vertebrados - synapsida - mamíferos
DESCRIPTION
Zoologia dos vertebrados Evolução, Classificação, importâncias, Aspectos ecológicos de Mamíferos.TRANSCRIPT
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Mammalia
Zoologia dos Vertebrados
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ConteúdoSynapsida– Evolução do Grupo
Therapsida– Evolução do Grupo
Mammalia– Evolução do Grupo e Classificação– Características morfofuncionais– Ecologia e Conservação
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Relembrando.....
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Classificação Amniota
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Classificação Amniota
Amniota
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Amniota Evolução
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Amniota Evolução
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Amniota Evolução
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Reptilomorpha † Anthracosauroidea
Gephyrostegus bohemicus
3 famílias
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Reptilomorpha † Seymouriomorpha
Seymouria
Adultos Inteiramente terrestres (Seymouria)Canais da linha lateral no crânio de adulto (fase larval aquática)
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Reptilomorpha † Diadectomorpha
Diadectes
© Kevin Borland Dentição especializada1º herbívoro terrestre?
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Amniota Evolução
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Amniota Evolução
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Evolução Amniota
Astrágalo (Tálus)
Ovo com âmnion
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Amniota Evolução
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Amniota Evolução
Características derivadas (Apomorfias):Perda dos dentes labirintodontes;
Côndilo occipital hemisférico e bem ossificado;
Osso frontal em contato com a órbita no crânio;
Presença de uma barra pterigóidea transversa (refletindo a
diferenciação do músculo pterigóide);
Três ossificações no escapulo-coracóide (cintura escapular);
Astrágalo distinto no tornozelo.
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Evolução Amniotas
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Evolução Amniotas
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EVOLUÇÃO DO GRUPOSynapsida
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Synapsida Evolução do Grupo
Sinapomorfia: Fenestra temporal inferior presente
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Synapsida Evolução do Grupo
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Subordem CaseasauriaOrdem: PelycosauriaDuas famílias:EothyrididaeCaseidae
Caseidae - Cotylorhynchus
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Ordem EupelycosauriaCaracteres Derivados• Focinho mais comprido que sua largura; • Osso frontal formando uma grande porção da
margem da órbita.
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Varanopseidae
Varanops
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Ophiacodontidae
Ophiacodon retroversus
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OphiacodonOsso dentário
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Edaphosauridae
Edaphosaurus
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Ramo Sphenacodontia
Caracteres derivados• Uma lâmina dobrada/curvada/inflectada
sobre o osso angular, • Processo retroarticular do osso articular
voltado para trás.
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Sphenacodontia
Haptodus
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Família Sphenacodontidae
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Sphenacodontidae - Dimetrodon
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Osso dentário
Dimetrodon
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EVOLUÇÃO DO GRUPOTherapsida
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Therapsida Caracteres derivados
Fenestra temporal aumentada, Canino superior e osso que o contém (o maxilar)
aumentados, Ossos dos membros mais flexíveis, Membros posicionados mais sob o corpo (indicado por
cabeças de fémur e de úmero voltadas para dentro), Pés menores.
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Synapsida Evolução do Grupo
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Therapsida Evolução do Grupo
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Therapsida Evolução do Grupo
Therapsida não-mamalianos
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Therapsida Evolução do Grupo
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Therapsida Evolução do Grupo
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Therapsida Evolução do Grupo
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FOSSA TEMPORAL
OSSO DENTÁRIO
A abertura no crânio é a fenestra temporal e a fossa temporal é a depressão no crânio exposta pela fenestras temporal onde se originam os músculos da mandíbula.
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Therapsida Evolução do Grupo
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Gorgonopsia - Gorgonops (Scymnognathus)
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Theriodontia: Processo coronóide no dentário, um crânio mais achatado e com focinho mais largo. Eutheriodontia: fossas temporais completamente abertas dorsalmente.
