vfèkdkjksa ds cht cksuk - ictsd · vfèkdkjksa ds cht cksuk ekuokfèkdkjksa dh ... k ds 70...

vfèkdkjksads cht cksuk

ekuokfèkdkjksa dh utj lsÑf"k O;kikj vkSj MCY;wVhvks

FkzsM lhfjt 1

O;kikj]ekuokfèkdkj

,oa vFkZO;oLFkk]fojksèk viMsV~l

vizSy 2005

balkQ }kjk izdkf’kr

VªsMg~;weu jkbV~lbDohVscy bdkWukWehvkSjbaLVhV~;wV QkWj,xzhdYpj ,.M VªsMikWfylh

3D

;g nLrkost ds;fjax Lekyj }kjk fy[kk x;k gSA dsjkWyhuMksesu] czsu fyfyLVu ,oa lksfQ;k eQhZ us bldk laiknufd;k gSA

fgUnh vuqokn % ;ksxsUnz nÙk

© 3D -> VªsM & áweu jkbV~l & bfDoVscy bdkWukeh vkSjbafLVV~;wV QkWj ,xzhDypj ,.M VªsM ikWfylhA

I. Hkwfedknqfu;k ds 70 izfr'kr xjhc xzkeh.k bykdksa esa jgrs gSa vkSj viuhvk;] Hkkstu o vkthfodk ds lkèkuksa ds fy, [ksrh ij vkfJr gSaA1

vxj ge nqfu;k ds T;knkrj fuèkZu vkSj lkèkughu yksxksa ds gkykresa lqèkkj ykuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa xzkeh.k {ks= ds iqufuZekZ.k ij lclsT;knk è;ku nsuk gksxk vkSj Ñf"k uhfr;ksa dks mRiknu dh ctk;yksxksa ds fgrlkèku ij dsafær djuk gksxkA

bl nLrkost esa oSf'od Ñf"k O;oLFkk dks ekuokfèkdkjksa ds utfj;sls ns[kus dh dksf'k'k dh xbZ gSA bl ipsZ esa xzkeh.k {ks=] Ñf"kO;kikj vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fØ;kUo;u ds chp fufgr lacaèkksadh iM+rky dh xbZ gSA bl izfØ;k esa ;g fo'ys"k.k MCY;wVhvkslfgr reke egRoiw.kZ eapksa ij gksus okys uhfr&fuèkkZj.k ij gkohÑf"k O;kikj mnkjhdj.k ds ,tsaMk dh lhekvksa dks Hkh mtkxjdjrk gSA nLrkost esa oSf'od Ñf"k O;kikj O;oLFkk ds ckjs esadqN ,sls lq>ko fn, x, gSa ftuds tfj, mls ekuoh;vko';drkvksa ds izfr T;knk tokcnsg vkSj laosnu'khy cuk;ktk ldrk gSA

ekuokfèkdkj dkuwuksa ds vkèkkj ij ,d ,slh Ñf"k O;oLFkk dhifjHkk"kk fodflr dh tk ldrh gS tks lcds fy, ekuokfèkdkjksadk vk'oklu ns ldsA orZeku ifjos'k esa ekuokfèkdkj bl otg ls[kklrkSj ls izklafxd gks tkrs gSa D;ksafd MCY;wVhvks ds lHkh lnL;ksalfgr T;knkrj ns'k fdlh u fdlh varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj lafèkij lgefr ns pqds gSa vkSj bl izdkj ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fØ;kUo;uds izfr ladYic) gSaA

3// ekuokfèkdkjksa dh utj ls Ñf"k O;kikj vkSj MCY;wVhvks

1 ,Q,vks] le b';wt fjysfVax Vw QwM flD;ksfjVh bu fn dkaVsDLV vkWQ fn MCY;wVhvks fuxks-f'k,'kal vkWu ,xzhdYpj] ppkZ i=] ftusok] tqykbZ 2001-

II. xzkeh.k {ks=] [kk| O;oLFkk ,oaO;kikj mnkjhdj.kvxj ge vius yksxksa dh vkthfodk dslkèkuksa esa lqèkkj ykuk pkgrs gSa rks gesaxzkeh.k {ks= ij lcls T;knk è;ku nsukgksxkA nqfu;k ds rdjhcu 2-5 vjcyksx xzkeh.k bykdksa esa jgrs gSa vkSjmudh vkthfodk dk lcls vgelkèku [ksrh gh gSA2 buesa ls cgqr lkjsNksVs iSekus ds fdlku gSa tks dsoyHkj.k&iks"k.k ds fy, gh iSnkokj vftZrdj ikrs gSaA ,sls fdlkuksa dh la[;k Hkhcgqr cM+h gS tks dsoy LFkkuh; Lrjij miHkksx ds fy, iSnk djrs gSaA blrjg [ksrh u dsoy [kk| inkFkksZa dsmRiknu vkSj miHkksx ds fygkt lsdsaæh; egRo dh xfrfofèk gS cfYdlaLÑfr vkSj ijaijk lfgr vkthfodkds c`gÙkj rRoksa dh fgQktr ds fygktls Hkh cgqr vge gSA tgka vkcknh dk,d cM+k fgLlk Ñf"k {ks= esa lfØ; gSogka Ñf"k {ks= dk fodkl u, jkstxkj iSnk djus vkSj xjhch esadeh ykus dk ,d izHkkoh rjhdk gks ldrk gSA bl jkLrs ijpyrs gq, LokLF;] iks"k.k ,oa f'k{kk ds Lrj esa Hkh dkQh lqèkkjyk;k tk ldrk gSA

vfèkdkjksa ds cht cksuk \\4

2-- cy oyhZ] 2003 QwM] bad- & dkWjiksjsV dalaVªs'ku ÝkWe QkeZj Vw daT;wej] ;wds QwM xzqi]2003- <www.ukfg.org.uk>

ckWDl 1 % [ksrh esa lfØ;vkcknh dk izfr'kr

fodkl'khy ns'kusiky 93 izfr'krcqdhZuk Qklks 92 izfr'krjokaMk 90 izfr'krratkfu;k 80 izfr'krphu 70 izfr'krukbtj 88 izfr'krHkkjr 60 izfr'krcaxykns'k 60 izfr'krikfdLrku 53 izfr'krFkkbZySaM 52 izfr'kr

vksbZlhMh ns'ktkiku 5-3 izfr'krvkLVªsfy;k 4-8 izfr'krvesfjdk 2-7 izfr'krxzsV fczVsu 1-7 izfr'kr

lzksr % vksbZlhMh] 1998 rFkk ,Q,vks] 1999


ckWDl 2 % MfEiax dh otg ls ijs'kku Hkkjrh; Ms;jh m|ksx

Hkkjrh; Ms;jh m|ksx ;wjksih; la?k ds lfClMh;qDr fu;kZrksa dh ekj ls ijs'kku gSA1999&2000 esa Hkkjr us ;wjksih; la?k ls 1]30]000 Vu fLdEM feYd ikmMj dkvk;kr fd;k FkkA ;g ;wjksih; mRikndksa dks nh xbZ 50]00]000 ;wjks dh fu;kZrlfClfM;ksa dk urhtk FkkA eD[ku ds fu;kZr ij ;wjksih; la?k }kjk nh tkus okyhlfClMh Hkh cgqr Åaph jgh gSaA QyLo:i] Hkkjr esa eD[ku rsy dk vk;kr 7-7izfr'kr lkykuk dh nj ls c<+rk tk jgk gSA bl ?kVukØe ls ?kjsyw cktkj esa?kh dh dherksa ij cgqr cqjk vlj iM+k gSA bls foMacuk gh dgk tk,xk fd Hkkjrnqfu;k Hkj esa nqèk dk lcls cM+k mRiknd gS vkSj blds ckotwn mls nwèk dkvk;kr djuk iM+rk gSA vkSj Hkh T;knk fparktud ckr ;g gS fd vc cgqr lkjsHkkjrh; Ñf"k mRiknksa dh mit of) nj fxjrh fn[kkbZ nsus yxh gS ftlls ns'kdh vkcknh ds ,d cM+s fgLls ij cgqr cqjs vlj iM+ ldrs gSaA

nsfoanj 'kekZ] MCY;wVhvks ,.M ,xzhdYpj % fn xzsV VªsM jkWcjh] 2003-

Hkkjr esa pqfuank Qlyksa dh okf"kZd of) nj] 1980&2000Hkkjr ljdkj ¼2002½] nsfoanj 'kekZ] MCY;wVhvks ,.M ,xzhdYpj % fn xzsV VªsM jkWcjh] 2003 esa m)rA

Qly mRiknu Lrj¼1980&81 ls 1989&90½

mRiknu Lrj¼1990&91 ls 2000&01½

pkoy 3-62 1-79

xsgwa 3-57 3-04

eksVs vukt 0-40 0-06

nkysa 1-52 &0-58

[kk|kUu 2-85 1-66

xSj&[kk|kUu 3-77 1-86

frygu 5-20 0-66

xUuk 2-70 2-62

dikl 2-80 0-92

lHkh Qlysa 3-19 1-73

blds ckotwn ekStwnk Ñf"k uhfr;ka eksVs rkSj ij [kk| mRikndksadh vkthfodk dks lqj{kk iznku djus dh ctk; mRiknu vkSjO;kikj esa T;knk ls T;knk btkQs ds y{; dks lefiZr gSaA ;suhfr;ka Ñf"k {ks= ds mnkjhdj.k ds edln ls ykxw dh tkjgh gSaA bu uhfr;ksa dks vLlh ds n'kd esa varjkZ"Vªh; eqækdks"k ¼vkbZ,e,Q½ rFkk fo'o cSad ds <kapkxr lek;kstudk;ZØeksa ¼,l,ih½ ds rgr 'kq: fd;k x;k FkkA mnkjhdj.kdh ftu uhfr;ksa dk vuqlj.k fd;k tk jgk gS muesa Ñf"kcktkjksa esa jkT; dh Hkwfedk dks vfèkd ls vfèkd lhfer djusdh dksf'k'k Hkh 'kkfey gSA felky ds rkSj ij] bu uhfr;ksa dsrgr Ñf"k {ks= dks feyus okyh jktdh; lgk;rk esa dVkSrh vkSjÑf"k mRiknksa ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks lqxe cukuk dkQhegRoiw.kZ jgk gSA


ckWDl 3 % mnkjhdj.k & tkfEc;k dh fLFkfrtkfEc;k esa eDdk ds mnkjhdj.k ds ckn mRiknd ewY;ksa esa fxjkoV vk xbZ vkSjmiHkksDrk ewY;ksa esa btkQk gksus yxkA urhtk ;g gqvk fd 1990&91 ls 1996&97ds chp eDdk dk miHkksx 20 izfr'kr fxj x;kA bl fxjkoV dh otg ls ekuok-fèkdkjksa ij iM+s foijhr izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa dbZ vè;;u fd, tk pqds gSaA buvè;;uksa ds eqrkfcd eDdk ds miHkksx esa fxjkoV dh otg ls ns'k Hkj esa dqiks"k.kvkSj eR;q nj esa btkQk gqvk gSA xjhch ds dkj.k LokLF; ladsrd detksj iM+usyxs vkSj cgqr de ifjokj gh vius cPpksa dks Ldwy Hkstus dh fLFkfr esa jg x,gSaA bl ?kVukØe ls yMfd;ksa dks Hkh dkQh uqdlku gqvk gS D;ksafd tcikfjokfjd Je dks f'k{kk ds eqdkcys T;knk egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkus yxrk gS rkslcls igyh dqckZuh yM+fd;ksa dks gh nsuh iM+rh gSA

