vietnam 5.3: mô tả một dự án cho việc phát triển một sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ...

8/11/2019 Vietnam 5.3: M t mt d n cho vic pht trin mt sn phm hoc dch v (Anh tip th Xc tin k thut)

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Ting Anh Tip th trong Qung co k thut

Describing a Project for Developing a Product orService

M t mt d n cho vic pht trin mt sn ph!mho"c d#ch v$

Kha Thi ci hc Y Dc TP H Ch Minh Gim c trung tm !i"t #$ %h$a hc #&ng

ti"ng 'nh

http%&&'''(chineseo'l(idv(t'


2/38

M t mt d n cho vic pht trinmt sn ph!m ho"c d#ch v$

() Pr$!i*+ th+ rati$na,+ -$r ta%ing $n th+ .r$/+ct)Cung c0. , *$ th1c hi2n *1 n)

3) Pr+4+nt mar%+t *ata that /u4ti-i+4 th+ .r$/+ct54 -+a4i#i,it6)Tr7nh #86 *9 ,i2u thu th:. tr;n th< tr=ng > chng minh ch$ tnh %h?thi c@a *1 n)

A) B.+,, $ut th+ imm+*iat+ an* ,$ng t+rm g$a,4 $- th+ .r$/+ct)Gi?i thch r cc mc ti;u trEc mFt !8 ,u *8i c@a *1 n)

) D+4cri#+ th+ .r$/+ct4 *i4tingui4hing -+atur+4I Jhi,+ .$inting $ut th+4trat+g6 +m.,$6+* t$ 4ucc+44-u,,6 c$m.,+t+ it)M t? Lc i>m ni #:t c@a *1 nI ng th=i chN ra nh9ng chi"n ,cc 4O *ng > h$8n th8nh *1 n n86 mt cch th8nh cng)

Q) C$nc,u*+ th+ .r+4+ntati$n #6 .$inting $ut th+ antici.at+* m+rit4 $- th+.r$/+ct an* th+ .$4iti!+ im.act that it Ji,, ha!+)K"t ,u:n #&ng cch chN ra nh9ng gi tr< *1 %i"n c@a *1 n !8 tc ngtch c1c m8 nR 4S mang ,i)


3/38

)( Provide the rationale for ta*ingon the project(

+ung c,p l- do thc hin dn(


4/38

.- d$% P+tr$,+um +n+rg6 cri4+4 ha!+ a,+rt+* th+

g+n+ra, .$.u,arit6 $!+r th+ 4carcit6 $- n$nUr+n+Ja#,+ r+4$urc+4 an* th+ n+c+44it6 t$*+!+,$. a,t+rnati!+ r+n+Ja#,+ +n+rg6

4$urc+4 4uch a4 4$,ar .$J+r)

Kh@ng h$?ng *Vu mW X c?nh tNnh ! 41%han hi"m c@a cc ngun nZng ,ng%hng th> ti t$ !8 41 cVn thi"t .h?i .httri>n ngun nZng ,ng tha6 th" ch[nghn nh nZng ,ng mLt tr=i)


5/38

.- d$%

Th+ -i+rc+,6 c$m.+titi!+ manag+m+nt +n!ir$nm+nt

ha4 n+c+44itat+* that +nt+r.ri4+4 initiat+ man6inn$!ati!+ .,an4I inc,u*ing $rgani\ati$na,r+4tructuring $r .+r4$nn+, r+*ucti$n4) ]i%+Ji4+I$ut4$urcing i4 a ma/$r in*u4tria, tr+n* aim+* at+n4uring c$r.$rat+ 4ur!i!a,)

Mi tr=ng ^u?n ,_ cnh tranh %hc ,i2t X#uc cc ` nghi2. .h?i a ra cc %" h$ch c?i

ti"nI #a$ gm c? !i2c c c0u ,i t chc !8 gi?m#i;n ch") Tr$ng %hi RI !i2c t7m ra cc 6"u t tha6th" ,8 mt `u hEng ch@ $ nh&m ?m #?$ 41tn ti c@a ` nghi2.)


6/38

.- d$% bh6 ar+ 4$ man6 4ma,,U4ca,+ h+a,thcar+ in4titut+4 in

TaiJan acti!+,6 +ngag+* in .r$/+ct4 aim+* at +,+!ating th+^ua,it6 $- ,$ng t+rm car+ dir4tI a4 TaiJan4 ra.i*,6 gr$Jing+,*+r,6 .$.u,ati$n r+-,+ct4 g,$#a, aging tr+n*4I in*i!i*ua,4Jith$ut .r$-+44i$na, training acc$unt -$r ef $- a,,h+a,thcar+ .r$!i*+r4 $- th+ *i4a#,+* +,*+r,6)

Ti 4a$ ,i cR nhiu c 4 chZm 4Rc 4c %h$ ^u6 m nhW 8i ]$an tham gia tch c1c !8$ cc *1 n nh&m nngca$ ch0t ,ng *


7/38

/( Present mar*et data thatjustifies the project0s feasibilit1(

2r3nh b41 d5 liu thu 678c tr9n th#tr7:ng 6 ch;ng minh cho t-nh*h thi c


8/38

.- d$% 'cc$r*ing t$ a r+c+nt mar%+t 4ur!+6I a,th$ugh $n,6

ar$un* 3j $- a,, *i4a#,+* +,*+r,6 in TaiJan r+c+i!+in4tituti$na,U#a4+* car+I th+ mar%+t *+man* -$rin4tituti$na,U#a4+* car+ i4 Aj kD+.artm+nt $- H+a,thI(ffl) Th+ (j *i--+r+nc+ i4 +^ui!a,+nt t$ a mar%+t

4ca,+ $- at ,+a4t (Ijjj in*i!i*ua,4)Th+$ mt cuc %h?$ 4t th< tr=ng gVn 6 ch$ th06ImLc *o chN cR %h$?ng 3j ng=i gi8 %hu6"t t:t nh:nc 41 chZm 4Rc tp cc c 4 6 t"I nhng nhu cVu

c@a th< tr=ng ,8 Aj kq Y t"I (ffl) (j ch;nh ,2chn86 tng ng !Ei t nh0t ()jjj ng=i)


9/38

.- d$%

bith c$n4um+r *+man* +`.+ct+* t$ gr$Jc$ntinu$u4,6I acc$r*ing t$ +`.+rt -$r+ca4t4I4$,ar +n+rg6 u4+ Ji,, incr+a4+ at a rat+ $- AAth+ -utur+I Jith it4 $ut.ut !a,u+ targ+t+* atsB (IjjIjjjIjjj)

