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Truyn thng Lin Vn ha

Nhng vn l lunv thc tin

Prepared by Nguyn nh ThnhH Ni Jan 2012


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Vn ha &Truyn thng

Cc bin s vnha trong truyn

thng

Bi tp thchnh

Lm g truynthng vn ha

tr nn hiu qu

Cu trc kha hc


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t vn

UK

FR HK

Phn 1. Tng quan Vn ha v Truyn thng


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Th gii v truyn thng qua 1 vi con s

107 trillion The number of emails sent on the Internet in 2010.

294 billion Average number of email messages per day.1.97 billion Internet users worldwide (June 2010).

152 million The number of blogs on the Internet (as tracked by BlogPulse).

20 million The number of Facebook apps installed each day.

600 million People on Facebook at the end of 2010.

2 billion The number of videos watched per day on YouTube.

5 billion Photos hosted by Flickr (September 2010).

36 billion At the current rate, the number of photos uploaded to Facebook per year.

The influence of cultural diversity on communication also exists or is even more seriousduring computer-based communication, which refers to a wide variety of communicationsystems, ranging from electronic mail to the international conferences distributed over theInternet. Although computer-based communication shortens time spans and abridgesgeographical distances, it exacerbates the ambiguity and misunderstanding amongcommunication parties with different cultural backgrounds by replacing direct human

interaction with humancomputer interaction.


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t vn

Khng hong tha thng tin Nhiu thng tin hn cphi l giao tip tt hn?

Nhiu cng c truyn

thng hn c phi lgiao tip tt hn?

Teleconference c kogn khong cch

(COP17)?

Web cam voice chatc lm ngi ta hiunhau hn?

Advances in Internet technology have facilitated intercultural communication interactionsin cyber spaces and the growth in international travel for business, study, vacation, themigration of people seeking work in other countries, and the expansion of internationaltrade have all naturally led to increased contacts across national and ethnic boundaries,

together with severe communication problems and conflict situations (Ross, 1993).


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nh Ngha v Vn ha th k 19

Vn ha hay vn minh, di gc nhn hc,

c xem l tng th phc tp bao gm kinthc, tn ngng, ngh thut, cc quy tc oc, lut l, phong tc v bt c k nng haythi quen do con ngi, vi t cch l ng vt

x hi, to ra v lnh hi thng qua qu trnh hc(Edward B. Tylor, 1871.)

1.1. Khi nim Vn ho


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Ccnh Ngha v Vn ha hin nay

Ch tch H Ch Minh trnh by mt quan nim v vn ho: "V l sinh tncng nh mc ch ca cuc sng, loi ngi mi sng to v pht minhra ngn ng, ch vit, o c, php lut, khoa hc, tn gio, vn hc,ngh thut, nhng cng c cho sinh hot hng ngy v mc, n, vcc phng thc s dng. Ton b nhng sng to v pht minh tcl vn ho.

Hi ngh quc t v vn ha Mhic (1982) bt u thp k vnho UNESCO: Trong ngha rng nht, vn ha l tng th nhng nt

ring bit v tinh thn v vt cht, tr tu v xc cm quyt nh tnhcch ca mt x hi hay ca mt nhm ngi trong x hi. Vn ha baogm ngh thut v vn chng, nhng li sng, nhng quyn c bnca con ngi, nhng h thng cc gi tr, nhng tp tc v tnngng.


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Ccnh Ngha v Vn ha hin nay

Samovar and Porter define culture as the deposit of knowledge,experience, beliefs, values, attitudes, meanings, social hierarchies,religion, notions of time, roles, spatial relationships, concepts of theuniverse, and material objects and possessions acquired by a groupof people in the course of generations through individual and groupstriving. (2003)

Vn ha l mt h thng hu c cc gi tr vt cht v tinh thn do conngi sng to v tch ly qua qu trnh hot ng thc tin, trong stng tc gia con ngi v mi trng t nhin v x hi ca mnh.Trn Ngc Thm (1997)


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Ccnh Ngha v Vn ha

T nguyn hc:

Vn :p (gi tr) / Ha tr thnh p, thnh c gi tr - Trn

Ngc Thm

Cultus -Cultiver Culture - Cultiv inculte

Cultus Culture - Cultivated

trng trt/chm sc/gio dc


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Phn tch nh Ngha v Vn ha

Vn ha c cc c im sau:

Truyn th / hc: N khng phi do di truyn sinh hc v c truyn li v tip nhngia cc th h.

c chia s gia cc thnh vin ca x hi / nn vn ha . Khngmt c nhn n l no c th xy dng c c nn vn ha.

Khun mu: Cc thnh vin ca cng mt x hi t duy v sng theonhng khun mu nht nh.

c cng ng xy dng: Tt c thnh vin ca x hi tham gia voxy dng vn ha thng qu qu trnh tng tc vi cc thnh vinkhc.

C tnh biu tng: vn ha, t tng, v ngn ng c xydng da trn cc biu tng v ngha i km.

Phi t nhin / Nhn to: khng ph thuc vo cc quy lut t nhin,ngc li do con ngi, vi t cch l thnh vin x hi xy dng. V dtiu chun v ci p mi nn vn ha l khc nhau


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Quan im chia lp vn ha

Cc lp ca vn ha

Lp th nhtvi ngha rng ln nht gip phn bit mt quc gia, mt x hi vi mtquc gia, x hi khc. (sinh sng trn mt lnh th, chung ting ni, truyn thng, tnngng,...) v d vn ha M, vn ha Vit Nam, vn ha cng gio, vn ha hi gio.

Lp thhaicn gi l tiu vn ha hay vn ha nhm (subculture). Ch yu tn ti trongcc x hi a sc tc, c c dn n t nhiu vng khc nhau. Nhng ngi ny gn gi

mt phn ca nn vn ha truyn thng ca h: ngn ng, truyn thng, m thc... Bnsc ring ny lm h khc vi phn cn li ca x hi.V d cho lp vn ha ny l x hi M, gm nhiu sc tc dn di c: ngi gc ChuPhi, ngi gc Chu , ngui gc M Latin...

Lp thbaca vn ha l tp hp ca cc khunmu hnh vi ccthng qua qu

trnhhcch tn ti trong x hi loi ngi. V d cho cc khun mu ny l: kh nngngn ng, tn gio , s thch c bit,....


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Mt s khi nim cn lm r

,,,

Vn vt Vn hin Vn ha(Cultus)

Vn minh(Civitas)

Cha gi tr vtcht

Cha gi trtinh thn

Cha c ccgi tr VC TT

Thin v gi trvt cht kthut

C b dy lch s Ch trnh pht trin

C tnh dn tc C tnh quc t

Gn b nhiu hn vi phng ng, nng

nghip

Gn b nhiu

hn viphng Ty th


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Cc tranh ci v khi nim vn ha

Whether culture is viewed as nation, as ethnicity, as faith, as gender, or

as sexuality, all these cultures have one thing in common: they are imaginedcommunities (Anderson 1991). That means that members of a culture imaginethemselves and are imagined by others as group members. These groups are toolarge to be real groups (i.e. no group member will ever know all the other groupmembers). Therefore, they are best considered as discursive constructions. Thatmeans that we do not have culture but that we construct culture discursively.

C bao nhiu loi hnh vn ha?

According to Singer (1998) culture can be described as a pattern of learned, group-related perceptions including both verbal and non-verbal language, attitudes,values, belief systems, disbelief systems and behaviors that is accepted andexpected by an identity group.

