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8/10/2019 Vit - Chm Nhng ng Bin Vn Ha

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VNH3.TB4.274

VIT - CHM NHNG NG BIN VN HA

inh c Tin

Tp ch Vn ha NghthutBVn ha, Ththao v Du lch

Quc gia Vit Nam ngy nay tri di tLng C (ng Vn, H Giang) n xmMi (Nm Cn, C Mau) trong 33o2 bc v 8o30 bc. im cc Ty nm 102okinh ng

(x Apa Chi, Mng T, Lai Chu) cn im cc ng trn t lin l 109o

24 kinh ngtrn bn o Hn Gm (Khnh Ha)1. Sthng nht ton vn lnh thny l mt qu trnhhp nht vi nhiu bin cphc tp ca cc vng quc i Vit, Chmpa v Chn Lptrong lch s. Nu so snh vqu trnh lp quc, trnh pht trin gia ba quc gia ktrnxy ra nhng thi im khc nhau v mc khc nhau. Nhng ni chung, i Vit,Chmpa v Chn Lp u lp quc tkh sm (i Vit: khong thk5 tr.cn vi shnhthnh hai m hnh nh nc skhai Vn Lang, u Lc; Chmpa vo khong thcui thk2; v, Ph Nam - Chn Lp vo khong thkVI). Mc d khc vi Chmpa, Chn Lp(hai quc gia thuc n), i Vit l quc gia thuc Hn c nhng tiu ch v cch thc

xy dng x hi ring bit, iu ny li nhng hqukhc nhau ko di trong lch s.Sau mt nghn nm Bc thuc, i Vit ti nh hnh mt nh nc tchmun hn rtnhiu so vi hai quc gia ktrn. Trong khi Chmpa, Chn Lp c thi gian cnthit xy dng mt m hnh nh nc theo kiu Nam v pht trin rc rvi nhiuthnh tu vn ha. Sau khi i Vit ginh c c lp v la chn xy dng mt nhnc theo m hnh ng . Th schm trbi 1000 nm Bc thuc y i Vit vohon cnh buc phi pht trin nhanh chng, c thva sc i chi vi Trung Hoa

phng Bc v trn p squy nhiu/ Bc tin ca Chmpa phng Nam.

Sva chm lch svi hai quc gia (Trung Hoa pha Bc, Chmpa pha Nam) cnhng gi trvn ha, iu kin kinh tv th lc khc nhau, t i Vit vo nhngtnh thht sc phc tp. Va quy thun triu nh Trung Hoa i ly sn nh trongtm thchin tranh, nhng ng thi li phi tra uy vvi Chmpa nhn c sthn

phc bngoi, m bn trong h lun ny sinh t tng chng i, quy nhiu. Nhng doxut pht thai thc hkhc nhau: Trung Hoa vi ttng trung qun ca Khng Mnh,Chmpa vi chng cp ca Blamn gio c nhng php tc ng xring bit. iVit la chn thc ca Khng Mnh quy nh nhng php tc hnh xx hi; mtmt phi tun thTam cng Ngthng, mt mt phi dung ha vi vn ha Chmpa vn

1L B Tho, Thin nhin v cc vng a l Vit Nam, Nxb Thgii, H. 2001, tr. 8.


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khng coi trng lgio Khng Mnh. Qu trnh hn dung vn ha Vit Chm din ra dinhiu cch thc khc nhau: va bng con ng ngoi giao - thng mi mang tnh thnho bnh, li va bng con ng cng bc qua cc cuc chin tranh khc lit. D bngcon ng/cch thc ha bnh hay chin tranh, xt vphng din l thuyt th tnh u trica mi nn vn ha sc i phng tip nhn v sdng tnguyn nhmt gi tr

ca khu vc v nhn loi. Gi trny lm cho mi nn vn ha va mun chi bvmthnh thc v ttn dn tc, nhng bn trong li mun n nhn v ci hu ch v thc tcan. Theo ti, khng c ci gi l giao thoa cng bc hay giao thoa tnguyn; m sgiaothoa/tip nhn vn ha lun l tnguyn/tnh nguyn, chc con ng/ cch thc giao thoal khc nhau. Chng ta cn phn bit r rng khi nim con ng/ cch thc giao thoa vikhi nim giao thoa. Stip nhn tnguyn mt yu tvn ha no trl tt yu cho bnthn stn ti v sa dng ca mi nn vn ha. V, bn thn cc gi trgiao thoa cngcn c n nhn tnhuyn c thsng c, ha mnh vo mt mi trng vn hakhc. Vit Nam l mt minh chng sng ng nht vcc cch thc giao thoa v stip nhntnh nguyn tt yu cc gi trvn ha ngoi lai. Va chng Bc thuc nhng vn tip nhnch Hn. Va chng li s xm lng h ca ngi Hn trong giai on t ch nhngkhng chi bm hnh nh nc qun chtp quyn vi httng ca Khng gio. Vanh ui ngi Php nhng khng qun gili nhng gi trv li sng phng Ty...

Vi tm ththn phc phng Bc, uy vvi phng Nam to nn cho vn hai Vit mang trong mnh gi trc trng ca shn dung, a dng. Vi ci vbn ngoica vn ha Hn, vi ci ct li bn trong ca nn vn ha Vit trn ln Chmpa vn cc tng bn a khu vc tng ng. iu ny khin cho sc sng ca vn ha Chmtrong lng i Vit trnn mnh m, nhun nhuyn v rt kh nhn din hn bao giht. c rt nhiu cc cng trnh khoa hc nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh: ngn nghc,vn chng, shc, kho chc, dn tc hc cp v nhn din ra qu trnh giaothoa vn ha Vit Chm. V u cho thy, khc vi vn ha Hn vn ni tri, p chv dnhn thy khi nghin cu vVit Nam ni chung v i Vit trong lch sni ring. Thvn ha Chm vn lng l, ha ng v kh nhn bit; chng ta chcm nhn thy lmu nhng nt hao hao, ging ging vi nhng gi trnghthut tng rng l ch thca ngi Vit, hay Vit - Hn thng trm, hng ngn nm nay nhng nay n c

minh chng l ca ngi Chm li. C ngi cn nhn nh rng, ngy nay chng ta rtkh tm thy nhng du vt ca Vit trong vn ha Chm, nhng li c th tm thy rtnhiu nhng du vt Chm trong vn ha Vit2. Quan im ny, dng nhthiu chnh xcnu chng ta chda vo nhng du n vt cht hin nay, hoc chc tduy n lmtchiu. C nhn ti cho rng, qu trnh cng cngt mt nghn nm nay gia hai dn tcVit Chm cho chng ta nhn thy r du n Chm trn t Vit, nhng ng thi Chm cng nh hng rt nhiu yu tVit, c bit bVit ho sau khi Chmpa tr

2Trn Hu Yn Th,Du tch mthut Chmpa trn c Hoa L,Vn ha Nghthut s2 - 2008, tr. 61 - 64


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thnh mt phn chu ca i Vit tnm 14713. Bn cnh vic Vit ha nhng yu tvn ha Chm trn nhng min t trc kia vn tng l quc ca h. Th bn thn cdn Chm sinh sng trn t Vit hng nhiu i nay cng bVit ha su sc. Trnghp khu vc Ph Thng (Ty H, H Ni), qu trnh cng cVit Chm kh c thcho takhng nh yu tChm trong vn ha Vit v sVit ha i vi vn ha Chm4. iu

cho php ti khng nh, qu trnh giao thoa vn ha ny khng din ra mt chiu, m n lunc nhng tc dng hai chiu v mnh mnhkhi qu trnh xm ln din ra theo quy lut phnhi/di ngc. C th nhng du n giao thoa ca nn vn ha ny sang nn vn ha kiakhng phi tt ccc gi trtng thca i sng x hi. M n chxut hin nhng cim u tri ca mnh sang nn vn ha khc. Tuy nhin, chng ta cng c thchnhn nhmt cch phin din v khng thchmt cch rch ri u l yu tChm nh hng Vitv u l yu t bVit ha. V c ly l quy lut chung ca sgiao thoa gia cc nnvn ha. V snhn nh v phn bit c tnh cht phin din, mt chiu nhvy li phthuc vo chquan ca ngi nhn thc ng nn vn ha no. Skhu bit rch ri, phindin nhvy chng ta tm nhn din r hn vchthnghin cu m thi.

