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Building the world's first zero carbon optical network- Greenstar

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  • 1. Building the world's first zero carbon optical network- Greenstar
    Bill St. Arnaud

    [email protected]
    Unless otherwise noted all material in this slide deck may be reproduced, modified or distributed without prior permission of the author

2. Theme of this talk
Climate Change is real and is happening much faster than the most pessimistic forecasts
Traditional solutions such as energy efficiency are insufficient and in some cases counter productive
We need to move to low or zero carbon solutions and de-couple energy consumption from production of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions. Innovation is essential
ICT and zero carbon Internetnetworks and clouds can play a critical role
2
3. Global Average Temperature
4. 2009 second warmest year ever2009 2
5. Spring 2010 warmest ever
This is despite a solar sun spot minimum
6. Climate Forecasts

  • MIT report predicts median temperature forecast of 5.2C

MIT5.2

  • 11C increase in Northern Canada

11

  • http://globalchange.mit.edu/pubs/abstract.php?publication_id=990

7. Last Ice age average global temperature was 5-6C cooler than today5-6

  • Most of Canada was under 2-3 km ice

2-3km

  • With BAU we are talking about 5-6C change in temperature in the opposite direction in less than 80 Years

805-6
MIT
8. Climate Change is not reversible
Climate Change is not like acid rain or ozone destruction where environment will quickly return to normal once source of pollution is removed

GHG emissions will stay in the atmosphere for thousands of years and continue to accumulate
GHG
Planet will continue to warm up even if we drastically reduce emissions

Weaver et al., GRL (2007)
All we hope to achieve is to slow down the rapid rate of climate change

9. Climate tipping points
USGS report finds that future climate shifts have been underestimated and warns of debilitatingabrupt shift in climate that would be devastating.
Tipping elements in the Earth's climate- National Academies of Science
Society may be lulled into a false sense of security by smooth projections of global change. Our synthesis of present knowledge suggests that a variety of tipping elements could reach their critical point within this century under anthropogenic climate change.
10. Urgency of Action
Were uncertain about the magnitude of climate change, which is inevitable, because were talking about reaching levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere not seen in millions of years.
You might think that this uncertainty weakens the case for action, but it actually strengthens it.
This risk of catastrophe, rather than the details of cost-benefit calculations, makes the most powerful case for strong climate policy.
Current projections of global warming in the absence of action are just too close to the kinds of numbers associated with doomsday scenarios. It would be irresponsible its tempting to say criminally irresponsible not to step back from what could all too easily turn out to be the edge of a cliff.
Nobel Laureate Paul Krugman
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/11/magazine/11Economy-t.html?pagewanted=1
11. The Global ICT Carbon Footprint isRoughly the Same as the Aviation Industry TodayICT
But ICT Emissions are Growing at 6% Annually!
ICT6
www.smart2020.org
ICT represent8% of global electricity consumption
Projected to grow to as much as 20% of all electrical consumption in the US(http://uclue.com/index.php?xq=724)
Future Broadband- Internet alone is expected to consume 5% of all electricity http://www.ee.unimelb.edu.au/people/rst/talks/files/Tucker_Green_Plenary.pdf
12. IT biggest power drawIT
Energy Consumption World Wide
Transportation
25%
Energy Consumption Typical Building

Buildings
50%
Lighting
11%
Manufacturing
25%
IT Equipment
30-40%
Heating,
Cooling
and
Ventilation
40-50%
Other
6%
Sources: BOMA 2006, EIA 2006, AIA 2006
13. Growth Projections Data Centers
Half of ICT consumption is data centers
In ten years50% of todays Data Centers and major science facilities in the US will have insufficient power and cooling;*
By 2012, half of all Data Centers will have to relocate or outsource applications to another facility.*
CO2 emissions from US datacenters greater than all CO2 emissions from Netherlands or Argentina http://bit.ly/cW6jEY
Coal fuels much of Internet 'cloud,' Greenpeace says http://bit.ly/bkeSec
Data centers will consume 12% of electricity in the US by 2020 (TV Telecom)
Source:Gartner; Meeting the DC power and cooling challenge
14. Digital vs Traditional appliances
15. The Falsehood of Energy Efficiency
Most current approaches to reduce carbon footprint are focused on increased energy efficiency of equipment and processes