Culture can be considered as the sum of total ways of living including behavioralnorms, linguistic expression, styles of communication, patterns of thinking andbeliefs and values of a group large enough to be self-sustaining transmitted overthe course of generations. Swen Beyer


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Phn loi Vn ha

Vn ha L TrnVn ha du mc

Trnh vn ha hc thc li sng trnh vn minh ca mt giai on


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Phn loi Vn ha


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1.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n s bini vn ha hin nay

1.1.2.1. Ton cu ha1.1.2.1. Ton cu haGlobalisation normally refers to two opposite processes:a) The globalisation process, in which we are all getting closer and closer to

each other by consumerism, ideology and knowledge about each other.b) The localization process, which makes us focus intensively at our local

nation or local ethnic group (Featherstone 1990, Hylland Eriksen 1993).

Within the global we have developed a number of scapes with a larger structuraland identity-caring significance than the national communities. Appaduraimentions the following scapes:

1)ethno-scapes which are about integration;2)mediascapes, dominated by mass media;3)Technoscapes, referring to global technological development;4) finance-scapes, that draw attention to the autonomous cycle of finances5) ideo-scapes that illustrate how ideologies are developed across national borders

(Appadurai 1991: 192-193).


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Ton cu ha, cng ty a vn ha


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Cc vn ca ton cu ha

Dominique Wolton cho rng ton cu ho thng tin gm ba thi k:

Thi k th nht gn lin vi vic chinh phc lnh th gia thk XVI v XVIII.

Thi k th hai, vo khong t th k XVIII n th k XX, lqu trnh khai ph cc min t trn th gii vn c coi l v

hn.

Thi k th ba, thi k m chng ta ang sng, t ra trcmt chng ta thc t l th gii c hn, mong manh v do vy, theotc gi, vn chung sng gia cc dn tc v cc nn vn ho t

nay v sau s ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng.

Ti sao cc nc pht trin coi ton cu ha l chuyn t nhin m ccnc Nam li s?

Cuc i thoi Bc Nam


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Cc vn ca ton cu ha Hin ti, ton cu ho mi ch din ra ch yu trn bnh din kinh t v k thut. Cn trn bnh

din chnh tr vn ho v x hi hay cn gi l ton cu ho t tng, pht trin chm hn rt

nhiu so vi cc th trng v mng thng tin.

Muthun gia a phngv toncu :mt bn l cc lnh th, bin gii gn vi lch s v al. Mt bn l nhng ngi khng nh, khng quc tch, khng trch nhim. Nhng thin ngthu, i dng, khng gian em li nhiu li ch cho cc nc giu v hin i. Cc ti nguynny b khai thc khng c s qun l ca th gii bi n gin khng c ai i din cho ccquyn li chung y c. Nhiu thnh ph rt pht trin v hin i, kt ni vi nhiu thnh ph

khc khp ni trn th gii nhng li bit lp vi vng ngoi ngho kh ca mnh. Quy lutthun tu ca th trng l li nhun nn khi khng c li nhun th trng s b qua mt thnhph, mt t nc thm ch mt chu lc b mc hng t ngi sng trong cnh i ngho.

Muthun gia lut gia ccnc: Lut ca cc nc c th mu thun vi nhau nhng iung quan tm l t gi cc lut ny u c chung mt khng gian p dng o. Quyn ngi snxut i ngc li quyn c nhn sao s dng vi mc ch c nhn, mu thun gia bo v

bn quyn vi quyn c tip cn thng tin ca mi ngi v mc ch nghin cu hoc giodc.

Muthun gia quyn lichung v ring :Mc ch ca lut php l g? bo v quyn li chunghay ring? u s l vai tr ca nn kinh t? Phc v con ngi hay b buc con ngi? V dnh cn bo v quyn ca tc gi hn hay cm nhng ngi khc s dng thng tin y phcv li ch chung ca loi ngi? Gen l sn phm ca t nhin, cc cng ty tm ra bn gen c

c bo v thnh qu ca mnh khng khi gen l ti sn chung t nhin ca nhn loi?


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1.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n s bini vn ha hin nay

1.1.2.2. Di c

Di c: nhm ngi v dn c di chuyn hoctm cch di chuyn qua bin gii (trong ncv/hoc quc t).

Cc loi hnh/nguyn nhn di c :

Kinh t, s nghip (khoa hc, vn chng,th thao,...)

Chin tranh bi cnh lch s

Vn ha (tn gio)

Chnh trT nguyn cng bc

Hnh thc

ng c


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Mt s yu t y/Ko truyn thngDi c trong nc

YU T Y

Ngho i

Tht nghip

Thiu c hi

Xung t, thin tai, vv. B tr li ni chnh

Lm dng/bo hnh S nhc/phn bit i x

YU T KO C hi ngh nghip Lng cao C hi hc tp

iu kin sng tt hn on t gia nh Mong mun i li Kt hn/cc mi quan h


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Mt s mouvement di c ni ting

Diaspora jews

Vit NamTrong Vit Nam(Nam tin tk 15)

Min Trung Min Nam min BcNgoi Vit Nam

Th chin I, 1945, 1954,1975, hu 1975

Di c sang M th k 17,18Gold rush

Di c sang Australia thk 17,18Permanent Europeansettlement began in1788 with theestablishment of the

BritishCrown colonyofNew South Wales.

Trung Quc Chu PhiHin nay

Di c sang Phptrong th k 20
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Waleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_overseas_territoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire


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nh hng ti vn ha ca cc cng ng

Chicago

+ Lm phong ph vn ha nc tip nhn (Php, M)

+ Lm phong ph mnhc

,m thc nc tip nhn

+ Gp phn tng trng kinh t, nhn lc thay th, chiu suhc thc v 1 nn vn ha khc

-Sc vn ha, tr ngi trong giao tip (voile en classe)- E ngi mt an ninh, vic lm, mt bn sc, xung t vn ha(japanese manager in the film)

- Vn on t gia nh


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1.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n s bin i vn hahin nay

1.1.2.3. Cc tp on v nhm lm vic a quc gia


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1.1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n s bin i vn hahin nay

1.1.2.3. Cc tp on v nhm lm vic a quc gia

+ Quy m ln+ i hi cao v li nhun

+ Khng nht thit bit ai l ch(Impersonal)+ M hnh qun l ca ncpht xut p dng cho ton tpon+ Yu cu chuyn nghip

c im

+ To cng n vic lm+ Chuyn giao cng ngh / k

nng qun l-Th no l vn ha cng ty- Cc yu t a phng trongvic p dng m hnh ncngoi (trang phc, gi gic, ngyngh, tn gio, l nghi, th bc,tui tc...)

Li ch / Vn


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nh Ngha v Truyn Thng

The authors Nancy Adler (1997, p. 68) and Robert Gibson (2000, p. 18) bothdefine communication as the exchange of meaning, the process ofcommunication is highly complex, multilayered and dynamic (Adler 1997, p.68).

Aristotle described the process of communication as involving aspeaker, the speech act, an audience and a purpose.


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1.2. Khi nim Truyn thng trong vn ha1.2.1.Ngun gc ca h thng khi nim

Truyn thng l g?

Experts say that we spendapproximately 80% of each daycommunicating, as follows:7% words38% tone of voice and55 % physiology or bodylanguage

Communication has beenderived from the Latin word"communis", meaning to

share.


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C ch tip nhn thng tin

Communication describes a persons behavior to exchange meaning. In order to communicate, aperson has to convert meaning into behavior. In other words, the message sender has to translatehis information, his ideas or his feelings into words, facial expressions or gestures.

After meaning has been encoded into behavior, the message receiver has to decode the behaviorback into meaning.

This is why communication is always dependent on the perception, interpretation and evaluation of a

persons behavior.

This process is referred to as the process of encoding and decoding (Adler 1997, p. 68). It is highlydependent on a persons cultural background which determines the meanings attached to particularwords and behavoir (Adler 1997, p. 69).

The process of communication involves the perception, interpretation and evaluation of a personsbehavior. All three are dependent on a persons cultural background, which determines the

meanings attached to a specific behavoir.

