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  • Vesna Vuliã, prof., predavaè

    e-mail: [email protected]

    Požega, listopad 2009

  • Autor: Vesna Vuliã, prof.

    Naslov publikacije: BUSINESS ENGLISH WORKBOOK: ACCOUNTING AND COMMERCE II.

    Izdanje: 1. Internetsko izdanje

    Format domunemta: PDF dokument

    Skriptu odobrio: Povjerenstvo za izdavaèku djelatnost Veleuèilišta U Požegi

    Nakladnik: Veleuèilište u Požegi

    Struèna recenzija: Ljerka Radoš, prof. mr.sc. Ljerka Sedlan-König

    URL: http://www.vup.hr/skriptarnica

    Datum objavljivanja na mreži: 05.10.2009.god.

    ISBN: 978-953-7744-00-7

    Napomena: Priruènik

  • Introduction

    This workbook is intended for first year students of

    Accounting and Commerce who are studying and preparing for a

    career in business.

    The first part of each unit gives practice in the topic-based The first part of each unit gives practice in the topic-based

    vocabulary that comes in useful in a wide range of situations. Most

    exercises have a key so that you can check your answers.

    There is a variety of stimulating activities such as answering

    quiz questions and completing charts.

    Additional reading within the units will point you in the

    direction of explanations of related areas of vocabulary or

    grammar covered by the curriculum of the course English Language II.

  • The texts offer additional information about a number of topics covered in each unit.

    Each grammar section begins with an Entry Test. If you have difficulties with the tests, there is an overview that provides a summary of the grammar, which may help you to complete the additional of the grammar, which may help you to complete the additional exercises.

    You don‘t need to work your way through every exercise in this workbook. Instead, we recommend that you concentrate on the areas where you feel you need more practice.

    I hope you enjoy using this workbook and find it helpful in improving your English.

    Good luck in the exam!Vesna Vulić,B.A.

  • Contents

    2 UNIT 5 MONEY

    11 Language Reference

    Market Idioms

    17 Describing Charts and Graphs17 Describing Charts and Graphs

    22 Money Idioms

    33 Additional Reading

    Vocabulary

    41 Money-buying,selling and paying

    59 Additional Reading

    Test Your Grammar

    Verbs

  • 79 Language Reference

    Numbers

    105 UNIT 6 ADVERTISING105 UNIT 6 ADVERTISING

    118 Additional Reading

    Vocabulary

    Advertising

    124 Test Your Vocabulary

    131 Additional Reading

    Test Your Grammar

    Articles

  • 155 UNIT 7 CULTURES

    177 Additional Reading

    Test Your VocabularyTest Your Vocabulary

    Cultures

    196 Additional Reading

    Test your Grammar

    Modal Verbs

  • 218 UNIT 8 EMPLOYMENT

    223 Additional Reading

    Vocabulary

    Employment

    230 Test Your Vocabulary230 Test Your Vocabulary

    Recruitment and Selection

    233 Language Reference

    Indirect Questions and Statements

    238 Additional Reading

    Test Your Grammar

    Reported Speech

  • 260 UNIT 9 TRADE

    269 Additional Reading

    VocabularyVocabulary

    Trade

    275 Additional Reading

    Test Your Grammar

    Conditional Sentences

  • MARKET LEADER

    UNIT 5-9

  • UNIT 5

    MONEYMONEY

  • QUOTES ON MONEY

    When money speaks, the truth keeps silent.- Russian Proverb

    � Money never made a man happy yet, nor will it. There is nothing in its nature to produce happiness. The more a man has, the more he wants. Instead of its filling a vacuum, it makes one.one.- Ben Franklin

    � He who knows how to be poor knows everything.- Michelet

    � Rich or poor, it's good to have money.- Sid Lance

    � In God we trust, all others must pay cash. -American Saying

  • A penny saved is a penny earned.-Ben Franklin

    I‘d like to live as a poor man with lots of money.-Pablo Picasso-Pablo Picasso

    With money in your pocket, you are wise and you are handsome and you sing well, too.-Yiddish Proverb

    Money is the wise man‘s religion.-Euripides

  • Where do people put their money?

    - in their wallet or handbag

    - in a piggy-bank

    - on deposit in a bank- on deposit in a bank

  • VocabularyFinancial terms

    � gross margin - bruto marža

    � recession - recesija

    � shares - dionice

    � debt - dug

    stock market - burza dionica� stock market - burza dionica

    � earnings per share - zarada po dionici

    � bankruptcy - stečaj

    � pre-tax profits - dobit prije oporezivanja

    � revenues – prihodi

    � entrepreneur – poduzetnik

    � venture capitalist –poduzetnik-ulagač (financijer poslovnih pothvata)

  • Article 1

    � turnaround - preokret

    � housing market - tržište nekretnina

    � tax refund – povrat poreza

    � bn – abbr (only used in written English) = a billion� bn – abbr (only used in written English) = a billion

    � billion = 1 000 000 000; one thousand million - milijarda

    � Merchandise - roba

  • Article 2

    � quarterly - kvartalni

    � gain - zarada, dobit, profit

    � credit card business – kartično poslovanje

    � offset – ublažavati, izravnati, kompenzirati� offset – ublažavati, izravnati, kompenzirati

    � upmarket – ekskluzivan, u gornjem cjenovnom razredu

    � soar – naglo, brzo rasti

    � ailing – biti u problemima

    � growth in credit revenues - porast prihoda od prodaje na kredit

    � plummet – naglo opadati

  • E: Word partnerships

    1 consumer spending

    2 tax refunds2 tax refunds

    3 international division

    4 quarterly earnings

    5 price pressure

  • F:Word partnerships and their definitions

    1 consumer spending

    2 tax refunds2 tax refunds

    3 quarterly earnings

    4 international division

    5 price pressure

  • Language Reference

    Market IdiomsMarket Idioms

  • Lots of different expressions are used to describe price changes in financial markets. These are the most common ones.

    Small or slow upward movement

    Verbsto advanceto firmto be firmto be firmer

    to gainto be a little

    strongerto be a slightly to be firmer to be a slightly

    stronger

    Large upward movement

    Verbs Nounsto jump to soarto leap to strengthento rocket to surgeto shoot up to skyrocketto take off

    a jumpa leap

  • Upward movement following previous downward movement

    Verbs Nounsto stage a comebackto reboundto recoverto reviveto rally

    a comebacka rallya rebounda recovery

    to rally

    Small or slow downward movement

    Verbs Nounsto dip to lower a declineto decline to slide a slideto drift down to easeto weakento slip or slip backto be or come under pressure

  • Large downward movement

    Verbs Nouns

    to crash to dive to dropto sink to skid to slumpto plummet to fall shraplyto go southto go or fall through the floorto plunge or take a plunge

    a crasha divea drop

    to plunge or take a plungeto suffer a drop or a setbackto take a beating or a knockto tumble or take a tumble

    No change

    Verbs Nounsto be or remain steady or stable to be or

    remain unchanged

  • Describing trends

    A1 decline, decrease, fall, drop

    2 double

    3 fluctuate

    4 gain, improve, increase, rise4 gain, improve, increase, rise

    5 halve

    6 level off

    7 peak

    8 plummet

    9 recover

    10 rocket, jump

    11 triple

  • B

    1 a decline 10 an increase

    2 a doubling 11 a levelling off

    3 a decrease 12 a peak3 a decrease 12 a peak

    4 a gain 13 a tripling

    5 a fall 14 a rise

    6 a fluctuation 15 a plummet

    7 a drop 16 a recovery

    8 a halving 17 a jump

    9 an improvement

  • Describing

    charts and

    graphs

  • Increase and decrease

    Upward movement

    Verbs Nouns

    to rise to increaseto grow to climbto improve* to get better**(only for positive situations)

    a rise an increasea growth an improvement**(only for positive situations)

    Downward movementDownward movement

    Verbs Nouns

    to fall to declineto decrease to dropto deteriorate* to get worse**(only for negative situations)

    a fall a declinea decrease a dropa deterioration**(only for negative situations)

  • Rate of changeAdjectives and adverbs can describe both the quantity and the

    speed of a change.

    Large changes Fast changes Regular changes

    considerable - considerablydramatic – dramaticallysharp – sharplysignificant – significantly

    abrupt – abruptlyquick – quicklyrapid – rapidlysudden – suddenly

    gradual - graduallysteady – steadily

    significant – significantlysubstantial – substantially

    sudden – suddenly

    Small changes Slow changes

    moderate – moderatelyslight – slightly

    slow - slowly

  • High points, low points, and staying the same

    To reach the highest point and then go down

    To reach the lowest point and then rise

    to peakto top outto reach a peak

    to hit bottomto bottom outto reach a low pointto reach a peak

    to reach a maximumto reach a low point

    To stay at the same level on the graph or chart

    To go up and down continuously

    to remain stableto stabilizeto remain constantto level off

    to fluctuate

  • D

    Sales rose to around seven million this year compared to four point seven five million last year.

