vertebrates ppt
TRANSCRIPT
VERTEBRATES
Passer domesticus. House sparrow. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat animal, UB.
THE SUBPHYLUM OF VERTEBRATES FINS AS
EXTREMITIES
LEGS WITH FIVE FINGERS
Fishes (is not a taxon)
CHARACTERISTICS OF VERTEBRATES
• Vertebral column: it protects spinal cord.
• Circulatory system
• Skin or tegument: Scales: fish, reptiles
Naked: amphibians
Feathers: birds
Hair: mammals
• Basic shape:
Brava: a whale that was found in Llançà.
CO2 Oxigen
The Three Vital functions: 1.NUTRITION
Food
Process
Nutrients Cells Oxigen
Energy CO2 (as a waste)
Wastes
Lungs and gills
2. INTERACTION and RESPONSE TO STIMULI
• Thanks to the coordination between the nervous system and the muskuloeskeletal system (muscular system+skeletal sysem).
• Sensory organs that capture stimuli.
3. THE ROLE OF REPRODUCTION
• Sexual reproduction: the reproductive system.
• Types of fertilization:
– External fertilization: gametes released in the water.
– Internal fertilization: male gametes introduced in the female’s body.
• Types of reproduction:
– Viviparous: development of the embryo inside the body of the mother.
– Oviparous: development of the embryo inside an egg.
– Ovoviviparous: the egg is hatched inside the female’s body.
Classification of vertebrates: fish (group)
Lopihus piscatorius. Angler. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat Animal, UB.
Fish respiration: gills
Water Exits Through opened Operculum (gill cover in Osteichthyes)
Filaments
Gill
Water Enters through openedmouth
Gill rakers
Gill arch
SEM Photograph of salmonid gill
Circulatory system of fish
Why are gills red?
gills
ventricle Atrium
organs
Heart
How is the circulatory system? 1. closed
2. simple blood circulation 3. incomplete
Adaptations to the aquatic life:
1. Skin of fish: with scales.
2. Hydrodynamic body shape
Adaptation to the aquatic life: 3.extremities of fish (fins)
An anal fin
Two pelvic fins (forelimbs)
Two pectoral fins (hindlimbs)
A caudal fin
A dorsal fin
Salmo trutta. Trout. (salmó) C.R.B.A., UB. Class Osteichtyes
Blue shark Class Condrichthyes
PLACOID SCALES
DERMIC SCALES
Adaptations to aquatic life:
4.Gas bladder (inside the fish)
5.Lateral line
Fish classification: 1. Agnathans
Lampreys: male (left) and female (right). Sexual reproduction, external fertilization
The only parasitic vertebrates Lamprey: oval mouth (1cm) with small teeth and a sucker
Branchial cleft
gills
Fish classification: 2. Osteichtyes
Main characteristics: 1. Skin covered with dermic scales. 2. Osseous skeleton 3. Operculum: a hard flap that covers the gills 4.Usually have a lateral line and a gas bladder 5.Reproduction through external fertilization Examples: many fish we eat: salmon trout, sardines, hakes, sturgeons, swordfish, angler... Egg of a fish (24 hours)
Fish classification 3: Condrichtyes
Main characteristics: 1. Skin covered with placoid scales. 2. Cartilaginous skeleton. 3. Powerful musculature. 4. Branchial clefts: various openings on each side of the head through which the gills come out. 5. They don’t have a gas bladder. 6. Reproduction through internal fertilization. 7. Some of them are great marine predators. Examples: sharks, rays...
Branchial clefts (5-7)
Cartilaginous skeleton of a shark. Biodidac.
Lateral line of a shark
Salamandra salamandra. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat Animal, UB.
Amphibians: Anurans and Urodelans
Alytes obstetricans. Toad. CRBA, UB. Hyla meridionalis. Frog. CRBA, UB.
Triturus marmoratus .Newt. CRBA, UB. Salamandra salamandra. CRBA, UB.
Anurans means
without tail
Urodelans means
with tail
Common parts of amphibians: head
Split projectable tongue tympani
Nostrils (breathe and smell)
Lower eyelid (mobile)
Bufo bufo. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Biodiversitat Animal, UB.
Common parts of amphibians: trunk
Calotriton arnoldi. Newt. Tritó del Montseny CRBA, UB.
Forelimbs or front extremities with 4 fingers Hindlimbs or hind extremities with 5 fingers Sometimes the hindlimbs have Interdigital membranes: to swim!
Common characteristics of class Amphibians
• Amphibian skin: – Naked (it means without scales, without feathers, without hair)
– With glands that secrete substances: • To keep the skin moist, to avoid dehydration and to
make skin respiration (exchange of gases) possible .
• Sometimes also secrete toxins (toads, salamanders...)
• Amphibian respiration: – Adult frogs: Lungs + skin.
– Aquatic larvae (tadpoles): gills.
• Amphibian blood circulation: – Double but incomplete
heart with only one ventricle
Amphibian reproductive cycle (Frog)
Development of the embryo is overand aquatic larvaes (tadpoles) are born.
External fertilization: Gametes released in the water.