What has been missing so far is the role of context. According to Edward Hall (1979, p. 86) contextcarries varying proportions of the meaning. In other words, meaning that is not encoded into wordsby the message sender is supplied by context.


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Truyn thng lin vn ha l g?

Some authorities limit the term intercultural communication to refer only tocommunication among individuals from different nationalities.

Other authorities, in contrast, expand the notion of interculturalcommunication toencompass inter-ethnic, inter-religious, and even inter-regional communication, as well as communication among individuals ofdifferent sexual, affectional orientations.

Intercultural communication is a transactional, symbolic process involving

the attribution of meaning between people of different cultures (Gudykunstand Kim 2002: 14)

Truyn thng lin vn ha l qu trnh trao i thng tin gia nhngngi thuc nhng nn vn ha khc nhau hoc thuc nhng nhmvn ha khc nhau. Cc ch c nghin cu rt a dng t giaotip ngn ng, phi ngn ng, ngoi ngn ng, phng thc t chcquyn lc, khong cch gia ngi giao tip v quan nim v thigian...


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S truyn thng lin vn ha

1. ngha cn truyn t

2. M ha

1. Gii m

2. Tm cch hiuVt mang tin

Quan nim v Khng gian, Thi gian

PDI I/C M/F UAI LTO INDULGENCE

HALL

HOFSTEDE

TING TOOMEY

High context Low Context

FACE NEGOTIATION THEORY


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Chng 2. Cc bin s vn ha trongtruyn thng

2.1. nh hng ca vn ha n th gii quan2.1.1. Cc ro cn trong truyn thng lin vn ha


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Cc ro cn thng thng trong giao tip

Qu nhiu thng tin trong mt ln truyn ti hoc thng tinqu phc tp, cao siu.

Ro cn a l, k thut: khong cch qu xa, thit b ti,ting n, nhit mi trng, nh sng

i tng, mc tiu, mc ch truyn thng khng r rng

Thi ca ngi tham gia truyn thng

S mp m trong thng ip

Kh nng din t bng li

Sc khe, tm nhn, thnh ca tai


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Ro cn trong truyn thng lin vn ha

2.1.1.1. Thuyt v chng

Ethnos(Hy Lp) = quc gia/dn tc (ca mnh) Kentron= tm im ca hnh trn (coi ltrung tm).

L thi coi nn vn ha/quc gia/dn tc mnh cao hn mt/nhiu vn ha/qucgia/dn tc khc.

Ngi c thi ny (giu kn hoc bc l r) s coi nhng ngi thuc vn ha khcmnh l k l, sai lch hoc thm ch thp hn hn. Ngi c thi ny mong munngi i din sng/ngh/c x theo chun mc ca nn vn ha/quc gia mnh.

Thng thy ti cc nc kinh t rt pht trin hoc c nn vn ha ln, lu i nh :Trung Hoa, M, Php, Anh, Nht Bn,n ,.... Thi vi ngi thiu s.

Ngi ta ai cng t nhiu c thi ny (trong mt chng mc no l s t ho dntc v ngn ng, m thc, kin trc, th thao)

V chng mc cao s dn n quan nim/nhn nhn sai v thnh vin ca nn vnha khc. S a ra nhng tng khng chnh xc v cch hnh x ca ngi khcvn ha mnh. ni cch khc, v chng mc cao s lm ngi ta ly chun vn ha

ca mnh p sang ngi nn vn ha kia.


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2.1.1.2. nh kin x hi

Prejudice is pre-judge t ting la tinh praejudicium.Plotnik (1986) nh ngha: nh kin l thi khng cng bng, sai lch

hoc khng bao dung (chp nhn gi tr) i vi nhm vn ha khc.

Trn thc t, nh kin c th tch cc hoc tiu cc.

c im:nh kin c th theo hng th hin bc ng: ta gii hn ngi khc,

hoc t bo v mnh: ngi ta giu hn mnh l do bun gian bn ln.C nhiu hnh thc khc nhau c th t chng i, khinh ra mt hoc mthm. mt mc no ai cng c nh kin v con ngi l 1 phn ca xhi ngi ang sng.nh kin c th hc t gia nh, nhm, phngtin i chng.

nh kin c th da trn mu da, ging ni hoc phng ng, vn ha,tn gio hoc tng t. Xu hng l t nh kin tt v mnh, nh kinxu v nhm khc.

Tc ng xu ti truyn thng v nhn thc: ng cht ca.


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V d:

Gp ngi ngi khng lm g, ty vo mu da m gn suy ngh ca mnhvo.

Ngi da trng cnh rc vng vi v ngi da mu.


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Khi qut ha /n gin ha mt cch qu ng v mt nhm ngiV d: ngi di gan, ngi hi gio, ngi cng gioPh n th hay xc ng, ngi di c l n bm, l ni nguy,ngi Do thi thng minh.Nc ngoi l giu.

S dn n hiu lm, l li, gy ra tnh hung kh x.

V on : da trn c im c th hoc s gn gi v a l, vnha: C h l ngi hi gio th l ngi rp, ngi rp nocng l hi gio. Ngi Vit l ngi Trung Quc. H ngi chuu ni ting Php u l ngi Php. (B, Thy S)

ngh rp khun


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Din gii sai thng tin m ha

Gn suy ngh/chun mc ca vn ha mnh vo mt vt cha tng t nhngtrn thc t li rt khc.

La date de dbut et 6/12 : M 12 thng 6Chu u : 6 thng 12

Business woman n - khong cch

Tng hoa cc Nht Bn v chu u ni ting Php; S u tr emCampuchia

Gt u yes vng

Bc qu chui cho 1 c gi Nga


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Chng 2. Cc bin s vn ha trong truyn thng

2.1.nh hng ca vn han th giiquan2.1.1. Cc ro cn trong truyn thng lin vn ha

2.1.1.1. Thuyt v chng2.1.1.2.nh kin x hi

2.1.2. Yu t Ngn Ng trong truyn thng lin vn

ha2.1.3. Cc yu t ngoi ngn ng trong truyn thng:(Lch s, Tn gio, Thi i, a chnh tr,...)

2.1.4. Cc yu t truyn thng phi ngn ng:2.1.4.1.nh ngha,

2.1.4.2. Chc nng2.1.4.3. Hiu bit v vn ha thng qua hnh viphi ngn ng


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Chng 2. Cc bin s vn ha trong truynthng

2.1.2. Yu t Ngn Ng trong truyn thng lin vn ha

Thng ip -> m ha -> gii m > hiu ngn ng chnh l vn ha, th gii quan, quan im

L thuyt dch l mt tri ca tm thm

t u trn ng Im nh thc

Thnh ng, tc ng, Ting vng min Tm v Tp

2 israli has been killed, 2 palestinian dead / suicide bomb attack in Syria

Cch dng t: Si Gn Ngy - Tht th - Tu t nc - Country

Moi toi vous call by name - cch dng i t xng h

Cc yu t ngn ng


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Cc yu t ngn ng Un chef de projet amricain est choqu de voir son quipe franaise

exigerdu matriel pour son travail. Elucidation faite, cette quipe ne

voulait que demanderce matriel (or to demandsignifie exiger)

Bonsoir, deux couverts?

Par ici, s il vous plat.Vous avez choisi?Et comme boisson?Votre vin, Monsieur.Ceci vous convient?Bon apptit

Hi, my name s Bob andits my pleasure to be

your waiter tonight.We have some reallygreat specials, Id like totell you about.Theyre all delicious butmy personal favorite isthe shrimp fajitas. Theyare just fabulous.

EXEMPLE: Serveuses dorigine indienne dans des restaurants britanniques.Il a analys les difficults de communication entre les serveuses indiennes et les clients dansun restaurant britannique. Les serveuses taient perues comme revches et peu aimablespar les clients. Ce malentendu provenait des habitudes narratives diffrentes entre lesinterlocuteurs ; les serveuses indiennes utilisent une intonation descendante pour traduire

linterrogation, alors quen anglais, cette intonation a une signification affirmative.Les serveuses indiennes traduisaient le mcontentement de la clientle par une attitude dediscrimination raciale.