Th+$ *1 #$ c@a cc chu6;n giaI nhu cVuc@a %hch h8ng ng86 c8ng tZng) hu cVu 4O*ng nZng ,ng mLt tr=i 4S tZng AA tr$ngtng ,aiI mc ti;u mang ,i ,i nhu:n ,8 (I tN ,a M)


10/38

.- d$% '4 a #$*6 ma44 in*+` kqMv !a,u+ $- 3U3l i4

c$n4i*+r+* -at in TaiJanI an incr+a4ing num#+r $-.+$.,+ -a,, Jithin thi4 rang+I .utting th+m at a ej ri4%$- *ia#+t+4 m+,,itu4) C$n4+^u+nt,6I th+ mar%+t -$r4,imming .r$*uct4 ha4 +`.,$*+* in r+c+nt 6+ar4I

+`c++*ing T jIjjjIjjjIjjj in TaiJan ,a4t 6+ar)

h9ng ng=i cR chN 4 %hi c th> kqMv tr$ng %h$?ng3U3l c `+m ,8 m:. 8i ]$anI 4 ng=i ri !8$

chN 4 n86 ng86 c8ng tZngI *wn tEi ej ngu6 c h mFc#2nh ti>u =ng) D$ !:6I th< tr=ng thuc gi?m cn#ong n tr$ng nh9ng nZm gVn 6I !t ^u j tN 8i t2 8i ]$an !8$ nZm ng$i)


11/38

A) B.+,, $ut th+ imm+*iat+ an* ,$ng t+rmg$a,4 $- th+ .r$/+ct)Gi?i thch r cc mc ti;u trEc mFt !8 ,u*8i c@a *1 n)


12/38

.- d$%

M$r+ than an a,t+rnati!+ t$ .+tr$,+umI a4 an un,imit+* .$J+r4$urc+ that *$+4 n$t +`tract an +n!ir$nm+nta, c$4tI 4$,ar+n+rg6 r+.r+4+nt4 a gr$Jing +n!ir$nm+nta, c$n4ci$u4n+44aim+* at .r$t+cting th+ J$r,*4 natura, r+4$urc+4)

Zng ,ng mLt tr=i th> hi2n 41 nh:n thc !mi tr=ng ng86 c8ng tZng nhFm tEi mc ti;u#?$ !2 ngun t8i ngu6;n thi;n nhi;n th" giEiIhn c? nZng ,ng tha6 th" ch$ `Zng *VuI !7

ngun nZng ,ng %hng giEi hn n86 %hng?nh hng "n mi tr=ng)


13/38

.- d$%Th+ g$!+rnm+nt 4h$u,* +nc$urag+ thi4 initiati!+ in tJ$ Ja64)

]+gi4,ati$n g$!+rning h+a,th -$$* 4tan*ar*4 4h$u,* #+im.,+m+nt+*I a4 i4 a,r+a*6 *$n+ 4$ g,$#a,,6) B+c$n*I +--$rt44h$u,* #+ *ir+ct+* t$Jar*4 4tr+ngth+ning th+ .r$*ucti$nca.acit6 $- th+ h+a,th -$$* 4+ct$r ,$ca,,6 #+cau4+ th+ m$4t,6im.$rt+* h+a,th -$$* .r$*uct4 curr+nt,6 a!ai,a#,+ *$ n$tn+c+44ari,6 4uit ,$ca, ta4t+4 an* c$n4um+r *+man*)Chnh .h@ n;n %hu6"n %hch 4ng %i"n n86 th+$ 3 cch) Mt,8I . *ng cc ti;u chuxn ! th1c .hxm ,8nh mnh *Ei 41%i>m 4$t c@a ,u:t .h. ging nh cc nEc %hc ang ,8m)

Hai ,8I c gFng nhFm tEi tZng c=ng %h? nZng 4?n `u0t cc,$i th1c .hxm ,8nh mnh tr$ng nEc #i !7 hVu h"t cc th1c.hxm tt ch$ 4c %h$ c nh:. %hxu hi2n na6 %hng .hoh. !Ei %hxu !< !8 nhu cVu %hch h8ng)


14/38

.- d$%T$ 4ati4-6 a #r$a* 4.+ctrum $- c$n4um+r ta4t+4 an* *+man* -$r c+rtain

-,a!$r4I .r$*uc+r4 Ji,, *+!+,$. an +`t+n4i!+ .r$*uct ,in+ $- h$m+ma*+4t6,+ c$$%i+4 an* $th+r 4nac% !ari+ti+4I inc,u*ing #r+a*I ca%+ an*can*6) Bu#4tantia, in!+4tm+nt mu4t a,4$ #+ ma*+ in machin+r6 an*.r+4+r!ati!+ c$ntain+r4 t$ +n4ur+ that th+ c$$%i+4 maintain th+ir-r+4hn+44 an* a!$i* th+ u4+ $- unh+a,th6 a**iti!+4 that c$ntri#ut+ t$$#+4it6)

> th$? mXn t0t c? nhu cVu !8 %hxu !< c@a %hch h8ng !mt 4 ,$i hng !n mt*yng 4?n .hxm cc ,$i #nh ^u6 ging nh nh8 ,8m !8cc ,$i Zn !Lt %hcI #a$ gm #nh m7I #nh ngt !8%z$) Vu t ch@ 6"u !8$ cc h. cha > #?$ ^u?n c#nh !8 gi9 c 41 ti mEi ng th=i trnh !i2c 4O*ng cc ch0t .h gia %hng ,8nh mnh *wn tEi g6 n;n#2nh #{$ .h7)


15/38

) D+4cri#+ th+ .r$/+ct4 *i4tingui4hing-+atur+4I Jhi,+ .$inting $ut th+ 4trat+g6+m.,$6+* t$ 4ucc+44-u,,6 c$m.,+t+ it)

M t? Lc trng ni #:t c@a *1 nI ng

th=i chN ra nh9ng chi"n ,c 4O *ng >h$8n th8nh *1 n mt cch th8nh cng)