1998 esa gkykr dh leh{kk djrs gq, vkbZ,e,Q us dgk Fkk] ßyacs nkSj esa¿mnkjhdj.kÀ ls vkcaVu lacaèkh dk;Zdq'kyrk esa lqèkkj vk,xk vkSj QyLo:i vk;Hkh c<+sxh exj rkRdkfyd Lrj ij ;g [kk| miHkksx ds Lrj dks de dj nsxkAÞ

lzksr % lsyh&,us os] Fkzh Mh & Fkzh odZ'kkWi vkWu baVhxzsfVax áweu jkbZV~l buVw fn¶;wpj vkWQ ,xzhdYpj] uoacj 2004 esa i<+k x;k ipkZ] ;g fjiksVZ<www.3dthree.orgèenèpages.php?IDcat=5> ij miyCèk gSA

mnkjhdj.k ds fgek;fr;ksa dk nkok gS fd blls dk;Zdq'kyrkc<+rh gS vkSj xzkeh.k {ks= ds dY;k.k esa enn feyrh gSA blesaadksbZ 'kd ugha fd mnkjhdj.k dh otg ls Ñf"k mRiknu esa HkkjhbtkQk gqvk gS vkSj Ñf"k mRiknksa ds O;kikj esa Hkh dYiukrhr of)gqbZ gSA mnkjhdj.k ds ckn cM+s fdlku ljdkjh lgk;rk ds fcukHkh viuk dke pyk ldrs gSaA exj rLohj dk nwljk igyw ;ggS fd mnkjhdj.k esa tgka ,d rjQ Ñf"k O;olk;Qyrk&Qwyrk gS ogha nwljh rjQ cgqr lkjs NksVs vkSj e>kSysfdlku rckg Hkh gks tkrs gSaA

Ñf"k oLrqvksa ds vk;kr ls LFkkuh; mRiknu dh dfe;ksa dks nwjdjus esa enn feyrh gS] vkgkj ds fo"k; esa fodYi c<+ tkrs gSavkSj iks"kd inkFkksZa dk ,d oSdfYid lzksr gkfly gksrk gSA LFkkuh;mit ds fu;kZr ls mRikndksa dks u, cktkj vkSj jkstxkj o vk;ds u, volj feyrs gSaA ysfdu fnDdr ;g gS fd c<+rs O;kikjdh otg ls iSnk gksus okys u, voljksa ls lcdks Qk;nk ughagksrkA bl cnyko ds ckn T;knkrj txg NksVs iSekus ds fdlkuksavkSj [ksfrgj etnwjksa dh gkyr vkSj [kjkc gqbZ gSA ;g ,d dM+ohgdhdr gS fd O;kikj esa btkQs ;k mlds mnkjhdj.k ls xjhchesa LokHkkfod fxjkoV ugha vkrhA blds dbZ dkj.k gSaA

Û igyk] T;knkrj Hkkstu LFkkuh; miHkksx ds fy, iSnkfd;k tkrk gSA mlesa ls ,d cgqr NksVs fgLls &rdjhcu 10 izfr'kr & dk gh varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ijO;kikj gksrk gSA gkykafd fu;kZr cktkj dqN mRikndksadks O;kikj dk ,d mi;ksxh nwljk jkLrk eqgS;k djknsrs gSa vkSj dkWQh mRiknd vkfn dqN fdlkuksa ds fy,rks ogh vk; dk lcls cqfu;knh tfj;k gksrs gSa exjvla[; NksVs fdlkuksa dks bl cktkj ls dksbZ Qk;nkugha gksrkA ;s fdlku vius mRiknksa dks LFkkuh; Lrjij gh csprs gSaA bldk eryc gS fd fu;kZr cktkjeqëh Hkj cM+s fdlkuksa dh igqap rd gh lhfer gSA


Û nwljk] bl ckr dh dksbZ xkjaVh ugha gS fd laiUu ns'kksadks fu;kZr fd, tkus okys [kk| inkFkksZa dks ogka vklkuhls Lohdkj dj fy;k tk,xkA fodflr ns'kksa ds cktkjksaesa fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds mRiknksa dh Lohdk;Zrk bl ckrij fuHkZj djrh gS fd fu;kZr djus okys mRiknd QwMls¶Vh ;k iSdsftax tSls {ks=ksa esa fuf'pr varjkZ"Vªh;ekudksa dk ikyu dj ikrs gSa ;k ughaA cgqr lkjs fod-kl'khy ns'kksa esa bu ekudksa ij [kjk mrjus ds fy,t:jh {kerk vkSj cqfu;knh <kapk ugha gSA oSls Hkh ;sekud fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fglkc ls cgqr Åaps gSa vkSjmudh otg ls bu ns'kksa dk fu;kZr dqan gksrk gSA

Û rhljk] mnkjhdj.k dk ,d eryc ;g gS fd ?kjsywcktkjksa esa vk;kfrr lkekuksa dh la[;k o ek=k vkSj c<+tkrh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh [kk|vlqj{kk c<+ ldrh gS D;ksafd cgqr lkjs vk;kfrr [kk|inkFkZ LFkkuh; mRiknu dks gkf'k, ij èkdsy nsrs gSaAvk;kr ds Åaps Lrj ls lcls T;knk uqdlku rcigqaprk gS tc fodflr ns'k Ñf=e <ax ls mRiknu dkÅapk Lrj cuk, j[krs gSa vkSj vfèk'ks"k ek=k dksmRiknu dh ek=k ls Hkh de dher ij nwljs ns'kksa esacspus yxrs gSaA bls ßMfEiaxÞ dgk tkrk gSA3 MfEiax dsfy, ;k rks ljdkj vius fu;kZrdksa dks lhèks Hkqxrkudjrh gS ¼fu;kZr lfClMh½ ;k varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikfj;ksa ,oaizlaLdjdksa dks lfClMh nsrh gS D;ksafd og cktkj ijviuh idM+ dk bLrseky djds fdlkuksa dks vnk dhtkus okyh dher de dj ldrs gSa vkSj bl rjgviuk equkQk c<+k ldrs gSaA

Û felky ds rkSj ij] 2003 esa vesfjdh xsgwa dks fons'kksa esamRiknu ykxr ls 28 izfr'kr de dher ij cspk x;kFkkA varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa vesfjdh dikl dks rks ykxrls 47 izfr'kr de dher ij cspk x;kA4


3- MfEiax dh dbZ ifjHkk"kk,a gSaA ge ml ifjHkk"kk dk bLrseky dj jgs gSa ftlesa mRiknu dh ykxrksavkSj foØ; ewY; ds chp rqyuk dh tkrh gSA MCY;wVhvks ds eap ij bLrseky gksus okyh lcls vkeifjHkk"kk og gS ftlesa ?kjsyw foØ; ewY;ksa dh rqyuk varjkZ"Vªh; ewY;ksa ds lkFk dh tkrh gSA

Û pkSFkk] varjkZ"Vªh; Ñf"k O;kikj ls cgqr de yksxksa dks ghQk;nk gksrk gS D;ksafd varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj ij eqëh Hkjdaifu;ksa dk gh ncnck cuk gqvk gSA vuqeku yxk;ktkrk gS fd 1986 esa oSf'od Ñf"k O;kikj dk 85&90izfr'kr dsoy 5 daifu;ksa ds fu;a=.k esa FkkA5 vktnqfu;k ds yxHkx 75 izfr'kr vukt O;kikj ijdkjfxy vkSj vkpZj Msfu;Yl feMySaM ¼,Mh,e½ & bUghanks varjkZ"Vªh; daifu;ksa dk fu;a=.k gSA dqN ,slk ghgky dkWQh ds {ks= esa Hkh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; cktkj esa vkus


ckWDl 4 % varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokfèkdkj lafèk ¼eq[; va'k½lkoZHkkSfed ekuokfèkdkj ?kks"k.kk i= ¼;wMh,pvkj½ esa dgk x;k gS fd ßizR;sd O;fDrdks Hkkstu] diM+s] vkokl vkSj fpfdRlk lqfoèkkvksa lfgr vius vkSj vius ifjokjds LokLF; ,oa dq'ky{kse ds vuq:i ,d ekud thouLrj lqfuf'pr djus dkiwjk vfèkdkj gSÞ ¼vuqPNsn 25½A

varjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd ,oa jktuhfrd vfèkdkj lafèk ¼vkbZlhlhihvkj½ esa thou dsvfèkdkj dk vk'oklu fn;k x;k gS vkSj dgk x;k gS fd ßfdlh Hkh fLFkfr esafdlh Hkh O;fDr dks vkthfodk ds lkèkuksa ls oafpr ugha fd;k tk,xkÞ ¼èkkjk 1vkSj 6½A

varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd vfèkdkj lafèk ¼vkbZlhbZ,llhvkj½ esalHkh O;fDr;ksa dks thou] vkokl] jkstxkj] Hkkstu vkSj LokLF; ds i;kZIr Lrj dkvk'oklu fn;k x;k gS ¼èkkjk 6] 11 vkSj 12½A

cky vfèkdkj lafèk ¼lhvkjlh½ esa bl ckr dks ekU;rk nh xbZ gS fd i;kZIr thouLrj izR;sd cPps dk vfèkdkj gS rFkk dqiks"k.k ij vadq'k yxkuk ljdkj dkvfoHkkT; nkf;Ro gS ¼èkkjk 24 vkSj 27½A

efgyk fojksèkh HksnHkko mUewyu lafèk ¼lhbZMh,MCY;w½ esa vkxzg fd;k x;k gS fdlnL; ns'k efgykvksa ds ekuokfèkdkjksa dh j{kk ds fy, vko';d dkjZokbZ djsa vkSjxzkeh.k efgykvksa dh leL;kvksa ij fo'ks"k è;ku nsaA mUgsa fodkl lacaèkh fu;kstuizfØ;k esa 'kkfey fd;k tk, vkSj i;kZIr thou ifjfLFkfr;ka ,oa LokLF; lqfoèkk,amiyCèk djkbZ tk,a ¼èkkjk 3 vkSj 14½A

4- ns[ksa] baLVhV~;wV QkWj ,xzhdYpj ,.M VªsM ikWfylh ¼vkbZ,Vhih½] ;wukbVsM LVsV~l MfEiax vkWuoYMZ ,xzhdYpjy ekdsZV~l] 2004 www.iatp.org

5- gkykafd vc la;qDr jk"Vª ds ikl bl ckjs esa utj j[kus dk vfèkdkj ugha gS exj fofHkUuvuqekuksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ;g la[;k vkt Hkh dekscs'k ogh gksxhA fud cVyj] fnbaVjus'kuy xzsu VªsM % izkWCyEl ,.M izkWLisDV~l] U;w;kdZ % lsaV ekfV±l izSl] 1986

okyh 50 izfr'kr dkWQh NksVs iSekus ds fdlkuksa dh nsugS exj oSf'od dkWQh O;kikj ds 40 izfr'kr fgLls ijdsoy pkj daifu;ksa dk dCtk gSA6 ml le; gkykrvkSj [kjkc gks tkrs gSa tc buesa ls cgqr lkjh daifu;ka][kklrkSj ls vesfjdk dh daifu;ka vjcksa MkWyj dhlfClMh ds lgkjs oSf'od Ñf"k cktkjksa esa vius fgLlsdks c<+krh pyh tkrh gSaA varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lfØ;T;knkrj O;kikfjd ,oa izlaLdj.k daifu;ka fodflrns'kksa dh gSA muds ikl mRiknu] izlaLdj.k] ;krk;krvkSj O;kikfjd izfØ;kvksa esa fuos'k djus ds fy, dkQhlalkèku ekStwn gSaA tkfgj gS ;g fLFkfr NksVs iSekus dsmRikndksa ds eqdkcys mUgsa dkQh etcwr cuk nsrh gSA

xzkeh.k {ks= esa ekuokfèkdkjksa dks lkdkj djus vkSj vkthfodk esalqèkkj ykus ds fy, lcls t:jh pht ;g gS fd equkQk dsafærutfj;s dh ctk; tudsafær utfj;s ls uhfr;ka cukbZ tk,aAekuokfèkdkjksa dk ÝseodZ gesa tudsafær uhfr;ka fodflr djusesa enn ns ldrk gSA