    Sales jumped to seven million this year.

    Sales rose in the first three months, but plummeted in April.

    There was a tripling of sales in May compared to April.

  • Money Idioms

    ■ at all costs

    Meaning: at any expense of time, effort or money

    ■ back on your feet■ back on your feet

    Meaming: return to good financial health ■ born with a silver spoon in your mouth

    Meaning: born rich■ bottom dollar

    Meaning: your last dollar■ bring home the bacon

    Meaning: earn the family living

  • ■ burn a hole in your pocket

    Meaning: money that one wishes or intends to spendquickly (often for something frivolous)

    ■ chicken feed■ chicken feed

    Meaning: a small amount of money■ cook the books

    Meaning: illegally change information in accounting books in a company

    ■ dime a dozen

    Meaning: easy to get and therefore of little value

  • ■ down and out

    Meaning: have no money

    ■ Dutch treat■ Dutch treat

    Meaning: something where each person pays their own share

    ■ fast buck

    Meaning: money earned quickly and easily (and sometimes

    dishonestly)

    ■ flat broke

    Meaning: having no money,penniless

  • ■ for love of money (usually negative)

    Meaning: for anything, for any price

    ■ go broke■ go broke

    Meaning: lose all your money, have no money

    ■ hard up

    Meaning: not have much money

    ■ have sticky fingers

    Meaning: be a thief

    ■ highway robbery

    Meaning: charge a high price for something

  • ■ hit the jackpot

    Meaning: make a lot of money suddenly

    ■ in the black■ in the black

    Meaning: profitable,making money

    ■ in the red

    Meaning: unprofitable,losing money

    ■ loaded

    Meaning: have lots of money

    ■ make a killing

    Meaning: make a large amount of money

  • ■ make ends meet

    Meaning: have enough money to pay your bills

    ■ money to burn■ money to burn

    Meaning: very much money,more money than is needed

    ■ nest egg

    Meaning: money someone has saved up

    ■ on a shoestring

    Meaning: with little money to spend, on a very low budget

  • ■ on the house

    Meaning: paid by the owner

    ■ pay an arm and a leg for something■ pay an arm and a leg for something

    Meaning: pay a high price for something

    ■ pay through the nose

    Meaning: pay at a very high price, pay too much

    ■ pinch pennies

    Meaning: be careful with money, be thrifty

  • ■ quick buck

    Meaning: money earned quickly and easily (and sometimes

    dishonestly)dishonestly)

    ■ salt away

    Meaning: save money

    ■ stone broke

    Meaning: having no money, penniless

    ■ tighten one‘s belt

    Meaning: live on less money than usual

  • What do the idioms mean?Idioms are a feature of business language, but many can seem a bit

    strange. Read these sentences and decide which explanation best fits the idiom used.

    1 I footed the bill for the repairs.

    a) I paid the bill.

    b) I rejected the bill.

    2 We got our fingers burnt with that deal.2 We got our fingers burnt with that deal.

    a) We made a lot of money.

    b) We lost a lot of money.

    3 The business went belly up.

    a) It made a quick profit.

    b) It went bankrupt.

  • 4 He asked for a show of hands.

    a) He asked for a vote.

    b) He asked for applause.

    5 Management consultants are all the rage.

    a) Consultants are angry.

    b) Consultants are fashionable.

  • ����

    1 a

    2 b2 b

    3 b

    4 a

    5 b

  • ADDITIONAL READING

    Vocabulary

    Business and Money

  • Match each sentence (a-i) with a sentence from (1-9)which has a similar meaning.

    a) We have to haggle. __5_b) We have a nice little nest-egg. ___c) We spend a lot. ___d) We are in debt. ____e) We don’t waste money. ___f) We are paid on commission. ___f) We are paid on commission. ___g) We want a rise. ___h) We lend money. ___i) We earn a lot. ___

  • 1 We have a high expenditure.2 We are very thrifty.3 We let people borrow from us.

    4 We earn according to what we sell.4 We earn according to what we sell.5 We argue about the price.6 We have a high income.7 We need higher wages.8 We owe money.9 We have some savings.

  • ����

    a) 5 b) 9

    c) 1 d) 8

    e) 2 f) 4

    g) 7 h) 3 i) 6

  • Underline the two words that are appropriate in each sentence.

    a) Harry has a good salary. He gains/gets/makes over £20,000 a year.b) Mary was awarded a grant/scholarship/subsidy to study child psychology.c) How much did you give/pay/take for your new car?d) Their house fetched/produced/sold for a lot more than they expected.e) I’m going to the bank to get out/remove/withdraw the money for the rent.f) The manager disappeared with the receipts/takings/wages from the

    concert.g) By the time Kate retired she was a fortunate/prosperous/wealthy

    businesswoman.h) We had a good holiday but it was rather costly/expensive/valuable.i) Unfortunately the old painting I found turned out to be

    priceless/valueless/worthless.j) We would appreciate it if you would close/settle/pay your bill as soon as

    possible.

  • Inappropriate words: ����

    a) gainsb) subsidyc) taked) producede) removef) wagesg) fortunateh) valuablei) pricelessj) close

  • Complete the fixed phrases in each space by choosing a word from the box which collocates with the words in bold.

    credit market redundant value charge fortuneinvestment booming retirement bankrupt

    Have your shares fallen in (1) value and you don’t know what to do? Or have you come into a (2) ___ and don’t know how to invest it? Well, whether you’ve been made (3) ___ or qualified for early (4) ___, whether your you’ve been made (3) ___ or qualified for early (4) ___, whether your bussines is (5) ___ or you’ve just been declared (6) ___, we are the bank for you, the caring bank. We’ve got the account for you and can advise you accordingly. Come over to us and you will be making a wise (7) ___ .We offer some of the most competitive loans and mortgages on the (8) ___. Provided you maintain your account in(9)______,and at minimum level of £500,wewill offer you financial advice completely free of (10) ___, wheneveryou request it. Can’t be bad, can it?

  • ����

    1 value 2 fortune

    3 redundant 4 retirement

    5 booming 6 bankrupt

    7 investment 8 market

    9 credit 10 charge

  • Money Money –– buying, selling buying, selling

    and payingand paying

  • Personal finace

    Sometimes in a shop they ask you :’ How do you want to pay?’

    You can answer :’ Cash. / By cheque. / By credit card.’

    In a bank you usually have a current account, which is one where you

    pay in your salary and then withdraw money to pay your everyday

    bills. The bank sends you a regular bank statement telling you how

    much money has gone in and out of your account. You may also have a

    savings account where you deposit any extra money that you have and

    only take money out when you want to spend it on something special.only take money out when you want to spend it on something special.

    If you spend more than you have in your account you can have an

    overdraft. The bank allows you to spend more and charges you

    interest. If your account is overdrawn (you have taken more out of your

    account than you had in it) you are in the red (as opposed to in

    the black or in credit).

    Sometimes the bank may lend you money – this is called a bank loan.

    If the bank (or building society) lends you money to buy a house, that

    money is called a mortgage.

  • When you buy (or purchase more formally) something in a shop, you

    usually pay for it outright but sometimes you buy on credit. Sometimes

    you may be offered a discount or a reduction on something you buy.

    For example, you might get £10 off perhaps because you are a student.

    You are often offered a discount if you buy in bulk. It is not usual to

    haggle about prices in a British shop, as it is in, say, a Turkish market.

    If you want to return something which you have bought to a shop, you

    may be given a refund, i.e. your money will be returned, provided you

    have a receipt.

    The money that you pay for services, e.g. to a school or a lawyer, is

    usually called a fee or fees; the money paid for a journey is a fare.

    If you buy something that you feel was very good value, it’s a bargain.

    If you feel that it is definitely not worth what you paid for it, then you

    can call it a rip-off (very colloquial).

  • Public finance

    The government collects money from citiziens through taxes.

    Income tax is the tax collected on wages and salaries. Inheritance

    tax is collected on what people inherit from others. Customs or excise

    duties have to be paid on goods imported from other countries.

    VAT or value added tax is a tax paid on most goods and services when

    they are bought or purchased. Companies pay corporation tax on their

    profits. If you pay too much tax, you should be given some money back, a

    tax rebate or a tax refund.

    The government also sometimes pays out money to people in need, e.g.

    unemployment benefit (also known as the dole, informal) disability

    allowances and student loans (money lent to help pay for studying).

    Recipients draw a pension/unemployment benefit or are on the

    dole or on social security.

  • Every country has its own special currency. Every day the rates of

    excange are published and you can discover, for example, how many

    dollars there are currently to the pound sterling.

    A company may sell shares to members of the public who are then said

    to have invested in the company. They should be paid a regular dividendto have invested in the company. They should be paid a regular dividend

    on their investment, depending on the profit or loss made by the

    company.

  • Exercises Match the words with their definitions.

