validation of corrosion protection for magnesium alloys - insitech
TRANSCRIPT
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XXXVII European Cyclotron Progress Meeting
ECPM 2009
Editors: Mariet Hofstee Sytze Brandenburg Harry Kiewiet
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SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE
P. Bertrand, Caen, France S. Brandenburg, Groningen, The Netherlands L. Calabretta, Catania, Italy A. Denker, Berlin, Germany G.G. Gulbekian, Dubna, Russia P. Heikkinen, Jyväskylä, Finland Y. Jongen, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium M. Loiselet, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium P. Mandrillon, Nice, France N. Neskovic, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro M. Seidel, Villigen, Switzerland H. Schweikert, Karlsruhe, Germany
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
S. Brandenburg (chair), E.R. van der Graaf, M.A. Hofstee, H.H. Kiewiet, R.W. Ostendorf, A.M.J. Paans A. Petitiaux (secretary).
CONFERENCE SECRETARIAT
Mrs. Amarins Petitiaux Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut Zernikelaan 25 NL 9747 AA Groningen the Netherlands T: +31503637522 F: +31503634003 E: [email protected] WWW: http://www.rug.nl/kvi/progressmeeting/index
CONFERENCE VENUE
The ECPM XXXVII will take place at the: Hampshire Hotel Plaza Groningen Laan Corpus den Hoorn 300 9728 JT Groningen the Netherlands http://www.hampshire-plazagroningen.nl/eng/index.html T +31 (0)50 524 80 00 F +31 (0)50 524 80 01 E [email protected]
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Educational Session
Wednesday 28. October 2009
time speaker subject
9:00 Frederic Chautard (GANIL)
Basic Beam Dynamics
10:00 Wiel Kleeven (IBA)
Axial Injection
11:00 Coffee 11:20 Pauli Heikkinen
(Jyvaskula) Extraction Techniques
12:20 Lunch 13:50 Rudolf Dölling
(PSI) Beam Diagnostics
14:50 William Beeckman (SigmaPhi)
Magnetic Field Design
15:50 Tea 16:10 Marco di Giacomo
(GANIL) RF Systems
17:10 Andreas Adelmann (PSI)
Advanced Beam Dynamics
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Program
Wednesday 28 October 9:00 Educational Session
18:30 Welcome Reception* (Buffet) and hanging of posters. Registration desk is open.
* This reception is sponsored by the University of Groningen, the Municipality of Groningen and the Province of Groningen
Thursday 29 October
8:30 Registration desk is open
New Projects (chair: Andrea Denker)
9:00 E. van der Graaf Opening
9:15 M-H. Moscatello The ARCHADE project
9:45 L. Piazza S.C.E.N.T. 300 Project Status Review
10:05 L. Medeiros Romao
Cyclone 70® Arronax Cyclotron Installation and Commissioning Progress Report
10:25 P. Heikkinen The Jyväskylä MCC30/15 Project
10:45 COFFEE
New Projects cont. (chair: Patrick Bertrand)
11:15 R. Edgecock EMMA - The World's First Non-Scaling FFAG
11:45 Y. Jongen ADONIS, a cyclotron based spallation neutron source for the production of medical radioisotopes
12:15 F. Chautard High intensity ion beams at GANIL 12:35 LUNCH 13:30 Transfer to KVI per bus
14:00 Visit KVI (includes TEA)
16:00 Transfer to UMCG per bus
16:30 Welcome at UMCG (Boering-zaal)
17:00 Visit UMCG PET
18:30 DINNER Buffet at UMCG Fountain
21:00 Transfer to Hampshire hotel per bus
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Friday 30 October
Sub Systems (chair: Yuri Bylinsky)
9:00 V.Kukhtin Numerical synthesis of CC18/9 and CC30/15 isochronous cyclotrons magnetic systems with moving shims
9:20 E. Lamzin Numerical synthesis of DC60 cyclotron magnetic system with magnetic extraction channel
9:40 C. Baumgarten The New Compact ECR Proton Source for the PSI Proton Facility
10:00 H. Koivisto Parameters affecting the time evolution of plasma and ion beam quality of electron cyclotron resonance ion source
10:20 V. Mironov ECRIS development at KVI
10:50 COFFEE Poster Session
12:30 LUNCH
Status Reports (chair: Pauli Heikkinen)
14:00 A. Kleinrahm Radionuclide Technique in Mechanical Engineering, actual status at ZAG
14:20 J. Kozempel Cyclotron production of 48V labeled TiO2 nanoparticles
14:40 A. Denker Status of the HZB cyclotron: Eye tumour therapy in Berlin
15:00 TEA
Status Reports cont. (chair: Marie Helene Moscatello)
15:30 H. Röcken Medical Operation of the Varian 250MeV Superconducting Proton Cyclotron
15:50 T. Servais Continuous Improvement Program for IBA C230 cyclotron
16:10 A. Garonna A Dual Hadrontheraphy Center based on a Cyclinac
16:30 R. Gebel Status of the COSY/Jülich Injector Cyclotron
16:50 M. Hofstee Status Report High Intensity Heavy Ion Beams at AGOR
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Friday 30 October (cont.)
17:30 Transfer by bus to Nienoord
18:00 Arrival and drink at Nienoord
18:30 Excursion museum Nienoord
19:30 DINNER Conference Dinner
22:30 Return by bus to hotel
Saturday 31 October
Sub Systems (chair: Pierre Mandrillon)
9:00 B. Mukherjee Radiation Shielding Design for Proton Therapy Treatment Rooms
9:20 G. Karamysheva Last Simulations of the Compact Superconducting Cyclotron C400 for Hadron Therapy
9:40 N. Morozov Status of Magnet Design of C400 Superconducting Cyclotron
10:00 W. Beeckman Multiphysics computation on the radiation screen for the carbon therapy C400 cyclotron using Opera2d transient, stress and thermal modules
10:20 COFFEE
Upgrades (chair: Marco Schippers)
10:50 P. Bertrand Last experimental results using the Vertical Mass Separator in the cyclotron CIME and possible applications in the frame of the SPIRAL2 project
11:10 M. Humbel Gearing the PSI high power proton facility into the 3rd Milliampere
11:30 Y. Bylinski Extraction of 4 simultaneous high intensity beams at TRIUMF: constraints, problems and approaches
11:50 V. Toivanen Studies to improve the quality of high intensity heavy ion beams at JYFL accelerator laboratory
12:10 L. Calabretta Concluding Remarks
12:30 LUNCH
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The ARCHADE project
M-H. Moscatello [1], E. Baron, M. Drouet, P. Lagalle [2], J. Bourhis [3], J.
Colin, D.Cussol, J-M. Fontbonne [4], A. Batalla [5], C. Laurent, J-L. Lefaix [6]
and A. Mazal [7]
[1] ARCHADE, CEA/GANIL, BP 55027, 14076 CAEN Cedex 5, FRANCE
[2] ARCHADE, Centre François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, BP
5026, 14076 CAEN Cedex 5, FRANCE
[3] Institut Gustave Roussy, 39 rue C.Desmoulins, 94805 Villejuif Cedex,
FRANCE
[4] LPC-ENSICAEN, 6 bvd Maréchal Juin, 14050 CAEN Cedex 04, FRANCE
[5] Centre François Baclesse, 3 avenue du Général Harris, BP 5026, 14076
CAEN Cedex 5 FRANCE
[6] LARIA, Bvd Becquerel, 14070 CAEN Cedex 5, FRANCE
[7] Institut Curie, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75248 PARIS Cedex 05, FRANCE
The ARCHADE project is aiming to create a European Centre for Resources
in Hadrontherapy, in the Caen Region. This centre will be equipped with a
cyclotron able to accelerate protons and carbon ions (as well as He, Li, B…)
and will be open to European research in the hadrontherapy domain. This
expanding field concerns medical physics, radiobiology, nuclear physics and
imaging.
The high field, superconducting cyclotron, accelerates protons up to 260 MeV
and carbon ions up to 400 MeV/n. It is presently fully designed and will be
constructed by the Belgian company IBA.
A description of the facility is presented, as well as the project status.
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S.C.E.N.T. 300 Project Status Review
L.A.C. Piazza, L.Calabretta, M.Camarda, G. Gallo, M. Maggiore, S.
Passarello
D. Campo*, D. Garufi*, R. La Rosa*
INFN-LNS Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Laboratori Nazionali del
Sud, Catania – Italy
*University of Catania, Dept of Physics and Engineering, Catania - Italy.
The detail design of the Superconducting Cyclotron named SCENT300 was
carried out by the accelerator R&D team of Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
(INFN-LNS, Catania, Italy) in collaboration with the University of Catania and
supported by IBA (Belgium).
SCENT300 is a compact superconducting cyclotron optimized to deliver
continuous accelerated beam of both the fully stripped Carbon ion and the
H2+ with a charge to mass ratio of 0,5 for the hadrontherapy application.
