vle(2)
TRANSCRIPT
CPE553 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 14/3/2013
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VAPOR LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM
SIMPLE MODELS FOR VAPOR LIQUID
EQUILIBRIUM: HENRY’S LAW
VLE BY MODIFIED RAOULT’S LAW
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Henry’s law states that the partial pressure of the species in the vapor
phase is directly proportional to its liquid-phase mole fraction.
where Hi is Henry’s constant. Values of Hi come from experiment.
Application of Raoult’s law and Henry’s law:
Liquid mixtures that form an ideal solution at low pressure
◦ Use Raoult’s law for all species
Liquid mixtures that do not form an ideal solution and at low pressure
◦ Use Raoult’s law for solvent
◦ Use Henry’s law for solute
Gases that dissolve in a liquid mixture (e.g. air in water)
◦ Use Henry’s law for the dissolved gaseous species
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10.4i i iy P x H
Table 10.1 lists Henry’s constant values at 25oC (298.15K) for a few gases
dissolved in water.
Henry’s constant is also an indicator for solubility of a gas in the solvent.
The greater the Henry’s constant, the lower is the solubility.
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Least soluble
in water
Very soluble
in water
CPE553 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 14/3/2013
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Assuming that carbonated water contains only CO2(1) and H2O(2),
determine the compositions of the vapor and liquid phases in a sealed can
of “soda” and the pressure exerted on the can at 10oC (283.15K). Henry’s
constant for CO2 in water at 10oC (283.15K) is about 990 bar.
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Solution:
Given Henry’s constant for CO2 in water = 990 bar (i.e CO2 dissolved in
water)
Henry’s law is applied to species 1 and Raoult’s law is applied to species 2 :
y1P = x1H1 y2P = x2P2sat
F = 2-2+2 = 2, only T is given. Need to specify the mole fraction to solve
the problem. Assume the vapor phase is nearly pure CO2 (y11) and the
liquid phase is nearly pure H2O (x21). Take x1 = 0.01.
Sum the two equations give
P = x1H1 + x2P2sat
With H1 = 990 bar, x1 = 0.01 and P2sat = 0.01227 bar (Table F.1 at 10oC or
283.15 K),
P = (0.01)(990) + (0.99)(0.01227) = 9.912 bar
Then by Raoult’s law, eq. (10.1) written for species 2:
y1 = 1 - y2 = 1 - 0.0012 = 0.9988, and the vapor phase is nearly pure CO2
as assumed.
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2 2
2
0.99 0.012270.0012
9.912
satx Py
P
In real life, most solutions are non ideal i.e they do not obey Raoult’s law.
Non ideal solution deviate from Raoult’s law.
The non ideality exhibit by these solutions due to dissimilarity in the sizes
of molecules, shapes of the molecules, and inter-molecular interactions
between molecules.
Modified Raoult’s law accounts for non-ideal solutions, or non-idealities in the
liquid phase:
where i is activity coefficient.
There are a number of correlations that can be used to predict the value
of activity coefficient e.g. Margules, Van Laar, Non-Random Two Liquid
(NRTL), Wilson, etc.
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1,2,..., 10.5sat
i i i iy P x P i N
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The simplest correlation to predict activity coefficient for binary mixture
is as follow:
ln 1 = Ax22 ln 2 = Ax1
2
where A is a function of temperature only or simply a constant.
This correlation can only be used in some liquid mixtures which exhibit
small deviation from ideal solution.
Bubblepoint and dewpoint calculation by modifed Raoult’s law:
Because iyi = 1, eq. (10.5) may be summed over all species to yield
Because ixi = 1, eq. (10.5) may be summed over all species to yield
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10.6sat
i i i
i
P x P
110.7
/ sat
i i i
i
Py P
CPE553 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 14/3/2013
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Example 10.3
For the system methanol(1)/methyl acetate(2), the following equations
provide a reasonable correlation for the activity coefficients:
ln 1 = Ax22 ln 2 = Ax1
2 where A = 2.771 - 0.00523T
In addition, the following Antoine equations provide vapor pressures:
1 2
3643.31 2665.54ln 16.59158 ln 14.25326
33.424 53.424
sat satP PT T
where T is in kelvins and the vapor pressures are in kPa. Assuming the validity
of eq. (10.5), calculate
(a) P and {yi}, for t/T = 45oC/318.15K and x1 = 0.25
(b) P and {xi}, for t/T = 45oC/318.15K and y1 = 0.60
(c) T and {yi}, for P = 101.33 kPa and x1 = 0.85
(d) T and {xi}, for P = 101.33 kPa and y1 = 0.40
(e) The azeotropic pressure, and the azeotropic composition, for t/T =
45oC/318.15K
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Solution:
(a) BUBL P calculation
1. Calculate P1sat and P2
sat using Antoine equation for T = 318.15K
P1sat = 44.51 kPa P2
sat = 65.64 kPa
2. Calculate activity coefficients from the given equation
ln 1 = Ax22 ln 2 = Ax1
2 where A = 2.771 - 0.00523T
A = 1.107 1 = 1.864 2 = 1.072
3. Calculate P by eq. (10.6)
P = 73.50 kPa
4. Calculate yi by eq. (10.5)
y1 = 0.282 y2 = 0.718
1 2
3643.31 2665.54ln 16.59158 ln 14.25326
33.424 53.424
sat satP PT T
1 1 1 2 2 2
sat sat sat
i i i
i
P x P x P x P
sat
i i i iy x P P
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(b) DEW P calculation
Values of P1sat, P2
sat and A are unchanged from part (a).
