sikeTis motana SeuZlia TiToeuli qveynis ekonomikisaTvis.

amJamad saqarTveloSi informaciuli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis magistraluri xazis niSnebad SeiZleba gamoiyos:

globaluri informaciuli sivrcis, agreTve in-formaciuli da ekonomikuri integraciis gaRrmavebis formireba;

axali teqnologiuri wyobis damyareba, romelic efuZneba qseluri informaciuli teqnologiebis, ag-reTve gamoTvlili teqnikisa da telekomunikaciis perspeqtiul saSualebebs;

informaciis da codnis bazris Seqmna, rogorc war-moebisa da sazogadoebis informaciuli resursebis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis realur resur-sebze gadasvlis faqtorebi maTTan wvdomis gafarToe-

bis xarjze; infrastruqturis rolis zrda telekomunikaciuri,

(satransporto, organizaciuli) sazogadoebrivi war-moebis sistemaSi da ekonomikaSi informaciuli da fu-ladi nakadebis erToblivi funqcionirebis tendenci-

is gaZliereba; informaciul produqtebze da momsaxurebaze sazo-

gadoebis moTxovnaTa faqtiuri dakmayofileba; pirovnebis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos infor-

maciuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis problemis mniSvnelobaTa gazrda da informaciis miRebaze, gav-rcelebasa da gamoyenebaze moqalaqeTa uflebebis uz-

runvelyofis efeqturi sistemis Seqmna. [2]

45

ekonomikuri globalizaciis mixedviT saqarTvelo me-19 adgilzea, xolo zogadad globalizaciis doniT 63-ze. internets moixsenieben globalizaciis proce-sebis simbolod da moqmed Zalad, radgan igi ganviTa-rebuli sistemaa da moicavs aseul milionobiT momxma-rebels, aTobiT milion kompiutersa da asobiT aTas serverebs msoflioSi.

saxelmwifom saWiroa stimuli misces maRalteqno-logiuri warmoebis ganviTarebas, romelic SeZlebs qveyanaSi moqmedi kompaniebis konkurentuli upirate-sobebis uzrunvelyofas mokle da grZelvadian per-speqtivebSi. nebismieri qveyana yovelTvis dainterese-bulia maRalteqnologiuri mrewvelobis ganviTareba-gafarToebiT, aseve samecniero da teqnologiuri po-tencialis ganviTarebis stabiluri tempiT, samuSao adgilebis zrdiT, samrewvelo infrastruqturis for-mirebiT. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis uzrunvelyofa warmatebiT SeuZliaT teqnoparkebs. cneba-„mecniereba da teqnoparki~ gamoiyeneba rogorc Zlieri inovaciu-ri struqturis sinTezirebuli gansazRvra. es jgufi moicavs kvleviT centrebsa da parkebs, teqnologiur da inovaciur centrebs. teqnoparkebi samecniero da saganmanaTleblo organizaciebs sTavazoben warmoebis axal saxeebsa da axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas. teq-noparkebis CamoyalibebiTa da daxvewiT daCqardeba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba. teqnoparki warmoad-gens ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da teqnologiuri sfe-

ros ekosistemis erT-erT mTavar elements. aerTianebs erovnul inteleqtualur resurssa da teqnologiur infrastruqturas. rodesac Cven vsaubrobT teqnopar-kebsa da maT mniSvnelobaze qveynis ganviTarebaSi, unda aRvniSnoT msoflio doneze ganviTarebuli teqnopar-kebis ramdenime magaliTi:

manCesteris samecniero parki. didi britaneTi.

46

manCesteris samecniero parkma funqcionireba daiw-

yo 1984 wels. igi Seiqmna maRalteqnlogiuri mrewvelo-bis stimulirebisTvis da manCesteris universitetis da sxva kvleviTi centrebis potencialis gamoyenebiT regionis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis.

orleanis teqnoparki. safrangeTi. orleanis teqnoparki moicavs inovaciur centrs,

romelic warmogvidgeba damakavSirebeli rgolis rolSi kvleviT centrebsa da warmoebas Soris, imis-Tvis rom martivad ganxorcieldes gamocdilebis gazi-areba, gacvla da ganviTardes informaciuli teqnolo-giebi.

qveynis ekonomikur progress ZiriTadad uzrun-velyofs inovaciebi, swored amitom teqnoparkebi iq-cnen sabazro ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes elementad. aRsaniSnavia saqarTveloSi arebuli teqnoparkis mniS-

vneloba qveynis ganviTarebaze. 2016 wlis ianvarSi pre-mier-ministris iniciativiT oqroyanaSi aSenda teqno-logiuri centri. teqnoparki orientirebulia qveyana-Si inovaciuri warmoebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaze. teqnoparki aris fizikuri sivrce, sadac Tavmoyrilia teqnologiuri saganmanaTleblo da profesionaluri resursebi, romelic warmoadgens erTgvar platfor-mas inovaciebsa da teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli bizne-sis ganviTarebisTvis. teqnoparki uzrunvelyofs Ria daSvebas Tanamedrove teqnologiebTan, codnasa da ganviTarebis perspeqtivasTan. teqnoparkebis saSuale-

biT umjobesdeba ekonomikuri garemo; viTardeba in-

frastruqtura; Cndeba axali SesaZleblobebi regio-nuli inovaciuri proeqtebis dagegmarebasa da koor-

dinirebaSi; mowinave teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT iner-

geba „nou-hau“. saqarTvelos CarTva globalur ekonomikaSi iTxovs

teqnologiur garRvevebs mis wamyvan mimarTulebebze,

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romelTa Soris amJamad liderobas inarCunebs infor-

maciuli teqnologiebi. globalur-informaciuli teqnologiuri wyobis ganviTarebis realuroba da qveynis amJamindeli specifikuri geopolitikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswineba uyenebs gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs saqarTvelos Tanamedrove ekonomikur po-litikas. aqedan gamomdinare, saWiroa saxelmwifom stimuli misces maRalteqnologiuri warmoebis ganvi-Tarebas. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. j. mamaiSvili, axali informaciuli teqnologiebi. 2. g. metexeli, informaciuli teqnologiebi da glo-

balizacia. 3. m. Wania, inovaciebi – saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da

saqarTvelo „samecniero-kvleviTi“ konferenciis masalebi, Tsu, 2016.

4. http://techpark.ge//Technopark 5. https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1

%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90

6. https://bsu.edu.ge/text_files/ge_file_6596_1.PDF

48

Teona sanduxaZe

iulia TeTvaZe

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis studentebi samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori nodar grZeliSvili

kvalificiuri kadrebis problemebi

saqarTvelos turizmis biznesSi

cnebam — `turizmi~ — ganviTarebis grZeli gza gaia-

ra, miiRo axali datvirTva, ris Sedegadac gavrceleba pova turizmis arsis mraval ganmartebaSi. tradiciu-lad, turizmi gaigivebuli iyo mogzaurobasTan, dasve-nebasa da axal STabeWdilebebTan, magram Tanamedrove gadasaxedidan mas ufro rTuli da mravalfunqciuri mniSvneloba mieca, is gaxda qveynis rogorc ekonomiku-ri, aseve socialuri da kulturuli infrasturuqtu-ris ganmaviTarebeli da ekonomikuri mdomareobis ga-momxatveli. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba `turizmisa da kurortebis Sesaxeb~ turizms ganmartavs, rogorc adamianis Tavisufal, nebayoflobiT, droebiT gadad-gilebas Tavisi sacxovrebeli adgilidan dasvenebis, gajansaRebis, istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebis daTva-lierebis an sxva mizniT.

turizmi msoflio ekonomikis erT-erT wamyvan da dinamiur dargs warmoadgens. ganviTarebis swrafi tem-pis da farTo masStabis gamo igi XX saukunis fenomena-daa aRiarebuli.

saqarTvelos udidesi turistuli potenciali rom gaaCnia es ucxo da axali aravisTvisaa, Tumca es uZve-lesi qveyana, turistebisTvis jer kidev Zalian axali

49

da aRmouCenelia. turizmi xom swored is sferoa, sa-dac warmateba swored imazea damokidebuli, Tu ram-denad SeZlebs qveyana turistis moTxovnebis dakmayo-filebas da maTi uflebebis uzrunvelyofas. amdenad, qveyanaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva problemebi, arasasur-veli pirobebi pirdapir aisaxeba im sferoSi, romelic adamianis gajansaRebas, dasvenebas, rekreacias emsaxu-reba.

momavalSi turizmis ganviTarebasTan da turistu-li nakadebis zrdasTan erTad, gaizrdeba moTxovna kompetentur personalze. uxarisxo momsaxureba stan-dartebis darRvevas, rig SemTxvevaSi ki ucxo enebis arcodnas ukavSirdeba.

pirvel rigSi, xazi unda gavusvaT adamianur una-rebs da kvalifikacias adgilobriv bazarze, rac sul ufro da ufro problematuri xdeba. rac ufro meti sastumro ixsneba da rac ufro farTovdeba kerZo seq-toris saqmianoba, miT ufro deficituri aris kvali-ficiuri kadrebi qveyanaSi. meore mniSvnelovani ga-mowveva aris infrastruqtura, arsebuli infrastruq-tura garkveul kurortebze cud mdgomareobaSia da es mniSvnelovani winapirobaa.

dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli umaRlesi saswavleb-lebis umetesoba amzadebs turizmis specialistebs, magram qveyanaSi ar gvxvdeba turizmze specializire-buli skola, romelic orientirebuli iqneba saSualo da dabali donis personalis momzadebaze, razec rea-lurad moTxovna marTlac arsebobs.

arakvalificiuri momsaxure kadrebi, qmnian imis sa-SiSroebas, rom Camosuli turistebi ver miiReben Sesa-bamis inforamcias qveynis kulturis Sesaxeb, radgan maT adgilze xvdebaT iseTi kadri romelic araswor an damaxinjebul informacias awvdis konkretuli adgi-lis Sesaxeb, aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac transportiT sargeblobisas mZRolebi Tavis Tavze iReben gidoba-

50

sac, romelic turistul sferoSi xarvezs warmoadgens. dRes saqarTveloSi yvela gidia vinc ramodenime, an er-Ti ucxo enas mainc flobs. aucilebelia Seiqmnas sa-xelmwifosTan arsebuli salicenzio dawesebuleba, romelic konkretuli vadiT gascems gidad muSaobis uflebebs. aucilebelia mTis gidebis momzadebis, ev-ropuli gamocdilebis gaziareba da sawvrTneli baze-bisa da skolis Seqmna.

kerZo da saxelmwifo seqtorma garkveuli Tanxa unda Cados Tavisi kadrebis gadamzadebaSi, magram aq aris kompleqsuri midgoma da ganaTlebis sistemaSi aucilebelia ganxorcieldes cvlilebebi, rogorc profesiul, aseve umaRles ganaTlebaSi. meore mxriv, garda Teoriuli momzadebisa, aucilebelia SemoRe-bul iqnas trening kursebi da savaldebulo praqtika, rac kidev ufro Seuwyobs xels kadrebis ganviTarebas, aseve misaRebi iqneba Tu qveyanaSi Seiqmneba specialu-

ri satransporto saSualeba (taqsi), romelic moemsa-xureba ZiriTadad turistebs da ara marto maT, misaRe-bi fasiT.

kvalificiuri kadrebi warmoadgens turistuli bazris mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas, romelic uzrun-velyofs qveynis efeqtianobas. qveynis SigniT unda iyos momsaxurebis iseTi pirobebi, rom turistebs mo-undeT ukan dabruneba, rac dadebiTad aisaxeba ro-gorc turistul industriaze, ise qveynis ekonomikaze.

51

ana buaZe saqarTvelos erovnuli universitetis turizmis mimarTulebis II kursis studenti xelmZRvaneli: manana aladaSvili profesori

saqarTveloSi inkluziuri turizmis

ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi

Temis aqtualobas warmoadgens axali turistuli

produqtis warmoCineba saqarTvelos turistul ba-zarze, kerZod inkluziuri turizmis ganviTarebis Se-saZleblobebi. dRes, rodesac turizmi saqarTvelos ganviTarebis erT-erT prioritetul sferod aris aRi-arebuli, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania safuZveli Ca-eyaros inkluziuri turizmis ganviTarebas, romlis mi-zania uzrunvelyos sazogadoebis jgufebisa da SSm pi-rebis CarTva turizmsa da kulturul cxovrebaSi. yve-la adamians, miuxedavad fizikuri an sxva saxis SezRud-vebisa, unda hqondes Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da turistuli momsaxurebiT sargeblobis Tanabari uf-leba, turizmis es forma swored gaTvaliswinebulia yvela im adamianisTvis, visac specialuri SeTavazebebi da momsaxureba sWirdeba, maT Soris SSm da asakovani pi-rebisTvis, rom maTTvis misawvdomi iyos turistuli adgilebi qveynis masStabiT. inkluziuri turizmis centri „parsa“ SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone vi-zitorebs maspinZlobs. inkluziuri turizmi, turiz-mis erovnuli administraciisaTvis erT-erTi priori-tetuli mimarTulebaa. administracia ori welia in-

52

tensiurad muSaobs turizmis am dargis xelSewyobi-saTvis. aseve tardeba uamravi konferencia, romelTa mizania inkluziuri turizmisa da adaptirebuli gare-mos universaluri dizainis saerTaSoriso standarte-bis Sesaxeb saerTaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziareba. dRes saqarTveloSi msgavsi turebi sakmaod aqtualu-ria. unda aRvniSnoT: TbilisSi 7 dekembers saqarTve-los turizmis erovnulma administraciam mcxeTaSi SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTaTvis istori-uli Zeglebis adaptirebis procesi daasrula. proeq-tis farglebSi SSm pirebisTvis Sio-mRvimis samonas-tro kompleqsi da samTavros monasteri mTlianad adaptirda. aseve moewyo sveticxovelis sakaTedro taZris Sesasvleli – aq damontaJda specialuri lifti, romlis daxmarebiTac SSm pirebi centraluri Sesavle-liT ezoSi Casvlas SeZleben.

proeqtis farglebSi adaptirda antioqiis taZaric. axali sapilote proeqti, pirvel etapze turizmis erovnulma administraciam kaxeTis sam regionSi – siR-naRSi, Telavsa da yvarelSi ganaxorciela. pirveli mas-Staburi da grandiozuli RonisZieba sloganiT „mTava-ria risi gakeTeba SegiZlia da ara is, risi gakeTeba ar SegiZlia”, turizmis erovnulma administraciam ag-vistoSi aspinZis ragbis nakrebis bazaze moawyo. siR-naRSi, Telavsa da yvarelSi ganxorcielebuli proeq-tis „kaxeTis regionSi inkluziuri turistuli mar-Srutebis rukebi~ meSveobiT Seiqmna aseve rekomendire-buli turistuli marSrutebi. problema: SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa sazogadoebisgan gariyu-loba, komunikaciis arqona da sazogadoebis araswori damokidebuleba maT mimarT. ganxorcielebis gzebi: isini Seiswavlian saqarTvelos turistul marSrutebs da am turistuli marSrutebis Sedgenas. Sedegebi: SSm pirebis motivacia da aqtiuri maTi CarTva turizmis

53

seroSi, aseve niWieri SSm pirebis gamovlena. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi : inkluzias, saqarTvelos SemTxve-vaSi, aqvs perspeqtiva miiRos is saxe, rasac Tavad cneba gulisxmobs Tavis TavSi. amisaTvis aucilebelia: 1) strategiuli dagegmarebis Sedgena inkluziuri ture-bisTvis, 2) axali turistuli maSrutebis programireba. gamoyenebuli internet-resursebi https://tourismeschool.com/inclusive-tourism-means-important-tourism-brands/ Universal Design Guide forInclusive Tourism – pdf, Dr. Scott Rains Inclusive tourism – ideas for operators INCLUSIVE TOURISM LINKING THE HANDICRAFT SECTOR TO TOURISM MARKETS-pdf - INTERNATIONAL TRADE CENTRE

54

salome doliZe soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetis studenti xelmZRvaneli: axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori maia Wania

inovaciuri ekonomika- ganviTarebis

problemebi da perspeqtivebi

ekonomikur literaturaSi termini „inovacia“ yve-

laze zustad am terminis avtorma i. Sumpeterma mog-

vca: „inovacia aris komercializebuli gamogoneba“. inovacia inovaciuri procesebis saboloo Sedegia.

kargi produqciisa da procesis inovacia moiT-xovs inovaciebis Tanxlebas marketingSi, ganaTlebaSi, saorganizacio struqturaSi da sxv. mag: did organiza-ciebSi eleqtronuli safosto sistemis miReba ara-fers niSnavs Tu koleqtivma ar icis misi gamoyeneba. inovacia aris mzardi produqtiuloba, mzardi market-wili da, aqedan gamomdinare, firmis xangrZlivi vadiT gadarCenis faqtori. erovnuli ekonomikis masStabebiT igi ekonomikis gaumjobesebis wyaroa.

Tanamedrove etapze inovaciebi warmoadgens Ziri-Tad rgols sazogadoebis ganviTarebis yvela sferoSi. dResdReobiT naTlad ikveTeba ekonomikaSi inovacie-bis roli, romelic vlindeba mis funqciebSi. funqcie-bi romelsac asrulebs inovaciebi ekonomikasa da sazo-gadoebaSi mravalricxovania:

55

1. ekonomikis zrda xangrZliv periodSi. inovaci-ebma myarad daikava ZiriTadi generatoris adgili ne-bismieri qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.

2. rogorc mTlianad qveynis, aseve ekonomikuri su-bieqtebis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba.

3. ekonomikaSi axali dargebis Seqmna. 4. komerciuli sargeblis miReba. faqtobrivad

inovaciebi mogebis generatorebs warmoadenen. inova-ciebi qmnian SesaZleblobebs rogorc fizikuri, ise iu-ridiuli pirebisaTvis, miiRon maRali mogeba ufro ma-Rali xarisxis mqone produqciis SeqmniT, TviTRirebu-lebis SemcirebiT, mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebiT da a.S.

5. drois dazogva da samuSao pirobebis gaumjobe-seba ufro ekonomikuri teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT.

6. warmoebis danaxarjebis Semcireba.

7. adamianis mzardi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-leba. praqtikulad, nebismieri inovacia, ama Tu im xa-risxiT, zemoqmedebs adamianis moTxovnilebebis dakma-yofilebaze.

8. kvalificiuri kadrebis raodenobis zrda.

9. produqciis xarisxis gaumjobeseba, romelic ufro Sesabamisi iqneba adamianis moTxovnilebasTan da uzrunvelyofs ufro xarisxian momsaxurebas.

10. potenciuri myidvelebis wris gafarToeba, baz-ris wilis gazrda, bazris axali segmentis dapyroba, mdgomareobis gamyareba da stabilizeba bazarze.

aq warmodgenili inovaciebis funqciebi mxolod nawilia imisa, rac ki SeiZleba arsebobdes inovaciebis specifikidan gamomdinare, romelic vlindeba dargeb-

Si, saqmianobis saxeebSi, regionebSi da a.S. [1] „inovacia mniSvnelovania qveynis ekonomikisTvi-

sac, radganac meti inovacia xels uwyobs ekonomikur zrdas.

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qveyanaSi arsebuli inovaciebis done bolo 9 welia, rac globaluri inovaciis indeqsiT (GII) izomeba. ras moicavs globaluri inovaciis indeqsi?

is 7 komponentisgan Sedgeba. esenia:

1. institutebi (politikuri, maregulirebeli da biznes garemo);

2. adamianuri kapitali da kvleva (zogadi da umaR-

lesi ganaTleba, kvleva da ganviTareba); 3. infrastruqtura; 4. bazris ganviTarebis done (kreditebi, investi-

ciebi, vaWroba da a.S.) 5. biznesis ganviTarebis done (dasaqmebulTa cod-

nis done, inovaciisaTvis saWiro kavSirebis arseboba); 6. codna da teqnologiebi (codnis Seqmna, codnis

gavrceleba); 7. SemoqmedebiToba (aramaterialuri aqtivebi, Se-

moqmedebiTi produqti da momsaxureba, eleqtronuli SemoqmedebiToba)“ [3]

„2017 wlis reitingiT, globaluri inovaciis siis saTaveSi Sveicariaa.

Sveicaria ukve 7 welia, rac am reitingis lideria.

2017 wlis monacemebiT, saqarTvelom inovaciebis globalur indeqsSi 34.39 qula aiRo (100 qulidan), ri-

Tac umniSvnelod gaizarda 2016 wlis maCvenebeli 33,9. aRsaniSnavia rom 2017 wels qveyana wina wlis SedegTan SedarebiT 4 poziciiT daqveiTda da dRes msoflios 127 qveyanas Soris 68-e poziciaze imyofeba. (ix. suraTi 1)

57

suraTi 1: saqarTvelos poziciebi globaluri inovaciis indeqsis mixedviT `[3]

kvlevaSi TiToeul qveyanasTan mimarTebaSi gamo-

yofilia Zlieri da susti mxareebi, 2016 wlisaTvis sa-qarTvelos Zlier mxareebs warmoadgenda:

1. biznesis dawyebis simartive (me-6 adgili); 2. tarifebis ganakveTi (me-5 adgili); 3. kreditis aRebis simartive (me-7 adgili); 4. beWdviTi da sagamomcemlo produqcia (me-4 ad-

gili); 5. mcire aqcionerTa interesebis dacva (me-20 ad-

gili); 6. pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis odenoba mSp-

sTan mimarTebaSi (me-10 adgili). saqarTvelos susti mxareebs warmoadgenda:

1. universitetebisa da kerZo biznesis TanamSrom-

lobis xarisxi (117-e adgili);

58

2. ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebi (115-e adgili); 3. kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze gaweuli xarjebi (103-

e adgili); 4. kerZo kompaniebis mier skuTari TanamSromlebis

gadamzadebisaTvis saWiro treningebis SeTava-

zeba (91-e adgili); 5. qveynis pirveli sami universitetis adgili

msoflio reitingSi (0 qula da bolo adgili).[4] rac Seexeba 2017 wlis monacemebs, Semdegia: saqar-

Tvelo Zlier CamorCeba ganviTarebul qveynebs:

1. biznesis ganviTarebis doniT (101-e adgili); 2. samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli swavleba, trenin-

gebi (89-e adgili); 3. ganaTlebaze gaweuli xarjebi, ras mSp-s mxo-

lod 2%-ia (114-e adgili); 4. kvlevasa da ganviTarebaze gaweuli xarjebi

(104-e adgili); 5. infrastruqtura (118-e adgili). ramac saboloo jamSi gamoiwvia qveynis daqveiTeba

reitingSi [5] indeqsis mixedviT, postsabWoTa 15 qveyanas Soris

saqarTvelos merve adgili ukavia, baltiis sam qveya-

nasTan erTad. (ix. suraTi 2)

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suraTi 2: saqarTvelos da misi winmswrebi 7

postsabWoTa qveynis Sedegi[4]

„bolo ramdenime saukuneSi kacobrioba arnaxuli progresis mowme gaxda. Tu adre aTwleulTa manZilze adamianTa uamravi Taoba ise icvleboda, rom maTi mate-rialuri keTildReoba, suliereba da dovlaTis war-moebis wesi faqtobrivad ucvleli iyo, amJamad adami-anTa erTi Taobis sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi miRweuli siaxleebi xSirad yvelaze gabedul fantastTa progno-zebsac ki aRemateba.

progresi gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi gaxda XX sauku-nis meore naxevarSi, rodesac mecniereba biznesis Se-madgenel nawilad iqca. biznesSi Tanamedrove samecnie-ro-teqnikuri codnis gamoyenebis procesi inovaciis cnebiT gamioixateba.

inovaciuri biznesi uaxlesi codnis SemoqmedebiT praqtikul gamoyenebaze orientirebuli sameurneo saqmianobaa, rasac biznes-subieqtebisaTvis ara marto zemogeba moaqvs, aramed ukiduresad konkurentul biznesgaremoSi maT gadarCenasac uzrunvelyofs.

60

inovaciur biznes-saqmianobas gaaCnia moqmedebis garkveuli principebi:

1. inovaciuri saqmianoba unda xorcieldebodes ara lokalurad, aramed rogorc samewarmeo subieqtis saq-mianobis organuli nawili.

2. inovaciur saqmianobas tradiciulTan SedarebiT upiratesoba eniWeba.

3. inovaciuri proeqtebi ise igegmeba, rom tradici-ul saqmianobasTan SedarebiT ufro maRali momgebia-noba uzrunvelyos.

4. inovaciuri saqmianoba samewarmeo subieqts moce-mul dargSi maRali konkurentunarianobisa da lide-

robis miRwevis SesaZlebolobas unda uqmnides.[6] SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom inovaciuri procesebis

aris motivirebuli, mizanmimarTuli da SemoqmedebiTi procesebis sinTezi axlis Sesaqmnelad, asaTviseblad da gamosayeneblad. yovelive amis mkafio magaliTs iZ-

levian teqnoparkebi[2].

saqarTveloSi teqnoparki 2016 wels Seiqmna. teqno-parki saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTare-

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bis saministros daqvemdebarebaSi myof „inovaciebisa da teqnologiebis saagentos“ erT-erT mTavar proeqts warmoadgens, romelic orientirebulia qveyanaSi ino-vaciuri warmoebis Seqmnasa da gamviTarebaze. teqno-parki aris sivrce, sadac Tavmoyrilia teqnologiuri, saganmanaTleblo da profesionaluri resursebi da warmoadgens erTgvar platformas inovaciebisa da teqnologiebze dafuZnebuli biznesis ganviTarebi-

saTvis[7]. „startap saqarTvelo“ ss „sapartnioro fondis“ mi-

er dafuZnda. misi mizania, xeli Seuwyos damwyebi bizne-sis ganviTarebas saqarTveloSi.

Cnick (kniki) aris xis pirveli Wkvini beWedi, rome-lic erTdroulad safulis funqciasac asrulebs da pirad samedicino onformaciasac inaxavs, startapis idea Tavisufali universitetis 4 students ekuTvnis proeqtma „startap saqarTvelos“ konkursSi gaimarjva da 100 000 laris dafinanseba miiRo. Cnick-is Wkviani be-Wedi ukve Amazon.com-zec iyideba. saqarTveloSi damza-debuli beWdis SeZena Prime servisis meSveobiTac SesaZ-

lebelia. produqciis fasi Amazon-ze 59 da 69 dolaria, xolo saqarTveloSi fizikuri pirebisaTvis igi 99-dan 129 laramde meryeobs. [8].

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saqarTvelos gaaCnia resursebi da Sesabamisi po-tenciali teqnologiebis danergvisa da ganviTarebi-saTvis, magram amisaTvis pirvel rigSi saWiroa meti in-vesticiebi am mimarTulebiT da aseve mniSvnelovania ucxoeTis wamyvan qveyanaT gamocdilebis gaziareba.

„dResdReobiT teqnoparkebi msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebSi erTmaneTis miyolebiT ixsneba. msoflios yvelaze didi teqnoparkebis ricxvSi Sedis iaponiisa da CineTis teqnoparkebi.

iaponiis teqnoparki Zvel dedaqalaqSi adgilobri-vi xelisuflebisa da msxvili kompaniebis mier Seiqmna. parks marTavs specialuri korporacia, romelic Sedis jguf Osaka Gas-Si. 5.6 heqtarze muSaobs IT, bioteqno-logiebisa da eleqtronikis mimarTulebiT momuSave 350kompania. teqnoparkSi dasaqmebulia 4 500 adamiani.

SenCJenis mecnierul-samrewvelo parki CineTis sam-

xreTi, 1980 wels adgilobrivi universitetis daarse-bis Semdeg daarsda. qalaqSi Seiqmna Tavisufali ekono-mikuri zona dasavluri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. parkis ganviTarebaze dadebiTad imoqmeda honkongTan misma siaxlovem. Sedegad SenCJeni gaxda CineTis lide-ri eleqtronikisa da maRalteqnologiuri produqciis eqsportSi. teqnoparkis investorebs Soris arian iseTi msxvili kompaniebi rogorebicaa - HUAWEI, ZTE, Lenovo, IBM, Philips, Compaq, Epson da a. S.[9] gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. e. kakulia, inovaciuri ekonomika da misi formire-

bis problemebi postkomunistur qveynebSi, 2016. 2. m. Wania, Tanamedrove informaciuli teqnologiebi

ekonomikuri globalizaciis pirobebSi, 2015.

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3. http://forbes.ge/blog/221/globaluri-inovaciis-indeqsi-da-

saqarTvelo 4. https://idfi.ge/ge/georgia-in-innovations-global-index 5. http://eugeorgia.info/ka/article/685/2017-wels-globaluri-

inovaciis-indeqsis-reitingshi-saqartvelo-4-safexurit-chamoqveitda/

6. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ 7. http://techpark.ge/ 8. https://www.marketer.ge/chkviani-bechdis-qartulii-startapi/ 9. https://commersant.ge/?view=post&id=128369&lang_id=ge

64

ilona kaWarava

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis turizmis specialobis III kursis studenti

xelmZRvaneli: manana aladaSvili biznes administrirebis doqtori, profesori

msoflio regionebis gavlena saqarTvelos

turistul bazarze

(evropis turistuli regionis magaliTze)

turizmma da saerTaSoriso mogzaurobam, rogorc saerTSoriso urTierTobis erT-erTma formam, Tana-medrove pirobebSi udidesi masStabebi SeiZina da arse-biT zegavlenas axdens saxelmwifoTa Soris politi-kur, ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirebze.

saerTaSoriso turistuli organizaciebis SeTan-xmebiTa da oficialuri monacemebiT, msoflioSi Ziri-Tadad gamoiyofa eqvsi turistuli regioni:

1. vropa (sabazro wili 57,7%25); 2. Crd. da samxr. amerika karibis zRvis auzTan er-

Tad (saerTo sabazro 33,5%25); 3. axlo aRmosavleTi (sabazro wili 4,9%25); 4. azia, avstralia da okeaneTi (sabazro wi-

li 1,4%25); 5. afrika (sabazro wili 4,5%25). rogorc vxedvT, msoflio bazarze evropis regioni

dominirebs. evropa aris regioni, romelsac yvelaze xSirad stumroben msoflioSi, igi saerTaSoriso Ca-mosvlebiT 52%- iT liderobs.

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ganvixiloT evropeli turistebis roli saqar-Tvelos bazarze, romlis mimarT evropel turistebs interesi uZvelesi droidan hqondaT, rasac „didi ab-

reSumis gzis“ mogzaurobebic mowmobs. evropeli turistebi upiratesobas aqtiur sanaxa-

obebs aniWeben, RirSesaniSnaobebis mxolod daTvalie-rebiT ar kmayofildebian, surT, rom Tavad iyvnen Car-Tuli aqtivobebsa da ama Tu im qveynis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. [2]

miuxedavad amisa, evropeli turistebis mozidva saqarTveloSi sakmaod rTulia. rogor unda moizidon ganviTarebadma qveynebma evropeli turistebi? - erT-erTi mTavari, rac ganviTarebad qveyanas evropelebis-Tvis mimzidvels xdis, unikaluri da aratradiciuli sanaxaobebia. kvlevis Tanaxmad, ganviTarebad qveynebs is gansakuTrebuli kulturuli da bunebrivi resursi aqvT, rac evropel mogzaurebs yvelaze metad izidavT. miuxedavad imisa, rom evropeli turistebi erTmane-Tisgan Zalian gansxvavdebian, maT ZiriTadad, saerTo interesebi da moTxovnebi aqvT; evropel turistebs surT rac SeiZleba meti imogzauron da am mogzauro-bis Sedegad meti ganaTleba miiRon sxvadasxva qveynis kulturaTa Sesaxeb, Zalian uyvarT gamocdilebisa da STabeWdilebebis gaziareba socialur qselebSi. evro-peli turistebi Semosavlebis Zalian did nawils mog-zaurobaSi xarjaven, yovelTvis eZeben interaqcias, surT iyvnen CarTuli sxvadasxva kombinirebul aqtivo-bebSi, magaliTad, moswonT kreatiuli turizmi, kuli-

nariuli da ekoturizmi. [2] Tanamedrove evropeli mogzaurebi ufros Taobeb-

Tan SedarebiT gacilebiT gamocdilebi da gansxvavebu-lebi arian. isini upiratesobas aqtiur sanaxaobebs ani-Weben, RirSesaniSnaobebis mxolod daTvalierebiT ar kmayofildebian, surT, rom Tavad iyvnen CarTuli aq-

66

tivobebsa da ama Tu im qveynis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. maTi survilia, iyvnen mogzaurebi da ara mxolod tu-ristebi. holandiuri kvleviTi instituti CBI ganviTa-rebad qveynebs evropeli turistebis mosazidad reko-mendaciebs sTavazobs:

• evropel mogzaurebs moswonT gansxvavebuli da eqskluziuri STabeWdilebebi, unda igrZnon, rom is, rasac Tqvens qveyanaSi ganicdian, yvelaze unikaluria da aravis arasdros msgavsi ram ar gaukeTebia.

• Tqveni qveynis bunebriv da kulturuli resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT moZebneT is, rac sxvebs ar aqvT, iyaviT novatorebi da kreatiulebi, evropel turoperatoreb-Tan TanamSromloba Zalian mniSvnelovania, erToblivi muSaoba erTmaneTis ukeT gacnobaSi dagexmarebaT.

• gqondeT interaqtiuli komponentebi, mieciT tu-ristebs SesaZlebloba, monawileoba miiRon sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi - Rvinis dawurvaSi, mosavlis aRebaSi.

• sxvadasxva aqtivobaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneT iseTi SegrZnebebi, rogoricaa - suni, xma, gemo, Sexeba, es yve-laferi STabeWdilebebs gansxvavebuls xdis.

• yovelTvis iqonieT saTadarigo gegma - ra faqto-rebma SeiZleba, moaxdinos negatiuri gavlena turis-tebis mogzaurobaze Tqvens qveyanaSi? iyaviT momzade-buli, yovelTvis unda iyos gegma B. Tu gawvimda, iqoni-eT feradi qolgebi.

• mniSvnelovania, rom STabeWdilebebi iyos e.w. av-Tenturi, es imas niSnavs, rom unda iyvnen realuri adami-anebi realuri emociebiT - aqtivobebi ar unda iyos dad-gmuli. amave dros, TiToeulma mogzaurma unda igrZnos, rom turistuli aqtivobebi personalurad misTvis aris.

miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi evropeli turiste-bis mosazidad jer kidev bevria gasakeTebeli momsaxu-rebis sferoSi. kerZod, jer kidev mosagvarebelia azi-ur-musulmanuri problema, rac gamomdinareobs, rom

67

azielebis mier gaxsnil kafeebSi sakmaod Zvir fass ax-

devineben evropel turistebs; sastumroebsa da res-tornebSi momsaxurebis dabali done da enebis arcodna, uxarisxo da Zviri sakvebi, rasac did mniSvnelobas ani-

Weben evropelebi. [1] miuxedavad amisa, saqarTveloSi evropuli bazris

gafarToebis mizniT bevri ram keTedeba, kerZod: evro-peli turistebis mozidvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faq-torad gvevlineba axali aviakompaniis gamoCena qarTul aviabazarze, kerZod Wizzair-is pirdapirma reisebma xeli Seuwyo turistebis dainteresebas. dRes saqarTveloSi bevri ram keTdeba profesiuli kadrebis momzadeba/ga-damzadebis sakiTxebSi. profesiul saswavleblebSi xde-ba gidis, sastumro da sarestorne saqmis mwarmoebelis, turoperatoris profesiebis Seswavla. [1]

evopelebisaTvis mizidvis prioritetebis warmoCena: enogastronomiuli da ekoturizmis ganviTareba. kvlav darCeba interesisi obieqtebad iuneskos kulturul mem-kvidreobaSi Sesuli Zeglebi: mcxeTa, gelaTi, uSguli. gamoyenebuli literatura da internet-resursebi:

1. m. aladaSvili, statia „evropeli turistebis Tva-

liT danaxuli saqarTvelo“ saerTaSoriso samecni-

ero konferencia „Tanamedrove samecniero sferos problemebi da gamowvevebi“ — axali umaRlesi sas-

wavlebeli, gudauri 2017. 2. www.unwto.org 3. www.gnta.ge 4. WTTC Travel and Tourism. World economic impact 2015 5. htt://works.doklad.ru 6. htt://izmailonline.com

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marika gulordava soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori maia Wania

didi depresia, gamomwvevi mizezebi

da maTi axsna

aSS-s istoriaSi yvelaze damangreveli ekonomikuri

krizisi iyo didi depresia. meoce saukunis 30-ian wleb-Si aSS-ma ganicada masobrivi umuSevroba da mosaxleo-bis Semosavlebis mkveTri Semcireba. man gamoiwvia uam-ravi bankis gakotreba, iseve, rogorc mTliani erovnu-li produqtis, industriuli warmoebis, aqciaTa ba-zarze fasTa da aseve praqtikulad ekonomikis zrdis yvela parametris mkveTri vardna. vardnis piki miRwe-

ul iqna ukve 1933 wels, Tumca mxolod meore msoflio omis SemdegRa iqna SesaZlebeli iseTi indikatorebis, rogoricaa industriuli warmoeba, sawarmoo aqciaTa fasebisa da globaluri erToblivi Sida produqtis 1929 wlis doneze ayvana.

69

(1)

aseTma damangrevelma krizisma mraval ekonomists

kiTxvebi gauCina klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis gamo-yenebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb. aRmoCnda, rom am kon-cefciis farglebSi Cven ar SegviZlia didi depresiis axsna. didi depresiis Semdgom mravali ekonomisti mi-vida im daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo axali modeli ara marto Tavs damtydari damangreveli da moulodneli ekonomikuri krizisis asaxsnelad, aramed saxelmwifo politikis RonisZiebaTa SesaTavazeblad, romlebic SesaZlebels gaxdida sazogadoebis ekonomikuri prob-lemis gadaWras.

1936 wels gamoqveynda ingliseli ekonomistis jon meinard keinzis wigni „dasaqmebis procentis da fulis zogadi Teoria“, romelmac gadatrialeba moaxdina ekonomikur mecnierebaSi. keinzma SemogvTavaza ekono-mikis analizis axali xerxi, romelic man klasikuri Te-oriis alternativis saxiT warmoadgina. misi varaudiT, Semosavlebis dabali donisa da umuSevrobis maRali donis mizezs erToblivi moTxovnis Semcireba warmo-adgens, rac damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikuri krizisebis-

Tvis. (2)

70

saxelwodeba "didi depresia" am movlenisTvis dar-qmeul iqna im mizezis gamo, rom es iyo industriuli qveynebis istoriaSi yvelaze masStaburi vardna warmo-ebasa da produqtiulobaSi, xolo misi efeqti sag-rZnoblad mtkivneuli iyo mTel industriul msofli-osa da maTi savaWro partniorebisTvis ganviTarebad qveynebSi. termini "didi depresia" miuTiTebs ara mxo-lod ekonomikur movlenaze, is aseve gansazRvravs erT mTlian kulturul periods, romelsac martivad "dep-

resias" uwodeben, da politikur gamoZaxils am ekono-mikuri movlenebisadmi.

me-19 saukunis bolo da me-20 saukunis dasawyisi ara mxolod aSS, aramed yvela maSindeli wamyvani saxelmwi-fo ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempiT gamoirCeoda. me-

oce saukunis 20-ian wlebSi, aqciebis fasi mkveTrad ga-izarda, magram es ar iyo gasakviri, radgan ociani wle-bi iyo inovaciebis, teqnologiuri ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis periodi. avtomobilebis warmoeba aTjer ufro metad gaizarda. saojaxo meurneobebSi eleqtroobis, telefonebisa da Sida wyalgayvanilobis ganviTarebas mohyva ekonomikis swrafad ganviTareba. am fonze ki moulodnelad aSS ekonomikas Tavs daatyda didi ekonomikuri krizisi, 1929 wlis 24 oqtombers Wall Street-s „Savi“ xuTSabaTi daudga: niu-iorkis birJa ga-kotrda, ramac safuZveli daudo didi depresiis daw-

yebas. safondo bazari erT dReSi, erTbaSad 10 mlrd dolariT (im droisTvis kolosaluri Tanxa) CamoiSala. amas moyva sabanko krizisi - gakotrda da daixura uam-ravi banki. krizisis pirvel oTx weliwadSi warmoeba Semcirda 46%-iT, xolo Sromisunariani mosaxleobis mesamedi umuSevari darCa. suicidis SemTxvevebma mkveTrad imata, mSieri mosaxleoba quCaSi gamovida. qveyanaSi daiwyo yvelaze mZime da xangrZlivi depresia,

71

vidre msoflios romelime industriul qveyanaSi odesme yofila. bankebTan imedgacruebuli adamianebis grZeli rigebi idga. krizisi yvelaze metad soflis me-urneobas, sawarmoebs da mZime mrewvelobas Seexo. niu-iorkis birJis gakotrebam bolo mouRo mosaxleobis danazogebs, kapitaldabandebebsa da gasaRebis bazars. swrafad ganviTarebuli saavtomobilo industriac Se-sabamis Sedegamde mivida da avtomobilebis gayidva 65%-iT daeca. 1929 wlidan 1932 wlamde soflis meurne-

obis Semosavlebi 70%-iT Semcirda. yvelaze didi zara-li ki bambis, Tambaqos da marcvleuli kulturebis mwarmoeblebma ganicades.

(4)

federalurma sarezervo sistemam bankebi Tavis ne-

baze miuSva da CasaZirad gawira, radgan uunaro iyo am mdgomareobaSi raime gadawyvetileba mieRo. sabanko seqtorma sruli katastrofa ganicada 1930 wels 1352 banki daixura, xolo sami wlis Semdeg es cifri 4004-mde gaizarda. oqros fasi Zireulad Seicvala dolaris mimarT. im wels qveyanaSi umuSevrobam 13 milions miaR-

wia. Sromisunariani mosaxleobis mxolod 27%-ma SeZlo am mdgomareobas garkveulwilad gamklaveboda. mili-

72

onze meti adamiani ukidures gaWirvebas ganicdida. di-di qalaqebis gareubnebSi axali, Raribuli kvartalebi gaCnda. 1933 wlis TebervalSi miCiganis StatSi 8 dRiT daixura bankebi, radgan detroitis centralurma ban-kebma ver SeZles davalianebebis gadaxda.