The detail design phase of the magnet was successfully carried out in the last
year; the latest technical solutions and the adopted project management tools
will be presented.
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Cyclone 70® Arronax Cyclotron Installation and Commissioning Progress Report
L. Medeiros Romao, M. Abs, J-L. Delvaux, S. Deprez, Y. Jongen,
W. Kleeven, F. Peeters, M. Pinchart, T. Vanderlinden, S. Zaremba
Ion Beam Applications, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Since the beginning of the testing phase in July of 2008 the Cyclone 70®’s
progress was steady and positive despite the major challenges to be
overcome. The first vacuum pumping in the main tank rapidly gave way to a
comfortable start up of the 100kW RF system. This was followed by the
successful testing of the source bench that fed the injection line with its first
proton, alpha, deuterons and molecular hydrogen particle beams. The central
region crossing followed and the first beam on the radial probe at around
~1MeV finally opened the doors to beam acceleration and extraction. One
major trial of the beam acceleration phase, particularly for the alpha and
deuteron beams, was the presence of a harmonic one magnetic field
component, considered negligible during the field mapping. This induced an
important decentring of the beam as well as resonance crossings causing the
loss of isochronism. Several shimming iterations of the main iron as well as
the installation of two sets of harmonic coils were necessary to achieve the
correct magnetic field. As for the proton beam, accelerating and extracting
750µA at 70MeV was clearly the main hurdle, with vacuum and outgassing
levels being the main issues. Beam extraction announced another major
challenge that was the electrostatic deflector for the 70MeV alpha and
molecular hydrogen beams. Positive results were obtained with the first
design but the full current extraction was not possible mainly due to a fragile
septum, setting off a redesign aiming the increase of its power dissipation
capacities. The impact of these different issues on the schedule was
substantial and the commissioning of the cyclotron was set back to August of
2009.
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The Jyväskylä MCC30/15 Project
P. Heikkinen
University of Jyväskylä, Department of Physics, Jyväskylä, Finland
The new MCC30/15 cyclotron from NIIEFA, St. Petersburg, Russia, arrived at
Jyväskylä on 10th of August. The cyclotron came as a partial compensation of
the Former Soviet Union debt to Finland. The Intergovernmental Agreement
between Finland and Russia on the debt compensation by goods and
services was signed in August, 2006. It took 10 months until the contract of
the cyclotron was finally approved and the project could start. According to
the contract the cyclotron should have arrived 19th of June, 2009. The
cyclotron required an extension for the old experimental hall. The building of
the extension started in late August, 2009, and it was scheduled to be ready
by Midsummer, 2009. Both the cyclotron and the building projects took a little
more time than planned. However, the delay of both projects was less than
two months, and so the building was ready to host the cyclotron by the
beginning of August, 2009.
The cyclotron is installed by the manufacturer’s specialists. According to the
plan the cyclotron should be ready and running by the end of November,
2009. The contract includes a fully working cyclotron with two beam lines, one
on each side, until the 30 degree and 65 degree bending magnets, which also
belong to the contract.
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EMMA – The World’s First Non-Scaling FFAG
R.Edgecock, D. Kelliher, S. Machida
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, UK
C. Beard, N. Bliss, J. Clarke, C. Hill, S. Jamison, A. Kalinin, K. Marinov, N.
Marks, B. Martlew, P. McIntosh, B. Muratori, H. Owen, Y. Saveliev, B. Shepherd, R. Smith, S. Smith, S. Tzenov, C. White, E. Wooldridge
STFC Daresbury Laboratory, Daresbury, Cheshire, UK
J.S. Berg, D. Trbojevic
BNL, Upton, New York, USA
M. Craddock, S. Koscielniak, TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
J. Crisp, C. Johnstone
FNAL, Illinois, USA
Y. Giboudot,
Brunel University, UK
E. Keil, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland
F. Méot,
CEA & IN2P3, LPSC, France
T. Yokoi, Oxford University, UK
Due to their combined features of fixed magnetic fields and strong focusing,
non-scaling FFAGs have several potential advantages over existing
technology for a number of accelerator applications. However, they also have
several unique features. To study these features in detail and learn how this
type of accelerator can be used in the future, a proof-of-principle non-scaling
FFAG called EMMA – the Electron Model of Many Applications – is under
construction at the STFC Daresbury Laboratory in the UK. First beam is
expected before the end of the year. This contribution will give the motivation
for building EMMA and describe the status of the project.
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ADONIS, a cyclotron based spallation neutron source for the
production of medical radioisotopes
Yves Jongen+, Frédéric Stichelbaut+, Hamid Ait Abderrahim++, Gert
Van den Eynde++, Peter Baeten++, Paul Leysen++, Henri Bonet+++
+ IBA sa, Louvain la Neuve, Belgium
++ SCK-CEN, Mol, Belgium
+++ IRE, Fleurus, Belgium
In nuclear medicine, 80% of the radioisotopes used today are still produced in
research nuclear reactors, while 20% are produced with cyclotrons. The most
common reactor produced medical radioisotope is Technetium 99m,
produced by the decay of Molybdenum99, a fission product. More than 35
million medical procedures are conducted annually using Tc99m. But all the
world production of Mo99 is concentrated in a small number of research
reactors, and most of these reactors are now more than 40 years old.
Recently, the simultaneous interruption of the NRU reactor in Chalk River,
Canada and HFR in Petten, Netherlands has caused a worldwide shortage of
Mo99, leading to the cancellation of many nuclear medicine studies.
To respond to this need, IBA had proposed in 1995 the construction of
ADONIS (Accelerator Driven Optimized Neutron Irradiation System), a device
where the beam of a 150 MeV, 1.5 mA H- cyclotron was directed on a liquid,
flowing, lead-bismuth target to produce a large flux of primary spallation
neutrons. These neutrons were moderated in water, and the primary lead-
bismuth target was surrounded by a number of secondary targets, each
containing 4 grams of highly enriched uranium 235. The primary neutrons,
moderated in water, were producing fission reactions in the secondary
uranium 235 targets. While the device was strictly non critical, the neutron flux
was multiplied 5 times by the fission reaction. In this first version of ADONIS,
225 kW of proton beam was used to produce 700 kW of uranium fission. The
resulting production of Mo99 corresponded to 50% of the world production.
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However, at the same time, AECL and Nordion proposed to build two new
reactors dedicated to the production of Mo99 (the Maple X reactors). The
nuclear medicine companies decided to follow this more conventional
approach, and the ADONIS project was abandoned.
However, in 2009, the situation looks very different. The development of the
Maple X reactors failed, and the project is now officially abandoned. The other
reactors used for production are getting older and less reliable. So it was
decided to look again at the ADONIS project, in a collaboration between IBA,
the Nuclear Research Center of Mol (SCK-CEN) and the Belgian National
Institute of Radio-elements. It was found that the initial ADONIS design
allowed a large production, but that the neutron flux in the device was too low
to use effectively the targets. Increasing the neutron flux without bringing the
device closer to criticality requires increasing the primary neutron flux. This
was achieved by selecting a proton energy of 350 MeV, with a current of 1.5
mA. To supply this proton beam, IBA investigated at a modified version of the
C400 superconducting cyclotron for heavy ions, in which a 750 µA beam of
molecular hydrogen ions (HH+) would be accelerated to 700 MeV and
extracted by stripping into protons, producing a beam of 1.5 mA of 350 MeV
protons. The primary target would be made of a sandwich of conical foils of
tantalum cooled by high velocity water.
The presentation will describe the proposed cyclotron and the neutron
irradiation system including the primary spallation target, the moderators and
reflectors made of beryllium and water, the secondary targets made of high or
low enrichment uranium, and the pool containment system. Neutronics
simulations will be presented, as well as preliminary shielding calculations.
The layout of the proposed facility will be presented, with preliminary cost
estimations.
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HIGH INTENSITY ION BEAMS AT GANIL
F. Chautard
Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds(GANIL), Caen, France
The Grand Accélérateur National d’Ions Lourds (GANIL, Fig. 1) facility (Caen,
France) is dedicated to the acceleration of heavy ion beams for nuclear
physics, atomic physics, radiobiology and material irradiation. The production
of stable and radioactive ion beams for nuclear physics studies represents the
main part of the activity. Two complementary methods are used for exotic
beam production: the Isotope Separation On-Line (ISOL, the SPIRAL1
facility) and the In-Flight Separation techniques (IFS). SPIRAL1, the ISOL
facility, is running since 2001, producing and post-accelerating radioactive ion
beams. The running modes of the accelerators are recalled as well as a
review of the operation from 2001 to 2008. A point is done on the way we
managed the high intensity ion beam transport issues and constraints which
allows the exotic beam production improvement.