Chng ta hy bt u tm hiu qu trnh giao thoa Vit - Chm tnhng ghi chp utin trong chnh s ca nc Vit nh: i Vit s k ton th, Vit s lc, Lnh Namchch qui, Vit in u linh...hay nhng ti liu thtch khc vstip bin vn ha ny.Mc d, qua cc cun chnh s, cng nhcc ti liu khc ca i Vit, chng ta chnhndin c mt phn rt nh, c tnh cht bni, chnh thng v quan phng ca triu nhtrung ng. C thcoi nhl phn ni trn mt nc ca tng bng, nhng n cho phpchng ta mng tng v on nh phn khng l cn li ca tng bng vi vn cnnhiu gc khut kh tri nhn.

Trong thi Bc thuc, qu trnh giao thoa vn ha Vit Chm din ra khng mnh, vkh khim tn nu nhkhng mun ni l cha xy qu trnh tip bin vn ha theo ngngha ca n. Tuy nhin, nhng ghi chp c tnh cht ban u v s si c thcho taon nh nhiu nguyn nhn cho lun im ny. Thnht, nhng g m schp c chgm c cc skin mt nh nc Lm p c nh hnh v c nhng hot ng qunsquy nhiu phn lnh a pha Nam thuc Hn m thi (tng ng vi vng Ngh-Tnh sau ny). Thhai, lc ny i vi cdn Vit yu tvn ha Hn ang xm thc vo

cuc sng trn kt cu thng tng kin trc m cha thtri phi n nhng sinh hot ithng. Vi tinh thn l chng Hn ha bo tn gc Vit ca mnh, mc d ngi Hn rt cgng, nhng cng khng li nhng du n nhmong mun. Vi tm thngkn tbo v, nn cc sng nng vn ha Chm cha c nhiu dp tip cn vi vn haVit. Thba, do ngi Vit cha ti nh hnh c quc gia v khng nh c mt nn

3Nin im 1471 l mt du mc quan trng trong lch sVit - Chm. N l du hiu kt thc ca mt vng qucnhng li l smu cho mt qu trnh hp nht dn tc.4 Cng Phng Khng, Lng Ph Gia t truyn thng n hin i, Lun vn tt nghip, Khoa Lch s,HKHXHVNV H Ni 1998, tr. 10 - 16. Hoc xem inh c Tin, Cm di tch lng Ph Gia v lhi chnh ca n,Kho lun tt nghip, Khoa Lch s, HKHXHVNV H Ni 2000.


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vn ha t ch, khu bit vi vn ha Hn nn cha c chi v iu kin giao thoa viChmpa vi tcch l mt quc gia c lp. Tuy nhin, cuc ng Vit - Chm u tinli xy ra vo thi vua L Nam , vi skin nm Qu Hi, nm th3 (543), ma h,thng 4, vua Lm p cp qun Nht Nam, vua sai tng l Phm Tu nh tan qun qunCu c5. Sau skin Phm Tu nh ui qun Lm p nm 543, th n nm 722 cuc

khi ngha ca Mai Thc Loan c coi nhscng tc u tin gia ngi Vit vi ngiChm trong lch s. Schp nm Nhm Tut (722) (ng Huyn Tn, Khai Nguyn nmth10). Tng gic l Mai Thc Loan chim gichu, xng l Hc , bn ngoi lin ktvi ngi Lm p, Chn Lp, squn ni c l 30 vn ngi. ng sai ni thtgimmn vtng qun l Dng THc v hl Quang SKhch nh dp c6. Ngoihai bin cktrn l nhng ghi chp cc cuc ng vi chnh quyn hca ngi Hnvi qun i Lm p. Bng lc lng v thlc ca mnh, cc cuc quy nhiu ca ngiChm bin gii pha Nam bchnh quyn h mau chng nh ui v bnh nh.Skin M Phc Ba tng qun i su vo t gic ri lp ct ng phn chia cng vcnm 43, sau khi nh bi qun i ca NhTrng. Ri, chnh quyn hphng Bc nhTn, Tng, Lng, Ty lin tip ng vi Chim Thnh vo cc nm 353, 399, 413,415, 420 (Tn); 431, 436 (Tng); 543 (Lng); v, 605 (Ty), 722 (ng). Sln ng ti mc d khng nhiu v ko di ti khong 500 nm. Nhng n cng cho thy Chmpavi snh hnh, pht trin ang khng nh vthv sc mnh qun si vi ngi lngging phng Bc (khi bao gm cchnh quyn hngi Hn v cdn Vit na).

Sau skin 938, Ng Quyn chm dt nghn nm Bc thuc ca ngi Hn ivi ngi Vit, ti lp mt nh nc v khng nh nn vn ha Vit trn bvn ha bna tin Bc thuc v chng Bc thuc. Mt thi gian qu di b hchnh l nguyn nhnca mt sti khi u mun mn ca i Vit. Chnh v vy, vn ha Vit mt mt phi tkhng nh truyn thng v skhc bit vi vn ha Hn, ng thi phi tip nhn c chnlc/ Vit ha nhng gi tru tri ca vn ha Hn. y l nghch l dn tc tn ti vxuyn sut trong din trnh ca lch sVit Nam. Tuy nhin, xy dng nhng gi trvnha Vit, phi Hn th khng chi hi phi c mt snlc vt bc ca cdn tc, mcn cn phi m rng tip nhn nhng gi trc sc ca cc nn vn ha khc: n ,Chmpa nhmt i trng vi vn ha Hn. Hn na, nhng nn vn ha phi Hn li c

nhiu im ng thun/gn gi vi vn ha Vit vttng, tm l v cch thc thhin.c bit vi vn ha Chm, vn l mt quc gia ra i mun hn Vn Lang, u Lc, nhngli nhanh chng nh hnh v c iu kin v thi gian hon thin sau . Nn vo thigian m i Vit ang ti khng nh, th Chmpa pht trin rc rnhtip thu vn han . Chnh v vy, bn thn trong vn ha Chm nh hng n c linh hn ph hpvi tm thc Vit. Xt vhnh thc, th c thcoi hai thchVit (vbc Trung Hoa) viChm (vbc n ) khc nhau ti mc kh c nhng im chung. Tuy nhin, do nmlin k nhau v lnh th, li c nhng iu kin t nhin v c th vvn ha bn a

5Ng SLin,i Vit Sk ton th(VSKTT), tp 1, Nxb Khoa hc X hi, H. 1972, trang 118.6VSKTT, sd tp 1, tr. 127 - 128