(5)

respublikuri partiis administraciam qveynis kri-

zisidan gamosayvanad wamowyebul ekonomikur politi-

kaSi marcxi ganicada. 1931 wels ekonomikis gakotre-bulma seqtorebma da xelfasebis Semcirebam Seamcira mosaxleobis myidvelobiTi unari da warmoqmna Seusa-bamoba moTxovnasa da SeTavazebas Soris. myidvelis ararsebobis gamo bazarze uamravi saqoneli mozRvavda. `despotad~ monaTlulma prezidentma huverma popula-roba dakarga. qveyana saSinel siRaribeSi STainTqa. axal kvartalebs ”huvervilebs~ eZaxdnen, xolo gaze-

Tebs – ”huveris sabnebs”. 1933 wlis 4 marts amerikis prezidenti gaxda franklin delano ruzvelti. es swo-red is periodi iyo, roca qveyanaSi bankebi ixureboda.

73

amerikis axalma xelisuflebam, ruzveltis xel-mZRvanelobiT radikaluri nabijebis gadadgma daiwyo - sakanonmdeblo doneze moxda saxelmwifos kontrolis CarTva ekonomikis yvela mimarTulebiT (finansuri da sabanko seqtori, warmoeba, mSenebloba, soflis meur-

neoba). socialuri programa iTvaliswinebda yvelaze dasustebuli fenis daxmarebas da maT saxelmwifos mi-

er dafinansebul proeqtebSi CarTvas (gzebis, arxebis, xidebis, hesebis, qarxnebis mSenebloba). am programiT moxda 4 milionamde adamianis dasaqmeba, ramac mniSvne-lovani roli iTamaSa depresiis SemsubuqebaSi.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi dawyebuli ekonomi-kuri krizisis gavlenis qveS moyva ara mxolod aSS, ara-med kanada, didi britaneTi, germania, safrangeTi iapo-

nia da kidev ramdenime evropis qveyana (aSS-s ZiriTadi savaWro partniorebi). uprecedentod daeca saerTSo-riso vaWrobis done.

Tavisi arsiT es iyo globaluri ekonomikuri kri-

zisi, Tumca misi saxelwodeba (didi depresia) ufro ga-moxatavs im drois ganwyobas - sazogadoeba CaiZira depresiuli gaxevebis mdgomareobaSi.

aSS-Si kinematografi erTaderTi warmoeba aRmoC-nda, romelsac ekonomikuri krizisi TiTqmis ar Seexo. „didi depresiis“ periodis kinom amerikuli identobis Ziebisa da formirebis procesi asaxa. 30-ian wlebSi ki-noTeatrebSi regularuli siaruli cxovrebis erov-nul wes-Cveulebad rCeba, miuxedavad imisa rom mosax-

leobis umetesi nawili TiTqmis SimSilobda, „filmis saxlebi“ (ase moixseniebdnen kinoTeatrebs maSin) mayu-

reblis naklebobas ar uCiodnen. „didi depresiis~ gan-mavlobaSi amerikelma xalxma dakarga didi materialu-ri resursi, Tumca vfiqrobT SeiZines gacilebiT ufro

74

Rirebuli ram – yofis realisturad asaxvis unari. es ukanaskneli amerikul kulturaSi formirda da gamox-maureba hpova xsenebul im dros gadaRebul filmebSi, romlebic dRes msoflio kinoxelovnebis Sedevrebad arian aRiarebuli. filmebSi, romelTa individualiz-mma didi gavlena iqonia amerikuli kinos Semdgom gan-viTarebaze da Tanamedrove aSS-is ekonomikis erT-erT umsxviles dargad CamoyalibebaSi, es is SemTxvevaa, ro-ca gamonaTqvami — zogi Wiri margebelia WeSmaritebas warmoadgens. Tanamedrove amerikuli kinoindustria dRemde dainteresebulia didi depresiiT da am Temaze 21-e saukuneSi gadaRebuli filmebic aranakleb warma-tebulia.

ekonomistebi, istorikosebi da politikuri mec-nierebi didi depresiis mizezTa mraval Teorias asaxe-leben. amgvarad is ekonomikuri istoriis erT-erT yve-laze metad Seswavlil movlenad rCeba dRemde. saerTo mosazrebiT didi depresiis mizezi ZiriTadad mTavro-bis mier monetaruli politikis araswori marTva gaxda. bolo dros, ekonomistTa umravlesoba emxroba mosaz-

rebas, rom safondo bazris kraxi 1929 wels ar yofila didi depresiis pirdapiri mizezi, is ufro Sedegi iyo, romelmac katalizatoris roli Seasrula da movlene-bis dramatul ganviTarebamde migviyvana. misi gansac-vifrebeli mxare iyo globaluri xasiaTi. ra gansaz-

Rvravda didi depresiis aseT sayovelTao xasiaTs? gvi-andeli gamokvleva gviCvenebs, rom saerTaSoriso oq-ros standartma centraluri roli iTamaSa meoce sau-kunis udidesi ekonomikuri krizisis dawyebaSi, gaR-rmavebasa da gavrcelebaSi.

1929 wels sabazro ekonomikis didi nawili isev oq-

ros standartze iyo damyarebuli. im dros aSS (rome-lic cdilobda, Seenelebina Tavisi daCqarebuli eko-

nomika fulis SemcirebiT) da safrangeTi (romelmac

75

es-es iyo, daamTavra inflaciis periodi da miubrunda oqros) dadgnen didi kapitalis Semodinebis faqtis wi-naSe. orive qveyana STanTqavda gansacvifrebeli ode-nobis msoflios fulad oqros, rogorc sagadamxdelo balansis siWarbis Sedegs. oqros standartis mqone sxva qveynebs arCevanic aRar hqondaT da unda CarTuliy-vnen adgilobrivi aqtivebis gayidvaSi, Tuki maT sur-daT SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi oqros SezRuduli mara-gi. Sedegad miRebulma msoflio fuladma Semcirebam, niu-iorkis safondo birJis 1929 wlis gakotrebis tal-RasTan erTad, msoflio Caagdo Rrma recesiaSi.

sabanko warumateblobis talRam, romelic daiwyo 1930 wels aSS-Si, mxolod daaCqara msoflios daRmava-li ekonomikuri spurali. oqros standarti aqac kvlav mTavari damnaSave aRmoCnda. bevrma qveyanam isurva Ta-visi oqros rezervis dacva, raTa SeZleboda oqros standartis SenarCuneba. es survili maT xSirad uars aTqmevinebda xolme, likviduri fasiani qaRaldebiT uzrunveleyoT bankebi, rasac SeeZlo maTi datoveba biznesSi. bolos da bolos, nebismieri naRdi fuli-ad-gilobrivi mTavrobis mier bankebisTvis micemuli- gaz-rdida potenciur kerZo moTxovnebs mTavrobisgan oq-ros flobaze.

agreTve, imdroindeli ekonomikuri monacemebis statistikis SeswavliT naTeli xdeba depresiis ufro Rrma mizezebi, romelsac aseve Tan sdevda evropis eko-nomikuri daRmasvla. dReisTvis, yvelaze miRebulia petre teminis Teoria: didi depresia gamowveuli iyo SeerTebuli Statebis federaluri sarezervo siste-mis mier wlebis ganmavlobaSi gatarebuli katastro-fulad mcdari monetaruli politikiT, romelic win uZRoda did depresias. inflaciis Sekavebis mizniT fu-lis miwodebis SezRudvis politikam mwvave ukureaqcia

76

gamoiwvia, vinaidan ekonomikis faqtobrivi problema deflacia iyo.

didi depresiis mTeli siZime gamowveuli iyo oTxi ZiriTadi cudad gatarebuli politikiT, Cven azriT, 5 mTavari SecdomiT, romelmac gamoiwvia ekonomikis krizisuli mdgomareobis gawelva:

1. fulis miwodebis mkveTri Semcireba 1930-33 wlebSi da agreTve Semcirebuli agregirebuli moT-xovna da realuri warmoeba. fulis miwodeba nel-nela gaizarda 20-ian wlebSi. 1921 wlidan 1929 wlis CaTvliT, fulis maragi gaizarda daaxloebiT 2.7 %-iT. fasebis done Zalian mcirediT iwevda dabla. miuxedavad fase-bis stabilurobisa, mTavrobam kidev ufro Seuwyo xe-li fulis gaufasurebas oqtombris sabirJo kraxis Semdeg, federalurma sarezervo sistemam daiwyo sam-Tavrobo obligaciebis aqtiurad gayidva, ramac gamo-iwvia fuladi rezervis Semcireba da Seamcira fulis masa. Tumca, bankebi gakotrdnen da fulis masa Zalian Semcirda, federalurma sarezervo sistemam axali re-zervebi mainc ar Seiyvana sistemaSi. ar moiqca ise, ro-gorc kreditorebis ukanaskneli imedi. fulis raode-

noba 1933 wlis bolos 33%-iT naklebi iyo 1929 welTan SedarebiT.

rogorc mosalodneli iyo, fuladi masis aseTma Semcirebam gamoiwvia fasebis vardna. 1929-1933 wlebis deflaciis ganmavlobaSi, bevr adamians, romelmac iyi-

da biznesebi da firmebi adreul 20-ian wlebSi, aRar Se-

eZlo Seenaxa es biznesi, radgan maT nawarmze fasebi 30-iani wlebis ganmavlobaSi Semcirda Tavisi mniSvnelo-biT, fuladi masis Semcirebam gamoiwvia moulodneli cvlilebebi ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi. Sedegi is iyo, rom bevrma adamianma, romelmac aiRo investiciebi da isesxa fuli fondebisgan, ver SeZlo Seesrulebina Ta-

77

vianT kontraqtSi gaTvaliswinebuli valdebulebebi. rogorc gayidvebidan Semosuli Semosavali gaifanta da agregirebuli moTxovna Semcirda, aseve daemarTa warmoebasa da dasaqmebas.

2. smuTisa da holis savaWro kanonproeqtma (1930 wels miRebuli) gazarda tarifebi da saerTaSoriso vaWrobis moculoba mkveTrad Seamcira. 1930 wlis 17 iv-niss xelmowerilma smuTisa da holis kanonproeqtma gamoiwvia tarifebis 50%-ze metiT gazrda daaxloebiT 3200 importul produqciaze. vaWroba SesaZlebels xdis orive mxarisTvis, rom miiRon ufro didi warmoe-ba da miaRwion cxovrebis maRal dones. garda amisa, sa-xelmwifos ar SeuZlia Seamciros importi Tu erTdro-ulad ar Seamcirebs eqsportsac. Tu ucxoelebi yidian amerikelebze naklebs, maSin isini gamoimuSaveben nak-leb fuls, romelic saWiroa amerikuli produqciis SeaZenad. amgvarad, importis Semcireba aseve Seamci-rebs eqsportsac. gazrdilma tarifebma ar gamoiwvia damatebiTi Semosavlebis miReba da verc samuSao adgi-lebis SenarCuneba moxerxda. importis Seviwroebam zi-ani miayena ucxoel mwarmoeblebs da rogorc mosalod-neli iyo, maT hqondaT sapasuxo reaqcia. samocma qveya-nam gazrdil tarifebs gazrdili tarifebiTve upasuxa. 1932 wlisTvis, amerikis gayidvebi wina maCvenebelTan SedarebiT TiTqmis ganaxevrda. Sedegad, federalurma mTavrobam miiRo naklebi Semosavali maRali tarifebis pirobebSi. 1930 wlis bolos, dou jonsis indeqsi Sem-

cirda 294-dan 165-mde. 3. recesiis SuagulSi gadasaxadebis mkveTrma

zrdam uaresi Sedegi gamoiRo. keinsianuri revoluciis wina periodSi, gavrcelebuli Sexeduleba iyo is, rom biujeti unda yofiliyo dabalansebuli. ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, biujeti iyo deficituri 1931

78

wels da es deficiti kidev ufro maRali iyo 1932 wlis-Tvis. axalarCeuli demokratebis maJoritarTan erTad, huveris administraciam daawesa gadasaxadebis iseTi maRali done, rogoric amerikis istorias ar axsovda. rogorc grafiki gviCvenebs, yvelaze dabali zRvruli gadasaxadis done 1.5 procentidan 4 procentamde gai-

zarda. yvelaze maRali gadasaxadis done Tu iqamde 25 procenti iyo, am reformis Sedegad 63 procentamde ga-izarda. saSemosavlo gadasaxadebis ganakveTebi gai-

zarda yvela doneze daaxloebiT 150 %-iT. aman gamoiw-via gadasaxadebis Semdeg arsebuli Semosavlis Semci-reba saojaxo meurneobebisTvis, aseve stimuli dau-karga adamianebs rom gamoemuSavebinaT rame da investi-ciebi CaedoT.

4. fasebis kontroli, arakonkurentuli politika da mudmivi struqturuli cvlilebebi ruzveltis ad-ministraciis ganmavlobaSi, gaxda mizezi arasandoobi-sa da Searyia bazrebi. prezidenti ruzvelti airCies 1932 wels da bevri istoriis wigni jer kidev miiCnevs mis politikas didi depresiis dasasrulis mizezad. mravalricxovani politikuri cvlilebebi ganxorci-elda ruzveltis dros da zogierTi maTgani sasargeb-

lo aRmoCnda. 1933 wels, prezidentma ruzveltma xe-laxla Seafasa oqros fasi da erTi uncia oqros fasi 20$-dan 35$-mde gazarda. aman xeli Seuwyo fulis masis gafarToebas. ruzveltis administraciam aseve daaka-nona samTavrobo depozitebis dazRvevis programa, ra-mac daicva anabrebi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bankebi gakot-rdebodnen da aseve Seamcira bankebis gakotrebis Sem-Txvevebi. Tumca, isic naTelia, rom ruzveltis admi-nistraciis mier miRebulma bevrma gadawyvetilebam ver gamoiRo dadebiTi Sedegi da didi depresia kidev ufro gaaxangrZliva.

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5. me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyis-Si aSS-Si migraciis done Zalian maRli iyo ,uswrafesad izrdebodnen qalaqebi da gadaiqceodnen megapolise-bad, im periodSi daiwyo sabinao mSeneblobebis bumi, ramac meoce saukunis 20-ian wlebamde gastana, Semdeg binebze moTxovna Zalian Semcirda da uZravi qonebis bazris krizisi Tan daerTo did depresias, ramac es ukanasknelikidev ufro gaaZliera.

ratom aris dRes mniSvnelovani didi depresiis ga-

momwvevi mizezebis Seswavla? upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom ar davuSvaT

msgavsi globaluri krizisis ganviTareba. dRevandel msoflioSi albaT ar moiZebneba saxelmwifo, romlis ekonomikuri politikac erToblivi moTxovnis Semci-rebas mkacri monetaruli politikiT upasuxebs an ga-dasaxadebs gazrdis. ekonomistebs sxva dargis mecnie-rebebisgan gansxvavebiT ar SeuZliaT realur pirobeb-Si mimarTon eqsperiments da gadaamowmon hipoTezis WeSmariteba, ekonomikuri krizisebis safuZvliani Ses-wavla ki amis saSualebas gvaZlevs, maTi rekomendacie-bi ki politikosebs aZlevT saSualebas konkretul pi-robebSi Sesabamis ekonomikur politikas mimarTon. warsulis mware gamocdileba da ekonomistTa rekomen-

daciebi daexmara aSS-s mTavrobas 21-e saukunis udide-si finansuri krizisis rac SeiZleba msubuqad gadata-naSi.

2007-2008 wlebis msoflio finansuri krizisi iyo yvelaze mZime krizisi msoflio ekonomikur istoriaSi 1929-33 wlebis didi depresiis Semdeg. msoflios bevri cnobili finansuri instituti aRmoCnda krizisis msxverpli (zogi gakotrda, zogi gadarCa mxolod mniS-vnelovani saxelmwifo daxmarebis Semdeg,zogic nacio-

nalizebul iqna), xolo araerTi mniSvnelovani finan-

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suri centri dazaralda ise, rogorc arasdros, meore msoflio omis Semdeg periodSi. krizisis dasawyisi da-

kavSirebuli iyo aSS-s uZravi qonebis bazarze ( didi depresiis gaRrmavebis erT-erT mizezad swored uZra-

vi qonebis krizisi miiCneva) ipoTekuri dakreditebis krizisTan, romelic 2007 wlis zafxulis Semdeg gav-rcelda rig sxva ekonomikaze, aqtivebis garkveuli klasebis mimarT ndobis dakargvisa da finansur baz-rebze likvidobis amowurvis gamo rasac xeli Seuwyo am qveynebSi adgilobrivi finansuri disbalansis arsebo-bam. dReisaTvis ekonomikur literaturaSi ar aris sruli konsensusi imis Taobaze, Tu ra iyo globaluri finansuri disbalansis warmoSobis mizezi. avtorTa umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, rom iyo mniSvnelovani prob-lemebi regulirebisa da zedamxedvelobis sferoSi.

aSS-Si gamefebuli ”didi depresiidan~ gamosasvle-lad daiwyo brZola umuSevrobis dasaZlevad. indus-triul procesebsa da bankebis gakotrebis saqmeebSi saxelmwifo aqtiurad Caeria. saxelmwifos mxridan am-gvari Careva aucilebeli iyo, raTa finansuri da eko-nomikuri stabiluroba aRedgina. saWiro iyo Sromis ba-zarze da fasebze kontrolis daweseba, xalxis dasaqme-ba da infrastruqturaSi kapitaldabandebebis mozidva. axalma demokratma prezidentma franklin delano ruzveltma am axali ekonomikuri xazis( jon meinard jeinzis rekomendaciiT) gatarebis saSualeba xelidan ar gauSva da politikur saqmianobaSi danerga fraza: try something (scade raime). ase rom, sul male, 1933 wels, amoqmedda programa new deal (axali kursi), rac ekono-mikur reorganizaciaSi federaluri mTavrobis aqti-ur monawileobas gulisxmobda. bevr sxva qveyanaSi, gan-sakuTrebiT, germaniasa da iaponiaSi, am dros mZime mrewvelobis ganviTareba iaraRis warmoebiT daiwyes,

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rac imaze mianiSnebda, rom es qveynebi morigi omisTvis emzadebodnen, am viTarebaSi aSS-s saswrafod sWirde-boda gamosvla ekonomikuri krizisidan.

sabolood, rac ar unda ironiulad JRerdes, didi depresiis dasruleba daiwyo me-2 msoflio omis dawye-bisTanave da misi damsaxurebiT - mkveTrad gaizarda samxedro SekveTebi. Tumca, miuxedavad gazrdili Semo-savlebisa, qveyana krizisamdel maCveneblebs mxolod 25 wlis Semdeg daubrunda. diax, amerikuli birJis in-

deqsis ` Dow Jones~-s maCvenebelma pirvelad 1954 wels gadaaWarba 1929 wlis maCvenebels.

SesaZloa qarTuli didi depresia ar iyos saTana-dod gamokvleuli, Tumca albaT Znelad Tu moiZebneba adamiani, romelic cxovrobs saqarTveloSi da ar ga-nicdis qveynis dRevandelobis simZimes - ra Tqma unda, garkveuli met-naklebobiT.

didi depresiaze saubars gverds ver avuvliT „qar-

Tuli didi depresiis“ ganxilvis gareSe qarTuli didi depresiis dasawyisad albaT 90-ani wlebi unda vivarau-doT. teritoriebis dakargva, devnilTa uzarmazari masa, ekonomikis CamoSla, kriminogenuli viTarebis gamwvaveba, globaluri emigracia, umuSevrobis ganux-reli zrda, inteleqtualuri resursis gadineba, ga-naTlebis xarisxis dacema, importirebuli da qveynis SigniT warmoebuli sursaTis kontrolis Sesusteba da a.S. am da sxva mizezebma gamoiwvia qveynis mosaxleobis koleqtiur depresiul mdgomareobaSi Cayeneba. Tu ven-dobiT gamokiTxvebs, Sromisunariani mosaxleobis um-ravlesoba mzadaa datovos qveyana da gadasaxldes uc-xoeTSi ukeTesi samuSao da socialuri pirobebis sa-nacvlod. swavlis dabali xarisxis gamo, sul ufro me-ti axalgazrda cdilobs miiRos xarisxiani ganaTleba sazRvargareT. ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli tendencia dadebiT movlenad CaiTvleboda, rom ara am axalgaz-

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rdebis umravlesobis arCevani - darCes maspinZel qve-yanaSi samudamod. gansxvavebiT aSS-s magaliTisgan, sa-qarTveloSi sabanko sistema araTu CamoiSala, aramed aRmavlobas ganicdis. normad iqca kanonmdeblobis da fulad-sakredito politikis Camoyalibeba komerciu-li bankebis sasargeblod. icvleba da ixveweba kanonebi, Tumca maTi nawili, romelic rigiTi mosaxleobis inte-resebis dacvas unda emsaxurebodes, umoqmedo an nak-lebad efeqturia, radgan ar xdeba maTi realur cxov-rebaSi gatarebis kontroli.

TiTqmis mTlianad moiSala adgilobrivi mZime da saSualo mrewveloba, xolo rac moqmedebs, umeteswi-lad ucxo investorebis xelSia da kapitalis gadinebas uwyobs xels.

TviT umniSvnelo ryevac ki romelime mezobeli qveynis savaluto bazarze myisier gavlenas axdens qveynis valutis kursze. es kidev ufro aRrmavebs un-doblobas erovnuli valutis da mTlianad ekonomikis mimarT.

rogor davZlioT `didi qarTuli depresia~? fiqri imaze, rom problemas generaluri midgoma da sazoga-doebis da xelisuflebis erToblivi Zalisxmeva Wirde-ba, rom saWiroa eris konsolidacia da a.S. msgavsi zo-gadi, emociuri, yovelgvar pragmatizmis moklebuli da daugegmavi lozungebi araerTxel mogvismenia. ase-Ti mowodebebi Taviseburi narkotikis rols asrulebs da maT araerTi uaryofiTi Sedegis motana SeuZliaT - iqmneba garemo, sadac yvela molodinSia, pasuxismgeb-lobis ganawileba ar arsebobs an ar muSaobs.

didma depresiam gviCvena ramdenime gakveTili, Tu rogor unda aviciloT Tavidan problemebi momavalSi.

1. xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi fulis masis Semcireba gamoiwvevs ekonomikuri aqtivobebis gauare-sebas, gamoiRebs uaryofiT Sedegebs ekonomikisTvis.

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2. didma depresiam gaabaTila argumenti imis Sesa-xeb, rom savaWro urTierTobebis SezRudva dadebiTi Sedegebis momtani iqneba.

3. gadasaxadebis zrda recesiis SuagulSi cudi azria. amaze Tanxmdeba TiTqmis yvela ekonomisti.

4. politikuri cvlilebebi ar unda iyos xSiri da impulsuri. radgan adamianebs rwmena ekargebaT da uq-rebaT motivacia, raimes mohkidon xeli.

30-ianebis gamocdilebam gviCvena ekonomikuri li-teraturis mniSvneloba. es katastrofebi gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom am ekonomistebs ekonomikuri saxel-mZRvaneloebis sakmarisi codna ar hqondaT.

wyaroebi: olivie blanSari — makroekonomika pol krugmani — saerTaSoriso ekonomika: Teoria da

politika https://bpn.ge/ekonomika/6191-didi-depresia.html?lang=ka-GE http://www.newposts.ge/?l=G&id=146090-

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mirian cimitia

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis turizmis mimarTulebis

me-3- kursis studenti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: ekonomikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori nodar grZeliSvili

kosmosi sivrce da turizmi

1961 wlis 12 aprils kacobriobis istoriaSi kos-

mosis aTvisebis xana daiwyo. magram maSin kosmosSi gaf-renis bedniereba erTeulebs hqondaT. miwaze dabrune-bulni isini gmirebi xdebodnen. maTze mTeli msoflio laparakobda. erTi sityviT, isini politikosebTan er-Tad msoflioSi yvelaze cnobili adamianebi iyvnen.

gadioda dro da kosmosSi gafrena ukve Cveul mov-lenad iqca. raketis morigi starti ukve aRar iwvevda iseT aJiotaJs. gagarinis startis win, masTan oTaxSi Sesulma sergei koroliovma aseTi fraza warmoTqva - "mova dro da xalxi kosmosSi profkavSirebis sagzu-riT ifrens". maSin generalurma konstruqtorma ixum-ra, magram dRes misi xumroba nawilobriv realobad iq-ca

dRes kosmosSi gafrena nebismier msurvels SeuZ-lia. Tu, ra Tqma unda, mas amis saSualebas janmrTelo-ba, fizikuri momzadeba da rac mTavaria - jibe aZlevs.

maT kosmosur turistebs uwodeben. dRes msofli-oSi 7 aseTi adamiania. Svidi - dedamiwaze mcxovrebi Svidi miliardidan, romlebmac bavSvobis ocneba ais-rules da dedamiwis orbitaze imogzaures.

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msoflioSi pirveli kosmosuri turisti tito orbitaze 2001 wlis 28 aprils gaemgzavra. gagarinis startidan 40 wlis Semdeg, kosmosis aTvisebaSi axali furceli gadaiSala. orbitaze pirvelad araprofesi-onali kosmonavti gavida.

1. amerikulma kosmoplanma zebgeriTi barieri ga-dalaxa

2. sagamocdo frenis dros, 14,2 kilometris si-

maRleze mfren TviTmfrinav matarebels White Knight Two, afrenidan 20 wuTis mere kosmoplani gamoeyo da reaqtiuli Zrava CarTo. 30 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, hori-

zontis mimarT 80 gradusiani kuTxiT freniT, VSS Unity-m daaxloebiT 2,3 aTasi kilometri saaTSi siCqa-

re ganaviTara(igive 1,87 maxi(ernsT maxi, avstrieli fizikosi). es saraketo Zrava transbgeriTi gadasvli-sa da zebgeriTi frenis pirobebSi pirvelad iqna ga-mocdili.

Space Exploration Technologies Corporation (SpaceX) – kos-mosuri raketebis mwarmoebeli amerikuli kompania. kompania 2002 wels daaarsa elon maskma, romelsac ma-

namde ukve hqonda daarsebuli kompaniebi Zip2 da PayPal da iyo kompania Tesla Motors-is CEO. kompaniis mizania kosmosuri frenebis mkveTri gaiafeba, rac kacobrio-bas marsis kolonizaciis saSualebas miscems. fasis mkveTri Semcireba ZiriTadad unda moxdes raketebis mravaljeradi gamoyenebis Sedegad. speiseqsma ukve mo-axerxa raketis pirveli safexuris dedamiwaze dabru-neba da rbilad dasma.

38 wlis win, orma upiloto kosmosurma xomaldma – „voiaJer 1-ma“ da „voiaJer 2-ma“ kanaveralis koncxidan (florida) starti aiRo da yvelaze xangrZliv da Tav-gadasavlebiT savse mogzaurobaSi gaeSura. im drois-

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Tvis am eqspedicias analogi ar hyavda. xomaldebs TiT-qmis Seusrulebeli misia hqondaT – unda gaerkviaT, ra xdeba mzis sistemis periferiul planetebze.

misiam, romelic TiTqmis oTxi aTwleulia grZel-deba, kacobrioba fasdaudebeli codniT gaamdidra. da es jer kidev ar aris yvelaferi – odisea axlac grZel-deba.

bolo informaciiT, „voiaJer 1-ma“ ukve datova mzis sistema da varskvlavTSoris sivrceSi gadavida. is adamianis mier Seqmnili yvelaze Sors myofi zondia (igive xomaldi). misi tyupiscali – „voiaJer 2“ ki mzis sistemis heliogarsSi moZraobs.

tyupi zondebis proeqtze muSaoba, maT gaSvebamde ramdenime aTeuli wliT adre daiwyo da bolos, 1972 wels igi NASA-m daamtkica. eqvsi wlis Semdeg, 1977 wlis 20 agvistos kosmosSi jer „voiaJer 2“ gaemgzavra, 16 dReSi ki mas tyupiscalic – „voiaJer 1“ mihyva…

38 wlis win, orma upiloto kosmosurma xomaldma – „voiaJer 1-ma“ da „voiaJer 2-ma“ kanaveralis koncxidan (florida) starti aiRo da yvelaze xangrZliv da Tav-gadasavlebiT savse mogzaurobaSi gaeSura. im drois-Tvis am eqspedicias analogi ar hyavda. xomaldebs TiT-qmis Seusrulebeli misia hqondaT – unda gaerkviaT, ra xdeba mzis sistemis periferiul planetebze.

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mixeil SiolaSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis studenti xelmZRvaneli axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori maia Wania

konkurentuli bazari, mcire da

saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

saqarTveloSi

statiaSi ganxilulia mcire da saSualo biznesis

roli da ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTvelos eko-nomikaSi. yuradReba gamaxvilebulia konkurentuli atmosferos dadebiT efeqtze da mis SemzRudvel sxva-dasxva ekonomikur faqtorebze.

aseve ganxilulia is faqti, rom konkurencia da zogadad konkurentuli politika ar unda modiodes winaaRmdegobaSi saerTaSoriso standartebTan.

sakvanZo sityvebi: konkurentuli garemo, mcire da saSualo biznes seqtori, kvlavwarmoeba, ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, kon-kurenciis rolis zrda sul ufro farTo tendenciebs ikavebs msoflio asparezze. nebismieri ekonomikuri zrda, makrodoneze iqneba igi ganxiluli, Tu mikrodo-neze, aucilebel, Tumca, arasakmaris pirobad gulis-xmobs konkurenciisa da konkurentuli garemos arse-bobas. dRes aravin davobs da praqtikulad yvela eko-nomikuri doqtrina aRiarebs martiv korelacias kon-kurenciasa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris - rac ufro ma-Ralia konkurenciis done, rac ufro metad Tavisufa-

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lia bazari, miT metia sakuTari unarebis srulfasova-ni realizaciis SesaZlebloba da, Sesabamisad, ekonomi-kuri Tu finansuri zrdis tempi. Tumca mxolod zrda ar gaxlavT procesis srulfasovnebis Sefasebis kri-teriumi, radgan sruliad SesaZlebelia, zrdis maRali tempis miuxedavad, ganviTarebis done da masStabi ga-cilebiT dabali, an sulac nulovani iyos. amitom sa-mizne kriteriumi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi aris e.w. mdgradi ganviTarebis modeli, romelic qveynis ganvi-Tarebis iseTi sistemis arsebobas gulisxmobs, roca ekonomikuri zrda warmoadgens sazogadoebis keTil-dReobis, cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis zrdis safuZ-vels, rac, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofs Semdgomi Taobe-bisTvis cxovrebisa da ganviTarebis maRali standar-tis mqone garemos Camoyalibebas rogorc raodenobri-vi, ise xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT. es uaRresad grZelvadiani da mravalmxrivi procesia Tavisi gamoxa-tulebis formiT. misi arsebiTobis SenarCuneba da gaR-rmaveba rTulia bevri ganviTarebuli qveynisaTvisac ki da sulac ar aris gasakviri rom saqarTveloSic, sa-dac sul oriode aTeuli wlis win moxda ekonomikis transformacia da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, vaw-ydebiT aRniSnul problemas. axal ekonomikur sistema-ze gadasvla mokle droSi moiTxovs did adamianur, ma-terialur da teqnologiur resursebs. konkurenciis zrdis yvelaze karg saSualebas ki dRevandel pirobeb-Si warmoadgens mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTare-bis perspeqtivebis povna da danergva. swored am seqto-rebis xelSewyoba daaCqarebs aRniSnul process da gau-wevs winaaRmdegobas monopolizms, romelic pirdapir winaaRmdegobaSi modis mcire biznesis ganviTarebasTan.

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naxazze Cans biznes seqtoris brunvis moculoba 1999 wlidan moyolebuli 2016 wlis CaTvliT. rogorc vxedavT, es maCvenebeli zrdas ganicdis gansakuTrebiT ki 2010-2011 wlebSi, magram rogorc wesi saqarTvelos magvari resursebis mqone qveyana gacilebiT efeqtia-nad unda anawilebdes da iyenebdes sakuTar resursebs. aqedan gamomdinare, es zrdis maCvenebeli arunda CaiT-valos calsaxad dadebiT movlenad, radganac ver akma-yofilebs sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebis did nawils. biznes seqtors erTerTi umTavresi roli gaaCnia mTliani Sida produqtis zrdaSi da swored mis ganvi-Tarebaze unda zrunavdes ekonomika. realuri mSp-s zrdam 2016 wels Seadgina 2.7% procenti, rac Zalian dabali Sedegia ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis romelsac, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, SeuZlia mis xelT arsebuli re-sursebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba. am garemoebis gamomwvev erT-erT faqtorad saxeldeba dabali konkurencia. 2015 wlis monacemebiT, biznes seqtoris wliuri brun-

vis moculobis daaxloebiT 78% modis msxvis biznesze, rac TavisTavad zRudavs saSualo da gansakuTrebiT mcire biznesis ganviTarebas.

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konkurencia inflaciis Semcirebis gziT xels uw-yobs ekonomikur zrdas, rogorc seqtorul, aseve ag-regirebul doneze. xsnis bazars axali Semomsvlele-bisTvis da zrdis investorebis da momxmareblebis ndobas. garda amisa:

1. konkurencia aiZulebs kompaniebs gazardon war-moebis efeqtianoba, radgan konkurenti kompaniebi sis-tematurad eZeben xarjebis Semcirebis gzebs, rom ga-zardon sakuTari mogeba da miiRon kunkurentuli upi-ratesoba. firmebi, romlebic bazris sxva moTamaSee-bisgan sistematurad ganicdian metoqeobas, mudmivad cdiloben gaxdnen ufro efeqtianebi.

2. konkurencia uzunvelyofs bazarze maRalpro-duqtiuli kompaniebis warmatebul saqmianobas, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs dabalproduqtiuli kompaniebis bazridan gasvlas.

3. maRali konkurenciis pirobebSi kompaniebi cdi-loben danergon inovaciebi, rac aviTarebs seqtors da ekonomikas. konkurenciis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi kompaniebs ar eqnebodaT motivacia daenergaT axali warmoebis meTodebi da warmoedginaT axali dasaxele-bis produqtebi.

4. konkurencia xels uwyobs dabalkonkurentuli seqtorebis restruqturizaciis process. saqme imaSia, rom saxelmwifosTvis rTulia gansazRvros seqtori, romelic saWiroebs restruqturizacias, an kompania romelic unda gavides bazridan da rodis aris sauke-Teso dro amisTvis. maSin rodesac, konkurencia bazar-ze iwvevs fuladi nakadebis da resursebis gadadinebas SedarebiT susti da naklebad konkurentuli seqtore-bidan da kompaniebidan Zlier da konkurentul seqto-

rebsa da kompaniebSi. miuxedavad saqarTvelos mZime ekonomikuri mdgoma-

reobisa, xelisufleba da bizness seqtori maqsimalu-

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rad cdiloben rogorc adgilobrivi resursiT, aseve ucxouri investiciebis daxmarebiT ganaxorcielon ekonomikis ganviTarebisa da biznesis ganviTarebis Ro-nisZiebebi, raSic isini aqtiurad TanamSromloben sa-erTaSoriso organizaciebTan.

amis dasturad SeiZleba moviyvanoT soflis meur-neobis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi fondi, romelic aq-tiurad uwyobs xels saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs bizne-sinteresebis ganxorcielebaSi, Tu ra Tqma, unda isini daakmayofileben garkveul moTxovnebs. swored es ga-remoebebi da procesebi daaCqarebs mcire da saSualo biznesis gamyarebas da Sesabamisad Camoayalibebs kon-kurencias qarTul bazarze.

konkurenciis politikas mravali dadebiTi niSani gaaCnia, magram maT Soris mainc SeiZleba gamovarCioT:

● ukeTesi xarisxi ● farTo arCevani ● meti inovacia ● eqsportis zrda amavdroulad aucilebelia mcire biznesis waxali-

seba saxelmwifos mier, rac gamoiwvevs pirdapirpro-porciulad maTi raodenobis zrdas. es SeiZleba gamo-xatuli iqnas iseT formaSi, rogoricaa gadasaxadebis Semcireba im biznessubieqtebisaTvis, romlebic Car-Tulebi iqnebian kvlavwarmoebis sferoSi da garkeveu-li drois ganmavlobaSi mogebas kvlav brunvas moaxma-reben sakuTari biznesis zrdis mxriv. am SemTxvevaSi kerZo piris interesebic daculi iqneba da materialu-

ri dovlaTic zrdas ganicdis. 1996 wlis dekemberSi ev-rokomisiis mier SemuSavebulma am kanonproeqtma gamo-iwvia mcire biznesis axal safexurze gadayvana.

mcire da saSualo biznesis axal safexurze ayvanas saWiroebs saqarTveloc, sadac ukve biznes seqtorSi

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dasaqmebulTa raodenoba bolo wlebia statikur mdgomareobaSia an mcired daRmasvlas ganicdis.

naxazze Cans rom, qveynis mosaxleobis sul 20%-mde aris dasaqmebuli kerZo seqtorSi da isic yovelwliur cvlilebas ganicdis. 2008 wlis msoflio krizis Semdeg es maCvenebeli kvlav izrdeba da 2010-2012 wlebSi maqsi-malur naxtoms aRwevs. magram bolo wlebia es raode-noba an mcirdeba an saerTod ar icvleba. swored am dros aris aucilebeli sxvadasxva aqtivobebis gatare-ba rac gazrdis konkurencias, amitom saxelmwifo mci-redid, garkveulwilad unda Caerios bazris funqcio-nirebaSi da sxvadasxva ekonomikuri politikis gatare-biT, iqneba es adgilobrivi adamianuri resursebis ga-moyeneba, axali teqnologiebis danergva Tu investici-ebis mozidva, miaRwios dadebiT efeqts. sworad am misi-iT Seiqmna saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilobiT „konkurenciis saagento“ 2014 wlis 14 aprils. mas xel-mZRvanelobs saqarTvelos premier ministris mier da-niSnuli Tavjdomare. konkurenciis saagento angariS-valdebulia sazogadoebis winaSe. saagentos mizania sa-qarTveloSi bazris liberalizaciis, Tavisufali vaW-robisa da konkurenciis xelSewyoba, kerZod:

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• bazarze ekonomikuri agentis Tavisufali daSve-bisTvis saTanado pirobebis uzrunvelyofa.

• ekonomikur agentebs saqmianobaSi Tanabarufle-bianobis principis dacva.

• dominirebuli mdgomareobis borotad gamoyene-bis dauSvebloba.

sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso procesebis daxmarebiT, kerZod, saqarTvelo-evrokavSiris asocirebis xelSek-rulebiT, saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo biznesis gan-

viTarebis strategia „2016-2020“ wlisaTvis, efuZvneba evropuli mcire biznesis aqtis princips-„upirvelesad ifiqre mcireze“.

daskvnis saxiT aRvniSnav, rom konkurenciis politi-ka saqarTveloSi viTardeba Tanmimdevrulad, rac pirda-pir gaaumjobesebs bazris funqcionirebas. umniSvnelo-vanesia am sakiTxSi saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan mWid-ro urTierToba da maTi gamocdilebis gaziareba, rome-lic, rogorc ukve vTqvi daaCqarebs Cveni ekonomikis transformacias da Camoayalibebs namdvil konkuren-tul sabazro ekonomikas Zlieri biznes seqtoriT. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. 2. saqarTvelos mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis ganvi-

Tarebis strategia „2016-2020“. 3. http://forbes.ge/blog/3 biznesis socialuri pasuxismgeb-

loba saqarTveloSi. 4. Competition.ge

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Tamar miqelaZe

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis stu-denti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori maia gelaSvili

fulis masis zrda da inflacia

inflacia rogorc ekonomikuri fenomeni, ukve didi

xania arsebobs; inflaciis warmoqmna fulis gaCenas ukavSirdeba; misi yvelaze lakonuri ganmarteba iqneba - inflacia amaRlebs fasebis saerTo dones, fulis masa izrdeba, rac iwvevs valutis gaufasurebas da Sesabami-sad izrdeba sasaqonlo fasebi. inflacia aris zogadad fasebis donis zrda: - es imas ar niSnavs, rom yvela calkeuli produqtisa da servisis fasi izrdeba. in-flacia aris im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saSualo fa-sis donis zrda, romelic iwarmoeba da iyideba ekono-mikaSi. inflacia, Tavisi uaryofiTi Sedegebis gamo, sa-zogadoebaSi uaryofiT emociebs iwvevs. maRal infla-ciasTan dakavSirebuli uaryofiTi aspeqtebia:

xarjebis zrda, rac Zlier dartymas ayenebs mTlianad sazogadoebas da gansakuTrebiT, dabalSemo-

savlian ojaxebs; erovnuli valutis msyidvelunarianobis kleba

da erovnuli valutis gaufasureba ucxour valutas-

Tan mimarTebaSi; realuri mogebis kleba biznesebSi da investici-

ebze amonagebis Semcireba;

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saprocento ganakveTebis mateba, rac kredits aZvirebs; amave dros, Tu inflaciis done qveyanaSi uf-ro maRalia, vidre mis savaWro partnior qveynebSi, produqtebis konkurentuloba ecema, rac aferxebs ekonomikis zrdas da sxva.

inflaciis gamomwvevi mizezebis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi:

1. erovnuli valutis gaufasurebaSi saqonelTan, momsaxurebasTan da ucxour valutasTan mimarTebiT:

2. disbalansi - xelisuflebis xarjebsa da Semosav-lebs Soris - e.w. saxelmwifo biujetis deficiti. xSi-rad, es deficiti ifareba fulis beWdviT, rac iwvevs fulis miwodebis zrdas da Sedegad viRebT - inflaci-

as; 3. Tanamedrove sabazro sistemas ganageben ogopo-

listebi, romlebic dainteresebuli arian saqonlis raodenobis SemcirebiT, rac bazarze deficits qmnis da ganapirobebs fasis Semdgom zrdas;

4. importirebuli inflaciis roli — izrdeba Ria ekonomikis pirobebSi, qveynis saerTaSoriso urTier-TobebSi moRvaweobis fonze. am SemTxvevaSi saxelmwi-fos ar Seswevs Zala ebrZolos mas. am dros erT-erT mi-saReb meTods warmoadgens sakuTari valutis gadafa-seba, rac imports xdis ufro momgebians da Tavis mxriv arTulebs eqsports;

5. inflaciis molodini - mTavroba da mosaxleoba egueba fasebis mosalodnel zrdas. mosaxleoba moiT-xovs anazRaurebis gazrdas da ufro met saqonels ina-xavs, radgan moelis masze fasebis zrdas. es faqtori mwarmoeblebzec axdens gavlenas, isinic ufrTxian fa-sebis zrdas, radganac maTac uwevT garkveuli saqon-lis SeZena Tavisi mimwodeblisgan. am procesis cocxal

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magaliTs SegviZlia davakvirdeT yoveldRiur cxovre-baSic.

