vertebrata lgkp
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 1/25
VertebratesChapter 35
![Page 2: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 2/25
2
Chordates (phylum Chordata)
-Nearest relatives are echinoderms (the
only other deuterostomes)
![Page 3: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 3/25
3
The Chordates
Four features characterize chordates
1. Nerve cord
2. Notochord
3. Pharyngeal slits
4. Postanal tail
![Page 4: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 4/25
4
The Nonvertebrate Chordates
Phylum chordata can be divided into three
subphyla
1. Urochordata
2. Hemichordata
3. Cephalochordata
4. Vertebrata
Nonvertebrates
![Page 5: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 5/25
5
Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates are marine animals
-Larvae are tadpolelike and have notochord and
nerve cord
-Adults Are immobile filter-feeders
-Many secrete a tunic (cellulose sac) that
surrounds the animal
![Page 6: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 6/25
6
Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets are scaleless chordates
-Notochord persists throughout animal’s life
-Have no dist ingu ishable head -Feed on plankton
using cilia-
generated currents
-Closest relatives
to vertebrates
![Page 7: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 7/25
7
Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates: chordates with a spinal column
-Distinguished from nonvertebrates by
1. Vertebral column – Encloses andprotects the dorsal nerve cord
2. Head – Distinct and well-differentiated
possessing sensory organs
![Page 8: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 8/25
8
Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates also have
-Neural crest – A unique group of embryonic
cells that forms many vertebrate structures
-Internal organs – Liver, kidneys, endocrine
glands, heart and closed circulatory system
-Endoskeleton – Made of cartilage or bone-Makes possible great size and
extraordinary movement
![Page 9: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 9/25
9
FishesTHE FIRST VERTEBRATES appeared in the
oceans about half a billion years ago
1. Vertebral column
2. Jaws and paired appendages
3. Internal gills
4. Single-loop blood circulation
5. Nutritional deficiencies
![Page 10: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 10/25
10
History of the Fishes
The FIRST FISHES had mouths with NO
JAWS
Extant (still living) as HAGFISH (class Myxini)
and as
LAMPREYS (class Cephalaspidomorphi)
![Page 11: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 11/25
11
Emergence of JAWS
Skull
Gill slit
Anterior gill arch
Jaws evolved from the anterior
gill arches that were made of cartilage
Spiny fishes (Acanthodii)
-Smaller fishes that dominated early on
Armored fishes (Placodermi)
-Larger fishes that dominated late
![Page 12: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 12/25
12
Early fishes were replaced by
sharks and bony fishes Had improved jaws
Sharks (Class Chondrichthyes) became the
dominant sea predators
Among the first vertebrates to develop teeth
-Evolved from rough scales on mouth’s skin
![Page 13: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 13/25
13
History of the Fishes
Bony fishes evolved at the same time assharks about 400 MYA
-However, they adopted a heavy internal
skeleton m ade completely of bone
Bony Fishes (and sharks) have a lateral line
system Sensory organs under the skin thatdetects changes in pressure waves
B Fi h Ad t ti
![Page 14: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 14/25
14
Bony Fish AdaptationsSwim bladder (NOT SEEN IN SHARKS so they sink)
-A gas-filled sac that allows bony fishes to regulate
their buoyant density
-Gas addition = Gas gland
-Gas release = Oval body
Gill cover-A hard plate, the
operculum, covers gills
-Its flexing permits
water pumps over gills
without fish swimming
T M j G f B Fi h
![Page 15: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 15/25
15
Two Major Groups of Bony Fishes
Ray-finned fishes
(class Actinopterygii)
-Parallel bony rays support & stiffen
each fin-There are no muscles in the fins
Lobe-finned fishes(class Sarcopterygii)
-Have paired fins that consist of a
long fleshy muscular lobe
Amphibians e ol ed
![Page 16: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 16/25
16
Amphibians evolved
from lobe-finned fish
Ichthyostega was one of the first
amphibians
-Efficient limbs for land crawling
-Improved olfactory and auditory
structures
![Page 17: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 17/25
17
Amphibians (class Amphibia)
are damp-skinned vertebrates
Successful INVASION OF LAND by vertebratesrequired several adaptations
1. Legs to support body’s weight
2. Lungs to extract oxygen from air
supplemented by skin
3. Redesigned heart (Partially divided) to drivelarger muscles
4. Reproduction in H2O to prevent egg drying
5. Pulmonary veins
M d A hibi
![Page 18: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 18/25
18
Modern Amphibians
Descended from three Orders of the Tertiary
period (65-2 MYA)
- Anura (“without tail”)--frogs and toads
-Caudata/urodela (“visible tail”)--salamanders
- Apoda (“without legs”)--caecilians
![Page 19: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 19/25
19
Reptiles (Class Reptilia)
All living reptiles exhibit three key features
1. Amniotic eggs, which are watertight 2. Dry skin, which covers body and
prevents water loss
3. Thoracic breathing, which increaseslung capacity
![Page 20: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 20/25
20
ReptilesReptiles, birds and mammals are AMNIOTES
The AMNIOTIC EGG has four membranes
-Chorion –
Allows O2 entry
-Amnion –
Fluid-filled cavity
- Yolk sac –
Provides food-Allantois –
Excretes wastes
![Page 21: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 21/25
M d R til
![Page 22: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 22/25
22
Modern Reptiles
Modern reptiles developed two important
characteristics:
1. Internal fertilization:
Sperm fertilizes egg
before protective
membranes are formed
2. Improved circulation:Oxygen is provided to
the body more efficiently
Bi d ( l A )
![Page 23: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 23/25
23
Birds (class Aves)Birds still retain many reptilian traits
-Amniotic eggs and scales on legsTwo major traits distinguish them
1. Feathers
-Provide lift for flight and conserve heat2. Flight skeleton
-Bones are thin and hollow
-Many are fused (collarbone and keeled breastbone
![Page 24: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 24/25
24
Birds evolved from theropod
dinosaurs
![Page 25: VERTEBRATA lgkp](https://reader031.vdocuments.pub/reader031/viewer/2022021318/577ccfdc1a28ab9e7890c7de/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
8/12/2019 VERTEBRATA lgkp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/vertebrata-lgkp 25/25
25
Mammals (class Mammalia)
Mammals differ from other vertebrates in
TWO FUNDAMENTAL TRAITS:
1. Hair
-Long, keratin-rich filaments that extend
from hair follicles
-Insulation, camouflage, sensory structure
2. Mammary glands
-Females possess mammary glands that secrete
milk