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tng ng. Hn na, i Vit ang cn nhng cu cnh i chi vi sp chca phngBc nn nhanh chng thu nhn vn ha Chm - n, bng nhiu con ng v cch thckhc nhau. Mc d ti nh hnh kh mun - c phn thit thi, nhng i Vit nhanhchng khng nh vthv vai tr ca mnh. Quyn lc ca cc vng triu i Vit lachn v xy dng theo m hnh tp quyn kiu Trung Hoa, buc Chmpa thn phc bng

sc mnh qun sv httng u tri Nho gio trong bi cnh lch sTrung i. Khcvi i Vit, Chmpa pht trin mnh m, theo chng cp x hi ca Blamn vnh nc xy dng theo m hnh qun chphn quyn (mt quc gia thng nht vi nhiutiu quc). Nhng quc vng c tim lc kinh t, ti nng thao lc v lc lng qun smnh msbt cc tiu vng khc thn phc. Chnh v vy, trong lch sChmpa xuthin nhng qun vng c tham vng, lng qucm; sc mnh y c thhin bng vicgy s ri cp ph, "quy nhiu" i Vit. Tuy nhin, nhng c nhn xut chng yli khng m bo smnh mbn vng ca quc gia trong mt thi gian di, sc mnhca hchmang tnh tc thi trong lc ng quyn. Hn na, vi thchtn quyn nhvy y cc vng triu sp nhanh chng mi khi c sxm ln ca ngoi bang. Bncnh , cc phe cnh chnh trtrong ni bvng triu li thng xy ra tranh ot quynlc, thanh ton ln nhau. y chnh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn cbn dn n tht

bi lin tc ca Chmpa trong nhiu thksau ny7. Mc d trong qung thi gian di (t938 n 1471), c nhiu ln tri dy ca mt vi vvua/ nhng c nhn xut chng(ChMa Na, ChBng Nga...), c tham vng v bn lnh, li vo lc i Vit suy vi m tncng ra Bc hng ly li nhng g mt. Schp Gip Thn, nm th4 (1104), ma xun,thng 2, sai L Thng Kit i nh Chim Thnh. Trc y L Gic trn sang Chim

Thnh, ni tnh hnh hthc nc ta. Vua Chim Thnh l ChMa Na nhn them qunvo cp ly ba chu a L ChC dng...8. ChBng Nga ba ln tin ra ThngLong vo cc nm 1371, 1377, 1383 khin vua ti nh Trn nhiu phen iu ng. Schp Tn hi nm th 2 (1371)(chi tit ny Cng mc chp l vo nm 1370), thng 3nhun, ngi Chim Thnh sang cp, do ca bin i An, tin thng n Kinh s. Du binhca gic n bn Thi t. Vua i thuyn sang ng Ngn trnh... gic t cung in thtri c. Trong nc ty sinh ra nhiu chuyn9.

Vic Nam tin ca i Vit vo pha Nam, bn cnh mc tiu tm n mt i trng

vn ha nh ni trn, th cn l ssng cn i vi ngi Vit. Sau mt nghn nmBc thuc khng phi l chm dt chin tranh vi ngi khng ltham vng Trung Hoa,m l smu cho nhng cuc chinh pht tip theo din ra cc giai on sau ny. Philin tc i chi vi ngi khng lpha Bc, pha Nam li gp squy nhiu, thc sn,ri Bc tin ca ngi Chmpa. Nn buc i Vit phi yn n c phng Nam, trckhi chng li sxm ln ca phng Bc.

7Phan Khoang, Vit sxng trong 1558 -1777,Nh sch Khai tr xut bn, S. 1967. Quan im ny tc gi

cp n trong bi vitc Phan Khoang v Li Tana,Nghin cu ng Nam , s5 - 2006, tr. 85 - 88.8VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 2449VSKTT, sd, tp 2, tr. 179


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Skin u tin vsva chm Vit - Chm sau mt nghn nm Bc thuc l vicNg Nht Khnh chy sang Chim Thnh v dn ngi Chim vo cp sau khi nghe inhTin Hong bng h. Smu cho mi "bang giao" Vit - Chm vi tcch l hai nhnc khng my hon ho v thun li. N nhim bo cho nhng chui skin xyra lin tip vi nhiu bin b phc tp nhiu th k sau ny. S thn phc ca ngi

Chm chmang tnh bngoi, gito v mi ln stri dy ca h lm i Vit phi lolng. Vic cc vng triu Tin L, L, Trn, L snh su vo trong t Chim Thnh,

bt vua, ct t l mt vic lm cn thit trong bi cnh lch s nh vy. Bin gii viChim Thnh cng c y ra xa ln ranh cvpha Nam, th an ninh i Vit dng nhli m bo hn. Tuy nhin, trong khong 500 nm tri qua cc triu i khc nhau, khng

phi lch squan hca hai nc lc no cng xy ra chin s. Nhng khonh khc habnh xen gia nhng ng gm, gio v khi la l s thn phc, triu cng u nca ngi Chm khin ny sinh nhng mi quan hchnh trc bit khc nhhn nhn.Skin Bnh ngnm th14 (1306), ma h, thng 6 gcng cha Huyn Trn cho vuanc Chim Thnh l ChMn10l kt qumt qu trnh yn n lu di v quan hbanggiao gia hai quc gia trnn tt p hn bao giht. Yn n ti mc nm 1301, thng 3,Thng Hong (Trn Nhn Tng) i chi cc a phng, sang Chim Thnh. Ma ng,thng 11 Thng Hong tChim Thnh trv11. V trong chuyn i chi ny, ThngHong trt ha gcon gi cho vua Chim, i li ChMn em t hai chu y (chu, chu L) lm lvt dn ci12. Skin k trn chnhmt trng hp in hnh choquan h Vit Chm trn phng din ngoi giao chnh tr v mang m tnh cht quan

phng. iu cha thhin c nhiu cho mt qu trnh giao thoa thc sgia hai nn

vn ha Chm - Vit.Theo ti, s giao thoa vn ha gia Vit - Chm din ra ch yu v mnh m li

khng phi bng con ng ngoi giao chnh thng thun ty gia hai vng triu. Rtnhiu ln triu cng cc loi sn vt a phng nhvoi, t gic, nga,... cc hng liu, vtl(?)13vi s lng khng nhiu. Bn cnh , cc on sbkhi tun mnh vua Chmsang triu cng i Vit th cng vi mt sngi khim tn nhslng sn vt m hem sang vy, cng thi gian lu tr khng di. Th chc chn rng li sng ca hkhng sc mnh, hoc khng thi gian tc ng n i sng, vn ha ca i Vit.