III. ekuokfèkdkj ÝseodZekuokfèkdkjksa dk fl)kar nqfu;k ds lHkh ns'kksa ij ykxw ekuk tkrkgSA buesa ls dqN fu;e vkSj dkuwu fofHkUu ns'kksa ds jk"Vªh; dkuwuksaesa Hkh 'kkfey fd, tk pqds gSa tcfd ckdh varjkZ"Vªh; ekuokfèkd-kj lafèk;ksa esa txg ik pqds gSaA nqfu;k ds reke ns'k buesa ls fdlhu fdlh ,d lafèk ij viuh eatwjh ns pqds gSaA bu lafèk;ksa esavarjkZ"Vªh; ukxfjd ,oa jktuhfrd vfèkdkj lafèk ¼vkbZlhlhihvkj½]varjkZ"Vªh; vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd vfèkdkj lafèk


6-- cy oyhZ] 2003 QwM] bad- & dkWjiksjsV dalaVªs'ku ÝkWe QkeZj Vw daT;wej] ;wds QwM xzqi]2003- <www.ukfg.org.uk>

¼vkbZlhbZ,llhvkj½ rFkk cky vfèkdkj lafèk ¼lhvkjlh½ izeq[k gSaA7

[ksrh ls lacafèkr ekuokfèkdkjksa dh iqf"V djus okys dqN vU;gkfy;k varjkZ"Vªh; le>kSrksa esa feysfu;e fMosyiesaV xksYl¼lglzkfCn fodkl y{;½ Hkh 'kkfey gSa ftlds tfj, nqfu;k dslkjs ns'kksa us xjhch] Hkw[k vkSj chekfj;ksa dk eqdkcyk djus dsizfr vius ladYi dks ,d ckj fQj nksgjk;k gSA8 2004 esa [kk|,oa Ñf"k laxBu ¼,Q,vks½ ds 188 lnL; ns'kksa us Hkkstu dsvfèkdkj dks lkdkj djus ds ckjs esa LoSfPNd fn'kkfunsZ'kksa dksvaxhdkj fd;k FkkA9

Ñf"k O;kikj uhfr ls cgqr lkjs varjkZ"Vªh; ekU;rkizkIr vfèkd-kj izHkkfor gksrs gSaA buesa thou] Hkkstu] LokLF; ,oa jkstxkjdk vfèkdkj rFkk HksnHkko ls vktknh dk vfèkdkj 'kkfey gSaAekuokfèkdkj dkuwuksa esa lnL; ns'kksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fdog ekuokfèkdkjksa dk lEeku o lqj{kk djsa vkSj mUgsa iwjk djusds fy, gj laHko dne mBk,aA felky ds rkSj ij] Hkkstu dsvfèkdkj ds flyflys esa ßlEeku djusÞ ds nkf;Ro dk vk'k;bl ckr ls gS fd ljdkj ,slk dksbZ dne u mBk, tks vkeyksxksa dks Hkkstu rd igqap ls oafpr djrk gksA ßlqj{kk iznkudjusÞ ds nkf;Ro dk vFkZ ;g gS fd ljdkj 'kfDr'kkyh yksxksavkSj daifu;ksa lfgr lHkh r`rh; i{kksa dks jksdus ds fy, mfprdkuwu cuk,xh ftlls og yksxksa dks Hkkstu ls oafpr u dj


7- la;qDr jk"Vª ¼;w,u½] baVjus'kuy dksosusaV vkWu flfoy ,.M iksfyfVdy jkbV~l] 1966]baVjus'kuy dksosusaV vkWu bdkWukWfed] lks'ky ,.M dYpjy jkbV~l] 1966] duosa'ku vkWu fnjkbV~l vkWQ fn pkbYM 1989- bu lafèk;ksa rFkk vU; lafèk;ksa ds iwjs ikB ds fy, rFkk bulafèk;ksa dks LohÑfr nsus okys ns'kksa dh lwph ds ckjs esa tkuus ds fy, ns[ksa<www.ohchr.org/english/law/index.htm>

8- la;qDr jk"Vª] feysfu;e fMosyiesaV xksYl] 2000 <www.un.org/millenniumgoals>

9- ,Q,vks] okWyaVjh xkbMykbal Vw liksVZ fn izksxzsflo fj,ykbts'ku vkWQ fn jkbV Vw ,fMDosVQwM bu fn dkaVsDLV vkWQ us'kuy QwM flD;ksjVh] 2004 <www.fao.org/righttofood>

ldsaA vkSj var esa] vfèkdkjksa dks ßiwjk djusÞ dk vFkZ ;g gSfd ljdkj lekt ds detksj rcdksa dh f'kuk[r djs vkSj,slh uhfr;ka ykxw djs ftuds tfj, mu rcdksa ds yksxksa dksHkkstu rd i;kZIr igqap gkfly gks tk,A vafre fodYi ds:i esa ljdkj mu yksxksa dks i;kZIr Hkkstu Hkh miyCèk djkldrh gS tks vius Lrj ij [kqn Hkkstu dh O;oLFkk ugha djldrsA tSlk fd la;qDr jk"Vª Hkkstu vfèkdkj fo'ks"k izfrfufèkus mYys[k fd;k gS] ;g cqfu;knh egRo dh ckr gS fd Hkkstuds vfèkdkj ds fØ;kUo;u dh lHkh izfØ;kvksa esa lHkh dhlgHkkfxrk] mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj igqap lqfuf'pr djkbZ tk,A10

thou ds vfèkdkj tSls dqN vfèkdkjksa dks rRdky ykxw fd;ktkuk pkfg,A Hkkstu vkSj LokLF; tSls vfèkdkjksa dks Øfed <axls lkdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA Øfed <ax ls lkdkj djus dkeryc ;g gS fd ljdkj bu vfèkdkjksa dks veyh tkek igukusds fy, vfèkd ls vfèkd rsth ds lkFk dne mBk,xhA bledln dks gkfly djus ds fy, ljdkj ßvfèkdre miyCèklalkèkuksaÞ dk leqfpr iz;ksx dj ldrh gSA ßmiyCèk lalkèkuksaÞdk vk'k; jkT; ds Hkhrj miyCèk lalkèkuksa vkSj varjkZ"Vªh;lg;ksx ,oa lgk;rk ds :i esa varjkZ"Vªh; leqnk; ds iklmiyCèk lalkèkuksa ls gSA11 ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fo"k; esa varjkZ"Vªh;Lrj ij Hkh dbZ nkf;Roksa dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.kds fy,] ljdkjksa dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd mudhuhfr;ka nwljs ns'kksa esa ekuokfèkdkjksa dh fLFkfr ij fdlh rjgdk udkjkRed izHkko u Mky ldsaA mUgsa ;g Hkh lqfuf'pr djukpkfg, fd mu varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa dh xfrfofèk;ka ;k QSlys


10- ns[ksa] la;qDr jk"Vª] fjiksVZ lcfeVsM ckbZ fn Lis'ky jsifVZ;j vkWu fn jkbV Vw QwM Vw fn tujyvlsacyh] ,@59@385] 2004-

11- la;qDr jk"Vª] desVh vkWu bdkWukWfed] lks'ky ,.M dYpjy jkbV~l] tsujy desaV ua- 3 ¼1990½]fn uspj vkWQ LVsV~l ikVhZt vkWfCyxs'kal <www.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cescr/comments.htm>

ekuokfèkdkjksa ds vuq:i gksa] ftuls og tqM+s gq, gSaA ekuokfèkdkjksals lacafèkr ekud vius fØ;kUo;u dh fofoèk izfØ;kvksa ds lkFklkeus vkrs gSaA QyLo:i bu vfèkdkjksa ds mYya?ku dh fLFkfr esayksx ;k rks U;k;ky; dk lgkjk ys ldrs gSa ;k varjkZ"Vªh;f'kdk;r fuiVkjk O;oLFkk esa vihy dj ldrs gSaA

ekuokfèkdkjksa dk ÝseodZ vkfFkZd ,oa O;kikj uhfr;ksa ds fuèkkZj.kesa dkQh ennxkj midj.k lkfcr gksrk gSA ekuokfèkdkjksa dsutfj, ls lekt ds detksj lnL;ksa dh t:jrksa vkSj HksnHkko dhjksdFkke ij fo'ks"k tksj uhfr fuèkkZj.k esa ,d tudsafær utfj;keqgS;k djkrk gSA blds vykok lnL; ljdkjksa ls ;g vis{kk Hkhdh tkrh gS fd og ekuokfèkdkjksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, dels de uhfrxr Lrj ij mfpr dne t:j mBk,axhA bldkeryc ;g gS fd ljdkj dks viuh fdlh Hkh izLrkfor uhfrdks xjhcksa vkSj detksj rcdksa dh fLFkfr esa lqèkkj dh laHkkoukds vkèkkj ij gh vkaduk pkfg,A ;kuh ekuokfèkdkjksa dk ÝseodZbl utfj;s dh iqf"V djrk gS fd O;kikj uhfr;ksa ds laHkkforizHkkoksa dk ckdk;nk vkdyu fd;k tkuk pkfg,A blds ckjs esacgqr lkjs tufgr dk;ZdrkZ ,oa fodkl fo'ks"kK ckj&ckjvkokt mBkrs jgs gSaA ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fØ;kUo;u vkSj ns[kns[kdh varjkZ"Vªh; O;oLFkk dqN tulaxBuksa] jkT;ksa ;k O;fDr;ksa dkslkSaih tk ldrh gS ftlds vkèkkj ij ekuokfèkdkjksa ds izksRlkgu;k laj{k.k esa ?kjsyw izfØ;kvksa dh foQyrk ds fy, lacafèkrvkfFkZd 'kfDr;ksa dks ftEesnkj Bgjk;k tk ldrk gSA

IV. MCY;wVhvks vkSj Ñf"k O;kikjmnkjhdj.kMCY;wVhvks ds Ñf"k le>kSrs ¼,vks,½ dks 1995 esa ikfjr fd;k x;k


FkkA12 bl le>kSrs esa Ñf"k O;kikj lacaèkh uhfr fuèkkZj.k ds ckjs esatudsafær nf"Vdks.k ugha viuk;k x;k gSA mlesa mnkj]fu;kZrksUeq[kh Ñf"k O;kikj uhfr;ksa dk gh opZLo gS ftuls cM+s iSekusds mRikndksa vkSj [kk| O;kikfj;ksa dks gh equkQk gksrk gSA bldsckotwn] ,vks, esa ,sls dbZ izkoèkku gSa tks MCY;wVhvks lnL;ksa dks ,dfu"i{k vkSj tudsafær Ñf"k O;kikj O;oLFkk 'kq: djus dh NwV nsrsgSaA exj ;s ,sls izkoèkku gSa ftUgsa u rks vc rd iwjh rjg ifjHkkf"krfd;k x;k gS vkSj u gh ftudk iwjh rjg bLrseky gqvk gSA

izLrqr fo'ys"k.k ,vks, ij gh dsafær gSA ijarq ;gka geus ,vks, dksvkbZ,e,Q ,oa fo'o cSad dh uhfr;ksa] vkSj f}i{kh; ,oa {ks=h;O;kikj le>kSrksa tSls dbZ vU; dkjdksa ds lkFk feykdj ns[kusdh dksf'k'k dh gSA ;s lHkh laLFkku vkSj lafèk;ka mnkjhdj.k dksc<+kok nsus vkSj yksxksa ds vfèkdkjksa ij geys ds O;kid ,tsaMk dkfgLlk gSaA

1- Ñf"k le>kSrk & eq[; nkf;RoMCY;wVhvks dks tUe nsus okys ejkds'k le>kSrs ds eqrkfcd bllaLFkk dk mís'; nqfu;k Hkj ds yksxksa dk thouLrj Åij mBkuk]iw.kZ jkstxkj lqfuf'pr djuk vkSj yksxksa dh vk; esa lqèkkj ykukgSA13 MCY;wVhvks ds fgLls ds rkSj ij ,vks, dk edln Hkh ß,dfu"i{k vkSj cktkjksUeq[kh Ñf"k O;kikj O;oLFkk dh LFkkiukÞ dstfj, MCY;wVhvks ds mís';ksa dks vkxs c<+kuk gh gSA14 ,vks, dk