But growth in ICT deployment of equipment and services is outstripping any gains made in efficiency
ICT
Which is likely to accelerate as ICT is used to support abatement in other fields such as smart homes, smart buildings, smart grids etc
ICT
Also greater efficiency can paradoxically increase energy consumption by reducing overall cost service and therefore stimulates demand

Khazzoom-Brookes postulate (aka Jevons paradox aka rebound effect)
In last Energy crisis in 1973 Congress passed first energy efficiency laws (CAF) which mandate minimum mileage for cars, home insulation and appliances
Net effect was to reduce cost of driving car, heating or cooling home, and electricity required for appliances
Consumer response was to drive further, buy bigger homes and appliance
16. More on Energy Efficiency
If we add all of the potential savings from energy efficiency, they only abate about25%of GHG emissions.
To make matters worse, the low hanging fruit will grow smaller over time, decreasing returns to our efforts.
To reduce our GHG emissions by 85 percent by 2050, we need radical innovation to provide clean energy alternatives, rather than just using carbon-based fuels a bit more efficiently.
ITIF Institute - Debunking the Myths of Global Climate Change
Offsetting efficiency savings will be more people in the US in the next decase(391 million vs. 305 million), more households (147 million vs. 113 million), more vehicles (297 million vs. 231 million) and a bigger economy (almost double in size).Obama's Energy Pipe Dreams http://www.newsweek.com/2010/06/21/obama-s-energy-pipe-dreams.html
15
17. Zero Carbon strategy essential
Zero carbon strategy using renewable energy critically important if governments mandate carbon neutrality, or if there is a climate catastrophe
With a zero carbon strategy growth in demand for services will not effectGHG emissions
Anything times zero is always zero
Wind and solar power are most likely candidates because of opportunity cost/benefit analysis especially time to deploy
Nuclear has high opportunity cost becauseof time to deploy
http://climateprogress.org/2008/12/14/stanford-study-part-1-wind-solar-baseload-easily-beat-nuclear-and-they-all-best-clean-coal/
But renewable energy sites are usually located far from cities and electrical distribution systems are not designed to carry load
http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/12/pdf/renewable_transmission.pdf
Local wind/solar will be an important component
18. Grand Challenge Building robust ICT services using renewable energy onlyICT
30% of electrical power will come from renewable sources
30
How do you provide mission critical ICT services when energy source is unreliable?
ICT
Ebbing wind or setting sun

Back up diesel and batteries are not an option because they are not zero carbon and power outages can last for days or weeks

Need new network architectures and business models to ensure reliable service delivery by quickly moving compute jobs and data sets around the world to sites that have available power

Will require high bandwidth networks and routing architectures to quickly move jobs and data sets from site to site

19. Get off the Grid!
Purchasing green power locally is expensive with significant transmission line losses
Demand for green power within cities expected to grow dramatically
ICT facilitiesDONT NEED TO BE LOCATED IN CITIES
-Cooling also a major problem in cities
But most renewable energy sites are very remote and impractical to connect to electrical grid.
Can be easily reached by an optical network
Provide independence from electrical utility and high costs in wheeling power
Savings in transmission line losses (up to 15%) alone, plus carbon offsets can pay for moving ICT facilities to renewable energy site
ICT is only industry ideally suited to relocate to renewable energy sites
Also ideal for business continuity in event of climate catastrophe
20. MIT to build zero carbon data center in Holyoke MAMIT
The data center will be managed and funded by the four main partners in the facility: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cisco Systems, the University of Massachusetts and EMC.
4MITEMC
It will be a high-performance computing environment that will help expand the research and development capabilities of the companies and schools in Holyoke