Ng iu VNDominique


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Cc yu t ngoi ngn ng nh hngti cht lng giao tip truyn thng

Thng

ip

Lchs

Chnhtr

Tngio

Thii

Phongcch

Gii phng 45 75Cy nm nm 1945

Ngi cm li v i

NgiNguyn Tri

Cu k,khoa hc nhiu thut ng2 50

C


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2.1.3. Cc yu t ngoi ngn ng trong truyn thng.

(Lch s, Tn gio, Thi i, a chnh tr,...)

Cng v ngn ng, ni dung khc

Pink money

Ngy gii phng

Traduction intralingual

Je taime, moi non plus!

1984 Big BrothersUncle Sam

t nc mt tri mc; qu ca Mozart, mt tri ca thi ca nga


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Trong qu trnh giao tip, thng tin lunb tht thot hoc c nguy c tht thot

iu d nh ni

* 100%

iu ngi nghe nh

* 20%

iu c ni

* 70%

iu ngi nghe hiu

* 40%

Khong 80% thng tin s b mt mt trong qu trnh giao tip


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NGN NG C TH

2 1 4 C t t th hi


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2.1.4. Cc yu t truyn thng phi ngn ng:

Messages can be communicated through gestures and touch, by bodylanguage or posture, by facial expression and eye contact.

Nonverbal messages could also be communicated through materialexponential; meaning, objects or artifacts (such as clothing, hairstylesor architecture).

Speech contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, includingvoice quality, rate (tc ), pitch (cao thp), volume, and speakingstyle, as well prosodic (ngn iu) features such as rhythm,intonation, and stress (trng m).

Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of

communication through sending and receiving wordless,(mostly visual)messages between people.


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2.1.2. Cc yu t truyn thng phi ngn ng:

Nonverbal messages can be transferred without a verbal message.Therefore, up to 65% of a messages meaning (Birdwhistell, 1970), iscommunicated through nonverbal clues.

On the other hand, nonverbal messages oftentimes express what verbalmessages cannot express and are assumed to be more truthful thanverbal messages (Ting-Toomey, 1999).

As Mehrabian (1972) pointed out, during communication, words are 7%effective; tone of voice is 38% effective; and nonverbal clues are 55%effective.


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As Ting-Toomey (1999) indicated, there are three reasons for cross-cultural friction and confusion caused by nonverbal communication.

First, the same nonverbal signal can mean different things to differentpeople in different cultures.

Second, multiple nonverbal cues are sent in each interaction, therebycreating interpretive ambiguities.

Third, factors of personality, gender, relational distance, socioeconomicstatus, and situation create tremendous variations of nonverbal display

patterns in different cultures.

Mt d


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Mt s vd

Mc trang trngTrang phc

Qu tngNgi tip khch.

Cp m phn.Thi khi nghe m phn.

2 2 Cc nghin c bin s n ha


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2.2. Cc nghin cu v bin s vn hatrong truyn thng

2.2.1. Nghin cu ca Hall

L h b ICC


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Lch s b mn ICCThe FSI brought together a group of scholars, primarily from linguistics and anthropology.

Ray L. Birdwhistell: Studied kinemessmall nonverbal movements with meaning, andintroduced the field of NV research known as kinesics.

Frank Hopkins (director, anthropologist, linguist)Edward Hall: founded studies of space (proxemics), time (chronemics) and other areasof nonverbal and intercultural communication.George Trager: well-known linguist, developed study of tone of voice, rate of speech,and other verbal aspects that are not quite symbolic, called paralanguage

1940s-1950s: Birth of ICC (as a discipline): FSI, E. T. Hall, etc.

1960s: The Decade of Silence: Nothing much happening in ICC at this time.

1970s: Decade of Research: Notably, much of this research was influenced bypsychology. This decade did see some texts on interracial communication (in fact, there wasan early book in the 1970s called Interracial Communication. This decade saw the earliesteditions of most of our textbooks, as well as the first intercultural readers and academicorganizations.

1980s: Decade of Theory: During this decade, primarily in books edited by William B.Gudykunst, writers began to formulate theories to explain and predict IC Communication.

1990s: Decade of Debate: New areas begin to enter the discipline, creating rifts andtensions with the traditional approach.

2000s: Decade of Disintegration, Deconstruction, and/or Dialogue: Critical research

becomes even more critical, highly politicized.


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2.2.1. Nghin cu ca Edward T. Hall

1950-55 Director of the Point IV Training Program at theForeign Service Institute, Washington, D.C.1959 Publication of The Silent Language1966 Publication of The Hidden Dimension1967-77 Professor of Anthropology, Northwestern

University, until his retirement in 1977; conducted furtherNIMH funded research on proxemics and interethnicencounters1976 Publication of Beyond Culture

Major influences on his work: (1) cultural anthropology, (2)linguistics, (3) ethology, the study of animal behavior(4) Freudian psychoanalytic theory. Vn ha c th phn tch, s ha.

Gii th h t


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Gii thch t vng

- Phong: l np sng lan truyn- Tc: l thi quen lu i.Phong tc l bao gm mi mt isng ca dn c trong mt vng,mt min hoc c quc gia.

Tp qun: theo thi quen m thnh ravng chc

Ethologie

A. Science qui a pour objet l'tude des murs humaines en tant que faitssociaux : Tandis que la psychologie proprement dite nonce les principes de lanature humaine, l'thologieapplique ces principes universels aux casparticuliers pour en dduire les diffrents caractres.

B. tude des murs et du comportement individuel et social des animaux

domestiques et sauvages`` (Villemin 1975).

T Ng, (Id. Soi); Bn Ng (ego moi) v Siu Ng (superego Surmoi)Cc nghin cu ca FREUD

2 2 1 1 Bi h h h


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2.2.1.1. Bi cnh c nh hng cao

Edward Hall (1979, p. 91) points out that in high-contextcommunication a large part of the meaning lies in the physical

context, which includes facial expressions, tone of voice andgestures.

As a result, the message itself carries less information. People do notexplicitly say what they want to convey. Instead, they beat around thebush until their interlocutor decodes the message correctly. The reasonfor this is that their primary goal is to preserve and strengthenrelationships by saving face and ensuring harmony. Nevertheless,Edward Hall (1979, p. 101) characterises high-context communicationstyles as being faster and more efficient as they rely on intuitiveunderstanding.

However, they are slow to change and need time in order to create acommon understanding between sender and receiver.

China and Japan are model examples of high-context cultures. AJapanese and a German will never communicate alike.


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2.2.1.1. Bi cnh c nh hng cao

High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, andSouth America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative (suy

t).This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonalrelationships. Developing trust is an important first step to any businesstransaction.

According to Hall, these cultures are collectivist, preferring group

harmony and consensus to individual achievement. And people inthese cultures are less governed by reason than by intuition or feelings.

A Japanese manager explained his cultures communication style to anAmerican: We are a homogeneous people and dont have to speak asmuch as you do here. When we say one word, we understand ten, buthere you have to say ten to understand one. High-contextcommunication tends to be more indirect and more formal. Flowerylanguage, humility, and elaborate apologies are typical. (uyn ng)

Words are not so important as context, which might include thespeakers tone of voice, facial expression, gestures, postureandeven the persons family history and status.

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Mt vi v d

Em bo: anh i i!Sao anh khng li ?Em bo: i ch chi!Sao anh xa em mi ?Li em bung cng ci,

L em tro mt en.Sao anh tin li ni,M khng nhn mt em

By gi mn mi hi oVn hng c ai vo hay cha?Mn hi th o xin tha:Vn hng c li nhng cha ai vo.