12- ,vks, ds ikB ds fy, rFkk MCY;wVhvks okrkZvksa ,oa Ñf"k lacaèkh fooknksa dks tkuus ds fy,ns[ksa MCY;wVhvks osclkbZV ij Ñf"k lacaèkh [k.M<www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm>. ekuokfèkdkjksa ds utfj;s ls ns[ksa3D/FORUM-ASIA, izsfDVdy xkbM Vw fn MCY;wVhvks] 2004- <www.3dthree.org/en/com-plement.php?IDcomplement=36&IDcat=4&IDpage=14>

13- MCY;wVhvks] ejkds'k ,xzhesaV ,LVscfyf'kax fn MCY;wVhvks & fiz,Ecy

14- MCY;wVhvks] ,xzhesaV vkWu ,xzhDYpj & fiz,Ecy

<kapk cktkj igqap] ?kjsyw lgk;rk vkSj fu;kZr lfClMh] bu rhußLraHkksaÞ ds bnZ&fxnZ dsafær gSA

Û cktkj igqap % ,vks, dk edln varjkZ"Vªh; lhekvksadh otg ls [kM+h dh xbZ #dkoVksa dks de djdsÑf"k mRiknksa ds varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks c<+kok nsuk gSAblds fy, fofHkUu djksa vkSj M~;wVht+ esa dVkSrh dkjkLrk viuk;k tkrk gSA bu 'kqYdksa dks vkerkSj ijlhek'kqYd ¼tariffs½ ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA blLraHk ds varxZr lnL; ns'kksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gSfd og vius cktkj esa vkus okys Ñf"k mRiknksa dhek=k ij fdlh rjg dh #dkoV ugha yxk,axsA bu#dkoVksa dks ßek=kRed izfrcaèkÞ dgk tkrk gSA ,vks,ls igys pyh okrkZvksa ds nkSjku LokLF; ekud vkSjiSdsftax vgZrk tSls lHkh ßxSj&lhek 'kqYdÞ vojksèkksadks lhek 'kqYdksa dh Js.kh esa :ikarfjr djus dkizkoèkku fd;k x;k FkkA bl izfØ;k dks (tariffication)dgk tkrk gSA

Û ?kjsyw lgk;rk % ,vks, esa fdlkuksa dks feyus okyhfdlh Hkh rjg dh lgk;rk dks ?kjsyw lgk;rk ds :iesa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA bl lgk;rk esa dqNfuf'pr mRiknksa ij nh tkus okyh lfClMh ;kxkjaVh'kqnk dherksa ls ysdj Ñf"k lacaèkh cqfu;knh <kapsvkSj vuqlaèkku lqfoèkkvksa rd dbZ rjg dh phtsa vktkrh gSaA fodflr ns'k ?kjsyw lgk;rk eqgS;k djkus dsekeys esa lcls vkxs jgs gSaA ;s ns'k vius fdlkuksa dksgj lky vjcksa MkWyj dh enn nsrs gSaA ,vks, ds?kjsyw lgk;rk lacaèkh izkoèkkuksa dk ?kksf"kr mís'; Ñf"koLrqvksa ds mRiknu ij [kpZ gksus okys iSls dh ek=kesa T;knk ls T;knk deh ykuk ;kuh ,slh lfClfM;ksaesa deh ykuk gS tks bl ckjs esa fdlkuksa ds QSlys dksizHkkfor djrs gSa fd mUgsa D;k vkSj fdruh ek=k esaiSnk djuk pkfg,A Ñf"k le>kSrs esa ?kjsyw lgk;rk dksHkh rhu Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA bUgsa rhurFkkdfFkr ßckWDlÞ esa lekfgr fd;k x;k gSA ;s rhuksa


Jsf.k;ka MCY;wVhvks dh vyx&vyx 'krksZa ls caèkh gqbZgSaA

,Ecj ckWDl lfClfM;ka O;kikj dks lcls T;knk foÑrdjus okyh lfClfM;ka ekuh tkrh gSaA bu lfClfM;ksa ;kfj;k;rksa dh ek=k dks ßldy lgk;rk LrjÞ ¼,xzhxsVestj vkWQ liksVZ & ,,e,l½ ds vkèkkj ij ekik tkrkgSA ,,e,l ds tfj, mu lHkh vkfFkZd igyqvksa dhx.kuk dh tkrh gS tks ,d [kkl mRikn ds ckjs esafdlkuksa ds QSlys dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA Ñf"k le>kSrsesa MCY;wVhvks ds vkS|ksfxd lnL; ns'kksa ls vis{kk dhtkrh gS fd og viuh ,Ecj ckWDl lfClfM;ksa esa 2003rd 21 izfr'kr dVkSrh djsaxs tcfd fodkl'khy ns'kksals 2005 rd 13-3 izfr'kr dVkSrh dh vis{kk O;Dr dhxbZ gSA

CY;w ckWDl lfClfM;ksa ij dqN fj;k;r nh xbZ gSA ;s,slh lfClfM;ka gSa ftudk dbZ ljdkjsa fdlkuksa dkslhèks Hkqxrku djrh gSa c'krsZ ;g Hkqxrku mRiknu dhek=k dks lhfer djus ds fy, 'kq: fd, x,dk;ZØeksa ls lacafèkr gksA bu lfClfM;ksa esa dVkSrhdh dksbZ ckè;rk ugha gS vkSj mUgsa c<+k;k Hkh tkldrk gSA

xzhu ckWDl lfClMh mRiknu Lrj dks izHkkfor ughadjrhA bl ckWDl dh lfClfM;ksa esa i;kZoj.kh;dk;ZØeksa] [kjirokj ,oa jksx fu;a=.k] vojpukxrfodkl vkSj ?kjsyw [kk| lgk;rk ls lacafèkr Hkqxrkuvkrs gSaA bl ckWDl esa mRikndksa dks fd;k tkusokyk og izR;{k Hkqxrku Hkh vkrk gS tks orZekumRiknu ,oa dherksa ls lacafèkr ugha gSA bu Hkqxrkuksadks ßfofPNUu HkqxrkuÞ ¼decoupled payments½ dgktkrk gSA MCY;wVhvks izkoèkkuksa ds rgr xzhu ckWDllfClfM;ksa esa dVkSrh dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gS vkSjmuesa btkQk Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA


Û fu;kZr lfClMh % bl en esa ljdkj Ñf"k mRiknksa dkfu;kZr djus okyh daifu;ksa ;k izfr"Bkuksa dks dkjksckjdh dqN ykxr dh HkjikbZ ds rkSj ij lhèks Hkqxrkudjrh gSA ,vks, esa fu;kZr lfClfM;ksa dh ,d iwjh lwphnh xbZ gSA bl lwph esa mfYyf[kr lfClfM;ksa dks dedjuk vkSj bl rjg dh ubZ lfClfM;ksa dk fu"ksèk djukvko';d ekuk tkrk gSA

2- Ñf"k le>kSrk & tudsafær izkoèkku\Ñf"k le>kSrs es a ,sls dbZ izkoèkku gS a tks dqN [kkl ns'kk s a;k ns'k ds dqN [kkl rcdks a dks mnkjhdj.k ds gkfud-kjd izHkkoks a ls cpkrs gS aA xSj&O;kikj fpark,a] fo'ks"k ,oafoHksndkjh O;ogkj] fo'ks"k lqj{kk ¼,l,lth½ rFkk ldy[kk| vk;krd fodkl'khy ns'kk s a ds ckjs es a ejkds'k QSlykvkfn izkoèkku blh Js.kh es a vkrs gS aA gkykafd bu izkoèkkuks adks bl izdkj ykxw ugha fd;k x;k gS ftlls vkthfodkvkSj ekuokfèkdkjks a dh lqj{kk lqfuf'pr dh tk lds exj;s izkoèkku mu O;kikj fu;eks a dh ekStwnk lajpuk es a dqN,sls jkLrs t:j eqgS;k djkrs gS a ftuds tfj, MCY;wVhvksds lnL; ekuokfèkdkjks a ds {ks= es a vius nkf;Roks a dkfuokZg dj ldrs gS aA

Û Ñf"k le>kSrs dh izLrkouk es a dgk x;k gS fd blle>kSrs dks [kk| lqj{kk] xzkeh.k fodkl] xzkeh.kvkthfodk vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh vko';drklfgr ßxSj&O;kikj fparkvks aÞ dks è;ku es a j[krs gq,ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A exj O;ogkj ds èkjkryij xSj&O;kikj fparkvks a dk D;k vFkZ gksrk gS]Ñf"k le>kSrs es a mUgs a dSls ykxw fd;k tkukpkfg, ;k muds ekuokfèkdkjks a ls lacafèkr vk;kedkSu ls gS a & bl ckjs es a MCY;wVhvks lnL;ks a us


i;kZIr fopkj&foe'kZ ;k fØ;kUo;u ugha fd;k gSAÛ fo'ks"k ,oa foHksndkjh O;ogkj ¼,lMhVh½ ,vks, lfgr

lHkh MCY;wVhvks le>kSrks a dk ,d vge rRo gSA,lMhVh dk edln ;s gS fd fodkl'khy ns'kks a dksMCY;wVhvks fu;eks a ds fØ;kUo;u dh izfØ;k esaT;knk ls T;knk fj;k;rsa nh tk,a D;ks afd varjkZ"Vªh;O;kikj O;oLFkk esa ;s ns'k ykHknk;d fLFkfr esa ughagS aA elyu] Ñf"k le>kSrs esa fodkl'khy ns'kks a dks;g NwV nh xbZ gS fd og vius vYi vk; fdlkuks adks ?kjsyw lgk;rk ns ldrs gSa ftlls xzkeh.kfodkl dks izksRlkgu feysA nksgk] drj esa 2001 esavk;ksftr fd, x, pkSFks MCY;wVhvks ea=hLrjh;lEesyu esa Hkh lnL; ns'kks a ds chp bl ckr ijlgefr cuh Fkh fd % ßfodkl'khy ns'kks a ds fy,,lMhVh lHkh okrkZvks a ¼---½ dk ,d vfHkUu vax gksxkftlls bu izkoèkkuks a dks O;kogkfjd Lrj ij izHkkohcuk;k tk lds vkSj fodkl'khy ns'k [kk| lqj{kk,oa xzkeh.k fodkl lfgr viuh lHkh fodkl lacaèkht:jrks a dk è;ku j[k ldsAÞ15 fodflr ns'k,lMhVh ds fo"k; esa viuh izfrc)rkvks a dk ikyudjus esa ckj&ckj foQy gks pqds gSaA og MCY;wVhvksle>kSrks a es a fufgr ,sls reke izkoèkkuks a dks Bsligqapkus ds fy, gj laHko iz;kl dj jgs gSaAQyLo:i] tks O;oLFkk,a vfLrRo esa vkrh gSa ogtYnh gh dkQh detksj gks tkrh gSaA fodflr ns'kviuh izfrc)rkvks a dks ykxw djus ds fy, T;knkyach vofèk euok ysrs gSa vkSj rqyukRed :i lsdkQh de izfrc)rkvks a dks ykxw djrs gSaA gky dslkyks a es a MCY;wVhvks esa 'kkfey gksus okys fodkl'khyns'kks a dks rks ,lMhVh dk cgqr lhfer ykHk gh fn;ktk jgk gSA