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Numerical synthesis of CC18/9 and CC30/15 isochronous cyclotrons magnetic systems
with moving shims
V.Kukhtin, T.Belyakova, P.Bogdanov, I.Gornikel, E.Lamzin, A.Strokach, S.Sytchevsky, M.Vorogushin
ALPHYSICA GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany), NIIEFA (St. Petersburg, Russia)
The magnetic system numerical synthesis procedure for the operating
CC18/9 (Turku, Finland) and CC30/15 (Juväskylä, Finland) isochronous
cyclotrons is described. The calculation models include moving shims for
field re-formation for acceleration of two kinds of particles.
Numerical synthesis of DC60 cyclotron magnetic system with magnetic extraction channel
E.Lamzin,T.Belyakova, J.Franko, B.Gikal, I.Gornikel, G.Gulbekyan,
I.Ivanenko, V.Kukhtin, S.Sytchevsky
JINR (Dubna, Russia), ALPHYSICA GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany),
NIIEFA (St. Petersburg, Russia)
The operating isochronous cyclotron DC60 (Astana, Kazakhstan) magnetic
system numerical synthesis procedure is described. The synthesized
magnetic system calculation model includes magnetic channel for
accelerated particle extraction. Magnetic field calculation results are
presented.
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THE NEW COMPACT ECR PROTON SOURCE FOR THE PSI PROTON FACILITY
C. Baumgarten, G. Bär, A. Barchetti and D. Goetz
Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
The PSI Proton Accelerator Facility is equipped with a multicusp ion source
driven by filaments. This source has some disadvantages, the main being the
short maintenance intervals of 2 weeks and the sensitivity of the filaments to
sudden changes of the operation conditions. In addition, the proton fraction of
about 25% is relatively low.
In order to increase the time between maintenance intervals, a compact
permanent magnet ECR proton source has been developed, tested and
optimized at the PSI Ion Source Test Stand (ISTS) [1]. Several design
changes improved the reliability of the new source significantly. The design
goal of at least 3 weeks of continuous operation has been reached. The
longest operation period so far has been 8 weeks without maintenance, even
longer operation seemed possible. The number of high voltage breakdowns
could be reduced to about one to two per day. The ISTS has been equipped
with collimators, solenoid and steerer magnets in analogy to the PSI pre-
injector beamline. This allows for testing under realistic conditions.
The total beam current of the ECR source is typically 22 to 30mA and the
proton fraction 70 to 80%. About 80 to 90% of the proton beam is transmitted
corresponding to typically 14mA of net beam current, whereas 12mA are
required.
An overview of the design changes will be given and of the performance of
the source at the test stand. Furthermore, a rate equation model of the source
plasma has been developed and the computed results will be discussed.
[1] P.A. Schmelzbach, A. Barchetti, H. Einenkel and D. Goetz; Proc. of
18th Int. Conf. on Cycl. and their Appl., Giardini Naxos, Italy, (2007) pp. 292-
294.
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Parameters affecting the time evolution of plasma and ion
beam quality of electron cyclotron resonance ion source
H. Koivisto, V. Toivanen, O. Steczkiewicz, O. Tarvainen and T. Ropponen
Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
L. Celona, S. Gammino and G. Ciavola
Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Instituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Catania, Italy
At the Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä (JYFL) several
different experiments have been performed to study the behavior of the Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) plasma. Moreover, the parameters affecting the ion beam quality have been investigated. The experiments have shown, for example, that the plasma breakdown time depends on the neutral gas pressure, ionization cross section of plasma species and especially on the electron density available for the plasma ignition process [1]. The results and the theoretical framework concerning the ignition process will be presented. The information can be used to improve the operation of ECRIS for the experiments requiring pulsed ion beams. The Bremsstrahlung experiments [2,3] have revealed new information about the timescales required to reach the steady state conditions of the plasma. According to the measurements it can take up to several hundred milliseconds to reach the saturation value of the high-energy electron population (> 30 keV). The effect of the so-called frequency-tuning technique [4] on the beam intensity and quality has been studied at JYFL in collaboration with the INFN-LNS ion source group [5]. According to the preliminary results frequency tuning can be an efficient tool to increase the intensity of highly charged ion beams. [1] O. Tarvainen, T. Ropponen, V. Toivanen, J. Ärje and H. Koivisto,
Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 18, (2009), 035018. [2] T. Ropponen, O. Tarvainen, P. Jones, P. Peura, T. Kalvas, P. Suominen
and H. Koivisto, Nucl. Instrum. and Meth. in Phys. Res. A 600, (2009), 525-533.
[3] T. Ropponen, O. Tarvainen, P. Jones, P. Peura, T. Kalvas, P. Suominen and H. Koivisto, Accepted for publication in IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
[4] L. Celona et. al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 79, 023305, (2008). [5] H. Koivisto, V. Toivanen, O. Steczkiewicz, L. Celona, O. Tarvainen, T.
Ropponen, S. Gammino and G. Ciavola, to be published.
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ECRIS development at KVI
V. Mironov, J.P.M. Beijers, H.R. Kremers, J. Mulder, S. Saminathan and
S. Brandenburg
Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Groningen, the Netherlands
The Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source KVI-AECRIS is used as an
injector of highly charged ions for the AGOR cyclotron. The current status of
the source and modifications of its basic design will be described. Source
maintenance and development is accompanied with extensive numerical
simulations of the ECRIS plasma dynamics and beam transport. The PIC-
MCC code will be described that allows for better understanding of some
features of ECRIS operation. Results of beam transport studies will be given.
Radionuclide Technique in Mechanical Engineering, actual status at ZAG
A. Kleinrahm, J. Daul, R. Mayl
ZAG Zyklotron AG, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
The Radionuclide Technique in Mechanical Engineering RTM is a
powerful and sensitive method to measure online the wear at a running
engine. Actual trends of problems and their solutions are demonstrated by
means of examples. The installations for machine part activations at the
new TR19/9 cyclotron of the ZAG Zyklotron AG are shown. Examples of
special developed activations and the status of implantations of
radioactive ions are discussed.
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Cyclotron production of 48V labeled TiO2 nanoparticles
J. Kozempel, F. Simonelli, N. Gibson, K. Abbas, U. Holzwarth, I. Cydzik
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, IHCP - NanoBioSciences,
Ispra, Italy
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles belong to raw materials of increasing use (e.g.
in cosmetic, medical, paint industry, etc.). Therefore the need to asses
the potential toxicity arises as well. In order to trace TiO2 nanoparticles in
biological toxicity studies, we have prepared 48V-labeled TiO2 by direct proton
activation, using the nat.Ti(p,x)48V reaction. 48V is a β+ emitter with
T1/2 = 15,97 days. Together with its three intense γ-rays it is easy to detect.
A dedicated target holder was designed and developed to insure a safe
bombardment of the nanoparticle material. The irradiations were made at the
Joint Research Centre Scanditronix MC 40 Cyclotron (Ispra, Italy).
Non-coated 15nm anatase-type TiO2 nanoparticles were used for the
irradiations, however strong aggregation was observed and further treatment
was needed to obtain well dispersed nanoparticles. Experimental stability test
of the 48V label performed during 21 days showed less than 10% of total 48V
activity release from nanoparticles. The label is therefore suitable for TiO2
tracking in biological tests after initial wash-out of 48V from unstable positions.
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Status of the HZB# cyclotron*: Eye tumour therapy in Berlin
A. Denker*, C. Rethfeldt*, J. Röhrich* *Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Protons for Therapy, Glienicker Str. 100, D 14109
Berlin, Germany
The ion beam laboratory ISL at the Hahn-Meitner-Institute Berlin (HMI)
supplied light and heavy ion beams for research and applications in solid
state physics, industry, and medicine. Since 1998, eye tumours are treated
with 68 MeV protons in collaboration with the University Hospital Benjamin
Franklin, now Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin. In autumn 2004 the board
of directors of the HMI decided to close down ISL at the end of 2006. In
December 2006, a cooperation contract between the Charité and the HMI
was signed to assure the continuity of the eye tumour therapy, at the moment
the only facility in Germany.
The main challenge is to supply protons for the therapy with less man-power
but keeping the same high reliability as before.
In general, the operation of the machine went smoothly. Only in spring this
year, we had for the first time since 1998 an interruption of the therapy due to
a water leak in the RF system.
The machine operation and changes on the accelerator will be discussed.
# The new Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie has been
formed by the merger of the former Hahn-Meitner-Institut Berlin (HMI) and the
Berliner Elektronenspeicherring-Gesellschaft für Synchrotronstrahlung
(BESSY).
* The former ISL cyclotron.
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Medical Operation of the VARIAN 250 MeV Superconducting Proton Cyclotron
H. Röcken, P. Budz, T. Stephani
Varian Medical Systems Particle Therapy GmbH,
Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
VARIAN has successfully commissioned the next cyclotron for use in proton
therapy. The 250 MeV superconducting machine serves as source for
treatments at a newly opened proton therapy center in Munich/Germany,
which is fully equipped with Varian proton therapy equipment. We report on
the current operation and performance, recent improvements, ongoing
developments, and production of future machines.
