vlsi design - uc davis ecebbaas/116/notes/lecture01.pdf · learn vlsi design well ... •i look at...

VLSI Design

EEC 116

Lecture 1

Bevan M. Baas

Thursday, September 28, 2017

EEC 116, B. Baas 1

2EEC 116, B. Baas 2

Today

• Administrative items– Syllabus and course overview

– Course objective and strategies

• My background

• Chapter 1

• Read Chapter 1

• Read "Cramming more components onto integrated circuits," Gordon Moore, Electronics, April 19, 1965.

• Homework 1 posted on web page; due next Thursday

3EEC 116, B. Baas 3

Course Communication

• Email list– Urgent announcements

• Web page– Primary source of course information

• Office hours– Tentatively:

• Tue 4:30 after lecture

• Wed 2-3pm

• Th 4:30 after lecture

• Please see me (or TA) in person with questions rather than email

4EEC 116, B. Baas 4

Teaching Assistants

• Tim Andreas

• Mark Hildebrand

5EEC 116, B. Baas 5

Course Workload

• 4 unit course

• This course requires significant effort and time– Circuits

– Layout

– Tools

• Magic

• Irsim

– Major project with report

6EEC 116, B. Baas 6

Lectures

• Ask questions at any time– Please raise your hand

• Be respectful of others – Hold conversations outside of class

– Silence phones

– Sit in the back if you come in late or need to leave early

7EEC 116, B. Baas 7

My Teaching Philosophy

• Primary goal (mine and yours):

Learn VLSI design well

• Achieve this through:– Reading textbook

– Lectures

– Solving problems on paper

– Solving problems in lab

– Discussions with other students, TA, myself

• Come to office hours

8EEC 116, B. Baas 8

My Grading Philosophy

• Grading serves two main purposes:– 1. Motivate you to do the work required to learn

– 2. Give others an indication of how well you know the material

• Requires honest work and fair grading

• Working with others

– Do work with classmates nearby

– Ask each other questions, help each other—regarding principles, approaches to solving

– Never copy another person’s work

• I assign a letter grade only for the final course grade

• I look at the final exams and course record of the class and assign two key dividing points: the A/A+ and D+/C- boundaries, and assign course grades from there using equally-sized intervals

– No required numbers of any particular letter grades

– Absolute scores are not important;the boundaries shift accordingto the difficulty of the exams in anyquarter

– Ignore any letter gradesyou might see on smartsite

EEC 116, B. Baas 9

Letter Grade Assignments

D- D+ C- A A+F

A/A+

D+/C-

(not actual grade data)

10EEC 116, B. Baas 10

Working With Others

• Collaboration– Asking questions and explaining principles produces better work

and dramatically increases learning

– Working with others• Do homework and prelabs with classmates nearby

• Ask each other questions, help each other—regarding principles, and general approaches to solving only

• Final Project– Groups of 2

• Dishonesty– Copying produces similar work, stunts learning, is not fair to

honest students, and is not allowed in this course• Students engaged in dishonest work will be referred to Student Judicial

Affairs

• I will try to keep in-class exams honest

• Steps will be taken to keep out of class work honest

11EEC 116, B. Baas 11

Course Announcements

• Most announcements via email by myself or TAs

• Announcements normally not posted but they may if email volume becomes too large

12EEC 116, B. Baas 12

Course Web Page

• http://web.ece.ucdavis.edu/~bbaas/116/

13EEC 116, B. Baas 13

Colored pencils

• Buy colored pencils or pens whose colors match magic layout tool layer colors

– green

– brown (orange next closest?)

– red

– blue

– purple

• Used for “stick diagrams”

• Slightly transparent pencils or pens work best

© B. Baas 25

Original data up to the year 2010 collected and plotted by M. Horowitz, F. Labonte, O. Shacham, K. Olukotun, L. Hammond, and C. Batten

New plot and data collected for 2010-2015 by K. Rupp

New data added by B. Baas

Number of Logical Cores

Transistors(thousands)

Number of Processors on a Single Die vs. Year

26

Note: Each processor capable of independent program execution

Academic

Industry

© B. Baas 27

Processor Eras

• Transistor Era: the Intel 4004 was

the first commercial single-chip

microprocessor and it contained

2300 hand-drawn transistors

• Single/Multi-Processor Era: focus

on components of single processors

and multi-processors, which

generally scale well to only small

numbers of processors

• 1000-Processor Era: focus on

making systems scalable and

working with processors as

building blocks. The 32 nm

1000-processor KiloCore chip would contain approximately 2300-3700

processors if its area were the same as a 32 nm Intel Core i7 processor,

or 11,000 processors if its area were the same as an Nvidia GP100

© B. Baas 28

Critical Challenges Facing Industry

• Energy Efficiency

• Performance

• Software development cost and time

• Hardware development cost and time

• Opportunity: Critical workloads sometimes/frequently have

relatively simple tasks as critical kernels

(e.g., machine learning, digital signal processing,

multimedia, data record processing, pattern matching, etc.)