Chnh v th, sgiao thoa mnh mnht gia i Vit v Chmpa li thng qua con ngchin tranh l ch yu. Sau mi ln chinh pht Chim Thnh nh vy, hng trm, hngnghn "t binh" lin tc bbt v em vi Vit trong nhiu thk. Trong m ngi thuatrn c goi l t binhy, khng n thun l nhng chin binh chc sc khothlc, c

bp; m cn l nhng cung tn, mn, nghnhn, ssi cquan li na... Hl nhng tr

10VSKTT, sd, tp 2, tr. 10211VSKTT, sd , tp 2, tr. 9612VSKTT, sd, tp 2, tr. 10313Nguyn ThPhng Chi, Quan hgiai Vit vi Chmpa thi Trn (thkXIII - XIV), Nghin cu ng Nam ,s8, 2007


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thc Chm, vi khi c cha y nhng tinh hoa ca vng quc Chim Thnh khng maymn bri vo tay i phng, ri trthnh nhng "n l" phc vcho ngi thng trn.iu ny cng c TCh i Trng ni n hnhnhng ktht trn km may mnmang tinh hoa ca dn tc mnh phc vcho ngi chin thng nhtrng hp ngi "ccng" v danh xy dng thp Bo Thin cho L Thnh Tng, nhtng Bng githnh

a Bang cho HQu Ly...14. Cc vng triu ca i Vit ln lt tin hnh chinh phtChim Thnh, s chp Nhm ng nm th 3 (982) vua (L Hon) thn i nh ChimThnh. Trc y vua sai TMc v Ng TCnh sang sChim Thnh, bhbt gi.Vua gin, mi sai ng thuyn chin, sa binh kh, tlm tng i nh, chm c PhMThuti trn; Chim Thnh thua to, bt sng c binh skhng bit bao nhiu m k;

bt c kntrong cung trm ngi v mt thy tng ngi Thin Trc...15. Sang thi L,i Vit 2 ln tin Chmpa, ln thnht vo nm 1044 thi vua L Thi Tng, vua thn inh Chim Thnh, trong trn ny quan qun ui chm c 3 vn thcp. Quch Gia Dichm c vua Chim l Su ti trn, em dng np. Bt c hn 30 voi nh, bt sngc 5000 ngi... sau trn chin c lit , vua em qun vo Pht Thbt vc, vlcaSu v cc cung nkno gii ma ht khc iu Ty Thin16. Ln th2 vo nm 1069,ma xun, thng 2 vua (L Thnh Tng) thn i nh Chim Thnh, bt c vua nc yl ChCv dn chng 5 vn ngi17. Tsau hai cuc i chinh pht ca cc vua L cho nnhng nm ChBng Nga nh ra Thng Long, l giai on ca nhng mu thun nhvng bin gii gia hai quc gia, v s thn phc bng con ng triu cng ca ChimThnh. Thi gian ny, quan h ca i Vit v Chim Thnh c coi l "m" nht. Tinhthn ho hiu, chnh sch ngoi giao khn kho v sc mnh qun squa 3 ln khng chin

nh bi qun Nguyn Mng khin th, lc ca i Vit trnn uy danh trc ChimThnh. Cng trong giai on ny din ra cuc hn nhn ca Huyn Trn vi ChMn nh ni trn. Mc d vo nm 1312 vua (Trn Anh Tng) thn i nh Chim Thnh, v vuanc y l ChCh phn trc... v, bt c ChCh em v18. Ri nm 1318, vua Trn MinhTng cHuVng Trn Quc Chn i nh Chim Thnh, cng bt c rt nhiu "t

binh". Hai ln chinh pht trong giai on tng i yn n, i lc khng mt mt mi tn mbnh c Chim19. Sang n thi L s, sau nhng bin cphc tp vo cui triu Trn v20 nm Minh thuc. Vo nm 1446, tng L Th tn cng Chim Thnh v ph cthnh Ch Bn, bt c vua Chim l B Cai v cc phi tn, bthuc, nga voi, qun kh

ca cc tng u hng, ri em qun v20. Sang nm 1471 (triu vua L Thnh Tng), ccoi l nin im ht sc quan trng trong lch squan hVit Chm. Nhiu hc gicho rng,trn nh ny khin Chim Thnh khng th"gng dy" c na. Nhng squy ph,

14TCh i Trng, Thn ngi v t Vit,Nxb Vn ha Thng tin, H Ni 2006, tr. 171.15VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 168 - 16916VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 222 - 22317VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 233

18VSKTT, sd, tp 2, tr.109 - 11019VSKTT, sd, tp 2, tr.109 - 11020VSKTT, sd, tp 3, tr. 136


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ri khng c yu t ca Chim Thnh vo thi gian sau nh ngn n ang chy ntnhng git du cui cng. Vic L Hng c tin cng vo Chim Thnh, cho vli bn ,t li tn gi, thit chthnh ty trn hnh chnh nhng vng t vn ca ngi Chm chothy tinh thn thng nht mnh mca mt vqun vng y quyn uy. M hnh nh ncqun chtp quyn Nho gio "hgc" m hnh nh nc qun chphn quyn Blamn.

V cng tsau ln "tho pht" ny, ngi Chm i Vit li tng ln gp bi, cha kcchng qun v dn lu vong n ri rc tnhiu nm trc .

Nu nhvo thi L - Trn, i Vit ang cn nhng gi trmi khng nh mtnn vn ha tch, c lp vi Hn. C thddng nhn thy vic tip nhn nhng gi trnghthut Chm trong i sng cung nh, chcha ni n trong dn gian cn ddng,mnh mhn gp bi. Skin nm 1060, thng 8 ban ra khc nhc v iu nh trng caChim Thnh khin nhc cng ht21. n nm 1202 sai nhc cng chkhc nhc gi lnhc Chim Thnh, ting trong tro, ai on bun ru, ngi nghe phi chy nc mt22.

Hay nhvicNht Dut (Chiu Vn Vng)thch chi vi ngi nc ngoi, thng civoi n chi thn B Gi (thn ny l khi L Thnh tng nh Chim Thnh, bt cngi Chim cho y, ly ting nc Chim t tn l a Da Li, sau gi sai l B Gi),c khi 3, 4 ngy mi v...l nhng minh chng cthcho stip nhn vn ha . Th ncui thi Trn v sang thi L s, sau khi khng nh c mt quc gia vi mt nn vnha c lp. c bit sln mnh v ln lt ca httng Nho gio ny sinh tronglng i Vit nhng mu thun vi ngi Chm. Bng nhng chnh lnh cm on ti dngian ca triu nh, nhm chnh n phong tc theo lgio Khng Mnh. Cc chnh lnhny khng bit c tc dng n u i vi i sng x hi i Vit, nhng n chdncho chng ta thy rng khi vn ha Chm n su vo Vit nh thno. Nm 1374,ma ng, thng 10, xung chiu cho qun dn khng c mc o kiu phng Bc v btchc ting ni ca cc nc Chim, Lo23. V cbng nhng chiu lnh git chc na.

Nm 1059, Tng Dc ban chiu bt ngi Chim hin ti giam git ht...rigit htcc nsni ngi Chim24.Bn cnh nhng cm on, git chc nhvy, nh nc qunchNho gio cng bt u qu trnh Vit ha ca mnh i cdn Chm dbqun l.

Nm 1472, thng 9 c sc chcho Thi bc tkhanh xt htn ca bn ngi Chim ngiMan, hca ngi Chim th hmi hctheo ng quy ch, hca ngi Man th dn

vo lm mt25

. Ri bt nhng ngi c ngun gc nc ngoi, trong c ngi Chimphi n Vin Chu Lm khai bo. Tuy nhin, nhng skin khng chn thun lmu thun gia hai httng, m cn l smc cm, tti ca ngi Vit/ vn ha Vitvi ngi Chm/ vn ha Chm. Nhng cdn m ngi Vit lun cho rng l "Man dn"c thn phn thp hn, ri li l t binh na. Nhng li c nhng tri thc m ngi Vit

21VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 23122VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 298 - 299

23VSKTT, sd, tp 3, tr. 18424VSKTT, sd, tp 4, tr. 49 - 5125VSKTT, sd, tp 3, tr. 247


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phi vay mn xy dng cho i sng x hi ca mnh. V, n cng l sxung t giavn ha cung nh chnh thng Nho gio ca tng lp qu tc vn cht ch, cao ngo vivn ha dn gian phi chnh thng ca tng lp bnh dn vn ci m, ha nh.