Caracteres Derivados
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Therocephalia
BauriaAusência do pós-orbital
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Cynodontia
• Dentes pós-caninos com cúspides acessórias, rostrais e caudais e com cúspides pequenas na face interna, palato secundário parcialmente ósseo,
• Fossas massetéricas sobre o dentário e arqueamento do arco zigomático (evidência da presença do músculo masseter),
• Costelas lombares reduzidas ou perdidas, • Elevação distinta do calcâneo.
Caracteres derivados
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Cynodontia
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Clado Cynodontia
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Clado Cynodontia basais
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CYNOGNATHIDAEFOSSA TEMPORAL
OSSO DENTÁRIO
Cynognathus
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Oligokyphus FOSSA TEMPORAL
TRITHELEDONTIDAE
OSSO DENTÁRIO
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Clado Cynodontia - Mamíferos
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EVOLUÇÃO DO GRUPO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO
Mammalia
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Conteúdo
• Grupos basais• Monotremata• Eutheria– Marsupalia– Eutheria
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Mammalia Caracteres derivados
• Articulação mandibular dentário-esquamosal, • dentes caninos com raiz dupla, • oclusão precisa• especializações da porção do crânio que contém a orelha interna
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Evolução Sinapsida - Cynodontia
CENOZÓICO
TERCIÁRIO QUATERNÁRIO
SubclassesMonotremata
MetatheriaEutheria
Origem: Cretáceo Cinodonte - Thrinaxodon
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Mammalia
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“Mammalia Basal”
É um agrupamento parafilético de gêneros do final do Triássico e do Jurássico.Listados dos mais primitivos aos mais derivados:• Adelobasileus, Sinocodon, Megazostrodon e
Morganucodori.
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Rougier et al. 1996 – American Museum of natural History
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Monotremata
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Mammalia Caracteres derivados
Docodonta• Padrão de triângulos
invertidos no molar.
Castorocauda
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Monotremata
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Ordem MonotremataFamílias† Kollikodontidae† SteropodontidaeOrnithorhynchidaeTachyglossidae
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Ornithorhynchus anatinus
Monotremata Ornithorhynchidae
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Monotremata Tachyglossidae
GênerosZaglossusTachyglossus† Megalibgwilia
Tachyglossus aculeatus
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Australosphenida Luo 2007 - Nature
Monotremata Ausktribosphenidae
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Mammalia Caracteres derivados
Tribosphenida• Molares tribosfênicos
Ausktribosphenidae
Ausktribosphenos
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Eutriconodontia Luo 2007 - Nature
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Repenomamus
Eutriconodontia
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Multituberculata Luo 2007 - Nature
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Ordem MultituberculataNúmero anormal de cúspides nos dentes
Aparentemente, o grupo não deu origem a nenhum ramo de mamíferos existente na atualidade
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Mammaliaformes
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Mammaliaformes
SymmetrodontaDryolestoidea
Poucos fósseis. Posição incerta
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Tribosphenida
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Multituberculata Luo 2007 - Nature
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Mammalia Caracteres derivados
Tribosphenida• Molares tribosfênicos
"TRIBOSPHENIDA BASAL" é um agrupamento parafilético de gêneros do início do Cretáceo.Listados dos mais primitivos aos mais derivados:Vincelestes, Aegialodon, Pappotherium e Holoclemensia, e outros.