Iteration procedure is required to find the liquid phase composition
and to calculate the activity coefficients.
Initial values are provided by Raoult’s law, for which 1 = 2 = 1.0.
The required steps, with the current value of 1 and 2, are:
1. Calculate P by eq. (10.7), written
2. Calculate x1 by eq. (10.5)
3. Evaluate activity coefficients;
ln 1 = Ax22 ln 2 = Ax1
2
4. Return to the first step.
Iterate to convergence on a value for P.
11 2 1
1 1
and x 1sat
y Px x
P
1 1 1 2 2 2
1
/ /sat satP
y P y P
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Iteration 1 2 P x1 x2
1 1 1 51.09 0.689 0.311
2 1.113 1.691 63.64 0.771 0.229
3 1.060 1.930 62.99 0.801 0.199
4 1.045 2.035 62.91 0.812 0.188
5 1.040 2.074 62.90 0.815 0.185
6 1.039 2.087 62.89 0.816 0.184
7 1.038 2.091 62.89 0.817 0.183
8 1.038 2.093 62.89
Initial 1 = 2 = 1,
Final values:
P = 62.89 kPa x1 = 0.817 1 = 1.038 2 = 2.093
Iteration P x1 x2 1 2
1 51.09 0.689 0.311 1.113 1.691
2 63.64 0.771 0.229 1.060 1.930
3 62.99 0.801 0.199 1.045 2.035
4 62.91 0.812 0.188 1.040 2.074
5 62.90 0.815 0.185 1.039 2.087
6 62.89 0.816 0.184 1.038 2.091
7 62.89 0.817 0.183 1.038 2.093
8 62.89 0.817 0.183 1.038 2.093
CPE553 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 14/3/2013
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(c) BUBL T calculation
Calculate T1sat and T2
sat using Antoine equation for P = 101.33 kPa
T1sat = 337.71 K T2
sat = 330.08 K
A mole fraction weighted average of these values then provides an initial T:
T = x1T1sat + x2T2
sat = 336.57 K
An iterative procedure consists of the steps:
1. For the current value of T calculate values for A, 1, 2, P1sat, P2
sat, and =
P1sat/P2
sat
2. Find a new value for P1sat from eq. (10.6) written:
3. Find a new value for T from the Antoine equation for species 1
4. Return to the initial step
Iterate to convergence on a value for T.
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1
1 1 2 2
sat PP
x x
11
1 1ln sat
BT C
A P
ln
sat ii i
i
BT C
A P
Initial T = x1T1sat + x2T2
sat = 336.57 K
Final values:
T = 331.20 K or 58.05oC
P1sat = 77.99 kPa P2
sat = 105.35 kPa
A = 1.0388 1 = 1.0236 2 = 2.1182
Calculate vapor phase mole fractions by eq. (10.5)
y1 = 0.67 y2 = 0.33
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1 1 11 2 11
satx Py y y
P
Iteration A 1 2 P1sat P2sat P1sat new Tnew
1 1.0108 1.0230 2.0756 96.85 126.36 0.7664 79.43 331.65
2 1.0365 1.0236 2.1146 79.43 106.98 0.7424 78.11 331.24
3 1.0386 1.0236 2.1179 78.11 105.49 0.7405 78.00 331.20
4 1.0388 1.0236 2.1181 78.00 105.36 0.7403 77.99 331.20
5 1.0388 1.0236 2.1182 77.99 105.35 0.7403 77.99 331.20
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(d) DEW T calculation
From part (c), P = 101.33 kPa T1sat = 337.71 K T2
sat = 330.08 K
Initial value of T:
T = (0.4)(337.71) + (0.6)(330.08) = 333.13 K or t = 59.98oC
Because the liquid phase composition is unknown, the activity coefficients
are initialized as 1 = 2 = 1.