6. xarjebis inflacia - fasis zrdis gamo izrdeba warmoebis xarjebi. mizezi SeiZleba iyos araswori sa-faso politika, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri da finansu-ri politika, nedleulze fasebis zrda, profkavSirebi, romlebic iTxoven maRal xelfass da a.S.

dasavleTis ekonomistebma SeimuSaves ramdenime Teoria, romlebic inflaciis alternatiul Teoriebs warmoadgenen: moTxovnis inflacia - disbalansi miwo-debasa da moTxovnas Soris da gamoyves inflaciis gan-msazRvreli sami kriteriumi kerZod:

• fasebis zrda; • fasebis gansxvavebuli zrda gansxvavebul jgu-

febze;

• mosalodneli anu prognozirebadi inflacia.

zogadad ekonomistebi 4 saxis inflacias gamoyo-fen:

moTxovniT gamowveuli inflacia, rodesac mTliani moTxovna ekonomikaSi aWarbebs arsebul miwo-debas anu sxvanairad es aris monetaruli inflacia;

xarjebiT gamowveuli inflacia, rodesac mza produqtebsa da momsaxurebaze fasebi imatebs nedl ma-salebze fasebis zrdis gamo an rodesac xelfasebis ma-

teba warmoebuli produqciis erTeul fass zrdis; faswarmoqmniT gamowveuli inflacia anu dawese-

buli fasis inflacia, rodesac ramdenime biznesi ga-dawyvets, moumatos fasebs sakuTari mogebis gazrdis mizniT, anu sxvagavarad rom vTqvaT, oligopoliuri in-

flacia; seqtoruli inflacia, rodesac erT dargSi fa-

sebis zrda sxva seqtorSi zrdis fasebs. magaliTad, is qveynebi, romlebic importze damokidebulebi arian.

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zemo aRniSnulidan gamomdinare inflacia erT-er-Ti yvelaze mtkivneuli da saSiSi procesia, romelic mimdinareobs da did problemas uqmnis ekonomikur sis-temas. inflacia ara mxolod amcirebs msyidvelobiT unars, aramed anadgurebs ekonomikuri regulirebis SesaZleblobas da xels uSlis ekonomistebs ganaxor-cielon struqturuli reformebi. inflaciis procesi ar aris SemTxveviTi procesi, ganviTarebul qveynebSi sabazro ekonomikis ganuyofel nawilad miiCneven, Tum-ca es maT seriozul safrTxes ar uqmnis, radgan iq far-Tod gamoiyeneba inflaciuri procesebis SezRudvisa da kontrolis meTodebi. inflaciis marTva did prob-lemas warmoadgens fuladi da zogadad, ekonomikuri politikisTvis. saxelmwifos xarjebis maqsimalurad SemcirebisTvis saWiroa Catardes farTo speqtris an-tiinflaciuri RonisZiebebi, maT Soris — warmoebis stimulireba, sagadasaxado sistemis gaumjobeseba, sa-bazro infrastruqturis Seqmna, raTa daareguliros fasebi da Semosavlebi. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. gregori menqiu-ekonomikis principebi, Tb., 2012. 2. www.tabula.ge 3. www.financer.com/ge 4. http://www.nplg.gov.ge

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eka megreliSvili saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis transportisa da manqanaTmSeneblobis fakulte-

tis me-2 kursis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli profesori maria zubiaSvili

saqarTvelo, rogorc satranzito habi,

SesaZleblobebi da perspeqtivebi

saqarTvelo Tavisi adgilmdebareobiT sakmaod

perspeqtiuli satranzito funqciis matarebelia, Se-sabamisad, transportisa da gadazidvebis dargi did rols TamaSobs rogorc Sida gadazidvebis kuTxiT, aseve sagareo vaWrobaSi. aRniSnul dargSi 1300-mde moqmedi iuridiuli piri fiqsirdeba, romelTagan ume-tesoba dakavebulia tvirTis gadazidvis organizebiT, tvirTis eqspedirebiTa da lojistikiT, aseve adgi-lobrivi da saerTaSoriso gadazidvebiT.

Tu ra mdgomareobaa saqarTveloSi tvirTebis ga-dazidvebis sferoSi, warmdgenas gvaZlevs saqstatis oficialuri monacemebi, romelic warmodgenilia cxril 1-Si.

cxrili gviCvenebs gadaziduli tvirTebis mocu-lobas dinamikaSi 2006-2016 wlebSi, rogorc vxedavT 10 wlis manZilze 2006-dan 2016-mde gadazidvebis moculo-ba Semcirebulia 7627,7 toniT, rac udavod cudi maCve-nebelia. ufro metic, transportis saxeebis mixedviT, kerZod, sarkinigzo transportiT gadaziduli tvir-Tebis moculoba ganaxevrebulia. saavtomobilo tran-sportiT - 3151,6 aTasi toniT gaizarda, sazRvao sru-liad gaqra, xolo sahaero transportiT gadaziduli

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tvirTebis moculoba gizarda 22,7 aTasi toniT.

cxrili 1

cxrili 2

cxrili 2 gviCvenebs saerTo sargeblobis tran-sportis tvirTbrunvas transportis saxeebis mixedviT. sul tvirTbrunva Semcirebulia 3973.3 milioni toniT. sarkinigzo transportiT tvirTbrunva Semcirebulia-

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3970,1 milioni toniT, saavtomobilo transportiT tvirTbrunva gazrdilia- 87,5 milioni toniT. sazRvao transporti sruliad gaqra, xolo sahaero transpor-tiT tvirTbrunva gaizarda - 40.3 milioni toniT.

cxrili 3

cxrili 3 gviCvenebs tona tvirTis gadatanis saSua-lo manZils saerTo sargeblobis transportis saxeebis mixedviT. sarkinigzo transportiT tona tvirTis ga-datanis saSualo manZili Semcirebulia - 38km-iT. saav-tomobilo transporti gazrdilia 1km-iT. sazRvao aqac gaqra, xolo sahaero Semcirda - 618km-iT.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi saqarTvelos, ro-gorc gzagamtar qveyanas, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba tvirTebis gadazidvis saqmeSi da mocemuli dargis ganviTarebaSi. Tumca, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom satranzito derefnis konkurentunarianobisa da mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad saWiroa satranzito, aseve satransporto infrastruqturis xarisxis gaz-rda. dRevandeli SedegebiT transportisa da gadazid-

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vebis dargSi kompaniebis 75% mcire zomisaa, 19% – saSu-alo, xolo 6% – msxvili. aRniSnuli kompaniebi emsaxu-rebian qveynis masStabiT arsebul importior da eq-sportior organizaciebs. maTi raodenoba, aseve momsa-xurebis xarisxi da mravalferovneba gvaZlevs saSua-lebas vTqvaT, rom bazari sakmaod konkurentunariania. transportisa da gadazidvebis dargi erT-erTia sxva dargebs Soris, romelTac funqcionireba uwevT ro-gorc qveynis, aseve saerTaSoriso standartebiT.

baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis axali sarkinigzo magistra-lisa da anakliis Rrmawylovani portis mSenebloba, aseve saqarTveos partniorebTan erToblivi Zalisxme-va, romelic istoriuli abreSumis gzis aRdgenisken aris mimarTuli, kidev ufro ganamtkicebs saqarTve-los satranzito rols.

yovelive es momdevno wlebis sakmaod optimistur suraTs gvixatavs. Tumca, SesaZleblobebTan erTad, ga-saTvaliswinebelia saqarTvelos winaSe mdgari gamow-vevebic.

pirveli: CvenTvis yvelasTvis kargadaa cnobili re-gionSi arsebuli sirTuleebi. aRmosavleT evropaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma saqarTvelozec iqonia mniSvnelovani gavlena. ukrainasa da ruseTSi mimdina-re movlenebis logikuri Sedegebi, aseve dolaris glo-baluri gamyareba, ramac gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos erovnul valutaze, is mniSvnelovani gamowvevebia, ro-melTac saqarTvelo unda gaumklavdes;

meore: saqarTvelos wilad xvda mniSvnelovani sa-erTaSoriso proeqtebis ganxorcielebisa da globa-luri biznesebis mxridan ndobis privilegia. aRniSul biznesebs, codna SemoaqvT da uaxlesi nou-hau, magram imisTvis, rom saqarTvelo iyos konkurentuli da upa-suxos mzard sabazro moTxovnas, unda yavdes ganaTle-buli, kvalificiuri da xelmisawvdomi samuSao Zala.

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rac unda uzrunvelyos mTavrobam Sesabamisi profsas-wavleblebiT, Tumca mTavari gamowveva am mxriv aris dro;

mesame: institutebis ganmtkiceba da kanonis uzena-esobis uzrunvelyofa. mdgradi stabilurobis misaR-wevad, qmediTi da efeqtiani institutebi, ukeTesi re-gulaciebi da efeqtiani momsaxurebis mimwodeblebia saWiro, rac sargebels moutans qveynis yvela moqala-qes.

aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos CarTuloba saerTaSori-so satranzito da energetikul proeqtebSi. esenia: aq-

tiuri CarTuloba „sartyelis da gzis“ iniciativis ganxorcielebaSi, maT Soris „Tbilisis abreSumis gzis“ meore warmomadgenlobiTi forumis organizebis gziT, rac didi warmatebas warmoadgens; aseve mniSvne-lovania sparseTis yure - Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso satransporto da satranzito derefnis SeTanxmebis procesSi, baqo-Tbilisi-yarsis rkinigzis oficialuri gaxsna; avRaneTidan TurqmeneTis da samxreT kavkasiis gavliT evropis mimarTulebiT axali satransporto derefnis „lapis lazulis“ SeTanxmebis xelmowera; TurqmeneTis, azerbaijanis, saqarTvelosa da rumine-Tis monawileobiT kaspiisa da Savi zRvebis damakavSi-rebeli satransporto koridoris Seqmnaze muSaoba, energoproeqtebis ganviTareba.

mimdinare weli aqtiuri iyo centraluri aziis qveynebTan, maT Soris uzbekeTTan, TurqmeneTsa da ya-zaxeTTan satranzito da savaWro-ekonomikuri mimar-TulebiT, axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebidan turistebi-sa da investiciebis mzardi dinamika, iranis islamur respublikasTan saqarTvelo-iranis biznes forumi da saxmeleTo da sarkinigzo gadazidvebis sferoSi Tanam-Sromlobis perspeqtivebi, CineTis saxalxo respubli-kasTan Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis ga-

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formeba, rac Zalian didi da mniSnvelovani movlenaa da mniSnvelovan Sedegebs moitans; indoeTTan Tavisu-fali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis dadebis mizniT teqnikur-ekonomikuri mizanSewonilobis kvlevis Catareba; iapo-niasTan vizis gamartiveba, sainvesticio SeTanxmebaze molaparakebis dawyeba, JICA-s regionuli ofisis gaxsna, koreis respublikasTan biznesisa da sainvesticio sfe-roebSi TanamSromlobis gaRrmaveba da sxva. mimdinare wels ganxorcielda 30-ze meti biznes-delegaciis vi-ziti saqarTveloSi da biznes-forumebi, rogorc evro-kavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebTan, aseve axlo aRmosavle-Tis, aziis da regionis qveynebian.

saqarTvelo-CineTs Soris savaWro urTierTobebis damyareba arc axalia da arc uaxloesi aTwleulebis damsaxureba. or qveyanas Soris saqonelgacvliTi ur-TierTobebi jer kidev cnobili e.w. „abreSumis gzis“ farglebSi mimdinareobda, Tumca qveynebs Soris Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebaze xelmo-wera udavod istoriul faqts warmoadgens da amgvari ekonomikuri nabijebis swori, adekvaturi da droSi gaTvlili Sefasebaa saWiro.

CineTTan Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekru-lebis gaformeba eqsportze orientirebuli warmoebis ganviTarebis axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis (qarTuli produqciis 94% sabaJo gadasaxadis gareSe Seva Cinur bazarze). aRniSnuli xelSekruleba kidev erTxel aZ-

lierebs qveynis, rogorc axali „abreSumis gzis“ um-Tavresi satranzito habis formirebis SesaZleblobeb-sa da perspeqtivebs. Tavad faqti, rom qveyana ucxo sa-xelmwifosTan Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekru-lebas aformebs, dadebiT gavlenas axdens qveynebs So-ris savaWro urTierTobebis gaRrmavebaze, sxvadasxva ekonomikur seqtorSi TanamSromlobis ganviTarebasa da kapitalisa da SromiTi resursis nakadebis sixSiris

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gaZlierebaze. amdenad, aRniSnuli xelSekruleba po-tenciurad xels Seuwyobs or qveyanas Soris ekonomi-kuri urTierTdamokidebulebis ganviTarebasa da misi donis amaRlebas. saqarTvelo-CineTs Soris Tavisufa-li vaWrobis Sesaxeb xelSekruleba xels Seuwyobs ker-Zo seqtorSi warmoebisTvis xelsayreli pirobebis formirebas, rac gulisxmobs qarTuli produqciis 1,4-miliardian bazarze gatanas, romelic swrafad mzardi msyidvelobiTi unariT gamoirCeva, sadac fasobs kon-kurencia da miesalmebian siaxles. aRniSuli SesaZleb-loba potenciurad xels Seuwyobs qarTul saeqsporto warmoebaze orientirebuli kompaniebis gafarToebasa da biznespotencialis ganviTarebas ukve CineTis adgi-lobriv bazarze da rac umniSvnelovanesia, zemoT aR-niSnuli xelSekrulebis farglebSi qarTul saxelmwi-fos SesaZlebloba eZleva, ufro martivad, yovelgvari damatebiTi Zalisxmevis gareSe, uzrunvelyos qarTuli eqsportis sarealizaciod Cinur bazarze savaWro in-frastruqturis Seqmna, rac saboloo jamSi xels Seuw-yobs qarTuli produqciis popularizebasa da cnoba-dobis amaRlebas, gansakuTrebiT ki agraruli mimarTu-lebiT.

aRniSnuli xelSekruleba umniSvnelovanesi in-strumentia Cveni qveynis geoekonomikuri funqciis ganmtkicebisTvis. "axali abreSumis gzis" farglebSi mas, TanamSromlobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebiT, SeiZ-leba iTqvas, strategiulad sakvanZo adgili uWiravs. qveynis mier xelmoweril nebismier savaWro tipis xel-Sekrulebasa da mis ekonomikur Sefasebaze saubrisas gadamwyveti roli eniWeba imas, Tu ramdenad sworad da momgebianad iqneba warmarTuli ekonomikuri diploma-tia dainteresebuli mxaris mier. aRniSnuli xelSekru-lebis konkretul pirobebzea damokidebuli, ramdenad ixeirebs qarTuli warmoeba da ramdenad konkurentul

105

garemoSi mouwevs mas operireba, ra tipis resursebis gamoyeneba gansazRvruli, romeli sasaqonlo nomen-klaturiT vaWroba da warmoebis masStabebi SeiZleba gaizardos da a.S. saqarTvelo-CineTs Soris arsebuli savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis cifrebiT gamo-xatul maCveneblebs Tu SevxedavT, davinaxavT, rom ga-suli wlis monacemebiT savaWro brunvam jamurad $717 milionze cota meti Seadgina, sadac eqsportze daax-loebiT $170 milionis produqcia modioda, xolo Cine-Tidan importze – $548 milionamde Rirebulebis pro-duqcia. sabolood, saqarTvelosTvis arsebulma uar-yofiTma savaWro balansma savaWro brunvis 53%-mde Se-adgina. mimdinare wlis pirveli kvartalis monacemebiT, qarTulma eqsportma $50 milionamde Rirebulebis pro-duqcia daafiqsira, xolo Cinurma importma – $127 mi-lionamde Rirebulebis produqcia, ramac saboloo jamSi uaryofiTi savaWro balansi 44%-mde daadgina. rogorc zemoaRniSnuli statistikidan naTlad Cans, or qveyanas Soris savaWro urTierToba namdvilad di-namikuri da swrafad mzardia, Tumca es tempi da dina-mikuroba arcTu ise saxarbielod moqmedebs qarTul eqsportze. amdenad, gamoricxuli ar aris, rom arsebu-li uaryofiTi savaWro balansi ufro metad gaizardos. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. logistikis roli qarTuli ekonomikis ganviTare-

baSi. 2. saqarTvelo-CineTis Tavisufali vaWroba. http://forbes.ge/news/2712/Tavisufali-vaWroba. 3. saqarTvelo damajereblad ibrunebs Tavis bunebriv

rols, rogorc regionuli habi, https://www.ipress.ge/new/7322-saqartvelo-damajereblad-

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ibrunebs-tavis-bunebriv-rols-rogorc-regionuli-habi. 4. saqarTvelo, rogorc satranzito habi, SesaZleb-

lobebi da perspeqtivebi, http://fortuna.ge/gadacema/saqartvelo-rogorc-satranzito-habi-

shesadzleblobebi-da-perspeqtivebi/. 5. saqstatis monacemebi.

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xatia kaxaZe saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis me-2 kursis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli profesori maria zubiaSvili

SromiTi migracia

Tanamedrove pirobebSi saqarTvelos socialur-

ekonomikuri cxovrebis yvelaze didi problemaa umu-Sevrobisa da dasaqmebis sakiTxebi. mogexsenabaT, rom umuSevrobas Tan sdevs iseTi uaryofiTi movlenebi, rogoricaa: Sromisunariani mosaxleobis didi nawilis danakargi, Sesabamisad ki qveynis mSp-is da erovnuli Semosavlis mniSvnelovani raodenobis danakargi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom es problema axali ar aris. jer kidev, postsabWoTa periodSi ganviTarebuli mraval-mxrivi krizisis Sedegad cxovrebis donis katastro-fulma dacemam mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili ai-Zula fizikuri gadarCenisaTvis gamosavali sazRvar-gareT dasaqmebaSi moeZebna. samwuxaroa, rom es proce-si dResac grZeldeba, ufro metic, ver Semcirda misi intensiuroba, rameTu 2016 wlis monacemebiT mosaxle-obis finansuri mdgomareoba gauaresda. marTalia, oficialuri monacemebi amis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba, magram dRes arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri mdgoma-reobidan gamomdinare, siRaribis zrda udavoa. amis dasturad SeiZleba moviSvelioT cifrebi, Tu 2015 we-

lis monacemebiT Semweobas iRebda 389 650 adamiani, 2016 wels es maCvenebeli gaizarda da Seadgens 476 084. dRes

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saqarTvelos mosaxleoba Seadgens 3 720 000 kacs, ro-

melTagan 12,7% iRebs Semweobas. SemaSfoTebelia gae-ros Sefaseba, Tu es tendenciebi ar SeCerda da gag-

rZelda, 2000-2050 wlebSi saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2 mln-iT Semcirdeba.

Tavdapirvelad, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi sa-qarTvelos moqalaqeebis qveynidan gadinebis pirveli nakadi samuSaod mezobel qveyneSi ruseTSi, TurqeTSi da saberZneTSi aRiniSna. Semdgom umokles periodSi sa-qarTvelos moqalaqeebi msoflios yvela ganviTarebu-li qveynebis Sromis bazarze gamoCndnen.

araoficialuri monacemebiT sazRvargareT qvey-nebis mixedviT mcxovrebi Cveni Tanamemuleebis raode-

noba daaxloebiT Seadgens 1 607 744 adamians, maT Soris:

qveyana raodeno-

ba (kaci) qveyana raode-

noba ruseTi 800 000 niderlande-

bis samefo 5 000

saberZneTi 250000 uzbekeTi 4 000 ukraina 150000 portugalia 3 000 TurqeTi 100 000 SvedeTi 3 000 aSS 80 000 poloneTi 2 000 azerbaijani 35 000 Sveicaria 2 000 espaneTi 30 000 somxeTi 1 000 germania 25 000 bulgareTi 1 000 belgia 20 000 CexeTi 1 000 safrangeTi 20 000 ungreTi 1 000 didi britaneTi 15 000 fineTi 1 000 italia 12 124 norvegia 1 000 israeli 10 000 dania 1 000 avstria 10 000 irlandia 1 000

109

yazaxeTi 7 000 kanada 1 000 kviprosi 7 000 tajikeTi 500 belorusi 5 000 moldova 500 rumineTi 500 slovakeTi 500 estoneTi 500 latvia 500 litva 300 yirgizeTi 200 iaponia 100 avstralia 20

imigraciis qveynebSi gasulTa azri maT SesaZlo darCe-naze Camoyalibebulia Semdegnairad:

imigraciis qve-yanaSi samuSaod darCenaze ga-dawyvetileba

ruseTi

germa-nia

saberZneTi

aSS

ar davrCebi. % 58 50,8 48 60 SesaZlebelia,% 9,7 27,0 24 10 ar vici, % 32,3 22,4 28 30 sul 100 100 100 100

SromiTi migraciis mizezebia: 1. umuSevroba, arasruli dasaqmeba; 2. mcire Semosavali; 3. qveynebs Soris Sromis anazRaurebaSi didi gan-

sxvaveba; 4. sul ufro mzardi ekonomikuri da savaWro kav-

Sirebi; 5. gaumjobesebuli komunikaciebi da satranspor-

to momsaxurebis finansurad xelmisawvdomoba; 6. soflad gaCenili Warbmosaxleoba;

110

7. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone specialistTa ze-Warbwarmoeba da Tanamedrove teqnologiebTan profe-

siuli momzadebis Seusabamoba; 8. qveynis mosaxleobis maRali simWidrove; 9. demografiulad daberebul qveynebSi muSaxelze

moTxovnis zrda. SromiTi migracia qveynis ganviTarebisaTvis erT-

erT Semaferxebel aspeqts warmoadgens, radganac: - igi auaresebs qveynis demografiul mdgomareo-

bas, rac pirdapir aisaxeba qveynis mosaxleobis ric-

xvze; - qveynis Sromis bazars akldeba maRalkvalifici-

uri samuSao Zala (qveyana kargavs yvelaze enTuziast da unarian axalgazrdobas, maT profesiul momzadeba-

sa da ganaTlebaze gaweul danaxarjebs); - SromiTi emigracia, umTavresad, aralegaluri

xasiaTisaa da dakavSirebulia ucxoeTSi Cveni Tanameme-muleebis ukidures diskriminaciul dasaqmebasa da yo-

fasTan (Zalian bevri SromiTi migranti gaxda trefi-

kingis msxverpli); - SromiTi emigraciisas TiTqos, mcirdeba Siga ba-

zarze dausaqmebeli mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili. mag-ram, meore mxriv, uaresdeba Sromis bazarze samuSao Za-lis xarisxi.

arsebuli viTarebis gamosasworeblad saqarTvelos mTavrobam rigi ekonomikuri reformebi ganaxorciela, romlebic mimarTulia samewarmeo saqmianobis gamarti-vebisa da kidev ufro mimzidveli sainvesticio gare-mos Seqmnisaken.

reformis dadebiTi Sedegebi asaxulia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso kvlevebSi da SefasebebSi. ase magali-Tad, msoflio bankis angariSis mixedviT saqarTvelos reitingi 7 safexuriT gaumjobesda da 2017 wels saqar-

111

Tvelom 190 qveynas Soris 23-e adgilidan me-16 adgilze gadainacvla.

dinamikurad viTardeba turizmis seqtori. 2010 wlidan 2017 wlamde saqarTveloSi vizitorTa raode-nobis zrdis tempi erT-erTi yvelaze maRali iyo msof-

lioSi. saerTaSoriso turizmidan Semosavlebi 11,9%-

iT gaizarda da daaxloebiT 230 mln. aSS dolariT meti savaluto Semodineba dafiqsirda wina welTan Sedare-biT.

2016 wels „korufciis aRqmis indeqsSi“ saqarTve-

los reitingi 4 safexuriT gaumjobesda da 176 qveyanas Soris 48-e adgilidan 44-e adgilze gadainacvla, xolo aRmosavleT evropisa da centraluri aziis regionis 19 qveyanas Soris saqarTvelom kvlav pirveli pozicia SeinarCuna.

saxelmwifos mier jandacvis sferos dafinansebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos msoflio reitingSi sakmaod kargi pozicia ukavia. 2016 wels jandacvis da socialu-

ri daxmarebis xarjebis wili mSp-is 6,1%-s Seadgenda. 2014 wels dainerga sayovelTao jandacvis saxelmwifo programa, romelmac ufro xelmisawvdomi gaxada jan-dacva mosaxleobis socialurad daucveli fenebisaT-vis.

miuxedavad aRniSnuli miRwevebisa, siRaribe kvlav erT-erT ZiriTadi gamowvevaa qveyanaSi. aseT pirobebSi migraciis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zalaa maRali anaz-Raurebis miRebis survili. anazRaurebis ki aris fasi, romelsac adamianis unarebSi ixdian. anazRaureba ki sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad adami-anebi amjobineben wasvlas im qveyanaSi, sadac unarebze fasi maRalia. unarebis bazarze fasi moTxovna-miwode-biT regulirdeba, gansxvavsebul qveynebSi ki gansxva-vebuli wonasworuli fasia. davuSvaT, rom warmoSobis

112

qveyanaSi wonasworuli fasi dabalia. amis gamo maRali unaris mqone pirovnebebi iseT qveynebSi wasvlas amjo-bineben, sadac maTi unaris Sesabamisi fasi ufro maRa-lia. Sesabamisad warmoSobis qveyanaSi warmoiqmneba unarebis deficiti (mcirdeba maRali unarebis miwode-

ba), rac fass ufro dabali unarebis mqone pirovnebebi-saTvis maRla wevs. dabali unarebis mqone pirovnebebis mwarmoebluroba ki dabalia, ris gamoc ferxdeba eko-nomikuri zrda.

SromiT migraciasTan erTad Zalze mniSvnelovania studentebis migraciac, romlebic qveynidan gadian unarebis asamaRleblad. es procesi ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis dadebiT movlenad unda CaiTvalos, radganac maT eZlevaT saSualeba eziaron ganviTarebu-li qveynebis teqnologias, miiRon codna, romlis da-nergvasa da gaziarebas SeZleben samSobloSi. magram is-

mis kiTxva, - aris ki es yovelive ase? samwuxarod, es xSir SemTxvevaSi ase ar aris, radganac ucxoeTSi kur-sdamTavrebulTa didi nawili iSviaTad brundeba ganvi-Tarebuli ekonomikis mqone qveynebidan ganviTarebad qveynebSi. amis mizezi ki kvlavac unarebis fasTa sxvao-ba da am unarebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobaa.

ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi? qveynis oficialuri statistikiT 2014 wlisaTvis qveyanas 88 704 emigranti hyavs, xolo 2014 – 2015 sawavlo wels qveynidan ucxoeTSi saswavleblad 434 studenti wavida (araoficialuri statistikiT es cifri kidev ufro ma-

Ralia). sazRvargareT wasuli mosaxleobis 63%-is asaki 35 welze naklebia. kvlevis Tanaxmad qarTvel migran-

tTa 35%-s miRebuli aqvs umaRlesi ganaTleba, romel-Tagan umetesi nawili ukan aRar brundeba, e.i. xdeba tvinebis gadineba, rac qveynis ekonomikuri zrdisaT-vis dadebiTi movlena namdvilad ar aris. aRniSnulis

113

aRmosafxvrelad Camoyalibda iniciativa, romlis Ta-naxmadac saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs studentebis saz-RvargareT gagzavnas, mxolod im pirobiT, rom isini ukan dabrundebian. saxelmwifoki valdebuli iqneba maT 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi SesTavazos optimaluri samu-

Sao adgili, sadac sul cota, 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi imu-Saveben. Tumca, studentTa didi nawilis sazRvargareT swavlas maspinZeli qveynebi/universitetebi afinanse-ben da ara maTive saxelmwifo. Sesabamisad kursdamTav-rebulebi valdebulni ar arian rom qveyanaSi dabrun-dnen. rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli iniciativa bolomde am problemas ver gadawyvets, manam sanam qveyanaSi ar Se-iqmneba mimzidveli samuSao garemo, rac Tavad gauCens emigrantebs ukan dabrunebis survils.

garda am uaryofiTi aspeqtebisa migracias qveynis ekonomikisaTvis sikeTis motanac SeuZlia, rac mdgoma-reobs fulad gzavnilebSi. fuladi gzavnilebi ki swo-red im emigrantebisagan momdinareoben, romlebic cdiloben ucxo qveynebidan ojaxis wevrebis daxmare-bas.

amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom qveynidan gas-vla garkveulwilad saWiroa, raTa arsebobdes saerTa-Soriso gzavnilebi, adgilobrivma mosaxleobam SeZlos maRalganviTarebadi teqnologiebis Seswavla da saer-TaSoriso gamocdilebis gaziareba, magram es yovelive manam, sanam adgili eqneba qveynidan maRalunariani kad-rebis gasvlas, e.w. tvinebis gadinebas, vinaidan swored maRalunariani kadrebi aris is maRali mwarmoebluro-bis mqone adamianuri kapitali, romelic nebismieri qveynis ganviTarebisa da ekonomikuri winsvlis sawin-daria.

114


1. T. qavTaraZe. SromiTi migracia saqarTvelodan. https:/storybuilder.jumpstart.ge/ka/shromiti-migratsia-

saqartvelodan /. 2. migracia saqarTveloSi > problema - SromiTi mig-

racia. https://sites.google.com/a/iliauni.edu.ge/m-i-g-r-a-ts-i-

a/migratsia-sakartveloshi/shromiti-migratsia. 3. SromiTi migracia da saqarTvelo, Gtuc.ge /SromiTi- migracia- da- saqar/. 4. umuSevroba da SromiTi migracia, https://www.gfsis.org/media/download/EJSEF/ZazaChitanava.pdf. 5. SromiTi migraciis strategia, https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/.../Session_2_-

_Chudinovskikh.

115

eka gamTenaZe

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universite-

tis me-2 kursis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli profeso-ri maria zubiaSvili

saqarTvelos marcvleuliTa da puriT

uzrunvelyofis marketinguli analizi

adamianis arsebobisa da sicocxlisunarianobis Se-

narCunebisaTvis aucilebel kvebis produqtebs Soris upirvelesia puri. mas amzadeben xorblisa da Wvavisa-gan, agreTve simindisa da qeris fqvilisagan. puri ci-lebis, naxSirwylebis, mineraluri nivTierebebis, vita-

minebis (umTavresad B jgufis), balasturi nivTierebe-

bis (ujredisi) wyaroa. igi saSualod Seicavs 45% nax-

Sirwylebs (ZiriTadad saxamebels), igi mdidaria fos-foriT, kaliumiT, magniumiT, gogirdiT. puri yuaTiani da maRali SeTvisebis unaris mqone produqtia. adamia-nis organizmi iTvisebs pirveli xarisxis xorblis fqvilisgan gamomcxvari puris cilis 85%, xolo nax-

Sirwylebis 90%-s. puri adamianis yoveldRiuri racionis aucilebeli

Semadgeneli nawilia. misi roli saqarTvelos mosaxle-obis sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi gansakuTrebiT gaizarda arsebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, roca adamianebs ara aqvT saSualeba minimaluri raode-nobiT mainc miiRon racionis sxva aucilebeli kompo-nentebi - xorci, Tevzi, rZe, kvercxi, karaqi, mcenareu-li zeTi, Saqari, xili da bostneuli. aqedan gamomdina-

116

re, qveynisaTvis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTa ricxvSia qveynis uzrunvelyofa marcvleulis resursebiT. Sesa-bamisad izrdeba qveynis marcvleuliTa da puriT re-sursuli uzrunvelyofis marketinguli kvlevis mniS-vneloba.

adamianis moTxovnileba purze da purproduqtebze, upirveles yovlisa, damokidebulia kvebis racionis Semadgenlobaze. ekonomikurad Zlier da maRalganvi-Tarebul qveynebSi, sadac mosaxleoba meti raodeno-biT moixmars xorcs, Tevzs, rZis nawarms, kvercxs da kvebis sxva Zvirfas da maRalkaloriul produqtebs, puris moxmareba gacilebiT dabalia da igi kvebis raci-

onSi mxolod 12-15%-s ikavebs. Tu vimsjelebT saerTaSoriso normebiT, fiziolo-

giuri normebis Sesabamisad, kvebis racionSi puris mox-marebis erTi dRis norma erT sul mosaxleze Seadgens 350 grams, xorcis - 200 grams, rZis da rZis nawarmis - 960 grams, kartofilis - 170 grams, bostneulis - 370 grams, xilis - 210 grams, Tevzis - 50 grams, cximis - 30 grams, Saqris - 100 grams. Tumca, NATO-s soflis meurneobis dagegmvis komitetis SefasebiT, dRes saqarTveloSi es normebi darRveulia da rekomendacias iZleva mdgoma-reobis gamosworebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. amis gaT-valiswinebiT saqarTvelos Sromis, janmrTelobis da socialuri dacvis saministrom daamtkica axali nor-mebi, romlis Tanaxmadac xorcis dRiuri moxmarebis normaa 80 grami, rac 2,5-jer naklebia saerTaSorisod aRiarebul normaze, rZisa da rZis produqtebis moxma-

rebis norma Semcirda 4,5-jer da Seadgina 215 grami, bostneulisa ganaxevrda da Semcirda 182 gramamde, Saq-

ris moxmarebis norma 100 gramidan Semcirda 55 gramam-

de, puris moxmarebis norma ki 350 gramidan gaizarda 400 gramamde. am cvlilebis safuZveli ki gaxda minima-

117

luri sakvebis is raodenoba, risi moxmarebac SeuZlia mosaxleobas.

ufro sainteresoa aRniSnuli produqtebis faqtiu-ri moxmareba saqarTveloSi. cxrilSi warmodgenilia kvebis produqtis moxmarebis racionaluri normebi, minimaluri moxmarebis normebi da faqtobrivi moxma-reba.

faqtiuri moxmareba saqar-TveloSi

dasaxeleba

wliu

ri

moxm

areb

is r

a-c

iona

lu

ri

nor

mebi

kg

.

wliu

ri

moxm

areb

is m

ini-

mal

ur

i no

rme

bi k

g.

saer

TaS

or

iso

d

aRia

re-

bul

i d

R.

moxm

areb

isno

rme

bi

kg.

saq-

Si

dR

.mo

xmar

ebis

no

rme

bi, k

g.

2012

w.

kg.

2013

w.

kg.

2014

w.

kg.

2015

w.

kg.

puri da purpro-duqt.

140 151,5

0,350 0,420

xorci da xorcpro-duqt.

70 29,2 0,200 0,080 0,071 0,074 0,079 0,81

rZe da rZis produqti

330 217,2

0,960 0,600 0,379 0,395 0,428 0,432

bostneuli 119 59,1 0,370 0,164 0,150 0,153 0,162 0,158 xili 109 67,7 0,210 0,188 0,095 0,101 0,105 0,102 kartofili 66 54,8 0,170 0,152 Tevzi 10,2 14,6 0,050 0,040 kvercxi, cali

219 182 0,66 0,5

mcenareu-li zeTi

7,3 3,65 0,01

mocemuli normebidan aRsaniSnavia puris da pur-

produqtebis maRali maCvenebeli, misi moxmareba 1,8-jer aRemateba fiziologiur normas, rac sakvebi raci-

onis energetikuli Rirebulebis 62%-s Seadgens. Cven viziarebT Sexedulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom puris moxma-rebis maRali done arasaxarbieloa, radganac, miuxeda-vad puris bevri dadebiTi mxreebisa da misi Semcvelo-

118

bisa, igi ver Secvlis iseTi produqtebis moxmarebas, rogorebicaa: xorci, rZe da rZis nawarmi, Tevzi, xili da bostneuli, radganac puri moklebulia organizmis arsebobisaTvis iseTi ingredietebiT, rogorebicaa cximebi, vitaminebi da mikroelementebi.

miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, Cveni mosaxleobis udi-desi nawili dabali msyidvelobiTunarianobis gamo Zi-riTadad puriT ikvebeba. amis Sedegad ki kvebis racion-Si warmoiqmneba disbalansi, rac iwvevs paTologiur cvlilebebs, janmrTelobis gauaresebas, gansakuTre-biT es vlindeba bavSvebSi.

ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos puris moxmarebis maRali maCvenebeli uaxloesi warsulidan moyolebuli. es maC-

venebeli erT sul mosaxleze 1980 -1992 wlebSi racio-naluri moxmarebis normiT gaTvaliswinebulze gaci-lebiT maRali iyo. raRa Tqma unda, albaT es dakavSire-bulia qarTul tradiciebTan da ufro metic, iyo dro, rodesac Cveni mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili gamom-

cxvar purs iyenebda cxovelebis sakvebad. Tumca 2004 wlidan dRemde statistikaSi es maCvenebeli ar Cans, vfiqrobT, rom is imdenad maRalia, rom misi aRiareba garkveul uxerxulebas gamoiwvevs.

yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT sainteresoa saqar-Tvelos mosaxleobis puriT da marcvleuliT uzrun-velyofis marketinguli analizis Catareba.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirvelive wlebma TvalnaTliv dagvanaxa, rom saWiroa saxelmwifos gaaC-ndes sakuTari warmoebis imdeni marcvleuli, romelic uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobas da jars.

saqarTvelo mciremiwiani qveyanaa. aq sasoflo-sa-meurneo warmoebisaTvis gamosadegi miwebi mosaxleo-

bis erT sulze 0,15 heqtar saxnavs da 0,62 heqtar sasof-lo sameurneo savarguls Seadgens.

119

amasTan erTad, saqarTvelos klimaturi da niada-gobrivi pirobebi xels uwyobs soflis meurneobis dargebis intensiur ganviTarebas. swored aseTma bu-nebrivma pirobebma misca saSualeba Cvens winaprebs ga-neviTarebinaT mravaldargovani miwaTmoqmedeba. mag-ram imis gamo, rom yofili ssr kavSiris sxva regionebSi SezRuduli iyo subtropikuli da samxreTeli kultu-rebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi, qveyanaSi meti yu-radReba mieqca mravalwliani kulturebis ganviTare-bas da Sesustda yuradReba marcvleulis ganviTareba-ze.

dRes saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-Tarebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTulebaa soflis me-urneobis strategiuli ganviTareba. cxrili 2

2000

w.

2003

w.

2005

w.

2006

w.

2007

w.

2008

w.

2009

w.

2010

w.

2014

w.

2015

w.

2016

w.

naTesi farTobe-bi naTesi farTobe-bi sul (aT. ha)

611

532

540

330

297

329

308

275

316,6

308,4

239,2

marcvle-uli kul-tura (aT. ha) m.S.

375

371

355

220

206

235

225

184

180,2

xorbali 105 117 97 59 45 48 57 50 61,5 59,9 59,0 simindi 220 198 194 129 126 146 130 109 warmoeba xorbali aT.t.

89,4 225,4 190,1 69,7 74,9 80,3 53,9 48,4 47,5 125,6 126,6

simindi aT.t.

295,9 461,9 421,3 217,4 295,8 328,2 291,0 141,1

cxrili 2-dan Cans, rom marcvleuli kulturebis

naTesi farTobebi 2016 wels Seadgenda 239,2 aT.heqtars

120

da 2000 welTan SedarebiT 135,8 heqtariT Semcirda, Se-

sabamisad 56,1%-iT Semcirda xorblis naTesi farTobi, Tumca aseT pirobebSi xorblis warmoeba 2016 wels gai-

zarda 41,6%-iT 2000 welTan SedarebiT. aqedan SegviZ-lia gavakeToT mokle daskvna, rom xorblis warmoebis moculobis zrdis rezervi devs naTesi farTobebis zrdaSi. naTesi farTobebis 2000 wlis mdgomareobamde gazrdiT SesaZlebelia xorblis warmoebis moculobis gaormageba.

garda amisa, fqvilis sawarmoeblad, moyvanili xor-

blis mxolod 12% gamoiyeneba, danarCeni 88% saWmelad uvargisia. specialistebi problemas mTavrobis aras-wor politikaSi xedaven, ris gamoc qveyanaSi mkveTrad gauaresebulia marcvleulis, maT Soris warmoeba. Se-degad, qveyana ganicdis adgilobrivi warmoebis kvebis produqtebis did deficits.

qveynis sasursaTo balansis interesebidan gamomdi-nare, upirveles yovlisa, wina planze unda wamoiwios marcvleulis warmoebis gadidebis sakiTxi, rogorc erovnuli meurneobis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa safuZ-veli.

ibadeba kiTxva, mainc ratom migvaCnia marcvleulis warmoebis gadideba upirveles prioritetul mimarTu-

lebad? mecnierebisagan dadgenilia, rom „xorbali qveynis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis da damoukideblobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi kulturaa“.

mainc raSia problema, ra xelisSemSleli mizezebia arsebuli situaciis gamosworebisa? am kiTxvebze pa-suxs gascems is mizezebi, romlebic gamovlinda kvle-vis procesSi:

1. qveyanaSi moSlilia melioraciis sistema; 2. swrafad izrdeba fasebi sawvavze, mineralur sa-

suqebze da mcenareTa dacvis saSualebebze;

121

3. qveyanaSi aRiniSneba axali teqnikis gamoyenebis nakleboba;

4. qveyanaSi momqmedi miwis gaumarTlebeli, pirda-piri miyidvis wesebi, xSirad ucxo qveynebis moqalaqe-

ebze; 5. miwis araswori eqspluatacia; 6. soflis dacla; CamoTvlil moTxovnebs didi materialuri zaralis

gamowveva SeuZlia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom xSi-rad met-naklebad yvela es wesi irRveva, gasagebi xdeba is mizezebi, rac xorblis dabalSemosavlianobas iw-vevs.

aRniSnuli darRvevebis gamo saqarTvelos marcvle-

ulis mosavlianoba 3-jer da ufro metad CamorCeba ev-ropis ganviTarebul qveynebis mosavlianobas. im Sem-TxvevaSi Tu momdevno wlebSi iseve mouvliT naTesebs, rogorc mas dasavleT evropaSi uvlian da mosavliano-bas mouaxlovebT maT maCveneblebs, Cven SesaZlebloba gveqneba miviRoT 2,5 -3,0 milioni tona marcvleuli, rac uzrunvelyofs Cvens moTxovnilebas marcvleul-ze.

axla SeiZleba gviTxran, rodis mivaRwevT am dones? am dones evropis qveynebma didi xania miaRwies, Cven mas mivaRwevT maSin, roca saqarTvelos miwaTmoqmedebis kulturaaa miuaxlovdeba dasavleT evropis miwaTmoq-medebis kulturas, roca mkacrad davicavT agroteqni-kis moTxovnebs.