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Mammalia Caracteres derivados
THERIA• Detalhes da estrutura da caixa craniana e muitas características da
anatomia mole• Metatheria• Eutheria
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Theria
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Theria
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Metatheria - Marsupalia
Thylacinus cynocephalus
Fenestra no palato4 molares (placentários sempre <3)Marsúpio desenvolvimento breve do embrião
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Metatheria Classificação
ORDENS† Sparassodonta Didelphimorphia Paucituberculata Microbiotheria Dasyuromorphia Peramelemorphia Notoryctemorphia Diprotodontia † Yalkaparidontia
NEOTRÓPICOS
AUSTRALÁSIA
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Metatheria - Thylacosmilus
Metatheria † Sparassodonta
Grupo irmão aos marsupiais
+ Ordens: Alphadontia, Deltatheroidea, Asiadelphia
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Metatheria - Marsupalia Didelphimorphia
1 Família – 2 subfamílias
>103 espécies19 gêneros
Monodelphis domestica
Didelphis virginiana
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Metatheria - Marsupalia Paucituberculata
1 Família3 Gêneros6 espécies Andes
Caenolestes fuliginosus
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Metatheria - Marsupalia Microbiotheria
1 espécie – Monito del MonteDromiciops gliroides
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Metatheria - Marsupalia Dasyuromorphia
“Carnívoros Australasianos”Famílias:† ThylacinidaeDasyuridae – 72 Espécies em 20 GênerosMymecobiidae - Myrmecobius fasciatus
Myrmecobius fasciatus
Sarcophilus harrisii
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Thylacinus cynocephalus† 1933
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Metatheria - Marsupalia PeramelemorphiaFamílias:Thylacomyidae†ChaeropodidaePeramelidae
Chaeropus ecaudatus
Perameles gunnii
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Metatheria - Marsupalia Notoryctemorphia
2 espécies:Notoryctes typhlops (Topeira Marsupial do Sul) Notoryctes caurinus (Topeira Marsupial do Norte)
Notoryctes typhlops
Semelhante à Ordem † Yalkaparidontia
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Metatheria - Marsupalia Diprotodontia2 Subordens: Vombatiformes (4 famílias – 2 extintas)Phalangeriformes (12 famílias – 2 extintas)
Phascolarctos cinereus
Vombatus ursinus
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Phalangeriformes Phalanger orientalisMacropodidae – 53 espécies
Macropus rufogriseus
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Eutheria - PlacentáriosCaracteres morfológicos - 1995
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Filogenia a partir de caracteres morfológicos
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Filogenia a partir de dados moleculares confere com a biogeografia das espécies
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Eutheria - Placentários OrdensClado AtlantogenataGrupo I - AfrotheriaClado Afroinsectiphilia
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Eutheria - Placentários OrdensClado AtlantogenataGrupo I - AfrotheriaClado Paenungulata
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Eutheria - Placentários OrdensClado AtlantogenataGrupo II - Xenarthra
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Eutheria
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Eutheria Atlantogenata
Pilosa
Cingulata
Macroscelidea
Afrosoricida
Tubulidentata
Hyracoidea
Proboscidea
Sirenia
ATLANTOGENATA
Xenarthra
Afrotheria
Afroinsectiphilia
Paenungulata
Waddell et al. 1999. Systematic BiologyMurphy et al. 2007. Genome Research
Monofilia em Atlantogenata
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Eutheria Afrotheria
Ordens:Clado AfroinsectiphiliaMacroscelideaAfrosoricidaTubulidentataClado PaenungulataHyracoideaProboscideaSirenia
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Macroscelidea Clado Afroinsectiphilia
Rhynchocyon petersi 1 família4 gêneros15 espécies
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Afrosoricida Clado Afroinsectiphilia
2 famílias34+21 espécies
Topeira do Cabo - Chrysochloris asiatica
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Tubulidentata Clado Afroinsectiphilia
1 família 1 espécie
Orycteropus afer
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Hyracoidea Clado Paenungulata
1 família3 Gêneros4 espécies
Procavia capensis
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Proboscidea Clado Paenungulata
1 Família2 Gêneros3 espécies
Loxodonta africana
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Proboscidea Elephantida
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
Mammuthus primigenius
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Proboscidea †Mammutidae