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Continuous Improvement Program for IBA C230 cyclotron
T. Servais, P. Verbruggen, E. Forton, Y. Paradis,
Y. Jongen, P. Cahay, G. Didier
Ion Beam Applications s.a.., Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
So far, IBA has built several cyclotrons for proton therapy of the C230 model.
Interestingly, each of those cyclotrons is slightly different from the others on
some beam dynamics aspects, such as location and importance of resonance
crossing, or beam excursions from the mechanical median plane.
In this frame, we explored the effect of several main parameters on the field
structure and resulting beam dynamics. Both numerical and technological
approach were leaded and confronted to conclude to new manufacturing,
quality control and R&D processes.
First, main coils position and internal structure were studied. A close-up on
observed coils manufacturing typical metrics is available through this study.
Then, we looked to poles geometry definition and measurement methods.
Conventionnal “touching” and “laser” measurement processes were
performed and numerically compared through Repetablity and Reproducibility
Gage analysis.
Lastly, the magnet material homogeneity effect on the field structure was
computed. The related Non Destructive Tests technologies limitations are
presented in this paper.
Those studies contribute to this global program, giving IBA a better
understanding of its cyclotrons and the opportunity to improve all other
systems.
26
A DUAL HADRONTHERAPY CENTER BASED ON A CYCLINAC
U. Amaldi, R. Bonomi, A. Degiovanni, A. Garonna, S. Verdu and R. Wegner
TERA Foundation, Via Puccini 11, Novara, Italy
Protontherapy is developing very rapidly while the results obtained with carbon ions on about 5’000 patients indicate the superiority of these light ions in the control of radioresistant tumors. More and more radiation oncologists express the wish to acquire state-of-the-art protontherapy centres - featuring more than one gantry – and in a second phase, to possibly upgrade them by accelerating carbon ions to 400-430 MeV/u. The ‘dual’ centre here described fulfills these requirements. Since 1993 TERA is working on the development of new fast-cycling accelerator complexes dubbed ‘cyclinacs’, which are best suited to treat moving organs with the multi-painting spot scanning technique. A cyclinac is the combination of a cyclotron (which can be used also for other valuable medical and research purposes) followed by a high gradient linear accelerator powered by many independently controlled klystrons, so that the range of the particles can be varied by ± 10 mm in only 1-2 milliseconds. Following the successful construction and test of a 3 GHz linac prototype, a proton cyclinac is at present offered commercially by Applications of Detectors and Accelerators to Medicine (A.D.A.M. SA, Geneva). The TERA ‘dual’ centre consists of a commercial Electron Beam Ion Source (from Dreebit Gmbh), a superconducting synchrocyclotron and a high-gradient linac. The source delivers both C6+ and H2
+ ions at the desired repetition rate (400 Hz). At the same rate, the synchrocyclotron accelerates the ions to 230 MeV/u (Kbending = 920 MeV), the energy needed for proton therapy. The machine features an azimuthally symmetric and radially decreasing magnetic field (central value of 5 Tesla), a mechanical radio frequency modulation by a rotating capacitor and a regenerative beam extraction system. This choice was driven by the possibility to work in pulsed mode, limit the size of the magnet and the power consumption of the radiofrequency system to less than 25 kW. The 230 MeV/u carbon ions have a 12 cm penetration range in water and can be used for shallow tumours. The linac (possibly installed in a second phase) accelerates the ions to 430 MeV/u, corresponding to a 32 cm range. Various linacs are under design under the name CABOTO (CArbon BOoster for Therapy in oncology). Two Standing Wave Linacs at 3 GHz and 6 GHz and one Travelling Wave Linac at 9 Ghz. Frequencies higher than 3 GHz have been chosen to limit the power consumption of the complex to about 350 kW. This work is part of a collaboration with the CLIC group working at CERN on very high-gradient electron-positron colliders.
27
Status of the COSY/Jülich Injector Cyclotron
R. Gebel, R. Brings, O. Felden, R. Maier
Institut für Kernphysik, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
The unique light ion accelerator facility COSY at the Forschungszentrum
Jülich uses since 1993 an over 40 year old cyclotron as an injector. COSY is
dedicated to the study of hadron structure and dynamics within the Juelich
Centre for Hadron Physics and offers beams to an international user
community. COSY is also the technological platform to develop and test
accelerator components for the FAIR project at the GSI Darmstadt. For the
research program polarized and unpolarized H- and D- beams are provided by
the injector cyclotron with high availability.
The status and the continued effort to provide beams from the cyclotron with
improved performance and reliability is described.
28
Status Report High Intensity Heavy Ion Beams at AGOR
M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg, H. Beijers, V. Mironov, A. Sen, H. Post
Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Groningen, the Netherlands
The TRIµP program at the KVI needs high intensity heavy ion beams for the
production of radioactive isotopes of interest. Two main beams are currently
used, a 20Ne beam at 23 MeV/u and a 206Pb beam at 8-11 MeV/u. The ECR
source can produce sufficient Neon beam to reach the 1kW target intensity.
Investigations with the Neon beam show that beamloss, due to charge
changing collisions in the cyclotron and subsequent vacuum deterioration due
to desorption in the machine, limit the intensity that can be delivered.
Measures are under investigation to reduce the desorption in the machine.
For the Pb beam the intensity produced by the ECR is at least an order of
magnitude less. For the current beam enriched 206Pb isotopic material is
used. Calculations and measurements of the beam optics in the injection line
show that higher order effects in the bending magnets deteriorate the quality
of the beam. In addition charge changing collisions in the injection line cause
beamloss of more than 50% for Pb30+. This issue is under investigation.
A beam loss monitoring system, consisting of a 1 kHz variable duty-cycle
chopper and a series of pick-up electrodes along the beamline, is now
routinely used to monitor and manipulate the beam intensity. The pepperpot
system for reduction of the beamintensity by several orders of magnitude is
now also completely installed, but some deviations from the specs were
discovered during commisioning, which require further attention. The safety
functions of the beam-loss system will soon be commisioned. Construction of
the new Electrostatic Deflector with pre-septum is in progress. The status of
these projects as wel as some related work will be discussed.
29
Radiation Shielding Design for Proton Therapy
Treatment Rooms
B Mukherjee1, J Farr1, C Bäumer1 and R Hentschel2
1Westdutsches Protonentherapiezentrum Essen (WPE) gGmbH
Virchowstraße 183, D-45147 Essen, Germany
2Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
The Westdeutsches Protonentherapiezenturm Essen (WPE), one of the
advanced proton therapy centres in Europe operates an IBA Proteus 230
room temperature cyclotron. Therapeutic proton beams of different energies
and intensities are delivered to four dedicated treatment rooms. During
routine radiotherapy high-energy neutrons and gamma rays are also
produced. Hence, from the standpoint of radiological safety, adequate
radiological shielding becomes mandatory. The radiological shielding of the
WPE treatment rooms have been constructed following the design
parameters evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. In this report we
present a set of empirical methods for the validation of the radiological
shielding of the treatment rooms considering the realistic clinical conditions.
Furthermore, we have planned to validate our empirical shielding calculation
method using real-time neutron/gamma dose measurement in the treatment
room. This report highlights the radiation doses at critical locations, radiation
transport through the mazes and thermal neutron fluence produced in the
treatment room as a function of proton current. A practical guideline for the
design of radiological shielding of future proton-therapy treatment room will be
discussed.
30
Last Simulations of the Compact Superconducting Cyclotron C400 for Hadron Therapy
G. Karamysheva *, Y.Jongen, M.Abs, A. Blondin, W.Kleeven, D.Vandeplassche, S.Zaremba,
V.Aleksandrov*, S.Gursky*, N.Yu.Kazarinov*, S.Kostromin*, N.Morozov*, E.Samsonov*, G.Shirkov*, V.Shevtsov*, E.Syresin*, A.Tuzikov*
IBA, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
* JINR, Dubna, Russia
A compact superconducting isochronous cyclotron C400 has been designed
by IBA-JINR collaboration. This cyclotron will be used for radiotherapy with
proton, helium and carbon ions. The 12C6+ and 4He2+ ions will be accelerated
to the energy of 400 MeV/amu and will be extracted by electrostatic deflector,
H2 + ions will be accelerated to the energy 265 MeV/amu and protons will be
extracted by stripping. Superconducting coils will be enclosed in a cryostat; all
other parts will be warm. Three external ion sources will be mounted on the
switching magnet on the injection line located bellow of the cyclotron. The
main parameters of the cyclotron, its design, the current status of
development work on the cyclotron systems and simulations of beam
dynamic will be presented.
31
Status of Magnet Design of C400 Superconducting Cyclotron
N.Morozov*, Y.Jongen, M.Abs, W.Kleeven, D.Vandeplassche, S.Zaremba,
S.Deneuter, S.Deprez, G. Karamysheva*, S.Kostromin*, E.Samsonov*
IBA, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
* JINR, Dubna, Russia
Superconducting cyclotron C400 dedicated for acceleration of the 12C+6 and
2H+ ions up to energy 400 MeV/nucleon is being under development at IBA
(Belgium). By computer simulation with 3D TOSCA code the cyclotron
magnetic system principal parameters were estimated [1]. The optimized
magnetic system configuration was developed which is realizing the minimal
background magnetic field around the cyclotron magnet. The new option for
the spiral sectors design is providing the optimal Qz/Qr working diagram. The
IBA company has started the mechanical construction for the C400 cyclotron.