http://www.greenercomputing.com/news/2009/06/11/cisco-emc-team-mit-launch-100m-green-data-center
21. Many examples already
Ecotricity in UK builds windmills at data center locations with no capital cost to user
Wind powered data centers
Hydro-electric powered data centers
ASIO solar powered data centers
Data Islandia
Digital Data Archive
22. Evolving Internet & Impact on GHG
Van Jacobson predicted several years ago evolution away from end-to-end Internet to information Internet
http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6972678839686672840#
Current Internet is based on old telco architecture of connecting users
New Internet is based on connecting users to information
Arbor study has vindicated Van Jacobson prediction
C. Labovitz, et al "ATLAS Internet Observatory 2009 Annual Report" http://www.nanog.org/meetings/nanog47/presentations/Monday/Labovitz_ObserveReport_N47_Mon.pdf
Over 50% of Internet traffic is from handful of information suppliers such as Google, Akamai, Content Distribution networks etc
Will have major impact on wireless networks as we move from end to end cell phone network to cell phone Internet
21
23. Traditional Internet
Small Content
Provider
Users Computer
Backbone
ISP1
Fiber
Networks
Regional
ISP
Last mile
ISP
Backbone ISP 2
IX
Thousands of miles
IX
Last mile
ISP
Backbone
ISP 3
Large Content
Provider with multiple servers
Users Computer
24. Information Internet zero carbon
Small Content
Provider
Users Computer
Backbone
ISP1
Regional
ISP
Last mile
ISP
Backbone ISP 2
IX
IX
Backbone
ISP 3
Last mile
ISP
Nearby
Cloud
CDN
Large Content
Provider
Users Computer
Content
hosted in ACI
25. New Internet
Increasingly most connections will be local to nearest IX where user will connect to cloud, CDN or social network
Connections to another user or computer at the edge of the cloud will be less common
Network topologies and architectures will be driven by application and content rather than connecting users end-to-end
Cyber-infrastructure and UCLP were forerunners of these development
Future wireless networks are likely to also evolve in this manner
Dont need an end to end network for accessing applications and content
User white space and wifi to provide data to cell phones
Next network neutrality battleground will be last inch open devices and last tower -
Much easier to deploy zero carbon Internet
CDN, clouds and social network infrastructure can be built along GSN model
Users will increasingly use solar powered iPhone, iPad to access information and applications
24
26. Grand Challenge Building robust ICT services using renewable energy only
30% of electrical power will come from renewable sources
How do you provide mission critical ICT services when energy source is unreliable?
Ebbing wind or setting sun
Back up diesel and batteries are not an option because they are not zero carbon and power outages can last for days or weeks
Need new network architectures and business models to ensure reliable service delivery by quickly moving compute jobs and data sets around the world to sites that have available power
Will require high bandwidth networks and routing architectures to quickly move jobs and data sets from site to site
27. Green GENI Topology optimized by source destination
Sensor Network
Thin Client
Edge Site
Mobile Wireless Network
Wind Power
Substrate
Router
Solar Power
Wireless
Base Station
Source:Peter Freeman NSF
28. Mobile Wireless Network
GENI with router nodes at renewable energy sites
Sensor Network
Wind Power
Substrate
Router
Solar Power
Wireless
Base Station
Thin Client
Edge Site
Topology optimized by availability of energy
Source:Peter Freeman NSF
29. Power Consumption of IP network
Source: Rod Tucker
30. Challenge of efficiency
Source: Rod Tucker
31. Emerging Follow the Sun Technologies
The ability to migrate entire virtual machines (routers and computers) to alternate data centres exists.

Over HS networks the latency is tiny and transfer is invisible to the user.
HS
Happens instantly without user knowledge, action or intervention

Nortels research labs developed and conceived the Virtual Machine Turntable in 2006 and through collaboration with R&E networks in the US, Canada, Netherlands, and South Korea proved viability.
R&E2006
32. GreenStar Worlds First Zero Carbon Internet & Cloud
http://www.greenstarnetwork.com/

  • Distributed computing architectures, applications, grids, clouds, Web services, virtualization, dematerialization, remote instrumentation and sensors, etc.

33. Share infrastructure & maximize lower cost power by following wind & sun networks. 34. Develop benchmarking tools to earn CO2 offset dollars for university and ICT department