    1 interest 2 mortgage

    3 an overdrawn account 4 savings account3 an overdrawn account 4 savings account

    5 current account 6 pension

    7 disability allowance 8 child benefit

    9 inheritance tax

  • a a bank account with a negative sum of money in it

    b money paid towards the cost of raising a family

    c money paid on what is inherited after someone dies

    d an account that is used mainly for keeping money

    e money paid to people after a certain age

    f an account for day-to-day use

    g money chargeable on a loan

    h money paid to people with a handicap

    i a loan to purchase property

  • ����

    1 g 2 i

    3 a 4 d

    5 f 6 e

    7 h 8 b7 h 8 b

    9 c

  • Draw two bubble networks

    At the centre of one bubble network put PAYING MONEY and at

    the centre of the other put GETTING MONEY.

    Include as many words as possible from this unit.

  • credit card cheque

    bills mortgage

    PAYING MONEY

    ����

    purchase income tax

    inheritance tax customs or excise duties

    corporation tax VAT

  • salary cheque bank loan

    interest GETTING MONEY refund

    tax rebate dole disability allowance

    ����

    allowance

    unemployment benefit student loanpension

    social security investment

  • Complete this crossword:

    Across

    4 to take out money4 to take out money

    6 to use money to make a profit out of something that will increase in value

    7 to give someone the use of something, such as money, for a limited period of time

    9 to get money by working

  • Down

    1 to have enough money to do or buy something without difficulty1 to have enough money to do or buy something without difficulty

    2 to have to pay money to someone because they lent it to you

    3 to risk your money or property on horse races, in card games or in business

    5 to receive money, goods or property from someone who has died or moved on

    8 something that you owe to someone else

  • ����

    Across

    4 withdraw

    6 invest

    7 lend

    9 earn

    Down

    1 afford

    2 owe

    3 gamble

    5 inherit

    8 debt

  • Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with an appropriate

    word. The first two letters of each word have been given to help you.

    1 The cashier would not let me take any more money out of my

    cu…… account as I was already £50 ov….. .

    2 Excuse me. Would you have ch……. for a £20 no…… .

    3 Would you like to pay ca…… or by ch….. or credit card?

    4 I wouldn‘t buy sh….. in that company if I were you. They made a

    lo….. last year.

    5 The waiters in that restaurant get low wa …., but they make a fortune in ti….

    6 You can withdraw money and order a bank st … from ca… machine.

    7 If you want to buy a house, go to a building society for your mo ……

  • 8 The problems with the ec….. in my country have affected the ex….

    ra….. badly.

    9 I‘m a bit ha……up at the moment. Do you think you could le….9 I‘m a bit ha……up at the moment. Do you think you could le….

    me £10?

    10 By donating money to ch……you can often get substantial ta…..

    deductions.

  • ����

    1 current , overdrawn

    2 change, note

    3 cash, cheque

    4 shares, loss

    5 wages, tips

    6 statement, cash

    7 mortgage

    8 economy, exchange rate

    9 hard, lend

    10 charity, tax

  • Additional Reading

    Test Your Grammar

  • Verbsa)a) make / do / havemake / do / haveb)b) make / domake / doc)c) keep / losekeep / losed)d) be / havebe / haved)d) be / havebe / havee)e) take / puttake / put

  • Entry testFill in the gaps in the following sentences with the correct form of make, do or have. There is an example at the beginning (0).

    0 Why do politicians always take so long to make decisions.1 It’s time you _____ a holiday, Margaret. It will _____ you the world of good.2 Everyone over the age of thirty should _____ a will.3 Your daughter is _____ excellent progress, Mrs Grove.

    She ought to _____ well in next year’s exam.4 It _____ no difference to me when you finish it, as long as you _____

    a good job.a good job.5 I’ve decided to _____ a big party on my birthday.

    Could I leave you to _____ the arrangements, darling?6 You must ____ the exam, I’m afraid. You ____ no alternative.7 The two countries _____ talks last week and are optimistic about ____

    peace soon.

  • 8 Take this medicine. It will _____ you good.9 This photograph doesn’t ______ Sally justice. She is much better-looking

    really.10 If we are going to ____ this company profitable again, we are going to have

    to ________ a lot of changes.

  • ����1 had, do 2 make 3 making, do4 makes, do 5 have, make 6 do, have7 had, making 8 do 9 do7 had, making 8 do 9 do10 make, make

  • 1 Make and do

    Write in make or do

    1 ___ a mistake 2 ___ progress3 ___ someone a favour4 ___ a speech5 ___ my homework6 ___ one’s best 7 ___ money

    14 ____ an exam15 ___ a complaint16 ___ up my mind to …17 ___ nothing18 ___ sense19 ___ a mess7 ___ money

    8 ___ a will9 ___ friends with10 ___ business with11 ___ a noise12 ___ a phone call13 ___ sure that…

    19 ___ a mess20 ___ the housework

  • ����

    1 make 2 make 3 do 4 make 5 do

    6 do 7 make 8 make 9 make 10 do

    11 make 12 make 13 make 14 do 15 make

    16 make 17 do 18 make 19 make 20 do

  • 2 In the appropriate tenses or forms, insert either the verb make or the verb do in these blank spaces.

    1 ‘Where is Mary?’ ‘She is ___ the beds, I think.’2 Nine times six ___ fifty-four.3 A glass of burgundy would ___ you good tonight.4 We must get some new curtains ___ .5 They have ___ him a Chairman of the Board.6 Have you ___ a lot of work today.7 Has he ___ that new chair he promised me?8 They seem to be ___ a lot of changes in their plans.9 Try not to ___ any noise for the next half-hour.10 No, we didn’t feel like ___ anything else, so we went home early.11 It doesn’t ___ to interrupt him while he’s concentrating.12 Jennifer, this is typed very badly. I’m afraid you’ll have to ___ it again.13 I can’t think why you’re so angry. I haven’t ___ anything wrong.

  • 14 Under that very clever ___ up it was difficult to recognize Anthony Quinn.15 I think I’ll ___ my homework now and get it finished with.16 She’s going to bed. She says she feels a bit ___ up after so much walking.17 This medicine tastes awful, I know, but it will ___ you well again.18 I think I could ___ a bookcase out of these pieces of wood.19 Whatever have you ___ with my scissors, Jim?20 Did you ___ what I asked you to, Tom?21 What are you ___ such a fuss about, Peter?22 I am not at all surprised that she doesn’t want to go with you. She’ll just

    have to be ____ to, though.have to be ____ to, though.23 Oh look! You spilled some soup and ___ a mess of the carpet.24 Here are the financial reports, Maurice. We do not want you to have the

    slightest suspicion that you are being ___ out of your fair share of thecompany’s profits.

    25 I have to ask you to ___ me a great favour, Jenny.

  • ����

    1 making 2 make(s) 3 do 4 made 5 made6 done 7 made 8 making 9 make 10 doing11 do 12 do 13 done 14 make 15 do16 done 17 make 18 make 19 done 20 do21 making 22 made 23 made 24 done 25 do

  • 3 Hot Verbs - keep and loseWhich words and expressions go with keep, and which go with

    lose? Tick the correct column.

    keep lose

    calm

    weight

    1 a promise

    2 your way

    3 going3 going

    4 in touch with sb

    5 sb company

    6 your nerve

    7 a secret

    8 sb waiting

    9 your temper

    10 fit

  • Complete the sentences with one of the expressions above in thecorrect form.

    11 When you go away, please write. I’d like to ______ with you.12 When the children broke TV, I ____ my ____ and started shouting at them.13 ‘I’m tired. Can’t we have a rest?’ ‘No. We can’t stop. We must _____

    until we get to the top of mountain.’14 Can you _____ ? Jane and I have decided to get married, but don’t tell

    anyone.15 I was going to do a bungee jump, but when I stood at the top I couldn’t do

    it. I _________ and I had to climb down.16 I go to the gym every day because I like to ______ .17 ‘Oh no!’ I’ve lost my purse!’

    ‘Now don’t panic. ______ ! When did you last have it?’18 Sorry I’m late. I took the wrong road and I ____ my ______ .

    I ended up miles away and I had to ask for directions.

  • ����

    1 keep 2 lose 3 keep 4 keep

    5 keep 6 lose 7 keep 8 keep

    9 lose 10 keep 11 keep in touch

    12 lost my temper 13 keep going 14 keep a secret

    15 lost my nerve 16 keep fit 17 keep calm

    18 lost my way

  • 4 Hot Verbs be and haveMatch the words and expressions with be or have. Tick the

    correct column.

    be have

    fed up with sb/sth

    a right to do sth

    1 the nerve to do sth

    2 on the safe side

    3 in touch with sb

    4 a word with sb

    5 no point in doing sth

    6 on one’s mind

    7 up to date

    8 no chance of doing sth

  • Complete the sentences with one of the expressions in thecorrect form.