„Cveni qveyana bevrs sxva qveyanazed ufro mdimaria“, werda ilia WavWavaZe -„ufro savsea, arc Cven TviTona varT uxeironi, RmerTi, rjuli, mklav-ZarRvad kargebi varT, jani da ZalRonec mogvdevs, arc xalisi gvaklia. es yvelaferi gvaqvs. es mdidari patarZaliviT morTu-li qveyana, es janiani mklavZlieri xalxi, gamrjeli da

122

oflis mRvreli, maS raRaTa varT Raribnio? mkiTxeT Tqven.

imitom, rom ar viciT sad ra simdidre Zevs, sad ra ganZia, ar viciT saidan ra amoviRoT, rom jafac advili iyos da najafic blomad....

sxva qveyanaSi,sadac codna aqvT xalxsa, oTxi dRis miwa ise uWivrelad acxovrebs mTels ojaxs, rogorc CvenSi ocisa da ormoci dRis patroni ver cxovrobs. raTa? gana imiT, rom isini mklavZarRviT Cvena gvjobi-

an? ara. imaT codna aqvT, xerxi ician“.


1. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis dacva mTavrobis upirve-

lesi movaleobaa. Agronews.ge /9282-2/. 2. sasursaTo usfrTxoebis strtegiis sakiTxisaTvis. https://www.tsu.ge/science/?leng=ge&lcat=jurnal&jnomeri=4&

tid=18. 3. konkurenciis politika saqarTveloSi. saerTaSoriso gamWirvaloba - saqarTvelo, Tbili-

si, 2012. 4. sasursaTo usafrTxoebis mdgomareoba. tendenciebi cifrebSi, saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, 2017.

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ilia gadaxabaZe axali umaRlesi saswavleblis meore semestris studenti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli profesori daviT geferiZe

frenSaizingis aqtualuri sakiTxebi

Tezisebi

frenSaizingi - xelSekruleba, memorandumi, rome-

lic Seiqmna biznesis samarTavad. igi subieqts saSua-lebas aZlevs marTos mis mier Seqmnili inteleqtualu-ri sakuTreba.

frenSaizingi inglisuri sityvaa da niSnavs privi-legias. frenSaizis gamcemi valdebulia mis mimRebs wa-rudginos qonebrivi uflebebi, sasaqonlo savaWro niS-nebi, nimuSebi SefuTva da sxva.

frenSaizori konkretul pirTa jgufs gadascems licenzias Tavisi savaWro niSnisa da brendis saxelis gamoyenebisTvis. frenSaizoris umTavresi moTxovnaa, rom misi produqcia iyos umaRlesi xarisxiT warmodge-nili saerTaSoriso bazarze da am uflebis mimRebma

(frenSaizma) SeZlos brendis erTguleba da xarisxis moTxovnebis dacva. garda amisa, frenSaizori kisru-lobs, valdebulebas aswavlos mis mimRebs produqciis damzadeba, exmareba personalisa da operaciebis kon-trolSi. zemoT naxsenebi magaliTebidan SegviZlia warmovadginoT koka-kola, magdonaldsi, kei-ef-si da sxva.

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es aris valdebulebiTi urTierToba, romliTac damoukidebeli sawarmoebi specifikuri valdebuleba-Ta Sesrulebis gziT xels uwyoben saqonlis warmoebas, gasaRebasa da momsaxurebaTa ganxorcielebas.

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kote paatiSvili

axali umaRlesi saswavleblis studenti xelmZRvaneli: profesori maia gelaSvili

arasrulwlovanis dasaqmeba da ganaTleba

nebismieri adamianis sazogadoebaSi realizaciis,

Tavis damkvidrebis erT-erTi mTavari saSualeba samsa-xuria, romelic, amasTanave Semosavlis mniSvnelovani wyaroa. Cveni umetesoba, skolis asakidan iwyebs dasaq-mebaze fiqrs. Tumca, imisTvis, rom adamianma Tavi da-culad igrZnos, nebismier garemoSi samarTlis norme-bi unda arsebobdes. gamonaklisi arc dasaqmebaa, rom-lis Sesaxeb samarTlebriv normebs „Sromis kodeqsi“ gansazRvravs.

dReisaTvis erT-erTi aqtualuri Temaa arasrul-wlovani da dasaqmeba. qveyanaSi, sadac dasaqmeba umniS-vnelovanes socialur problemad iTvleba. saintere-soa, dRes, Cvens realobaSi, ra asakidan SeuZlia Tinei-jers dasaqmdes, misi samuSao pirobebi rogori unda iyos da raime gansakuTrebuli daSvebebi Tu aris am kuTxiT, kviraSi ramdeni samuSao saaTia gansazRvruli arasrulwlovanisTvis da rogori praqtikaa am mxriv saqarTveloSi. kerZod: ramdenad aris kontrolireba-di rogorc kerZo, ise sajaro seqtorebSi arasrul-

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wlovanTa dasaqmebis sakiTxi da rogoria saxelmwifo mxardaWera am mxriv – Tumca aRvniSanav, rom moqmedi kanonmdeblobis safuZvelze, kerZo seqtorisagan gan-sxvavebiT, sajaro seqtorSi dauSvebelia arasrul-wlovanTa dasaqmeba. saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs erTia-ni reestri, romelic zustad daadgenda, Tu ramdeni arasruwlovania dasaqmebuli kerZo seqtrSi.

adrindeli droisagan gansxvavebiT, dRevandel axalgazrdebs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, maT umetes nawils, sakuTari ZalisxmeviT marTebs samsaxuris Sovna. arian arasruwlovani dasaqmebulebic. misi aqtualuroba ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faqtoriT. zogadad, bav-SvTa Sromis sakiTxi ormxrivia:

erTi mxriv, arasrulwlovanTa dasaqmeba cudi sulac araa, radgan isini adreuli asakidanve eCvevian Sromas da ufro mizandasaxul adamianebad yalibdebi-an. Tumca rodesac axalgazrda dasaqmebulia, igi ver axerxebs ganaTlebisaTvis saWiro drois gamoyofas, rac Semdgom aisaxeba mis ganviTarebaze da pirovnul Camoyalibebaze. kerZod RamiT muSaoba, simZimeebis ta-reba, mavne pirobebi, saSiSi manqana-danadgarebis gamo-yeneba, arajansaRi garemo.

meore mxriv, aucilebelia darwmunebuli viyoT, rom SromiTi urTierToba ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes arasrulwlovnis interesebs, kerZod, ar xdebodes bav-SvTa eqspluatacia da maTi SromiTi uflebebis dar-Rveva.

2014 wels, saqarTvelos mTavrobam miiRo axalgaz-

rduli politikis dokumenti, romlis erT–erTi mimar-Tuleba daefuZna axalgazrdebisaTvis Sesabamisi da ma-Ralxarisxiani ganaTlebis miRebis, dasaqmebisa da pro-fesiuli zrdis SesaZleblobas. aRniSnuli dokumen-tiT, mTavrobam calsaxad aiRo valdebuleba, gaaumjo-besos zogadi ganaTlebis xarisxi, agreTve, xeli Seuw-

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yos Sromis bazris moTxovnaze orientirebuli profe-siuli da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebas, rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs axalgazrdebis warma-tebul swavlasa da dasaqmebas, uzrunvelyos axalgaz-rdebis informireba profesiuli da umaRlesi, agreT-ve samxedro ganaTlebis da specialuri profesiuli ganaTlebis, miRebisa da dasaqmebis SesaZleblobaTa Se-saxeb, waaxalisos inovaciebze orientirebuli progra-mebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs axalgazrdebis saganma-naTleblo sistemidan samsaxurze gadasvlas, xeli Se-uwyos axalgazrdebis CarTvas saerTaSoriso saganma-naTleblo da gacvliT programebSi da xeli Seuwyos kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli kursebisa da profesiuli gadamzadebis programebis ganviTarebas.

am yvelaferTan erTad, sainteresoa, rogor aisa-xeba arasrulwlovnebSi dasaqmeba maTi pirovnebis gan-

viTarebaze, „dRevandel realobaSi, rodesac mSoblebs ar aqvT dro, akontrolon ras akeTebs misi Svili, aseve, ra tipis samuSaos Seasrulebs, SeiZleba mouwios di-liT skolis gacdenac ki, ra Tqma unda, miuRebelia, rom arasrulwlovanma imuSaos, gansakuTrebiT, iseT garemoSi, romelsac kanoni krZalavs. Tumca, rodesac samuSao pirobebi, garemo aris normaluri, kviraSi ram-denime samuSao saaTiT da igi SeZlebs gamoimuSaos ji-bis fuli mainc, me ar mgonia cudi iyos, piriqiT, dade-biTad aisaxeba misi pirovnebis ganviTarebaze. kargi iq-neboda, Tuki saxelmwifoc met yuradRebas miaqcevda studentur dasaqmebas da sxvadasxva dasaqmebis prog-ramebiT, dasaqmebis centris SeqmniT an msgavsi Ronis-ZiebebiT xels Seuwyobda axalgazrda kadrebis profe-sionalebad Camoyalibebas.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia, rom ka-nonmdebloba adekvaturad aregulirebdes arasrul-wlovanTa Sromis sakiTxebs. Tumca saqarTveloSi arse-

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bobs 16 aTasamde bavSvebis Sroma. Tu ra ubiZgebs bav-Svebs muSaobisken es pasuxobs erTaderT kiTxvas oja-xebis mZime socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobasa da qveyanaSi zogad arsebuli socialur foni. am dromde saxelmwifos ar aqvs efeqtiani meqanizmi bavSvTa Sro-miTi uflebebis monitoringis Semowmebis mizniT. ker-Zod, daexmaros damsaqmebels Seqmnas usafrTxo da jan-saRi garemo da gansazRvros Sromis usafrTxoebis dacvis institucionaluri reformis saWiroeba.

Sesabamisad, mniSvnelovnad mimaCnia bavSvTa Sromi-Ti uflebebis sferoSi moqmedi kanonmdeblobis daxve-wa da ganviTareba am sferoSi arsebul saerTaSoriso standartebTan harmonizaciis mizniT. kerZod, erov-nul doneze unda SemuSavdes prioritetuli samoqme-do gegma da ganxorcielebis efeqtiani meqanizmi. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. gregori menqiu-ekonomikis principebi, Tb., 2012. 2. http://www.nplg.gov.ge 3. http://www /matsne.gov.ge 4. https://www.allnews.ge

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ana SaverdaSvili axali umaRlesi saswavleblis biznesis administrirebis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori nino cercvaZe

motivaciis mniSvneloba biznesis

warmarTvisas

(Tezisebi)

motivaciis faqtorebi dRes-dReobiT uaRresad mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri winsvlisTvis da iseTi saqmianobis ganviTarebisaTvis, rogoricaa biznesi. gansakTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba, Tu ra rolis ma-tarebelia motivacia biznesis sferoSi. masze zegavle-nis mqone aspeqtebs, dadebiT Tu uaryofiT cvlile-bebs da momuSave personalis Sromisunarianobis cvli-lebis damokidebulebas motivaciis doneze. biznesis mTavari mizani gaxlavT mogeba, Tumca imisaTvis, rom miRweuli iqnes dasaxuli mizani garkveulwilad saWi-roa swori motivebis formireba. motivacia udides rols asrulebs aramarto biznesSi aramed, sazogadoe-baSi, karieraSi, konkretuli adamianebis cxovrebaSi. waxalisebebi da Teoriebi, axdenen stimulacias ara-marto adamianebis motivaciis doneze, aramed maT saq-mianobazec.

da mainc ra aris motivacia? motivacia aris mamoZ-ravebeli Zala, romelic ubiZgebs adamians moqmedebi-saken. rac ufro Zlieria motivacia, miT ufro farToa

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SesaZlo gzebis areali ama Tu im miznis misaRwevad. aR-saniSnavia isic, rom asakis matebasTan erTad icvleba motivacia. mag: asakis matebasTan erTad icvleba is faqtorebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen individebis motivacis doneze. motivacia SeiZleba ganvixiloT Semdegnairad: mimarTuleba, anu ris gakeTebas cdi-lobs adamiani. Zalisxmeva - ranairad cdilobs adamia-ni Tavis dasaxuli miznis miRwevas. mdgomareoba - ram-den xans cdilobs amis gakeTebas. warmatebuli bizne-sis warmarTva, jansaRi motivaciis gareSe umeteswilad SeuZlebelia.

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samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis seqcia:

marina masuraSvili

goris saxelmwifo universitetis samarTalmcodneobis specialobis II wlis studenti

lika gagniZe

goris saxelmwifo universitetis samarTalmcodneobis specialobis II wlis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori daviT geferiZe

eTnikuri wmendis saerTaSoriso

samarTlebrivi regulirebis sakiTxebi

eTnikuri wmenda es aris erovnuli, eTnikuri, enob-rivi Tu religiuri jgufis mier SemuSavebuli poli-tika, romelic miznad isaxavs, ama Tu im geografiuli raionidan gandevnos sxva aseTi jgufebis samoqalaqo mosaxleoba Zaladobisa da teroris meTodebis gamoye-

nebiT (mkvleloba, wameba, TviTneburi dapatimreba da dakaveba, gaupatiureba da sxva seqsualuri xelyofa, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis ZalmomreobiT gandevna, gada-

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adgileba da deportacia, samoqalaqo mosaxleobisa da raionebze mizanmimarTuli samxedro Tavdasxmebi Tu am Tavdasxmebis muqara, sakuTrebis ganadgureba). eTniku-ri wmendis praqtika agresiuli separatizmis ZiriTadi iaraRia da igi genocidis saxes iRebs, rogorc es moxda, magaliTad, bosniasa da hercegovinaSi, sadac 1992 wels serbma separatistebma muslimanebis mimarT, gaeros ge-neraluri asambleis SefasebiT, swored am gziT gana-xorcieles genocidi. eTnikuri wmenda erT-erTi yve-laze saSiSi saxeobaa danaSaulisa adamianurobis wina-aRmdeg, romelic saerTaSoriso marTlmsajulebis iu-risdiqcias ganekuTvneba: igi iugoslaviis haagis saer-TaSoriso sisxlis samarTlis tribunalis gadawyveti-lebebSi erT-erT mTavar braldebad figurirebs, rom-lis gamoc mravali serbi separatisti mieca pasuxisge-baSi. bolo dros imave braldebiT pasuxisgebaSi mieca ramdenime xorvati da bosnieli piri. eTnikuri wmendis sastiki gamovlinebaa afxaz separatistTa barbarosu-

li qmedebebi, romelTa Sedegad moklulia 10000-mde sa-

moqalaqo piri, xolo 250000-mde adamiani gandevnilia mSobliuri keridan. es qmedebebi dagmobilia saerTa-Soriso organizaciebis mier. euTos lisabonis samitma dagmo eTnikuri wmenda, romelsac Sedegad mohyva Ziri-Tadad qarTveli mosaxleobis masobrivi mospoba da gandevna afxazeTidan. aseT poziciaze dganan damouki-debel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba, evropis sabWo, evrokavSiri. rac Seexeba gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos, igi dRemde Tavs aridebs am faqtis pirdapir dafiqsi-rebas da jerjerobiT kmayofildeba mxolod imiT, rom `Seaxsenebs“ saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobas budapeSti-sa da lisabonis samitebis gadawyvetilebebs. uSiSroe-bis sabWos aseTi pozicia aixsneba masSi warmodgenil ZalTa poziciebis gansxvavebiT, rac aferxebs afxaz se-

paratistTa mimarT gaeros wesdebis VII Tavis amoqme-

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debas (moqmedeba mSvidobisadmi safrTxis, mSvidobis darRvevisa da agresiis aqtebis mimarT) da mxolod VI Tavis farglebSi (davaTa mSvidobiani gadawyveta) aR-wevs sabWo jerjerobiT saerTo SeTanxmebas konsensu-sis wesiT.

eTnikuri wmendis ganxilva daviwyoT saqarTvelos magaliTze. afxazeTSi SeiaraRebul konfliqti, 1992-

1993 wlebSi iyo konfliqti saqarTvelos samTavrobo jarebsa da separatistulad ganwyobil eTnikur afxaz-

Ta erT nawils Soris, romelic 13 Tves gagrZelda. se-paratistTa mxares aseve ibrZodnen adgilobrivi som-

xebi (bagramianis saxelobis batalioni), daqiravebuli mebrZolebi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, kazakTa SeiaraRe-buli miliciis meomrebi, romelTac araoficialurad mxars uWerda ruseTis samxedro bazis garnizoni guda-uTaSi.

konfliqtis mogvarebis xelisSemSleli faqtore-

bi iyo samoqalaqo omi e. w. „zviadistebTan“ (eqs-prezi-

dent zviad gamsaxurdias momxreebTan), romelic miax-loebiT imave periodSi ganviTarda dasavleT saqar-

TveloSi — samegrelosa da afxazeTSi da qarTul-osu-ri konfliqti. postsabWouri saqarTvelosTvis kon-fliqtis Sedegebi Zalian mZime aRmoCnda. qveyanam mii-Ro udidesi msxverpli, umZimesi finansuri da fsiqo-logiuri ziani. omma da omis Semdgomma uwesrigo Seta-kebebma afxazeTis teritoria mTlianad gaapartaxa. dResac, afxazeTis regioni, romelic saqarTvelosgan de faqto damoukideblobiT sargeblobs, mZime socia-luri da ekonomikuri problemebis winaSe dgas.

afxazeTSi ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri wmendisa da genocidis msxverplni upiratesad qarTvelebi gaxdnen, magram separatistebma da okupantebma maTTan erTad asobiT sxva erovnebis warmomadgenelic daxoces. maT

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bralad edebodaT qarTvelTa gadarCenis mcdeloba. ase magaliTad, 1993 wlis noemberSi sof. odiSSi (soxu-

mis r-ni) jer daxvrites da mere mis saxlSi Sefarebul 13 mezobel qarTvelTan erTad dawves berZeni meri anastasiadi.

1994 wlis 24 maiss gamoqveynda gaeros uSiSroebis sabWos mier Seqmnili eqspertTa komisiis moxseneba, romelSic mocemuli iyo „eTnikuri wmendis“ cneba: es aris`winaswar gansazRvruli politika, romelic miz-nad isaxavs erTi eTnikuri Tu religiuri jgufis, sas-tiki mopyrobiT an teroris gziT, gandevnas sxva eTni-kuri an religiuri jgufis mier garkveuli geografiu-li aridan. ZiriTadad, es xdeba cru nacionalizmis, is-toriuli wyenisa da SurisZiebis mZlavri mamoZravebe-li grZnobis saxeliT. am qmedebis namdvili mizani te-ritoriis okupacia da misi garkveuli jgufebisagan gawmendaa. sxva moxsenebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom es po-litika xorcieldeba Semdegi saSualebebiT: mkvlelo-bebi, wameba, ukanono dakaveba da dapatimreba, ukanono daxvretebi, gaupatiureba da seqsualuri Zaladoba, samoqalaqo mosaxleobis getoebSi moTavseba, iZulebi-Ti gadaadgileba, deportacia, samoqalaqo pirebsa da obieqtebze ganzrax samxedro Tavdasxma, an aseTi Tav-dasxmis gamoyenebis muqara. praqtikulad aseTi gansaz-Rvreba savsebiT Tavsdeba genocidis danaSaulis Car-

CoebSi, magram mainc aqcenti gadatanili iyo „eTnikur wmendaze“, radganac muslimebi serbeTSi bosnia da her-cegovinis mravalmilioniani mosaxleobis mcire na-wils Seadgendnen. formalurad, iuristebi gansaz-Rvraven, rom genocidad aRiarebisaTvis msxverpli un-da iyos konkretuli umciresobis jgufi, romelic ar warmoadgens mTeli qveynis teritoriaze mcxovrebi umravlesobis nawils. 1994 wels saqarTveloSi Seiqmna

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saxelmwifo komisia, afxazeTSi qarTveli mosaxleobis winaaRmdeg „eTnikuri wmendis/genocidis“ faqtebis dadgenisa da masalebis saerTaSoriso tribunalebi-saTvis gadacemis mizniT. am komisiis Tavmjomare gax-ldaT batoni levan aleqsiZe. komisiam, saqarTvelos prokuraturis daxmarebiT, afxazeTidan gamoZevebu-lebTan Sexvedrebze, JurnalistTa mier mopovebul foto da videomasalebze dayrdnobiT, daiwyo afxa-zeTSi datrialebuli saSineli tragediis Seswavla. yovelwliurad gaeros uSiSroebis sabWosa da adamia-nis uflebaTa komisiaSi vrceldeboda zemoxsenebuli komisiis moxsenebebi, romlebSic aRnusxuli da Sejame-buli iyo im droisaTvis mopovebuli faqtebi. pirveli dokumenti gancxadebis saxes atarebda.

dawyebuli 1995 wlidan vrceldeboda dokumentebi, romlebic, ufro vrceli da konkretuli faqtebis moy-vanis garda, Seicavda praqtikis mecnierul Sefasebas. magaliTad, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi gav-

rcelebuli dokumenti dasaxelebuli iyo: „eTnikuri wmendis/genocidis politika afxazeTSi agresiuli se-

paratizmis ZiriTadi iaraRia“. masSi ganxiluli iyo iseTi sakiTxebi, rogorebicaa:

1. genocidi/eTnikuri wmenda – adamianurobis wina-

aRmdeg mimarTuli saerTaSoriso danaSauli; 2. separatistTa faSisturi ideologia da misi

cxovrebaSi gatareba; 3.faqtebi, romlebic amxelen afxazeTSi qarTveli

mosaxleobis mimarT genocidis/eTnikuri wmendis po-litikas.

pirveli saerTaSoriso organizacia, romelic im-TaviTve gamoexmaura afxazeTSi mimdinare tragikul ambebs, iyo evropaSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacia (euTo). 1994 wels budapeStis samitze mo-

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nawile saxelmwifoebma gamoTqves Rrma SeSfoTeba af-xazeTSi eTnikuri wmendis, mosaxleobis, gansakuTre-biT qarTvelTa, TavianTi sacxovrebeli adgilebidan masobrivi gandevnisa da udanaSaulo moqalaqeTa didi raodenobiT daRupvis gamo. magram yvelaze amomwurav, Tumca lakoniur gansazRvrebas im politikisas, ro-melsac atareben separatistebi afxazeTSi, Seicavs li-

sabonis samitis deklaracia (1996 wlis 3 dekemberi): „Cven (euTos monawile saxelmwifoebi – l.a.) vgmobT „eTnikur wmendas“, romelic gamoixateba afxazeTSi Zi-riTadad qarTveli mosaxleobis masobrivi ganadgure-biTa da iZulebiTi gaZevebiT.

1999 wlis noemberSi stambolSi mowveul euTos sa-mitze miRebul deklaraciaSi saxelmwifoebma `kvlav ganacxades~, rom `gadaWriT gmoben èTnikur wmendas~, rogorc es formulirebulia budapeStisa da lisabo-nis umaRlesi donis Sexvedrebze, ramac gamoiwvia afxa-zeTSi, saqarTvelo, ZiriTadad qarTuli mosaxleobis ganadgureba da iZulebiTi gaZeveba, da Zaladobis aq-

tebs, romlebic aRiniSna galis raionSi 1998 wlis mais-Si iq dabrunebul pirebTan dakavSirebiT, rac miznad isaxavda dabrunebis survilis mqone adamianebSi SiSis danergvas. deklaraciiT, iZleodnen rekomendacias, raTa momdevno wlis dasawyisSi galis raionSi gaegzav-naT faqtebis damdgeni misia, euTosa da gaeros monawi-leobiT, maT Soris mimdinare èTnikuri wmendis~ Sem-Txvevebis Sesaxeb cnobebis Sesafaseblad. samwuxarod, aRniSnuli komisia ar Seqmnila, magram euTos deklara-ciaSi afxazeTSi arsebuli konfliqtisaTvis aseTi di-di yuradRebis daTmoba, da èTnikuri wmendis~, separa-tistebis saSinel danaSaulTa kidev erTxel dagmobas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba hqonda saerTaSoriso Ta-namegobrobis yuradRebis mobilizaciisaTvis. sagu-lisxmoa, rom lisabonSi deklaraciis aRniSnuli for-

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mulis ganxilvisas ruseTis delegaciam kategoriuli uari ganacxada mis miRebaze, radganac masSi naxsenebi termini `gamoixateba~ awmyo droSi iyo gamoyenebuli. ruseTis mtkicebiT, 1994 wlidan engurze maTi samSvi-dobo Zalebi idga da aranairi eTnikuri wmenda iq aRar yofila. amitom, maTi azriT, termini `gamoixateba~ un-da Secvliliyo terminiT `gamoixata~

2008 wlis 29 maiss gaeros generaluri asambleis 62-

e sesiam miiRo istoriuli mniSvnelobis rezolucia – `afxazeTidan, saqarTvelo, qveynis SigniT gadaadgile-bul pirTa da ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb~, romel-Sic gaeros praqtikaSi pirvelad dafiqsirda afxazeT-Si qarTvelebis eTnikuri wmendis faqti.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare migvaCnia, rom gaeros generaluri asambleis rezolucia, romelic miRebul iqna ruseTis medgari winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, sa-xelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso TanamegobrobisaTvis kidev erTi Sexsenebaa, rom, rodesac nebismier regionSi (ro-

gori patara da mcirericxovanic ar unda iyos igi) se-paratistebis zraxvebs ewireba asiaTasobiT udanaSau-lo adamiani, amJamadac saerTaSoriso organizaciebi ar SeiZleba pasiurobdnen, saWiroa energiuli brZola Tanamedrove kacobriobisaTvis adamianis esoden Rire-bul uflebaTa dacvisaTvis. gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom am keTilSobilur saqmeSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis evro-paSi uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizacias.

eTnikuri wmenda dafiqsirda mianmarSic. gaeros adamianis uflebaTa umaRlesma komisarma zeid rad al xuseinma ganacxada, rom mianmaris xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi muslimi rohinjebis wina-

aRmdeg "eTnikuri wmendis naTeli magaliTia". amis Sesa-

xeb man, gaeros asambleis 36-e sesiaze ganacxada:

138

"me mivmarTav mianmaris xelisuflebas, Sewyvitos sastiki samxedro operaciebi da diskriminacia rohin-

jebis eTnikuri jgufis mimarT", - ganacxada al xusein-

ma. mianmarSi situacia 2017 wlis 25 agvistos Semdeg gamwvavda. am dRes "rohinja arakanas gadarCenis armi-is~ danebiT da xelnakeTi bombebiT SeiaraRebulma meb-rZolebma koordinirebuli Tavdasxma moawyves mianma-

ris armiis bazasa da policiis 30-ze met saguSagoze, mokles qveynis specsamsaxurebis, sul cota, 12 warmom-

dgeneli. amis Semdeg daaxloebiT 290 000 rohinja mus-limi Zaladobisgan Tavis dasacavad iZulebuli gaxda bangladeSSi gadasuliyo.

eTnikuri wmenda sruliad laxavs adamianis Ziri-Tad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs. mis aRmofxvraSi mniSvnelovani roli swored saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebs ekisrebaT.


1. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, levan aleq-

siZe, Tb., 2015. 2. saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jurnali, Tsu, 2008.

https://iuristebi.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/e183a1e18390e1 3. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=6&t=3912 4. UN RESOLUTIONS ON GEORGIA, Report of the Secretary-

General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N08/526/58/PDF/N08

5. zviad gamsaxurdias politika afxazeTSi (1990-1993 ww.), jemal gamaxaria, Tbilisi, 2004

6. https://imedinews.ge/ge/msoflio/27035/gaero-mianmarshi-rohinjebis-tsinaagmdeg-etnikuri-tsmenda

139

Tamari afciauri

soxumis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis IV kursis studenti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli, profesori, afxazeTis mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosi avTandil xazalia

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos

Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba

meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg, evropis saxelmwifoebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo Seqmniliyo evropaSi iseTi organizacia, romelic miz-nad daisaxavda kulturuli, socialuri da politiku-ri cxovrebis gaZlierebas, demokratiisa da adamianis uflebebis, samarTlis uzenaesobis xelSewyobas. swo-red am garemoebebma Seuwyo xeli evropis sabWos Camo-

yalibebas da meore msoflio omis Semdeg 1949 wlis 5 maiss evropis sabWos wesdebas xeli moawera evropis aTma saxelmwifom. es saxelmwifoebi iyvnen: belgiis sa-mefo, daniis samefo, safrangeTis respublika, irlan-diis respublika, italiis respublika, luqsemburgis didi sahercogo, niderlandebis samefo, norvegiis sa-mefo, SvedeTis samefo da didi britaneTisa da Crdi-

loeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefo.1 evropis sabWos preambulidan gamomdinare, evro-

pis sabWos amoZravebs ormagi mizani: demokratiuli idealebis da principebis dacvis mizniT, SeakavSiros

1 f. benua-romeri, h. klemesi, evropis sabWos samrTali, evropis sabWos gamomcemloba, Tb., 2005, gv.13.

140

misi wevrebi ufro mWidrod da xeli Seuwyos maT eko-

nomikur da socialur ganviTarebas. 1 meore msoflio omma bevri adamiani daarwmuna, rom saxelmwifoebs un-da eTanamSromla erTmaneTTan, raTa Tavidan aeridebi-naT axali komfliqtebi. swored evropuli saxelmwifo-ebis Tavmoyras gulisxmobda evropis sabWos Seqmna. TviT organizaciis dasaxelebac ki, „evropis sabWo“, ar iyo SemTxvevTi arCevani, aramed, gamoxatavda didi bri-taneTis mizanswrafvas, dasawyisidanve SemoesazRvra axali organizaciis gavlena2 da misi wevrobis gansaz-Rvra, vinaidan evropis sabWos wevrebi arian am wesdebis mxareebi. evropis sabWo Tavis rigebSi iRebs qveynebs, romlebic akmayofileben gawevrianebisaTvis wesdebiT gaTvaliswinebul kriteriumebs. evropis sabWos Ziri-Tadi gadawyvetilebis mimRebi organoebi gansazRvru-lia evropis sabWos wesdebiT, es organoebia: ministrTa komiteti da sakonsultacio sabWo, orive maTgans emsa-

xureba evropis sabWos samdivno.3 ministrTa komiteti warmoadgens organos, rome-

lic moqmedebs evropis sabWos saxeliT da sakonsulta-cio asambleis rekomendaciis safuZvelze an sakuTari iniciativiT, ministrTa komiteti ganixilavs evropis sabWos miznis miRwevisaTvis saWiro zomebs, konkre-tul sakiTxebze konvenciaTa da SeTanxmebaTa dadebis da mTavrobaTa saerTo politikis miRebis CaTvliT.4

1 f. benua-romeri, h. klemesi, gv. 22. 2 f. benua-romeri, h. klemesi gv. 21 3 evropis sabWos wesdeba ix. https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3751036 saboloo Semowmebis TariRi 25.04.2018 4 evropis sabWos wesdeba, muxlebi me-13, me-14, me-15, saboloo Seowmebis TariRi https://www.matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/3751036

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evropis sabWos wesdebis me-14 muxlis mixedviT: „ministrTa komiteti Sedgeba TiToeuli wevri saxel-mwifos sagareo saqmeTa ministrebisagan, yoveli wevri uflebamosilia hyavdes erTi warmomadgeneli minis-trTa komitetSi da TiToeul warmomadgenels aqvs er-

Ti xmis ufleba.“ rogorc evropis sabWos wesdeba gviCvenebs, misi mi-

Rebis dros masSi ar iyo gaTvalisiwinebuli marTlmsa-julebis ganxorcieleba da Sesabamisad arc sasamar-Tlos adgili, magram mogvianebiT misi wevrebi mividnen daskvnamde, rom Seqmniliyo mudmivmoqmedi sasamarTlo organo, romelic saSualebas miscemda masSi monawile saxelmwifoebs da am saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebs eCiv-laT saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg Tuki dairRvevoda adamia-nis ZiriTadi uflebebi, romlebic gamomdinareobda „adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaT evropu-

li konvenciidan“. adaminis uflebaTa evropulma kon-venciam SeZlo da Seqmna individualuri mimarTvis uf-leba - individebis da organizaciebis ufleba, eCivlaT maTi saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg strasburgSi gamarTul procesebze. Tavdapirvelad aseTi mimarTvis ufleba Se-eZloT adamianis uflebaTa evropul komisiaSi, rome-

lic daarsda 1954 wels da Semdeg ukve evropul sasamar-

TloSi, romelic darsda 1959 wels. ra Tqma unda, adamia-nis uflebaTa evropul konvenciaSi Tavdapirvelad ga-werili uflebebi ar iyo amomwuravi, risi aRmofxvrac moxda misi damatebiTi oqmebis miRebiT.

evropul komisiaSi Tavdapirvelad umravlesobas warmoadgendnen moqmedi an yofili ministrebi, sajaro moxeleebi an parlamentis wevrebi da ara samarTal-mcodneebi da komisiaSi mimdinare procesi iyo konfi-dencialuri. konvenciis Tavdapirveli saxe asaxavda adamianis minimalur uflebebs da wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc cocxali organizmi is ganicdida ganviTarebas

142

da daxvewas, Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom man gauZlo mraval winaaRmdegobas da mniSvnelovani zegavlena mo-axdina mTeli evropis farglebSi Camoyalibebuliyo kanonmdeblobisa da politikis mZlavri meqanizmi ada-mianis uflebebis sferoSi.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo ganixi-lavs mxolod im saxelmwifoebis winaaRmdeg mimarTul saqmeebs, romlebsac ratificirebuli aqvT adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia da igi ZalaSia Sesuli. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlo imsjelebs mxolod im darRve-vebze, romelsac adgili eqneba konvenciis ratifici-rebis Semdeg.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 35-e mux-

lis Tanaxmad: „sasamarTlos SeuZlia saqme miiRos gan-saxilvelad mxolod mas Semdeg, rac amoiwureba samar-Tlebrivi dacvis yvela Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saSua-leba saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiare-buli normebis Tanaxmad, da Tu gasuli aris eqvsi Tve, saqmeze Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi saboloo gadawyvetile-bis gamotanis TariRidan. sasamarTlo ganixilavs ro-gorc individualur, ise saxelmwifo saqmeebs.

evropis sabWos wevrebis raodenobis zrdam, kidev ufro gadatvirTa sistema. saqmeebis damuSaveba xdebo-da adamianis uflebaTa komisiaSi, dasaSvebobis etapze, xolo Semdeg - arsebiTi ganxilvis etapze saqme gansax-lvelad gadaecemoda evropul sasamarTlos an minis-trTa komitets saboloo gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.

80-ian wlebSi sxvadasxva winadadeba ganixileboda sistemis gasamartiveblad da dasaCqareblad, rac sabo-lood gadawyda adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenci-

is me-11 damatebiTi oqmis miRebiT, romelic ZalaSi Sevi-

143

da 1998 wlis pirvel noembers.1 adamianis uflebaTa evro-

puli konvenciis me-11 damatebiTma oqmma arsebiTad Sec-

vala sasamarTlos meqanizmi da 1998 wlis noembridan mu-Saoba daiwyo mudmivmoqmedma adamianis uflebaTa evro-pulma sasamarTlom - imave dasaxelebis, Tumca absolu-turad gansxvavebulma organom - axali funqciebiTa da SemadgenlobiT. amoqmdebidan sami dRis Semdeg sasamar-Tlom oficialurad gamoaqveyna Tavisi reglamenti, ro-melSic detalurad aisaxa sasamarTlos struqtura, funqcionirebis meTodebi da procedurebi.2

sasamarTlo Sedgeba dReis mdgomareobiT ukve 47 mosamarTlisgan, romlebic arian moqalaqeebi im qvey-nebisa, romelTac aqvT ratificirebuli adamainis uf-lebaT evropuli konvencia.

mosamarTleebs unda axasiaTebdeT maRali zneob-rivi Tvisebebi da unda flobdnen maRali samosamar-Tlo Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad aucilebel kvalifi-kacias, an iyvnen aRiarebuli kompetenturobis mqone samarTalmcodneebi. mosamarTleebi samosamarTlo saqmianobas axorcieleben TavianTi individualuri uflebamosilebiT. amasTanave mosamarTleebi TavianTi uflebamosilebis vadis ganmavlobaSi ar unda eweodnen iseT saqmianobas, romelic SeuTavsebelia maT damouki-deblobasTan, miukerZoeblobasTan an srulganakveTia-

ni samsaxuris moTxovnebTan.3

1 f. liCi, rogor mivmarToT adamianis uflebaT evropul sa-samarTlos?, Ш-e gamocmea, Tb., 2013, gv. 9. 2 k. korkelia, i. qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixed-viT, Tb., 2004, gv. 103. 3 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia 27-e muxli https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1208370 saboloo Semowme-bis TariRi 03.05.2018.

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sasamarTloSi warmodgenil saqmeebs ganixilavs: „saqmis erTpirovnulad ganmxilveli mosamarTle, sami mosamarTlisgan Semdgari komiteti, Svidi mosamar-

Tlisgan Semdgari palata da 17 mosamarTlisgan Sem-

dgari didi palata“. xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT gavidnen ro-

gorc evropis sabWodan, ise konvenciis sistemidan, de-nonisirebis procesis meSveobiT. amis gakeTeba SeiZleba mxolod adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 58-e muxlis Sesabamisad, sadac mocemulia, rom „ maRal xel-Semkvrel mxares SeuZlia moaxdinos am konvenciis de-nonsireba mis mimarT konvenciis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRidan mxolod xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg da evropis sabWos generaluri mdivnisaTvis Setyobinebis gagzavnidan eq-vsi Tvis gasvlis Semdeg. evropis sabWos generaluri mdivani acnobebs amis Sesaxeb sxva maRal xelSemkvrel mxareebs.“ Tumca, „denonsireba ar aTavisuflebs Sesaba-mis maRal xelSemkvrel mxares am konvenciiT nakisri valdebulebebisagan iseTi qmedebisaTvis, romelic iw-vevs am valdebulebaTa SesaZlo darRvevas da SeiZlebo-

da mas Caedina denonsirebis ZalaSi Sesvlamde.“1 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis me-11 dama-

tebiTi oqmiT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebis Semdegac sasamarTlo mudmivad datvirTuli iyo, amasTan da sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT ministrTa komitetma 2004 wlis maisSi miiRo evropuli konvneciis me-14 damatebiTi oqmi, Tumca is ZalaSi ar Sesula 2010 wlis 1 ianvramde, radgan ruseTi ar uWerda mxars am cvlilebebs. me-14 oq-mis mizani aris evropuli sasamarTlos sistemaSi sxva-

1 adamianis uflebaT evropuli konvencia 58-e muxlis 2 nawi-li, https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1208370 saboloo Seow-mebis TariRi 2.05.18.

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dasxva cvlilebebis Setana, kerZod, individualuri ga-

nacxadebis damuSavebis gamartiveba da daCqareba.1 evro-

puli konvenciis me-14 oqmSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic ganxorcielda mosamarTleTa mier saqmis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT aris saqmis erTpirov-nulad ganmxilveli mosamarTlis uflebamosileba, rac gulisxmobs Semdegs, „saqmis erTpirovnulad ganmxilvel mosamarTles SeuZlia gamoacxados dauSveblad an amo-ricxos sasamarTlos gansaxilvel saqmeTa nusxidan ada-

mianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 34–e muxlis Sesa-bamisad wardgenili individualuri ganacxadi, Tu ganCi-nebis miReba SesaZlebelia saqmis Semdgomi ganxilvis ga-reSe. aseTi ganCineba sabolooa. Tu saqmis erTpirovnu-lad ganmxilveli mosamarTle ar gamoacxadebs ganacxads dauSveblad an ar amoricxavs mas, maSin man unda waradgi-

nos is komitetSi an palataSi Semdgomi ganxilvisaTvis“.2 aseve mniSvnelovania, rom „Tu mosamarTle erTpirovnu-lad ixilavs saqmes, mas ar SeuZlia ganixilos ganacxadi im maRali xelSemkvreli saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg, saida-

nac es mosamarTle iqna arCeuli“.3 didi palata Sedgeba 17 mosamarTlisgan da, sul

cota, sami Semcvleli mosamarTlisagan. didi palata warmoadgens sasamarTlos „saapela-

cio organos“, romelic arsebiTad ganixilavs saqmeebs,

1 f. liCi, gv. 10-11. 2 adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvencia, me-14 dama-tebiTi oqmi me-7 muxli http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/aqtebi91.pdf saboloo Semowmebis TariRi 03.05.2018. 3 adamianis uflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvencia, me-14 dama-tebiTi oqmi me-6 muxli me-3 nawili, http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/aqtebi91.pdf sabo-loo Semowmebis TariRi 03.05.2018.