16/38

.- d$%

sn,i%+ n$nUr+n+Ja#,+ 4$urc+4I 4$,ar +n+rg6i4 uni^u+ in that tr+m+n*$u4 am$unt4 $-ca.ita, ar+ n$t n+c+44ar6 t$ *+!+,$. it4.$t+ntia, an* ma%+ it a..,ica#,+ -$r humann++*4I -urth+r +,iminating th+ n++* t$ .$4+an +n!ir$nm+nta, #ur*+n)Khng ging nh cc ngun nZng ,ng %hng th> ti ch"I

nZng ,ng mLt tr=i r0t Lc #i2t !7 tr9 ,ng %hng hnch" n86 %hng cVn .h?i .ht tri>n th;m tim nZng ha6 c?iti"n ch$ nR thch h. !Ei nhu cVu c@a c$n ng=i n9aI !8h$8n t$8n cR th> ,$i #W c gnh nLng ,;n mi tr=ng)


17/38

.- d$%sn*+r th+ q|T 4ch+m+I th+ TaiJan+4+ g$!+rnm+nt initia,,6

h$,*4 th+ .r$.+rt6 right4 $- an in-ra4tructur+ .r$/+ct an* th+ntran4-+r4 th+m t$ th+ .ri!at+ 4+ct$r) Th+ .ri!at+ 4+ct$r i4 th+nr+4.$n4i#,+ -$r in!+4ting in th+ .r$/+ct an* im.,+m+nting it

-$r an agr++* u.$n .+ri$*) |nc+ th+ .+ri$* +`.ir+4I th+

.ri!at+ 4+ct$r tran4-+r4 th+ .r$/+ct a44+t4 t$ th+ g$!+rnm+ntJith $r Jith$ut c$m.+n4ati$n)Th+$ chi"n ,c q|TI #an Vu chnh .h@ 8i ]$an 4S nFmgi9 cc *1 n c 4 h tVngI 4au R chu6>n ch$ cc cng t60u thVu t nhn) h8 thVu t nhn n86 4S ch


18/38

.- d$%Gi!+n c$n4$,i*ati$n $- m+*ica, .+r4$nn+, an* 4u#4+û+nt incr+a4+*

J$r%,$a* in th+ h+a,thcar+ 4+ct$rI h$4.ita, a*mini4trati!+ 4tri!+ t$+--+cti!+,6 manag+ human r+4$urc+4 a4 -,+ì#,6 a4 .$44i#,+) '4 c,inica,manag+m+nt a*$.t4 !ari$u4 $ut4$urcing 4trat+gi+4 t$ a,,+!iat+ th+a#$!+ .r+*icam+ntI Jh+th+r $ut4$urcing Ji,, +`t+n* t$ nur4ing.+r4$nn+,I Jhich acc$unt -$r th+ ,arg+4t .$rti$n $- th+ h$4.ita, 4ta--I t$

c$ntr$, +`.+n*itur+4 an* #+tt+r a,,$cat+ human r+4$urc+4 r+main4 t$#+ 4++n)D$ mi ,i;n h2 gi9a cc nhn !i;n 6 t" !8 %hi ,ng cng !i2c tZngth=ng ù6;n cc c 4 chZm 4Rc 4c %h$ n;n ,Xnh $ #2nh !i2nc gFng û?n ,_ ngun nhn 41 hi2u û? !8 ,inh h$t i a) Khi #anû?n ,_ cc 4 4 6 t" 4O *ng cc chi"n ,c 4O *ng ngun ,1c #;nng$8i ,8m *


19/38

Q) C$nc,u*+ th+ .r+4+ntati$n #6 .$inting $utth+ antici.at+* m+rit4 $- th+ .r$/+ct an* th+.$4iti!+ im.act that it Ji,, ha!+)

K"t ,u:n #&ng cch chN ra nh9ng gi tr< *1%i"n c@a *1 n !8 tc ng tch c1c m8 nR

4S mang ,i)


20/38

.- d$%bhi,+ 4ucc+44-u, *+!+,$.m+nt $- TaiJan4 hiUt+ch in*u4tr6

i4 r+-,+ct+* in th+ H4inchu Bci+nc+U#a4+* vn*u4tria, Par%an* th+ Tainan Bci+nc+ Par%I th+ n+J tran4.$rtati$nn+tJ$r% Ji,, -urth+r acc+,+rat+ acc+44 an* t+chn$,$gica,.r$gr+44 #+tJ++n th+ n$rth+rn an* 4$uth+rn .art4 $- th+

i4,an*)ng th=i !Ei 41 .ht tri>n th8nh cng %hu cng ngh2 ca$c@a 8i ,$an nh Khu cng !i;n cng ngh2 ca$ H4inchu !8TainanI th7 chnh mng gia$ thng mEi 4S tZng th;m %h?

nZng ti". c:n !8 ti"n # cng ngh2 gi9a hai min #Fc !8nam c@a hyn ?$ n86)


21/38

.- d$%

C$unt6 g$!+rnm+nt $--icia,4 h$.+ that th+n+J,6 +4ta#,i4h+* THB~ 4tati$n4 Ji,, 4.urt$uri4t an* +c$n$mic gr$Jth)

Cc ^uan chc chnh ^u6n th8nh .h h6!ng r&ng cc nh8 ga THB~ mEi `6 *1ng4S %hch ,2 41 .ht tri>n %inh t" !8 *u ,


22/38

.- d$%

vt4 .r$/+ct+* c$m.,+ti$n in 3jje Ji,,4igni-icant,6 tran4-$rm th+ i4,an*4tran4.$rtati$n mar%+t 4+ct$r)

i2c h$8n th8nh *1 n nZm 3jje 4S cRnh9ng chu6>n #i"n ng %> tr$ng ,nh !1cgia$ thng !:n t?i c@a hyn ?$ n86)


23/38

M t mt d n cho vic pht trinmt sn ph!m ho"c d#ch v$% .- d$)