Û fo'ks"k lqj{kk ¼,l,lth½ O;oLFkk mu ns'kksa ds fy,


15- MCY;wVhvks] nksgk fefufLVfj;y fMDysjs'ku & iWjkxzkQ 15-

miyCèk gS tks vk;kr dh vpkud ck<+ ;k varjkZ"Vªh;dherksa esa vuisf{kr fxjkoV ds le; ?kjsyw fdlkuksadks rkRdkfyd Lrj ij lqj{kk eqgS;k djkus ds fy,tariffication dh izfØ;k ls xqtj pqds gSaA LFkkuh;fdlkuksa dh lqj{kk ds fygkt ls ;g ,d egRoiw.kZizfØ;k gks ldrh gS D;ksafd ;g ?kjsyw cktkjksa dks dqNgn rd MfEiax ls cpk ldrh gS gkykafd fujarjMfEiax ds lkeus ;g O;oLFkk Hkh fuLlgk; fn[kkbZnsrh gSA ,l,lth dh ,d cM+h [kkeh ;g gS fd ;gO;oLFkk dsoy 21 fodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fy, ghmiyCèk gSA cgqr lkjs fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fodflrns'kksa ds eqdkcys cgqr de xSj&lhek 'kqYd ckèkk,afo|eku jgh gSa blfy, og tariffication dhizfØ;k ls ugha xqtjs gSa vkSj QyLo:i bl O;olFkkdk ykHk ikus ds vfèkdkjh ugha gSaA

Û U;wure fodflr ns'kka a s ¼,yMhlh½ vkSj ldy [kk|vk;krd fodkl'khy ns'kks a ¼,u,QvkbZMhlh½ dh[kk| lacaèkh vko';drkvks a ij fo'ks"k è;kuA ,vks,dks vafre :i iznku djus okys vfèkdkfj;ks a us blckr dks vPNh rjg le> fy;k Fkk fd ;gle>kSrk ,yMhlh vkSj ,u,QvkbZMhlh Js.kh dsns'kks a dks Qk;nk ugha igqpk,xkA blhfy, mUgks aus1994 esa U;wure fodflr ,oa ldy [kk| vk;krdfodkl'khy ns'kksa ij lqèkkj dk;ZØe ls iM+us okyslaHkkfor udkjkRed izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa ejkds'k QSlykHkh MCY;wVhvks le>kSrs ds varxZr gh ikfjr dj fn;kFkkA bl QSlys esa O;oLFkk nh xbZ Fkh fd vxj Ñf"kle>kSrs ds fØ;kUo;u ds ckn ,yMhlh vkSj,u,QvkbZMhlh Js.kh ds ns'k [kk| inkFkksZ a dh Åaphdher ;k [kk| lgk;rk esa fxjkoV dh otg lsudkjkRed :i ls izHkkfor gksrs gSa rks mUgsa gtkZukfn;k tk ldrk gSA bl ckr dks dbZ vè;;uksa esa ntZfd;k tk pqdk gS fd Ñf"k le>kSrs ds ykxw gksus dsckn ,yMhlh vkSj ,u,QvkbZMhlh ns'k [kk| inkFkksZ adks O;kolkf;d 'krksZa ds vkèkkj ij [kjhnus ds fy,


ckè; gks x, gSa tcfd mudh vk; fxjrh tk jghgSA16 blds ckotwn] lnL; ns'k bl QSlys dks lgh<ax ls ykxw ugha dj ik jgs gSaA

V. Ñf"k le>kSrk ekuokfèkdkjksa dksdSls izHkkfor djrk gS\ekuokfèkdkjksa ds utfj;s ls ns[kk tk, rks Ñf"k le>kSrs dh pkjeq[; foQyrk,a jgh gSaA igyh] mldh fu;kZrksUeq[kh i)fr Ñf"kmRiknu esa lfØ; yksxksa ds vkthfodk voljksa vkSj thouLrjesa lqèkkj dh ctk; mRiknu vkSj fu;kZr esa btkQs ij T;knktksj nsrh gSA nwljh] Ñf"k le>kSrk cgqjk"Vªh; mRikndksa vkSjO;kikfj;ksa dh cktkj 'kfDr ij vadq'k yxkus esa foQy gks pqdkgSA rhljh] mfpr vkSj i;kZIr fu;eksa dk vHkko MfEiax dks oSèkrkvkSj laLFkkxr :i ns nsrk gSA vkSj pkSFkh foQyrk ;g gS fdÑf"k le>kSrk fodkl'khy ns'kkas dks ,d vleku lehdj.k esaQalk nsrk gSA

1- vkthfodk dh ctk; fu;kZr ij tksjÑf"k {ks= ds ckjs esa ,vks, dk utfj;k O;kikj mnkjhdj.k dhfopkjèkkjk ij vkèkkfjr gSA ;g le>kSrk ekuokfèkdkjksa dh ctk;ßfu;kZr ds vfèkdkjÞ ij dsafær fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA Ñf"k le>kSrsdh :ijs[kk bl rjg rS;kj dh xbZ gS ftlls fo'oO;kih cktkjksaesa [kqykiu vk, vkSj O;kikj dh ek=k esa btkQk gksA ;gfu;kZrksUeq[kh joS;k yksxksa dh vkthfodk esa lqèkkj dk vk'oklu


16- iuksl dksukafMª;kt ,oa vU;] daVhU;w,'kal vkWQ fn fjQkWeZ izkslsl bu ,xzhdYpj % fMosyfiaxdaVªht iLisZfDVOt+] 1998

ugha nsrkA ;g joS;k lalkèkuksa] cqfu;knh <kaps] _.k lqfoèkkvksavkSj fons'kh cktkjksa rd igqap j[kus okys eqëh Hkj yksxksa dks ghQk;nk igqapkrk gSA

2- O;kolkf;d fu;a=.k dks jksd ikus esa foQyrkO;kikj mnkjhdj.k us mRikndksa dh rkdr dks Bsl igqapkrs gq,cktkj ij cgqjk"Vªh; O;kikfj;ksa vkSj izlaLdjdksa ds opZLo dksc<+kok fn;k gSA ;g le>kSrk [kk| O;oLFkk ds fofHkUu Lrjksa ijeqëh Hkj fo'kky daifu;ksa dh opZLo'kkyh Hkwfedk dks vuns[kkdjrs gq, O;kolkf;d lÙkk ds lqn`<+hdj.k esa ;ksxnku nsrk gSA

T;knk ls T;knk mRiknd lalkèkuksa ij dCts vkSj viuh xfr-fofèk;ksa dks egt mRiknu dh ctk; ckdh xfrfofèk;ksa rdQSykdj cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ka cktkj esa viuk fgLlk c<+krh pyhtkrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,] dkjfxy uked daiuh ,d fo'kkyfoÙkh; lsok bdkbZ vkSj cht ,oa moZjd O;olk; Hkh pykrh gSA;g daiuh xk; ds ekal dk dkjksckj djus okyh vesfjdk dhrhu lcls cM+h daifu;ksa ls ,d gSA ;g daiuh nqfu;k Hkj esaifjogu O;olk; ls Hkh tqM+h gqbZ gSA bl rjg dh O;kolkf;di`"BHkwfe ds lkFk dkjfxy tSlh daifu;ka fcØh dh ek=k dksT;knk ls T;knk c<+kus vkSj bLrseky gksus okyh phtksa dhdher de ls de j[kus dh dksf'k'k djrh gSaA dkjfxy tSlhdaifu;ksa dh cktkj 'kfDr ewy mRikndksa dks dsoy foØsrkvksa esarCnhy dj nsrh gS vkSj ;s foØsrk pkg dj Hkh dkjfxy }kjkr; dher ls T;knk dher gkfly ugha dj ikrsA bl iwjhÜk`a[kyk esa fdlku lcls detksj dM+h gksrs gSa vkSj mUgsa feyusokyh dher lky&nj&lky mudh mRiknu ykxr ls Hkh degksrh pyh tkrh gSA urhtk ;g gksrk gS fd varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjesa lLrs mRiknksa dh MfEiax gksus yxrh gS vkSj daifu;ksa dk


equkQk c<+rk tkrk gSA

;g fLFkfr nqfu;k Hkj ds fdlkuksa dhvkthfodk dks [krjs esa Mky nsrh gSA og;k rks vkSj T;knk xjhc gks tkrs gSa ;k nksoDr dh jksVh ds fy, Hkh lfClfM;ksa ijvkfJr gksus yxrs gSaA

vxj ljdkjsa O;kolkf;d fudk;ksa vkSjfuxeksa ds O;ogkj dks vuq'kkflr djusesa dke;kc gks tk,a vkSj fo'kkydaifu;ksa dks viuh mit cspus okys fdlkuksa dks mit dhcsgrj dher fnyk nsa rks ;g fLFkfr ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fygktls fpark dk fo"k; ugha jgsxhA exj cgqr lkjh ljdkjsa ,slhgSa tks daifu;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij fu;a=.k ds fy, dksbZ dneugha mBkuk pkgrhaA

3- vuojr MfEiaxMCY;wVhvks esa MfEiax dh jksdFkke ds fy, ckdk;nk fu;e cuk,x, gSaA Ñf"k le>kSrs esa MfEiax dh leL;k ls fuiVus ds fy,mu ljdkjh lfClfM;ksa esa dVkSrh dk izkoèkku fd;k x;k gS tksmRiknu vkSj dherksa dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA blds ckotwnMfEiax #dus dk uke ugha ys jgh gSA blds dbZ dkj.k gSaA ,drjQ rks lfClfM;ksa ds ckjs esa cukbZ xbZ tfVy ckWDl O;oLFkkdh vkM+ esa fodflr ns'k cgqr lkjh lfClfM;ksa dks tkjh j[ksgq, gSa vkSj nwljh rjQ Ñf"k le>kSrs ds fu;e Hkh MfEiax dsewy dkj.kksa dks lacksfèkr ugha dj ikrsA le>kSrs ds fu;eksa esavfèk'ks"k mRiknu vkSj O;kolkf;d fuxeksa dh cktkj 'kfDr ijvadq'k yxkus dk dksbZ jkLrk ugha gSA


ckWDl 5 % fdlku &O;kolkf;d Üka[kyk dhlcls detksj dM+heSfDldks vkSj fQyhihal esaviuh jksth&jksVh ds fy, eDdkdh [ksrh ij vkfJr fdlkuvesfjdh fdlkuksa ls izfrLièkkZugha djrs cfYd og eSfDldksvkSj fQyhihal dks eDdk dkfu;kZr djus okyh daifu;ksa lsizfrLièkkZ djrs gSaA

tks ns'k MfEiax ls ijs'kku gSa og nks"kh ns'kksa ds f[kykQ dkjZokbZHkh ugha djuk pkgrs D;ksafd bl eqdnesckth ds fy, csfglkcle; vkSj iSls dh t:jr iM+rh gSA felky ds rkSj ij] vxjdksbZ ns'k MEi fd, tk jgs mRiknksa ij vk;kr 'kqYd olwyukpkgs rks blds fy, ml ns'k esa ?kjsyw MfEiaxjksèkh dkuwu gksukpkfg,A fdarq cgqr lkjs fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa ,slk dksbZ dkuwuugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa muds ikl MCY;wVhvks dh fookn fuiVkjkO;oLFkk esa vihy djus ds vykok vkSj dksbZ pkjk ugha cprkexj ;g U;k;ky; NksVs ls eqís ij QSlyk nsus esa Hkh pkj&pkjlky xqtkj nsrk gSA leL;k rc vkSj tfVy gks tkrh gS tcge ns[krs gSa fd MCY;wVhvks ds lnL; vHkh Hkh bl ckr dks iwjhrjg ifjHkkf"kr ugha dj ik, gSa fd fdlkuksa dks feyus okykdkSu lk Hkqxrku MCY;wVhvks fu;eksa ds varxZr Lohdk;Z gS vkSjdkSu lk voSèk gSA