[1] Y.Jongen et al., Computer Modeling of Magnetic System for C400
Superconducting Cyclotron, Proceedings EPAC2006, Edinburgh, p.2589
32
Multiphysics computation on the radiation screen for the carbon therapy C400 cyclotron using Opera2d
transient, stress and thermal modules
W. Beeckman
Sigmaphi, Rue des Frères Montgolfier, ZI du Prat, F-56000 Vannes, France
In the event of main coil current variation, eddy currents are generated in
surrounding metallic parts. These current carrying objects, in the magnetic
field, are subject to stresses and forces that will distort their shape and/or
move them away from their original position. On top of this mechanical effect,
the eddy currents also generate Joule heating that will increase the
temperature of the part in which the currents circulate.
The usual way to deal with eddy currents consists in interrupting the current
path by using non-conductive material in some parts of the object but this
complicates the structure, weakens it and harms the thermal conduction.
Playing on the material properties and on the cross-section to tame the eddy
currents instead of suppressing them is then an attractive alternative.
We present the methodology of computation of these effects on the radiation
screen of the IBA C400 cyclotron for carbon therapy in the event of a quench,
using the Opera-2d transient, stress and thermal modules.
The stress, deformation and thermal increase for radiation screens made out
of copper, aluminium and stainless steel are compared.
33
Last experimental results using the Vertical Mass Separator in the cyclotron CIME and possible
applications in the frame of the SPIRAL2 project
P. Bertrand, A. Savalle, S. Bonneau, M. Di Giacomo, B. Ducoudret,
M. Duval, J.J. Leyge, M. Lechartier
GANIL, Caen, France
After an overview of the SPIRAL2 project at GANIL, we recall the concept of
Vertical Mass Separator (VMS). The cyclotron CIME is used today at GANIL
for the acceleration of SPIRAL1 radioactive beams. Recently experiments
have been performed using the VMS prototype inside CIME, in order to
measure with precision the improvement of mass separation and see the
beam purity that could be achieved with the high intensity radioactive beams
obtained with SPIRAL2 in the near future.
It has been seen that in some configurations the intensity of the pollutant can
be reduced by a factor up to ~10 when the charge/mass ratio is 5 10-5 away
from the one of the beam of interest, and by a factor up to ~104 if the
charge/mass ratio is 1 10-4 away.
Next steps of development, in order to use this principle in operation with
SPIRAL1 and SPIRAL2 beams, are presented.
34
Gearing the PSI high power proton facility into the 3rd Milliampere
M. Humbel, M. Schneider, H. Zhang, J. Grillenberger, A.C. Mezger
Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
In August 2009 a stable proton current of 2.3 mA has reliably been extracted
from the 590 MeV Ringcyclotron during seven hours. To advance PSI’s high
power proton accelerator facility to this performance, a beam current
dependent setting of the RF cavities has been elaborated and the collimator
arrangements in the Ringcyclotron have been adapted to the present needs.
The level and the current depending gradient of the extraction losses predict
the feasibility of currents up to 2.5 mA. Since the specifications of key devices
have been issued for 2.2 mA, the raise above this limit requires an increase of
the beam current in small steps with careful monitoring of the facility. In
particular the behaviour of the RF-resonators and the amplifiers in the Injector
cyclotron and the flat-top cavity in the Ringcyclotron must be observed.
35
Extraction of 4 simultaneous high intensity beams at TRIUMF: constraints, problems and approaches
Y. Bylinski, R. Baartman, G. Dutto, A. Hurst, G. H. Mackenzie,
L. W. Root, Y. N. Rao, V. Verzilov
TRIUMF, Vancouver, Canada
The number of high intensity extracted beams at TRIUMF will be increased from three to four. Proton beams up to ~100 µA will be extracted (i) for isotope production at ~100 MeV, (ii) for the existing RIB production beam line (>480 MeV), (iii) for a newly proposed RIB production beam line (>450 MeV). For the 500 MeV meson production line a limit of 120-140 µA is normally imposed depending on the requirements of the non cooled thin target. The goal is to raise the available accelerated H¯ production current from ~275 to ~400 µA. The guideline is that extraction currents and energies be chosen to maximize yields for experiments without increasing stripping losses and present levels of residual activation. Lorentz stripping losses rise exponentially above ~450 MeV reaching about 5% of the total beam at 500 MeV. Recent tests have confirmed that, compared to 500 MeV, yields at 480 MeV are not substantially reduced for RIB and most meson experiments (surface muons). For 65 MeV/c backward muons (decaying from pions) the yield decreases by ~15%. When higher intensity for this mode will be required, the meson facility primary beam current can be increased or its energy can be raised back to 500 MeV. For 480 MeV extraction Lorentz stripping losses will be reduced by ~40% with a corresponding reduction in vault activation. Therefore the total current can be increased as planned without significantly altering the existing radiation levels. An alternative being considered is to leave the meson production line at 500 MeV and lower the energies of the two RIB lines to 450-480 MeV. Tests to determine whether partially inserted vertical foils (carbon strips or brushes) can be used to produce good quality and low halo high intensity beams at these energies are being performed. The paper will illustrate the system of extraction probes and foils presently used in light of limitations and possible solutions being envisaged.
36
Studies to improve the quality of high intensity heavy ion beams at JYFL accelerator laboratory
V. Toivanen, O. Steczkiewicz, O. Tarvainen, T. Ropponen,
J. Ärje, H. Koivisto and L. Celona*
Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä (JYFL), Jyväskylä, Finland
*Instituto Nazaionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud
(INFN-LNS), Catania, Italy
Measurements conducted at JYFL have shown that extracting high beam
currents from Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR) ion sources can lead to
degradation of beam quality and consequent decrease in transmission
efficiency. As a result, the intensity of accelerated beam increases slowly or in
some cases can even decrease when the beam current extracted from the
ion source is increased. A series of measurements have been conducted to
study the effects of space charge compensation on the beam quality by
feeding neutral gas into the high current section of the beam line before the
mass separation. Significant reduction in the beam size and emittance was
observed with increasing pressure. The beam losses caused by the
interactions between ions and neutral gas atoms also increase with pressure.
As a result the beam brightness, which combines the emittance and current
information and can be used to quantify the beam quality, has an optimum
pressure. When operating at this point the transmission efficiency through the
JYFL K-130 cyclotron is improved. However, the benefits are closely matched
with the beam losses caused by the gas feeding, yielding no practical
increase in the amount of accelerated beam.
The effects of tuning the microwave frequency of the ECR ion source have
also been studied. It has been found, for example, that changing the
frequency some tens of MHz around the nominal frequency can have
significant effects on the beam quality. These effects are especially beneficial
for the highly charged ion beams.
38
1 B. Mukherjee Monte Carlo Simulation of a Novel Composite Shielding for High-Energy Neutrons produced by Proton Therapy Cyclotron
2 C. Wouters Central Region Studies of the 250 MeV SC-cyclotron for Protontherapy
3 G. Karamysheva RF Cavity Simulations for C400 Cyclotron 4 E. Samsonov Influence of RF Magnetic Field on Ion Dynamics in IBA
C400 Cyclotron
5 S. Zaremba IBA C30 cyclotron beam intensity upgrade 6 E. Forton Design of IBA C30xp cyclotron magnet 7 T. Belyakova COMPOTE/MP code for modeling, optimization and
synthesis of magnet systems of isochronous cyclotrons
8 R. Hentschel The Essen Medical Cyclotrons 9 I. Gornikel VENECIA new code for simulation of thermohydraulics
in complex superconducting systems
10 V. Amoskov Computerised system for magnetic steel properties measurements over extended field range
11 A. Sen Heavy Ion beam induced Vacuum effects inside AGOR cyclotron
12 F. Consoli New PC-based control for the RF system at INFN-LNS 13 S. Saminathan 3D Simulation of Ion Beam Extraction from Electron
Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source and Low Energy Beam Transport
14 M. Wolinska-Cichocka
Heavy Ion Laboratory at the University of Warsaw
15 M-J van Goethem Integration of an eye-tumor treatment facility in a proton therapy center
16 W. Beeckman Stress Computation in the C400 Superconducting Coil Using the OPERA-2D Stress Analysis Module
17 W. Beeckman Superconductive coils and cryostat status for the C400 cancer therapy cyclotron
18 A. Patriarca The IC-CPO (Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay) integrating an IBA particle therapy system
39
Monte Carlo Simulation of a Novel Composite Shielding for High-Energy Neutrons produced by
Proton Therapy Cyclotron
B Mukherjee1, R Hentschel2, C Bäumer1 and J Farr1
1Westdutsches Protonentherapiezentrum Essen (WPE) gGmbH
Virchowstraße 183, D-45147 Essen, Germany
2Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
During the operation of proton therapy cyclotrons, a substantial number of secondary (fast) neutrons are generated due to the interaction of energetic primary protons with the nozzle, beam scatterer/compensator, and patent’s body itself. Therefore, for the radiological safety of persons and environment the implementation of adequate neutron shielding becomes mandatory. Standard concrete with at least 5% water content is the typical material for accelerator shielding, aiming to attenuate both neutrons and gamma rays. In the framework of the present study a composite shielding material has been investigated which could replace parts of the conventional concrete walls of treatment rooms. As an important benefit, the composite material shielding requires less thickness for neutron attenuation than conventional concrete. For shielding optimization it’s important to note that the attenuation efficacy of shielding depends on the neutronic property of the shielding-material as well as the energy spectrum of the incident neutron field. High density Lead (ρ = 13.6 g cm-3) has a high inelastic scattering cross section for high energy neutrons. On the other hand, low density polyethylene (ρ = 0.98 g cm-3) possesses a high elastic scattering and the consequent capture cross sections for low energy neutrons. Hence, a composite material with a suitable mixture of lead and polyethylene could provide a high (optimum) attenuation for neutrons with a broad energy distribution. We have taken account of the typical neutron energy distribution that prevails in the treatment room of a proton therapy facility and used the MCNPX Monte Carlo code to evaluate a composite shielding material made of polyethylene, embedded with lead pellets to achieve the high neutron attenuation per unit length. The neutron source term for this calculation, defined as the number of neutrons produced during the bombardment of a tissue target with a 230 MeV protons (neutron sr-1 MeV-1 Proton-1) was adopted form literature. Application of this composite material for the construction of shielding walls of the treatment rooms of proton therapy facilities is highlighted.