D+4.it+ r+.r+4+nting a c$n4i*+ra#,+ .$rti$n $- th+ gam+ 4+ct$rI $nU,in+ gaming in TaiJan,ag4 #+hin* K$r+a in t+rm4 $- *+!+,$.m+ntI +`.,aining th+ ,arg+ tra*+ im#a,anc+#+tJ++n th+ tJ$ c$untri+4 in thi4 in*u4tr6) |Jing t$ th+ +n$rm$u4 .$t+ntia, $- $nU,in+gamingI th+ TaiJan+4+ g$!+rnm+nt ha4 a**+* thi4 4+ct$r t$ th+ .ri$rit6 ,i4t $- gr$Jthar+a4 -$r nati$na, *+!+,$.m+nt) Curr+nt g$!+rnm+nt .$,ici+4 aim n$t $n,6 t$ 4ati4-6*$m+4tic *+man* -$r $nU,in+ gam+4 #6 r+.,acing im.$rt+* K$r+an .r$*uct4 Jith

inn$!ati!+ ,$ca, .r$*uct4I #ut a,4$ t$ *+!+,$. 4tat+U$-Uth+Uart g,$#a,,6 c$m.+titi!+ $n,in+gam+4 #6 +m.ha4i\ing *+4ignI manu-acturing an* t+4ting) '**iti$na,,6I th+ g$!+rnm+nt i4+nc$uraging tJ$ n$!+, .r$m$ti$na, 4trat+gi+4) dir4tI -a4hi$na#,+ tr+n*4 an* c$miccharact+r4 that a..+a, t$ th+ %+6 mar%+t 4+ct$rI (AU3e 6+ar $,*4I ar+ a*$.t+* in gam+*+4ign an* .r$m$ti$n) B+c$n*I n+J gam+4 ar+ .r$m$t+* t$g+th+r Jith curr+nt c$mic#$$% 4+ri+4I m$!i+4 an* t+,+!i4i$n .r$gram4 t$ rai4+ #ran* aJar+n+44) ',th$ugh thi44trat+g6 r+^uir+4 c$n4i*+ra#,+ tim+ in!+4tm+nt t$ .r$m$t+ th+ c$nn+cti$n #+tJ++n th+n+J gam+ an* curr+nt c$mic #$$% 4+ri+4I m$!i+4 an* t+,+!i4i$n .r$gram4I it $--+r4 am+an4 $- *+4ign an* mar%+ting $nU,in+ gam+4 that a..+a, t$ Chin+4+ c$n4um+r4)


24/38

MLc *o chi"m mt .hVn ng %> tr$ng th< tr=ng gam+I ,nh !1c gam+ tr1ctu6"n 8i ]$an !wn .ht tri>n ch:m hn H8n ucI iu n86 gi?i thchch$ 41 ch;nh ,2ch ,En gi9a hai nEc tr$ng ,nh !1c n86) h= !8$ tim

nZng ,En c@a th< tr=ng gam+ tr1c tu6"nI chnh .h@ 8i ]$an X a ,nh!1c n86 !8$ *anh 4ch cc ng8nh u ti;n .ht tri>n) Cc chnh 4ch hi2nna6 c@a chnh .h@ nhFm tEi %hng chN . ng nhu cVu tr$ng nEc #&ngcch tha6 th" cc 4?n .hxm gam+ nh:. tp H8n uc #&ng cc 4?n .hxmti;n ti"n 4?n ù0t tr$ng nEcI m8 cyn nhFm tEi .ht tri>n ti;n ti"n nh0t ccgam+ tr1c tu6"n cR th> cnh tranh tr;n th< tr=ng ûc t" #&ng cch chtrng !8$ cc %hu thi"t %"I 4?n ù0t !8 thO nghi2m) Th;m !8$ RI chnh.h@ 4S %hu6"n %hch 3 chi"n ,c û?ng # c $) Mt ,8I 4O *ng ùhEng th=i trang !8 cc nhn !:t h8i 6;u thch c@a giEi tr cR tui tp (AU3e tui tr$ng thi"t %" !8 û?ng # gam+) Hai ,8I cc gam+ mEi c û?ngc$ cong !Ei cc tru62n tranh h8i nhiu t:. hi2n na6I .him ?nh !8 cc

chng tr7nh ti!i > nng ca$ nh:n thc c@a cng chng) MLc *o chi"n,c n86 yi hWi .h?i Vu t nhiu th=i gian > %"t ni gi9a gam+ mEi !8cc chu62n tranh h8i *8i t:.I .him ?nh !8 chng tr7nh ti!i nhng nR chnh,8 .hng ti2n thi"t %" !8 .h #i"n gam+ tr1c tu6"n tEi %hch h8ng)


25/38

M t mt d n cho vic pht trinmt sn ph!m ho"c d#ch v$% .- d$ /

q+-$r+ th+ TaiJan+4+ g$!+rnm+nt initiat+* th+ ati$na, H+a,th vn4uranc+ Pr$gram in (ffQI(A *i--+r+nt h+a,th in4uranc+ 4ch+m+4 c$!+r+* n+ar,6 ej $- r+4i*+nt4 $- TaiJanI Jith th+r+maining .$.u,ati$n ,+-t t$ .a6 -$r tr+atm+nt +ntir+,6 $n th+ir $Jn) T$ +--+cti!+,6 a**r+44 thi4.r$#,+mI th+ C$unci, -$r c$n$mic P,anning an* D+!+,$.m+nt +4ta#,i4h+*a .,anning c$mmitt++ in (f t$ *+!+,$. a 4ing,+ man*at$r6 an* uni!+r4a, h+a,th in4uranc+.r$gram) Th+ .r$gram t$$% +--+ct in March (ffQ a-t+r th+ ]+gi4,ati!+ Yuan .a44+* th+

ati$na, H+a,th vn4uranc+ kHv 'ct) Th+ Hv qur+au Ja4 +4ta#,i4h+* t$ achi+!+ thr++g$a,4) dir4tI th+ Hv qur+au 4$ught t$ +n4ur+ that a,, TaiJan+4+ r+4i*+nt4 r+c+i!+*in4uranc+ c$!+rag+) 'cc$r*ing t$ th+ D+.artm+nt $- H+a,th $- TaiJanI ar$un* fe $- a,,TaiJan+4+ r+4i*+nt4 ha* Hv .r$gram c$!+rag+ a4 $- D+c+m#+r (ffl) B+c$n*I th+ Hvqur+au 4h$u,* im.r$!+ m+*ica, car+ ^ua,it6 an* incr+a4+ c$m.+titi$n am$ng h+a,thcar+.r$!i*+r4) sn,i%+ un*+r th+ .r+!i$u4 464t+mI un*+r Hv .ati+nt4 can -r++,6 4+,+ct Jh+r+ th+6r+c+i!+ m+*ica, car+) Thir*I #6 im.,+m+nting a G,$#a, qu*g+t .a6m+nt 464t+m an*

intr$*ucing .a6m+nt $n a .+r ca4+ #a4i4 rath+r than a .+rU!i4it #a4i4I th+ Hv qur+au c$u,*h+,. c$ntr$, h$4.ita, h+a,th car+ c$4t4 an* r+4$urc+ uti,i\ati$n +--ici+nc6) Thi4 a..r$ach+na#,+* th+ +c$n$mic .r$!i4i$n $- high ^ua,it6 h+a,th car+ 4+r!ic+4) vn 4umI th+ Hv .r$gramha4 +`.an*+* th+ 4i\+ an* 4c$.+ $- th+ m+*ica, car+ 4+ct$rI incr+a4+* mar%+tc$m.+titi!+n+44I an* cr+at+* inc+nti!+4 -$r c$ntinu$u4,6 im.r$!ing $.+rati$na, +--ici+nc6)