2 2 1 2 Bi h h h th


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2.2.1.2. Bi cnh c nh hng thp

Low-context communication systems, people translate a large partof the meaning into explicit code (Hall 1979, p. 91). As a result, thespoken word carries most of the meaning.

People explicitly say what they want to convey without beatingaround the bush. Their goal is to get and give information whencommunicating with other people.

However, with less regard to context, low-context systems tend tobe more complex as the spoken word has to make up for what ismissing in the context. As a result, lowcontext communicationstyles show less intuitive understanding, which makes them slowand less efficient (Hall 1979, p. 101).

Cultures like the United States and Germany are considered low-context cultures, for instance.


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2.2.1.1. Bi cnh c nh hng thp

Low-context cultures (including North America and much of Western

Europe) are logical, linear, individualistic, and action-oriented.

People from low-context cultures value logic, facts, and directness. Solving aproblem means lining up the facts and evaluating one after another.

Decisions are based on fact rather than intuition. Discussions end withactions. And communicators are expected to be straightforward, concise,and efficient in telling what action is expected.

To be absolutely clear, they strive to use precise words and intend them to betaken literally. Explicit contracts conclude negotiations. This is very differentfrom communicators in high-context cultures who depend less on languageprecision and legal documents.


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HC LC

Ting-Toomey (1999) examined LC and HC communication frameworks andtheir associated verbal interaction dimensions.

She pointed out, LC communication refers to communication patterns of directverbal mode: straight talk, nonverbal immediacy, and sender oriented values.

In contrast, HC communication refers to communication patterns of indirectverbal mode: self-effacing talk, nonverbal subtleties, and interpreter-sensitivevalues.

However, these are just tendencies. Noculture uses low-context communicationstyles exclusively.

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Gii thch t vng

Intimate distance for embracing, touching

or whisperingClose phase less than 6 inches (15 cm)Far phase 6 to 18 inches (15 to 46 cm)

Personal distance for interactions amonggood friends or family members

Close phase 1.5 to 2.5 feet (46 to 76cm)

Far phase 2.5 to 4 feet (76 to 120 cm)

Social distance for interactions amongacquaintances (quen s)

Close phase 4 to 7 feet (1.2 to 2.1 m)Far phase 7 to 12 feet (2.1 to 3.7 m)

Public distance used for public speakingClose phase 12 to 25 feet (3.7 to 7.6 m)Far phase 25 feet (7.6 m) or more.

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Hofstede's cultural factors

Geert Hofstedeis an influential Dutch social psychologist andanthropologist. Geert Hofstede conducted a large research project intonational culture differences across subsidiaries of a multinationalcorporation (IBM) in 64 countries. Subsequent studies by others coveredstudents in 23 countries, elites in 19 countries, commercial airline pilotsin 23 countries, up-market consumers in 15 countries, and civil servicemanagers in 14 countries.

1. Power Distance

2. Individualism3. Masculinity4. Uncertainty Avoidance

5. Long-Term Orientation (confucian dynamic)6. Indulgence (restraint)

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Individualist vs. Collectivist

Individualism is the one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that is thedegree to which individuals are integrated into groups.

1. Individualist cultures: View their primary responsibility as helping

themselves and value individual accomplishments.They are characterized by self-reliance and competition. (Examples:U.S., Canada, Australia and Great Britain.)

2. Collectivist cultures: Feel loyalties and obligations to an in-group(e.g. extended family, community or even the organization one worksfor). They are more attentive to and concerned with the opinions ofsignificant others. (Examples: Latin American and Asia.)

H f t d ' lt l f t


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On the individualist side we find societies in which the ties between

individuals are loose: everyone is expected to look after him/herselfand his/her immediate family.

On the collectivist side, we find societies in which people from birthonwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups, often extended

families (with uncles, aunts and grandparents) which continueprotecting them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.

In Germany people stress on personal achievements and individualrights. Germans expect from each other to fulfil their own needs.Group work is important, but everybody has the right of his ownopinion and is expected to reflect those. In an individual country likeGermany people tend to have more loose relationships than countrieswhere there is collectivism where people have large extended families.

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Hofstedes Power distance Index measures the extent to which the less

powerful members of organizations and institutions (like the family) accept andexpect that power is distributed unequally.

Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful members oforganizations and institutions (like the family) accept and expect that power isdistributed unequally. Cultures that endorse low power distance expect and

accept power relations that are more consultative or democratic. People relateto one another more as equals regardless of formal positions. Subordinatesare more comfortable with and demand the right to contribute to and critiquethe decision making of those in power. In high power distance countries, lesspowerful accept power relations that are more autocratic and paternalistic.Subordinates acknowledge the power of others simply based on where they

are situated in certain formal, hierarchical positions. As such, the powerdistance index Hofstede defines does not reflect an objective difference inpower distribution, but rather the way people perceive power differences.

Na Uyc A rp trung Quc Brunei

Power distance


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Power distance

People from large power distance cultures accept unequal power

distributions, are reliant on established hierarchy, and understandthat rewards and sanctions are based on social position.

People from small power distance cultures value equal powerdistributions, symmetric relations, and rewards and sanctions based

on performance.The United States is an example of a small power distance culture,while Japan embodies a large power distance culture. Dr. Ting-Toomey points out that while individualism and power distance aretwo separate dimensions, they are correlated.

Highly individualistic cultures tend to be low in power distance, andvice versa.

H f t d ' lt l f t


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Hofstede's cultural factorsMasculinity

Masculinity versus its opposite, femininity refers to the distribution of roles between thegenders which is another fundamental issue for any society to which a range of solutionsare found. Masculinity (MAS), vs. femininity: The distribution of emotional roles betweenthe genders. Masculine cultures values are competitiveness, assertiveness,materialism, ambition and power, whereas feminine cultures place more value onrelationships and quality of life. In masculine cultures, the differences between gender

roles are more dramatic and less fluid than in feminine cultures where men and womenhave the same values emphasizing modesty and caring. As a result of the taboo onsexuality in many cultures, particularly masculine ones, and because of the obviousgender generalizations implied by Hofstede's terminology, this dimension is oftenrenamed by users of Hofstede's work, e.g. to Quantity of Life vs. Quality of Life.

(a) womens values differ less among societies than mens values;

(b) mens values from one country to another contain a dimension from very assertiveand competitive and maximally different from womens values on the one side, tomodest and caring and similar to womens values on the other.

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Uncertainty Avoidance

Uncertainty avoidance deals with a societys tolerance for uncertaintyand ambiguity; It indicates to what extent a culture programs itsmembers to feel either uncomfortable or comfortable in unstructuredsituations. Uncertainty avoiding cultures try to minimize the possibility

of such situations by strict laws and rules, safety and securitymeasures.

For example, in Germany there is a reasonable high uncertaintyavoidance (65) compared to countries as Singapore (8) andneighbouring country Denmark (23).

In Germany there is a society that relies on rules, laws and regulations.Germany wants to reduce its risks to the minimum and proceed withchanges step by step.

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Long term orientation (LTO), vs. short term orientation: First called

Confucian dynamism, it describes societies time horizon. Long termoriented societies attach more importance to the future. They fosterpragmatic values oriented towards rewards, including persistence,saving and capacity for adaptation. In short term oriented societies,values promoted are related to the past and the present, including

steadiness, respect for tradition, preservation of ones face,reciprocation and fulfilling social obligations.

Indulgence, vs. restraint: Societies with a high rate of indulgenceallow hedonistic behaviors: people can freely satisfy their basic needsand desires. On the opposite side, restraint define societies with strictsocial norms, where gratification of drives are suppressed andregulated.