40
Central Region Studies of the 250 MeV SC-cyclotron for Protontherapy
C. Wouters, C. Baumgarten, V. Vrankovic, H. Zhang and J.M. Schippers
Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), Villigen, Switzerland
At the Center of Proton Therapy at PSI patient treatments are performed with the existing Gantry-1, using proton beams from the 250 MeV SC-cyclotron COMET. Preparations are in progress to perform also treatments in the new eye treatment room OPTIS2 as well as in the new Gantry-2. Switching between treatment rooms requires not only a change of the beam line setting, but also a change in maximum intensity extracted from the cyclotron. Since stability requirements of the beam intensity need a constant arc current in the internal proton source, the maximum intensity is set by moveable slits just outside the central region of the cyclotron. Fine tuning and modulation of the intensity is done by means of a vertical deflection plate and fixed collimators in the first few turns. For fast area switching it is important that these two methods can be used in a reproducible way and therefore simulations have been performed of the beam orbits in the central region. Sensitivity calculations have been made to understand the effect of wear by sputtering and to optimize ion source position and aperture positions and shapes. Several characteristics of the beam transmission in the central region can be explained by the simulations. An overview of the simulations as well as first results of suggested optimizations will be presented.
RF Cavity Simulations for C400 Cyclotron
G. Karamysheva *, Y.Jongen, M.Abs, W.Kleeven, D.Vandeplassche, S.Zaremba, A.Glazov*, S.Gursky*, O.Karamyshev*
IBA, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
* JINR, Dubna, Russia
Computer model of the double gap delta RF cavity for ion beam acceleration in superconducting cyclotron C400 was developed in Microwave Studio and ANSYS. Resonant frequency of the multi-stem cavity will be equal 75 MHz. Necessary increase of the voltage along the gaps was achieved in the computer model. Optimization of the design was performed in order to increase quality factor. Results of the analysis of RF cavity by both programs Microwave Studio and ANSYS are compared.
41
Influence of RF Magnetic Field on Ion Dynamics in IBA C400 Cyclotron
E. Samsonov*, Y.Jongen**, G.Karamysheva*, S.Kostromin*
* JINR, Dubna, Russia, **IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
Magnetic components of RF field in C400 cyclotron being under development by IBA makes noticeable influence on ion dynamics. In particular, increase in the dees voltage along radius leads to corresponding phase compression of a bunch. Influence of the RF magnetic field on the bunch center phase deviation during acceleration and on ion axial motion are also estimated numerically. The results are compared for the two RF magnetic field maps: (i) obtained by Microwave Studio and, (ii) computed from RF electric field map by means of Maxwell’ equations.
IBA C30 cyclotron beam intensity upgrade
S. Zaremba, M. Abs, E. Forton, W. Kleeven and D. Neuvéglise Ion Beam Applications s.a.
Chemin du Cyclotron, 3 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
Belgium
Based on the well known IBA C30 cyclotron, the new high current C30HC cyclotron will be a higher beam current version.
To realize this, the new cyclotron will be equipped with a new ion source. The axial injection beam line was recalculated and redesigned to allow transmission of higher beam currents. The pseudocylindrical inflector and its housing have been also recalculated and redesigned to obtain better centered beam in the central region. This new design of the central region modifies the shape of dees and dummy-dees in the cyclotron center. Calculations and design are nearly finished and the magnet structure of the cyclotron is currently machined by subcontractors.
It is expected that better centered beam with an injected emittance well matched to the optical functions of the cyclotron magnetic field will permit an acceleration of higher beam currents and retrofitting of the new axial injection/central region subsystems to existing machines.
42
Design of IBA C30xp cyclotron magnet
E. Forton, S. Zaremba, M. Abs and W. Kleeven. Ion Beam Applications s.a., Belgium
Chemin du Cyclotron, 3 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
Belgium
IBA is currently developing an evolution of its famous C30 cyclotron. The C30xp cyclotron will be a multi-particle, multiport cyclotron capable of accelerating alpha particles up to 30 MeV (electrostatic extraction), deuteron (D-) beams between 7.5 and 15 MeV and proton (H-) beams between 15 and 30 MeV (stripping extraction). This poster highlights the main characteristics of the magnet system that implements most of IBA C18/9 and C70 features. At first, coil dimensions have been updated in order to raise the free space in the median plane. This allows the mounting of a flexible electrostatic deflector system for the extraction of the alpha particle beam. Gradient corrector pole extensions, much in the C70 fashion, have been added to ease the alpha beam extraction. Finally, compensation for relativistic effects between H- (q/m=1/1) and D-/alpha (q/m=1/2) beams is made by the use of movable iron inserts located in two valleys (A.K.A. “Flaps”), as is done in IBA C18/9 cyclotrons. Additional comments include remarks on the extraction systems, influence of internal beam line switching magnets and why we think the use of flaps will work but reaches its limit.
43
COMPOTE/MP code for modelling, optimization and synthesis of magnet systems of isochronous
cyclotrons
T. Belyakova, P. Bogdanov, I. Franko, B. Gikal, I.Gornikel, G. Gulbekyan, I. Ivanenko, V. Kukhtin, E. Lamzin, O. Semchenkova, S. Sytchevsky
JINR (Dubna, Russia), ALPHYSICA GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany),
NIIEFA (St. Petersburg, Russia)
An efficient computational technology is proposed for electromagnetic analysis, optimization and synthesis of magnet systems for isochronous cyclotrons at all stages of their design and adjustment. Magnet systems are modelled with the use of precision 3D magnetostatic models. The original computer code COMPOTЕ/MP provides modelling of field maps with allowance for a magnet system geometry and coil currents. A desired isochronous field is obtained by iterative solving a self-consistent problem on the basis of precise 3D field simulations and particle dynamics analysis. The inputs for COMPOTE/MP field map simulations are data from a trajectory analysis. Resulting 3D field maps are formatted so as to serve as inputs for trajectory analysis computations. Such algorithm makes it possible to form a closed iterative adjustment of the required field distribution. A comparison between simulated and measured data demonstrates that the proposed technique provides formation of a desired isochronous field accurate to 0.1%. Finally, the magnet system may be optimized using both measured and simulated data. This method has been effectively applied to design and manufacture of a number of isochronous cyclotrons at JINR and the NIIEFA.
44
The Essen Medical Cyclotrons
R. Hentschel1, J. Farr2, M. Stuschke1,2, B. Mukherjee2, C. Bäumer2, A. Bockisch1,
W. Brandau1, J. Knust1, G. Hüdepohl1, W. Deya1, S. Levegrün1, W. Sauerwein1
1Universitätsklinikum Essen, Hufelandstraße 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
2Westdeutsches Protonentherapiezentrum Essen (WPE) gGmbH
Virchowstraße 183, D-45147 Essen, Germany
University Hospital Essen (UK-Essen) and the West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE) are among the few hospitals worldwide operating three medical cyclotrons. The WPE is located in UK-Essen campus, operating IBA Proteus 235 room temperature fixed energy Medical Cyclotron producing 230 MeV protons, which could be continuously degraded down to 70 MeV and directed to one of the four treatment rooms. The test run of the facility is in progress and the routine operation will start in end of 2010. In a nearby radio pharmacy research complex a TCC CV28 and an IBA 18/9 medical cyclotron are in operation for the production of radio nuclides C-11, O-15, F-18, Y-86, I-123, and I-124; including the following radiopharmaceuticals: [F-18] FDG, [C-11] Cholin, [I-124] MIBG, and [I-124] Iodide. The CV28 cyclotron is also equipped with a d(14)+Be neutron beam gantry enabling fast neutron therapy and radiobiological experiments. The neutron beam delivers a dose rate of 0.2 Gy/min at the isocenter, 125 cm from the target with field sizes up to 21×21 cm2. This presentation highlights the present status and future use of the Essen medical cyclotrons.