Vt ln trn nhng yu tc coi l vn ha hay li sng nh k trn. Qu

trnh giao thoa Vit - Chm khng thot ly khi qu trnh hn huyt vmt nhn chng. Xttrn mt phng din no , th qu trnh khng c nhiu bng chng c thddng nhnthy bng cc gic quan thng thng vc im chng tc ca ngi Vit v Chm mtcch r rng. Nhng nhng skin trong bin nin scho thy, vic hn huyt ban u c nh nc "tha nhn", bng vic cc vua cha v tng lp qu tc thi L, Trn coinhng mnChm l "chin li phm" sau mi cuc chinh pht. Schp nm 1046, dngcung ring cho phnChim Thnh26(cung ny c tn gi l Ngn Hn). Hay skin M l phi ca Su nhy xung bin ttv bvua L Thi Tng bt sang hu. Ri nm1154, vua nc Chim Thnh l ChB La Bt dng con gi, vua nhn27. Vi vic bt c

ngn t binh cho ri rc tvng Thanh Nghra ti Thng Long khin qu trnh hahuyt din ra mt cch mnh m. n ni, vo nm 1499, thng 8 ngy mng 9 cho chiurng: "tnay tri, trn tthn vng, di n nhn dn, u khng c ly n b congi Chim Thnh lm v, cho phong tc c thun hu28. Khi lnh cm c ban ra, thchng tsvic " trt ri" gia ngi Vit vi nhng ngi Chm sng trn lnh thiVit khi . C ln l tt yu ca lch sv ca nhng cuc giao thoa vn ha. Ti chorng, vic hn huyt c khi li l yu ttin quyt (c trc v quyt nh) i vi mi qutrnh giao thoa. N m bo cho nhng gi trvn ha khc c chi thm nhp vo cucsng ddng hn v su sc hn. Cng ging vi s tip nhn vn ha Hn vo thi Bcthuc. Vic hn huyt vi ngi Hn vo thi gian ny cho ngi Vit c nhng thay icn bn vnhn chng, trc khi c nhng chnh sch xy dng bmy cai tr. Ph Gia,Ph Thng, Ty H, H Ni hin nay vn cn c nhng dng h nh Cng (ng), B(Hy)... c gc gc tChm v c mt vi ngi t c khc tn trong bia Vn Miu,Quc TGim. Tvic hn huyt, n qu trnh thay tn i hcho ph hp vi cuc sngthc ti l vic thng thy trong lch sVit Nam thi ctrung i29. Lp lun ny cngc r hn na trong truyn vH Li trongLnh Nam chch quica L TXuyn, mttc phm tng truyn c vit vo thi Trn. Kvmi tnh ca ngi n ng Chm vi

phnVit. Sau ny c Chu Xun Giao phn tch rt su sc trong tp tiu lunNh vuagia dng xoy a chiu: truyn H Li tnhiu gc nhn, vi trung tm l sex v vngquyn.Sb buc ca Nho gio khin ngi Vit phi n du nhu cu bn nng, n sn sng

bng n/ph cch khi gp nhng nhn tcng hon cnh nhng phi Nho, li c truyn thng,li sng mang m cht phn thc ca "vn" m ngi Chm mang n.

26VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 225

27VSKTT, sd, tp 1, tr. 28528VSKTT, sd, tp 4, tr. 1729Cng Phng Khng, sd.


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Qu trnh ha huyt, cng c v giao thoa vn ha Vit Chm l mt hqutt yulch sca hai tc ngi trn lnh thVit Nam hin nay. Tng bin lnh thgia haiquc gia vi hai nn vn ha khc bit n sthng nht vmt ng bin vn ha trongmt qu trnh phc hp, lu di. Chng ta kh c thnhn din r rng u l yu tVithoc Chm thun ty, ci no nh hng n ci no. Nhng ci hao hao, ging ging chl

nhng on nh khoa hc m cc hc ginhn nh v suy din, bi bn thn chng totln sha nhuyn nhng gi tr tinh hoa ca hai nn vn ha Chm Vit. Hy ng

bin vn ha l v hnh trong nhng biu hin hu hnh ca cuc sng.


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VIET - CHAM CULTURAL BOUNDARIES

Dinh Duc Tien

Culture and Art magazineThe Ministry of Culture - Sport and Tourism

Vietnam, as a nation, now runs along from Lung Cu (Dong Van, Ha Giang) to MuiHamlet (Nam Can, Ca Mau) within 33o2 and 8o30 north latilude. The West pole is at 102o

east longitude (Apa Chai, Muong Te, Lai Chau) while the East pole in the mainland is at109o24 east longitudeon on Hon Gom Peninsula (Khanh Hoa). (Le Ba Thao, Vietnam,territory and geographical areas). This unified and undivided territory results from aconsolidation with complicated events between Dai Viet, Champa and Chen La in the

history. Regarding nation founding process, there are differences among three above nationsin term of development in different levels and at different times. Generally speaking, DaiViet, Champa and Chen La all founded their nations at an early time. Unlike Champa andChen La both heavily influenced by Indian culture, Dai Viet fell inside the ambit of China.This fact leads to different consequences during the history. After 1000-year Chinesedomination period, the formation of an independent state of Dai Viet occurred much laterthan the two other countries. At that time, Champa and Chen La had built up a Austro -Asiatic state model, which rapidly developed and represented many cultural achievements.Dai Viet just gained its independence and decided to form a state according to East Asian

model. This lateness, because of 1000-year Chinas dominance, left Dai Viet no option butto rapidly develop so that could be able to deal with the Chinese in the north and avoid theharassment of Champa from the south.

The collision between two countries (China in the north and Champa in the south)with different levels of powers, cultural values and economic conditions had put Dai Viet inquite complicate situations. On one hand, Dai Viet had to show surbordinate its attitude

toward Chinese courts. On the other, it let Champa know how strong it was in order toreceive the prima facie allegiance from the latter. However, between different ideologies:China with Confucian loyal to the emperor idea and Champa with heavy -caste regimesand distinctive rules of conduct of Hinduism, Dai Viet already selected Confucian -Mencius ideology to set out social rules of conduct; on must one hand one comply withThree Moral Bonds and Five Constant Virtues and on the other harmonize with Champaculture which did not much respect Confucius - Mencius values. The cultural mixture

between Viet and Cham takes different forms: via both normal diplomatic and commercialroads in a peaceful manner and Viet - Cham and compulsory during fierce wars.


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From theoretical perspective, the dominances of one culture will be absorbed andvoluntarily employed by the other as regional and world value regardless of suchdominances are conveyed in peaceful or warlike manner. A country on one hand appears toreject this value because of its nationalist self-respect, on the other wishes to receive itsilently thank to its usefulness and pragmatic. In my opinion, there is no so-called

compulsory or voluntary acculturation. The acculturation itself is per se a voluntary processbut in different manners. We need to clearly distinct between how the acculturation ismade and what it is. The voluntary receipt of a relevant cultural element would becomeindispensible for the existence and the variety of each culture itself. Moreover, theacculturation itself needs to be voluntarily received so that ones can live and mix withdifferent culture. Vietnam would appear to be among the liveliest evidences for how theacculturation is made and the voluntary receipt of fodinasty cultural values. Fighting againstthe Chinas colony but to receive Chinese characters. Fighting against the Hans invasion inthe self-control period but not to reject the centralized administration model built on basis ofConfucianism. Expelling the French but not to forget Western values and way of living.