26/38

TrEc %hi chnh .h@ 8i ]$an #Ft Vu chng tr7nh #?$ hi>m 6 t" ûc gianZm (ffQI (A chng tr7nh #?$ hi>m 6 t" %hc . ng nhu cVu c@a gVnej *n 4 8i ]$anI 4 *n cyn ,i .h?i t1 tr? t$8n # chi .h iu trgi?i û6"t hi2u û? !0n n86 Hi ng %" h$ch !8 .ht tri>n %inh t" Xth8nh ,:. mt u #an h$ach .ht tri>n mt chng tr7nh#?$ hi>m 6 t" t$8n *i2n !8 #Ft #uc) Chng tr7nh cR hi2u ,1c #Ft Vu tpthng A(ffQ 4au %hi uc Hi #an h8nh ]u:t #?$ hi>m 6 t" ûc gia) q.h:n #?$ hi>m 6 t" n86 c th8nh ,:. !Ei A mc ti;u) TrEc h"t ,8 ?m#?$ t$8n # cng *n 8i ]$an nh:n c #?$ hi>m) Th+$ nh q Y t" 8i

]$anI %h$?ng fe *n 4 8i ]$an tham gia #?$ hi>m 6 t" #Ft Vu tpthng (3(ffl) hai ,8I c ûan #?$ hi>m 4S gR. .hVn c?i thi2n ch0t ,ng*


27/38

M t mt d n cho vic pht trinmt sn ph!m ho"c d#ch v$% .- d$ =

bh+n ~+a,UBun vn-$rmati$n T+chn$,$g6 C$m.an6 +nt+r+* th+ m+*ica, 4+r!ic+4 4+ct$r in TaiJan +ight 6+ar4ag$I ,+44 than (j $- a,, h$4.ita,4 $ut4$urc+* th+ir in-$rmati$n 464t+m n++*4) H$J+!+rI th+ +4ta#,i4hm+nt$- th+ ati$na, H+a,th vn4uranc+ 4ch+m+ in (ffQ im.+,,+* TaiJan+4+ h$4.ita,4 t$ c$m.ut+ri\+ th+ir$.+rati$n4) M$r+$!+rI g$!+rnm+nta, .$,ic6 aim+* at u.gra*ing th+ c$m.ut+ri\+* ca.a#i,iti+4 $- h$4.ita,4attract+* man6 in-$rmati$n t+chn$,$g6 -irm4 t$ thi4 n+J,6 +m+rging mar%+t) C$n4+û+nt,6I n+ar,6 jin-$rmati$n t+chn$,$g6 c$m.ani+4 in!+4t+* in th+ m+*ica, in-$rmati$n 4+ct$rI an* vnt+rn+t c$m.ani+4-$,,$J+* th+m int$ th+ mar%+tI r+.r+4+nting an initia, in!+4tm+nt $- n+ar,6 T 3jIjjjIjjj) d$,,$Jing4+!+ra, c$m.an6 m+rg+r4 an* c$n4i*+ra#,+ in!+4tm+ntI TaiJan ha4 ar$un* 3j *$m+4tic in-$rmati$nt+chn$,$g6 -irm4 in!$,!+* in th+ m+*ica, 4+ct$r) Th+ cu4t$m+r #a4+ -$r thi4 4+ct$r c$m.ri4+4 3ejj c,inic4an* l h$4.ita,4 i4,an*UJi*+) ~+a,UBun vn-$rmati$n T+chn$,$g6 C$m.an6 ha4 r+c+nt,6 m+rg+* it4 .+r4$nn+,an* r+4$urc+4 Jith an$th+r m+*ica, 4$-tJar+ -irm t$ incr+a4+ it4 mar%+t 4har+) '4 *$m+4tic m+*ica, h+a,thn+tJ$r%4 c$ntinu+ t$ +!$,!+ in thi4 n+J,6 +m+rging mar%+tI j ,$ca, -irm4 ha!+ #++n +4ta#,i4h+*I Jhi,+g,$#a,,6 th+r+ ar+ $!+r (jIjjj m+*ica, in-$rmati$nU$ri+nt+* J+#4it+4) B+!+ra, J+#4it+4 .r$!i*+ $n,in+r+4+arch ca.a#i,iti+4I .r$!i*ing acc+44 t$ +,+ctr$nic /$urna,4I *i4+a4+Ur+,at+* in-$rmati$n -$r *iagn$4tic.ur.$4+4I $nU,in+ û+ri+4I +àminati$n4I aut$matic r+gi4trati$n -uncti$n4I .+r4$na, h+a,th ti.4 an* $n,in+$r*+ring ca.a#i,iti+4) M+anJhi,+I a,, vnt+rn+tU#a4+* m+*ica, in-$rmati$n c$m.ani+4 can han*,+ %in+4i$,$g6an* m+*icin+ c,a44i-icati$nUr+,at+* û+ri+4) C$nc+rn4 r+gar*ing h$J t$ .r$t+ct c,i+nt in-$rmati$n in an vCcar* -$rmat ma%+ +`tracting in-$rmati$n -r$m vC car* c$nt+nt4 -$r c$mm+rcia, .ur.$4+4 +`tr+m+,6 *i--icu,t)~+a,UBun ha4 th+r+-$r+ *+4ign+* vCU#a4+* *u.,icat+ car*4 -$r m+*ica, tr+atm+nt) '4 cr+*it car*4 ha!+#+c$m+ a 4tan*ar* .a6m+nt m+th$*I th+4+ *u.,icat+ vC car*4 can #+ u4+* -$r m+*ica, .a6m+nt4I +na#,ingth$u4an*4 $- c,inic4 t$ a*$.t a uni-$rm m+th$* $- .a6m+nt .r$c+44ing)