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Differences between cultures on the values dimensions

Putting together national scores (from 1 for the lowest to 120 for the highest),Hofstedes six dimensions model allow international comparison betweencultures, also called comparative research:[5]

Power distance index shows very high scores for Latin and Asian countries,African areas and the Arab world. On the other hand Anglo and Germaniccountries have a lower power distance (only 11 for Austria and 18 for

Denmark).In Europe, power distance tends to be lower in northern countries and higherin southern and eastern parts: for example, 90 for Romania, 57 for Spain vs.31 for Sweden and 35 for the United Kingdom. Regarding the individualismindex, there is a clear gap between developed and Western countries on onehand, and less developed and eastern countries on the other. North America

and Europe can be considered as individualistic with relatively high scores.The greatest contrast can be drawn comparing two extreme countries on thisdimension: 6 points for Guatemala vs. 91 points score for the United States.

"Culture is more often a source of conflict than of synergy. Cultural differences area nuisance at best and often a disaster."

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstede's_cultural_dimensions_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofstede's_cultural_dimensions_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_research


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Hofstede's cultural factorsUncertainty avoidance scores are the highest in Latin American countries,Southern and Eastern Europe countries including German speaking countries,

and Japan. They are lower for Anglo, Nordic, and Chinese culture countries.However few countries have very low UAI. For example, Germany has a highUAI (65) and Belgium even more (94) compared to Sweden (29) or Denmark(23) despite their geographical proximity.Masculinity is extremely low in Nordic countries: Norway scores 8 and Swedenonly 5. In contrast, Masculinity is very high in Japan (95), and in European

countries like Hungary, Austria and Switzerland influenced by German culture.In the Anglo world, masculinity scores are relatively high with 66 for the UnitedKingdom for example. Latin countries present contrasting scores: for exampleVenezuela has a 73 point score whereas Chiles is only 28.High long term orientation scores are typically found in East Asia, with Chinahaving 118, Hong Kong 96 and Japan 88. They are moderate in Eastern and

Western Europe, and low in the Anglo countries, the Muslim world, Africa andin Latin America. However there is less data about this dimension.There is even less data about the sixth dimension. Indulgence scores arehighest in Latin America, parts of Africa, the Anglo world and Nordic Europe;restraint is mostly found in East Asia, Eastern Europe and the Muslim world.

2 2 2 Nghin cu ca Ting Toomey


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2.2.2. Nghin cu ca Ting-ToomeyYu t th din trong truyn thng v nhn thc (Face NegotiationTheory ) c hc gi Stella Ting-Toomey a ra ln u nm 1985

gii thch c ch x l xung t v giao tip khc nhau trong ccnn/hnh thi vn ha khc nhau.

Th din (Face) l hnh nh n d ca hnh nh ca mt c nhn hocmt nhm ngi i vi nhng ngi ca nn/hnh thi vn ha y, datrn chun mc v gi tr ca nn vn ha y. xung t s xy ra khi c

nhn/tp th y thy th din ca mnh b e da/thch thc. V bncht, xung t th din bt ngun t s qun l bn sc trn gc cnhn v vn ha.

Faceworkrefers to the communication skills one uses to uphold andmanage face

ng thi th din (Face work) bao gm hng lot hnh thc giao tip(ngn ng hoc phi ngn ng) gi th din cho mnh, cho ngi khchoc c hai.

Face is a universal concern because it is an extension of self concept

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Dr. Ting-Toomey states that conflict can come from either a direct clash of culturalbeliefs and values, or as a result of misapplying certain expectations and standards ofbehavior for a given situation.

Face and facework are a part of everyday life, but the frame of reference on how onemanages face individually and on a cultural level is what Face Negotiation Theory triesto capture. To that extent, the theory has seven assumptions:

Face-Negotiation Theory identifies three goal issues that conflict willrevolve around: content, relational, and identity.

Content conflict goals are external issues that an individual holds in highregard.

Relational conflict goals, as the name implies, refer to how individualsdefine, or would ideally define their relationship with the other member in a

conflict situation.

Identity based goals involve issues of identity confirmation, respect, andapproval of the conflict members. These goals have the deepest connectionwith culture and they are most directly related to face-saving issues.

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Communication in all cultures is based on maintaining andnegotiating face. 6 forms

Face is problematic when identities are questioned.

Differences in individualistic vs. collectivistic and small vs. largepower distance cultures profoundly shape face management.

Individualistic cultures prefer self oriented facework, andcollectivistic cultures prefer other oriented facework.

Small power distance cultures prefer an individuals are equalframework, whereas large power distance cultures prefer a

hierarchical framework.Behavior is also influenced by cultural variances, individual,

relational, and situational factors.

Competence in intercultural communication is a culmination of

knowledge and mindfulness.

I id li ll i i


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Invidualist collectivistThere are six domains that an individual will operate in:

1. Autonomy-represents our need for others to acknowledge our independence, self-sufficiency, privacy, boundary, nonimposition, control issues, and our considerationof others autonomy face needs

2. Inclusion-our need to be recognized as worthy companions, likeable, agreeable,pleasant, friendly, cooperative

3. Status-need for others to admire our tangible and intangible assets or resources:appearance, attractiveness, reputation, position, power, and material worth

4. Reliability-need for others to realize that we are trustworthy, dependable, reliable,loyal, and consistent in words and actions

5. Competence-need for others to recognize our qualities or social abilities such asintelligence, skills, expertise, leadership, team-building, networking, conflictmediation, facework, and problem-solving skills

6. Moral-need for others to respect our sense of integrity, dignity, honor, propriety, andmorality

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Invidualist collectivistPeople from individualist cultures tend to be more concerned with self-facemaintenance, while people from collectivist cultures tend to be concerned withother-face and mutual-face maintenance.

This difference stems from the values of each respective culture. In individualist cultures,such as the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, there is great value on personalrights, freedoms and the do it yourself attitude.

In collectivist cultures such as Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Colombia, place more value onwe vs. I. The needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual. It is interestingto note that one third of the world lives in an individualist society, while the other twothirds are identified with collectivist cultures.

Whether or not a person engages in a conflict depends on how face-threatening

the situation is perceived. In an individualistic culture, the more self-facethreatening the conflict, the more likely the individual will engage in an attack.In a collectivistic culture, where mutual-face concern is important, avoidance ofconflict may prevail in order for the situation to be defused.

A combination of the two cultures may require a third-party negotiation to make

progress in finding a resolution.

Conflict Communication Styles


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Dominating-emphasizes a persons own position, one person asserts theirdominance over the other, win-lose (Tranhthngphong)

Avoiding-involves eluding the conflict topic, situation and party altogether,lose-lose as neither party wins and the conflict goes unresolved (Lngtrnh)

Obliging-characterized by high concern for the others interest above own,

one individual gives in to the demands of the other, this is a lose-winsituation and is useful when one party is not fully committed to his/herposition (Khimnhng)

Compromising-is the give-and-take approach, both parties givesomething up in order to find a middle ground and reach a solution, this is

a lose-lose although a positive solution may result and is useful whenboth parties are equally committed to their positions. (Liu)

Integrating-reflects high concern for ones self and the other, win-winuseful when both parties are equally committed to their positions andresults in a positive solution for both parties. (Cngtin)



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Individualistic cultures usually see obliging and avoiding conflict styles as negativelydisengaged favoring instead more direct forms of conflict.

Collectivistic cultures see these as relevant and viable methods of dealing with conflictemploying them in an attempt to protect mutual-face interest.

Collectivistic cultures view more direct means of conflict communication as negative

The compromising style focuses more on content goal negotiation process neglectingrational and identity-based respect and consideration issues

Although the five conflict styles serve as a good initial probe (kho st) of conflict style, itmisses factors such as emotions, third-party consultation, and passive-aggressive typesof conflict tactics.

Emotional expression refers to one using emotions to guide communication behaviorsduring conflict.

Third-party help involves using an outsider to mediate the conflict.