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romelTa ganxilvazec palatam uari ganacxada, agreT-ve im saqmeebs, romlebzec ukve gamotanilia palatis gadawyvetileba, magram palatis an mxareebis moTxov-niT did palatas xelmeored gansaxilvelad gadaeca, didi palata aseve ganixilavs komitetis mier sasamar-TlosTvis mimarTul Txovnas-samarTlebriv sakiTxeb-ze gasces sakonsultacio daskvnebi, romlebic exeba konvenciisa da misi oqmebis ganmartebas. 1

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 46-e mux-lis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba aris sabo-loo da Sesasruleblad savaldebulo. sasamarTlos dasabuTebuli gadawyvetileba Cveulebriv qveyndeba saboloo werilobiTi mosazrebebis wardgenidan ra-modmenime Tvis Semdeg. amis Sesaxeb informacia winas-

war qveyndeba sasamarTlos vebgverdze.2 xolo rac See-xeba didi palatis gadawyvetilebebs, isini ikiTxeba xmamaRla sajaro sxdomaze, didi palatis Tavmjdoma-ris mier an Tavmjdomarisagan uflebamosili mosamar-Tlis mier. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis Semdeg sasamarTlo gamoscems presrelizs, romelSic aRwerilia gadawyvetilebis mokle Sinaarsi. presreli-zi dauyovnebliv ganTavsdeba sasamarTlos vebgverdze gadawyvetilebis gamocxadebis dRes.

sasamarTlos mier gamotanili saboloo gadawyve-tileba gadaecema ministrTa komitets, romelic ze-damxedvelobas uwevs saxelmwifos mxridan mis aRsru-lebas. evropuli konvenciiT Seqmnili aseTi sazedam-

xedvelo sistema warmoadgens subsidiur xasiaTs.3

1 b. boxaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTali, Tb., 2004, gv. 74. 2 f. liCi, gv. 91. 3 k. korkeli, i. qurdaZe, gv. 105.

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imas Tu rodis aris gadawyvetileba savaldebulo ganmartavs adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis 44-e muxli, kerZod: „didi palatis gadawyvetileba sa-bolooa, xolo palatis gadawyvetileba ki saboloo xdeba maSin, rodesac mxareebi acxadeben, rom isini ar iTxoven saqmis gadacemas didi palatisaTvis; an pala-tis gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan sami Tvis Semdeg, Tu did palataSi saqmis gadacemis Txovna ar wardgenila; an rodesac didi palatis kolegia uars acxadebs 43-e muxlis safuZvelze wardgenili gadacemis Txovnis dakmayofilebaze.1 amasTan, Tu komiteti miiCnevs, rom sasamarTlos saboloo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis zedamxedvelobas xeli eSleba gadawyvetilebis ganmar-tebis problemis gamo, mas SeuZlia, saqme waradginos sasamarTloSi ganmartebis misaRebad.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, arsebobs Semdegi ga-

dawyvetilebaTa saxeebi: 1) aRiarebiTi gadawyvetileba-rodesac dgindeba konvenciis darRvevis faqti, aseT gadawyvetilebas ar gaaCnia sakasacio zemoqmedeba; 2) mikuTvnebiTi gadawyvetilebebi - rodesac sasamarTlo saxelmwifos akisrebs raime Tanxis gadaxdas da 3) sasa-marTlos miTiTeba im valdebulebebze, romlebic aRia-rebiTi gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinareobs.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvis meqnizmis, rogoric aris adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, xan-grZlivi da efeqtiani funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebe-lia misi implementacia erovnul doneze da aseve mniS-vnelovania evropuli sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis drouli aRsruleba.

1 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvencia, 44-e muxli. http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/pdf/aqtebi91.pdf sabo-loo Semowmebis TariRi 09.05.2018

148


1) b. boxaSvili, adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasa-

marTlos precedentuli samarTali, Tb., 2004. 2) k. korkelia, i. qurdaZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTa-

Soriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, Tb.,. 2004.

3) f. liCi, rogor mivmarToT adamianis uflebaT ev-

ropul sasamarTlos?, Ш-e gamocmea, Tbilisi 2013; 4) f. benua-romeri, h. klemesi, evropis sabWos samrTa-

li, evropis sabWos gamomcemloba, Tb., 2005. 5) adamianis uflebaT evropuli konvencia

https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/1208370 saboloo Seowmebis TariRi 2.05.18.

6) adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis damatebi-Ti oqmebi http://www.supremecourt.ge/files/upload-file/-

pdf/aqtebi91.pdf saboloo Seowmebis TariRi 02.05.18. 7) adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos regla-

menti, 24-e muxli https://iuristebi.files.wordpress.-

com/2011/07/e183a1e18390e183a1e18390e1839be18390e183-a0e18397e1839ae1839de183a1-e183a0e18394e18392e1839ae1-8390e1839be18394e1839ce183a2e18398.pdf saboloo Se-

mowmebis TariRi 07.05.2018.

149

mariam nikoleiSvili

iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis II kursis studenti xelmZRvaneli: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis doqtoranti da mowveuli leqtori simon takaSvili

diskriminaciis gamovlineba

SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi

Sesavali

Tanamedrove Sromis samarTlis ganviTarebis

kvaldakval sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba SromiT urTi-erTobebSi diskriminaciis gamovlenisa da zogadad, sa-marTlebrivi mowesrigebis sakiTxi. zogadad, diskrimi-

nacia (laT. Discriminatio — gansxvaveba) — niSnavs adami-anebis uTanasworo, usamarTlo mopyrobas, gansakuT-rebiT maSin, rodesac es mimarTulia raime niSniT gan-sxvavebuli adamianebis jgufis winaaRmdeg. kerZod, diskriminacia SeiZleba iyos rasobrivi, eTnikuri, sqe-sobrivi, religiuri da a. S. adamianis uflebaTa sayo-velTao deklaracia krZalavs yvela saxis diskrimina-cias, romelic gamoxatulebas saqmianobis yvela dar-gSi poulobs da samarTlis yvela dargis sferoSi eqce-va sxvadasxva doziT. Sesabamisad, diskriminaciis ga-movlineba gvxvdeba rogorc sisxlis, aseve samoqalaqo samarTalsa da ZiriTadi uflebebis samarTalSi, gansa-kuTrebiT ki Sromis samarTalSi. zemoxsenebulidan ga-momdinare, diskriminaciis sakiTxi dRemde ar kargavs aqtualurobas. mocemul naSromSi Sevexebi swored im

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problematur sakiTxebs, romelic mWidro kavSirSia aRniSnul TemasTan da am mxriv ipyrobs sazogadoebis did yuradRebas. winamdebare kvlevis mizania gaanali-zebul iqnas diskriminaciis sakiTxi SromiT urTier-TobebSi.

1. mokle istoriuli mimoxilva diskriminaciuli mopyrobis akrZalva ar aris axli

movlena Cveni samarTlebrivi sistemisaTvis, is dagmo-bili iyo jer kidev 1921 wlis pirveli qarTuli konsti-tuciiT, romelic Tavisi ideuri faseulobebiT evro-pis mowinave qveynebis konstituciebis gverdiT idga da zogierTi uflebis aRiarebaSi maTze mowinavec ki iyo. 1 jer kidev saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis 1973 wlis 1 oqtombris Sromis kanonTa ko-deqsi ar iyo gulgrili diskriminaciis akrZalvis sa-

kiTxisadmi. me-17 muxlis Tanaxmad, ssr kavSiris kon-stituciis Sesabamisad dauSvebeli iyo samuSaoze miRe-bisas uflebaTa raime pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri Sez-Rudva an pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri upiratesobis mi-niWeba sqesis, rasis, erovnuli kuTvnilebisa da reli-giisadmi damokidebulebis mixedviT. ssr Sromis kanon-

Ta kodeqsis gauqmebis Semdeg amoqmedda 1973 wlis 28 ivnisis saqarTvelos Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi. masSi mo-qalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianobis debuleba mocemuli iyo 75-e muxlis me-2 nawilSi: „Sromis anazRaurebisas akrZalulia raime SezRudva muSakis rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri kuTvnilebis, war-moSobis, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT.“ saqarTvelos Sromis 1 gostamaSvili, m. (2017). diskriminaciis Taviseburebani da misi formebi SromiT urTierTobebSi. Tbilisi.

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kanonTa kodeqsis moqmedebis pirobebSi 2001 wels eko-nomikuri politikisa da samarTlebrivi sakiTxebis qarTul-evropuli sakonsultacio centrs daevala sa-muSao jgufis mier SemuSavebuli Sromis kodeqsis pro-eqtis analizi evropuli kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan Sesabamisobis kuTxiT. aRniSnuli proeqtis damtkiceba parlaments ar mouxdenia, Sesabamisad, Sromis kanonTa kodeqsi moqmedebda 2006 wlis 25 maisamde. swored am dRidan Sevida ZalaSi saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsis dResdReobiT moqmedi redaqcia.

adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis aRiareba qarTul samarTlebriv sivrceSi 1995 wlis 24 ivliss miRebul konstituciaSic iqna gaJRerebuli. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia gvamcnobs, rom moqalaqeebma, kon-stituciis miRebiT gamoxates uryevi neba daamkvidron socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvel-yon adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi.1 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao dek-laracia (saerTaSoriso aqti miRebuli 1948 wlis 10 de-kembers gaeros generaluri asambleis mier) krZalavs yovelgvari saxis diskriminacias da Cven, rogorc gae-ros wevri qveyana vuerTdebiT am akrZalvas saqmianobis yvela sferoSi mis gamovlenas da pirTa diferencire-bas raime diskriminaciuli niSniT kategoriulad vgmobT.2

1 T. kereseliZe, (2011). Sromis xelSekrulebis dadebamde dam-saqmeblis mier kandidatisTvis dasmuli diskriminaciuli SekiTxvebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi. gv.179 ,Tb., gamomcem-loba "meridiani". 2 m. gostamaSvili, (2017). diskriminaciis Taviseburebani da misi formebi SromiT urTierTobebSi. Tb.

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2. saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi diskriminaciis Sesaxeb

2.1. normatiuli regulireba diskriminaciis akrZalvam garkveuli saxecvlile-

bebi ganicada qarTul SromiT kanonmdeblobaSi. 2006 wlis versiaSi da 2013 wlis axal Sromis kodeqsSic, ro-melic gacilebiT mobiluri da dacviTia dasaqmebul-TaTvis, es kodeqsi Tavisi cvlilebebiT ufro susti mxaris — dasaqmebulTa interesebis dacvazea mowode-

buli, rasac ver vityodiT 2006 wlis Sromis kodeqsze, Tumca diskriminaciuli mopyroba iqac akrZaluli iyo. axali cvlilebebiT damsaqmeblis mxridan diskrimina-

cia (sqesobrivi, rasobrivi, erovnuli, religiuri da a.S.) ikrZaleba ara marto SromiTi urTierTobebis dros (muSaobisas), aramed winasaxelSekrulebo urTi-

erTobis drosac (aseve aplikaciis ganxilvis dros), aseT SemTxvevaSi mtkicebis tvirTi ekisreba damsaqme-bels. Sromis kodeqsis Zveli versiiT ki damsaqmeblis mxridan diskriminacia ikrZaleboda mxolod SromiTi urTierTobis dros.

sSk pirdapir exeba diskriminaciis sakiTxs me-2 muxlis me-4 da me-5 nawilebSi da ganmartavs Semdegs - m.

2 (4) „diskriminaciad CaiTvleba piris pirdapir an ara-pirdapir Seviwroeba, romelic miznad isaxavs an iwvevs misTvis damaSinebeli, mtruli, damamcirebeli, Rirse-bis Semlaxveli an Seuracxmyofeli garemos Seqmnas, an-da pirisTvis iseTi pirobebis Seqmna, romlebic pirda-pir an arapirdapir auaresebs mis mdgomareobas analo-

giur pirobebSi myof sxva pirTan SedarebiT. “m. 2 (5) „diskriminaciad ar CaiTvleba pirTa gansxvavebis auci-lebloba, romelic gamomdinareobs samuSaos arsidan,

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specifikidan an misi Sesrulebis pirobebidan, emsaxu-reba kanonieri miznis miRwevas da aris misi miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba.“ aRsaniSnavia rom ukanaskneli qvepunqtiT sSk axdens pozitiuri dis-kriminaciis definicirebas, romelic Tavisi arsiT pir-Ta jgufs ansxvavebs erTmaneTisgan garkveuli niSniT, magram diferencireba efuZneba konkretul legitimur sajaro mizans. pozitiuri diskriminacia miznad isa-xavs diskriminaciuli Sedegebis gamosworebas da mi-marTulia pirTa wrisadmi, romelic garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi uTanasworo mopyrobis Sedegad gansa-kuTrebul dacvas saWiroebs.

2.2. pirdapiri diskriminacia ganasxvaveben pirdapir da arapirdapir diskrimina-

cias. pirdapiri - warmoadgens Tanabar pirobebSi myofi pirebis araTanaswor mopyrobas akrZalul niadagze. pirdapiri diskriminacia aris iseTi mopyroba an piro-bebis Seqmna, romelic pirs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-biT dadgenili uflebebiT sargeblobisas am kanonis pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime niSnis gamo araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi ayenebs analogiur pirobebSi myof sxva pirebTan SedarebiT an Tanabar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arsebiTad uTanasworo piro-bebSi myof pirebs, garda iseTi SemTxvevisa, rodesac amgvari mopyroba an pirobebis Seqmna emsaxureba sazo-gadoebrivi wesrigisa da zneobis dasacavad kanoniT gansazRvrul mizans, aqvs obieqturi da gonivruli ga-marTleba da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoeba-Si, xolo gamoyenebuli saSualebebi Tanazomieria ase-Ti miznis misaRwevad.1 pirdapiri diskriminaciisas gan-sxvavebuli mopyrobis safuZvelia subieqtis konkre-

1 b. boxaSvili, (T. g.). diskriminaciis akrZalva, Tb.

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tuli niSani. erT-erT saqmeSi adamianis uflebaTa dac-vis evropulma sasamarTlom ganmarta, rom pirdapiri diskriminacia ganisazRvreba, rogorc gansxvavebuli mopyroba adamianTa mimarT, romlebic arian erTnair pirobebSi da am gansxvavebas ar gaaCnia obieqturi da gonivruli gamarTleba. obieqturi da gonivruli ga-marTlebis ararseboba („no objective and reasonable justification“) niSnavs imas, rom gansxvavebuli mopyroba ar isaxavs kanonier mizans an/da ar aris misi miRwevis Tanazomieri da aucilebeli saSualeba.

2.3. arapirdapiri diskriminacia arapirdapiri diskriminaciis dros moqmedi norma,

moTxovna an piroba, erTi SexedviT neitraluri Cans, magram maTi Sedegi negatiur zegavlenas axdens konkre-tul jgufze. iribi diskriminacia aris iseTi mdgoma-reoba, rodesac formiT neitraluri da arsiT diskri-minaciuli debuleba, kriteriumi an praqtika pirs am kanonis pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli romelime niSnis gamo, araxelsayrel mdgomareobaSi ayenebs, ana-logiur pirobebSi myof sxva pirebTan SedarebiT an Ta-nabar mdgomareobaSi ayenebs arsebiTad uTanasworo pi-

robebSi myof pirebs.1 garda iseTi SemTxvevisa, rode-sac amgvari mdgomareoba emsaxureba sazogadoebrivi wesrigisa da zneobis dasacavad kanoniT gansazRvrul mizans, aqvs obieqturi da gonivruli gamarTleba da aucilebelia demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, xolo ga-moyenebuli saSualebebi Tanazomieria aseTi miznis mi-saRwevad. arapirdapiri (iribi) diskriminaciis dros

1 saxalxo damcveli, rogorc Tanasworobis meqanizmi. (2017). gv. 29, Tb., adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis centri.

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qmedeba Tavisi garegnuli gamoxatulebiT (formiT) ne-itraluri, magram SinaarsiT diskriminaciulia.

3. saqarTvelos kanoni „diskriminaciis yvela

formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb“ kanonis mizania diskriminaciis yvela formis aR-

mofxvra da nebismieri fizikuri da iuridiuli piri-saTvis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili uf-lebebiT Tanasworad sargeblobis uzrunvelyofa, ra-sis, kanis feris, enis, sqesis, asakis, moqalaqeobis, war-moSobis, dabadebis adgilis, sacxovrebeli adgilis, qonebrivi an wodebrivi mdgomareobis, religiis an rwmenis, erovnuli, eTnikuri an socialuri kuTvnile-bis, profesiis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis, janmrTelobis mdgomareobis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobis, seqsualu-ri orientaciis, genderuli identobisa da gamoxatvis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis an sxva niSnis miuxeda-vad.amavdroulad mniSvnelovania is faqti, rom zemox-senebuli kanonis Tanaxamad diskriminaciis aRmofxvri-sa da Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofaze zedamxedvelobas axorcielebs saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli. is gani-xilavs fizikuri an iuridiuli piris gancxadebas, saCi-vars, romelic Tavs diskriminaciis msxverplad miiC-nevs, Seiswavlis diskriminaciis faqts, aseve sakuTari iniciativiT gascems rekomendaciebs da zogad winada-debebs ugzavnis pirs an Sesabamis dawesebulebas. iwvevs diskriminaciis msxverpls da savaraudo diskriminaci-is ganmaxorcielebels da pirvel rigSi cdilobs mxa-reTa morigebas.

4. diksriminaciis gamovlinebis sxvadasxva etape-

bi sasamarTlo praqtikis, saerTaSoriso kvlevebisa

da sxadasxva ganviTarebuli qveynebSi arsebuli rea-

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luri precedentebis gaTvaliswinebiT,miuxedavad gan-xorcielebuli rigi RonisZiebebisa jer kidev mwvaved dgas diskriminaciis sakiTxi.qvemoT saubari meqneba realur SemTxvevebze,romlebic TavianTi arsiT sakma-od saintereso qeiss qmnian.

4.1. kvlevebi diskriminaciaze dResdReobiT yvelaze xSirad diskriminaciis ga-

movlineba gvxvdeba vaknasiebSi.kerZod im moTxovnebSi romlebsac damsaqmeblis SexedulebiT unda akmayofi-

lebdes kandidati.27 ianvars saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociaciam da partnioroba adamianis ufle-

bebisaTvis erToblivi proeqtis – „qalTa gaZliereba SromiTi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg da genderuli Za-

ladobis dasamarcxeblad“ saboloo angariSi waradgi-

na. 1 proeqtis farglebSi oTxi kvleva Catarda da ga-mokveTili suraTi cxadhyofs, rom SromiT urTierTo-bebSi kvlav ikveTeba uTanasworo mopyrobis safrTxee-bi.zemoxsenebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad erT-erT vakansiaSi ZiZis poziciaze damsaqmebeli moTxovnebSi uTiTeb-da,rom aplikanti aucileblad unda yofiliyo mar-Tlmadidebeli.kerZo kompaniis gamocxadebuli vakan-sia am tipis moTxovniT pirdapiri diskriminaciis naTe-li magaliTia.Tumca rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis gamo adamianTa gamorCeva yovelTvis ar eqceva pirdapiri diskriminaciis farglebSi.magaliTad samedicino dawe-sebulebaSi msgavsi tipis SezRudva dasaSvebia da SeiZ-leba gamarTldes mesame piris janmrTelobis dacvis interesebidan gamomdinare,raTa medpersonalma saku-Tari religiuri Sexedulebis gamo uari ar Tqvas kon-

1 saia da partnioroba adamianis uflebebisTvis, s. d. (2015). qalTa gaZliereba SromiTi diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg da genderuli Zaladobis dasamarcxeblad. Tbilisi.

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kretuli manipulaciis ganxorcielebaze.xSirad vakan-siaSi miTiTebulia Semdegi saxis moTxovnebi -25–30 wlamde, maRali, lamazi garegnobis gogona.damsaqmeb-lebi uars amboben samsaxurSi aiyvanon orsuli qali. kvlevaSi vkiTxulobT,rom amgvari diskriminaciis faq-tebis mtkiceba rTuldeba:“damsaqmeblebi, rogorc we-si, ar aRiareben, qali imitom ar aiyvanes samsaxurSi rom mcirewlovani Svilebi hyavs, an SeiZleba uaxlos momavalSi gaaCinos Svili. am dros damsaqmebeli fiq-robs, rom qali damatebiT SeRavaTebs moiTxovs, maga-liTad, samsaxuridan adre wasvlas da uars ityvis ze-ganakveTur samuSaoze. “paradoqsulia is faqti, rom xSirad Tavad iuridiuli kompaniebi axdenen aplikan-tTa diskriminacias sxvadasxva niSniT maT mier gamoc-xadebuli vakansiaSi. magaliTisTvis erT-erT saitze ganTavsebul vakansiaSi saadvokato firma eZebda advo-katis TanaSemwes Semdegi moTxovnebiT — kandidati aucileblad unda yofiliyo qalbatoni da amavdrou-

lad 18-25 wlamde. garda amisa, sakvalifikacio moTxov-nad samuSao gamocdileba saWiro ar iyo. saeWvoa ramde-nad relevanturia zemoxsenebuli moTxovnebi advoka-tis TanaSemwis poziciaze da zogadad ratom ar SeiZ-leba msgavsi tipis muSakad warmogvidges Suaxnis mama-kaci. ra Tqma unda, am SemTxvevaSi eWvqveS dgeba damsaq-meblis realuri miznebi da misi keTilsindisierebis sakiTxic bundovania.

kvlevis `umciresobebis warmomadgenel qalTa diskriminacia SromiT urTierTobebSi~ Sedegebis Ta-naxmad, saqarTveloSi sqesis niSniT diskriminacia Sro-miTi uflebebis ganxorcielebis dros seriozul problemad rCeba, problema ufro mwvavdeba martoxe-la dedebis, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone, eTni-kuri da religiuri umciresobebisa da lgbt jgufis wevri qalebis SemTxvevaSi.

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SromiT urTierTobaSi xSirad diskriminebulni arian gansxvavebuli seqsualuri identobis mqone ada-mianebic, e.w. umciresobis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic xSirad iZulebulni arian dasaqmebis dros sakuTari seqsualuri identoba damalon, radgan damsaqmebeli maT samsaxuridan swored am motiviT aTavisuflebs. arsebobs realuri SemTxveva, rodesac erT-erTi kafis mepatronem samsaxuridan gaaTavisufla adamiani, ro-melmac 17 maiss, homofobiisa da transfobiis winaaR-mdeg brZolis dRes gamarTul aqciaSi monawileoba mii-Ro.Zalian samwuxaroa, rom erovnuli umciresobis war-momadgenelni am mxriv ganicdian Seviwroebas da sazo-gadoebaSi integraciis procesSi maT erTmevaT dasaq-

mebis SesaZlebloba. samwuxaroa is faqtic, rom 21-e sa-ukuneSi, kacobriobis ganviTarebis am konkretul etapze, Cvens qveyanaSi jer kidev vawydebiT usafuZvlo diskriminaciis faqtebs.1

4.2. sasamarTlo praqtika diskriminaciasTan da-

kavSirebiT rogorc dasawyisSi vaxsene negatiuri diskrimina-

ciis garda, romlis magaliTebic zemoT ukve moviyvane, arsebobs diskriminaciis meore saxe-pozitiuri dis-kriminacia. is gulisxmobs garkveuli pozitiuri nabi-jebis gadadgmas, romlebic miznad isaxavs diskrimina-ciis dasrulebas, misi SesaZlo ganmeorebis prevencia-sa da axali, Tanabari SesaZleblobebis Seqmnas sqesis, rasis, asakis, ojaxuri mdgomareobis Tu sxva maxasia-Teblis gamo daCagrul mdgomareobaSi myofi pirebi-

1 uflebebisTvis, s. d. (2015). qalTa gaZliereba SromiTi dis-kriminaciis winaaRmdeg da genderuli Zaladobis dasamar-cxeblad, Tb.

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saTvis.1 pozitiuri diskriminaciis dros damsaqmebels amoZravebs keTili miznebi uari uTxras aplikants da-

saqmebaze „misave sasikeTod“. sainteresoa pozitiuri diskriminaciis gamovlineba SromiT samarTlebriv ur-TierTobebSi rogor gamoiyureba. praqtikaSi am mxriv magaliTebi uxvad gvxvdeba. erT-erT SromiT samar-Tlebriv davaze, romelSic mosarCele iTxovda samuSa-oze aRdgenasa da iZulebiTi ganacduris anazRaurebas, sakasacio palatam mniSvnelovani ganmarteba gaakeTa.

gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebulia Semdegi - „sakasacio pa-lata ganmartavs, rom kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli ab-straqtuli elementebis arseboba upirobod diskrimi-naciis faqtis dadgenis sakmaris winapirobas ar qmnis. am mxriv, mniSvnelovania, antidiskriminaciuli samar-Tlisa da saerTaSoriso praqtikis analizis safuZvel-ze aRiniSnos, rom gansxvavebuli mopyroba unda arse-bobdes kanonmdeblobiT aRiarebuli romelime ufle-biT an sikeTiT sargeblobasTan mimarTebiT, rameTu calke aRebuli diskriminaciis instituti damoukide-bel dacvas ar eqvemdebareba. amdenad, diskriminaciis faqtis dadgenisaTvis unda arsebobdes daculi sfero _ ufleba, romelSic xdeba Careva; komparatori _ ana-logiur an arsebiTad msgavs urTierTobaSi myofi piri da am or pirs Soris mTavari gansxvaveba warmoadgens e. w. „dacul sferos“. am faqtebis sapirispirod, Care-vis gamarTleba gonivruli da wonadi argumentebiT ekisreba gansxvavebuli mopyrobis iniciators, Sesaba-misad, dRis wesrigSi dgeba diskriminaciis saqmeze mtkicebis tvirTis ganawilebis problema.“2

1 z. SveliZe, SromiTi diskriminaciis samoqalaqo samarTliT mowesrigebuli samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, gv. 142, Tb., 2014. 2 saqme №as-344-322-2017, Tb., 2017.

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kerZod, es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac damsaqmebels Se-uZlia gamoiCinos preferenciuli damokidebuleba, rodesac saqme exeba TanamSromlis samsaxurSi miRebas, sxva Tanamdebobaze gadayvanas, treinings an samsaxuri-dan gaTavisuflebas, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is daa-sabuTebs wminda profesiul aucileblobas an Tu, sqe-sis an rasis SemTxvevaSi, saxezea saTanado Tanamdebob-rivi kvalifikacia. es SezRuduli standarti gamoiye-neba, rodesac Sesasrulebeli samuSao, Tavisi xasiaTi-dan gamomdinare, SeuTavsebeli xdeba garkveuli maxa-siaTeblebis mqone pirTaTvis. magaliTad, „saTanado Tanamdebobrivi kvalifikaciis“ koncepti moqmedebs maSin, rodesac Sesasrulebeli samuSao moiTxovs, rom igi Sesrulebuli iyos konkretuli sqesis adamianis mi-er, rogoricaa mamakacis roli TeatrSi. igive koncep-ti gamoiyeneba, rodesac, magaliTad, esa Tu is saqmia-noba iTvaliswinebs fizikur kontaqts sxva pirTan da saqme exeba pirad cxovrebas da konfidencialobas. ima-ve ideas aviTarebs rasobrivi urTierTobebis aqti, romlis mixedviTac, damsaqmebels SeuZlia gaamarTlos mxolod erTi konkretuli rasis warmomadgenlebis da-saqmeba garkveul saqmeSi „avTenturobis“ dacvis miz-niT. magaliTad, Cinur restoranSi mxolod Cinuri war-momavlobis pirTa dasaqmeba ver iqneba ganxiluli, ro-gorc sxva eTnikuri warmoSobis pirTa diskriminacia.

4.3. diskriminacia gasaubrebis etapze SromiTi diskriminaciis faqts vawydebiT, aramar-

to vakansiis gamocxadebis etapze, aramed gasaubrebis procesSi. sainteresoa is faqti, Tu ra tipis kiTxvebiT SeiZleba Semoifarglos damsaqmebeli rodesac mimdi-nareobas aplikantis SerCeva. germanuli sasamarTlo praqtikidan gamomdinare, damsaqmeblis mier informa-ciis miRebis interesi garkveul sazRvrebSia moqceuli.

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winasaxelSekrulebo SromiTi urTierTobisas damsaq-mebelma SesaZloa mxolod iseTi SekiTxva dasvas, ro-melzec pasuxis miRebis marTlzomieri interesi gadam-wyvetia saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebis damyarebi-saTvis. es ki saxezea maSin, rodesac damsaqmeblis inte-resi imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom gadawonis kandida-tis mier sakuTari pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da piradi sferos saidumlod Senaxvis interess. sSk ar Seicavs SekiTxvis dasmis uflebasTan dakavSirebul normebs da mas damsaqmeblis mier informaciis miRebis zogad uf-lebasTan aerTianebs, Tumca saqarTveloSi arsebuli realobidan gamomdinare, aucilebelia gasaubrebis procesis sakanonmdeblo reglamentacia, raTa TiToe-uli kandidati saTanadod iqnas daculi pirad sferoSi aramarTlzomieri Carevisa da araTanaswori mopyro-bisgan. saqarTveloSi iyo mcdeloba SeeqmnaT muxli sa-xelwodebiT-gasaubreba-romelic Seicavda winasaxel-Sekrulebo SromiTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobisas dam-qiraveblis mier kandidatisTvis SekiTxvis dasmis sa-marTlebriv farglebs. magram es mcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda, radgan igi ar iqna gaziarebuli sakanon-mdeblo organos mier. saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze warmodgenil mdedrTa umravlesobisTvis xSirad daus-vamT iseTi arakoreqtuli kiTxvebi, rogorebicaa -

„gaTxovili xarT?“, “axlo momavalSi dafexmZimebas xom ar gegmavT?“ — amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi am SekiT-xvebis dasma, federaluri kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad ukanonoa, xolo akrZalva im sikeTis dacvas emsaxureba,

rasac qalTa SromiTi uflebebi ewodeba.1 aSS-Si qalTa SromiT uflebebs araerTi sakanondeblo aqti icavs, maT Sorisaa orsulobisa da diskriminaciis 1978 wlis

1 g. amiranaSvili, diskriminaciis akrZalva SromiT urTier-TobebSi, gv. 139 (2011, Tb.), gamomcemloba "meridiani".

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aqti, romelic avaldebulebs rogorc sajaro, ise ker-

Zo kompaniebs, romlebsac 15 an meti daqiravebuli Ta-namSromeli hyavT, SesTavazos qalebs saTanado anazRa-ureba dekretuli SvebulebiaTvis. imave suliskveTe-bas agrZelebs samoqalaqo uflebebis aqti, romlic krZalavs SromiT urTierTobebSi diskriminacias sqe-sis niSniT da awesebs konkretul sanqciebs samsaxurSi seqsualuri Seviwroebis winaaRmdeg. aSS kanondmeblo-

ba aseve gvTavazobs Tanabari anazRaurebis aqts (1963), romlis Tanaxmad damqiravebels ara aqvs ufleba gada-uxados mamakac TanamSromels ufro maRali xelfasi (da piriqiT) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu qalica da mamakacic as-ruleben Tanabar movaleobebs da muSaoben erTi da ima-

ve kvalifikaciiTa da pirobebiT.1 gasaubrebis etapze diksriminaciis gamovlinebas

vxvdebiT, aramarto qalTa aramed mamakacebis mimarTac. magaliTisTvis SekiTxva nasamarTleobis Sesaxeb. ger-manuli sasamarTlo praqtikis Tanaxmad nasamarTloba-ze SekiTxvis dasma, ZiriTadad, dauSvebelia, Tu ar ar-sebobs informaciis miRebis marTlzomieri interesi. germaniis Sromis federalurma sasamarTlom daadgi-na,rom damsaqmebels mxolod im danaSaulTa Cadenis Taobaze SeuZlia SeekiTxos kandidats, romlis gameo-rebis albaTobac didia axal samuSao adgilze. sxva da-narCeni miekuTvneba kandidatis pirad sferos da gamsa-ubrebels ar SeiZleba hqondes maT Sesaxeb cnobebis mi-Rebis gamarTlebuli interesi. Sesabamisad, SekiTxva aRar moeqceva sSk-is me-5 muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli dasaqmebis Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis miRebis far-glebSi. aseve dauSvebelia nasamarTleobis Sesaxeb zo-gadi xasiaTis SekiTxvis dasma konkretuli saxis dana-Saulze miTiTebis gareSe.

1 T. vaSakiZe, (2012). qalTa SromiTi uflebebis Sesaxeb, Tb.

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dauSvebelia SekiTxva SezRuduli SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, rac pirdapiraa miTiTebuli sSk-is me-2 muxlSi. damsaqmebeli vakanturi adgilis dakavebis msurvel yvela kandidats Tanabar pirobebSi unda ayenebdes, ra-Ta TiToeuli maTganisTvis garantirebuli iyos Tanas-wori SesaZleblobebi. Tumca aqve aRsaniSnavia is faq-tic, rom garkveul viTarebaSi dasaqmebis Taobaze mo-laparakebis warmoebisas, pasuxze marTlzomieri inte-resis arsebobisas, SesaZlebelia, ganmcxadebel SezRu-duli SesaZleblobebis mqone statusis Sesaxeb SeekiT-

xon.1 “SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa socia-

luri dacvis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonSi miTiTebu-lia, rom SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone piris jan-mrTelobis met-naklebi moSla ganapirobebs profesiu-li Sromis unaris srul an nawilobriv dakargvas. Tu SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone kandidati Sromis unari srulad an nawilobriv moSlili aqvs im profesi-aSi,romelic aucilebelia vakanturi adgilis dasaka-veblad, maSin damsaqmeblis mier Sromis unaris moSlas-Tan dakavSirebiT SekiTxvis dasma kanonieri miznis miR-wevis aucilebeli da Tanazomieri saSualeba iqne-ba.mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli damsaqmeblis survili, gamocxadebul vakansiaze miiRo is kandidati, romelsac SromiTi xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli samuSaos Sesrulebis unari aqvs. erT-erT mTavar dab-rkolebas SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone pirebis-Tvis araxelsayreli garemo warmoadgens, maT Tavisuf-lad ar SuZliaT sazogadoebrivi transportiT sargeb-loba, radgan es sistema maT saWiroebebze morgebuli ar aris. adaptirebuli garemos naklebobas ganicdis 1 T. kereseliZe, Sromis xelSekrulebis dadebamde damsaqmeb-lis mier kandidatisTvis dasmuli diskriminaciuli SekiTx-vebis samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, Tb., gamomcemloba "meridia-ni".

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uSualod kompaniebic, romelsac SesaZloa hqondes mzaoba SezRuduli SesaZleblobis mqone qalis samsa-xurSi misaRebad, magram misTvis garemos SeqmnisaTvis damatebiTi xarji ar gaiRos. infrastruqturasTan da transportis xelmisawvdomobasTan dakavSirebiT sa-qarTveloSi sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi arsebobs, Tumca maTi praqtikaSi implementacia ar xdeba.

4.4. sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi/gansaxorcielebe-

li cvlilebebi SromiT urTierTobebSi jer kidev ikveTeba uTa-

nasworo mopyrobis safrTxeebi, Sesabamisad am proble-mis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa Semdegi cvlilebebis Se-muSaveba:

1. kanonmdeblobiT daregulirdes winasaxelSek-rulebo urTierTobis dros dasaSvebi da dauSvebeli SekiTxvebi;

2. SemuSavdes efeqturi RonisZiebebi eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobis warmomadgenlebisaTvis sa-

xelmwifo enis swavlebis mimarTulebiT; 3. dainergos genderuli biujetis SemuSavebis

praqtika. ar arsebobs regulireba, romelic gansaz-rvravs qalisa da mamakacis Tanabari Rirebulebis sa-muSaosTvis Tanabari anazRaurebis miRebis princips. erovnuli kanonmdeblobisgan gansxvavebiT, aseTi re-gulireba gaTvaliswinebulia Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciiT;

4. sajaro samsaxurebSi Seiqmnas konkretuli regu-laciebi dawinaurebasa da karierul winsvlasTan da-kavSirebiT, dainergos gamWvirvale procedurebi;

5. kanonmdeblobaSi moxdes cnebis `seqsualuri Se-viwroveba~ ganmarteba. marTalia, Sromis kodeqsSi we-ria diskriminaciis dauSveblobaze, Tumca, Seviwroe-

165

bis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis aranairi administraciuli da sisxlissamarTlebrivi meqanizmi ar arsebobs;

6. diskriminaciis gamomwvev faqtorebs Soris yve-laze mniSvnelovan problemad gvesaxeba winasaxelSek-rulebo urTierTobebis dros damsaqmeblis mier samu-Saos maZieblisaTvis, dasaqmebaze uaris SemTxvevaSi, uaris mizezis ganmartebis valdebulebis ararseboba-

m.5 (2).

daskvna

winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli iyo diskrimina-

ciis dauSvebloba, SromiTsamarTlebriv urTierTo-bebSi. vinaidan yovel adamians aqvs materialuri ke-TildReobisa da sulieri ganviTarebis ufleba Tavi-suflebisa da Rirsebis, ekonomikuri mdgradobisa da Tanabri SesaZleblobebis pirobebSi, Sesabamisad dis-kriminacia unda CaiTvalos adamianis uflebaTa gau-marTlebel darRvevad. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom rad-ganac yoveli SemTxveva gansakuTrebuli Tavisebure-biT xasiaTdeba, Sesabamisad TiToeul faqts diskrimi-

naciis arseboba/ar arsebobis stadiaze individualuri ganxilva sWirdeba. Sromis kodeqsSi mocemul diskri-minaciis amkrZalav niSnebTa CamonaTvali swored am mxriv SeiZleba ar CaiTvalos srulyofilad da ukeTesi iqneboda Tu kanonmdebeli zemoxsenebul CamonaTvals ar miscemda amomwuravi tipis debulebaTa saxes. garda amisa, sSk ar aregulirebs winasaxelSekrulebo Sro-miTsamarTlebrivi urTierTobis iseT elements, rogo-ric gasaubrebaa da informaciis miRebis iseT saSuale-bas, rogoric SekiTxvaa. es yovelive SeiZleba CaiTva-los kanonmdeblobis xarvezad. kanonmdeblobaSi arse-

166

buli xarvezebis mTavar ganmapirobebel faqtorad mi-iCneva is, rom saqarTvelos mTel rig saerTaSoriso dokumentebze daTqmebi aqvs gakeTebuli, an ar momxda-ra SromiT uflebebTan dakavSirebiT rigi saerTaSori-so kanonebis ratificireba.

zemoT ganxilul magaliTTa umravlesobis ana-lizs isev da isev mivyavarT sazogadoebis mier kanonis ar codnamde da potenciuri damsaqmeblis keTilsindi-sierebamde. garda imisa, rom mosaxleobis garkveulma nawilma ar icis misi, rogorc dasaqmebulis ufleba-movaleobani, amavdroulad pirebi, romlebic gvevli-nebian damsaqmeblad, swored kanonis ugulebelyofiT axdenen individTa diskriminacias. Tumca vinaidan ram-deni adamianic aris Sesabamisad imdeni gansxvavebuli azri arsebobs, diskriminaciasTan dakavSirebul prob-lemaTa gadaWris tvirTi sabolood mainc saxelmwifos awevs. Sesabamisad kanonmdeblobaSi arsebul debuleba-Ta meti konkretizaciis Sedegad, meti samarTlebrivi boWva migviyvans sasurvel Sedegamde. ra Tqma unda, es ukanaskneli ise unda ganxorcieldes rom damsaqmebeli ar iyos warmodgenili rogorc, susti an daCagruli mxare. miuxedavad am xarvezebisa, moqmedi kodeqsiT ganmtkicebuli diskriminaciis akrZalvis debulebebi bevrad progresulia adrindel kanonmdeblobasTan Se-darebiT. Tumca vinaidan rogorc sazogadoeba aseve sa-zogadoebrivi urTierTobebi icvleba, mravalferova-ni da dinamiuria, amitom sSk mainc saWiroebs reformas diskriminaciis akrZalvis regulirebis TvalsazrisiT.

167

baqar gvazava

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis samarTalis magistri samecniero xelmZRvaneli profesori daviT geferiZe

saqarTvelo aliansisken mimaval gzaze

(Tezisebi)

Sesavali natos mokle istoria daarsebidan dRemde natos struqturebi da mmarTveli organoebi ucxouri praqtika saqarTvelo-natos urTierTobebi damouki-

deblobidan dRemde saqarTvelos perspeqtivebi da problemebi na-

toSi gawevrianebis gzaze saqarTvelos integ-raciis gzaze mdgari aqtualuri problemebi

saqarTvelos perspeqtivebi da Sansebi natoSi integraciis gzaze

saqarTveloSi arsebuli mZime realobidan gamom-

dinare, Cveni teritoriebis 20 procenti okupirebulia. saqarTvelo dRemde saomar mdgomareobaSi imyofeba ruseTis federaciasTan. Cemi azriT, saqarTvelosTvis aucilebelia Zlieri mokavSiris arseboba, raTa Cveni qveyana marto ar darCes ruseTis agresiis pirispir da gvqondes saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mxardaWera.

168

swored, aqedan gamomdinare saqarTvelosTvis Zalze aqtualuria natoSi gawevrianeba.

aqve SegviZlia davamatoT, rom saqarTvelos mosax-leobis udidesi nawili mxars uWers Crdilo-atlanti-kur sivrceSi gawevrianebas, radgan miiCnevs, rom es aris saukeTeso saSualeba qveynis damoukideblobisa da suverenitetis dacvisa. amas naTlad adasturebs is plebisciti, romelic Catarda saqarTveloSi 2008 wels. mosaxleobis 77 procentma mxari dauWira aliansSi ga-

wevrianebas. igive Sedegi dadasturda NDI-sa da natos sainformacio centris mier Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Sedegad.

Sesabamisad, moxsnebis mTavari mizania warmoaCinos mosaxleobis ganwyoba, natoSi gawevrianebis sakiTxze, rogoria nato-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi damouki-deblobis mopovebidan dRemde, aliansSi gawevriavne-bis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi, agreTve naSromis mizania warmoaCinos Tu ra problemebis winaSe dgas Cveni qveyana aliansSi integraciis gzaze da ra per-speqtivebi gaaCnia Seqmnili mZime geopolitikuri mdgomareobidan gamomdinare.