28/38

.- d$ =Cch y tm nm khi Cng ty Cng ngh thng tin Real-Sun b c vo lnh v c d ch v y t t i i Loan, ch a t i 10% cc b nh vi n s d ng cc nhu n l c bn ngoi p ng nhu c u cho h th ng thng tin c a h . Tuy

nhin, vi c thnh l p ch ng trnh B o hi m Y t qu c gia vo nm 1995 thc y cc b nh vi n i Loan tin h c ha cc ho t ng c a mnh. H n n a, chnh sch c a chnh ph nh m nng c p kh nng vi tnh ho c a b nh vi n thu ht nhi u cng ty cng ngh thng tin cho th tr ng m i n i ny. Do , cg n 80 cng ty cng ngh thng tin u t vo lnh v c thng tin y t , vcc cng ty cung c p d ch v Internet cng theo h vo th tr ng ny, ng gp m t kho n u t ban u lg n 20.000.000 i t . Sau nhi u v sp nh p cng ty v u t ng k , i Loan ckho ng 20 doanh nghi p cng ngh thng tin trong n c ho t ng lin quan n lnh v c y t . Khch hng ch y u trong lnh v c ny bao g m 2.600 tr m y t v47 b nh vi n r ng kh p o. Cng ty CNTT Real-Sun g n y sp nh p nhn s vngu n l c c a mnh v i m t cng ty ph n m m y t gia tng th ph n c a mnh. Vm ng l i y t trong n c ti p t c pht tri n t i th tr ng m i n i ny nn ct i 40 cng ty trong n c c thnh l p, trong khi ton c u ch n 10.000 trang web ch a thng tin y t . M t s trang web cung c p kh nng tm ki m tr c tuy n k t n i truy c p vo cc t p chi n t , thng tin lin quan d ch b nh ch n on, truy v n tr c tuy n, thi c , ch c nng ng kt ng, bquy t cho s c kh e c nhn vkh nng t hng tr c tuy n. ng th i, t t c cc cng ty thng tin y t qua m ng Internet cth x lcc v n lin quan n phn lo i y h c vv n hnh. Cc m i lo ng i lin quan n vi c lm th no b o v thng tin khch hng theo nh d ng th thng minh(IC)khi n vi c l y thng tin t th IC cho cc m c ch

th ng m i vcng khkhn. Do cng ty Real-Sun thi t k cc lo i th t ng t nh th thng minh IC dnh cho i u tr y t . Khi cc th tn d ng tr thnh m t ph ng th c thanh ton tiu chu n thcc lo i th gi ng th IC ny cth c s d ng cho cc kho n thanh ton y t , t o i u ki n cho hng ngn b nh vi n p d ng ph ng php thanh ton th ng nh t.


29/38

M t mt d n cho vic pht trin mt snph!m ho"c d#ch v$% .- d$ >

'4 a n$nUin!a4i!+ -$rm $- nuc,+ar m+*icin+I .$4itr$n +mi44i$n t$m$gra.h6 kPT i4 .r+-+ra#,+ t$c$n!+nti$na, imag+ r+c$n4tructi$nI Jhich r+ûir+4 -i,t+r+* #ac% .r$/+cti$n 4$-tJar+ an* maìmum,i%+,ih$$* +`.+ctati$n maìmi\ati$n 4$-tJar+ that $-t+n .r$*uc+4 .$$r ûa,it6 imag+4 $Jing t$ th+ ,imit+*num#+r $- .h$t$n4 an* th+ 4,$J c$n!+rg+nc+ $- $rigina, imag+ *ata) Pi$n++r+* #6 th+ math+matician4Hu*4$n an* ]ar%in in (ffI an imag+ r+c$n4tructi$n m+th$* #a4+* $n $r*+r+* 4u#4+t +`.+ctati$nmaìmi\ati$n 4$-tJar+ ha4 #++n Ji*+,6 a*$.t+* in +`.+rim+nta, in!+4tigati$n4 u4ing PTI an* in!$,!+4 a-a4t a,g$rithm +nhancing th+ 4,$J c$n!+rg+nc+ $- c$n!+nti$na, 4$-tJar+) Gi!+n th+ a#$!+ c$n4i*+rati$n4I

h$4.ita,4 mu4t r+.,ac+ c$n!+nti$na, 4$-tJar+ t$ .r$*uc+ high ûa,it6 c,inica, imag+4) |Jing t$ #u*g+tar6c$n4traint4I ati$na, H+a,th vn4uranc+ kHv Ji,, n$t c$!+r th+ +`.+n4+ $- thi4 4+r!ic+I ma%ing thi4 ar+a a.r$mi4ing 4$urc+ $- r+!+nu+ -$r h$4.ita,4 Jith th+ n+c+44ar6 t+chn$,$gica, ca.acit6) Pati+nt4 that ar+unJi,,ing t$ c$!+r th+ +`.+n4+ $- thi4 PT +àminati$n th+m4+,!+4I can ch$$4+ -r$m $th+r ,+44 a*!anc+*#ut 4ti,, high ûa,it6 .r$c+*ur+4 4u#4i*i\+* #6 HvI 4uch a4 u,tra4$un*I mu,tiU4,ic+ c$m.ut+r t$m$gra.h6$r magn+tic r+4$nanc+ imaging) ' n$ta#,+ +àm.,+ $- 4uch un4u#4i*i\+* 4+r!ic+4 i4 th+ PT C+nt+r $-Bhin K$ng bu H$UBu M+m$ria, H$4.ita,I Jhich ha4 4+r!+* $!+r Ijjj .ati+nt4 $!+r th+ .a4t tJ$ 6+ar4Ig+n+rating 4u#4tantia, r+!+nu+4 -$r th+ h$4.ita,I an* thu4 r+*ucing it4 r+,ianc+ $n Hv -$r -un*ing) ach

.ati+nt .a64 r$ugh,6 sB (IQjj -$r thi4 PT +àminati$n) q+4i*+4 +na#,ing th+ nuc,+ar m+*icin+*+.artm+nt4 in TaiJan+4+ h$4.ita,4 t$ -i,, a .r$-ita#,+ mar%+t nich+I thi4 PT 4$-tJar+U#a4+* m+*ica,.r$c+*ur+ can +!+ntua,,6 r+.,ac+ c$n!+nti$na, c$m.ut+r imag+ r+c$n4tructi$n 4$-tJar+) nhanc+*imag+ r+c$n4tructi$n c$m.ut+r 4$-tJar+ #a4+* $n maìmi\ing $r*+r+* 4u#4+t +`.+ctati$n4 i4 high,6.r$mi4ing in c,inica, +--$rt4 t$ .r$!i*+ highUûa,it6 PT imag+4) B+!+ra, h$4.ita,4 ar+ curr+nt,6 *+!+,$.ingmar%+ting 4trat+gi+4 t$ ma%+ .ati+nt4 aJar+ $- 4uch high ûa,it6 m+*ica, tr+atm+nt4)