MfEiax dk loky ekuokfèkdkjksa dk ,d xaHkhj eqík gS D;ksafdfodkl'khy ns'kksa ds fdlku MfEiax ls viuh fgQktr djus dhgkyr esa ugha gSaA lkekftd lqj{kk O;oLFkk ds vHkko esa MfEiaxdh leL;k ekuokfèkdkjksa ds ekspsZ ij xaHkhj fparkvksa dks tUe nsnsrh gSA elyu] vla[; NksVs fdlku MfEiax dh otg ls ghvkthfodk ds lkèkuksa ls oafpr gksrs pys tkrs gSaA

ekuokfèkdkjksa dk utfj;k ljdkjksa dks mfpr lqj{kk O;oLFkkykxw djus ds fy, izsfjr djrk gS vkSj muls ,slh uhfr;ka ykxwdjus dh vis{kk djrk gS tks xjhcksa dh t:jrksa ds izfr fo'ks"k:i ls laosnu'khy gksaA17 gekjs lkeus ,sls dbZ ekeys vk pqdsgSa tc ljdkjksa us bu uhfr;ksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa v#fp fn[kkbZ


17- ns[ksa] la;qDr jk"Vª] desVh vkWu bdkWukWfed] lks'ky ,.M dYpjy jkbV~l] ikoVhZ ,.M fnbaVjus'kuy dksosusaV vkWu bdkWukWfed] lks'ky ,oa dYpjy jkbV~l] bZ@lh-12@2001@10] 10ebZ 2001

gSA ysfdu lkFk gh ;g Hkh lp gS fd MCY;wVhvks ¼rFkk fo'ocSad vkSj vkbZ,e,Q½ ds eap ij mnkjhdj.k ds ckjs esa O;Dr

dh xbZ izfrc)rk,a Hkh bu ns'kksa dks Lok;Rr jk"Vªh; uhfrxrj.kuhfr;ka fodflr djus ls jksdrh gSaA felky ds rkSj ij] bUghaizfrc)rkvksa dh otg ls dbZ ns'k lhek 'kqYd c<+kus ;k vk;krdksVk fuèkkZfjr djus dk QSlyk ugha ys ikrsA

4- fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vleku lehdj.kksa esa Qalknsrk gSvLlh ds n'kd ls gh fo'o cSad vkSj vkbZ,e,Q ds <kapkxrlek;kstu dk;ZØe fodkl'khy ns'kksa ij bl ckr ds fy, nckoMky jgs gSa fd og viuh T;knkrj O;kikj lacaèkh #dkoVsa gVk ysa;k muesa Hkkjh dVkSrh djsaA vkt dh fLFkfr bUgha nckoksa dk


ckWDl 6 % vk;kfrr mRiknksa dh ek=k vkSj ewY;1999 esa ,Q,vks }kjk 14 ns'kksa esa fd, x, vè;;u esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd bulHkh ns'kksa esa [kk| inkFkksZa dk vk;kr c<+k gS vkSj 1995&98 ds chp muds [kk|vk;kr fcy esa yxkrkj btkQk gqvk gSA Hkkjr vkSj czkthy esa vk;kfrr [kk|inkFkksZa dh ykxr nksxquk rd igqap pqdh gS tcfd caxykns'k] eksjDdks] ikfdLrku]is: vkSj FkkbZySaM esa vk;kfrr [kk| inkFkksZa dh ykxr esa 50&100 izfr'kr rdbtkQk gks pqdk gSA Hkkjr esa vk;kfrr ouLifr rsyksa dh ek=k 1990&94 ds eqd-kcys 1995&98 ds chp rdjhcu lkr xquk c<+ pqdh gSA blh vofèk esa [ktwj rsyds vk;kr esa 646 izfr'kr btkQk gqvk gSA tgka igys Hkkjr 2]49]000 Vu [ktwjrsy dk vk;kr djrk Fkk ogha ckn esa ;g vk;kr 16]09]000 Vu rd tk igqapkAHkkjr esa vk;kr gksus okys [kk| inkFkksZa dh ek=k Hkh blh nkSjku 332 xquk c<+xbZA 1990&94 vkSj 1995&98 ds chp czkthy esa vk;kr gksus okys xsgwa ds vkVsvkSj xsgwa dh ek=k esa 43-3 izfr'kr dk btkQk gqvk gSA blh nkSjku nqXèk mRiknksads vk;kr esa 194-6 izfr'kr dh of) gqbZA QyLo:i bu mRiknksa ds miHkksx esa?kjsyw mRiknksa dk fgLlk fxjrk x;k vkSj vk;kr ij fuHkZjrk c<+rh tk jgh gSA

lzksr % ,Q,vks] ,xzhdYpj] VªsM ,.M QwM flD;ksfjVh] okWY;we II, jkse( ,Q,vks]2001

ifj.kke gSA vkt cgqr lkjs fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikjlacaèkh lhek laj{k.k izkoèkku cgqr detksj gks pqds gSa] ?kjsyw ewY;fu;a=.k dh laHkkouk cgqr de jg xbZ gS vkSj vius lhferlalkèkuksa ds dkj.k lfClfM;ka miyCèk djkus dh laHkkouk fn[kkbZugha nsrhA blds nwljs Nksj ij fodflr ns'k gSa tks fo'o cSad vkSjvkbZ,e,Q ds mnkjhdj.k dk;ZØeksa ds ncko esa O;kikj lacaèkhckèkkvksa esa deh djus ;k mUgsa [kRe djus ds fy, ckè; ugha gSaAbu ns'kksa ds ikl vius fdlkuksa dks lgk;rk nsus ds fy, iSls dhHkh deh ugha gSA

bl vlarqyu dks nwj djus dh ctk; MCY;wVhvks ds fu;eksa uslkjs ns'kksa dks ekStwnk i{kikriw.kZ O;oLFkk dk ,d ;FkkfLFkfroknhfgLlk cuk fn;k gSA bl O;oLFkk esa cgqr lkjs fodkl'khy ns'kksads ikl varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ij vadq'k yxkus okys dksbZ izkoèkkuugha gSaA muds ikl vius Ñf"k {ks= dh fgQktr ds fy, iqjkuhO;kikj uhfr;ksa dks cgky djus dk tfj;k Hkh ugha cpk gSA

ekuokfèkdkfj;ksa dh utj ls ns[kk tk, rks ;g ,d leL;kiznfLFkfr gSA blesa fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks uhfr;ksa ds Lrj ij mruhxqatkb'k ugha fey ikrh ftruh vius yksxksa dh fgQktr ds fy,t:jh uhfr;ksa ds fglkc ls visf{kr gksrh gSA felky ds rkSj ij]


ckWDl 7 % vkbZ,e,Q vkSj fo'o cSad ds dk;ZØeksa ls ekuokfèkdkjksa dsLrj ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa la;qDr jk"Vª dh ,d ekuokfèkd-kj 'kk[kk dh jk;ß---varjkZ"Vªh; foÙkh; laLFkkuksa ds funsZ'kkuqlkj felz ljdkj }kjk ykxw fd, x,<kapkxr lek;kstu dk;ZØeksa vkSj vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k uhfr;ksa ds dqN igyqvksa lsekuokfèkdkj lafèk ds izkoèkkuksa ds fØ;kUo;u esa Hkkjh leL;k,a iSnk gqbZ gSa] [kklrkSjls felzh lekt ds lcls detksj rcdksa ds fy, fd, x, izkoèkku iwjh rjgvLr&O;Lr gks x, gSaAÞ

lzksr % la;qDr jk"Vª] vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd vfèkdkj lfefr]dUDywfMax vkWCt+osZ'ku % bftIV] bZ@lh-12@1@,M-44] 2000

u rks og vk;kr izokg dks fu;af=r djus ds fy, dne mBkldrs gSa] u gh mRiknksa dh MfEiax dks jksd ldrs gSa vkSj u gh?kjsyw ewY; fu;a=.k ds fy, dksbZ dne mBk ldrs gSaA ;g fLFkfrekuokfèkdkjksa ds fØ;kUo;u vkSj lqj{kk ds ekeys esa fodkl'khyns'kksa dh {kerk dks lhèks izHkkfor djrh gSA

ekuokfèkdkjksa dks lkdkj djus ds fy, varjkZ"Vªh; lg;ksx ds Lrjij fofHkUu ns'kksa ds nkf;Ro dk vk'k; ;g gS fd laiUu ns'k blckr dk [k;ky j[ksa fd muds vfèkdkj {ks= esa pyus okyh xfr-fofèk;ka vU; ns'kksa }kjk ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fØ;kUo;u vkSj lqj{kk dsfy, mBk, tkus okys dneksa ds jkLrs esa ckèkk u cu ldsaA

blh nkf;Ro dk nwljk igyw ;g gS fd laiuu vkSj fodflr ns'ku dsoy vkbZ,e,Q ,oa fo'o cSad tSls laLFkkuksa ds lnL; gS cfYdog bu laLFkkuksa dh uhfr;ksa ij xgjk izHkko j[krs gSaA bu ns'kksadks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd vkbZ,e,Q vkSj fo'o cSad dhuhfr;ka ekuokfèkdkjksa ds {ks= esa lacafèkr ns'kksa dh izfrc)rk vkSj{kerk dks Bsl u igqapk,aA la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokfèkdkj lafèk fuxjkuh'kk[kkvksa us bl ckr dks dbZ ekSdksa ij js[kkafdr fd;k gSA mnkgj.kds fy,] 2000 esa vkfFkZd] lkekftd ,oa lkaLÑfrd vfèkdkjlfefr us izz'kalk djrs gq, dgk Fkk fd ßbVyh dh ljdkj dksvkbZ,e,Q rFkk fo'o cSad dk lnL; gksus ds ukrs ,sls dne mBkuspkfg,a ftuds tfj, bu laLFkkuksa dh uhfr;ka vkSj QSlys lafèk ijgLrk{kj djus okyh ljdkjksa ds nkf;Roksa] [kklrkSj ls varjkZ"Vªh;lgk;rk ,oa lg;ksx ls lacafèkr nkf;Roksa ¿---À] ds vuq:i gksaAÞ18

vkSj var esa] ;g nyhy nsus okyksa dh la[;k c<+rh tk jgh gSfd varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa ds vius Hkh dqN nkf;Ro gksrs gSaA bldk


18- la;qDr jk"Vª] desVh vkWu bdkWukWfed] lks'ky ,.M dYpjy jkbV~l] duDywfMax vkWCt+osZ'kal %bVyh] bZ@lh-12@1@,M-43] 2000-

vk'k; ;gh gS fd vkbZ,e,Q] fo'o cSad vkSj MCY;wVhvks dksnqfu;k Hkj esa mnkjhdj.k ds bl xSj&cjkcjh Hkjs vkSj csrqds <jsZdks cuk, j[kus dh ftEesnkjh <ksus ds fy, Hkh rS;kj jguk gksxkA

VI. fu"i{k Ñf"k O;kikj O;oLFkklqfuf'pr djus dh fn'kk esa dqNljy dne

1- MfEiax dks jksdus ds fy, dM+s vkSj ljy dkuwuksadks leFkZu nsaAMCY;wVhvks dks pkfg, fd MfEiax dh ifjHkk"kk dks vkSj lqèkkjktk, ftlls ,sls lHkh mRiknksa dks MEi fd;k x;k mRikn ekuktk lds ftUgsa mRiknu ykxr ls de dher ij cspk tk jgkgSA vk;krd ns'kksa ds ikl Hkh bl vk'k; dh {kerk gksuh pkfg,fd vxj fu;kZrd ns'k mRiknu ykxr ls de dher ij viusmRikn csprk gS rks ml ij QkSju dkmaVjosfyax vkSj MfEiaxjksèkh'kqYd Fkksi ldsA