With a view to be subject to the North and show its strength to the South, Dai Vietsculture takes with itself distinctive values of mixture and variety. The Hans cultureappearance and the core of Viet-Cham mixed culture, which share the similar regionalsubtratum make Champa culture integrate into Dai Viet society, become strong and difficultto recognize than ever. Many of the scientific works in different sectors such as linguistics,

literature, history, archeology, ethnography have mentioned and realized Viet-Chamacculturation process. All shows that, unlike Han culture, which is outstanding, prevailing,and ease to identify when ones research Vietnam in general and Dai Viet in history in

particular, Champa culture appears silent and outgoing and hard to identify. We just actuallyfeels that something looks slightly like what we thought belonging to the real Vietnamesevalues or Viet - Han for hundreds or even thousands of years but now turned out to beChams remainder. Some opines that it would be quite difficult to find out tracts ofVietnamese culture in Cham, but can find a lot of these in the Cham culture in Viets (2).This view seems to show a lack of accuracy if we only rely on the present material marks, or

just carry a unilateral thought. Personally speaking, I believe that the 1000-year co-residence between Cham and Vietnamese people give us a clear sign of Chams influenceson Viets. Nevertheless, Champais also influenced with many of Vietnamese elements,especially where Champawas Vietnamese and became substantial a part of Dai Viet since1471 (3).

In addition to the Vietnamization of Chams culture factors in the land where theirformer capital situated, Champa peoples living in the mainland of Vietnam has been deeplyVietnamized. In case the Phu Thuong area (Tay Ho, Ha Noi), the Viet - Champaco-

residence make it hard to identify whether Champa culture factors affects Viet has or viceversa (4). This allows me to affirm, the acculturation process does not occur in unilateral


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manner but in bilateral and becomes so strong because of the feedback/ one-dimensional,but it is two-dimensional effect and strong as when the invasion took place under rulefeedback/counter-influence. It is more likely that influences of the acculturation of a cultureon the other do not cover all aspects of the social life but the outstanding points that emerge.It would be however impossible to clearly figure out a specific Chams factor influenced by

Viet and vice versa so we can only take a unilateral view on the same. More likely, this isthe general rule of acculturation among various cultures. Such one-sided view would in turnsubjectively depend on which culture side ones stand on. Such clear/subjective distinction

just allows us to temporarily indentify the subject of the research.

Lets start our research on Viet-Cham acculturation process from initial records inthe official history of Vietnam such as A Brief History of Viet (Viet Su Luoc in

Vietnamese), The Complete Book of the Historical Records of Dai Viet (Dai Viet Su KyToan Thu in Vietnamese); Vietnamese Palace Spirits (Viet Dien U Linh in Vietnamese),Excerpts of Linh Nam's Extraordinary Story (Linh Nam Chich Quai in Vietnamese) orother documents on this cultural event. Though, these documents of Dai Viet allow us tohave a very little information, even on the face of it, of the views of the centralgovernments. We may see it as the tip of an iceberg though it let us have an imagination ofhow big the remaining part, with many hidden areas, is.

During the Chinese domination period, the Viet-Cham acculturation process had nottaken place robustly. Rather, it appeared quite modest even one can say there was no actualcultural interexchange. Nevertheless, initial and simple records at that time may explain theabove argument. First, what the history documents recorded mentions only how Lam Apstate was shaped and there were then many abusing military activities in the area that

belonged to the South area under Hans ruling (equivalent to the area of Nghe - Tinh lateron). Secondly, the invasion of Han culture just touched the superstructure rather thandominating normal living activities. Despite Hans attempts to assimilate, they failed toreceive expected results due to the anti-Chinese attitude among Vietnamese residents. Witha view to close their doors for self-protection, Cham culture did not have a chance tointeract Viets. Thirdly, as Vietnamese residents did not then re-shape their country andaccordingly state their own culture independent from Hans culture, they had not yet had achance to acculturate with Champaas self-government. However, the first Viet-Chamconflict occurred in Ly Nam De Kings ruling period where on Yin Water Pig Year (QuyHoi) the Third (543), summer, April, the King of Lam Ap seize Nhat Nam commandery, theKing [Ly Nam De] appointed his general, Pham Tu, to smash the enemy at Cuu Duccommandery (5). After Pham Tu drove Lam Aps men away in 543, Mai Thuc Loans

insurrection occurred in the year 722 is considered the first co-operation ever betweenVietnam and Champa in history.


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Imperial annals record that the Year of Water Dog (Nham Tuat) (722), Duong HuyenTon, the 10thepoch-making year). The enemys general, Mai Thuc Loan, seized the countyand declared himself the Black King (Hac De). He co-operated with people of Lam Ap and

Chen La [Kingdoms] (Chen La in Vietnamese) with an army of 300,000 men. The TangsEmperor (Tang De in Vietnamese) appointed Noi Thi Giam Ta Mon Ve General, DuongTu Huc and Do Ho Quang So Khach to have expelled them already (6). In addition to twoabove events, history tells several conflicts with the Hans ruling government with Lam ApKingdoms army. Thank to its enormous power and well-armed forces, Han Governmentquickly smashed Chams abusing activities in the southern borders and therefore pacify thisarea. General Ma Phuc Ba sent his troops deeply towards the enemys land and erected

bronze pillars dividing relevant areas in 43 after defeating Nhi Trungs forces. Then theNorth governments like Tan, Song, Luong, Tuy continuosly clashed with Champa in 353,

399, 413, 415, 420 (Jin); 431, 436 (Song); 543 (Sourthen Dinasty, the third reign) And 605(Sui), 722 (Tang). These clashes, though small in numbers, had actually occurred for 500years. Despite this fact, such clashes showed that Champa, on the way to stating its strengthand military power to the northern neighbours, including Hans ruling governments andVietnamese residents).

After the event of year 938, Ngo Quyen ended the 1000-year Chinese dominance, re-established a government, and by that way affirmed Vietnamese culture on the foundationof the local culture in pre-Chinese dominance and anti-Chinese dominance period. A long-dominated period would be the primary cause for a late re-creation of Dai Viet. For thatreason, Vietnamese culture on one hand must state its own tradition and the difference fromHan's culture. On the other, it has to receive outstanding points of Han's in aselective/Vietnamese way. This national paradox had existed and spread out the wholehistory of Vietnam. Nevertheless, the whole nation needs not only to do its best to build upa Vietnamese and non-Han cultural values, but also expand itself to special values of othercultures such as India, Champa as a balance to Han's culture. Furthermore, the non-Han's

culture shares common points with and appear close to Vietnamese culture in term ofideology, mentality and the way they express. Especially, Champa, a country that was bornmuch later than Van Lang or Au Lac State but promptly shaped and had enough time andnecessary conditions to complete itself. This explains why at the time where Dai Viet wasattempting to find a way to re-state its position, Champa enjoys a remarkable development

by receiving Indian culture. As a result, inside Champa cultures with heavy Indianinfluences lies a spirit suitable to Vietnamese consciousness. On the face of it, ones mayconsider two institutions: Viet (in Chinese model) and Cham (Indian model) different to anextent that it would be hard to find common points. However, due to a joint border, similar

natural conditions and cultural specialties, Dai Viet found it quick to receive, via differentchannels, Champa-India influences as a balance to the Chinese dominance. Dai Viet had