169

mari kilava

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis samarTlis skolis, meore kursis studenti

salome umfriani

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis samarTlis skolis, meore kursis studenti

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: asoc. prof. ia xarazi

wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli

zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis

samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi

wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli ziani, romelic

warmoSobs samoqalaqo samarTlebriv pasuxismgeblo-bas, dResdReobiT, gansakuTrebuli aqtualurobiT ga-moirCeva. mis mimarT yuradReba gaizarda, masSemdeg, rac gafarTovda sabazro urTierTobebi da agreTve, saerTaSoriso warmoeba.

sabazro urTierTobebi swrafad viTardeba,mewar-me subieqtTa raodneoba izrdeba da bazarze mravalfe-

170

rovani saqonlis Semotana xels uwyobs msoflioSi uxa-risxo produqtis damkvidrebas.

momxmarebelTa interesebis dacva is ZiriTadi moTxovnaa, romelic safuZvlad udevs qveyanaSi arse-bul sakanonmdeblo regulaciebs. sainteresoa, rogor regulirdeba saqarTveloSi wundebuli produqtiT gamowveuli pasuxismgebloba da ramdenad aris daculi momxmarebelTa uflebebi.

kvlevis sagans warmoadgens wundebuli produq-tiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis samar-Tlebrivi aspeqtebis gamokveTa.

kvlevis mizania aRniSnul TemasTan dakavSirebiT sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis ganxilva, saqarTvelos rea-lobaSi arsebuli tendenciebis warmoCena da amavdro-ulad, arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetis alternati-uli gzebis moZieba.

saxelmwifo axorcielebs samewarmeo saqmianobaze kontrols, magram sainteresoa Tu ramdenad efeqtu-ria saxelmwifos mxridan aRniSnuli RonisZiebis gan-xorcielebis farglebi.

wundebuli, uxarisxo produqtiT miyenebuli zia-nisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis gansazRvris sakiTxi mTel rig sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli, romlebic er-Ti SexedviT arc Cans.

umTavresi pirncipi, razec unda iyos damyarebuli bazarze arsebuli produqciis standarti aris uvneb-loba, usafrTxoeba, romelic jvaredinad aris dakav-Sirebuli momxmareblis interesebsa da uflebebTan.

wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pa-suxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi vrceli mo-culobisaa. TemaSi saubari meqneba wundebuli, uxaris-xo produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblo-baze, rogorc deliqturi valdebulebis erT-erT saxe-obaze. agreTve, am pasuxismgeblobis gamomricxvel ga-remoebebze, momxmarebelTa uflebebis da interesebis

171

dacvis garantiebze, qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonebis regu-lirebis sakiTxebze da im sirTuleebze, romlis wina-Sec vdgavarT.

aRniSnuli sakiTxi, ra Tqma unda, amiT ver Semoi-fargleba. problema, romlis winaSec dgas msoflio, moiTxovs am sakiTxebis siRrmiseul Seswavlas da gaT-viTcnobierebas.

mniSnvnelovania wundebuli produqtiT miyenebu-li zianiT gamowveuli Sedegebis sasamarTlo praqtika-Si danergva, aseve, axali precedentebi, romelic xels Seuwyobs sakanonmdeblo xarvezebis ukeTesad warmoCe-nas. radgan, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiniSneba sasa-marTlo praqtikebis simcire, mosamarTle, mxolod garkveul SeniSvnebs iZleva, amitom aucilebelia im sa-kanonmdeblo normebis analizi, romelic aregulirebs am sakiTxs.

momxmareblebi, romlebic wundebuli produqtiT miiReben zians, uflebamosilni arian daicvan sakuTari uflebebi da interesebi. am qmedebis ganxorcieleba aucilebelia, raTa am sferos momwesrigebeli normebi ar CaiTvalos mkvdar normebad, iyos qmediTi da rea-luri.

problema metad sayuradReboa da sakanonmdeblo doneze dasaregulirebelia.

vfiqrob, rom saxelmwifoSi unda arsebobdes uf-ro maRali standartebi produqciasTan mimarTebaSi, saxelmwifo meqanizmi unda iyos ufro moqnili, mkacri, momxTovni da rac mTavaria, qmedunariani. sasurvelia, ufro xSirad da mkacrad mowmdebodes Seesabameba Tu ara bazarze arsebuli produqcia asocirebis xelSek-rulebiT dadgenil standartebs, radgan mxolod is, rom arsebobs specialuri direqtivebi aRniSnul prob-lemasTan dakavSirebiT ver aRmofxvris im problemas, romlis winaSec vdgavarT.

172

nadia baZaRua Savi zRvis saerTaSoriso universitetis samarTlis fakultetis 1 kursis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori daviT geferiZe

kiberbulingi saqarTvelos

sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi

Sesavali

bolo ori aswleulis ganmavlobaSi, Cven gavxdiT

„teqnologiuri da informaciuli afeTqebis~ mowmeebi, rodesac aravis SeuZlia, gverdi auaros im gamowvevebs, romelsac teqnologiuri ganviTareba da globaruli qselebi gvTavazobs. kompiuteruli teqnologiis gan-viTarebasTan erTad, Seicvala adamianis komunikaciis formac. aRniSnul viTarebaSi Tavi iCina bulingis formam, romelmac kiber sivrceSi, „internet trolin-

gis“ saxiT, fsiqologiuri Zaladobis kidev ufro meti gamoxatvis saSualeba SeiZina. konstituciiT daculi Rirsebis ufleba gulisxmobs, rom yvela adamiani, mxo-lod imitom, rom adamianad aris gaCenili, pativdebul, eTikur mopyrobas imsaxurebs yvelasgan. kiberbulin-gis SemTxvevaSi ki am uflebiT dacul sferoSi Careva xdeba, amitom, Cemi azriT, aucilebelia gonivruli ka-nonmdeblobis SemuSaveba, radgan uzrunvelyofil iq-nes adamianis fizikuri da sulieri simSvidis xelSeu-xebloba.

173

internetSi miRebuli gamocdilebebi xSirad upi-rispirdeba realur samyaroSi miRebul gamocdilebebs. adamianis qceva pirdapir mimarTulia moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaze, maTi dakmayofilebis xerxi ki regu-lirdeba socialuri normebiT, zneobiTa da moraliT. roca qceva zneobrivi imperativebisa da adaTobrivi rutinis farglebs cdeba, aucilebelia, mivmarToT sa-marTals da mis saSualebebs. adamianis qcevis Semakave-beli faqtorebi arsebobs imisaTvis, rom adamianma ar Caidinos sazogadoebisTvis miuRebeli qmedeba. anoni-muroba amcirebs adamianis pirad valdebulebebs, rad-gan aravin icis, an aravis ainteresebs Tu vin aris moq-medi piri, rac zrdis boroti qmedebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. adamianebs SiSi Cadenili danaSaulis gamoaSkaravebisa da Semdeg Sesabamisi dasjisa ufro meti aqvT, roca maTi indenturoba kargad Cans. inter-neti iZleva saSualebas adamianma martivad damalos sa-kuTari indentoba, es anonimuroba ki Tavis mxriv iw-vevs iseTi qcevas, romelsac igi ar Caidenda im SemTxve-vaSi, Tu misi indentoba yovelTvis xiluli iqneboda. zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naSromis mizania dagvanaxos, rom kiberbulingi aris danaSauli, rome-

lic konstituciis me-17 muxliT dacul adamianis Zi-riTad imanentur da amavdroulad universalur, abso-lutur uflebas laxavs, amitom aucilebelia saerTa-Soriso standartebis Sesabamisi, daxvewili sakanon-

mdeblo bazis arseboba.1 kiberbulingi hgavs viruss, romelic wamierad war-

moiSoba, aseTive siswrafiT vrceldeba da rogorc da-avadebas, xSirad aqvs dramatuli Sedegi. kiberbulin-

1 e. gociriZe, saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari Tavi me-ore, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, 2013, me-17 muxli.

174

gis ZiriTadi mizezis dasaxeleba da Sesabamisad Tavi-dan arideba ar aris advili — zogi kiberbulingis msxverpli xdeba garegnobis, nacionaluri kuTvnile-bis, religiis, seqsualuri orientaciis, ganaTlebis, Sexedulebis da sxva faqtorebis gamo, zogi ki sruli-ad umizezod. is SeiZleba xdebodes yvelgan, saxlSic ki, socialuri qselebis, eleqtronuli fostis, teqsturi Setyobinebebis, peijeris, mobiluri telefonis saSua-

lebiT, kviraSi Svidi dRe da dReSi 24 saaTi, aTasobiT adamianis erTdrouli monawileobiT. bevri maTgani ki-berbulings iyenebs TviTdamkvidrebis saSualebad, zo-gi kiberbulings mimarTavs SiSiT, rom TviTon ar gax-des msxverpli. kiberbulingis msxverpli xSirad xdeba Seuracxhyofili da depresiuli. arsebobs araerTi SemTxveva, rodesac „bulers“ msxverpli suicidamdec ki miuyvania.1

kiberbulingi izrdeba kompiuteruli teqnologi-is ganviTarebasTan erTad. miuxedavad seriozuli so-cialuri safrTxisa da marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa ssk-is mixedviT sityvieri Seuracxhyofa danaSaulis saxed gansazRvruli ar aris, Sesabamisad, dasjadic ar aris. SesaZlebelia mxolod samarTalwarmoebis gziT dava. rac Seexeba muqaras, aRniSnuli ssk-is 151-e mux-liT isjeba. Tu socialuri qselis meSveobiT dafiq-sirdeba sicocxlis mospobis, janmrTelobis daziane-bis an qonebis ganadgurebis muqara, romelsac muqaris adresati aRiqvams, saxeze gveqneba danaSaulis niSnebi da momxdarze gamoZieba daiwyeba. aseve saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT, iseTi masalis damzadeba an gavrcelebaa dasjadi, romelic propagandas uwevs

1 n. dixaminjia, kiberbulingTan gamklaveba-rCevebi bavSvebs da mSoblebs kiberbulingis prevenciis da aRkveTisTvis, ix. [http://mastsavlebeli.ge/?p=9865].

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Zaladobis an sisastikis kults, sxva saxis propaganda, miuxedavad imisa emsaxureba Tu ara dezinformacias, an pirovnebis diskriminacias, dasjadi ar aris.

saqarTveloSi kiberdanaSaulis dasjadobis sakiT-

xebs aregulirebs sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis (ssk) XXXV Tavi, romlis Tanaxmadac, sisxlis samarTlis pa-suxismgeblobas iwvevs kibersivrceSi Cadenili Semdegi qmedebebi: kompiuterul sistemaSi unebarTvo SeRweva, kompiuteruli monacemis an/da kompiuteruli sistemis xelyofa an maTi ukanonod gamoyeneba, magram, samwuxa-rod, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs sakanonmdeblo norme-bi, romlebic kiberbulings daaragulirebs.

ZiriTadi nawili kiberbulingi

pirvelad sityva `bully~ 1560 wels damkvidrda da igi `sastiks~ niSnavs. `buleri~, romlis qarTuleno-vani Sesatyvisi Tavisi mniSvnelobiTa da SinaarsiT SeiZleba iyos `moZalade~. meriam vebsteris inglisu-

ri enis leqsikonis mixedviT, sityva cyberbullying pir-

velad 1998 wels gamoCnda da igi niSnavs Zaladobas, sadac moZalades SeuZlia damalos vinaoba. pirveli kiberbulingis precedenti iyo 2007 wels, romelsac 13 wlis Tina meeri Seewira. virtualuri samyaro sa-Sualebas iZleva sakuTar Tavze gamoscado qcevis axali modeli da yvela SesaZlo moralur CarCos gas-cdes. rogorc wesi, kiberbulingSi sami moqmedi piria: msxverpli, agresori, damkvirvebeli. EU Kids Online II-is statistikis Tanaxmad, ruseTsa da evropuli qvey-

nebis 50%-Si internetiT mosargeble bavSvebis 23℅ procenti xdeba kiberbulingis msxverpli. 2008 wlis `harperis Canawerebis‘’ mixedviT, erT-erTi pirveli aseTi SemTxveva exeboda skolis gasaxdelSi dacinvis mizniT mobiluri telefoniT gadaRebul skolis mos-

176

wavles. kiberbulingze laparaki yvelaze adre daiwyo ganviTarebul qveynebSi (aSS, kanada) pirveli kom-

pleqsuri kvlevebi Catarda kompania Geminus mier 2007 wels.1

kiberbulingi moicavs internetis, socialuri me-dia saSualebis da sxva interaqtiuli teqnologiebis an smartfonebis gamoyenebas, imisaTvis rom daaSinon, gaaCumon an gaavrcelon Worebi vinmeze. kiber moZa-ladeebi Tavs usafrTxod grZnoben, radgan SeuZliaT kompiuteris an telefonis miRma daimalon. es aris daSinebis Zalian kompleqsuri tipi, radgan igi Sei-cavs pirdapir daSinebas an sxvebis gamoyenebas dasa-Sineblad. mas SuZlia gamoiwvios dabali TviTSefase-ba, depresia da TviTmkvlelobac ki.

anonimuroba da danaSauli2

pirveli ratomac SeiZleba kiberbulingi CaiTva-los marTsawinaaRmdego qmedebad da aucilebelia ka-nonmdeblobis SemuSaveba aris is faqti, rom anonumu-robis SemTxvevaSi individi amcirebs pirad valdebu-lebas, riTac zrdis boroti qmedebis potencials da im SemTxvevaSi, Tu am qmedebas aranairi iuridiuli pasu-xismgebloba ar akisria. adamianebs ufro metad aqvT maT mier Cadenili danaSaulis gamoaSkaravebis dasjis SiSi, rodesac maTi indentoba kargad Cans. jon Suleri adamianis internetSi qcevis asaxsnelad gamoyofs 6 Zi-riTd faqtors:

1. disociuri anonimuroba („aravin micnobs“). in-ternetSi yofnisas adamianis indentoba SeiZleba nawi-

1 n. yuraSvili, kiberbulingi, 2017, ix. [http://www.etaloni.ge/ geo/main/index/3215]. 2 adamianis damokidebloba realur sivrcesa da internetSi Cadenili danaSaulebis mimarT, dis., Tsu, 2015.

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lobriv an mTlianad iyos dafaruli. momxmareblis sa-xeli SeiZleba Candes, magram igi ar gascems adamianis Sesaxeb bevr informacias, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxveva-Si, Tu igi falsificirebulia - sxvebma mxolod is ici-an, rasac ambobs es adamiani. interneti adamians saSua-lebas aZlevs, erTmaneTisgan ganacalkevos onlain da realuri cxovrebis stili (in–person lifestyle). danawevre-buli, disociuri, agresiis an sxva devianturi qcevis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi adamians SeuZlia Tavidan airi-dos pasuxismgebloba da saerTodac ar aRiaros qcevis Cadena. rac ar unda iTqvas an gakeTdes internetSi es ar aRiqmeba danarCen cxovrebasTan uSualod dakavSi-rebulad e.i internetSi ganxorcielebuli qceva amo-vardnilia im konteqstidan, rasac adamiani warmoad-gens realurad.

2. uxilavoba („veravin mxedavs“). is faqti, rom on-lain komunikaciis dros adamianebi ver xedaven erTma-

neTs, xels uwyobs adamianis qcevis ganmuxruWebas. (aq igulisxmeba mxolod miwer-mowera da ara videoTva-

liT komunikacia, sadac adamianebi erTmaneTs xedaven). internetSi adamiani SeiZleba „moZraobdes“ saitebze, ise rom aravin icodes misi aq yofnis Sesaxeb. uxilavo-ba adamians matebs gambedaobas wavides iq, sadac igi arasdros wavidoda, akeTos is, rasac ar gaakeTebda re-

alur samyaroSi. (John Suler, 2004). maSinac ki, rodesac adamianis identoba araa dafaruli, misi fizikuri uxi-lavoba xels uwyobs misi qcevis ganmuxruWebas.

3. droSi asinqronuloba. 4. solifsisturi introeqcia („yvelaferi Cems

TavSi xdeba“). imis gamo, rom ver vxedavT adamians in-ternetiT komunikaciis dros, Cven ar gvaqvs aranairi warmodgena, Tu rogor gamoiyureba, an rogori xma aqvs mas. miuxedavad amisa, Cven mivawerT mas garkveul Tvi-

178

sebebs da nel-nela vayalibebT am adamianis garegnul xats sakuTari survilebisamebr. warmosaxva adamianebs aZlevs usafrTxoebis grZnobas, TiTqos Cven sakuTar Tavs velaparakebiT, amitom adamians SeuZlia gaaxmova-nos iseTi ram, rasac pirispir urTierTobis dros arasdros ityoda.

5. disociuri warmodgena („es yvelaferi TamaSia“) adamians SeiZleba gauCndes SegrZneba, rom is, rac xde-ba internetSi ararealuria.

6. statusisa da avtoritetis mniSvnelobis dasus-

teba („yvela Tanaswori varT“). maSinac ki, rodesac ada-mianis statusi cnobilia, internetSi mis avtoritetu-lobas ar aqvs iseTi mniSvneloba, rogoric mas eqnebo-da yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

onlain ganmuxruWebis efeqti1

onlain ganmuxruWebis efeqtis Tanaxmad, adamiane-bi internetSi amboben da akeTeben iseT raRacebs, ra-sac ar gaakeTebdnen pirispir urTierTobis dros, isi-ni dundebian, Tavs ufro Tavisuflad grZnoben da Se-sabamisad, sakuTar azrebsac ufro Tamamad gamoxata-ven.

avtorebi ganmuxruWebis efeqtSi 2 mimarTulebas xedaven: ganmuxruWebis dadebiT da uaryofiT-toqsi-kur efeqtebs. onlain ganmuxruWebis dadebiT efeqtSi isini moiazreben adamianis gaxsnas da sakuTari ideebis Tavisuflad gamoxatvas, mis personalur zrdas da aq-tualizacias, xolo toqsikur ganmuxruWebas Suleri ukavSirebs adamianis farul, agresiuli moTxovnile-bis dakmayofilebis survils, am SemTxvevaSi adamiani

1 adamianis damokidebuleba realur sivrcesa da internetSi Cadenili danaSaulebis mimarT, dis., Tsu, 2015.

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internetSi agresiulad iqceva, rac araa dakavSirebu-li mis pirovnul zrdasTan.

sxva qveynebis kanonmdebloba kiberbulingTan

dakavSirebiT miuxedavad imisa bulingi da kiberbulingi Zalian

mZime da seriozuli problemaa mTel msoflioSi, qvey-nebis umravlesobaSi jer kidev ar arsebobs misi das-

jisken mimarTuli kanonebi. amerikis 50 StatSi ukve moqmedebs bulingis sawinaaRmdego kanonebi, Tumca mxolod 18 Stats aqvs kiberbulingis winaaRmdeg mimar-

Tuli kanonebi. 2010 wels, cvlilebebi Sevida didi bri-taneTis moswavleTa usafrTxoebis da Zaladobis pre-

venciis sakanonmdeblo aqtSi. kerZod, „kiberbulin-

gis“ cneba Semdegnairad ganisazRvra: emociuri da fsi-qologiuri Zaladoba, romelic ganxorcielebulia eleqtronuli mowyobilebebis gamoyenebiT.

statistikuri monacemebi kiberbulingis Sesa-

xeb mzardi statistika metyvelebs imaze, rom aSS-is

magaliTze, saswrafod aris SesamuSavebeli Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo normebi, raTa moxdes kiberbulingis realizaciis aRmofxvra. niderlandebSi kiberbulin-gis sakvlevad SimuSaves ori kiTxvari: erTi bavSvebis-Tvis da meore maTi mSoblebisTvis. kvleva Catarda dawyebiTi ganaTlebis damamTavrebeli wlis da saSua-lo ganaTlebis pirveli wlis moswavleebisa da maTi mSoblebis monawileobiT. Sedegebma aCvena, rom axal-

gazrdebis daaxloebiT 16℅ TviTon iyo CarTuli kiber-

bulingSi (internetis da mokle teqsturi Setyobinebe-

bis saSualebiT). 23℅ erTxel mainc gamxdara kiberbu-lingis msxverpli.

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“Pew Research Center”-is mier Catarebuli gamokiT-xvis mixedviT, internetSi Seuracxhyofa yvelaze me-tad ukavSirdeba asakisa da sqesis faqtorebs: axalgaz-

rdebi 18-19 wlamde ufro didi albaTobiT SeiZleba gaxdnen onlain Seuracxhyofis msxverpli vidre nebis-mieri sxva demografiuli jgufi. gamokiTxul axalgaz-

rdaTa 65℅-ma aRniSna, rom iyo 6-dan minimum 1 tipis Seu-

racxhyofis an Seviwrovebis msxverplia. aqedan 70℅ 18 -24 wlamde asakisaa.

sainformacio saagento NYPOST-is informaciiT, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis ganaTlebis departamen-tis mier Catarebuli kvlevis Tanaxmad, aSS-is qalaqeb-Si arsebul skolebSi kiberbulingis maCvenebeli, bolo 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis samjer gaizarda. publi-kaciis Tanaxmad, mozardebi erTmaneTs, yvelaze metad, rasis, sqesis da religiuri orientaciis gamo amcire-

ben. 2015–2016 saswavlo wlis manZilze kiberbulingis 804 SemTxveva dafiqsirda maSin, rodesac 2013–2014 wels saxelmwifo ganaTlebis departamentma sul 178 incidenti daafiqsira.

marTalia, socialuri qselebis moxmarebis ufle-bis xelyofa demokratiulobis princips ewinaaRmdege-

ba, magram 21-e saukuneSi es uflebebi borotad gamoi-yeneba, romelic sxva adamianis uflebebs laxavs. kiber-bulingis mzardi uaryofiTi dinamika migvaniSnebs sas-

wrafo reagirebaze.1

1 adamianis damokidebuleba realur sivrcesa da internetSi Cadenili danaSaulebis mimarT, dis., Tsu, 2015, 13.

181

daskvna

teqnologiuri progresi xSirad gaigivebulia ada-mianis winsvlasTan. iseTi inovacia, rogoricaa inter-neti, xels uwyobs adamianebis urTierTobis formis Secvlas da gardaqmnas. bulingis anu realuri Zala-dobrivi qmedebis kiberbulingad Secvla teqnologiu-ri evoluciis Seuqcevadi procesis Sedegia.

kiberbulingi tradiciuli bulingis msgavsad, ag-resiis, Zaladobisa da diskriminaciis erT-erTi gamo-xatulebaa, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba yvelaze maTavar, sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis uflebebs, romlis gareSec ar SeiZleba iarsebos sazogadoebam.

kiberbulingis SemTxvevaSi irRveva samarTlebrivi sistemis Semadgeneli nawilis yvelaze maRla mdgomi normatiuli aqtiT garantirebuli ZiriTadi ufleba. marTalia, konstituciaSi garantirebuli uflebebi, upirveles yovlisa, saxelmwifosgan adamianis damcavi uflebebia1, magram misi mizani aseve aris, daicvas da uzrunvelyos adamianis uflebebi, am SemTxvevaSi Sesa-bamisi samarTalSefardebiT, raTa dazaralebulma mi-marTos sasamarTlos da misi moraluri, materialuri Tu sxva saxis ziani anazRaurdes.

seriozuli dafiqrebaa saWiro, rom kiberbulingis msxverpli ar gavxdeT. dRes Zalian adviladaa SesaZle-beli individi, gansakuTrebiT mozardi moeqces sxvisi zegavlenis qveS da gaxdes kiberbulingis msxverpli. saerTaSoriso doneze es sakiTxi seriozuli ganxilvis sakiTxia, CvenTan ki am kuTxiT mxolod saskolo sakiT-xiT samoqalaqo ganaTlebaSi Semoifarglebian, isic Za-lian mcirediT.

rodesac vsaubrobT kiber bulingze, ramdenime faqtori unda gaviTvaliswinoT. pirvel rigSi, bulin- 1 k. kublaSvili, ZiriTdi uflebebi, 2008, Tbilisi, 55.

182

gi ar aris axalwarmoSobili fenomeni, is yovelTvis arsebobda kiber sivrcis miRma. ukanasknelma aRniSnu-li fenomeni eleqtronul formaSi gardasaxa da nawi-lobriv gaaZliera, tradiciuli bulingis negatiuri efeqtebi. am SemTxvevaSi, analogiis gakeTeba SeiZleba zogad danaSaulTan, romelic uxsovari droidan arse-bobda, xolo dRes misi nawili kiberteqnologiebis ga-moyenebiT xorcieldeba.1

kiberbulings tradiciuli bulingisgan gansxvave-biT, fsiqologiuri Zaladobis kidev ufro meti gamo-xatvis saSualeba aqvs. aq maRalia anonimuroba, anu uf-ro meti saSualeba gaqvs gamoxato is rasac ar an ver gamoxatav, xeli advilad migiwvdeba imaze viszec ginda gaavrcelo agresia. damamcirebeli mopyroba SesaZloa gaxdes „mTeli samegobro jgufisTvis“ dasanaxi. kiber-bulingi araproporciulad did gavlenas axdens margi-nalizebul adamianebze. kiberbulingi, rogorc vTqviT, da statistikam gvaCvena mozardebSi metad vlindeba da Sesabamisad, emociuri ziani maRalia, amitom aucilebe-lia Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis SemuSaveba da iu-

ridiuli pasuxismgeblobis daweseba.2

1 d. nozaZe, Zaladoba onlain samyaroSi, dis., saqarTvelos unversiteti, 2017.

183

ani zenaiSvili soxumis saxelmwifo universite-

tis me-4 kursis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli, profe-sori, afxazeTis mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosi avTandil xazalia

sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobis

aqtualuri sakiTxebi

sajaro samsaxuri, axali mmarTvelobis, garemo gav-

lenebisa da socio-politikuri ganviTarebis Sesabami-sad, mudmivad ganicdis cvlilebebs. eTikuri Rirebu-lebebi, iseve rogorc kanonis uzenaesoba, demokratiu-

li sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovani elementia1. eTikis normebi gansazRvraven adamianis Sinagan damokidebu-lebas samsaxureobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas, xo-

lo morals ganmartaven rogorc „Sinagan valdebule-

bas“, romelsac sindisi gansazRvravs.“ moraluri nor-mebi adamianis sindisiskenaa mimarTuli. sindisi abosu-luturad individvaluria. adamianTa nawils sindisis ganviTarebuli grZnoba aqvs, zogierTs kidev sindisis xma naklebad awuxebs“2. morali sajaro samsaxurSi uSu-alod aris dakavSirebuli Tanamdebobis piris saqmia-nobasTan, ramdenad keTilsindisierad axorcielebs dakisrebul movaleobas da ramdenad gamWvirvalea sa-

1 sajaro samsaxuris eTikis sabWo: evropis qveynebis gamoc-dilebis mimoxilva. 2 ix. g. xubia, „samarTlis Teoria“, gamomc. „meridiani“, 2004 w., gv.60.

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zogadoebisTvis misi saqmianoba Tu finansuri mdgoma-reoba. antikorufciuli sistemis Camoyalibeba emsaxu-reba sajaro moxeleebis eTikuri Rirebulebebis amaR-lebas. swored am Rirebulbebs ganekuTvneba Tanamde-

bobis pirTa keTilsindisiereba, romelic „sajaro da-wesebulebaSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da koruf-

ciis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT aris gaTvaliswine-buli. aRniSnuli kanonis safuZvelze Tanamdebobis pi-rebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba waradginon qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaracia, romlis mizania korufciis riskebis Semcireba, sazogadoebis ndobis amaRleba xe-lisuflebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebis mimarT. inte-resTa SeuTavseblobis WrilSi korufciasTan brZolis mniSvenelovan berkets warmoadgens deklaraciebis me-qanimzi, romelTa saSualebiT SesaZlebelia Tanamde-bobis piris qonebrivi mdgomareobis Semowmeba da igi xelmisawvdomia sazogadoebisTvis.

qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis arseboba korufciasTan brZolis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani da Ri-rebuli meqanizmia, rogorc saqarTveloSi aseve mraval sxva qveyanaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom im saxelmwifoSi, sadac mTavroba ver uzrunvelyofs Tanamdebobis pirTa qo-nebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb deklaraciebis monito-rings, aucilebelia Sesabamisi samsaxuris arseboba, ro-melic gaakontrolebs informaciis saqveynoobas, msgavs saxelmwifoebSi ufro metadaa SesaZlebeli, maRali rangis Tanamdebobis pirebma aiRon qrTami, an arakeTil-sindisierad gamoiyenon sakuTari Tanamdebobrivi mdgo-mareoba, Sesabamisad es sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebis, saxelmwifo-politikuri Tanamdebobis pirebisa Tu sa-jaro moxeleebisadmi undoblobas iwvevs.

saqarTveloSi „sajaro dawesebulebaSi interesTa Se-

uTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb“ kanoni pirvelad miRebuli iqna 1997 wels. es kanoni adgens „sajaro dawese-

185

bulebaSi interesTa SeuTavseblobis da korufciis Ta-vidan acilebis, gamovlenisa da aRkveTis da korufciu-li samarTaldarRvevis Camden pirTa pasuxismgeblobis ZiriTad principebs, samarTlebrivi reglamentaciis sa-fuZvlebsa da meqanizms, agreTve aregulirebs Tanamde-bobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis war-dgenis, wardgenili deklaraciebis monitoringis piro-bebsa da meqanizms, agreTve mamxilebelTa dacvis, eTikisa da qcevis zogadi wesebis ZiriTad safuZvlebs“.1 kanonSi miRebis dRidan araerTi cvlileba Sevida. 2004 wels ka-

nonma ganicada pirvelad cvlileba da igi Seexo me-3 mux-

lis me-4 da me-5 punqtebs, kerZod, kanons daemata dasabu-Tebuli qonebis misgan miRebuli Semosavlebis da qoneb-rivi warmomavlobis dasabuTebis ganmarteba, romelic 1997 wlis redaqciaSi ar gvxvdeboda. aseve cvlileba See-

xo me-13 muxlis me-7 da me-10 punqtebs, romlis Tanaxmad aikrZala Tanamdebobis piris zedamxedvelobis qveS arse-bul Tanamdebobaze axlo naTesavis daniSvna, konkursis wesiT daniSvnis garda. 2008 wlis cvlilebis Tanaxmad, me-

20 muxliT ganisazRvra, rom dadgenil vadaSi deklaraci-

is warudgenloba gamoiwvevs piris dajarimebas 1000 la-ris odenobiT, gamoicema individualuri administraci-ul-samarTlebrivi aqti - gankarguleba jarimis dakisre-

bis Sesaxeb. 2

1 https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/33550 ukanasknelad gamo-yenebulia 01.04.2018w. saqarTvelos kanoni sajaro dawesebu-lebaSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb (7 marti 2018 w) muxli 1. 2 sajaro samsaxuris biuro „sajaro samsaxuris Sesaxeb“ da „sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da koruf-ciis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonebSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi.

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erT-erT mniSvnelovan siaxleT SegviZlia ganvixi-loT, Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi da safinanso mdgomareobis biuros gauqmeba da aRniSnuli samsaxu-ris funqcia SeiTavsa sajaro samsaxuris biurom. am re-formis Semdeg sajaro samsaxuris biuros moexsna val-debuleba Tanamdebobaze gamamwesebel organos gadas-ces Sevsebuli qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciis asli. zemoT xsenebuli sajaro samsaxuris biuros war-matebis miuxedavad, aRniSnuli sistema mniSvnelovan xarvezebsac Seicavs, kanoniT aris gansazRvruli pir-Ta wre, viszec vrceldeba deklarciis Sevsebis valde-buleba, Tumca es CamonaTvali ar aris sakmarisi da garkveuli Tanamdebobis pirebi kontrolis miRma rCe-ba, es, ra Tqma unda, kanonis xarvezze miuTiTebs. dek-larirebis valdebuleba ar vrceldeba adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis wevrTa mniSvnelovan nawilze da mi-nistrebis mrCevlebze, aseve kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs deklaraciebSi informaciis Setanas Tanamdebobis pi-

ris ojaxis yvela wevrze. kanonis miznebisTvis, „ojaxis wevrSi igulisxmeba piris meuRle, arasrulwlovani Svili da geri, agreTve masTan mudmivad mcxovrebi pi-

ri“, 1 aqedan gamomdinare, Semowmebis farglebs gareT rCeba, Tanamdebobis piris mSoblebi, da-Zma, colis mSoblebi, da-Zma, romlebsac SesaZlebelia mniSvnelo-vani darRvevebi hqondeT am kuTxiT da isini kontrols miRma rCeba. es faqti miuTiTebs, rom Tanamdebobis pirma SesaZlebelia mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis nawili ojaxis im wevrebze gadaaformos, romelTa Se-mowmebasac kanoni ar iTvaliswinebs, aqedan gamomdina-re, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom kanons aqvs xarvezebi, ro-melTa gverdis avliTac Tanamdebobis pirma SesaZlebe-

1 saerTaSoriso gamWirvaloba, qonebrivi mdgomareobis dek-larirebis sistemebi: saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da saqar-Tvelo.

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lia borotad isargeblos Tanamdebobrivi mdgomareo-biT da misi namdvili qonebrivi mdgomarebis Sesaxeb da-malos informacia.

aseve SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom deklaraciaSi Sesa-tani informacia ar aris sakmarisad detalizebuli, Tanamdebobis pirebs ar moeTxovebaT deklaraciebSi maTTan dakavSirebuli uZravi qonebis sakadastro mo-nacemebis miTiTeba. am problemidan gamomdinare, sa-survelia, rom SemoRebuli iqnas qonebriv deklaraci-ebSi uZravi qonebis sakadastro kodebis miTiTebis valdebuleba, gafarTovdes ojaxis wevrTa CamonaTva-li, romelTa Sesaxeb informaciis miTiTeba savaldebu-

loa Tanamdebobis piris qonebriv deklaraciaSi.1

saqarTveloSi 2010 wlidan deklaraciebis wardgena xdeba sajaro samsaxuris biuroSi, eleqtronuli por-

talis saSualebiT, sadac Cabarebidan 48 saaTSi avtoma-turad qveyndeba deklaracia. zemoT xsenebuli kanoni da prezidentis brZaneba xazs usvams Tanamdebobis pi-rebis qonebrivi mdgomareobis sajaroobasa da gamWir-valobas. es sistema uzrunevlyofs, rom yvela dainte-resebul pirs SeuZlia, gaecnos Tanamdebobis pirTa Se-mosavlebisa da qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb infor-macias. yovelive zemoT xsenebuli xels uwyobs moqala-qem nebismier dros miiRos misTvis sasurveli informa-cia Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomareobis Sesa-xeb.

amasTanave es aris kontrolis erT-erTi saSualeba, Tanamdebobis pirebis saqmianobaze aseve Tanamdebobis pirTa mier deklaraciaSi gancxadebul informaciaze, rac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs sazogadoebis mxridan xe-lisuflebisadmi ndobis mniSvnelovan gazrdas. mrava-

1saerTaSoriso gamWirvaloba, qonebrivi mdgomareobis dek-larirebis sistemebi: saerTaSoriso gamocdileba da saqar-Tvelo

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li saerTaSoriso organizaciis rekomendaciiT, mniS-vnelovania Seiqmnas am deklaraciebis monitoringis meqanizmebi, riTac moxdeba deklaraciaSi Setanili in-formaciis sisworis dadgena, Sesabamisi samsaxuris mi-er. msgavsi monitoringis sistema arsebobs bevr saxel-mwifoSi maT Soris saqarTveloSi da am funqcias axor-cielebs sajaro samsaxuris biuro, aRniSnuli sistema gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT evropis bevr qveyanaSi, rogorebicaa: litva, estoneTi, rumine-

Ti, ukraina.1 Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi deklaraciebi gu-

lismxobs maRali rangis Tanamdebobis pirebis mier Ta-vianTi finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciis wardgenasa da gasajarovebas. am process aregulirebs konkretuli qveynis Sida kanonmdebloba. sxvadasxva qveynebSi met-naklebad gansaxvavebuli wesiT regu-lirdeba finansuri angariSebis wardgenis procesi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTveloSi qonebrivi dek-laraciebis Sevsebasa da Semowmebas uzrunvelyofs sa-jaro samsaxuris biuro. xolo sazRvargareTis qveyneb-Si deklaraciis Semowmebis farglebi sxvadasxva gvarad regulirdeba.2

litva - Tanamdebobis pirebi, kategoriis mixedviT, deklaracias warudgenen an im uwyebas, sadac muSaoben, an samsaxureobrivi eTikis mTavar komisias. deklaraci-ebis kontrols axorcieleben Semdegi uwyebebi: samsa-xureobrivi eTikis mTavari komisia, saxelmwifo saga-dasaxado inspeqcia, im dawesebulebis uflebamosili piri, romelSic muSaobs Tanamdebobis piri, samarTal-damcavi organoebi. deklaraciis Semowmebis Sedegebi

1 sajaro samsaxuris biuro, Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis monitoringis sistemebi. 2 sajaro samsaxuris biuro, Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis monitoringis sistemebi.

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gadaecema samsaxureobrivi eTikis mTavar komisias, ro-melmac SesaZloa damatebiTi Semowmebis procedura, an miiRos zomebi, gamovlenili faqtebis Sesabamisad. saq-meSi sisxlisamarTlebrivi darRvevis niSnebis aRmoCe-nis SemTxvevaSi komisia masalebs ugzavnis prokuratu-

rasa da Sesabamis samarTaldamcav organoebs.1 ukrainia - aRniSnul saxelmwifoSi savaldebulo

deklaraciebis Semowmebas axorcilebs: samoqalaqo samsaxuris mTavari sammarTvelo, Sinagan saqmeTa sami-nisto, saxelmwifo sagadasaxo administracia da samar-Tlebrivi organoebi samoqalaqo samsaxuris mTavar sa-

marTvelosTan erTad.2 zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, naTlad Cans Te-

mis aqtualoba dRevandel realobaSi. saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobas adgili aqvs Semdeg Sem-TxvevebSi: sajaro moxeleebis mxridan ukanono gamdid-reba, statusTan Seuferebeli qmedebis ganxorcieleba, dakisrebuli valdebulebis arakeTilsindisierad Ses-ruleba an Seusrulebloba. TiToeli maTganisTvis gaTvalsiwinebulia Sesabamisi sanqciebi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, 1997 wels miRebuli iqna „sajaro dawesebu-lebaSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Se-

saxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni, romelic miznad isaxavs, in-teresTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Tavidan aci-lebas, gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi ki Sesabamisi sanqciebis ganxorcielebas.

qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis Sevseba am-cirebs Tavis mxriv korufciuli riskebis gazrdas, 1 sajaro samsaxuris biuro, Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis monitoringis sistemebi. 2 sajaro samsaxuris biuro, Tanamdebobis pirTa qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis monitoringis sistemebi.

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radgan igi imperatiulad moiTxovs Tanamdebobis pire-bis Semosavlebis aRricxvas. misi warudgenloba an araswori informaciis miTiTeba iwvevs piris dajarime-bas, SesaZlebelia aRniSnuli samarTaldarRveva sisx-lis samarTlis danaSaulSic gadaizardos. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakanonmdeblo cvlileba gaxlavT dek-laraciebis Sevseba eleqtronuli formiT, romelic 2010 wlidan amoqmedda saqarTvelos prezidentis brZa-nebiT. dRes moqmedi kanonmdebelobis Tanaxmad, qoneb-rivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis Sevsebasa da moni-torings uzrunvelyofs sajaro samsaxuris biuro. am meqanizmis efeqturoba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom nebismi-er dainteresebul pirs SeuZlia gaecnos onlain reJim-Si Tanamdeboebis pirebis Semosavlebs, amasTanave igi uzrunvelyofs daarqivebas 1998 wlidan moyolebuli dRemde Sevsebuli qonebrivi deklaraciebisa.

demokratiuli saxelmwifos mniSvleovan princips warmoadgens sajarooba, swored am princips ganamtki-cebs aRniSnuli sistemis arseboba. igi xels uwyobs sa-zogadoebis ndobis amaRlebas Tanamdebobis pirebis saqmianobis mimarT. korufciuli riskebis Semcireba pirvel rigSi damokidebulia saxelmwifoze, ramdenad Zlieri meqanizmi gaaCnia mis aRmosafxvrelad. gamoyenebuli literaturis nusxa:

1. g. xubua, „meridiani“ 2004w. „samarTlis Teoria“. 2. sajaro samsaxuris biuro, Tanamdebobis pirTa qo-

nebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciebis monitoringis sistemebi.

3. sajaro samsaxuris eTikis sabWo: evropis qveynebis gamocdilebis mimoxilva.

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4. saqarTvelos kanoni sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb (7 marti 2018w). https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/33550.

5. saerTaSoriso gamWirvaloba, qonebrivi mdgomareo-bis deklarirebis sistemebi: saerTaSoriso gamoc-

dileba da saqarTvelo. 6. sajaro samsaxuris biuro, „sajaro samsaxuris Sesa-

xeb“ da „sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseb-

lobisa da korufciis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kano-

nebSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi. 7. saqarTvelos prezidentis brZaneba #22 Tanamdebo-

bis piris qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraciis war-dgenis wesisa da im Tanamdebobis pirTa Tanamdebob-rivi reestris damtkicebis Sesaxeb, romelTaTvisac savaldebuloa qonebrivi mdgomareobis deklaraci-

is Sevseba (20 ianvari 2010w).

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naTia megreliSvili

goris saxelmwifo universitetis samarTalmcodneobis specialobis II kursis studenti

eTer uTneliSvili

goris saxelmwifo universitetis samarTalmcodneobis specialobis II kursis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori daviT geferiZe

ruseTis federacia saerTaSoriso

samarTlis winaaRmdeg

SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis Sedegi yovelTvis

aris adamianuri tragedia. brZolebis dasrulebis Sem-deg bevria mkvlelobebisa da sxva danakargebis, didi tanjvis, ocnebebisa da imedebis xSir SemTxvevaSi samu-damo msxvrevis samwuxaro faqtebi.