Tadpoles (aquatic larvae): Tail, Breath through gills, no extremities,
Tadpoles undergo metamorphosis
Metamorphosis: Extremities appear tail disappears Lungs are formed Gills disappear
The adult frog can leave the water
Fertilized egg fixed to other eggs thanks to mucous substances
Development of the embryo (2-3 months in the water)
http://www.flickr.com/groups/bbcspri
ngwatch/pool/map?mode=group
Click on: Search the map Search: BBCSpringwatch (official) Search for: Bufo bufo Tadpoles Lissotriton helveticus Podarcis muralis Lacerta bilineata http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdidentifier/
Disassociation from the aquatic habitat or adaptation to the land environment 1/ Skin
Casa Batlló. Camp d’Aprenentatge de la ciutat de Barcelona. Consorci d’Educació de Barcelona.
Disassociation from the aquatic habitat: 2/ eggs against dehydratation
Internal Fertilization. Egg shell+ different membranes Amniotic egg (like birds, different from those of amphibians or fish)
Amnion
Corion
Yolk White Yolk
Air cell
Egg Shell (coriaceus, Porous)
Allantois Embryo
Viteline layer
Reptyle morphology
TRUNK HEAD
Head: 2 nostrils, 2 eyes, 2 eyelids. Mouth with teeth (snakes) or a sort of beak. Trunk: supports the extremities (5 fingers). Aquatic turtles: interdigital membranes Tail: it extends past the excretory orifice or cloaca.
Tarentola mauritanica. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.
Reptiles’ classification: Saurians
Tarentola mauritanica. Dragon. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.
Reptiles’ classification: Ophidians
Vipera aspis. Viper. Escurçó.Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.
Reptiles’ classification: Chelonians
Land turtle. From Biodidac.
Reptiles’ classification: Crocodilians
• Oviparous
• But some ovoviviparous (egg laid when hatching) and viviparous. (snakes)
• Internal fertilization: specific mating rituals.
Reptile reproduction
Circulatory system of reptiles
Double: two atria and one ventricle (except crocodiles) Incomplete: 1 ventricle so the blood is mixed
Buteo buteo. Eagle (aligot comú) C.R.B.A, UB Otus Scops. Owl. (xot) C.R.B.A,UB.
http://www.rspb.org.uk/wildlife/birdguide/name/r/robin/index.aspx
Erithacus rubecula. Robin. Pit-roig. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.
Class Birds General facts: • Homeothermic animals: so they can live in very cold habitats. • Amniotic eggs: the embryo developes inside a cavity full of
water. These eggs are also resistant to dehydratation.
• Amniotic Egg Gallus gallus. Chick of a cock. (pollet de gall negre)
• Skin covered with feathers. Birds evolve from feathered dinosaurs.
Turdus merula. Blackbird. Merla. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.
Bird morphology
Head: Jaw covered by a beak. The beak has blowholes They don’t have teeth
Trunk: The trunk supports WINGS LEGS: 4 fingers each Forelimbs for flying: eagle Also non-flying species: cock, peacock
Hindlimbs for walking: pigeons Hindlimbs for swimming: seagulls Hindlimbs for standing: flamingo
Tail: Short tail. It supports the rectrix feathers
Fingers covered with reptilian scales
Fingers covered with reptilian scales
Hindlimbs of a Seagull.
Bird flight adaptation
1. LITTLE WEIGHT: Their bones are light
Semi empty bones
2. STRONG PECTORAL MUSCULATURE: Muscles need a great amount of oxygen: High efficiency Respiratory System A heart that beats very fast
3. AERODYNAMIC SHAPE:
Frontal view
Lateral view
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF BIRDS
Air sacks
LUNGS
The air sacks are Connected to the lungs And to the empty bones
MAIN AIR SACS FUNCTIONS: 1. Help decreasing weight 2. Improve lungs work 3. Help regulating temperature
Skin covered by Feathers
Rectix Feathers (on tail)
1. Set the direction of flight 2. Help Keeping balance
Remix Feathers (body)
Down Feathers (abdominal region) 1. Insulate against cold and water
Birds´ Nutrition and Reproduction: • Birds diet:
– Hunters
– Fruit
– Scavengers
Birds digestive system:
-Crop
-Gizzard
Birds Reproductory System: Males attract females: sing, dance
Internal fertilization: via cloaca
Oviparous, incubation period
Chics are nidifugous: hatch and go
Vertebrates circulatory systems:
. Number of atria (they receive blood)
One: Simple circulation
Two: Double circulation: 2 atria enable a body circuit And a pulmonary circuit.
Number of ventricles (they pump blood)
One: Incomplete circulation
Two: Complete circulation (no mixing of the blood of the Different circuits)
Meles meles. Badger. Teixó. Banc d’imatges del Centre de Recursos de Diversitat Animal, UB.
Class Mammals: They nurse their babies with milk. Internal Fertilization. Viviparous (two exceptions) Homeothermic: they can regulate their body temperature so they can live in cold places Skin covered with hair (insulation against cold weather, protects the skin)
Mammals morphology Head: Sensory organs: Moveable ears exclusive to mammals Eyes, eyelids, mouth with teeth and lips
Trunk Four extremities with 5 digits each. Extremities adapted to the habitat Excretory orifice or anus at the end
Tail: Not always present Wales use it for swimming Dogs use it for equilibrium Monkeys use it for hanging
Circulatory system of Mammals
Classification of Mammals • 1. Marsupials (like Koala bears and Kangaroos)
– Pouch: protective sac where they carry on development.
– Really small and without hair when they are born
• 2. Monotremes – Oviparous mammals: they lay amniotic eggs.
– Only in Australia: echidnas and platypus
• 3.Placental mammals – Placenta helps the embryo to develope inside the
females´ body. (provides nutrients, oxigen, retains waste products...)
– They can live most places on earth: pole, desert...
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