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
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Proboscidea †Gomphotheriidae
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
Gomphotherium
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Proboscidea †Stegodontidae
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
Stegodon ganesa
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Sirenia Clado Paenungulata2 famílias 4 espécies
Trichechus sp
Séc XVIII - † Hydrodamalis gigas
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Eutheria Xenarthra
Ordens:PilosaCingulata
Pilosa
Cingulata
Macroscelidea
Afrosoricida
Tubulidentata
Hyracoidea
Proboscidea
Sirenia
ATLANTOGENATA
Xenarthra
Afrotheria
Afroinsectiphilia
Paenungulata
Grupos Xenarthra + Afrotheria = Clado Atlantogenata
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Pilosa Xenarthra2 subordens: Vermilingua e Folivora4 famílias4+ 6 espécies
Cyclopedidae - Cyclopes didactylus
Bradypodidae - Bradypus sp
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Pilosa XenarthraFolivoraFamílias Extintas† Megatheriidae† Scelidotheriidae†Orophodontidae† Mylodontidae
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
Megatherium americanum
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Cingulata Xenarthra1 família10 gêneros20 espécies
Chlamyphorus truncatus
Dasypus novemcinctus
Tolypeutes tricinctus)
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Cingulata XenarthraFamílias Extintas† Pampatheriidae† Glyptodontidae
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
Holmesina occidentalis
Glyptodon
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Eutheria BoreoeutheriaGrupos Euarchontoglires (Supraprimates) + Laurasiatheria =
Clado Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
ScandentiaDermopteraPrimatesLagomorphaRodentia
Glires
ErinaceomorphaSoricomorpha
CetaceaArtiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
PholidotaCarnivora
Ferae
Zooamata
Pegasoferae
Cetartiodactyla
Ferungulata
Euarchonta
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Eutheria BoreoeutheriaGrupos Euarchontoglires (Supraprimates) + Laurasiatheria =
Clado Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
ScandentiaDermopteraPrimatesLagomorphaRodentia
Glires
ErinaceomorphaSoricomorpha
CetaceaArtiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
PholidotaCarnivora
Ferae
Zooamata
Pegasoferae
Cetartiodactyla
Ferungulata
Euarchonta
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Laurasiatheria Erinaceomorpha
2 famílias10 gêneros24 espécies
Erinaceus europaeus
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Laurasiatheria Soricomorpha3 famílias385+44+2 espécies
Solenodon paradoxusBlarina brevicauda
Talpa europaea
+ Erinaceomorpha+ Afrosoricida+ Macroscelidea “Insectivora”
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Eutheria BoreoeutheriaGrupos Euarchontoglires (Supraprimates) + Laurasiatheria =
Clado Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
ScandentiaDermopteraPrimatesLagomorphaRodentia
Glires
ErinaceomorphaSoricomorpha
CetaceaArtiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
PholidotaCarnivora
Ferae
Zooamata
Pegasoferae
Cetartiodactyla
Ferungulata
Euarchonta
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LaurasiatheriaClado Cetartiodactyla
Cetacea2 Subordens:
Mysticeti e Odontoceti4 + 10 famílias (1 †?)
± 88 espécies(1 †?)
Megaptera novaeangliae
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Cetacea - Odontoceti
Physeter macrocephalus
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LaurasiatheriaClado Cetartiodactyla
Artiodactyla
Subordens Infraordens Famílias N° de espéciesTylopoda Camelidae 6
Suina Suidae 19Tayassuidae 4
Cetruminantia Cetancodonta Hippopotamidae 2Tragulina Tragulidae 6Pecora Antilocapridae 1
Giraffidae 2Moschidae 7Cervidae 49Bovidae 135
N° PAR de dedos
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Tylopoda - CamelidaeVicugna vicugna
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Suina - TayassuidaePecari tajacu
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Cetruminantia - Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus amphibius
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Cetruminantia - Bovidae Oreamnos americanus
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Cetruminantia - Giraffidae
Okapia johnstoni
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Cetruminantia - Cervidae Alces alces
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Eutheria BoreoeutheriaGrupos Euarchontoglires (Supraprimates) + Laurasiatheria =
Clado Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
ScandentiaDermopteraPrimatesLagomorphaRodentia
Glires
ErinaceomorphaSoricomorpha
CetaceaArtiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
PholidotaCarnivora
Ferae
Zooamata
Pegasoferae
Cetartiodactyla
Ferungulata
Euarchonta
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LaurasiatheriaClado Pegasoferae
Chiroptera2 subordens: Megachiroptera e Microchiroptera
1 + 18 famílias>986 espécies
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Laurasiatheria PerissodactylaLaurasiatheriaClado Pegasoferae
Subordens Famílias N° de espéciesHippomorpha Equidae 7
Ceratomorpha Tapiridae 4Rhinocerotidae 5
N° ímpar de dígitos
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Hippomorpha - Equidae
Equus ferus
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Ceratomorpha - TapiridaeTapirus pinchaque
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Ceratomorpha - Rhinocerotidae
Rhinoceros unicornis
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Laurasiatheria Pholidota1 família1 Gênero8 espécies
LaurasiatheriaClado Pegasoferae
Manis crassicaudata
Grupo “Edendata”
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LaurasiatheriaCarnivora
LaurasiatheriaClado Pegasoferae
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Laurasiatheria CarnivoraLaurasiatheriaClado Pegasoferae
Subordem Superfamília Família N° spp (gêneros)Feliformia Nandiniidae 1
Viverridae 35 (15)Feloidea Felidae 40 (14)
Prinonodontidae 2 (1)Herpestoidea Hyenidae 4 (3)
Eupleridae 8 (7)Herpestidae 33 (14)
Caniformia Canidae 37 (10)Ursoidea Ursidae 8 (5)Musteloidea Ailuridae 1
Mephitidae 10 (4)Mustelidae 55 (24)Procyonidae 19 (6)
Pinnipedia Odobenidae 1Otariidae 14 (7)Phocidae 19 (9)
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Viverridae1. Paradoxurus
hermaphroditus2. Genetta genetta3. Paguma larvata 4. Arctictis binturong
1 2
34
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Feloidea - FelidaePanthera leo
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Herpestoidea - Hyenidae
1. Crocuta crocuta2. Hyaena brunnea3. Hyaena hyaena4. Proteles cristata
1 2
34
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Herpestoidea - HerpestidaeSuricatta suricatta
Outro exemplo: Mangusto
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Canidae – Tribo VulpiniVulpes lagopus
2 tribos: Canini e Vulpini
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Ursoidea - UrsidaeUrsus arctous
Subfamílias:Ailuropodinae (Panda-gigante)
Tremarctinae (Urso –sul-americano)Ursinae (demais ursos)
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Musteloidea – Procyonidae e Ailuridae
Procyonidae - Nasua nasua
Ailuridae - Ailurus fulgens
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Musteloidea - Mustelidae
Lutrinae – Pteronura brasiliensis
2 subfamílias:Mustelinae e Lutrinae
Mustelinae – Gulo gulo
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MusteloideaMephitidaeMephitis sp
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Pinnipedia – OdobenidaeOdobenus rosmarus
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Pinnipedia – Otariidae2 subfamílias: Arctocephalus e Otariinae
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Pinnipedia – Phocidae
Hydrurga leptonyx
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Eutheria Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
ScandentiaDermopteraPrimatesLagomorphaRodentia
Glires
ErinaceomorphaSoricomorpha
CetaceaArtiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
PholidotaCarnivora
Ferae
Zooamata
Pegasoferae
Cetartiodactyla
Ferungulata
Euarchonta
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Eutheria Boreoeutheria
Boreoeutheria
Euarchontoglires
Laurasiatheria
ScandentiaDermopteraPrimatesLagomorphaRodentia
Glires
ErinaceomorphaSoricomorpha
CetaceaArtiodactyla
Perissodactyla
Chiroptera
PholidotaCarnivora
Ferae
Zooamata
Pegasoferae
Cetartiodactyla
Ferungulata
Euarchonta
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Euarchontoglires Lagomorpha 2 (3?) famílias69 espécies
• 4 incisivos superiores• Herbívoros
Oryctolagus cuniculusOchotona princeps
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Euarchontoglires Rodentia 29 famílias >1814 espécies5 Subordens:
AnomaluromorphaCastorimorphaHystricomorphaMyomorphaSciuromorpha
Castor canadensis
Hystrix cristata
Sciurimorpha- Glaucomys sabrinus
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Euarchontoglires Scandentia2 famílias16 espécies
Anathana ellioti
Região Oriental
Tupaia belangeri
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Euarchontoglires Dermoptera1 família2 espécies
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Euarchontoglires PrimatesSubordem Infraordem Família N°sppStrepsirrhini Lemuriformes Cheirogaleidae 31
Daubentoniidae 1Lemuridae 22Lepilemuridae 26Indriidae 19
Lorisiformes Lorisidae 10Galagidae 20
Haplorhini Tarsiiformes Tarsiidae 10Simiiformes Callitrichidae 42