30/38

.- d$ > ]8 mt % thu:t %hng `m ,0n c@a 6 hc ht nhnI m6 ch. .ht ` cFt ,E. .$4itr$n kPT thch

h. hn > ti t$ ,i h7nh ?nh thng th=ng !n yi hWi .hVn mm chi"u h7nh X ,c !8 .hVn mmcR %h? nZng .hRng h7nh c1c i m8 nh9ng .hVn mm n86 th=ng t$ ra h7nh ?nh ch0t ,ng %{m*$ 4 ,ng hn ch" c@a cc .h$t$n !8 hi t ch:m c@a *9 ,i2u ?nh gc) i ti;n .h$ng #i cc

nh8 t$n hc Hu*4$n !8 ]ar%in nZm (ffI mt .hng .h. ti t$ h7nh ?nh *1a tr;n .hVn mm.hRng i .hVn h7nh ?nh m$ng mun X c . *ng rng rXi tr$ng %h?$ 4t th1c nghi2m 4O *ngm6 PTI !8 4O *ng "n mt thu:t t$n gi?i mX *9 ,i2u nhanh nh&m nng c0. hi t ch:m [email protected] mm thng th=ng) Khi `+m `{t "n nh9ng !0n tr;nI cc #2nh !i2n .h?i tha6 th" .hVnmm thng th=ng n86 > t$ ra h7nh ?nh ,m 48ng cR ch0t ,ng ca$) D$ nh9ng hn ch" ! ngn4chI chng tr7nh #?$ hi>m 6 t" ûc gia kHv 4S %hng thanh t$n cc chi .h c@a * ,1a chn cc .hng .h. ch0t ,ng %hng ti"n #&ng nhng û6 tr7nh !wn ch0t,ng > c h tr #i chng tr7nh #?$ hi>m ûc gia nh 4i;u mI ch. cFt ,E. i2n t$n h$Lcch. cng hng tp) Mt ! * ng ch _ ! cc * ch$ #2nh !i2n n86I !8 *$ R ,8m gi?m 41 .h thuc ngn4ch !8$ t8i tr c@a chng tr7nh #?$ hi>m ûc gia) Mi #2nh nhn .h?i tr? %h$?ng(IQjj ,a Mch$ mt ,Vn ch. .ht ` cFt ,E. PT) q;n cnh !i2c t$ iu %i2n ch$ cc .hyng 6 hc ht nhn

tr$ng cc #2nh !i2n 8i ]$an > # 4ung !8$ cc %h$?n ,i nhu:n thi"u htI th@ thu:t 6 %h$a *1a!8$ chxn $n h7nh ?nh tp m6 PT n86 cui cong cR th> tha6 th" .hVn mm ti t$ h7nh ?nh tpm6 tnh thng th=ng) PhVn mm ti thi"t h7nh ?nh ca$ c0. *1a !8$ !i2c .hRng i h7nh ?nh cc%hu !1c cVn thi"t ang r0t cR tri>n !ng !Ei n ,1c ,m 48ng nh&m cung c0. h7nh ?nh ch0t ,ngca$ tp m6 PT) Mt 4 #2nh !i2n hi2n na6 ang .ht tri>n cc chi"n ,c ti". th< > û?ng c$ ch$#2nh nhn #i"t ! .hng .h. iu tr< 6 t" ch0t ,ng ca$ n86)


31/38

M t mt d n cho vic pht trinmt sn ph!m ho"c d#ch v$% .- d$ ?

'4 an +`c+,,+nt th+ra.6 -$r ,ung canc+r .ati+nt4I t$m$th+ra.6 n$t $n,6 +na#,+4 .r+ci4+ imag+Ugui*+* int+n4it6m$*u,at+* ra*i$th+ra.6I #ut a,4$ .r$!i*+4 !a,ua#,+ in-$rmati$n r+gar*ing tum$r chang+4 *uring ra*i$th+ra.6)T$m$th+ra.6 thu4 r+.r+4+nt4 th+ -utur+ $- imag+Ugui*+* vM~T in canc+r tr+atm+nt) Th+ Canc+r C+nt+r $- ati$na,TaiJan sni!+r4it6 kTs uti,i\+4 a,, a!ai,a#,+ r+4$urc+4 t$ c$m#at canc+r) um+r$u4 in!+4tigati$n4 ha!+*+m$n4trat+* th+ .$t+ntia, $- t$m$th+ra.6 in man6 un+`.,$r+* ar+a4 in ra*iati$n $nc$,$g6) '4 a c$m.actIc$4t +--+cti!+ an* high .r+ci4i$n ra*iati$n th+ra.+utic tr+atm+nt 464t+mI t$m$th+ra.6 inc,u*+4 a .rimar6 #+amU4hi+,*that r+*uc+4 th+ $.+rati$na, c$4t4 a44$ciat+* Jith r$$m 4hi+,*ingI an $nU#$ar* $nc$,$g6 CT 464t+mI a ra.i* in!+r4+.,anning 464t+m Jith a #ui,tUin $.timi\+rI a -u,, n+tJ$r% Jith DvC|M in.utI an* a #ui,tUin .ati+nt 4ch+*u,+r) Ta%ing