    My job is so boring. I’m really fed up with it.9 If you don’t like your meal, you _____ complain to the manager.10 Thank you for your interview, Miss Clark. We ____ you as soon as we’ve

    made a decision about the job.11 I can’t stop thinking about my ex-girlfriend. She ____ always ____ .12 Mrs Bennett! Can I _____ you for a minute? It’s about your son Ben.13 Jack was so cheeky! He _____ tell me that this dress didn’t suit me.13 Jack was so cheeky! He _____ tell me that this dress didn’t suit me.14 I’ve got extra holiday insurance just in case. I always like _____ .15 Well, I’ll apply for the manager’s job, but I know I ____ getting it.16 Wait here. If you don’t like heights, there’s _____ climbing up the tower

    with us.17 I got an email from my old friend Suzanne the other day. I _____

    her for twenty years now!

  • ����1 have 2 be 3 be 4 have

    5 be 6 be 7 be 8 have

    9 have the right to 10 will be in touch with

    11 is … on my mind 12 have a word with11 is … on my mind 12 have a word with

    13 had the nerve to 14 to be on the safe side

    15 have no chance of 16 no point in

    17 have been in touch with

  • 5 Complete the expressions with take or put

    Example take drug

    1 _____ a risk2 _____ place3 _____ a plan into a practice4 _____ my advice5 _____ sb in charge of6 _____ pressure on sb6 _____ pressure on sb7 _____ my arm round sb8 _____ responsibility for sth

  • ����

    1 take 2 take 3 put 4 take 5 put 6 put 7 put 8 take 4 take 5 put 6 put 7 put 8 take

  • 6 Complete the sentences with a word or expression from the boxand the correct form of take or put.

    Example I’ve never taken drugs in my life.

    1 My boss doesn’t appreciate what I do for the company. She just __ me ___ .2 The hotel was supposed to be easy to find, but it ___ us ___ to get there.

    drugs no notice for granted work first

    ages part

    2 The hotel was supposed to be easy to find, but it ___ us ___ to get there.3 It’s a shame that people have so little time to relax. They always have to ___. 4 I tried to get the barman’s attention, but he ____ and served someone else

    first.5 My brother is a real loner. He hates ____ in group activities.

  • ����

    1 takes me for granted 2 took us ages

    3 put work first 4 took no notice

    5 taking part

  • Language Reference

    Numbers

  • Writing and saying numbers

    Numbers over 20

    ■ are written with a hyphen:27 twenty-seven27 twenty-seven55 fifty-five

    ■ When writing a cheque we often use words for the pounds or dollars and figures for the pence or cents:

    £25.34 twenty-five pounds (and) 34 pence$72.30 seventy-two dollars (and) 30/100

  • Numbers over 100

    ■ The and is pronounced /n/ and the stress is on the final number.

    527 five hundred and twenty seven

    ■ In American English the and is sometimes left out.

  • Numbers over 1000

    2300 two thousand three hundred(informal) twenty-three hundred(informal) twenty-three hundred

    ■ A comma or (in BrE) a space is often used to divide large numbers into groups of 3 figures:23,345 or 23 345 (twenty-three thousand three hundred and

    forty-five)

  • ■ Dozen,hundred,thousand and million have no –s after a number.

    a few thousand timestwo dozen bottlestwo dozen bottlesfive thousand miles

    ■ In other cases we use dozens (of),hundreds (of) etc.

    He made millions in the property market.She did it hundreds of times.

  • A or ONE?

    150 a/one hundred and fifty1 000 000 a/one million

    ■ one is more formal and more precise and can be used for emphasis:

    The total cost was one hundred and seventy pounds.

    ■ a can only be used at the beginning of a number:1 000 a/one thousand

  • A or ONE?

    3 100 three thousand one hundrednot three thousand a hundred

    ■ a is not usually used between 1100 and 1999:1 240 one thousand two hundred and forty

    not a thousand two hundred and forty

  • Ordinal Numbers

    Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers by adding –th.The exceptions are:

    one 1st (the) firsttwo 2nd (the) secondthree 3rd (the) third

    4th (the) fourth5th (the) fifth9th (the) ninth21st (the) twenty-first

  • Fractions

    ½ a/one half⅓ a/one third¼ a/one quarter⅔ two thirds

    For more complex fractions useFor more complex fractions useover:

    12/46 twelve over forty-six56/233 fifty-six over two three

    threeFor whole numbers and fractionslink with 'and':

    6 ⅔ six and two thirds

  • Decimals

    ■ write and say with a point (.) (not a comma)

    ■ say each figure after the point separately:89.5 eighty-nine point five3.243 three point two four three0.76 (zero) point seven six

    (BrE also) nought point seven six

  • The figure O

    The figure 0 has several different names in English, although in American English zero is commonly used in all cases:

    ZERO● used in precise scientific, medical and economic contexts and to talk

    about temperature:

    It is five degrees below zero.zero profit / inflation

  • NOUGHT

    ● used in British English to talk about a number, age, etc.:

    clothes for children aged nought to fiveA million is written with six noughts.

  • NIL● used to talk about the score in a team game, for example in football:

    The final score was two nil.

    ● used to mean nothing at all:

    The doctors rated her chances as nil.

    ' O'● used when saying a bank account number, telephone number, etc.

  • Telephone numbers

    All numbers are said separately, 0 is pronouced /OU/

    445665 four four five six six fiveor

    double four five double six five

  • Temperature

    ■ The Celsius or Centigrade ( °C) scale is officially used in Britain

    The normal temperature of the human body is 37 °C.

    ■ The Fahrenheit (°F) scale is used in all other contexts in the US and is also still commonly used in Britain.

    Temperatures soared to over a hundred. (100 °F)

  • Money

    Saying amounts of currency

    The name of a currency is said after the number (or in the middle of the number), but is written before the number.

    € 20 twenty euros$ 10.25 ten dollars twenty-five¥ 40,000 forty thousand yen₤ 6.50 six pounds fifty or six fiftyThe smaller currency unit (cents or pence) is not usually said.

  • In Britain

    100 pence/p 1 British pound ( ₤1 )It costs 65p.

    when talking about an individual coin:a thirty pence piece / a thirty p piece

    when talking about pounds and pence people often only say the when talking about pounds and pence people often only say the numbers:

    It costs ten fifty five.( ₤10.55)in informal British English:in informal British English:₤1 a quid₤5 five quid or a fiver₤10 ten quid or a tenner

  • In the US

    1c one cent a penny5c five cents a nickel10c ten cents a dime25c twenty-five cents a quarter$1.00 one dollar a dollar bill

    in informal American English dollars are called bucks

  • Writing and saying dates

    British English12 March 2009 or 12th March 2009

    (12/03/09)

    His birthday is on the fifth of August.His birthday is on the fifth of August.Her birthday is on August the fifth.

    American EnglishMarch 12, 2009 (3/12/09)Her birthday is March 12th.

  • Years

    1699 sixteen ninety-nine1908 nineteen o eight (or, less commonly, nineteen hundred

    and eight)1800 eighteen hundred2000 (the year ) two thousand2004 two thousand and four2015 twenty fifteen

  • Years

    AD 72 AD seventy-two72 CE seventy-two CE (Both expressions mean '72 years after the beginning of theChristian calendar‘.)

    1000 BC one thousand BC1000 BCE one thousand BCE(Both expressions mean '1000 years before the beginning of the Christian calendar'.)

  • Age

    When saying a person’s age we use only numbers:He left home at eighteen.

    Use the… age group to talk about people between certain ages:She took first prize in the 15-20 age group.

    To give the approximate age of a person:13-19 in his/her teens21-29 in his/her twenties31-33 in his/her early thirties34-36 in his/her mid thirties37-39 in his/her late thirties

  • Numbers in time

    Half hours5:30 five thirty

    half past five (BrE)half six (BrE informal)

    Other timesOther times5:45 five forty-five (a) quarter to six (BrE)

    (a) quarter to/of six (AmE)

    5:15 five fifteen (a) quarter past five (BrE)

    (a) quarter after five (AmE)■ use o‘clock only for whole hours:

    It‘s two o‘clock.

  • If it is necessary to specify the time of day use in the morning,

    in the afternoon, in the evening or at night.

    In more formal context we use:

    a.m. in the morning or after midnightp.m. in the afternoon, in the evening or before midnight

  • Numbers and grammar

    Numbers can be used as:

    Pronouns Do exercise seven on page ten.Nouns Nine can be divided by three.Determiners Ten people were hurt in the crash.Determiners Ten people were hurt in the crash.As part of an adjective (it is always singular)

    a five-thousand euro bonusa six-figure numbera sixty-thousand dollar car

  • Mathematical expressions

    + plus- minus· times/multiplied by: divided by= equals/is% per cent3² three squared4³ four cubed7¹º seven to the power of ten√ square root of

  • UNIT 6

    ADVERTISING

  • Vocabulary

    � ad

    � advert

    � advertise� advertise

    � advertiser

    � advertising

    � advertisement

  • � advertising/advertisement

    Advertising is an uncounable noun and refers to the activity of Advertising is an uncounable noun and refers to the activity of telling customers about products and services, or the materials that companies use in general to do this, such as notices in magazines or newspapers.