Cebidae 17Aotidae 10Pitheciidae 42Atelidae 28Cercopithecidae 135Hylobatidae 17Hominidae 7
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Euarchontoglires PrimatesSubordem Infraordem Família N°sppStrepsirrhini Lemuriformes Cheirogaleidae 31
Daubentoniidae 1Lemuridae 22Lepilemuridae 26Indriidae 19
Lorisiformes Lorisidae 10Galagidae 20
Haplorhini Tarsiiformes Tarsiidae 10Simiiformes Callitrichidae 42
Cebidae 17Aotidae 10Pitheciidae 42Atelidae 28Cercopithecidae 135Hylobatidae 17Hominidae 7
Novo Mundo
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Euarchonto Primates
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
PlesiadapisAmérica do Norte + Europa
† Plesiadapiformes
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Eutheria Primatas
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
NotharctusAmérica do Norte + Europa
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Eutheria Primatas
Purves 1995
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Eutheria PrimatasSimiiformes
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Eutheria Primatas - Platyrrhini
Gêneros Callitrichidae
Famílias
Cebidae
Aotidae
Pithecidae
Atelidae
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Eutheria Primatas - Catarrhini
Famílias
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Eutheria Primatas
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
ProconsulÁfrica – Quênia e Uganda
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Eutheria Primatas - Hominidae
Homo sapiens
Homo erectus
Homo ergaster
Homo rudolfensis
Homo habilis
CENOZÓICO
PALEOCENO PLEISTOCENOPLIOCENOMIOCENOOLIGOCENOEOCENO HOLOCENO
Gibão
GorilaChimpanzé
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Evolução Primatas - Homininae
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CARACTERÍSTICAS MORFOFUNCIONAIS
Mammalia
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Conteúdo• Alimentação• Tegumento• Locomoção– Terrestre– Arbórea– Aquática– Aérea
• Reprodução– Monotremata– Marsupiais– Placentários
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Alimentação Dentição
a) Onívoro – Homo sapiensb) Herbívoro – Dama dama (cervo)c) Roedor – Castor canadensisd) Carnívoro – Canis latrans
Padrão Dentição
Humano Castor
incisivos
caninos
pré-molares
molares
incisivos
caninos
pré-molares
molares
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Alimentação Dentição
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Alimentação Trato digestório
Aparato de fermentação no intestino
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Alimentação Trato digestório
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Tegumento Glândulas
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Glândulas de odor gls.sebáceas ou apócrinas
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TegumentoGarras
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Tegumento Cornos
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Tegumento Cornos
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Tegumento Chifres
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PRIMAVERA VERÃO
OUTONOINVERNO
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Tegumento Chifres
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Locomoção Terrestre
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Locomoção Arbórea
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Locomoção Aquática
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Locomoção Aérea
Corynorhinus townsendii
patágio
Membros posteriores atrofiados
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Reprodução Monotremata
ovos
Glândulas mamárias dispersas
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Reprodução Marsupiais
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Reprodução
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Reprodução Placentários - Eutérios
precoce
altricial
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Heterocephalus glaber Vivem em colônia. Uma Única Reprodutora
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ECOLOGIAMammalia
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Tamanho do corpo e Dieta
Todos os grupos apresentam retas com inclinações maiores que 1,0, as quais indicam um aumento desproporcional (isto é, alometria) entre o tamanho da área domiciliar em relação ao aumento do tamanho corpóreo. As taxas metabólicas aumentam com uma inclinação ao redor de 0,75: deste modo, tamanho da área domiciliar aumenta mais rapidamente do que os requisitos alimentares.
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Sociabilidade
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CONSERVAÇÃOMammalia
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Rhinoceros sondaicus 20 indivíduos (2006)