Finally, passive-aggressive responses also known as neglect, is characterized by

sidestepping the conflict while eliciting an indirect reaction from the other conflict party.

Facework Interaction Strategies


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Facework Interaction Strategies

Dominating facework is characterized by trying to maintain a credible image withthe goal of winning the conflict. (chin lc chim thngphong)

Avoiding facework attempts to preserve harmony in the relationship by dealingwith the conflict indirectly. (chin lctrnhi u)

Integrating facework focuses on content resolution and maintaining therelationship . (chin lc gc r)

Preventative facework is an attempt to minimize face-loss before the threatoccurs. Preventative strategies include credentialing, appealing for suspended

judgment, pre-disclosure, pre-apology, hedging (ro n), and disclaimers (chi).Collectivistic cultures tend to employ more preventative strategies thanindividualistic cultures. (chin lcphngchng)

Restorative facework attempts to repair face that was lost. Restorative strategiesinclude excuses, justifications, direct aggression, humor, physical remediation,passive aggressiveness, avoidance, and apologies.Individualistic cultures aremore likely to use restorative facework than collectivistic cultures. (Chin lckhi

phc)

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Yu t th din

Culture has a significant impact on how people communicate and manage conflict with eachother individually, and between groups. Culture provides the frame of reference for individualand group interaction because it consists of values, norms, beliefs, and traditions that play a

large part in how a person or a group identify themselves.

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V d

An example of this was in 2003 when the United States went to war withIraq. The Iraqi information minister was adamant that US troops were notin the country, despite the obvious fact that they were. Why use such atactic? Ting-Toomeys face negotiation theory would recognize Arabicculture as collectivistic. Thus, one might say it was a method of facemanagement to maintain credibility with the ingroup (i.e., the Iraqi people)rather than dealing with the problem more directly.

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Yu t th din

Yu t th din


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The heart of Face Negotiation Theories are Dr. Ting-Toomeys 24 propositions. They are based on the sevenassumptions and five taxonomies that have been proven in numerous cases and studies. They describefacework on three levels of communication: cultural, individual, and situational.

Cultural-level propositions

Individualistic cultures predominantly express self-face maintenance interests than collectivistic culturemembers do.

Collectivistic cultures are more concerned with other-face maintenance than members of individualisticcultures.

Members of collectivist cultures are more concerned with mutual-face maintenance than individualistic

cultures.Members of individualistic cultures predominantly use direct and dominating facework strategies in conflictCollectivistic cultures tend to use avoidance strategies more than individualistic cultures do.Members of collectivistic cultures use more integrative facework strategies than individualistic culture

members do.Individualistic cultures prefer dominating/competing conflict styles more than collectivistic cultures do.

Individualistic cultures use more emotionally expressive conflict styles than collectivistic cultures do.Individualistic cultures use more aggressive conflict styles than members of collectivistic cultures.Collectivistic cultures use more avoidance techniques than members of individualistic cultures.Collectivistic cultures use more obliging conflict styles than members of individualistic cultures.Collectivistic cultures utilize compromising styles of conflict more than members of individualistic cultures.

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Individual-level propositions

Independent self is positively associated with self-face concern.Interdependent self is positively associated with other-/mutual-face

concern.Self-face maintenance is associated with dominating/competing conflict

style.Other-face maintenance is associated with avoiding/obliging conflict style.Other-face maintenance associated with compromising/integrating conflict

style.Independent selfconstrual associated with dominating/competing

conflict style.Interdependent self-construal associated with obliging/avoiding.Interdependent self-construal associated with compromising/integrating.Bi-construal associated with compromising/integrating.

Ambivalent associated with neglect/third-party.

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Yu t th din

Situational-level propositions

Individualist or independent-self personalities tend to express agreater degree of self-face maintenance concerns and less other-face maintenance concern in dealing with both ingroup and outgroup

conflicts situations.Collectivist or interdependent-self personalities express a greater

degree of other-face concerns with ingroup members and a greaterdegree of self-face maintenance concerns with outgroup members inintergroup conflict situations.

2.3. Hi t vn ha


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When Cultures Collide, Richard Lewis (1999) tells a story aboutteaching an internationalgroup of students:I was once in charge of an English Language Summer Course in North Wales for adult

students from three countries Italy, Japan, and Finland. . . . We had scheduled a trip toMount Snowdon on a particular Wednesday, but on Tuesday evening it rained heavily. . . .A dozen or so Finns approached me and suggested that we cancel the excursion, as itwould be no fun climbing the muddy slopes of Snowdon in heavy rain. I, of course, agreedand announced the cancellation. Immediately I was surrounded by protesting Italiansdisputing the decision. Why cancel the trip they had been looking forward to it (escape

from lessons), they had paid for it in their all-inclusive fee, a little rain would not hurtanyone and what was the matter with the Finns anyway werent they supposed to betough people? A little embarrassed, I consulted the Japanese contingent. They were very,very nice. If the Italians wanted to go, they would go, too. If, on the other hand, wecancelled the trip they would be quite happy to stay in and take more lessons. The Finns .. . eventually, in order not to lose face, agreed they would go. The excursion was declaredon. It rained torrentially all night. . . . The bus was scheduled to leave at half past eight,

and at twenty-five past . . . I ran to the vehicle. Inside were 18 scowling Finns, 12 smilingJapanese, and no Italians. We left on time and had a terrible day. We . . . returnedcovered in mud at 5 oclock, in time to see the Italians taking tea and chocolate biscuits.They had sensibly stayed in bed.

Cc vd


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La distance interpersonnelle

EXEMPLE: les japonais, mais aussi les allemands, maintiennent une distance physiquepublique plus grande que celle des franais.

les codes conversationnelsEXEMPLE: Les allemands sont plus centrs sur le contenu de lchange alors que lesfranais sont plus attentifs la dimension relationnelle

Les rituels dinteraction

EXEMPLE: Les franais tolrent assez bien, dans une discussion anime, que plusieurspersonnes parlent la fois et sinterrompent mutuellement, alors que ce comportementsera jug tout fait impoli en Allemagne.Les franais trouvent donc que les allemands sont trop directs, trop rudes en affaires ,alors que les allemands pensent que les franais sont sducteurs et manipulateurs.Selon Montaigne, chacun appelle barbarie ce qui nest pas de son usage .

The Clash of Civilizations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civilizations_map.png


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Huntington divided the world into the "major civilizations" in his thesis as such: Western civilization, comprising North America, Western and Central Europe, Australia and Oceania. Latin America. Includes Central America, South America (excluding the Guianas), Cuba, the DominicanRepublic, and Mexico. May be considered a part of Western civilization, though it has slightly distinct social and politicalstructures from Europe and Northern America.

The Orthodox world of the former Soviet Union (excluding the Baltic states and most of Central Asia),Armenia, Georgia, the former Yugoslavia (excluding Slovenia and Croatia), Bulgaria, Cyprus, Greece, Ukraine andRomania. The Eastern world is the mix of the Buddhist, Chinese, Hindu, and Japonic civilizations. The Muslim world of the Greater Middle East (excluding Armenia, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Georgia, Greece,Israel, Malta and South Sudan), northern West Africa, Albania, Bangladesh, Brunei, Comoros, Indonesia, Malaysia,Pakistan, and Maldives. The civilization of Sub-Saharan Africa located in Southern Africa, Middle Africa (excluding Chad),East Africa (excluding Ethiopia, Comoros, Kenya, Mauritius, and Tanzania), Cape Verte, Cte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Liberia,

and Sierra Leone.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Civilizations_map.png


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2.3. Hi t vn ha2.3.1.1. Vn ha chu u

Religious Majority of Religions in European Countries: Blue-Catholic Christianity; Orange-

Orthodox Cristianity; Purple-Protestant Cristianity; Yellow-Sunni Islam or Judaism

2 3 Hi t vn ha


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1 Art2 Science3 Philosophy4 Religion5 Cuisine

6 Clothing7 Sport8 European Capital of Culture

Europe has over 80 ethnic groups, the largest of which areRussian (90 million people), Germans (76 million people),

French (63 million people), Italians (58 million people), English(45 million people), Spanish and Polish (42 million peopleeach), and Ukrainian (41 million people).Europe also has many many languages, hundreds oflanguages. The many of the main languages of Europe are ofthe "Indo-European" root family. Indo-European languages areGermanic, Celtic, Slavonic, Baltic, or Romance languages(Spanish, Italian, French, etc.). Other languages of Europe

have roots like Arabic or Russian.