    Advertisement is a countable noun. It referes to a particular piece of advertising, such as a notice or short film about a particular product. In more informal language the words ad (BrE and AmE) and advert (BrE) are used.

  • � newspaper/online/print/television advertisements

    � to place/put/take out an advertisement� to place/put/take out an advertisement

    � pop-up advertisement - an advertisement that appears in a small window on your computer screen while you are looking at

    sth else

    � the advertisement features/shows sb/sth

  • Advertising Idioms

    ■ bang for your/the buck (AmE) (informal)Meaning: value for the money that you spendWe were able to get much bang for our buck when we advertised on the Internet.advertised on the Internet.

    ■ plug a product

    Meaning: to promote a productShe came on the show to plug her latest album.

    ■ run an ad

    Meaning: to place/put an advertisement in a publicationThe government decided to run an ad to tell the public about the new gas tax.

  • VocabularyAdvertising media and methods

    1 Advertising media

    directories cinema

    commercials leafletscommercials leaflets

    point-of-sale radio

    press television

    mailshots

    billboards (AmE) / hoardings (BrE)

    posters

    Internet

  • 2 Methods of advertising

    exhibition

    public transportpublic transport

    endorsement

    word of mouth

    slogans

    sponsorship

    free samples

    leaflets

  • 3 Verbs to do with advertising

    run researchrun research

    target sponsor

    persuade

    publicise

    promote

    place

    launch

  • Reading

    What makes Nike‘s advertising tick?

    endorsement - a statement made in an advertisement, usually

    by sb famous or important, saying that they use and like a particular product

    to cope with - to deal successfully with sth difficult

    daring - courage and the willingness to take risk

    conistent - always behaving in the same way, or having the same

    opinions

    streamline - to make a system, an organization, etc. work better,

    especially in a way that saves money

  • B

    SPORT CELEBRITIESAthletics Carl Lewis

    Tennis Jimmy Connors

    John McEnroeJohn McEnroeAndre AgassiIlie NastasePete Sampras

    Golf Tiger Woods

  • Football Ronaldo and the Brazilian

    national football team

    Basketball Michael Jordan

  • Exercise F

    1 b

    2 d

    3 e3 e

    4 f

    5 c

    6 a

  • Exercise G

    1 thirst-quenching

    2 mouth-watering

    3 brain-teasing3 brain-teasing

    4 energy-saving

    5 eye-catching

    6 money-saving

  • ADDITIONAL READING

    Vocabulary

    Advertising

  • Each photo shows a different advertising medium.

    Classified advertisements Open air hoardings (BrE) / billboards (AmE)(AmE)

    Neon signs

  • Display advertisements TV commercialDisplay advertisements TV commercial

    Special display

  • The Internet is a new advertising medium.Product endorsements are when famous people recommend a product.A series of advertisements for a particular company or product is an advertisingcampaign.A person or business that advertises is an advertiser. An organization that designs and manages advertising campaigns is an advertising agency.designs and manages advertising campaigns is an advertising agency.

    Sponsorship is where companies sponsor (pay some of the costs of) events likeconcerts and sports events.

    BrE : ad, advert, advertisementAmE : ad, advertisement

  • The sales force

    A company’s salespeople ( its salesmen and saleswomen ) visitcustomers and persuade them to buy its products. Each member of thissalesforce may be responsible for a particular region : his or her salessalesforce may be responsible for a particular region : his or her salesarea or sales territory.

    The head of the sales force is the sales manager.

  • Promotional activitiesPromotional activitiesPromotion (uncountable) is all the activities supporting the sale of a product,

    including advertising.A promotion (countable) describes:

    ● a special offer such as a discount or reduced price.

    ● a free sample: a small amount of the product to try or taste.

    ● a free gift : given with the product.● a free gift : given with the product.

    ● competitions with prizes.

    Supermarkets and airlines give loyalty cards to customers : the more you spend, the more points you get, and you can exchange these points for free goods or flights.

    Cross-promotion is where you buy one product, and you are recommended to buy another product that may go with it.

  • Test Your VocabularyTest Your Vocabulary

  • Complete each sentence by writing in the gap the correct form of the word given in brackets ( ).

    1 I work for a large ………. agency. (advertise)2 We have placed a full-page display …….. in every national

    newspaper.(advertise)3 Product ……… is very effective if you use a really big sports

    star. (endorse)4 This year we will spend about 2 million dollars on ……(sponsor)5 The ……. of our new product range starts next week. (promote)6 The first prize in our ……. is a week’s holiday in Spain.

    (compete)

  • ����

    1 advertising

    2 advertisement or advert or ad

    3 endorsement3 endorsement

    4 sponsorship

    5 promotion

    6 competition

  • Draw a line from each word on the left to a word on the right to make a word pair. (There is one extra word that you don’t have

    to use.) Then use your word pairs to complete the sentences below.

    sales samplesspecial offerfree productloyalty territorycross promotion

    card

    1 We sent ……. of our new shampoo to 100,000 homes for people totry.

    2 When a customer shows her ….. she gets a 2% discount.3 We use ……. so, for example, if you buy our toothpaste you get a

    special deal on our toothbrushes. 4 My ……. covers the north of England and Scotland.5 The …….. on this product range ends on the first of September.

  • ����

    1 free samples

    2 loyalty card

    3 cross promotion

    4 sales territory

    5 special offer

  • Choose the best word from the brackets ( ) to fill the gap.

    1 I think that a TV commercial is the best advertising ……. .(place/medium/agency)

    2 Our magazine offers readers a free ……. every month.(prize/discount/gift)

    3 We value the men and women of our …….. .(salesmen/salespeople/sales force)

    4 I’m running the advertising ……. for the launch of our new model.4 I’m running the advertising ……. for the launch of our new model.(campaign/endorsement/promotion)

    5 I’m Sally Forbes and I’m ……. manager for Iceberg Frozen Foods.(sells/sales/selling)

    6 Most of the …… who use our newspaper are small, localbusinesses.(advertisers/adverts/advertising)

  • ����

    1 medium

    2 gift

    3 sales force3 sales force

    4 campaign

    5 sales

    6 advertisers

  • Additional Reading

    Test Your Grammar

  • Articles

  • Entry testIn each space put a/an or the,or leave the space blank.

    It has been announced that for (1)…. third consecutive month there has been (2)…. rise in (3) …number of (4)… people unemployed,rather than (5) …. fall that had been predicted. (6) ….rise was blamed on (7) … continuing uncertainty over (8) … government economic policy,and couldn‘t come at (9) … worsetime for (10) ….. Prime Minister, who is facing (11) …. growingtime for (10) ….. Prime Minister, who is facing (11) …. growingcriticism over (12) …. way (13)… present crisis is being handled.(14) … MPs are increasingly voicing (15) …. fears that despite (16) … recent devaluation of (17) … pound and cuts in (18) … interestrates, (19) … government still expects (20) …recovery of the economy to take three or even four years. To make (21)… mattersworse, (22) … number of small businesses going into (23) ….liquidation is still at (24) …record level, and (25) … housing marketis showing no signs of recovery.

  • ����

    1 the 14 -2 a 15 -3 the 16 the4 – 17 the5 the 18 -6 The 19 the6 The 19 the7 the 20 the8 – 21 -9 a 22 the10 the 23 -11 – 24 a/-12 the 25 the13 the

  • OVERVIEW

    In English there are two ariticles: the definite article the and the indefinite article a, an.

    The Indefinite Article

    The indefinite article is a or an. We use a before a consonant and anbefore a vowel. But it depends on the pronunciation of the following word, not the spelling.word, not the spelling.

    a dog a hat a one-pound coin

    an orange an uncle an hour

  • ☺☺☺☺ The indefinite article is a numeral by its origin and still has a numerical meaning.

    I never said a word.

    ☺☺☺☺ It sometimes means: the same (a=one and the same)

    They are of an age.☺☺☺☺ It has indefinite meaning: any one, without choice

    Take a chair, (any chair)☺☺☺☺ It is used with singular countable nouns.

    There is a book on the table.There is a book on the table.☺☺☺☺ It is used before singular predicative nouns denoting a profession, religion, class.

    He wants to be a pilot. My mother is a nurse.☺☺☺☺ It is used with few and little to denote some.

    A few people (some persons)A little time (some time)

  • ☺☺☺☺ It is used after many, such, quite, rather, what (exclamatory), no less, so (+adj.), as (+adj.) with a singular noun.

    What a lovely day!

    ☺☺☺☺ It is used in some set phrases:I have a headache.He is in a hurry.Give a guess.Take a seat.I want to keep this a secret.

    ☺☺☺☺ It is used with dozen, score, gross, hundred, thousand, millionA dozen eggs.