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soon stated its position and role despite the late re-shape. The power of Dai Viet, which wasbuilt on Chineses centralized model had forced Champa to surrender by way of militarystrength and the outstanding Confucianism in the mid- history. Unlike Dai Viet, Champastrongly developed itself according to Hinduisms style with different social classes and itsgovernment was built in the decentralized monarchy model where a unified country live

together with many sub-countries. Great kings having talents and owning a strong economyand powerful army would force other kinglets to subdue. This explains why Champa history

born ambitious and courage kings and this is evidenced by the fact that these kingsquarreled, seized and abused Dai Viet. Unfortunately, these outstanding individualswere not a guarantee for the sustainability and strength of a nation for quite a long time. Inother words, their strength was presented only when they were in office. Besides, suchdelegation of power had forced these kingdoms to quickly collapse when invaded byforeigners. To seize powers, different parties in a kingdom often tried to extirpate eachother. These facts are attributed to major causes that lead to the continuous failure ofChampa for centuries (7). Though, some excellent kings such as Che Ma Na, Che Bong

Nga, who owned ambition and firm stuff, had emerged for such as long time (from 938 to1471) attacked Dai Viet in the north to get what they lost when Dai Viet became weaken.History books recorded that in 1004, in the spring, February, [the King] sent Ly ThuongKiet to conquer Champa. In the past, Ly Giac escaped to Champa and told them about ourcurrent situations. The King of Champa, Che Ma Na took that occasion to send his troops toseize three provinces that Che Cu had offered [to Dai Viet] (8). Che Bong Nga had attachedThang Long three times in 1371, 1377, 1383 making Trans king and his officers distressed.

Annals also recorded the year of New Pig (Tan Hoi) the Second (1371) (Cuong Mucrecorded it 1370), the bissextile March, Champa seized Dai An Seaport, forwarding theCapital. Enemys troops reached Thai To port. The King had to take a boat to Dong Ngan toavoid enemy burned the temples and libraries. Disputes in the country therefore arose (9).

Dai Viets forwarding to the South should not only be seen as a way to look for acultural leverage as afore mentioned but also a struggle for survival of Vietnameseresidents. The 1000-year Chinese dominance did not merely end the long wars with the

giant and ambitious Chinese dynasties but paved the way for continuous conquers in laterstages. Facing both China in the north and Champa in the South, Dai Viet had no option butto first make its southern areas peaceful for the purpose of mainly dealing with the North.

The first Viet-Cham clash occurred when Ngo Nhat Khanh ran away to Champa andguided them to encroach Dai Viet after the death of Dinh Tien Hoang. This should not beseen a perfect start for Viet-Cham relationship from government level and appears to be an

omen for continuous complicated events between two countries in later centuries. Thesubordinate of the Champa appears artificial and temporary and each of their raising didmake Dai Viet distressed. The fact former Le, Ly, Tran and Primary Le Dynasty deeply


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encroached into Champa, arrested their kings and requested for land allocation [to Dai Viet]might be then a necessary move. The further Champa border was moved southwarded, thesafer Dai Viet feels. However, not that a 500-year period with different dynasties had seennonstop wars between two kingdoms. Dai Viet and Champa actually enjoyed some shortmoment of peace amidst many years dragged through with fire and sword where Champa

regularly paid their tributes to Dai Viet. Some special politic relationships like marriagebetween Champa peoples and Vietnamese residents were born during this period. In factthat Binh Ngo the Fourteenth (1306), Priceless Huyen Tran was married to Champa King,Che Man (10) would be a result of a long and peaceful relationship between two countries,which become better than ever. Even in 1301, Father - Emperor (Tran Nhan Tong) visitedsome areas, to Champa. Winter, 11th month, Father - Emperor left Champa for Dai Viet(11). In this visit, Father - Emperor accidently promised to marry his daughter to ChiemKing in exchange for Che Mans offer of these two counties (O province and Ly province)as his wedding-presents (12). This should be only seen as an outstanding picture in a seriesof events in Viet-Chams politic and diplomatic relationship and does not tell us much abouta real acculturation between two cultures.

In my opinion, Viet-Champa acculturation occurred mainly not via formal diplomaticchannels between two kingdoms. Actually, attributes paid by Champa to Dai Viet, whichoften took the form of elephants, rhinos, horses, aromatic spices and precious items (13),was modest in term of quantity. Besides, a small number of diplomatic corps seconded to

Dai Viet for that assignment would not have taken many goods. This evidences a fact thatthey did not have sufficient time to influence Dai Viets culture. Neither was their livingstyle. For that reason, the acculturation most occurred via continuous wars between twokingdoms. For centuries, as a result of each conquer, hundreds or even thousands ofprisoners of war were arrested and taken to Dai Viet. Among them, some might be

beautiful girls, artisan, monks and even officers rather than just muscle warriors. They wereChampa intellectuals with full talents unfortunately fallen into the hand of enemy and

became slaves for the conquerors. Ta Chi Dai Truong refers to them as the unfortunate loserthat brings essence of their nation to the winner. Examples were the anonymous foreman

built Bao Thien Tower for Ly Thanh Tong or General Bo Dong defends Da Bang Castle forHo Quy Ly (14). Dai Viet Dynasties one by one conquered Champa as the history records:Nham Ngo the Third (982), king (Le Hoan) himself attack Champa. Previously, the kingsent Tu Muc and Ngo Tu Canh to Champa as his diplomats but they were imprisoned byChampa. The King got angry and asked for war boats, prepared weapons and personallytook his troops. He killed Phe Mi right in the battle field; Champa suffered from big loss,[he] already got many prisoners of war, took hundreds of beautiful girls and a Thien Trucmonk (15). In Ly Dynasty, Dai Viet had forwarded Champa two times. The first in 1044,

Ly Thai Tongs reign, the King himself conquered Champa, in this battle, his [men]chopped off 3000 heads of enemys forces. Quach Gia Di killed Chiems King, Sa Dau,right in the battle ground and send [his corpse to the Ly Thai Tong]. Took 30 tamed


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elephants and 5000 men after that fierce battle, the King sent his men to Phat The toarrest the first and second wife of Sa Dau and beautiful girls good at dancing and singingTay Thiens melody (16). The second time in 1069, spring, February, king (Ly ThanhTong) himself attacked Champa and arrested its King, Che Cu and fifty thousand peoples(17). The period lasting from these two expeditions by Lys kings until Che Bong Nga

attacked Thang Long saw small conflicts in the border areas and Champas subordinate inthe form of tributes. At that time, Dai Viet and Champa appear to build the warmestrelationship ever. The attitude of harmony, smart diplomatic policies and military strengthevidenced by the fact that Dai Viet defeated Mong Gol Empire three times and made itemerging before Champa. Also at that time, Huyen Tran was married to Che Man.

Though in 1312 king (Tran Anh Tong) himself attacked Chi Thanh as its king, Che

Chi betrayed and arrested and took Che Chi to Dai Viet (18). In 1318, Tran Minh Tongsent Hue Vuong Tran Quoc Chan to advance Champa and took many pows. Twoexpeditions started in quite a peaceful period and sometime did not lose an arrow butsuccessfully pacified Chiem (19). In the primary Le area, after complicated eventshappened at the end of Tran Dynasty and 20 years under Mings rule, General Le Thu, in1446 attacked Champa and occupied Cha Ban citadel, arrested Chiems King, Bi Cai andhis concubines, elephants and horses, weapons of surrendered generals and withdrew histroops (20).

The year 1471 (Le Thanh Tongs era) may be such a crucially important year in Viet-Champahistoric relationship that many believe that Champa could not get recovery after the

battle. Abusing activities and weaker resistance of Champa is seen as a candle getting dim.

The fact that Le Hong Ducs attacked to Champa, had some Champa old land re-mapped, renamed and set up administrative units there shows a strong and ambitious

unification desire of a powerful king. The centralized government in Confucian styleactually overlapped that of Hinduist style. After this conquer, the number of Champa peoplein Dai Viet dramatically increased not to mention of surrendered troops and exiles

previously domiciled.