45
VENECIA
new code for simulation of thermohydraulics
in complex superconducting systems
I.Gornikel, V. Kalinin, M. Kaparkova, V. Kukhtin, D. Shatil, N. Shatil, S. Sytchevsky, V. Vasiliev
ALPHYSICA GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany), NIIEFA (St. Petersburg, Russia)
In 1998 the computer code VINCENTA was introduced for full scale thermohydraulic simulations of transients in ITER superconducting magnets and their cryogenic systems. The code was intensively used for detailed modelling of the ITER coils as well as multiparameter analysis and design/operation optimisation. The code was originally strictly ITER-oriented, however, constantly growing computational complexity and demand for new applications initiated its radical modification. The advanced code named VENECIA is based on the database approach and has extended range of use and new functionalities. VENECIA enables detailed modelling of thermohydraulic transients for both superconducting and warm magnet systems, in a whole and in their components, using realistic geometry and operational conditions. An efficient algorithm makes it possible to analyse behaviour of a range of compressible coolants (Не4, HeII, N, H2O) under a variety of conditions. Different coolants can be used in a single calculation model simultaneously. A global computational model is generated using a set of basic local sub-models linked together that provides simple and generalised modelization of a magnet system. Such modelling allows due regard for properties of different materials, non-linear effects or specific geometry. Also the code gives predictions of space and time variations for various heat loads. As compared to VINCENTA, VENECIA is more flexible and universal code modeling applicable for a wide range of devices including, thermonuclear facilities, accelerators and transport systems, MRI-magnets, superconducting motors, generators and storage rings, experimental and diagnostic devices for scientific research, generators, superconducting cables and joints.
46
Computerised system for magnetic steel properties measurements over extended field range
V. Amoskov, V. Belyakov, T. Belyakova, A. Firsov, I. Gornikel, M. Kaparkova, V. Kukhtin, E. Lamzin, M. Larionov, N. Shatil, S. Sytchevsky , V. Vasiliev
ALPHYSICA GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany), NIIEFA (St. Petersburg, Russia)
A new technique is described to measure static non-linear properties of ferromagnetics, primarily, the normal magnetization curves. The studies were carried out on the basis of the computerised measurement system developed at the Efremov Scientific Research Institute. Due to flexible software architecture the system is capable of measurements of a variety of magnetic characteristics. The measurement technique provides determination of steel properties over two overlapped field ranges covering a typical computation range. The measurements are performed on conventional ring-shaped samples in low fields (< 1.9T) and cylindrical samples in high fields (> 1.5T). The cylindrical samples are magnetized with the use of a laboratory dipole magnet. Estimations of the measurement uncertainty are presented. Measured data in the form of smoothed curves are automatically added to a material property database and used as inputs for a precision 3D field reconstruction with the use of the COMPOTE/MP code.
47
Heavy Ion beam induced Vacuum effects inside AGOR cyclotron
A.Sen, M.A. Hofstee, S. Brandenburg Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Groningen, the Netherlands
Currently heavy ion beams are being accelerated in cyclotrons like AGOR to produce a continuous particle beam of relatively high intensity of about 23 MeV per nucleon. During the process it is observed that for particles with high Z (Ar, Kr), an increase in the intensity results in a decrease in the transmission of beam inside the cyclotron. The possible reason for the loss in beam intensity is the interaction between the heavy ions and the rest gas inside the cyclotron and the subsequent desorption off the walls of cyclotron. We have developed a simple model to calculate the transmission based on calculated cross-sections and with it we try to compare with the observed beam transmissions. The model is also used to try and predict the losses in the injection line and we will compare it with the experimental results we have found. With respect to desorption, we will present our findings on desorption off the 80 K cold wall of EMC2 and how it affects beam transmission. Future plans would be discussed, as we will show the basic experimental setup we have designed to measure desorption off different material at various angles of incidence.
New PC-based control for the RF system at INFN-LNS
Antonio Caruso, Fabrizio Consoli, Alberto Longhitano*, Antonino Spartà, Xia Le
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy * ALTEK RF Electronic, S. Gregorio, Catania, Italy
The control of the radio frequency systems of the k-800 superconducting cyclotron together with the bunching and beam-chopping RF devices, since the first 20-year-old version, has been a combination of analog and digital techniques. The analog systems still maintain a certain priority in the control of amplitudes and phases of the RF voltages, while for the remaining operative blocks, the approach adopted is mostly digital. A new computer-based control of the RF system is going to be fully developed. The first new devices are already installed in parallel mode with the old RF computer control. At the moment, two parallel computer controls are working together. Both systems are complementary. Gradually, the new computer control system will take the place of the old more dated one. This report shows the new computer architecture, including the new panel controls, the communication bus, the interfaces between the PC and the RF blocks and the custom and the industrial solutions adopted for this new RF computer control.
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3D Simulation of Ion Beam Extraction from Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source and
Low Energy Beam Transport
S. Saminathan, V. Mironov, J.P.M Beijers, R. Kremers, and S. Brandenburg
Kernfysisch Versneller Instituut, Zernikelaan 25, 9747 AA Groningen, The Netherlands
To extract and transport a high intense multi-charge state ion beam from Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Source (ECRIS) we have performed simulations and experiments. In order to achieve a high transport and injection efficiency in the low-energy beam line it is important to know the initial emittance of the ion beam extracted from the ECRIS and to prevent emittance grow during transport due to space-charge and ion-optical aberration effects. A LORENTZ-3D and GPT code is used for numerical simulations of ion beam extraction from ECRIS and transport of the beam in the low-energy beam line. The initial conditions of the ions at the extraction aperture were calculated by using PIC-MCC code. Results of the calculations were compared to the beam profiles on a viewing screen placed close to the beam extraction unit and after beam transport through the analyzing magnet. Calculations and measurements confirm the expected triangular shape of the extracted beam. 4D emittance measurements made behind the analyzing magnet will be presented and compared to the simulations. The aberrations observed in the experimental data are semi-quantitatively reproduced by the simulations.
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Heavy Ion Laboratory at the University of Warsaw
Marzena Wolińska-Cichocka
Heavy Ion Laboratory, University of Warsaw, ul.Pasteura 5A, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
www.slcj.uw.edu.pl
Heavy Ion Laboratory HIL (Polish acronym ŚLCJ) at the University of Warsaw operates the isochronous K=160 heavy-ion cyclotron which makes our laboratory a unique facility in Central Europe. The accelerator provides beams of gaseous elements and of elements available as gaseous compounds with energies between 2 and 10 MeV/nucleon. In the nearest future also metallic beams will be available by installing a new ECR source that is expected in 2010. Heavy Ion Laboratory is home to a number of experimental set-ups installed on the beam lines. Accessible apparatus include: IGISOL – Scandinavian type on-line mass separator, JANOSIK – GDR multidetector system made of large NaI(Tl) crystals with passive and active shields and 32-element multiplicity filter, CUDAC and SYRENA - two universal scattering chambers, ICARE - the charged particles detector system, and EAGLE - the up to 30 HPGe gamma-ray multidetector system (commissioning experiment in 2009). The study of high spin states in proton-rich magic tin isotopes (Z=50) produced in the fusion-evaporation reactions [1], the investigation of shape coexistence in nuclei [2] and fusion barrier distributions [3] are some examples of physics program at HIL. Heavy Ion Laboratory is an interdisciplinary user-facility, not restricting itself to nuclear physics only. Solid state, biological and application studies play an important role, so a significant amount of the beam time is distributed for these purposes. Besides operating its heavy-ion K=160 cyclotron, the laboratory is involved in the creation of a center producing radioisotopes for Positron Emission Tomography. [1] M. Wolińska-Cichocka et al. Eur. Phys. J. A24, 259 (2005) [2] K. Wrzosek et al. Int. J. of Mod. Phys. E14, 359 (2005) [3] E. Piasecki et al. Int. J. of Mod. Phys. E16, 502 (2007)
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Integration of an eye-tumor treatment facility in a proton therapy center
M.J. van Goethem*, J.M. Schippers, F. Assenmacher,
J Heufelder, Jorn Verwey
Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen , Switzerland
*Kernfysisch Versneller Institute (KVI), Groningen, The Netherlands
Proton therapy is a very successful modality for the treatment of eye tumors. In order to treat eye tumors with protons one needs a fixed beam line which can produce a dose rate of more than 15 Gy/min in a 40 mm diameter field and with a range in water of 35mm. In most of the currently operating facilities for eye-tumor irradiations a 62-75 MeV proton beam is produced by a general purpose variable energy cyclotron. These beams are generally small in emittance and have a high intensity ~80 nA. Since one only needs about 0.5 nA in the treatment field to produce the desired dose rate one can use a rather inefficient but also very robust single scatter foil technique to produce the treatment field. Most of the modern proton therapy centers are based on a fixed energy cyclotron of about 230 to 250 MeV. If one wants to integrate an eye-treatment facility in such therapy centers one needs to reduce the beam energy from 250 MeV to 75 MeV. This, however, causes a large increase of the beam emittance resulting in a low transmission of the beam line. It is unreasonable to just increase the extracted beam current from the cyclotron in order to meet the dose-rate requirement because that would require a beam orders of magnitude larger than necessary for Gantries and would for instance complicate patient safety measurements, which then would need to react an order of magnitude faster. In order to achieve a reasonable extracted beam current one must try to optimize all components i.e. cyclotron, degrader , beam line and nozzle. We will discuss these challenges by describing the OPTIS2 facility which is the new eye-tumor treatment facility currently being commissioned at the Zentrum fuer Protonen-Strahlentherapie (ZPT) at PSI. There, OPTIS2 is designed to operate in parallel with two gantries. We will also describe the practical implementation of a double scatter foil system which allows us to improve the nozzle efficiency by an order of magnitude compared to a single scatter foil technique.