2 3 1 1 V h h


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2.3.1.1. Vn ha chu u

S chng ln gia cc nn vn ha. S mu thun Bc Namng Ty.

o Thin Cha Th tc. Mu thun bn thn trongo Thin Cha, tngio.

KHNG C NH NGHA Y NO V VN HA CHU U

Vn Minh Hy La, Thin Cha Gio n nh x hi, a ra cc chun mcv gia nh, x hi, tin bc, cuc sng

Bc u: bnh ng nam n, vn ha n tnh (theo phn loi Hofstede )Ty u: C O : t tng cc huPHP, ANH : a vn ha v nhiu thuc a

ng u : nh hng x hi ch nghac bit : Th NhK, Israel

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Family Important but not as central to individual.Friends Core to some, important to most.Honor Typically not as important.Shame Typically not as important.Time- Very structured, deadlines must be met.

Religion Varies by individual, very personal, notdiscussed in polite conversation.

Society Individual rights.Government Purpose is to protect rights and improve

standard of living.Youth and Beauty praised.

Bi cnh nh hng thpa chng tc a vn haVn nhp c - Xung t ni ti trong x hi

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2.3. Hi t vn ha2.3.1.2. Vn ha Arp

It must be emphasized that there is no one Arab culture or society. The Arabworld is full of rich and diverse communities, groups and cultures. Differencesexist not only among countries, but within countries as well.

The Arab world stretches from Morocco across Northern Africa to the PersianGulf. The Arab world is more or less equal to the area known as the Middle East

and North Africa (MENA).

WHAT IS AN ARAB?


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Over 200 million Arabs worldwide.To be an Arab, is not to come from a particular race or

lineage.To be an Arab, like an American, is a cultural trait rather than racial.The Arab world includes Muslims, Christians and Jews.Any person who adopts the Arabic language is typically

called an Arab. Arabic is the official and the original language of the Quran, the Islamic

holy book.

ARAB Perspective vs. WESTERN Perspective


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ARAB

Family Center of everything. (Father has first and lastword.)Friends Periphery, but courteous to all.Honor Very Important amongst Arabs. Honor will be

protected and defended at all costs.Shame (especially against family) avoided at all costs,

insults and criticism taken very seriously.Time less rigid. Approach to time is much more relaxedand slower than that in Western cultures.

Religion Central to all things.Society Family / tribe is most importantGovernment Most governments are secular, but still

emphasize religion.Age and Wisdom honored.Wealth honored in both cultures.


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Cc tn gio chu

Religions found in Asia and with a majority of their contemporaryadherents in Asia include:

Bah' Faith: Central Asia, India, Iran, the Philippines, and TaiwanBuddhism: Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Japan, Korea, Laos,

Malaysia, Mongolia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, parts of

northern, eastern, and western India, and parts of central and easternRussia (Siberia).

Hinduism: India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia(Bali).

Islam: Central, South, and Southwest Asia, Brunei, Indonesia,Malaysia, the Maldives, Pakistan, India and the Philippines.

Jainism: India.Shinto: mainly practiced in Japan.Sikhism: India, Pakistan, Southeast Asia and West Asia.

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2.3.1.3. Vn ha phng ng

nh hng mnh ca Khng gioa dng v c tinCollectivist

Hi context communication

The culture of Asia is human civilization in Asia. It features different kinds of

cultural heritage of many nationalities, societies, and ethnic groups in the region,traditionally called a continent from a Western-centric perspective, of Asia. Theregion or "continent" is more commonly divided into more natural geographic andcultural subregions, including the Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia (the "Indiansubcontinent"), North Asia, West Asia and Southeast Asia. Geographically, Asiais not a distinct continent; culturally, there has been little unity or common history

for many of the cultures and peoples of Asia.

Asian art, music, and cuisine, as well as literature, are important parts of Asianculture. Eastern philosophy and religion also plays a major role, with Hinduism,Taoism, Confucianism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam; all playing major roles.One of the most complex parts of Asian culture is the relationship between

traditional cultures and the Western world.

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2.3.1.4. Vn ha M

Coi trng t do c nhn v tnh t lp. Gia nh, cng ng, tn gio, hoc tchc l th yu so vi cc quyn c nhn. Ch ngha c nhn ny cng dnn mt tnh cch ni bt ca ngi M l cnh tranh.

t ngi M thng xc nh trc v r mc tiu cn t c, chin lc vchin thut m phn, v dng s liu chng minh cho cc lun im ca

mnh.

Ngi M thch ni thng, r rng, v d hiu. H khng thch kiu ni vngvo, xa xi, hoc v von. Ngi California khng phi lc no cng ni ng ngh ca h. V d Los Angeles nu ai ni vi bn Ti s tr li vn ny vi bn th cng c th l h s lm nh vy tht, song cng c th h

ng l Bn khng c c hi.

Ngi M khng ngi ngng khi tr li ti khng bit .

High IndividualismLow context communication

2.3.2. Vn ha theo la tui2 3 2 1 Vn ha trong nhm thanh thiu nin


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2.3.2.1. Vn ha trong nhm thanh thiu nin



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Khng c nh ngha chung, thay i theo thi i, chun mc x hi, xuhng x hi, rt a dng.Promissing market

Thiu nin (n 19 tui) Thi im hnh thnh nhn cch, tm h thng chun mc

Nhy cm, d ni lon, c th bt chp tt c khng nh s khcbit. V cch n ni (ting lng, ni li), qun o, cch ng xC phn ng chng i mt cch c h thng vi chun mc vnha/ng x hin ti.La chn m nhc/gii tr c tnh ni lon hip hop, rock, pop, punk,grunge, metal, rap et electro.hoc th mng, n gin, d hiu, p m

cc nc chu .Nhy cm vi ci mi, c bit trong gii tr.nh hng ln bi mi trng tip xc trc tip xung quanh nh gianh, bn b, trng hc.Ham mun c c lp



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Thanh nin (20 -40)

Nhiu hc gi cho rng phng Ty, vn ha ca gii tr ch tn tinh mt thc th t nm 1955. trc , ngi ta bc vo vn hathanh nin khi th cht pht trin y . Thi im xut hin rock androll. Cc phng tin truyn thng, nh qung co a vn ha giitr thnh trng tm ca x hi.-Tip tc gu m nhc ca thi thiu nin nhng ch trng hn n

chiu su.- Mi trng nh hng: gia nh, vic lm, quan h x hi- a th nghim, d mc sai lm

Online activities with the highest rates of use amongadolescents are video games (78% of adolescents),email (73%), instant messaging (68%), socialnetworking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music(59%), and videos (57%).

2.3.2.2. Vn ha trong nhm trung nin


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Khng c mu s chung gia cc nn vn ha.Cn nhng survey ring bit vi tng vng min, i tng

hc thc, sc khe, thu nhp, t nc, c im tm sinhl,....

FR VN Television

2 3 2 3 Vn ha trong nhm ngi cao tui


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2.3.2.3. Vn ha trong nhm ngi cao tui

Khng c mu s chung gia cc nn vn ha.Cn nhng survey ring bit vi tng vng min, i tng

hc thc, sc khe, thu nhp, t nc, c im tm sinhl,....

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