Ñf"k uhfr ij lfØ; laxBuksa dh ekax gS fd vksbZlhMh ns'kksa dhiwjh mRiknu ykxr dks gj lky izdkf'kr fd;k tk,A bu laxBuksadk vkxzg gS fd lHkh ljdkjsa MfEiax ds Lrj dks ekius ds fy,feydj ,d T;knk l?ku vkSj ikjn'khZ i)fr fodflr djsa vkSjlacafèkr vkadM+ksa dks le;c) <ax ls lkoZtfud Lrj ij miyCèkdjk,aA ekuokfèkdkjksa ds fgek;rh lwpuk dh Lora=rk ls lacafèkrnkf;Roksa] [kklrkSj ls uhfr fuèkkZj.k esa lgHkkfxrk ds ckjs esa ljd-kjksa ds nkf;Ro dk vkg~oku djrs gq, bl fn'kk esa dh tk jgh dks-f'k'kksa esa enn ns ldrs gSaA bl izlax esa ekuokfèkdkj leFkZd mu


rdksZa dks Hkh lkeus yk ldrs gSa tks MfEiax ds f[kykQ ,d ekgkSycukus esa enn nsrs gSaA

2- xSj&O;kikj fparkvksa dks è;ku esa j[ksa vkSj lqj{kkO;oLFkk dk bLrseky djsaÑf"k O;kikj uhfr esa xSj&O;kikj fparkvksa dk lekos'kMCY;wVhvks ds vFkZdsafnzr utfj;s dks cny dj mlesa lkekftd]i;kZoj.kh; ,oa lkaLÑfrd fparkvksa dh xqatkb'k iSnk dj ldrkgSA tudsafnzr utfj;s ds vkèkkj ij 'kfDr'kkyh fgrksa dh fgQktrdjus okyh vkSj vkthfodk o ekuokfèkdkjksa dks izksRlkfgr djusokyh xSj&O;kikfjd fparkvksa ds chp QdZ djus esa enn feyldrh gSA

dqN ns'kksa us Ñf"k okrkZvksa esa xSj&O;kikj fparkvksa ds lekos'k dkiz;kl fd;k gSA tkiku] ukWosZ vkSj fLoV~tjySaM tSls vkS|ksfxdns'kksa us vkxzg fd;k gS fd ?kjsyw Ñf"k {ks= ds laj{k.k dh O;oLFkkdks lekIr u fd;k tk, D;ksafd ;g ,d ^cgqi;ksxh* {ks= gSAbldk vFkZ ;g gS fd Ñf"k {ks= dsoy [kk| lqj{kk gh miyCèkugha djkrk cfYd ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ lkaLÑfrd ,oa i;kZoj.kh;Hkwfedk Hkh vnk djrk gSA

ß,yk;al QkWj Lis'ky izksMDV~l ¼,lih½ ,.M Lis'ky lsQxkM~ZleSdsfuTe ¼,l,le½Þ ;kuh th&33 ds :i esa laxfBr fodkl'khyns'k ekax dj jgs gSa fd MCY;wVhvks esa fo'ks"k mRiknksa ¼,lih½ vkSj,l,l,e dks ekU;rk nh tk,A ;fn MCY;wVhvks esa ,l,l,eizkoèkkuksa dks ekU;rk nh tkrh gS rks fodkl'khy ns'kksa dks vk;kresa vpkud gksus okys btkQs ds f[kykQ vius ?kjsyw cktkjksa dhj{kk ds fy, dne mBkus dk vfèkdkj fey tk,xkA ,slh fLFkfresa fodkl'khy ns'k fo'ks"k mRiknksa ij lhek 'kqYd esa dVkSrh dh


izfrc)rk ls Hkh eqDr gks tk,axsA gkykafd vHkh fo'ks"k mRiknksadks ifjHkkf"kr ugha fd;k x;k gS exj bl ckr dh laHkkoukfn[kkbZ nsrh gS fd mUgsa [kk| lqj{kk vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl lacaèkhvko';drkvksa ds iSekus ij gh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,xkA ;g rksvc rd lkQ ugha gS fd ,l,l,e vkSj ,lih dh vafre :ijs[kkD;k gksxh exj vis{kk dh tk ldrh gS fd ;s ,sls ldkjkRedvkSj Lokxr;ksX; izkoèkku gksaxs ftuds tfj, T;knk fu"i{k vkSjtudsafnzr Ñf"k fu;eksa dh LFkkiuk dh tk ldrh gSA

tsaMj lewg bl ckr ij fopkj dj jgs gSa fd ,lih vkSj,l,l,e dh ifjHkk"kkvksa esa ySafxd fparkvksa dk lekos'k dSlfd;k tk,A bl ckjs esa ekuokfèkdkjksa ds leFkZd Hkh viuk;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA19

3- fo'ks"k ,oa foHksndkjh O;ogkj lacaèkh izkoèkkuksa dksvkSj lkFkZd cuk;k tk,fodkl'khy ns'k yacs le; ls bl ckr ij tksj nsrs jgs gSa fdekStwnk fo'ks"k ,oa foHksndkjh O;ogkj ¼,lMhVh½ O;oLFkk mudhuqdlkunsg fLFkfr dk i;kZIr :i ls fujkdj.k ugha dj ikrhAblh vkèkkj ij mUgksaus ,lMhVh O;oLFkk esa lqèkkj ds fy,MCY;wVhvks ds le{k 88 izLrko is'k fd, gSa ftu ij fQygkyfopkj fd;k tk jgk gSA ekuokfèkdkjksa ds leFkZd bu dksf'k'kksa esaenn ns ldrs gSaA og vius O;kikj ea=ky; ;k ftusok fLFkrO;kikj okrkZdkjksa ij bl ckr ds fy, ncko Mky ldrs gSa fdtqykbZ 2005 dh le;lhek dk mYya?ku u gks ik,A


19- bl vuqlaèkku ds fooj.k ds fy, ns[ksa] baVjus'kuy tsaMj ,.M VªsM usVodZ dh osclkbZVwww.igtm.org/Rearch/gendertrade.htm. ,lih vkSj ,l,l,e dks ,d tudsafnzr utfj;s lsdSls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS] bl ckjs esa nwljs nLrkostksa ds fy, baVjus'kuy lsaVj QkWjVªsM ,aM lLVsuscy fMosyiesaV dh osclkbZV ns[ksa www.agtradepolicy.org.

4- O;ogkj izHkko vkdyuÑf"k le>kSrs dh èkkjk 30 esa izkoèkku fd;k x;k gS fd orZekuÑf"k okrkZvksa ls igys bl ckr dh vPNh rjg leh{kk dj yhtk, fd Ñf"k le>kSrs ds fØ;kUo;u ls lu~ 2000 ds vkf[kj rdD;k urhts lkeus vk, FksA Ñf"k le>kSrs ds rgr lfClMh dVkSrhizfrc)rkvksa ds izHkkoksa dk vkdyu djuk bl leh{kk dk ,ddsanzh; rRo gksxkA bl leh{kk esa [kk| lqj{kk] xzkeh.k fodkl vkSji;kZoj.k dh j{kk lesr xSj&O;kikj fparkvksa ls tqM+s vuqHkoksa ij Hkhfopkj fd;k tk,xkA gkykafd MCY;wVhvks ds varxZr ,d ßfo'ys"k.k,oa lwpuk fofue;Þ izfØ;k iwjh gks pqdh gS exj mldk nk;jkdkQh ladqfpr FkkA T;knkrj yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd ;g fo'ys"k.kèkkjk 20 ds varxZr visf{kr leh{kk ekudksa ij [kjk ugha mrjrkA

ekuokfèkdkj dkuwuksa esa lnL; ns'kksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fdog vius&vius ns'kksa esa ekuokfèkdkjksa dh fLFkfr ij utjj[ksaxs vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, gj laHko dne mBk,axsfd mudh uhfr;ka ekuokfèkdkjksa dks lkdkj djus esa ennxkjgksaA MCY;wVhvks ds rgr mnkjhdj.k dks ftl rjg ifjHkkf"krvkSj fØ;kfUor fd;k tk jgk gS mlls ekuokfèkdkjksa dh fLFkfrij xaHkhj izHkko iM+k gS blfy, ;g t:jh gS fd fdlh HkhubZ okrkZ ls ekuokfèkdkjksa ij iM+us okys izHkkoksa dh vPNh rjgtkap&iM+rky dj yh tk,A jk"Vªh; ljdkjksa ds lkFkMCY;wVhvks] vkbZ,e,Q vkSj fo'o cSad dks Hkh ;g lqfuf'prdjuk pkfg, fd ubZ okrkZvksa ds QyLo:i fdlh le>kSrs ijigqapus ls igys bl rjg ds vkdyu dks iwjh xaHkhjrk ls fy;ktk,A

,vks, lfgr MCY;wVhvks ds lHkh le>kSrs eq[; :i ls fofHkUuns'kksa ds chp fufgr lacaèkksa dks fuèkkZfjr djrs gSa blfy, Ñf"kO;kikj mnkjhdj.k ls ekuokfèkdkjksa ij iM+s izHkkoksa dk ewY;kadu


[kklk egRo j[krk gSA blls ;g irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fdfdlh ns'k ds Hkhrj lalkèkuksa dk vkcaVu fdl rjg fd;k tkjgk gSA ekuokfèkdkjksa dh voèkkj.kk ;g lqfuf'pr djus esa ennns ldrh gS fd O;kikj uhfr ds {ks= esa fdlh ns'k dhizfrc)rk,a ns'k ds Hkhrj vyx&vyx rcdksa ds chp HksnHkkodk lzksr u cusaA

5- O;kolkf;d fu;a=.k dh jksdFkkeO;kikj ,oa fodkl laxBu cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa dh lÙkk dkcsgrj izcaèku pkgrs gSaA nwljh rjQ ekuokfèkdkj dk;ZdrkZfuth O;kolkf;d m|eksa ds ekuokfèkdkj lacaèkh nkf;Roksa ijtksj ns jgs gSaA tkfgj gS fd ekuokfèkdkjksa dk ÝseodZ futhO;kolkf;d fudk;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ls euq";ksa ij iM+us okysudkjkRed izHkkoksa ds fy, mUgsa mÙkjnk;h Bgjkus esa ,d'kfDr'kkyh Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrk gSA

6- ljdkjksa ds vkfFkZd ,oa ekuokfèkdkj lacaèkhmÙkjnkf;Roksa ds chp lkeatL;tc fofHkUu ns'k MCY;wVhvks ds varxZr ;k vkbZ,e,Q vFkok fo'ocSad ds lkFk okrkZvksa esa tkrs gSa ml le; muds ekuokfèkdkjlacaèkh nkf;Roksa dks utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA gkykafdvc MCY;wVhvks Hkh uhfrxr lkeatL; ds loky ij igys lsT;knk è;ku nsus yxk gS exj ;g fpark vHkh Hkh fofHkUu ns'kksadh O;kikfjd] foÙkh; ,oa vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa ds chp lkeatL; ijgh T;knk dsafnzr jgh gSA lkeatL; dh bl voèkkj.kk dks vkSjfoLrkj fn;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsfd fofHkUu ns'k ,sls O;kikfjd vFkok vkfFkZd le>kSrksa dkfgLlk ugha gksaxs tks mudh lkekftd uhfr;ksa dks detksj


cuk,a ;k muds ekuokfèkdkj lacaèkh nkf;Roksa dks iwjk djus esackèkd cusaA

ekuokfèkdkj dk;ZdrkZvksa rFkk O;kikj ,oa fodkl fo'ks"kKksa dksvius O;kikj eaf=;ksa rFkk vius ns'k ds ftusok fLFkr okrkZdkjksals laidZ djds ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd u, O;kikjle>kSrksa esa ekuokfèkdkj lacaèkh nkf;Roksa dk iwjk lEeku fd;ktk,A ekuokfèkdkj dk;ZdrkZ fodkl ds {ks= esa lfØ; yksxksa dslkFk tkudkfj;ksa ds vknku&iznku vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa esa leUo;ds tfj, viuh&viuh ljdkjksa ij bl ckr ds fy, ncko Mkyldrs gSa fd muds fofHkUu ea=ky;ksa dh xfrfofèk;ksa ds chprkyesy jgs ftlls O;kikj fu;eksa esa vke yksxksa ds fgrksa vkSjvfèkdkjksa dks Bsl u igqap ldsA