  • The Definite Article

    The definite article is the. It is the same for singular and plural.

    � The definite article is used if the noun is determined – defined. The noun can be defined by situation or by the context.

    The blackboard is green.� If the person or a thing is the only one of its kind, it is defined by

    itself and the definite article is used.Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon.

    � The definite article is used with a noun previously mentioned (which is introduced by an indefinite article ).

    There is a fly in my soup. The fly is doing the butterfly.

  • � It is used when the noun is determined by an adjective in front of it or by a prepositional phrase or by a relative clause.

    The battle of Trafalgar.The letter from America.

    � The definite article is used with the Possessive Genitive.The butcher’s shop.

    � It is used with a singular noun to denote a whole class.The horse is a domestic animal.

    � It is used before adjectives used as nouns denoting a whole class.The rich (=rich people) should help the poor (=poor people).The rich (=rich people) should help the poor (=poor people).

    � It is used before ordinal numbers.The second day.

    � It is used with superlatives. This is the best day.

    � It is used before the name of a country that is a union of smaller entities.

    The United Kingdomor one that is plural in form: The Netherlands, The United States

  • � It is used before groups of islands.The West Indies, The Bahamas

    � It is used before the names of rivers, chains of mountains, oceans, canals, deserts and forests, most geographical regions.

    the Thames, the Atlantic, the Alps, the Far Eastthe Suez Canal

    � It is used before the names of ships, trains and aeroplanes.� It is used before the names of hotels, buildings, shops, institutions,

    museums where the name is an impersonal one.museums where the name is an impersonal one.The Ritz Hotel, The Midland Bank, The Odeon

    Cinema, The Louvre, The Empire State Building� Names with … of … usually have ‘the’. For example:

    the Bank of Englandthe Tower of Londonthe Great Wall of China

  • � It is used with the names of newspapers and magazines.The Times, The Observer

    � It is used with the names of nations in the plural.The Croats, The English

    � It is used with the names of the points of compass.The wind blows from the west.

    � It is used with the parts of the day.They arrived in the evening.They arrived in the evening.

    � It is used after all and half.All the time she was abroad.Half the people I met didn’t speak English.

  • Omission of the Articles

    In English a noun must be preceded by an article (either definite or indefinite), except in some special cases when the article is omitted.

    The article is omitted:The article is omitted:� With proper names – names of persons, towns, countries,

    continents, streets, squares, parks, etc.Peter, New York, Oxford Street, Hyde Park

    � With abstract nouns used in a general sense: beauty, music, artHe will have freedom or death.

    � With material nouns: wood, iron, milkButter is made from cream and milk.

  • � With the plural of common nouns used in a general sense.Boots are made of leather.

    � With regular meals. Breakfast is at seven in the morning.

    ���� But we use a if there is an adjective before meals.We had a very nice lunch.

    ���� With the names of seasons, months and days.in spring, in June, on Sundayin spring, in June, on Sunday

    � With the vocative case.Come along, boys!

    � With the names of relationships in the nominative.Father comes home late in the evening.

    � With familiar titles and names expressing relationship.Professor Black, Uncle John

  • � With superlative of adverbs.Who pronounces English best?

    � With next, most, last.Most people know the news.

    � In newspaper headlines or titles of books and articles for the sake of space.

    Escaped Convict Recaptured� In some set phrases:� In some set phrases:

    For instance…On top of…By accident…Under cover of…By land / by sea / by air

    � Before titles followed by a proper nounKing George, President Lincoln

  • Exercise 1 Complete the sentences with a,the, or nothing (the zero article).

    1 Excuse me! Is there ______ bank near here?2 A I haven’t got any money.

    B I’m going to _______ bank. I’ll get you some.3 Has _______ postman been this morning?4 We’ve seen a house we want to move to. It’s got ______ views over fields,

    and there’s ____ lovely garden at ______ back.5 A Where’s Nick?5 A Where’s Nick?

    B In _____ garden.6 I bought ______ dog to protect myself against _____ burglars.7 Tony joined ___ Police Dog Unit because he likes working with

    _______ dogs.8 We went out for _______ meal last night. ________ food was excellent.

    I don’t usually like ______ Chinese food, but _____ duck was superb.

  • ����

    1 a 5 the

    2 the 6 a, -

    3 the 7 the, -

    4 -, a, the 8 a, The, -, the

  • Exercise 2In the following sentences put in a/an or the, but only where necessary.

    There is an example at the beginning (0).

    0 First of all we went to ____/___ Lake Garda and then we went waking in theAlps.

    1 ____ Isle of Wight is _____ island off ______ south coast of _____ England.2 Would you like to see _____ picture of ______ village I lived in when I was

    _______ child?3 ______ President of _____ United States lives in ______ White House in3 ______ President of _____ United States lives in ______ White House in

    ______ Washington D.C.4 ______ Nelson’s Column is in _______ Trafalgar Square, quite near _____

    National Gallery.5 Her brother is _____ musician. He plays _____ flute in _____ orchestra.

    He has been doing this since he left ____ school at ___ age of eighteen.6 ____ Doctor Williams works in ____ large hospital in ____ North Wales,

    near _____ coast.

  • 7 Shall we go for ____ walk in ____ Hyde Park this afternoon or shall we go and see ______ Van Gogh exhibition at ______ Tate Gallery insread?

    8 ‘Do British people shake ______ hands when they meet?’ 'Yes, sometimes, but not as _____ Swedes do.’

    9 My sister lives in ________ old house in _______ Barton Place.She’s got________ small flat there on _______ top floor.

    10 What _____ awful weather! I thought you said _______ French Rivierawas always hot and sunny. _______ rain and storms of ________ past few days are more typical of _______ Britain than _______ Mediterranean.

  • ����

    1 The,an,the, -2 a,the,a3 The,the,the,-4 -,-,the

    6 -,a,-,the7 a,-,the,the8 -,-9 an,-,a,the4 -,-,the

    5 A,the,the/an,-,the9 an,-,a,the10 -,the,The,the,-,the

  • Exercise 3Put a, an, the or nothing into each gap.

    1 _______ diplomat is _______ person who can tell you to go to hell in such away that you actually look forward to _____ trip. Caskie Stinnett

    2 _______ dog is _______ only thing on earth that loves you more than youlove yourself. Josh Billings

    3 _______ Americans like ______ fat books and _______ thin women. Russel Baker

    4 ______ accountant is _______ man who is hired to explain that you didn’t4 ______ accountant is _______ man who is hired to explain that you didn’tmake ________ money you did. Anonymous

    5 ______ actor’s _______ guy who, if you ain’t talking about him, ain’tlistening. Attributed to Marlon Brando

    6 _______ optimist is someone who thinks _______ future is uncertain.Anonymous

  • 7 ______ death is ______ nature’s way of telling you to slow down.Anonymous

    8 ___ diplomacy is the art of saying ‘nice doggie!’ until you can find ______ stone.Wynn Catlin

    9 _______ equality is _____ lie -____ women are better. Anonymous10 ______ birds do it; ______ bees do it; even _______ educated fleas do

    it.Let‘s do it.it.Let‘s do it.Let’s fall in love. Cole Porter

    11 I always pass on _______ good advice. It is _______ only thing to do withit. It is never any use to oneself. Oscar Wilde

    12 I love acting. It is so much more real than ______ life. Oscar Wilde13 Never put anything on ________ paper, my boy, and never trust ____

    man with _____ small black moustache. P G Wodehouse14 Nothing’s illegal if ______ hundred businessmen decide to do it, and

    that’s true anywhere in ______ world. Andrew Young

  • 15 Remember that as ________ teenager you are at _______ last stage in your life when you will be happy to hear that _______ phone is for you.

    Fran Lebowitz16 Save _______ water, shower with _______ friend. Anonymous17 _______ happiest time of anyone’s life is just after ______ first

    divorce. John Kenneth Galbraith18 Treat ______ work of art like____ prince: let it speak to you first.

    Attributed to Arthur SchopenhauerAttributed to Arthur Schopenhauer19 When I was ______ boy of fourteen, my father was so ignorant I could

    hardly stand to have _____ old man around. But when I got to be twenty-one, I was astonished at how much he had learned in seven years.Mark Twain

    20 When I was born, I was so surprised that I couldn’t talk for ________ year and ______ half. Gracie Allen

  • 21 A banker is ______ man who lends you ______ umbrella when _______weather is fair, and takes it away from you when it rains. Anonymous

    22 California is _________ great place – if you happen to be _________orange. F Allen

    23 Writing about _____ art is like dancing about ______ architecture. 23 Writing about _____ art is like dancing about ______ architecture. Anonymous

  • ����

    1 a,a,the 10 -,-,- 19 a,the 2 a,the 11 -,the 20 a,a3 -,-,- 12 - 21 a,an,the4 an,a,the 13 -,a,a 22 a,an4 an,a,the 13 -,a,a 22 a,an5 an,a 14 a,the 23 -,-6 an,the 15 a,the,the7 -,- 16 -,a8 -,a 17 the,the 9 -,a,- 18 a,a

  • UNIT 7

    CULTURES

  • DEFINING THE WORD 'CULTURE'

    'Culture' can mean different things to different people.