T$m$vmag+ 4can4 #+-$r+ +ach tr+atm+nt +na#,+4 .h64ician4 t$ *+t+rmin+ Jh+th+r a tum$r i4 4hrin%ing) '-t+r -$ur $r-i!+ J++%4 $- tr+atm+ntI th+ tr+atm+nt *$4ag+ can #+ *+cr+a4+* a4 th+ tum$r 4i\+ 4hrin%4) Kn$Jn a4 4,ic+ th+ra.6#+cau4+ it *+ri!+4 -r$m t$m$gra.h6 $r cr$44U4+cti$na, imagingI th+ t$m$th+ra.6 464t+m r+4+m#,+4 a c$m.ut+*t$m$gra.h6 464t+m th+ .ati+nt ,i+4 $n a #+nch that m$!+4 c$ntinu$u4,6 thr$ugh a r$tating ring gantr6) Th+ gantr6 i4-itt+* Jith a ,in+ar acc+,+rat$rI Jhich *+,i!+r4 a -an #+am $- .h$t$n ra*iati$n a4 th+ ring turn4) Th+ c$uch m$!+m+ntc$m#in+* Jith th+ gantr6 r$tati$n m+an that th+ ra*iati$n #+am 4.ira,4 ar$un* th+ .ati+nt) T$m$th+ra.6 *+,i!+r4int+n4it6 m$*u,at+* ra*i$th+ra.6 kvM~T u4ing a mu,ti,+a- c$,,imat$r) ' r+c+nt a*!anc+ in ra*iati$n tr+atm+nt in!$,!+4vM~T a,t+ring th+ 4i\+I 4ha.+ an* int+n4it6 $- th+ ra*iati$n #+am *+.+n*ing $n tum$r 4i\+I 4ha.+ an* ,$cati$n)T$m$th+ra.6 achi+!+4 #+tt+r canc+r .ati+nt 4ur!i!a, rat+4 than $th+r th+ra.+utic tr+atm+nt 464t+m4) Th+ Canc+r

C+nt+r at Ts .,an4 t$ c$,,a#$rat+ Jith tJ$ inn$!at$r4 in thi4 -i+,* Pr$-+44$r Th$ma4 ~$c%J+,, Mac%i+I a ,+a*ingm+*ica, .h64ici4tI an* Pau, ) ~+c%J+r*tI an acc$m.,i4h+* math+matician an* 4$-tJar+ +ngin++r) M$r+$!+rIT$m$th+ra.6 vnc$r.$rat+* h$,*4 lj .at+nt+* t+chn$,$gi+4 in thi4 ar+aI .r$!i*ing a !a,ua#,+ 4$urc+ $- in-$rmati$n -$r-urth+r un*+r4tan*ing a*!anc+* a..,icati$n4 $- th+ t$m$th+ra.6 464t+m) ',th$ugh 4$m+ c,inician4 *$ n$t c$n4i*+rt$m$th+ra.6 a matur+ t+chn$,$g6I .r+,iminar6 r+4u,t4 -$r tr+ating .r$4tat+ an* ,ung canc+r ar+ +nc$uraging) Th+.r+ci4i$n $- t$m$th+ra.6 $--+r4 th+ra.+utic .$t+ntia, -$r canc+r .ati+nt4 in+,igi#,+ -$r ra*i$th+ra.6)


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.- d$ ?X tr theo l p lm t li u php tuy t v i cho nh ng b nh nhn ung th ph i b i ph ng php ny khng ch cho php chi u x chnh xc c ng thch h p nh s h ng d n c a hnh nh, mcn cung c p thng tin quan tr ng lin quan n nh ng thay i c a kh i u trong qutrnh x tr . Do x tr theo l p lph ng php tiu bi u cho t ng lai c a k thu t x tr i u bi n c ng li u (IMRT) trong i u tr ung th . Trung tm Ung B u c a i h c Qu c gia i Loan (NTU) s d ng t t c cc ngu n l c s n c chi n u ung th . Vs cc cu c i u tra ch ng minh ti m nng c a x tr theo l p trong nhi u lnh v c mtr c y ch a c thm dtrong x tr ung th . Lm t h th ng i u tr b ng b c x c chnh xc cao, chi phhi u qu , vnh g n, ph ng php x tr theo l p bao g m m t h th ng ch n phng x chnh gip lm gi m chi phho t ng, m t h th ng my ch p c t l p i n ton(CT), m t h th ng quy ho ch o nhanh chng v i m t b t i u bn trong, m t m ng l i hon ch nh v i d li u u vo t tiu chu n DICOM (tiu chu n x l, l u tr , in n vthu/nh n hnh nh trong y t ), vm t ph n m m l p trnh cho b nh nhn c g n s n bn trong. i2c ch. cFt ,E. trEc mi ,Vn iu tr< gi. #c 4 `c n ,i;n tc ûa mt gi8n } tryn cR th> `$a6)Gi8n } n86 c gFn !Ei mt m6 gia tc tu6"n tnhI t$ ra mt chom tia .h$t$n h7nh ût %hi ûa6) B1 *i chu6>nc@a #Zng ca %"t h. !Ei 41 $a6 !yng c@a gi8n } cR ngha r&ng cc chom tia #c ` t$? ra ùng ûanh #2nh nhnth+$ =ng `$Fn c) tr< cFt ,E. cung c0. ` tr< iu #i"n c=ng kvM~T #&ng cch 4O *ng mt ng chuxn tr1ca cnh) Mt ti"n # gVn 6 tr$ng iu tr< #c ` 4O *ng m6 vM~T cR th> tha6 i %ch thEcI h7nh *ng !8 c=ng c@a chom #c ` .h thuc !8$ %ch thEcI h7nh *ng !8 !< tr c@a %hi u) tr< cFt ,E. cR t ,2 #2nh nhn ung th4ng 4Rt ca$ hn 4$ !Ei cc h2 thng tr< ,i2u %hc) Trung tm sng th i hc Ts cR %" h$ch h. tc !Ei hai nh84ng ch" tr$ng ,nh !1c n86 Gi$ 4 Th$ma4 ~$c%J+,, Mac%i+I mt nh8 !:t ,_ 6 hc h8ng VuI !8 Pau, ) ~+c%J+r*tImt nh8 t$n hc !8 % 4 .hVn mm t8i nZng) Hn n9aI cng t6 ` tr< cFt ,E. kT$m$th+ra.6 vnc$r.$rat+* nFm gi9

lj cng ngh2 X c c0. #&ng 4ng ch" tr$ng ,nh !1c n86I X cung c0. mt ngun thng tin ! gi > hi>u th;m !cc ng *ng ti;n ti"n c@a h2 thng ` tr< cFt ,E.) MLc *o mt 4 #c 4 %hng c$i % thu:t ` tr< cFt ,E. ,8 mt cngngh2 h$8n ` tr< cFt ,E. mang ,i tim nZng iu tr< ch$ cc #2nh nhn ung th nhng %hng @ iu %i2n tr< ,i2u #&ng#c `)


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M t mt d n cho vic pht trinmt sn ph!m ho"c d#ch v$% .- d$ @%

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vietnam 5.3: mô tả một dự án cho việc phát triển một sản phẩm hoặc dịch vụ...

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