In Ly - Tran Dynasties, Dai Viet demanded for new values to state its own cultureindependent from Chinese culture. It is easy to find Champa influences on living activitiesin imperial places, not to mention of the same influences on the lives of common people,

which are believe much stronger. In 1060, August, composed Champa melodies and drumrhythm for singers to sing (21). By the year 1021, had musicians compose a melody


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called Champa music bring tears to ones' eyes (21). Or Nhat Duat (Chieu Van Vuong)loves communicating with foreigners, often rides elephant to Ba Gia Hamlet (this hamletwas established when Ly Thanh Tong conquered Champa, took the Champa people thereand named it Da Da Li, a Champa name, later on called Ba Gia), for 3, 4 days are clearevidences for the receipt of culture. Until the later period of Tran and early Le reign, Dai

Viet successfully stated its independent government and its own culture.

Especially, the fact that Confucianism had deeply taken its roots in Dai Viet's lifecaused inherent contractions with Cham. This evidenced by official strict orders of thegovernments with a view to reorganize customs according to Confucianism. Though onesare not quite clear as to how these official orders affected to Dai Viet social activities but itsomewhat let us know how Cham culture influences Viet. In 1374, winter, 10 th month,

issues edicts to peoples and soldiers warning them not to address in Chinese style andimitate Lao and Cham language (23). Comes also killing orders. In 1059 Tuong DucEmperor issued edicts arresting current Champa people and having murdered them all...then Champa women (24). In addition to being subject to these restrictions and massacre,Champa people were Vietnamized for better management. In 1472, September, issuedorders appointing Thai Boc Tu Khanh to verify full names of Champa and Man people,names of Champa peoples were kept unchanged but those of Man people were combined insingle one (25). Then take ones who have fodinasty origins including Cham people to VienChau Lam to declare. However, such events should not be only seen as conflicts between

two ideologies but also presents an inferiority complex of Vietnamese people to Champeople, who were considered "barbarian people" by Vietnamese people, though Dai Viethad to borrow to some extent their knowledge to enrich its social life. This also presentsconflicts between the royal culture heavily influenced by Confucianism of strict andarrogant noble class and the uno culture unorthodox common people, which tends to beamiable and open.

Regardless of what are considered culture or living style as said, Viet-Chamacculturation failed to escape from the mixed blood process in term of human races. Tosome extent, it appears difficult to identify in common sense clear evidences of humancharacters of Vietnamese and Cham. Events recorded in chronicles reveals that the initialmixed blood were recognized by the government with kings and noble classes of Ly, TranDynasty considered Cham beauties "booty" after each conquer. History reads 1046, erectseparate temples for Champa women (26) (named Ngan Han). Or My E, concubine of SaDau committed suicide by having driven into the sea when Ly Thai Tong forced her to servehim. In 1154, Champa King Che Bi La But offered her daughter, the King accepted (27).

With thousands of pows arrested from Thanh Nghe to Thang Long made the mixed bloodhappen strongly. To such extent that in 1499, 8thmonth the 9th, [the King] issued an edictthat: "from now on, from the level of princes of blood to ordinary people, not allowed to


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marry Champa woman so that the customs will be sustained (28). The issuance of suchprohibition order evidences the fact that there had been then "something already happened"between Vietnamese and Champa people living in Dai Viet territory. This might be anindispensable result of history and acculturation.

From my point of view, I think the mixed blood may be a pre-condition (initially anddecisively) for each acculturation process. It guarantees values of different cultures mayhave a chance to easier and deeper penetrate to normal life. Like the receipt of Han Chineseculture in the Chinese dominance period, the mixed blood with Han Chinese then resulted infundamental changes in term of human races prior to the creation of a completeadministrative system. In Phu Gia, Phu Thuong areas, Tay Ho, Hanoi, quite a few peoplecarrying the Ong (Cong) or Bo (Hy) surname which have been originated from Champa's

ones and some of them had their named inscribed in stone steles erected in the Temple ofLiterature (Van Mieu), Quoc Tu Giam (National University). The mixed blood andconsequently the change of names to fit present lives are among common phenomenon inVietnam history in ancient - medieval time (29). This approach is further confirmed byreferring to the story of Ha O Loi in Excerpts of Linh Nam's Extraordinary Story (Linh

Nam Chich Quai in Vietnamese) of Ly Te Xuyen, a story written in Tran dynasty andabout a love affair between a Vietnamese woman and a Cham man. This detail is later ondeeply analyzed by Chu Xuan Giao in his essay The King and the Multi-side Circle: TheStory of Ha O Loi from various angles with the center being sex and imperial power. Under

the compulsion of Confucism, Vietnamese people had to hide their instinctive demands,which would be easy to be exploded and break the old rules when chances come.

The constraint of Confucianism forced Vietnamese people to hide its insctintivedemands. However these hidden factors would explode when colliding with traditionalChampa culture, living style and art which shows a strong material characteristics ofdancing girls.

The mixed blood process, co-residence and acculturation between Viet and Champaare a historic indispensable result of two ethnic groups in the present Vietnam territory.From the boundaries between two countries with different cultures to the unification of onlyone boundary is a long and complicated process. We cannot just identify what are the pureVietnamese or Champa values and which influence the others. The "likeness" between twocultures is merely assumptions of scholars as it per see presents the well-mixed essences ofthese cultures. Let us make this invisible boundary visible in life.


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D. D. T.


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Notes

1. Le Ba Thao, Nature and Vietnam's Geographic Areas, Publisher: Thgii (theWorld), H. 2001, pg. 8.

2. Tran Hau Yen The, Champa's Fine Art Marks in the Old Capital of Hoa Lu ,Culture and Art No. 2 - 2008, pg. 61 - 64

3. The typical year 1471 marks a significant milestone in Viet-Champ history whereit on one hand saw the end of a kingdom but on the other opened up a period of unification

of the nation.

4. Cong Phuong Khuong, Phu Gia Village from Tradition to Modern, GraduationEssay, The Faculty of History, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Hanoi 1998,

pg. 10 - 16. Or Dinh Duc Tien, Phu Gia Village Relic Complex and Major Festivals,Graduation Essay, The Faculty of History, University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesHanoi 2000.

5. Ngo Sy Lien, Dai Viet Su Ky Toan Thu("The Complete Book of the HistoricalRecords o Dai Viet" or abbreviated as "CBHRDV"), Volume 1, Social and SciencePublisher, H. 1972, pg. 118.

6. CBHRDV, book as cited Volume 1, pg. 127 - 128

7. Phan Khoang, Viet Su, Xu Dang Trong 1558 -1777 (Vietnamese history,the Inner region 1558 -1777 ), Khai Tri Bookstore published, S. 1967. This view wasreferred by the author inReading Phan Khoang and Li Tana, South East Asia Research, No.5 - 2006, pg. 85 - 88.

8. CBHRDV, book as cited, Volume 1, pg. 244



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13. Nguyen Thi Phuong Chi, Relationship between Dai Viet and Champa in TranDynasty (XIII - XIV Century), South East Asia Research, No. 8, 2007.

14. Ta Chi Dai Truong, Than, Nguoi va Dat Viet(Deities, People, and the Land ofViet), Publisher: Information Culture, Hanoi 2006, pg. 171.

15. CBHRDV, book as cited, Volume 1, pg. 168 - 169



18, 19. CBHRDV, book as cited, Volume 2, pg.109 - 110





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29. Cong Phuong Khuong, book as cited.

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