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STRESS COMPUTATION IN THE C400 SUPERCONDUCTING COIL USING THE OPERA-2D
STRESS ANALYSIS MODULE
W. Beeckman, Sigmaphi, M.N. Wilson, Consultant in Applied Superconductivity, Abingdon, UK
J. Simkin, ERA Technology Ltd, Kidlington, UK
A tender for the study and construction of a large superconducting split solenoid for the C400 carbon therapy cyclotron was issued by IBA in March 2008 and awarded to Sigamphi. Although the current density is moderate, the large radius and average field imply quite a high level of hoop stress. Simple formulas range between 140 and 180 MPa and, with such large values and uncertainties, it was felt necessary to perform a finite element analysis of the structure. Average fields in a cyclotron are very well modeled using an axially symmetrical structure and the stress was therefore studied using the stress module of the Vector Fields Opera2d suite. Different models were tried with different levels of details. A comparison is made between them as well as with the analytical results.
Superconductive coils and cryostat status for the
C400 cancer therapy cyclotron
S. Antoine, D. Albertini, W. Beeckman, F. Forest, JL. Lancelot (SIGMAPHI,
France)
C. Monroe, E. Baynham, M. Wilson (Consultants, UK)
Y. Jongen (IBA, Belgium)
Sigmaphi is currently designing the superconductive coils and cryostat for an IBA carbon ion cancer therapy cyclotron. The cryostat outer diameter is 4,7 meter for a total weight of 25 tons. The whole system provided by Sigmaphi will include the superconductive coils, the cryostat, the service turret with the cryocoolers, the power supplies, the monitoring instrumentation and the quench protection electronic system. The design has started on April 2008 and the start of the manufacturing is scheduled end of 2009. The poster introduces the main design parameters and gives an overview of the technical solutions chosen for this project.
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The IC-CPO (Institut Curie – Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay) integrating an IBA particle therapy system
Annalisa PATRIARCA1, S. Meyroneinc1 on behalf of the IC-CPO team, B.
Launé2 1Institut Curie - Centre de Protonthérapie d’Orsay, 2Institut de Physique
Nucléaire d’Orsay In 18 years of activity, more than 4800 patients (Head&Neck and ophthalmologic treatments) were treated at the Institut Curie-CPO. Since 2002 we experienced an increase both of the treatment’s sessions (more than 20%) and of the failure's number (old equipments). So, in order to ensure the continuity of the treatments, since 2006 the IC-CPO is involved in an extension and modernization project. The present 200 MeV synchrocyclotron will be shut down and the two existing treatment rooms will receive a proton beam delivered by an IBA proton therapy system, a C235 cyclotron that together with a gantry will provide new medical specifications for the centre. For the long term success of the project a specific training programs and the participation to the installation is ongoing. The poster presents the project’s issues and the choice of the equipment with its technical specifications in order to satisfy the requirements needed to obtain the dose rate and the suited range in the patient for the treatments.
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List of Participants:
Michel Abs IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Andreas Adelman PSI Switzerland
Ender Akcöltekin Varian, Bergisch Gladbach GERMANY
Faisal Alrumayan King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh SAUDI ARABIA
Eric Baron ARCHADE FRANCE
Christian Baumgarten Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen SWITZERLAND
William Beeckman Sigmaphi s.a. France
Hans Beijers KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Jorik Belmans IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Patrick Bertrand GANIL, Caen FRANCE
Sytze Brandenburg KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Peter Budz Varian, Bergisch Gladbach GERMANY
Yuri Bylinski TRIUMF Vancouver CANADA
Luciano Calabretta INFN-LNS Catania ITALY
Frédéric Chautard GANIL FRANCE
Fabrizio Consoli INFN, Catania ITALY
Gérald Degreef Bel V, Brussels BELGIUM
Andrea Denker Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin GERMANY
Marco di Giacomo GANIL France
Rudi Dierckx NGMB UMCG, Groningen Netherlands
Rudolf Dölling PSI Switzerland
Gerardo Dutto TRIUMF, Vancouver Canada
Rober Edgecock STFC Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory
UNITED
KINGDOM
Adriano Garonna Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de
Lausanne (EPFL)
Switzerland
Ralph Gebel Forschungszentrum Jülich GERMANY
Marc-Jan van
Goethem
KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Ilya Gornikel ALPHYSICA GmbH GERMANY
Konrad Gugula INP PAN POLAND
Pauli Heikkinen University of Jyväskylä FINLAND
Reinhard Hentschel University Hospital Essen GERMANY
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Michel Hevinga KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Mariet Hofstee KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Martin Humbel Paul Scherrer Institut Villigen SWITZERLAND
Johan de Jong UMC Groningen Netherlands
Yves Jongen IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Galina Karamysheva Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,
Dubna
RUSSIA
Harry Kiewiet KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Willem Kleeven IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Achim Kleinrahm ZAG Zyklotron AG GERMANY
Hannu Koivisto University of Jyväskylä FINLAND
Jan Kozempel European Commission Italy
Eric Kral IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Vladimir Kukhtin ALPHYSICA RUSSIA
Juan Ignacio Lagares CIEMAT, Madrid Spain
Evgeny Lamzin ALPHYSICA RUSSIA
Peter Lemmens KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Marc Loiselet UCL, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Mario Maggiore INFN-LNS Italy
Pierre Mandrillon AIMA Development SA, Nice FRANCE
Jose-Luis Martinez-
Albertos
CIEMAT, Madrid Spain
Luis Medeiros Romao IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Vladimir Mironov KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Nikolay Morozov JINR, Dubna Russia
Marie Helene
Moscatello
GANIL, Caen FRANCE
Bhaskar Mukherjee WPE GmbH, Essen GERMANY
Benoit Nactergal IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Vincent Nuttens IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Diego Obradors
Campos
CIEMAT, Madrid SPAIN
Reint Ostendorf KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Anne Paans NGMB UMCG, Groningen Netherlands
Annalisa Patriarca Institut Curie - Centre de
Protontherapie d'Orsay
FRANCE
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Pascal Pèlerin IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Leandro Piazza INFN-LNS, Catania Italy
Sébastien Quets IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Heinrich Röcken Varian, Bergisch Gladbach GERMANY
Suresh Saminathan KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Evgeny Samsonov Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,
Dubna
RUSSIA
Marco Schippers Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen SWITZERLAND
Paul Schmor AAPS Inc., TRIUMF CANADA
Frans Schreuder KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Hermann Schweickert ZAG Zyklotron AG GERMANY
Mike Seidel Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen SWITZERLAND
Ayanangsha Sen KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Thomas Servais IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Erik Steinmann Danfysik, Denmark DENMARK
Thomas Stephani Varian, Bergisch Gladbach GERMANY
Segey Sytchevskiy ALPHYSICA RUSSIA
Olli Tarvainen University of Jyväskylä FINLAND
Artur Tiede ZAG Zyklotron AG GERMANY
Ville Toivanen University of Jyväskylä FINLAND
Bruno Torremans IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM
Emiel van der Graaf KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Niek van Wiefferen KVI, Groningen Netherlands
Wim Velthuis SIEMENS Nederland B.V. Netherlands
Antonio Villari Pantechnik, Bayeux FRANCE
Marzena Wolinska-
Cichocka
Heavy Ion Laboratory, Warsaw POLAND
Christina Wouters Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen SWITZERLAND
Simon Zaremba IBA, Louvain-la-Neuve BELGIUM