2008 wlis 7- 8 agvistos Rames, xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi mzardi daZabulobisa da incidentebis Semdeg, mZime brZolebi daiwyo e.w samxreT oseTis qa-laq cxinvalSi da mis SemogarenSi. brZolebi, romelic male saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebsac moedo, 5 dRis gan-mavlobaSi grZeldeboda. man mTeli qveynis masStabiT sxvadasxva adgilas didi ngreva da mTeli rigi qalaqe-

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bisa da soflebis sruli ganadgureba gamoiwvia. daiRu-pa sakmaod bevri adamiani. saboloo jamSi, saqarTve-

los mxarem ganacxada 170 samxedro mosamsaxuris, 14 policielis da 228 samoqalaqo piris daRupvisa da 1 747 piris daWris Taobaze. ruseTis mxarem ganacxada 67 sam-

xedro mosamsaxurisa da 283 daWrilis Taobaze, xolo samxreT oseTma - 365 piris daRupvis Sesaxeb, rac sava-raudod rogorc samxedro mosamsaxureebs, aseve samo-

qalaqo pirebsac moicavda. mTlianobaSi daiRupa 850 adamiani, rom araferi vTqvaT daWrilebze, dakargu-

lebze, an im 100 000-ze met samoqalaqo pirze, romleb-

mac TavianTi sacxovrebeli miatoves. daaxloebiT 35 000 maTganma jer kidev ver SeZlo sakuTar saxlebSi dabruneba. omiT verc politikuri konfliqti das-rulda da verc is sakiTxebi gadaiWra, romlebic mis mi-zezs warmoadgenda. daZabuloba kvlavac grZeldeba. politikuri viTareba omis dasrulebis Semdeg ar gan-muxtula da garkveuli TvalsazrisiT garTulda ki-dec.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze ruseTis federaciis farTomasStabiani saomari moqmedebebi dasrulda. ax-

la igi cdilobs „mogebuli omis“ Sedegebis iuridiu-

lad gaformebas. 2008 wlis 26 agvistos ruseTis prez-didentma dimitri medvedevma xeli moawera brZanebu-lebas, romlis mixedviT, ruseTi saqarTvelos separa-tistuli regionebis afxazeTisa da e.w. samxreT oseTis damoukideblad cnobs. amasTanave, ruseTis preziden-tma gaakeTa sagangebo mimarTva da sazogadoebas auwya mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis safuZvlianobisa da aucileblobis Sesaxeb. ruseTis prezidentis dimit-ri medvedevis azriT, brZanebulebis gamocemisaTvis arsebobda ramdenime safuZveli, kerZod:

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1. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam daarRvia gaeros wesdeba, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT dadgenili mo-valeobebi da ganaaxla SeiaraRebuli konfliqti cxin-valis regionSi, romlis msxverplic gaxda mSvidobiani mosaxleoba, ruseTis mSvidobiani moqalaqeebi. aseTive bedi eloda afxazeTs. 8 agvistos Tbilisma gaakeTa ar-Cevani sakuTari politikuri amocanebis gadasawyvetad man airCia genocidi, riTac gadawura yvela imedi ose-bis, afxazebisa da qarTvelebis erT saxelmwifoSi mSvi-dobiani Tanaarsebobisa.

2. afxazebisa da e.w samxreT oseTis xalxebma ara-erTxel gamoavlines Tavisufali neba da mxari dauWi-res TavianTi respublikebis damoukideblobas refe-rendumebis meSveobiT. maT ufleba aqvT Tavad gadaw-yviton sakuTari bedi.

3. ruseTis federacias TxovniT mimarTes afxaze-Tisa da e.w samxreT oseTis prezidentebma am regione-bis suverenitetisa da damoukideblobis cnobis Tao-baze.

4. gaeros wesdeba, `saerTaSoriso samarTlis prin-

cipebis Sesaxeb~ gaero-s 1970 wlis deklaracia, euTo-s 1975 wlis daskvniTi aqti da sxva saerTaSoriso doku-mentebi uflebas aZlevs ruseTs, cnos sxva saxelmwi-fos separatistuli regionebis damoukidebloba.

aseTia is safuZvlebi, romlebmac gadaawyvetina ruseTis prezidents gamoeca brZanebuleba saqarTve-los ori separatistuli regionis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis cnobis Sesaxeb. ruseTis prezidenti, rogorc Cans, darwmunebulia mis mier miRebuli gadaw-yvetilebis samarTlianobasa da kanonierebaSi da Tavis mimarTvaSi mouwodebs sxva saxelmwifoebs ruseTis msgavsad imoqmedon.

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axla ki vnaxoT, ramdenad Seesabameba ruseTis pre-

zidentis 2008 wlis 26 agviistos brZanebuleba saerTa-Soriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebul principeb-sa da normebs.

• ruseTis prezidentis brZanebuleba, uwinares yovlisa, ewinaaRmdegeba saxelmwifos teritoriuli mTlianobis xelSeuxeblobis princips. istoriulad da samarTlebrivad afxazeTi da e.w. samxreT oseTi saqar-Tvelos ganuyofeli nawilebia. saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-2 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos teritoria gansazRvrulia 1991 wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT, afxazeTis da e.w. samxreT oseTis teri-toriebis CaTvliT. saqarTvelom gasul saukuneSi ru-seTis agresiis, okupaciisa da aneqsiis Sedegad dakar-guli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba aRidgina re-

ferendumis safuZvelze, romelic 1991 wlis 31 marts Catarda saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikasa da yofil sam-xreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi. saarCevno uflebis mqone mosaxleobis, maT Soris, am regionebSi mcxovreb-Ta umravlesobam, referendumSi mxari dauWira saqar-Tvelos saxelmwifoebriv damoukideblobas. amis Sede-gad, saqarTvelo gaeros wevrad miiRes im sazRvrebSi, im teritoriuli mdgomareobiT, romelic mas hqonda saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenisas, e.i afxazeTisa da yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriebis CaTvliT. saqarTvelos terito-riuli mTlianoba aRiarebulia saxelmwifoTa msof-lio Tanamegobrobis, maT Soris ruseTisa da saerTaSo-riso organizaciebis mier.

• ruseTis prezidentis brZanebuleba ewinaaRmde-geba saxelmwifo sazRvrebis urRveobis princips.

am principis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebs urRvevad miaCniaT erTmaneTis sazRvrebi da amitom isini Tavs Se-

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ikaveben am sazRvrebis yovelgvari xelyofisagan, ar Seecdebian maT gadasinjvas da ar eqnebaT teritoriu-li pretenziebi. aRniSnuli principi dasaSvebad miiC-nevs sazRvrebis mxolod nebayoflobiT Secvlas, dain-teresebuli saxelmwifoebis Tanasworuflebiani Se-Tanxmebis dadebas. ruseTis prezidentis brZanebule-biT zemoaRniSnuli principis darRveva gamoixata ima-Si, rom saqarTvelos separatistuli regionebis saxel-mwifoebrivi damoukideblobis cnobiT, ruseTma cal-mrivad, saqarTvelosTan SeuTanxmeblad, Secvala sa-qarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvrebi. Tanamedrove saer-TaSoriso samarTliT, am principis darRvevis nebismie-ri mcdeloba danaSauladaa miCneuli.

• ruseTis prezidentis brZanebuleba ewinaaRmde-geba sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobis princips.

am principis mixedviT, arc erT saxelmwifos an sa-xelmwifoTa jgufs ara aqvs ufleba, Caerios pirdapir Tu arapirdapir, sxva saxelmwifos sagareo da saSinao saqmeebSi. dauSvebelia SeiaraRebuli Careva da Carevis yvela sxva forma an muqara, romelic mimarTulia sa-xelmwifos samarTalsubieqtobis an misi politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli safuZvlebis winaaRmdeg. aRniSnuli principis darRveva mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saqarTvelos ori separatistuli regionis damouki-deblobis cnobiT ruseTma TviTneburad gadawyvita sxva saxelmwifos — saqarTvelos regionebis statusis sakiTxi, romelic mxolod saqarTvelos saSinao saqmea. ruseTis prezidentis gancxadeba, rom ruseTis mier sa-qarTvelos ori separatistuli regionis damiukideb-lobis cnoba imitom moxda, rom saqarTvelom Tavisi moqmedebiT `gadawura yvela imedi osebis, afxazebis da qarTvelebis erT saxelmwifoSi mSvidobiani Tanaarse-bobisa~, ar SeiZleba ruseTis prezidentis brZanebule-

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bis safuZvlad iqnes ganxiluli, radganac saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piris aseTi gancxadebac ki warmoadgens sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Cau-revlobis principis uxeS darRvevas. arc erT saxelmwi-fos da maT Soris ruseTs ara aqvs aranairi ufleba ga-dawyvitos sxva saxlemwifos teritoriuli saxelmwi-foebrivi mowyobis sakiTxi da gansazRvros esa Tu is erebi erT saxelmwifoSi icxovreben Tu cal-calke. am principis darRvevas Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso sa-marTali intervenciad miiCnevs.

• ruseTis prezidentis brZanebuleba ewinaaRmde-geba saxelmwifoTa suverenuli Tanasworobis prin-cips.

am principis mixedviT,yvela saxelmwifo,miuxeda-vad misi teritoriis sididisa da mosaxleobis raode-nobisa,politikuri,ekonomikuri Tu samxedro Zliere-bisa Tanasworuflebiania saerTaSoriso samarTlis wi-naSe.aqedan gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebma pativi unda scen erTmaneTis suverenul Tanasworobas,agreTve yvela uflebas, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maTi suve-renitetisaTvis, maT Soris, TiToeuli saxelmwifos iuridiuli Tanasworobis, teritoriuli mTlianobis, Tavisuflebisa da politikuri damoukideblobis uf-lebas. arcerT saxelmwifos ara aqvs ufleba Tavs moax-vios sxva saxelmwifos Tavisi batonoba an privilegiur mdgomareobaSi Caayenos Tavisi Tavi. am principis dar-Rveva gamoixata imaSi, rom saqarTvelos ori separa-tistuli regionis damoukideblobis cnobiT,e.i.cal-mxrivi aqtis gamocemiT, ruseTma daadastura,rom igi saqarTvelos ar ganixilavs rogorc iuridiulad Ta-naswor subieqts da da privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs Tavis Tavs saqarTvelos suverenitetis sazia-nod.

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• ruseTis prezidentis brZanebuleba ewinaaRmde-geba saerTaSoriso davebis mSvidobiani mowesrigebis princips.

am principis mixedviT,yoveli saxelmwifo Tavis saerTaSoriso davebs sxva saxelmwifoebTan unda wyvetdes mSvidobiani saSualebebiT ise, rom safrTxe ar Seuqmnas saerTaSoriso mSvidobas, uSiSroebasa da samarTlianobas. aRniSnuli brZanebulebiT, saqarTve-los ori separatistuli regionis damoukideblad cnoba ara Tu xels Seuwyobs ruseT-saqarTvelos ur-TierTobebis mSvidobian mowesrigebas,aramed piriqiT, igi imdenad gaauaresebs am or saxelmwifos Soris amJa-mad arsebul isedac uaRres daZabul urTierTo-bas,rom realuri safrTxe Seeqmneba saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da uSiSroebis dacvas.

• ruseTis prezidentis brZanebuleba ewinaaRmde-geba xalxTa Tanasworobisa da TviTgamorkvevis prin-cips.

yvela xalxs aqvs TviTgamorkvevis ufleba, romlis ZaliTac isini Tavisuflad aweseben TavianT politi-kur statuss da Tavisuflad uzrunvelyofen TavianT ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul ganviTarebas. yovelma saxelmwifom Tavi unda Seikavos yovelgvari moqmedebisagan, romelic mimarTulia sxva romelime saxelmwifos erovnuli erTianobisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis nawilobriv Tu mTliani darRvevisaken. am separatistul regionebSi referendumebi gaimarTa mas Semdeg, rac iq eTnikuri wmenda ganxorcielda, romlis Sedegadac, magaliTad, afxazeTidan gandevnili iqna 250 aTasamde qarTveli, 100 aTasamde sxva erovnebis warmomadgeneli da TviT afxazi mosaxleobis naxevari. amitom eTnikuri wmendis Semdeg darCenil mosaxleoba-Si Catarebuli referendumi veranairad ver gamoxatavs afxazeTSi da e.w. samxreT oseTSi mcxovrebi xalxebis

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da TviT afxazebisa da osebis nebas. arc eTnikuri wmen-dis Semdeg darCenil mosaxleobaSi separatistTa mier Catarebuli e.w. saprezidento da saparlamento arCev-nebia legitimuri. gamomdinare aqedan. am de-faqto li-derebis mier gamocemul aqtebsa da mimarTvebs aranai-ri iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCniaT. amis naTeli dadastu-

rebaa euTos-stambolis (1999w-is) deklaracia, romel-

Sic aRniSnulia: “miuReblad da ukanonod vTvliT am wels afxazeTSi, egreT wodebuli saprezidento arCev-

nebisa da referendumis Catarebas“. TviTgamorkveva unda xorcieldebodes mocemuli saxelmwifos konsti-tuciur sistemaSi monawileobis gziT, misi teritori-uli mTlianobis pativiscemis safuZvelze. amitomac aris, rom saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba uars ambobs separatistTa mier eTnikuri wmendis sa-fuZvelze Seqmnili TviTmarqvia damoukidebeli saxel-mwifoebis cnobaze da moiTxovs afxazeTisa da cxinva-lis regionis, rogorc saqarTvelos saxelmwifos ganu-yofeli nawilebis, statusis gansazRvras mxolod sa-qarTvelos saerTaSorisod aRiarebul sazRvrebSi.ga-

vixsenoT, 2008 wlis pirvel seqtembers saqarTvelos Sesaxeb evrokavSiris mier miRebuli dokumenti, rom-lis Tanaxmad, evrokavSiri gmobs ruseTis erTpirov-nul gadawyvetilebas afxazeTisa da oseTis damouki-deblad cnobis Sesaxeb da mouwodebs sxva qveynebs, ar cnon gamocxadebuli damoukidebloba.

ruseTma mis saomar qmedebas saqarTveloSi "mSvi-

dobis iZulebiT damyarebis operacia" uwoda, maSin ro-

ca saqarTvelo amas agresias uwodebs. 12 agvistos ni-kola sarkozi, evropis sabWos Tavmjdomaris rangSi Ca-vida moskovsa da TbilisSi, raTa samxedro dapirispi-reba SeeCerebina. SeTanxmda cecxlis Sewyvetis eq-

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vspunqtiani gegma, romelic maT Soris iTvaliswinebda samxedro operaciebis dauyovnebliv SeCerebasa da sa-jariso nawilebis im poziciebze dabrunebas, romelic maT konfliqtis win ekavaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom cec-xlis Sewyveta gamocxadda, ruseTisa da samxreT ose-Tis samxedro nawilebi, agrZelebdnen damatebiTi te-ritoriebis okupacias, maT Soris axalgoris raionSi, romelic 2008 wlis agvistos konfliqtamde saqarTve-los administraciul erTeulSi Sedioda da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom am konfliqtSi gamarjvebuli ar arsebobs. yvelam waago, Tu sicocxlisa da qonebrivi danakargis mxriv ara, imedebisa da samomavlo perspeq-tivebis TvalsazrisiT mainc. politikuri situaciac ufro rTulia, vidre odesme. es exeba ara marto urTi-erTobebs Tbilissa da soxums, aramed Tbilissa da cxinvals Sorisac, sadac 2008 wlis konfliqtma ver mo-agvara verc erTi winaaRmdegobrivi sakiTxi. situacia konfliqtis regionSi isev daZabulia. nebismier inci-dents SeuZlia gamoiwvios mZime Sedegebi. ruseT-saqar-Tvelos urTierTobebi gauaresebulia, rogorc aras-dros. rac xSir SemTxvevaSi samxedro dapirispirebis zRvars uaxlovdeba. mxareebs Soris politikuri Se-Tanxmebebi mwiria da arsobrivad Zalze SezRuduli. mi-uxedavad imisa, rom orive mxare xazs usvams mSvidobia-ni momavlisaTvis sakuTar mxardaWeras, axali dapiris-pirebis riski jer kidev maRalia.

• ruseTis prezidentis brZanebuleba ewinaaRmde-geba adamnianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa pativis-cemis princips. am principis mixedviT, saxelmwifoebi aRiareben adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuf-lebebis sayovelTao mniSvnelobas, romelTa pativis-cema mSvidobis, samarTlianobisa da keTildReobis ar-sebiTi faqtoria da aucilebelia saxelmwifoTa Soris megobruli urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis ganviTa-

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rebis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. ruseTis prezidentis brZanebulebiT, am principis darRveva gamoixateba ima-Si, rom afxazeTisa e.w. samxreT oseTis damoukideblo-bis cnobis Semdeg SeuZlebeli iqneba am regionebSi qarTveli mosaxleobis mimarT Cadenili eTnikuri wmen-dis Sedegebis likvidacia, asiaTasobiT devnil saqar-Tvelos moqalaqes waerTmeva TavianT sacxovrebel ad-gilebSi dabrunebis, sakuTrebis, arCevnebSi monawile-obisa da adamianis sxva ZiriTadi uflebebis ganxorci-elebis SesaZlebloba.

ruseTis prezidentis mtkicebas afxazeTsa da e.w. samxreT oseTSi saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mier Cade-nili gemocidis Sesaxeb, mxolod SiSveli braldebaa, mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis gasamarTleblad da ar aris dadasturebuli arc erTi saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier. samagierod, ruseTis samxedro mxardaWeriT afxazi separatistebis meir Cadenilma adamianis uflebaTa masobrivma darRvevebma, qarTveli mosaxleobis farTomasStabianma deportaciam da ka-cobriobis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma danaSaulebma saer-TaSoriso Tanamegobrobis yuradReba miipyro.

rogorc vxedavT, saerTaSoriso samarTlis norme-bis mixedviT, saqarTvelo ara Tu uflebamosilia, ara-med valdebulicaa, yvela saSualebiT, maT Soris, iZu-lebiTi zomebiT, aRkveTos Tavis teritoriaze eTniku-ri wmendisa da genocidis nebismieri gamovlineba,miT umetes, rodesac eTnikuri wmendis faqtebi dadastu-rebulia kompetenturi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier.

rac Seexeba „saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis gamoyenebisa da ZaliT damuqrebis „princips — arcerT saxelwmifos ar aqvs ufleba, Tavs daesxas meore saxel-mwifos, ragind samarTlianic unda iyos is motivebi, romelTa ZaliTac aseTi prevenciuli zomebis auci-

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lebloba iqneba nakarnaxevi. mxolod gaeros aqvs ufle-ba, miiRos saTanado zomebi, SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ga-moyenebis CaTvliT, rodesac amas uSiSroebis sabWo da-adgens. magram, rogorc Cans, saerTaSorisosamarTleb-riv amkrZalav normebs ruseTisTvis aranairi mniSvne-loba ar aqvs. ruseTis prezidentis azriT, ruseTs uf-leba aqvs Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr, msoflios nebismi-er saxelmwifoSi, ruseTis moqalaqeobis an saerTod adamianis uflebebis dacvis sababiT, Seiyvanos saxme-leTo, sahaero da sazRvao SeiaraRebuli Zalebi, da-bombos dasaxlebuli punqtebi da moaxdinos am saxel-mwifos teritoriebis dapyroba.

yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare,radga-

nac ruseTis prezidentis 2008 wlis 26 agvistos brZane-buleba ewinaaRmdegeba sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saer-TaSorisosamarTlebriv yvela normasa da princips, romelic ruseTis konstituciiT ruseTis racionalu-ri samarTlis Semadgeneli nawilia, is ara marto saer-TaSoriso kanonierebas, aramed TviT ruseTis konsti-tuciur kanonierebas arRvevs. amis gamo mas ara aqvs iu-ridiuli Zala da ar warmoSobs samarTlebriv Sedegebs. axla rac Seexeba am brZanebulebis xelmowerisas ruse-Tis prezidentis mowodebas, rom sxva saxelwmifoebmac mibaZon ruseTis magaliTs, erTi wuTiT warmovidgi-noT, sxva saxelmwifoebma rom mibaZon ruseTis maga-liTs, msoflioSi ra moxdeba. moxdeba is rac sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqma ilia meorem brZa-

na ruseTis prezidentisadmi mimarTvaSi: „ruseTis mxridan afxazeTisa da cxinvalis regionis damouki-deblobis cnobiT msoflioSi xeli ewyoba separatizms da amitomac saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba valdebulia xma aRimaRlos amis winaaRmdeg“.

separatizmi gadamdebi centridanuli saSineli Za-laa, romelic angrevs saxelwmifos safuZvlebs da Tu

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mas seriozuli gasaqani mieca, dedamiwas qaosi moicavs. mcire erebi yvela saxelmwifoSia da maT rom politi-kuri damoukidebloba moindomon, bunebrivia, daiwyeba dausrulebeli omebi. Rrmad var darwmunebuli, rom-msoflios civilizebuli qveynebi ara Tu ar mibaZaven ruseTis magaliTs, aramed dagmoben mas, radgan ruse-Tis magaliTi aris gza arsaiT. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1) l. aleqsiZe. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali,

Tb., 20105. 2) http://smr.gov.ge/Uploads/66c4e7.pdf. 3) https://www.kvirispalitra.ge/politic/878-daskvna.html. 4) file:///C:/Users/Us%20-leqtori/Downloads/%E1%83%A2%E1%-

83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83-%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90-1.pdf.

5) file:///C:/Users/Us%20-leqtori/Downloads/samartali-rusulad.PDF.

6) http://www.parliament.ge/uploads/other/18/18507.pdf. 7) https://idfi.ge/ge/informational-war-of-kremlin-against-

georgia-the-necessity-of-having-state-policy-against-propaganda.

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iago Sakaia Tbilisis humanitaruli saswavlo universitetis samarTlis fakultetis meoTxe kursis studenti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: profesori daviT geferiZe

diplomatiuri da sakonsulo samarTlis

aqtualuri sakiTxebi

Sesavali

saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobaTa subieqts, saxelmwifos, ar SeuZlia arseboba sxva saxelmwifosTan saTanado kontaqtebis damyarebi-sa da normaluri urTierTobebis warmoebis gareSe. es moTxovnileba jer kidev pirveli saxelmwifoebis gaCe-nisas iCens Tavs. saxelmwifoebi da sazogadoeba viTar-deba, ixveweba da dgeba axali gamowvevebis winaSe, ro-melTa mogvarebasac saxelmwifoTaSorisi TanamSrom-lobisa da sxva mSvidobiani urTierTobis xerxebi da formebi aregulireben. aRniSnulis naTesayofad Seg-viZlia naTeli magaliTi moviyvanoT, romelsac dRei-saTvis aRmoCenili wyaroebi gviCveneben. meore aTas-wleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde egviptis faraonebi, babilonis, siriis, xeTebis da sxva saxelmwifos mefeebi aqtiur diplomatiur urTierTobas awarmoebdnen me-zobel qveynebTan. igzavnebodnen elCebi xarajis asak-refad, molaparakebebisaTvis, samokavSireo, sazavo da sxva saxis xelSekrulebebis dasadebad da a.S. ufro me-tic, moyvanili wyaroebis samarTlebrivad gansamtki-ceblad da dasturad moiyvaneba saerTaSoriso samar-

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Tlis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli - manus kanonebi (indoe-

Ti, 1 aTaswleuli C.w. aR-mde), romelic detalurad gansazRvravda elCebis rangebs, maT funqciebs, maT mi-marT damokidebulebis wesebs da a.S. droTa ganavloba-Si diplomatia saxelmwifoTa urTierTobis qvakuTxe-di gaxda, daixvewa da SemuSavda diplomatiuri mimar-Tulebebi aseve miRebul iqna araerTi konvencia, xeli moewera sxvadasxva xelSekrulebas, Camoyalibda dip-lomatiuri da sakonsulo samarTali rogorc mimarTu-lebebi. swored zemoT moyvanilma garemo pirobebma mi-aniWa maRali legitimacia diplomatias. saxelmwifoebi da maTi warmomadgenlebi mixvdnen, rom dadga dro mis-xdomodnen molaparakebis magidas, daemyarebinaT mSvi-dobiani da megobruli urTierTobebi, eTanamSromlaT da angariSi gaewiaT erTmaneTisTvis mniSvnelovan sa-kiTxebSi. diplomatiam axali era Seqmna, daiwera isto-riis axali furceli, elCebma moisxes mSvidobiani da keTili mantiebi, gaCnda politikuri da sazogadoebri-vi Sefasebebi, romlebic diplomatiis Zalas naTel-hyofdnen `diplomati adamiania, romelic orjer da-fiqrdeba sanam arafers ityvis~. rac Seexeba Zalismier da iZulebiT meTodebs, romlebic zogi daJangda, zogi ki gaicviTa, gza dauTmo oratoruli xelovnebiT gan-swavlul da mudam momRimar adamianebs.

ZiriTadi nawili

amgvarad, yoveli saxelmwifo - saerTaSoriso sa-marTlis subieqti - Tavisi sagareo saqianobis ganxor-cielebisaTvis mimarTavs garkveul xerxebsa da for-mebs, romelTa mizania sagareo politikis amocanebis mSvidobiani gziT gadawyveta, saxelmwifos am saxis saq-mianoba diplomatia ewodeba. saxelmwifoTa diploma-tiuri saqmianoba mravalferovania, aRniSnuls ganapi-

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robebs Tavad saxelmwifoTa socialuri arsi, socia-lur-ekonomikuri wyoba, istoria, mmarTvelobis for-mebi da a.S. rogorc Cven zemo aRvniSneT saxelmwifos aseTi saqmianoba unda emorCilebodes garkveul nor-mebs. im normaTa erTobliobas, romlebic gansazRvra-ven da aregulireben saxelmwifoTa sazRvargareTuli warmomadgenlobis wevrTa samarTlebriv mdgomareobas, diplomatiuri molaparakebis formebs, diplomatiuri aqtebis Seqmnisa da momzadebis wesebs, sagareo urTi-erTobis organoTa struqturasa da kompetencias da a.S, diplomatiuri da sakonsulo samarTlis Sinaars Se-adgens.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis am dargis wyaroebi uka-nasknel xanebamde ZiriTadad saerTaSoriso Cveule-bisa da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi kanonebis saxiT gvevli-neboda, Tumca XIX-XX saukuneebSi daido ramdenime mravalmxrivi xelSekruleba diplomatiuri da sakon-sulo samarTlis garkvuli sakiTxebis Taobaze, magram es ZiriTadad laTinuri amerikis qveynebis diplomati-ur da sakonsulo praqtikis maregulirebeli normebi iyo. is aqtebi, romlebic diplomatTa rangebs (kla-

sebs) aregulirebdnen, sayovelTaod aRiarebul saer-

TaSoriso samarTlis normad iqca. 1961 da 1963 wlebSi gaeTianebuli erebis organizaciasTan arsebuli saer-TaSoriso samarTlis komisiiis nayofieri muSaobis Se-degad daido ori mniSvnelovani saertaSoriso konven-

cia - venis 1961 wlis konvencia diplomatiur urTierT-

obaTa Sesaxeb da venis 1963 wls konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb, romlebic ara marto ajameb-dnen saxemwifoTa mravalsaukunovan saerTaSoriso-sa-marTlebriv praqtikas aramed mTel rig axal, Tanamed-rove saerTaSoriso samarTisTvis Sesabamis normebs awesebdnen. am konvenciebis safuZvelze saxelmwifoeb-ma miiRes axali normatiuli aqtebi, raTa Sesatyvisoba-

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Si moeyvanaT arsebuli saerTaSoriso konvenciebi da Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi samarTali.

saerTaSoriso samarTlis komisiam SeimuSava ag-reTve mTeli rigi konvenciebi, romlebic miznad isaxa-ven diplomatiuri samarTlis konkretuli sferoebis regamentacias: konvencia specialuri siebis Sesaxeb (1969), konvencia saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirTa, maT Soris diplomatiuri agentebis winaaRmdeg danaSaulis acilebis da dasjis Sesaxeb (1973), venis 1974 wlis konvencia saxelmwifos warmomadgenlobis Sesaxeb maT urTierTobaSi universaluri xasiaTis sa-

erTaSoriso organizaciebTan, parizis 1967 wlis evro-puli konvencia sakonsulo funqciebis Sesaxeb.

aRsaniSnavia, rom sakonsulo urTierTobebis dar-gSi did rols asrulebs ormxrivi sakonsulo konven-ciebi, romlebic sakonsulo wamomadgenelTa statusis detalur reglamentirebas axdenen. aseTsave rols as-rulebs xelSekrulebani samarTlebrivi urTierTdax-marebis Sesaxeb. yoveli saxelmwifo Tavis sagareo ur-TierTobas specialuri organoebis meSveobiT awarmo-ebs, es organoebi saxelmwifos saxeliT moqmedebs da yovel maT nabijze pasuxismgebelia maTi saxelmwifo, amitom saxelmwifoebi Zalze frTxilad udgebian saga-reo urTierTobebs organoebis kompetencias, dakom-pleqtebisa da saqmianobis reglamentacias. erTmaneTi-sagan ganasxvaveben sagareo urTierTobebis Sidasaxel-mwifoebriv da sazRvargareTul organoebs. ukanas-knelTa kompetencia ganisazRvreba saxelmwifos kon-stituciiT da sxva normatiuli aqtebiT. Sidasaxelmwi-foebrivi organoTa Soris gansakuTrebul rols asru-lebs centraluri organoebi, romlebic gansazRvraven diplomatiis ZiriTad gezs, Tavisi saqmianobiT uSua-lod atareben cxovrebaSi sagareo politikis amoca-

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nebs, organizacias uweven da warmarTaven danarCeni sazRvargareTuli organoebis saqmianobas.

sagareo urTierTobis centralur organoebad xe-lisuflebisa da mmarTvelobis umaRlesi saxlemwifo organoebi gvevlineba.

saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba sagareo urTierTo-bis dargSi zogad xelmZRvanelobas xelisuflebis umaRles sakanonmdeblo organos - parlaments miakuT-vnebs. swored amaze miuTiTebs saqarTvelos konstitu-

ciis 48-e muxli romelic ambobs rom parlamenti gan-sazRvravs sagareo politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. Sesabamisad parlamenti mis kanonSemoqmedebiTobasTan erTad yoveldRiur muSaobis wesrigSi aTavsebs saga-reo urTierTobebsac.

sagareo urTierTobebis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi organoTa garda arsebobs didi jgufi e.w. sazRvarga-reTuli organoebisa - diplomatiuri, sakonsulo, sa-vaWro da a.S., romlebic icaven da axorcieleben Tavisi saxelmwifos interesebs adgilze, mis sazRvrebs gareT. sagareo urTerTobis sazRvargareTul organoTa So-ris centraluri adgili uWiravs saxelmwifos diplo-matiur waromadgenlobas ucxo saxelmwifoSi an saer-TaSoriso organizaciasTan. or saxelmwifos Soris normalur politikur urTierTobaTa damyareba, ro-gorc wesi, iwvevs diplomatiuri warmomadgenlobebis urTierTgacvlas. diplomatiuri warmomadgenloba er-Ti saxelmwifos mier meore saxelmwifoSi gagzavnili mudmivi saRvargareTuli organoa, romlis amocanaa ganamtkicos am saxelmwifos Soris politikuri urTi-erTobaTa da daicvas saxlmwifos da misi moqalaqeebis interesebi, axla ki mokled gagacnoT diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis funqciebs: a) adgilsamyofel saxel-

mwifoSi warmdgeni qveynis warmodgena b) adgilsamyo-fel saxelmwifoSi warmdgeni saxelmwifos da moqala-

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qeebis interesebis dacva g) adgilsamyofel saxelmwi-

fosTan molaparakebis warmoeba d) adglsamyofel sa-xelmwifos politikuri ekonomikuri, kulturuli cxovrebis Sesaxeb cnobaTa kanonieri saSualebebiT Segroveba da Tavisi saxelmwifosaTvis miwodeba da a.S. danarCenze aq aRar SevCerdebiT. mniSvnelovania xazi gaesvas im kiTxvas Tu rodidan iwyebs diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli misi uflebamosilebis ganxorciele-bas da aseve kisrulobs valdebulebebs, amaze mkafio pasuxia gacemuli literaturaSi, kerZod, imisaTvis, rom diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli iyos legitimaci-iT aRWurvili, mas sWirdeba sami sawyisis arseboba, ese-

nia: akrediteba (akreditacia) - yoveli diplomatiuri warmomadgeneli aRiWurveba uflebamosilebiT, rome-lic rwmunebis sigelisa an rwmunebis werilis saxiT formdeba da gadaecema warmomadgenlis mier adgilsam-yofeli qveynis saTanado organos. meore etapi exeba warmomadgenlobas, romelic gulisxmobs, rom akredi-tebuli diplomati adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi Ta-visi saxeliT yovlgvari damatebiTi uflebamosilebis gareSe da yovel mis qmedebaze pasuxismgebelia makre-ditebeli saxelmwifo, saboloo etaps warmoadgens am struqturis mTavari atributi, romelic imunitetSi gamoixateba, aRniSnulis daxmarebiT diplomatiuri warmomadgenlisaTvis mniSvnelovania am komponentis arseboba, radgan igi emsaxureba diplomatis ufleba-mosilebis normalur da usafrTxo ganxorcielebas da icavs mas adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos iurisdiqciis-gan. diplomatiur waromadgenlobaSi arsebobs piradi Semadgenlobis saxeebad dayofa, pirveli aris diplo-matiuri agentebi, romelTac miekuTvneba meTauris garda yvela muSaki, romelsac diplomatiuri rangi ga-aCnia. meore saxe aris teqnikuri personali, romelsac miekuTvneba kancelariis muSakebi, buRaltrebi, Tar-

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jimnebi da a.S., xolo bolo saxes miekuTvneba mosamsa-xure personali romelic dakompleqtebulia mZRole-biT, SikrikebiT, liftiorebiT da a.S. amasTan aRsaniS-navia, rom ori ukanaskneli jgufis personali saelCos (misiis) araoficialur SemadgenlobaSi Sedis damxmare rols asrulebs. rac Seexeba diplomatiur warmomad-genlobaTa struqturas, igi damokidebulia maakredi-tebel saxelmwifoSi miRebul tradiciebze. magram Zi-

riTadad yvela qveynis saelCos (misias) struqturas Soris arsebobs msgavseba. diplomatiur warmomadgen-lobaTa klasebad dayofaSi mniSvnelovan rols Tama-

Sobs venis 1961 wlis konvenciis 14 muxli, romelic Ca-moTvlis diplomatiur warmomadgenlobaTa sam klass: a) elCebisa da nunciusebis klasi b) despanebisa da in-

ternunciusebis klasi g) saqmeTa rwmunebulebis klasi. pirveli ori warmomadgeneli igzavneba saxelmwifos meTauris mier ucxo saxelmwifobis meTaurTan, xolo saqmeTa rwmunebulni - sagareo saqmeTa ministris mier Sesabamis ministrTan, rodesac klasebiT dayofaze vsa-ubrobT, aucilebelia ganvixiloT saerTaSoriso sa-

marTlis specifikuri subieqti ‘’wminda saydari~, rome-

lic italiasTan 1929 wels dadebuli SeTanxmebis Za-liT aRiarebulia damoukidebel saxelmwifod. itali-is mTavroba iZleva garantias, rom ar Caereva vatikanis saSinao da sagareo saqmeebSi, italiis teritoria tranzitisa da komunikaciebis gamoyenebis CaTvliT. vatikans aqvs aqtiuri da pasiuri diplomatiuri warmo-madgenlobis ufleba, vatikani aqtiurad TanamSrom-lobs im saxelmwifoebTan, sadac Zlieria kaTolikuri religia, iCens interess mSvidobisa da xalxTa uSiSro-ebis dacvis problemisadmi, adamianis uflebebis da sxva sakiTxisadmi. am mizniT papis nunciebi (elCebi) da internunciebi (despanebi) mraval qveyanaSi da saerTa-

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Soriso organizaciaSia mivlinebuli, maT an diploma-

tiuri warmomadgenlobis statusi gaaCniaT (kaToli-

kur qveynebSi) an meTvalyuris (saerTaSoriso organi-

zaciebis Stab binaSi) maTi organoebis sesiebis dros. metic, vatikani zogierTi samTavroboTaSoriso orga-nizaciis wevric aris da rigi saerTaSoriso xelSekru-lebis monawile. diplomatis daniSvna xdeba adgilsam-

yofeli saxelmwifos TanxmobiT, anu (agremanis) miRe-biT, razec Cven zemoT visaubreT, magram sayuradeboa Tu rodis da rogor xdeba diplomatiuri warmomadge-nlobis misiis dasruleba. es sakiTxi wydeba sxvadas-xvagvarad, magram amaTgan mniSvnelovania ori saxe, pir-veli rodesac diplomatis gamowveva maakreditebeli saxelmwifos mier misi avadmyofobis an pensiaze gas-vlis, piradi Txovnis, dakisrebuli amocanebis Sesru-lebis, sxva samuSaoze gadayvanis gamo da a.S. am Sem-TxvevaSi, axal elCs Tavis rwmunebis sigelTan erTad miaqvs yofili elCi gamowvevis sigeli, romelsac yofi-

li warmomadgeneli (an TviT axali elCi) abarebs ad-gilsamyofel saxelmwifos. meore SemTxveva aris, ro-desac adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifo iyenebs misTvis mi-niWebul uflbamosilebas moiTxovos maakreditebeli mTavrobisagan ama Tu im diplomatiuri agentebis ga-mowveva an warmomadgenlobis Semadgenlobis romelime TanamSromlis Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba da samSob-loSi gamoTxova. pirvel SemTxvevaSi piri miuRebel pi-rovnebad iwodeba, radganac mas diplomatiuri rangi ar gaaCnia, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi ki piri iwodeba `persona non gratad~ anu arasasurvel pirovnebad. am ukanasknelis wodebis safuZveli aris diplomatiuri warmomadgenlis uxeSi Careva qveynis Sida saqmeebSi, agenturuli an teroristuli saxis saqmianoba da a.S. diplomatiur warmomadgenels adgilsamyofel saxel-mwifoSi mieniWeba imunitetebi da privilegiebi. imuni-

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teti niSnavs imas, rom diplomati daculia adgilsam-yofel saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi devnis an sxva rai-me pasuxismgeblobisgan, xolo privilegia niSnavs imas, rom igi raRac sakiTxebSi ufro aRmatebuli da meti uflebiT sargeblobs, vidre adgilsamyofeli qveynis moqalaqe. privilegiebSi da imunitetebSi mniSvnelova-nia ramdenime sakiTxi esenia, piradi xelSeuxebloba - ar SiZleba diplomatiuri agentis dakaveba, arc dapa-

timreba; adgilsamyofelma saxelmwifom yvela zoma un-da miiRos diplomatis pirovnebis Tavisuflebisa da Rirsebis xelSeuxeblobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. meore binis qonebis, miwer-moweris xelSeuxebloba - diplo-matiuri agentis es uflebani iseTive moculobisaa rac TviT warmomadgenlobis mTlianad. maSinac, rodesac diplomati ikavebs oTaxs sastumroSi, igi xelSeuxebe-li xdeba adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos organoebisa da moqalaqeebisaTvis. sasamarTlo imuniteti - ra saxis marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebac ar unda Caidinos dip-lomatiurma agentma, igi ar eqvemdebareba adgilobriv kanonebs da ar SeiZlba mas moeTxovos pasuxi adgilsam-yofeli iurisdiqciis farglebSi. magram samoqalaqo da administraciul SemTxvevebSi diplomatiuri war-momadgeneli an sxva agenti eqvemdebareba adgilobriv kanonebs Semdeg SemTxvevaSi - Tu aRZrulia sarCeli ad-gilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi myofi agentis kerZo sa-kuTrebaSi myofi uZravi qonebis Taobaze da a.S. aq aRar SevCerdebiT. aseve arsebobs fiskaluri imuniteti, ro-melic gulisxmobs, rom diplomatiuri agenti Tavi-sufldeba adgilsamyofel saxelmwifoSi arsebuli yve-la saxis gadasaxadisa da gamosaRebisagan, agreTve yve-la saxis SromiTi, saxelmwifo da samxedro begarisagan. da bolos sabaJo privilegiebi - romlis drosac dip-lomatiur warmomadgenels eniWeba ufleba yovelgvari gadasaxadisa da gamosaRebis gareSe Semoitanos pirve-

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ladi moxmarebis nivTebi. diplomatTa delegaciebisa-gan unda ganvasxvaoT specialuri misiebi e.i. ormxriv urTierTobaSi monawile delegacia, romelsac agzav-nis erTi saxelmwifo meoreSi. am delegaciis mizania konkretul sakiTxebze molaparakeba da mogvareba. xo-lo droebiT diplomatiur warmomadgenlobebs mie-kuTvneba yvela is delegacia, romelic midis sazRvar-gareT generaluri asambleis am gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis sxva organoebisa da komisiebis sesiebze. da bolos aRsaniSnavia savaWro delegaciebi, romlebic igzavnebian SeTanxmebaTa dasadebad.

rac Seexeba sakonsulo warmomadgenlobas aq unda iTqvas, rom konsuli aris piri, daniSnuli erTi saxel-mwifos mier meore saxelmwifos zustad gansazRvrul punqtSi (navsadguri, savaWro centri da a.S) am areSi Tavisi, saxelmwifos, misi iuridiuli da fizikuri pi-rebis ekonomikuri, iuridiuli da sxva interesebis dacvisTvis. rogorc vxedavT diplomatiuri warmomad-genlisgan sakonsulo warmomadgeneli ara mTel teri-toriaze aramed konkretuli niSniT gansazRvrul ad-gilas moqmedebs. konsuli funqciebi gansazRvrulia 1963 wlis konvenciis me-5 muxli, romelTagan ramdeni-

mes moviyvanT a) or saxelmwifos Soris savaWro, ekono-mikuri, kulturuli, mecnieruli kavSirebis da megob-

ruli urTierTobebis xelis Sewyoba. b) Tavis moqala-qeebze pasportebisa da samgzavro dokumentebis gace-

ma; vizebis, saTanado sabuTebis gacema warmgzavn sa-xelmwifoSi gamgzavrebis msurveli pirebisaTvis da a.S. sakonsulo dawesebulebis 4 tipi arsebobs: generalu-

ri sakonsulo, sakonsulo, vice-konsuli; d) sakonsu-lo agenti. amasTan sakonsulo warmomadgenlobaTa Se-

madgenloba sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: a) sakonsulo Tanamdebobis pirebi, e.i. is pirebi, romelTac sakonsu-