VII. fu"d"kZnqfu;k ds vkèks ls T;knk yksx xzkeh.k bykdksa esa jgrs gSaA lgh ek;usesa fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus vkSj ekuokfèkdkjksa dh ftEesnkjh dksiwjk djus ds fy, ljdkjksa dks ,slh gh uhfr;ka ykxw djuh pkfg,ftuesa xzkeh.k leqnk;ksa dh t:jrksa vkSj {kerkvksa ij Li"V tksjfn;k x;k gksA dgus dk vk'k; ;g gS fd xzkeh.k bykdksa dks O;kikjesa foLrkj ds nk;js ls ckgj u j[kk tk, D;ksafd O;kikj Hkh fodkldk ,d egRoiw.kZ lkèku gSA gka] bruk t:j gS fd O;kikj uhfr;ksadks Li"V :i ls tudsafnzr fn'kk nh tkuh pkfg,A flQZ O;kikjvius vki esa ekuokfèkdkjksa dks lkdkj djus ;k LFkk;h vkfFkZd vFkoklkekftd fodkl dk okgd ugha cu ldrkA

vkt dh fLFkfr esa MCY;wVhvks dk Ñf"k le>kSrk [ksrh ds ckjs esa,d ,slk ÝseodZ eqgS;k djkus esa foQy gks pqdk gS tks ekuok-fèkdkjksa ds izfr lEeku ds utfj, ij vkèkkfjr gksA bldh


ctk; mlus nqfu;k Hkj ds Ñf"k {ks= ds mnkjhdj.k ij tksjfn;k x;k gSA MCY;wVhvks us ,sls le>kSrksa dks tUe fn;k gS tksxjhc fdlkuksa dks uqdlku igqapk jgs gSaA bu le>kSrksa ds dkj.knqfu;k Hkj ds xjhc fdlku O;kikfj;ksa vkSj Ñf"k O;kolkf;dfudk;ksa dh n;k ij vkfJr gks x, gSaA

O;kikj ,oa fodkl ds {ks= esa lfØ; xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa vkSjfdlku laxBuksa us ,d T;knk lerkijd oSf'od [kk| O;oLFkkds vius utfj;s dh ryk'k 'kq: dj nh gSA ;g ,d ,slk utfj;kgksxk ftlesa ekuokfèkdkjksa dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk,xk] [kk| lqj{kk]vkthfodk vkSj LFkk;h fodkl lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, gj laHkodne mBk;k tk,xkA ekuokfèkdkj laxBuksa dks Hkh bl izfØ;k esaviuk ;ksxnku nsuk pkfg,A ;g ipkZ Ñf"k O;kikj O;oLFkk ls tqM+heq[; leL;kvksa dks le>us vkSj mlesa lqèkkj dh fn'kk esa flQZ,d 'kq#vkrh lq>ko gSA

dqN laidZ vkSj lwpuk lzksrActionAid <www.actionaid.org.uk>Agribusiness Accountability Initiative www.agribusinessaccountability.orgBilaterals.org <www.bilaterals.org>Catholic Agency for Overseas Development (CAFOD) www.cafod.org.ukChristian Aid <www.christian-aid.org.uk/indepth/trade.htm>Food First Information Action Network <www.fian.org>International Gender and Trade Network <www.igtn.org>Oxfam International <www.oxfam.org>Southern and Eastern African Trade Information and Negotiations Institute(SEATINI) <www.seatini.org>Third World Network (TWN) <www.twnside.org.sg>UN Food and Agriculture Organization <www.fao.org>UN Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Research Unit on the Rightto Food <www.righttofood.org>Via Campesina <www.viacampesina.org>World Trade Organization <www.wto.org>WWF International <www.panda.org/trade>


dqN egRoiw.kZ lkexzh,D'ku,M] MCY;wVhvks ,xzhesaV vkWu ,xzhdYpjy] czhfQax isij] 2003<www.actionaid.org.uk/index.asp?page_id=794>,D'ku,M] ikoj gaxjh % flDl jht+Ul Vw jsX;wysV Xykscy QwM dkWiksZjs'kal]2005- <www.actionaid.org.uk/wps/content/documents/power_hungry.pdf>

,Q,vks] ,xzhdYpj] VªsM ,.M QwM flD;ksfjVh % b';wt ,.M vkWI'kal bu fnMCY;wVhvks fuxksf'k,'kal ÝkWe fn iLisZfDVo vkWQ fMosyfiax daVªht+] [k.M 1]1999

fciqy pSVthZ] VªsM fyczykbts'ku ,.M QwM flD;ksfjVh] 1998 www.cutsinterna-tional.org/1998-6.htm xxx to be confirmed

fQ,u ,oa ok;k dsaisfluk] ok;ys'kal vkWQ ihts+aV~l áweu jkbV~l % , fjiksVZvkWu dslst+ ,.M iSVUlZ vkWQ ok;ys'ku] 2004

ghjkef.k f?kfejs ,oa jRukdj vfèkdkjh] ,xzhdYpjy VªsM fyczykbts'ku ,.MbV~l bEiSDV vkWu lkmFk ,f'k;k] ,l,MCY;wVhbZbZ ,oa lh;wVh,l&lhvkbZVhbZbZ]2001-

baLVhV~;wV QkWj ,xzhdYpj ,.M VªsM ikWfylh] oYMZ VªsM vkWxsZukbts'ku ,xzhesaVvkWu ,xzhdYpj csflDl] MCY;wVhvks dSadwu lhfjt isij la[;k 2] 2003-

lksfQ;k eQhZ] eSusftax fn bufoftcy gSaM & ekdsZV~l] QkeZlZ ,.M baVjus'kuyVªsM] baLVhV~;wV QkWj ,xzhdYpj ,.M VªsM ikWfylh] 2002 <www.tradeobserva-tory.org/library.cfm?RefID=25497>

tsEl vkj- flEIlu ,oa FkkWel ts- 'kq,uckWe] ^ukWu&VªsM dUlUlZ bu MCY;wVhvksVªsM fuxksf'k,'kal % yhxy ,.M ysftfVesV jht+al QkWj fjokbftax fn ßckWDlÞflLVe*] baVjus'kuy tjuy vkWQ ,xzhdYpjy fjlkslsZt+] xous±l ,.MbdksykWth] [k.M 2] la[;k3@4] 2003-

la;qDr jk"Vª ekuokfèkdkj vk;ksx] fjiksVZ vkWQ fn ;w,u Lis'ky jsifVZ;j vkWu fnjkbZV Vw QwM Vw fn deh'ku vkWu áweu jkbV~l] 2004 <www.ohchr.org/english/issues/food/annual.htm>

fcy oyhZ] QwM] bad- & dkWjiksjsV dalUVªs'ku ÝkWe QkeZj Vw daT;wej] ;wds QwMxzqi] 2003- <www.ukfg.org.uk>


FkzsM THREAD (Trade Human rights andthe economy : action updates) lhjhtvarjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj ls tqM+s eqíksa ij lwpukvksa

ds vknku&iznku vkSj tudkjZokb;ksa dk C;kSjknsus okyh Ük`a[kyk gSA bls ekuokfèkdkjksa ds

izfr tkx:d vkSj lfØ; yksxksa dh t:jrksadks è;ku esa j[kdj rS;kj fd;k x;k gSA FkzsMlhfjt ds izdk'ku ekuokfèkdkj laxBuksa dks

bl ckjs esa T;knk ls T;knk tkudkfj;kaeqgS;k djkus ds fy, rS;kj fd, x, gSa fd

O;kikj vkSj O;kikj fu;eksa esa ekuokfèkdkjksa dsizksRlkgu vkSj lqj{kk ds fy, og D;k dj

ldrs gSaA

fo'o O;kikj laxBu ¼MCY;wVhvks½ ds Ñf"kle>kSrs dks ekuokfèkdkjksa ds utfj;s ls

le>us ds fy, ;g FkzsM lhjht dk igykizdk'ku gSA ,d ifjp;kRed nLrkost ds

:i esa ;g ipkZ oSf'od Ñf"k O;kikj O;oLFkkds fu;eksa vkSj izeq[k fof'k"Vrkvksa ij dsafnzr

gSA bl Ük`a[kyk ds Hkkoh izdk'kuksa esa Ñf"kO;kikj okrkZvksa ls tqM+s dqN [kkl eqíksa ij

fopkj fd;k tk,xkA

balkQ ¼bafM;u lks'ky ,D'ku Qksje½ dh LFkkiuk 1993 es a ml le; dh xbZ Fkhtc ns'k Hkj ds lkekftd laxBu vkSj tukanksyu oS'ohdj.k ,oa èkkfeZd dBeqYysiuds cnyrs gkykr es a phtks a dks u, fljs ls lw=c) djus dh dksf'k'k dj jgs FksA

le; chrus ds lkFk ;g laxBu ,d Li"V jktuhfrd fn'kk okyk egRoiw.k Z jk"Vªh;eap cu pqdk gSA bl eap ij vkt 515 lkekftd laxBu] tukanksyu vkSj izxfr'khycqf)thoh ,dtqV gksdj oS'ohdj.k ds f[kykQ] lkaiznkf;drk ds tokc esa vkSj yksdra=dh j{kk ds fy, vkokt cqyan dj jgs gS aA

balkQ dk fo'okl gS fd vkt ns'k dh laizHk qrk vkSj vfLrRo ij [krjk c<+rk tkjgk gS vk Sj bl ckj s e s a ges a rRdky dne mBkus gk s ax sA b alkQ ds eap ij ,slslHkh laxBuk s a vk Sj O;fDr;k s a dk Lokxr gS tk s lektokn] èke Zfujis{krk] yk sdra=]Lora=rk] 'kk a fr] U;k; & lkekftd] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLÑfrd & ekuoh; izfr"Bk]lekurk vkSj ekuokfèkdkj tSls ewY;ks a ,oa fl)karks a dh j{kk o izk sRlkgu ds fy, vkxsvkdj dke djuk pkgrs gS a vkSj bu mís';ks a dks lkdkj djus ds fy, lekt dsvkewy lkekftd dk;karj.k ds lius ls iz sfjr gksrs gS aA

balkQ dk nk;jk ns'k ds 15 jkT;ks a rd QSy pqdk gSA laxBu dk iwjk dke fofHkUujkT; bdkb;ks a ds tfj, pyk;k tkrk gSA balkQ ds dk;ZØeks a es a vfHk;kuks a ] fojksèkdk;ZØeks a vkSj ,dtqVrk dkjZokb;ks a ij lcls T;knk tksj fn;k tkrk gSA vU;èkeZfujis{k ,oa yksdrkaf=d rkdrks a ds lkFk feydj gekjs lnL; laxBu [kqn viuscwrs ij ;s dkjZokb;ka pykrs gSaA fiNys dqN lkyksa ds nkSjku balkQ us xqtjkr tulagkj]fnuksafnu c<+rs Qklhoknh [krjs] ikuh dh fl;klr] vkSj iksVk o l'kL= cy ¼fo'ks"kvfèkdkj½ vfèkfu;e tSls nkuoh dkuwuksa dks T;knk ls T;knk yksxksa dh utj esa ykus]ns'k esa èkeZfujis{k yksdrkaf=d jktuhfr ds lqn`<+hdj.k] ySafxd laosnu'khyrk] fodklvkSj lkekftd U;k; dh oSdfYid utj ds lkFk dke djus okys yksxks a ds lkFk,dtqVrk ij fo'ks"k tksj fn;k gSA

bafM;u lks'ky ,D'ku Qksje ¼balkQ½, 124@6] igyh eafty] dVofj;k ljk;

ubZ fnYyh&110016VsyhQksu % $91&11&55663958 VsyhQSDl % $91&11&26517814

bZ&esy % [email protected] % http://www.insafindia.org

vfèkdkjksa ds cht cksuk - ictsd · vfèkdkjksa ds cht cksuk ekuokfèkdkjksa dh ... k ds 70...

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