Iterative procedure:
1. Evaluate A, P1sat, P2
sat, and = P1sat/P2
sat for the current value of T
2. Calculate x1 by eq. (10.5)
3. Calculate 1 and 2 from the correlating equation
4. Find a new value for P1sat from eq. (10.7) written:
5. Find a new value of T from Antoine equation for species 1
6. Return to the initial step
Iterate to convergence on the value of T.
1 21
1 2
sat y yP P
11 2 1
1 1
and x 1sat
y Px x
P
11
1 1ln sat
BT C
A P
Initial T = y1T1sat + y2T2
sat = 333.13 K, 1 = 2 = 1.
Final values:
T = 326.69 K or t = 53.54oC
P1sat = 64.63 kPa P2
sat = 89.94 kPa
A = 1.0624 1 = 1.3631 2 = 1.2521
x1 = 0.4600 x2 = 0.5400
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Iteration A P1sat P2sat x1 x2 1 new 2 new P1sat
new Tnew
1 1.0287 84.39 112.57 0.7496 0.4803 0.5197 1.3203 1.2679 66.65 327.43
2 1.0586 66.65 92.30 0.7221 0.4606 0.5394 1.3606 1.2518 64.86 326.78
3 1.0620 64.86 90.21 0.7190 0.4593 0.5407 1.3641 1.2511 64.65 326.71
4 1.0624 64.65 89.97 0.7186 0.4596 0.5404 1.3638 1.2516 64.63 326.70
5 1.0624 64.63 89.94 0.7186 0.4599 0.5401 1.3634 1.2519 64.63 326.70
6 1.0624 64.63 89.94 0.7186 0.4600 0.5400 1.3631 1.2521 64.63 326.70
CPE553 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 14/3/2013
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(e) First determine whether or not an azeotrope exists at the given temperature.
This calculation is facilitated by the definition of a quantity called the relative
volatility:
At an azeotrope y1 = x1, y2 = x2, and 12 = 1. By eq. (10.5),
Therefore,
1 1
12
2 2
10.8y x
y x
sat
i i i
i
y P
x P
1 112
2 2
10.9sat
sat
P
P
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The correlating equations for activity coefficients:
ln 1 = Ax22 ln 2 = Ax1
2
when x1 = 0, ln 2 = Ax12 = A(0) = 0 2 = exp(0) = 1
x2 = 1, ln 1 = Ax22 = A(1) = A 1 = exp(A)
and
when x1 = 1, ln 2 = Ax12 = A(1) = A 2 = exp(A)
x2 = 0, ln 1 = Ax22 = A(0) = 0 1 = exp(0) = 1
Therefore in these limits, eqn. (10.9) becomes
For T = 318.15 K or 45oC, from part (a)
P1sat = 44.51 kPa P2
sat = 65.64 kPa A = 1.107
The limiting values of 12 are therefore
(12)x1=0 = 2.052 (12)x1=1 = 0.224
Because the value at one limit is greater than 1, whereas the value at the
other limit is less than 1, an azeotrope does exist.
1 112 121 0 1 1
2 2
expand
exp
sat sat
sat satx x
P A P
P P A
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For the azeotrope, 12 = 1, and eq. (10.9) becomes
The difference between the correlating equations for ln 1 and ln 2 provides the
general relation:
Thus the azeotropic occurs at the value of x1 for which this equation is satisfied
when the activity coefficient ratio has its azeotrope value of 1.4747 (from eq. (A)).
When ln 1/2 = 0.388, substitute into eq. (B), gives x1az = 0.325. For this value
of x1,
ln 1az = Ax2
2 1az = exp[(1.107)(1-0.325)2] = 1.657
With x1az = y1
az, eq. (10.5) becomes
Paz = 1azP1
sat = (1.657)(44.51) = 73.76 kPa
x1az = y1
az = 0.325
1
2
ln ln1.4747 0.388
1 2
2 1
65.641.4747
44.51
az sat
az sat
PA
P
2 212 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1
2
ln 1 1 2Ax Ax A x x x x A x x A x x A x B
Smith, J.M., Van Ness, H.C., and Abbott, M.M. 2005. Introduction to
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics. Seventh Edition. Mc
Graw-Hill.
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CPE553 CHEMICAL ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS 14/3/2013
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PREPARED BY:
MDM. NORASMAH MOHAMMED MANSHOR
FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,
UiTM SHAH ALAM.
03-55436333/019-2368303