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lo funqciebis aRsruleba akisriaT (sakonsulos meTa-

uri, misi moadgileebi, sakonsulos mdivani da a.S) b) sa-konsulos mosamsaxureebi, e.i. administraciul-teqni-

kuri personalis wevrebi (memanqaneebi, arqivariusebi,

meSifreebi da a.S.); g) mosamsaxure personalis muSakebi (mZRolebi, damlageblebi, Sveicarebi da a.S). sakonsu-lo warmomadgenlobis gaxsna xdeba mxolod adgilsam-yofeli saxelmwifos TanxmobiT. sakonsulo urTier-Tobis damyarebas win uswrebs sakonsulo urTierToba-ze Tanxmoba, aseve rodesac diplomatiuri urTierTo-ba arsebobs qveynebs Soris maSin ivaraudeba, rom igi Tavisufalia sakonsulo warmomadgenloba Seferxebe-bis gareSe gaxsnas. iseve rogorc diplomatiuri warmo-madgenlis daniSvnis dros. sakonsulo dawesebulebis meTauris kandidaturis SerCevisas iTxoven adgilsam-yofeli saxelmwifosagan Tanxmobas — egzekvaturas, ris Semdeg ama Tu im pirs sabolood aformeben Tanam-debobaze da aRWuraven saTanado dokumentebiT. sa-buTs, romelic adasturebs piris sakonsulo dawesebu-lebis meTauris Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas, gansazRvravs adgilsamyofeli sakonsulo patenti ewodeba, romel-sac sakonsulo warmomadgeneli adgilsamyofel saxel-mwifoSi misvlisTanave waradgens Sesabamis organoSi, ris Semdegac iZens uflebamosilebas da iwyebs konsu-

lis movaleobis Sesrulebas. 1963 wlis venis konvencia aRiarebs konsulis imunitetebsa da privilegiebs, mag-ram ganasxvavebs diplomatiur imunitetebsa da privi-

legiebs sakonsulosgan Semdeg pirobebSi a) konsulis saqmianoba, romelic sakonsulo funqciebis Sesrule-basTan araa dakavSirebuli adgilsamyofeli saxelmwi-fos iurisdiqcias eqvemdebareba. magram misi dakaveba an dapatimreba daiSveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas devnian mZime danaSaulis CadenisaTvis, an roca unda aRsruldes kanonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlo gana-

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Cenebi. b) maSinac, rodesac konsuli asrulebs Tavis oficialur funqciebs da sargeblobs imunitetiT ad-

gilsamyofel saxelmwifos yvela saxis (sisxlis, samo-

qalaqo, administraciuli samarTlis) iurisdiqciisa-gan, igi pasuxismgebelia im zaralis anazRaurebis sar-Celze, rac sagzao-satransporto SemTxveviTaa gamow-

veuli). d) konsuls ara aqvs ufleba uari Tqvas mowmis Cvenebis micemaze, Tu sakiTxi dakavSirebuli ar aris misi samsaxurebrivi movaleobis aRsrulebasTan. mag-ram Tu konsuli uars acxadebs Cvenebis micemaze maSin masze iZulebis ganxorcieleba ar SeiZleba da a.S. aqve mTavaria aRiniSnos, rom arc erT pirs, romelic sar-geblobs imunitetebiT da privilegiebiT, ara aqvs uf-leba uari Tqvas uflebebze Tavisi saxelmwifos nebar-Tvis gareSe. aucilebelia vicodeT Tu ra pirobebis dadgomisas wydeba sakonsulo saqmianoba aqedan moviy-

vanT ramdenimes - a) sakonsulo dawesebulebis meTau-

ris gadadgoma, b) adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifo acxa-

debs konsuls `persona non grata~-d, g) teritoria, ro-melzedac mdebareobs sakonsulo olqi, gadadis mezo-bel saxelmwifosTan da a.S. swored am uflebamosile-bis Sewyveta aris daskvniTi faza sakonsulo samar-Tlebrivi urTierTobebis qveynebs Soris. yvela saxel-mwifo, rodesac diplomatiur urTierTobebs amyarebs sxva saxelmwifosTan, amavdroulad kisrulobs pasu-xismgeblobas rogorc mis qmedebebze, aseve mis mier wardgenil pirebze, rac bunebrivi da aucilebeli wina-pirobaa, radganac xSirad vxvdebiT iseT SemTxvevebs rodesac diplomatiuri korpusi borotad iyenebs mi-niWebul ndobasa da uflebamosilebas da uxeSad ereva adgilsamyofeli saxelmwifos saqmeebSi. aRniSnuli Se-

iZleba gamoixatos - a) saidumlo informaciis an doku-

mentebis mopovebaSi, b) jaSuSuri qselebis arsebobaSi,

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g) SeiaraRebuli Tu sxva saxis intervenciaSi, d) kiber-SetevebSi, romelic Zalian aqtualuri da xSiri prob-

lemaa sagamoZiebo organoebisTvis, e) sabanko maqinaci-ebSi da fasiani qaRaldebis gayalbeba miTvisebaSi. ag-reTve SesaZlebelia adamianebis likvidaciac ki dadges aRniSnuli pirebis dRis wesrigSi. moyvanili magaliTe-bi realuria da xSirad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva qveynebis diplomatiur urTierTobebSi msgavs moqmedebebs, rac miuRebeli da dasagmobia. Cven SegviZlia meti Tvalsa-CinoebisaTvis ramdenime saxelmwifos diplomatiur urTierTobebs gadavavloT Tvali, romelic gansakuT-rebuli yuradRebis qveSaa moqceuli. vgulisxmob didi britaneTis, aSS-s, safrangeTisa da ruseTis federaci-is saxelmwifoebs, romelTa diplomatiuri urTierTo-bebi sakmaod krizisuli da mZimea, aRniSnuli mdgoma-reoba dRes ar dawyebula es mravalwliani urTierTWi-dilia, romelic magidasTan mimsxdari momRimari da portfeliani adamianebis xelebiT imarTeba. mag: 1986 wels ronald reiganma 880 sabWoTa kavSiris diplomati gaaZeva qveynidan es yvelaze masStaburi raodenoba iyo, romelic precedentadac SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rac gan-pirobebuli iyo genadi zaxarovis jaSuSobaSi dadana-SaulebiT da SemdgomSi misi dapatimrebiT, sapasuxod sabWoTa kavSirma moskovSi amerikeli Jurnalisti daa-patimra da Tavis moqalaqeebis amerikis saelCoSi muSa-oba kanonis ZaliT aukrZala, rasac swored amerikis mi-er diplomatebis gaZeveba mohyva. amerikasa da ruseTs Soris diplomatiuri istoria amiT ar mTavrdeba 2001 wels amerikam robert hanseni jaSuSobaSi daadanaSau-

la da amavdroulad ruseTis 4 diplomats qveynis da-toveba ubrZana. moyvanili diplomatiuri epizodi yve-

laze gaxmaurebuli movlena iyo. 9 wlis Semdeg, 2010 wels, amerikaSi isev gamoavlines ramdenime rusi jaSu-Si, maTgan skandaluri istoriebiT cnobili ana Capmani

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iyo, romelmac britaneTis moqalaqeoba qorwinebiT mi-iRo. jaSuSebis jgufs ki miwisqveSa saqmianobaSi dae-doT brali. mogvinebiT ki isini ruseTSi dapatimrebul 4 adamianze gacvales. erT-erTi maTgani sergei skripa-li iyo, romlis mowamvlis gamoc did britaneTsa da ruseTs Soris diplomatiuri konfliqti daiwyo. mom-

devno 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi diplomatiuri skandali TiTqos Cawynarda da mdgomareobac mSvidi iyo, magram es idilia 2016 wels dasrulda, rodesac baraq obamam 35 rusi diplomati gaaZeva qveynidan, saprezidento ar-CevnebSi ruseTis Carevis gamo. aRniSnulze moskovma sapasuxo qmedeba sakmaod daagviana, man mxolod 8 Tvis Semdeg upasuxa ivlisSi da kremlma amerikis diploma-

tiuri korpusis 755 adamianiT Semcirebis brZaneba gas-ca. amis sapasuxod ki amerikam ruseTis moqalaqeebze arasaemigracio vizebis gacema Sewyvita, agreTve san franciskoSi ruseTis sakonsulo, niu-iorksa da vaSin-gtonSi ruseTis savaWro warmomadgenloba daxura. am diplomatiuri dapirispirebis dasasruli ki prezi-

dent donald trampis mier 60 rusi diplomatis gaZeve-ba da sietlSi ruseTis sakonsulos daxurva iyo amave nabijis farglebSi gaeroSi ruseTis warmomadgenloba-

Si 12 rusi mzveravis gaZeveba gadawyda. aRniSnulma sak-maod didi materialuri ziani miayena ruseTis federa-ciasa da ruseTis oligarqTa korpuss maT ramdenime mi-liardi dakarges, aseve aRsanSnavia, rom donald tram-pma imaze meti rusi diplomati gaaZeva qveynidan vidre es baraq obamam or saprezidento vadaSi gaakeTa. mniS-vnelovnad mimaCnia am magaliTebis moyvana, radganac naTlad vxedavT Tu diplomatiuri samarTali, rogorc megobrobis damyarebisa da TanamSromlobis xerxia, amavdroulad Tanamedrove moqnil meqanizms warmoad-gens, im qveynebis winaaRmdeg, romlebic uxeSad da uka-

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nonod cdiloben adgilsamyofeli qveynis Sidasaxel-mwifoebriv saqmianobaSi Carevas da ar eridebian iseT marginalur da uRirs qmedebebs rogoric adamianis likvidaciacaa, amis magaliTi Cven am ramdenime xnis win vnaxeT, rodesac did britanetSi yofili dazvervis oficris sergei skripalisa da misi Svilis qimiuri ia-raRiT likvidacis mcdelobas hqonda adgili, romel-Sic braldebuli ruseTis warmomadgenloba iyo. aRniS-nuls sakmaod xisti da mkacri reagireba mohyva ro-gorc didi britaneTis, amavdroulad sxva qveynebis mxridan, romelic gamoxatuli iyo ruseTis federaci-is diplomatiuri korpusis adgilsamyofeli qveynebi-dan gaZevebaSi. amasTanave evropis kavSiri daTanxmda didi britaneTis Sefasebas, rom maRali albaTobiT solsberSi momxdar Tavdasxmaze pasuxismgebeli ruse-

Tis federaciaa. agreTve, evrokavSiris 14 wevrma qveya-nam gadawyvita gaeZevebina ruseTis diplomatiuri war-momadgenloba, aseve evrokavSirma gadawyvita, rom misi elCi gamoewvia ruseTidan saqmesTan dakavSirebuli konsultaciebisTvis. msgavsi nabijebi gadadges bal-tiis zRvispira qveynebma, litvam, estoneTma, polo-neTma, aseve kampanias SeuerTdnen ukraina da safrange-

Tic. damatebiT 20 qveyana ki ruseTis diplomatiuri warmoamdgenlobis gasaZveblad moemzada, xolo do-nald tuskma ganacxada, rom isini rCebian kritikulebi ruseTis qmedebis mimarT, xolo gadadgmuli nabijebi ki solidarobis gamoxatulebis niSania didi britane-Tisadmi. ar SeiZleba momxdarTan mimarTebiT ar aRi-niSnos saqarTvelos sakmaod swori da gambedavi qmede-ba, imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom man gaaZeva Sveicariis sa-elCoSi ruseTis seqciis warmomadgeneli, miRebuli ga-dawyvetileba metyvlebs, rom saqarTvelo icavs da pa-tivs scems saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs, gverdSi udgas evropul Tanamegobrobasa da solidarobas uc-

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xadebs maT, agreTve yvela mSvidobian xerxsa Tu meqa-nizms mimarTavs imisaTvis rom mSvidoba da megobroba akavSirebdes qveynebs, rac misasalmebeli da dasafase-belia, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTis federacias Cvni qveynis 20% okupirebuli aqvs, romelic agreTve saerTaSoriso samarTlis principebisa da normebis darRveviT moxda. zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan naT-lad Cans, rom devizi `Zala evropaSia~ sakmaod damaje-reblad da realurad moqmedebs. aqve aucilebelia aRi-niSnos, rom msoflios sxvadasxva qveynebi xSirad mi-marTaven diplomatiuri da sakonsulo samarTliT gaT-valiswinebul iZulebis zomebs, rodesac diplomatiu-

ri korpusi arRvevs aRniSnul normebs. mag: 2017 wlis 5 maiss 5 rusi diplomati gaaZeves moldovidan, isini persona non gratad gamoacxades. 2014 wels oqtomber-Si poloneTma ramdenime rusi diplomati gaaZeva qvey-nidan diplomatiuri saqmianobis darRvevis motiviT. xolo 2014 wlis aprilSi kanadis sainformacio saSua-lebebi rusi diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis or kvi-raSi datovebis Sesaxeb saubrobdnen. rogorc vxedavT, sakmaod xSirad mimarTaven adgilsamyofeli qveynebi iZulebis RonisZiebebs, da es mxolod ganpirobebulia warmodgenili diplomatiuri korpusis uxeSi da radi-kaluri omebis gamoyenebiT Caerios Sidasaxelmwifoeb-riv saqmianobaSi.

daskvna

rogorc ganvixileT, diplomatiuri urTierTobe-

bi ganviTarebuli da Tanamedrove qveynebis urTier-Tobis damakavSirebeli meqanizmi da SeiZleba iTqvas amosavali wertilicaa. daviwyebas mieca urTierTobe-bis garkvevisa da dalagebis Zalismieri meTodebi, rom-lebic ukve daJangebuli da fskerze CaZirulia. msof-

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lios qveynebi mowodebulni arian erTmaneTTan daamya-ron megobruli da harmoniuli urTierTobebi, rome-lic gamoxatuli iqneba ekonomikuri, sagamoZiebo, xe-lovnebis, mecnierebis, sportisa Tu sxva saxis mniSvne-lovan mimarTulebebSi. aRniSnuli ki ufro martivsa da moqnils xdis saxelmwifoTa unarianobas iyvnen mo-winave da progresulebi. qveynebSi mcxovrebi moqala-qeebs ki uCndebaT SesaZlebloba am jadosnuri sityvis pirdapiri da mravalmxrivi gageba gamoiyenon da iyvnen warmatebulebi dasaxuli miznebis miRwevaSi, profesie-bis aTvisebaSi, swavla-ganaTlebis miRebaSi da sxva mra-vali sasargeblo unar-Cvevebis miRebaSi. swored am ga-saocari perspeqtivis fufunebas iZleva diplomatiu-ri da sakonsulo samarTliT damyarebuli urTierTo-bebi qveynebs Soris, romelic dRiTidRe viTardeba da ixveweba.

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beqa eqonia

saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis sa-xelobis universitetis samarTlis skolis studenti xelmZRvaneli: asocirebuli profesori ia xarazi

fuladi valdebulebis Sesruleba

saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis

389-e muxlis safuZvelze da masTan

dakavSirebuli problemebi

dResdReobiT socialuri da ekonomikuri urTier-

Tobebi elvis siswrafiT icvleba. drois mcire monak-veTSi vawydebiT sxvadasxva mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs, rac gavlenas axdens samarTlebriv urTierTobebze.

fuladi valdebulebis gadaxda fuladi erTeulis kursis Secvlisas aqtualuri sakiTxia. msoflioSi mim-dinare socialuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi ganapi-robebs fuladi erTeulis, valutis kursis cvlilebas.

sainteresoa, ra emarTeba fulad valdebulebas, roca fuladi erTeulis kursi icvleba. aseT SemTxve-vaSi, rogorc wesi gamoiyeneba e.w. nominalizaciis principi, romelsac afuZnebs samoqalaqo kodeqsis 389-e muxli, romlis mixedviTac,movale valdebulia vali daabrunos fuladi niSnebis imave raodenobiT, rome-lic Seesabameba valdebulebis warmoSobis dros.

pirvel rigSi, unda gairkves Tu ra igulisxmeba fuladi erTeulis gazrdaSi an SemcirebaSi.

fulis erTeulis gazrda an Semcireba TavisTavad gulisxmobs fulis reformas, rac fulis sistemis gan-mtkicebisTvis gatarebuli saxelmwifo sakanonmdeblo

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aqtia, romlis Sedegad qveyanaSi fulis moqmedi siste-midan sxva sistemaze gadasvla xdeba. am dros, mimoqce-vidan amoiReba gaufasurebuli fuli da mis adgils ikavebs fulis axali erTeuli an misi oqros Semcve-loba, ris Semdegac dgindeba fuladi erTeulis, fu-lis niSnis forma da erovnuli valutis kursi. fulis kursi ki, niSnavs erTi qveynis fulis erTeulis Rire-bulebas, gamoxatuls sxva qveynis fuladi erTeuliT.

sainteresoa, ra emarTeba fulad valdebulebas, roca fuladi erTeulis cvlileba scildeba normalu-

ri kursis cvlilebas? aseTi SemTxvevebi SesaZloa gamowveul iqnes Semde-

gi mizezebiT : • denominaciis dros; • valutis Secvlisas; • erovnuli valutis hiperinflaciisas; rogor unda moxdes fuladi valdebulebis Sesru-

leba fuladi erTeulis kursis Secvlisas ? saqarTvelos samoqalqo kodeqsis 389-e muxls, ro-

melsac efuZneba naSromSi moyvanili garemoebebi. aR-niSnuli normis Tanaxamd, Tu arasebobs raime fuladi valdebuleba da misi Sesrulebis momentisTvis gaizar-

da an Semcirda fulis erTeuli (kursi) movale valde-bulia gadaixados im kursiT, romelic Sesabamis valu-tas hqonda valdebulebis warmoSobis dros, anu xel-Sekrulebis ZalaSi Sesvlis dRes, xolo valutis Sec-vlisas gadacvliT urTierTobebs safuZvlad unda da-edos is kursi, romelic valutis Secvlis dRes arse-bobda fulis am erTeulebs Soris.

agreTve, sainteresoa, Tu ra kursiT aris valdebu-li gadaixados movalem vali?

fulis niSnebis Secvlisas gadacvliT urTierTo-bebs safuZvlad unda daedos saqarTvelos erovnuli

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bankis mier dadgenili is kursi, romelic valutis Sec-vlis dRes arsebobda fulis am erTeulebs Soris.

TemaSi ganvixilav fuladi valdebulebis Sesru-lebis sakiTxebs fuladi erTeulis kursis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi da dRis wesrigSi arsebul problemebs. ag-reTve, aqcenti gakeTdeba imaze, Tu ramdenad Seesabame-ba es muxli nominalizaciis princips, rogoria sasamar-Tlo praqtika aRniSnul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, kursis cvlilebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebaze da fu-lis erTeulis cvlilebaze, rogorc mxareTa riskis dasaSveeb farglebze.

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giorgi labartyava

samcxe-javaxeTis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis magistri samecniero xelmZRvaneli profesori: daviT geferiZe

Sromis kodeqsi da Sromis bazris

sakanonmdeblo regulireba

SromiTi urTierTobis saTanado mowesrigeba yove-

li qveynisTvis erTerT umTavres amocanas warmoad-gens. am sferos gamarTul funqcionirebaze mniSvne-lovnad aris damokidebuli ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikisa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arseboba. SromiTi urTierTobebis sakanonmdeblo regulireba xorcieldeboda 1999 wlis 1 seqtembers miRebuli sa-qarTvelos „Sromis kanonTa kodeqsiT“. aRniSnuli ka-noni SromiTi urTierTobebis regulirebis procesSi warmoSobda barierebs da arTulebda urTierTobaSi monawile mxareebs Soris SeTanxmebis miRwevas. kanonSi arsebuli xarvezebisa da barierebis arsebobam ganapi-roba misi Secvlis aucilebloba. Sesabamisad, arsebu-li situaciis gaumjobesebis mizniT kanonSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi Sevida 20-ze meti cvlileba, ramac mniS-vnelovnad ver Secvala arsebuli mdgomareoba. 2006 wlis 25 maiss samoqmedod SemoRebul iqna axali Sromis kodeqsi, romelic awesrigebda saqarTvelos terito-riaze SromiT da mis Tanmdev urTierTobebs, Tu isini gansxvavebulad ar regulirdeboda sxva specialuri kanoniT an saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebe-biT. kodeqsi gamoirCeoda samarTlis normebis daxvewi-

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lobiTa da lakonurobiT. 2013 wlidan ki amoqmedda ko-deqsis axali redaqcia, romelic uamrav siaxles Sei-cavs. am siaxleebiT saqarTvelo kidev ufro dauaxlov-da evrokavSiris wevr qveynebSi moqmed standartebs. kerZod, axal kanonSi Setanilia mTeli rigi cvlilebe-bi. yvelaze mniSvnelovan cvlilebas ki warmoadgens damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis SromiTi urTierTobis regulirebas SromiTi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. maT Soris, aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsSi 2013 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebi, romelic mniSvne-lovani etapi iyo Sromis saerTaSoriso standartebTan qveynis kanonmdeblobis harmonizaciis kuTxiT. cvli-lebebma xeli Seuwyo Sromis uflebis realizacias qve-yanaSi, Tumca, araerTi xarvezi darCa kanonmdeblobaSi. kerZod:

• kodeqsiT kvlav araa gansazRvruli dRiuri sa-muSao saaTebisa da kviraSi samuSao dReebis raodenoba,

• zeganakveTuri samuSao saaTebis maqsimaluri dasaSvebi zRvari,

• Sromis kanonmdeblobiT ar aris gansazRvruli Sromis minimaluri anazRaurebis odenoba,

• saqarTvelos Sromis kodeqsi ar iZleva ama Tu im piris dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis sa-fuZvlebis amomwurav CamonaTvals, zogadi Canaweris arseboba damsaqmebels utovebs farTo Sefasebisa da moqmedebis areals, xolo dasaqmebulisaTvis winaswar ar aris ganWvretadi da naTeli, ra SeiZleba gaxdes mas-Tan SromiTi urTierTobis Sewyvetis safuZveli, rome-lic Tanamedrove Sromis samarTlis seriozul prob-lemas warmoadgens.

SromiTi urTierTobebis momwesrigebeli normebis sicocxlisunarianobis ZiriTadi indikatori sasamar-Tlo praqtikaa. swored sasamarTlo iRebs saboloo ga-dawyvetilebas konkretuli davis farglebSi da, Sesa-

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bamisad, axdens kanonis normebis gamoyenebas, Riad darCenili sakiTxebis racionalur interpretacias, anu sakanonmdeblo xarvezis Sevsebas kanonis ganvrco-bisa da Sesworebis gziT. Cemi dakvirvebiT, qarTuli marTlmsajuleba, sakonstitucio kontrolis CaT-vliT, sakmaod seriozul nabijebs dgams am mimarTule-biT. Tumca, jer kidev Sorsa varT dvorkiniseuli WeS-maritebisagan, romelic damajereblad gveubneba, rom „samarTali esaa normis ganmarteba“.

SromiTi urTierToba warmoiSveba orive mxaris – damsaqmeblisa da dasaqmebulis Tanasworuflebiano-bis safuZvelze, maTi Tavisufali nebis gamovlenis Se-degad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT. vfiqrob, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is lakonizmi, romelic moqmed debule-bebs axasiaTebs, romelic zogjer, mTeli rigi sakiTxe-bis mouwesrigeblobas ganapirobebs. magaliTad:

• debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom „SromiTi urTierTo-ba warmoiSoba mxareTa Tanasworuflebianobis safuZ-velze nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebiT“ (2.2. muxli), ar SeiZleba zust formuli-rebad miviCnioT maSin, rodesac damsaqmebeli, rogorc wesi, urTierTobis ufro „Zlieri“, xolo dasaqmebuli ki „susti“ mxarea;

• SromiT da winasaxelSekrulebo urTierTobebSi diskriminaciis akrZalvis Sesaxeb normis (2.3. muxli)

farTo interpretaciis SesaZlebloba; • garda amisa, dasaqmebulis daTxovnisas srulyo-

fili da mkafio zogjer molaparakebaSi monawile erT-erTi mxare imdenad aRemateba meores ekonomikuri siZ-lieriT, rom SeuZlia Tavs moaxvios xelSekrulebis Si-naarsi;

• zog SemTxvevaSi moTxovna aWarbebs miwodebas Sromis bazarze. ase rom, mxare damokidebulia saZiebe-

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li samsaxuris SeTavazebaze, praqtikulad is ar flobs araviTar SesaZleblobas, gamoiyenos xelSekrulebis Tavisufleba da zegavlena moaxdinos mis Sinaarsze.

am sakiTxebis mouwesrigebloba Sesabamisad, Sromis bazarze iwvevs inovaciur pirobebs kerZod, „gaficvisa da lokautis warmarTvis procedurebs~.

saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT damtkicda Sromis pirobebis monitoringis saxelmwifo programa, Tumca, aRniSnuli ver CaiTvleba monitoringis efeqti-an meqanizmad, radgan programis farglebSi xorciel-deba mxolod im sawarmoTa Semowmeba, romlebic winas-war gamoTqvamen amis survils da darRvevebis aRmoCe-nis SemTxvevaSi monitorebs mxolod Sesasruleblad arasavaldebulo xasiaTis rekomendaciebis gacemis ufleba gaaCniaT. Sesabamisad, damsaqmeblis nebis arar-sebobis pirobebSi gamovlenili darRvevebis aRmof-xvris meqanizmi ar arsebobs. zogadad, es sakiTxebi miu-TiTebs im gamowvevebze, romlebic arsebobs qveyanaSi Sromis uflebis saTanado dacvis kuTxiT da Sesabamis sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis aucileblobaze.

zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi Sromis samarTlis reforma jer kidev ar dasrulebu-la. kvlav problemad rCeba SromiT uflebebsa da Sro-mis usafrTxo garemos monitoringze pasuxismgebeli saxelmwifo instituciis ararseboba. Sesabamisad, ar-sebul situaciaSi aucilebelia, Seicvalos Sromis ko-deqsi da sakanonmdeblo regulireba. saxelmwifo me-tad unda CaerTos samuSao bazris problemebis mogva-rebaSi. ufro aqtiurad unda daiwyos muSaoba dasaqme-bis perspeqtivebis gazrdaze, raTa dasaqmebulisTvis prioritetuli gaxdes xelSekrulebis pirobebi da damsaqmebelmac metad izrunos TanamSromlisTvis sa-surveli garemos Seqmnaze. am procesiT da aseve, saxel-mwifos Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mizanmimar-

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Tuli qmedebebiT unda moxdes SromiTi urTierTobis kulturis Camoyalibebis xelSewyoba. gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da evrokavSirs Soris „da-

saqmebis da profesiuli ganaTlebisa da gadamzade-

bis Taobaze“ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 26 dekembris № 2181 gankarguleba.

2. www.nplg.gov.ge 3. www. Matsne gov.ge

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Teona lutiZe

soxumis saxelmwifo universiteti ekonomikis da biznesis fakulteti samecniero xelmZRvaneli: axali umaRlesi saswavleblis profesori maia Wania

`mcire biznesi - ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi

da problemebi saqarTveloSi~

anotacia

samewarmeo seqtori, gansakuTrebiT mcire da saSu-alo sawarmoebi, mniSvnelovan rols asruleben ekono-mikis ganviTarebaSi da sagrZnobi wvlili SeaqvT mdgra-di da inkluziuri ekonomikuri zrdis uzrunvelyofa-Si. mcire da saSualo sawarmoebi, dasaqmebis zrdisa da samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis potencialiT, aseve, ekono-mikis ganviTarebasa da zrdaSi Setanili wvlilis gaT-valiswinebiT, nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis qvakuTxe-dad SeiZleba miviCnioT.

sakvanZo sityvebi: mcire biznesi, kunkurentunari-anoba, inovacia, industrializacia.

Sesavali

sityva „biznesis“ ganmartebis Sinaarsi faqtiurad

„mewarmeobis“ identuria. es aris iniciativiani ekono-mikuri saqamianoba, romelic sakuTari an nasesxebi sas-xsrebiT, riskisa da pasuxismgeblobis gaweviT xorci-eldeba mTavari miznis — mogebis misaRebad. is SeiZleba

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niSnavdes raime saqmianobas, savaWro operacias, komer-ciul an samrewvelo sawarmos, calkeuli mewarmis an mTeli firmis praqtikas an politikas. sazogadod biz-

ness, mcire masStabebiT uwodeben „mcire bizness~. Ta-namedrove biznesma ganviTarebis metad saintereso gza ganvlo. sabazro urTierTobebis mimarTulebiT SeiZ-leba gamovyoT ekonomikis ganviTarebis sami periodi:

1) „bazramde periodi“, rodesac ar arsebobda sabaz-

ro urTierTobebi; 2) „sabazro periodi“, rodesac gaCnda kerZo sakuT-

reba da safuZveli Caeyara saqonlis warmoebas da yid-

va-gayidvas. igi moicavs kapitalizmis epoqas; 3) „arasabazro periodi“, rodesac arsebobs saxel-

mwifo sakuTreba da Seqmnili dovlaTis ganawileba adamianebs Soris xdeba saxelwifos mier (komunisturi wyobileba)

amdenad biznesi miCneulia iseT movlenad, romelic mkveTrad aris damaxasiaTebeli mxolod sabazro eko-nomikisaTvis.

diagramaze naCvenebia biznes garemos analizi sa-

qarTveloSi (gamokiTxvis Sedegad):

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mcire biznesis ganviTarebis xelisSemSleli faqtorebi saqarTvelos xelisuflebam jer kidev 2016 wlis ga-

zafxulze SeimuSava mcire biznesis ganviTarebis stra-tegia, Tumca jerjerobiT am mimarTulebiT gansakuT-

rebuli Zvrebi naklebad SeimCneva. 2006-2016 wlebSi mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis mier Seqmnili damatebi-Ti Rirebulebis wili sawarmoTa mTlian damatebul Ri-

rebulebaSi icvleboda, Tumca 20% -s ar aRemateboda. damatebuli Rirebulebis udidesi wili (71.1%) Seqmni-

lia TbilisSi da sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa 63 % dasaq-mebulia TbilisSi moqmed sawarmoebSi. es statistika mowmobs, rom mcire da saSualo biznesi ZiriTadad kon-centrirebulia dedaqalaqSi, rac qveynis Tanabari re-gionaluri ganviTarebis xelis SemSleli faqtoria. mniSvnelovani problemaa aseve mcire biznesis arafor-malur seqtorSi yofna, gansakuTrebiT regionebSi da soflis meurneobis seqtorSi, rac erT-erTi mizezia imisa, rom mcire biznesis warmoebaSi soflis meurneo-

bis wili sul 6%-ia. 2014 wels mcire da saSualo bizne-sis politikis indeqsSi saqarTvelo aRmosavleT par-tniorebis qveynebTan erTad evropis mcire biznesis aqtis (SBA) safuZvelze SBA-is 10 principis mixedviT Sefasda. saqarTvelos mcire biznesis Zlieri da susti mxareebis kvlevisas gamokveTilia Semdegi problemebi: samewarmeo unarebisa da gamocdilebis nakleboba, kon-kurentunarianobis dabali done, dabali produqtiu-loba, finansur resursebze SezRuduli wvdoma, kvle-vis da ganviTarebis institutebis arasakmarisi urTi-erTTanamSromloba, teqnologiebis danergvis SezRu-duli SesaZleblobebi, adamianuri kapitalis arasakma-risi konkurentunarianoba, ucxouri bazrebis Sesaxeb codnis dabali done, mcire da saSualo sawarmoebis sa-konsultacio momsaxurebis maRali Rirebuleba, bizne-

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sis daxurvis (gakotrebis saqmis warmoebis) sirTule.

am sirTuleebis gadalaxvas strategiis realurad

amoqmedeba da sazogadoebis meti informirebuloba sWirdeba. am da sxva problemebis mogvarebaSi saxelmwi-fo CarTulia sxvadasxva programebiT, raTa moxdes mcire biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi.

problemebis mogvarebis gzebi

ganviTarebul qveynebSi arakomerciuli organiza-

ciebis mcire da saSualo biznesis xelSewyobis misia moicavs mxardamWeri pirobebis Seqmnas axali da mzar-di mcire sawarmosaTvis. aseTi organizaciebis moqme-debis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebia:

1) sakonsultacio, marketinguli, saproeqto, soci-ologiuri, analitikuri, samecniero kvleviTi samuSa-

oebis Sesruleba; 2) kadrebis momzadebis da gadamzadebis organiza-

cia, xelmZRvanelTa specialistTa da momuSaveTa kva-lifikaciis, aseve mmarTvelobis donis amaRlebis xel-

Sewyoba;

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3) wevrebs Soris sainformacio gacvlis uzrunvel-yofa.

mewarmeTaTvis xelSewyobisa da daxmarebis politi-

ka emsaxureba palatis wevrebis „Siga“ moTxovnebs. am politikis ZiriTadi mizania palatis mewarme wevrebis erToblivi urTierTdaxmarebis organizacia. amavdro-ulad es aris ekonomikuri TviTmmarTvelobis safuZve-li. am saqmianobas miekuTvneba palatis mewarme wevrebs Soris informaciis gacvla. amisaTvis ibeWdeba uamravi gamocema, upirveles yovlisa Jurnalebi da sxva saxis literatura. evrokavSiris erT-erT mTavar amocanas warmoadgens „socialuri da ekonomikuri Serwymis“ cxovrebaSi gatareba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba iqeT-ken rom sxvadasxva ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mqone re-gionebs mieniWoT Tanabari SesaZleblobebi. es princi-pi gulisxmobs, rom yvelaze gaWirvebul regionebs da socialur jgufebs unda gaewios daxmareba. aRsaniSna-via isic, rom savaWro-samrewvelo palatebi dakavebul-ni arian kvalifikaciis amaRlebiT, teqnologiuri kon-sultaciiT, xarisxis serTifikatebis gacemiT, saqmiani informaciis miwodebiT. kerZo safinanso organizacie-bi -komerciuli bankebi, warmoadgenen sakredito mxar-daWeras, xolo kerZo kvleviTi da konsaltinguri struqturebi konsultaciebs iZlevian menejmentis, marketingis, teqnologiebis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT. aseve arsebobs specialuri programebi, romelebic mi-marTulia kvalifikaciisa da ganTlebis amaRlebisaken. magaliTad, programa „erasmusi“, romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebelia finansuri mxardaWeris miReba swavlisa da praqtikisaTvis evrokavSiris wevr saxelmwifoebSi.

2017 wlis angariSis mixedviT, saqarTvelo dasaxe-lebulia, rogorc regionis lideri qveyana ganxorcie-

lebuli reformebis kuTxiT. saqarTvelo 5 indikato-

ris mixedviT, msoflio masStabiT 190 qveyanas Soris

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pirvel aTeulSi Sedis. es indikatorebia: qonebis re-

gistracia (me-3 adgili), kreditis miReba (me-7 adgili), minoritarul investorTa uflebebis dacva (me-7 adgi-

li), biznesis dawyeba (me-8 adgili) da mSeneblobis ne-

barTva (me-8 adgili). mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis, axali

konkurentuli industriebis Seqmnis da aseve, arsebu-lis ganviTarebis mizniT, saqarTvelos mTavrobam 2014 wels daiwyo saxelmwifo programa „awarmoe saqarTve-loSi“.

„awarmoe saqarTveloSi“: programa iTvaliswinebs industriuli da soflis meurneobis mimarTulebiT me-warme subieqtebis mxardaWeras, axali sawarmoebis Seq-mnis/arsebuli sawarmoebis gafarToebis/gadaiaraRebis xelSewyobas da kerZo seqtoris konkurentunarianobi-sa da saeqsporto potencialis zrdas finansebze, uZ-rav qonebasa da teqnikur daxmarebaze xelmisawvdomo-bis saSualebiT. programas axorcieleben saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros ssip-ebi - mewarmeobis ganviTarebis saagento, saqar-Tvelos inovaciebis da teqnologiebis saagento, sa-xelmwifo qonebis erovnuli saagento da saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministros ssip - soflis meurne-obis proeqtebis marTvis saagento.

2015 wels, xeli moewera evrokavSiris daxmarebis proeqts, romelic iTvaliswinebs „evrokavSirTan Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro siv-

rcis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis“ ( DCFTA-is) da mcire da sa-

Sualo sawarmoebis mxardaWeras (biujeti - 44.5 milio-

ni evro). proeqtis mizania: a) DCFTA-s politikis Car-Cos Semdgomi gaZliereba da mcire da saSualo mewarme-

obis xelSewyoba; b) vaWrobasTan da kerZo seqtorTan

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dakavSirebuli instituciebis gaZliereba da g) ekono-mikuri agentebis da mcire da saSualo mewarmeobis gaZ-

liereba DCFTA-is procesebis paralelurad.

daskvna marTalia, saxelmwifos mxridan gaTvaliswinebu-

lia mcire da saSualo biznesis mimarT SeRavaTiani sa-gadasaxado politika, Tumca sasurvelia ufro efeqti-ani da ufro qmediTi RonisZiebebis gatareba adgilob-rivi produqciis dacvis kuTxiT ucxouri produqciis konkurenciisagan da aseve sxva wamaxalisebeli Ronis-Ziebebi, romlebic xels Seuwyobs biznesis ganviTare-bas.

saxelmwifo realurad unda iqces mcire da saSua-lo mewarmeobis strategiul partniorad, romelic am seqtors sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis efeqtian bazas da ekonomikurad mimzidvel pirobebs Seuqmnis, uzrun-velyofs kapitalis bazarze maT Sesvlas, daexmareba investirebaSi, daicavs arakeTilsindisieri konkuren-ciisagan. migvaCnia, rom mcire sawarmoebis mimarT unda dawesdes sastarto SeRavaTebi. kerZod, axalSeqmnili mcire sawarmoebis funqcionirebis dawyebidan pirveli ori Tvis ganmavlobaSi unda gaunaxevrdes mogebis ga-dasaxadi. mcire sawarmoebs ufleba unda mieceT isar-geblon daCqarebuli amortizaciis normebiT. pesimis-turad arian ganwyobilni mewarmeebi mxardaWeris miRe-

bis mimarT, radganac 47% Tvlis rom mxardaWera arare-aluria da arc ucdiaT. mcire sawarmos mniSvnelovan socialur funqcias warmoadgens is, rom mas SeuZlia did masStabebSi „STanTqas“ dausaqmebeli muSaxeli, romelic gamonTavisuflebulia msxvili sawarmoebi-dan, Seamciros an ganmuxtos ekonomikuri krizisi. aqe-dan gamomdinare vTvli, rom nebismieri reformisa da

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ekonomikuri politikis nawili swored samewarmeo sa-qamianobis gamococxleba unda iqces, romlis udidesi wili mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaze modis.

amrigad, miviCnevT, rom mcire da saSualo mewarme-obis ganviTarebam unda uzrunvelyos qveynis ekonomi-kuri krizisidan gamoyvana, saSualo klasis Camoyali-beba, grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis da politikuri stabilurobis xelSewyoba da mwvave socialuri prob-lemebis gadaWra. gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. m. Wania, mewarmeoba — rogorc qveynis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis amosavali, Tb., 2016. 2. gaeros vebgverdi-www.un.org. 3. T. arnania-kepulaZe ekonomiker moZRvrebaTa is-

toria. 4. g. adeiSvili, r. asaTiani, ekonomikuri Teoria.

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sarCevi

biznesisa da turizmis seqcia:

xviCa gogia ........................................................................................3 saqarTvelos sadazRvevo bazris Tanamedrove mdgomareoba guram baakaSvili ...........................................................................11 socialuri media marketingis roli kompaniis warmatebaSi nino xuciSvili .............................................................................. 15 produqciis moculobis, danaxarjebis da mogebis damokidebulebis analizi maka badalaSvili ..........................................................................22 Apple-msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze inovaciuri da cnobadi brendis warmatebis formula nika balaxaZe ...................................................................................34 momxmareblis qceva irine kaWarava .................................................................................36 internet biznesi da globalizaciis procesi XXI saukuneSi nata cicqiSvili ............................................................................38 pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da biznes garemo saqarTveloSi salome cxovrebaZe, lana Tolordava .................................40 informaciuli teqnologiebi da globalizacia Teona sanduxaZe, iulia TeTvaZe .............................................48 kvalificiuri kadrebis problemebi saqarTvelos turizmis biznesSi ani buaZe ............................................................................................51 saqarTveloSi inkluziuri turizmis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebi salome doliZe ...............................................................................54 inovaciuri ekonomika-ganviTarebis problemebi da perspeqtivebi ilona kaWarava ...............................................................................64 msoflio regionebis gavlena saqarTvelos turistul bazarze (evropis turistuli regionis magaliTze)

238

marika gulordava, nino grigalaSvili ...............................68 didi depresia, gamomwvevi mizezebi da maTi axsna miriani cimitia ..............................................................................84 kosmosi, sivrce da turizmi mixeil SiolaSvili ......................................................................87 konkurentuli bazari, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi Tamar miqelaZe ...............................................................................94 fulis masis zrda da inflacia eka megreliSvili ..........................................................................98 saqarTvelo, rogorc satranzito habi, SesaZleblobebi da perspeqtivebi xatia kaxaZe ......................................................................................107 SromiTi migracia eka gamTenaZe ....................................................................................115 saqarTvelos marcvleuliTa da puriT uzrunvelyofis marketinguli analizi ilia gadaxabaZe ..............................................................................123 freSaizingis aqtualuri sakiTxebi kote paatiSvili ............................................................................125 arasrulwlovani dasaqmeba da ganaTleba ana SaverdaSvili ...........................................................................129 motivaciis mniSvneloba biznesis warmarTvisas

samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis seqcia: marina masuraSvili, lika gagniZe .........................................131 eTnikuri wmendis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi regulirebis sakiTxebi Tamar afciauri ..............................................................................139 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos Camoyalibeba da ganviTareba mariam nikoleiSvili ...................................................................149 diskriminaciis gamovlineba SromiT-samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi baqar gvazava ....................................................................................167 saqarTvelo aliansisken mimaval gzaze

239

mari kilava, salome umfriani .................................................169 wundebuli produqtiT miyenebuli zianisaTvia pasuxismgeblobis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi nadia baZaRua ..................................................................................172 kiberbulingi qarTul sakanonmdeblo sivrceSi ani zenaiSvili ................................................................................183 sajaro samsaxurSi interesTa SeuTavseblobis aqtualuri sakiTxebi naTia megreliSvili, eTer uTneliSvili ...........................192 ruseTis federacia saerTaSoriso samarTlis winaaRmdeg iago Sakaia ........................................................................................204 diplomatiuri da sakonsulo samarTlis aqtualuri sakiTxebi beqa eqonia ........................................................................................221 fuladi valdebulebis Sesruleba saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 389-e muxlis safuZvelze da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebi giorgi labartyava .......................................................................224 Sromis kodeqsi da Sromis bazris sakanonmdeblo regulireba

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