    Look at these five definitions of culture.

    1 Select the one you think is closest to your own idea.1 Select the one you think is closest to your own idea.

    2 Identify any missing elements in each definition.

    3 Produce your own definition.

  • A The sum total of all the beliefs,values and norms shared

    by a group of people.

    B The way you have been conditioned in a society to think,B The way you have been conditioned in a society to think,

    feel,interpret and react.

    C The collective programming of the human mind.

    D A large pool of experience composed of learned programmes for action and passed on from generation to generation.

    E All you need to know and believe in order to be accepted in a society.

  • QuizWhen in Rome…….

    Would you like to study abroad or travel around the

    world,become a diplomat or an international executive?

    If so,you‘ll need to be sensitive to your environment.If so,you‘ll need to be sensitive to your environment.

    Go ahead and find out what you know about yourself and the world around you.

  • Quiz

    1 Which country has mostly open-plan offices?

    a Japan

    b Portugalb Portugal

    c USA

    2 In which country is it very important to start a presentation with a joke or humorous anecdote?

    a France

    b Greece

    c UK

  • 3 Which European country only gave the vote to women in 1971?

    a Switzerland

    b Greeceb Greece

    c Spain

    4 When business people in Japan exchange business

    cards,they generally do it how?

    a With both hands

    b By slipping it into a closed, outstretched hand

    c With the right hand, somewhat like a handshake

  • 5 In Britain,what do superstitious people touch for luck?

    a Iron

    b Woodb Wood

    c Glass

    6 Which flowers should you never take to a dinner party in Poland?

    a Carnations

    b Chrysanthemus

    c Tulips

  • 7 What do Italians do at midnight on New Year‘s Eve?

    a Throw old things out of the windows

    b Sit on the floor and hold handsb Sit on the floor and hold hands

    c Sit in a silence for a short time

    8 If you are greeted with a bow in Japan, what should you do?

    a Return the bow

    b Shake hands

    c Give a slight nod of the head acknowledging the bow

  • 9 The smallest spread of earnings between the highest and the lowest-paid employees is in which EU country?

    a Ireland

    b Germany

    c Sweden

    10 Which country has the largest proportion of people over 65 in the world?

    a Turkey

    b Hungary

    c Sweden

  • 11 In which country is there seldom a formal agenda for a meeting?

    a Russia

    b Spain

    c France

    12 In which European country do people have the most positive attitude to life?

    a Netherlands

    b Greece

    c Ireland

  • 13 Which European country gives free but compulsory language lessons to refugees and immigrants?

    a Sweden

    b Denmark

    c UK

    14 What do you have to do before you go into a mosque?

    a Put on white clothes

    b Take off your shoes

    c Put on black clothes

  • 15 The usual way of greeting people in China is:

    a Shaking hands

    b Kissingb Kissing

    c Bowing

  • ����

    1 A 10 C

    2 C 11 B

    3 A 12 C3 A 12 C

    4 A 13 A

    5 B 14 B

    6 B 15 C

    7 A

    8 A

    9 B

  • Cross-cultural communication

    Here are some areas of potential cultural misunderstanding:

    a distance when talking to people: what is comfortable?b eye contact: how much of the time do people look directlyb eye contact: how much of the time do people look directly

    at each other?c gesture: do people make lots of facial gestures? How much

    do they move their arms and hands?d greetings/goodbyes: do people shake hands every time?

    Are there fixed phrases to say?

  • e humour: is this a good way of relaxing people? Or is it out of place in some contexts?

    f physical contact: how much do people touch each other?

    g presents: when should you give them? When should you open them? What should you say when you receive one?them? What should you say when you receive one?

    h rules of conversation and the role of silence:How long can people be silent before they feel uncomfortable?Is it acceptable to interrupt when others are speaking?

  • Issues ……

    ● Globalization: will it wipe out cultural differeces?● Adaptation: who should adapt to whom?● Ethical considerations: are some cultural values ‘better‘

    than others?● Economic considerations: do some cultural values favor

    economic growth?

  • VocabularyIdioms

    ● to throw in at the deep end

    ● to see eye to eye

    ● to get into hot water● to get into hot water

    ● to break the ice

    ● to put your foot in sth

    ● to get on like a house on fire

    ● like a fish out of water

    ● to be a real eye opener

  • Article A: Italy

    counterpart – a person or thing that has the same position or

    function as sb/sth else in a different place or

    situationsituation

    craft – an activity involving a special skill at making things with

    your hands

  • Article B:United Arab Emirates

    purchase – the act or process of bying sth

  • Article C:South Korea

    rapport – a friendly relationship in which people understand each other very well

  • Article D:Brazil

    vague – not having or giving enough information or details about

    something

    appreciate – to be grateful for something that somebody has done,appreciate – to be grateful for something that somebody has done,

    to welcome something

  • ADDITIONAL READINGADDITIONAL READING

    Test Your Vocabulary

  • Cultures and culture

    Culture is the "way we do things here“. "Here“ may be a country, an area, a social class or an organization such as a company or school. We often talk about:

    ■ company or corporate culture: the way a particular companyworks, and the things it believes are important.works, and the things it believes are important.

    ■ canteen culture: the ways that people in an organization such as the police think and talk, not approved by the leaders of the organization.

    ■ long-hours culture: where people are expected to work for a long time each day.

  • ■ macho culture: ideas typically associated with men: physical strength, aggressiveness,etc.

    But you must be careful of stereotypes, fixed ideas that may not be true.true.

  • Look at Cultures and culture. Which word combination with ‘culture‘ describes each of the following?

    1 The men really dominate in this company, they don‘t make life easy for women at all.

    2 Among the management here we try to be fair to people from different minorities, but there are still elements of racism among the workforce.

    3 Of course, the quality of the work you do after you‘ve been atit for ten hours is not good.

    4 There was a time when managers could only wear white shirts in this company - things are a bit less formal now.

  • 5 Here the male managers talk about the market as if it was some kind of battlefield.

    6 They say that if you go home at 5.30, you can‘t be doing your job properly, but I‘m going anyway.

  • �1 macho culture2 canteen culture3 long-hours culture4 company/corporate culture5 macho culture6 long-hours culture

  • Decide which of the alternatives (A-F) each speaker is talking about. Write the letter of your answer in the box at the end of the sentence.

    You will have to use some alternatives more than once.

    1 ‘All CEOs over the age of 50 use an authoritarian approach to management.’2 ‘The top people were all men and they encouraged an aggressive management style.’3 ‘Our organization has five levels of management.’4 ‘Here we consult employees on all major decisions. We work by consensus.’5 ‘The people on the shop floor say that our managers don’t have any leadership skills.’6 ‘I want the people who work for me to be tough. If they are weak they can leave.’7 ‘I like all the people in my team to call me Steve rather than Mr Eastwood.’8 ‘Women make better managers than men because they are better with people.’

    A corporate culture B macho culture C canteen culture

    D hierarchical structure E form of address F stereotype

  • ����

    1 F2 B3 D4 A5 C6 B7 E8 F

  • Cultural influences

    National cultures are formed and influenced by a wide range of factors.

    The list below contains some of these factors, grouped into threemain categories: structural, social and physical.

    Look through the list and make any improvements you think necessary: add items which are missing, and take away any which you consider to be unimportant.

  • Structural

    • Geography• Communications• Climate• Population density and spread• Centralisation of power• Centralisation of power• Role of religion• Political system• Role of authority

  • Social

    • Balance between family and work• Class distinction• Dress • Punctuality• Emotional displays• Ideas of physical beauty• Taboos• Humour• Respect of age• Gender• Politeness to the outsider

  • Physical

    • Physical contact• Physical gestures• Physical distance• Speech: volume, speed• Handshakes and greetings• Body language

  • Write one word in each gap to complete the sentences.

    1 We involve everyone in the decision- __________ process.2 This is not a hierarchical company.

    We only have two management _________ .3 We work as a team of _______ . The newest employee’s ideas are just

    as important as mine.4 The ________ - hours culture here puts people under pressure.4 The ________ - hours culture here puts people under pressure.5 I like it here because the company _______ is to encourage people to

    use their initiative.

  • ����

    1 making2 layers or levels3 equals4 long4 long5 culture

  • Choose the best word to fill each gap from the alternatives given in the box below. There is one extra word that you don’t have to use.

    1 Our overseas clients expect ………… when they visit so I take them outevery evening.

    2 He is very keen on ………, so get there early.3 I don’t like ……… lunches because they go on for too long.4 There was a culture of …….. with people at their desks even at the4 There was a culture of …….. with people at their desks even at the

    weekend.5 You can learn a lot from watching the …….. that people make when

    they are talking.6 An important business meeting is not the place for ……. .

    It can go horribly wrong.

    presenteeism punctuality humour businessabsenteeism gestures entertainment

  • ����

    1 entertainment

    2 punctuality

    3 business

    4 presenteeism

    5 gestures

    6 humour

  • House of World Cultures, Berlin

  • Additional Reading

    Test Your GrammarTest Your Grammar

  • Modal Verbs

  • Entry test

    Telling people what to doWrite sentences using the words in brackets with must, needn‘tor mustn‘t1 John needs these documents urgently.(fax them to him immediately)

    You must fax them to him immediately.2 We‘ve still got plenty to stock. (order any more)2 We‘ve still got plenty to stock. (order any more)3 Our health care products are selling really well. (make sure we

    keep our market share) 4 The CEO‘s been trying to get hold of you all morning. (call her

    right now)5 I‘ve got a very important meeting this afternoon. (be late)

  • ����

    2 We needn‘t order any more yet.3 We must make sure we keep our market share.4 You must call her right now.5 I mustn‘t be late. 5 I mustn‘t be late.

  • OVERVIEW

    The ten modal auxiliaries are:can may must will should could might ought to shall would

    ● Modals come before the infinitive form of a verb without to (except ought to):

    I may meet him tomorrow.I may meet him tomorrow.● Modals never change form. They do not have –ed, -s, or –ing

    endings:She may join us.

    ● Modals never use ‘do’ when forming questions or negatives. To form negatives we use ‘not’ after the modal and before the verb:

    Will you come?

  • ● We can use modals with the continuous form of a verb:

    They should be arriving soon.● We can use modals with the passive form of a verb:

    The interview can be arranged for another day.The interview can be arranged for another day.● Modals are used in short answers and question tags:

    You will apply for the job,won‘t you?Well, I might.

    ● Modals usually refer to events in the present or future:I can come immediately, if you like. (present)I may ring you later. (future)

  • ● However, some modals refer to the past:

    I could swim before i went to school.● Other modals need the addition of have to make it refer to the past:

    I should have realised earlier.I should have realised earlier.● Sometimes it‘s necessary to choose another verb:

    I was able to finish before I went out.● we use other verbs with similar meanings to modals. These verbs

    always use ‘to’. They include be able to, have to, used to, are/is/was to, be allowed to, be supposed to, manage to:

    They will be allowed to bring their own food.

  • MEANINGS OF MODAL VERBSModal Meaning/Use Example

    can ability Can you swim?

    theoretical possibility Anyone can make a mistake.permission Can I go out, please?request Can you give me a hand?

    offers Can I help you?offers Can I help you?

    can‘t/cannotinability I can‘t speak Chinese.

    possibility Can‘t you come earlier?

    prohibition You can‘t leave until I say so.

    deduction This bill can‘t be right.

  • Modal Meaning/Use Example

    could past ability The shop had nothing that Icould afford.

    possibility There could be trouble if they try to force thismeasure.

    request Could you give me a hand?request Could you give me a hand?couldn‘t past inability I couldn‘t walk until I was

    nearly two.could have possibility in the past Your actions could have

    had serious consequences.

  • Modal Meaning/Use Example

    must deduction What‘s that noise?It must be raining.

    obligation You must take your shoes off.

    When we want to show that the obligation comes from anotherperson or institution not the speaker we use have to

    The notice says we have to report to the manager‘s office.The notice says we have to report to the manager‘s office.necessity The wires must touch or

    it won‘t work.mustn‘t prohibition You mustn‘t be late.

    obligation not to do sth You must not leave theroom before the end of the test.

  • Modal Meaning/Use Example

    Lack of obligation/Lack of necessity

    We use don‘t have to when there is no need or obligation to do something.We don‘t have to work tomorrow.We don‘t have to work tomorrow.

  • Modal Meaning/Use Example

    should obligation People should treat each other better.

    advice You should go out moreoften.

    instructions Visitors should report toinstructions Visitors should report toreception.

    should have advice in the past You should have told mebefore.

  • Obligation No obligation Prohibition

    must needn‘t mustn‘t

    have to don‘t have to can‘t

    have got to haven‘t got to not(be)allowed tohave got to haven‘t got to not(be)allowed to

    Application forms must be returned by May 11th.You needn‘t come in tomorrow. I‘ll deal with the clients myself.Passengers mustn‘t leave their bags unattended at any time.

  • May and Might

    ■ May and might both express possibility or uncertainty. May is more common in formal language.

    The peace conference may find a solution to the problem.■ May can be used to express although clauses.

    She may be the boss, but that is no excuse for shouting likethat.that.

    ■ May/might as well This describes the only thing left to do, something which the speaker is not enthusiastic about.

    Nobody else is going to turn up now for the lesson,so you mayas well go home.

  • ■ May have and might haveBoth ca be used in the negative to express uncertainty.

    They might not have received our letter yet.Both refer to uncertainty.

    I suppose I may have been rather critical.Might have refers to past possibility which did not happen.

    You might have drowned!

  • ■ Would is often used in situations where a conditional sense isunderstood but not stated.

    I think Peter would be the best candidate. (if he was under consideration for the job)

    ■ Would not expresses unwillingness in the past.Everyone was angry because Henry wouldn‘t turn off theEveryone was angry because Henry wouldn‘t turn off thetelevision.

    ■ Would have can refer to the events in the past which did not actually happen.

    I would have accepted this job, but I didn‘t want to movehouse.

  • ■ Shall can be used with all persons to emphasise something which the speaker feels is certain to happen or wants to happen.

    I shall definitely give up smoking this year.

    Similarly, shall is used in formal rules and regulations.Similarly, shall is used in formal rules and regulations.No player shall knowingly pick up or move the ball of another player.

  • ■ Will can be used to express assumption.The phone‘s ringing. That‘ll be for me.

    ■ Will/won‘t can be used emphatically to tell someone of the speaker‘s intention, or to forbid an action,in response to a will expression.expression.

    I‘ll take the money away.You won‘t!I will!

    Similarly I won‘t can mean I refuse, and I will can mean I insist.A:I won‘t do it!B:Yes, you will!

  • Exercise 1

    In each item below one or two options may be possible tocomplete the sentence. Underline those that are possible.

    1 Might/Can/Would you mind lifting your feet for a moment while Ihoover?

    2 May/Could/Would you be so kind as to give me some advice?2 May/Could/Would you be so kind as to give me some advice?3 Shall/Will/Can I carry that rather heavy-looking case for you?4 Will/Could/Can you possibly come back a little later?5 May/Would/Might you be willing to refund the money we have already paid you?

    6 Do you think you will/may/could stand a little further away?

  • ����

    1 Might/Can/Would you mind lifting your feet for a moment while Ihoover?

    2 May/Could/Would you be so kind as to give me some advice?3 Shall/Will/Can I carry that rather heavy-looking case for you?3 Shall/Will/Can I carry that rather heavy-looking case for you?4 Will/Could/Can you possibly come back a little later?5 May/Would/Might you be willing to refund the money we have already paid you?

    6 Do you think you will/may/could stand a little further away?

  • Exercise 2Write a second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the

    first. Use the words in brackets.

    ●Perhaps Susan knows the address. (may)Susan may know the address.1 We should be careful. (ought)2 I managed to finish all my work. (able)3 I realize that it was a terrible experience for you. (must)4 It‘s against the rules for players to have a drink. (allowed)4 It‘s against the rules for players to have a drink. (allowed)5 The best thing for you to do is sit down. (better)6 The report must be on my desk tomorrow morning. (has)7 It is possible that Joanne did not receive my message. (might)8 It‘s impossible for Martin to be jogging in this weather. (can‘t)9 Tessa wants a cup of coffee. (like)10 It was not necessary for Nancy to clean the flat. (didn‘t)

  • ����

    1 We ought to be careful.2 I was able to finish all my work.3 It must have been a terrible experience for you.4 Players aren‘t allowed to have a drink.5 You‘d/You had better sit down.5 You‘d/You had better sit down.6 The report has to be on my desk tomorrow morning.7 Joanne might not have received my message.8 Martin can‘t be jogging in this weather.9 Tessa would like a cup of coffee.10 Nancy didn‘t need to clean the flat.

  • UNIT 8

    EMPLOYMENT

  • Vocabulary

    employ

    employed

    employeeemployee

    employer

    employment

    casual/full-time/part-time/seasonal/temporary

    employment- to be in/get/have/take up

    to find/look for/seek employment

    employment opportunities/prospects

    employment agreement/contract

  • VocabularyThe recruitment process

    1 to train new staff

    2 to shortlist the candidates

    3 to advertise a vacancy/post3 to advertise a vacancy/post

    4 to assemble an interview panel

    5 to make a job offer

    6 to check references

  • ReadingMotivating high-calibre staff

    high-calibre staff – prvorazredan kadar

    decisive – presudan