– Embedded (e.g., IoT)

– Mobile

– Datacenter

Single Processor

Cores per

area of

ARM A9

22 mW/GHz

per

0.055 mm^2 area

ARM Cortex-A9 1 1643 mW/GHz

Intel Atom Clover Trail 1.5 1120 mW/GHz

ARM Cortex-A15 7.8 212 mW/GHz

MIT RAW 8.3 198 mW/GHz

UC Davis KiloCore 74.7 22 mW/GHz

29

Some Benefits of Fine-Grain Many-Core

• Die drawn approximately

to scale

UC Davis

KiloCoreMIT

RAW

ARM

Cortex-A9

ARM

Cortex-A15

Intel Atom

Clover Trail Saltwell

FFTVit.

Motion

Est. MemMemMem

Intel 4004, 1971

2300 transistors

AsAP2167-Processor Chip

• 65 nm CMOS, 1.2 GHz (fastest processor designed in any university)

• 3 accelerators + 3 shared memories

• New on-chip networks

• Processors choose own supply voltage and clock freq.

• Apps: JPEG, Wi-Fi TX & RX, H.264 video encoder, ultrasound

• Tools: compiler, mapping, simulators

• Undergrad research opportunitiesAsAP2, 2007

2300 processors

(19.8mm x 19.8mm)

EEC 116, B. Baas 30

KiloCore Chip

Slide 31

7.8

2 m

m

7.67 mm8 mm

8 m

m

Technology32nm IBM

PDSOI CMOS

Num. Procs. 1000

Num. Mems. 12

Num. Oscs. 2012

Die Area 64 mm2

Array Area 60 mm2

Transistors 621 Million

C4 Bumps 564 (162 I/O)

Package676 Pad

Flip-Chip BGA

KiloCore Chip

32

EEC 180A, B. Baas 33

Undergraduate Research

• Talk to me if you are interested!

• I will say that there is a very strong correlation with GPA and success in research

34EEC 116, B. Baas 34

Common CurrentDSP Applications

• Consumer audio, video

• Networking

• Telecommunications

35EEC 116, B. Baas 35

Future Applications

• Very limited power budgets

• Require significant digital signal processing

36EEC 116, B. Baas 36

What will we cover?

• Introduction to digital integrated circuits.– CMOS devices and manufacturing technology. CMOS

inverters and gates. Propagation delay, noise margins, and power dissipation. Sequential circuits. Arithmetic, interconnect, and memories. Design methodologies.

• What will you learn?– Understanding, designing, and optimizing digital circuits

with respect to different quality metrics: cost, speed, power dissipation, reliability, and design time

Source: Digital Integrated Circuits, 2nd ©

37EEC 116, B. Baas 37

Some Points on Course Coverage

• Focus on digital circuits rather than analog circuits

• Emphasis on low-level design (full custom layout, circuits). 180B is higher-level

• Emphasis on VLSI-specific issues

• Less emphasis on in-depth or more complex digital circuits such as what is covered in 118

38EEC 116, B. Baas 38

Digital Integrated Circuits Outline

• Introduction: Issues in digital design• The CMOS inverter• Combinational logic structures• Sequential logic gates• Design methodologies• Interconnect: R, L and C• Timing• Arithmetic building blocks• Memories and array structures


39EEC 116, B. Baas 39

Chapter 1—Introduction

• History of computing

• What is inside a processor

• How they are designed

40EEC 116, B. Baas 40

The First Computer

The BabbageDifference Engine(1832)

25,000 parts

cost: £17,470


41EEC 116, B. Baas 41

ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)


52EEC 116, B. Baas 52

How Large Are Transistors?

• If a human hair were this large…

A several-year-old transistor would be this long…

Source: Richard Spencer

53EEC 116, B. Baas 53

The First Transistor

• Fabricated at Bell Labs on December 16, 1947. The inventors won the Nobel prize in physics in 1956 for the invention.


54EEC 116, B. Baas 54

The First Integrated Circuit

• This is the first IC made by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. It was built in 1958.


55EEC 116, B. Baas 55

An Early “Planar” IC

• This is an early planar IC from Fairchild.


56EEC 116, B. Baas 56

Intel 4004 Micro-Processor

1971

1000 transistors

1 MHz operation


57EEC 116, B. Baas 57

Intel Pentium 4 Microprocessor

• Introduced in 2000– 42 million

transistors

– 0.18 µm CMOS

Source: Intel

http://www.intel.com/museum/online/hist_micro/hof/

58EEC 116, B. Baas 58

Nvidia Kepler GK110

• 7.1 Billion transistors

• 2880 CUDA processors

Source: xxxxxxx

59EEC 116, B. Baas 59

Silicon

• Silicon is the second most common element in the Earth’s crust.

• Semiconductor-grade Si is 99.999999 % pure.

• Ingots like this one weigh several hundred pounds and cost $16,000

• The ingot will be sliced into very thin wafers.

60EEC 116, B. Baas 60

A Silicon Wafer

• This 8-inch wafer contains about 200 Pentium II chips (1997).

• Each chip contains more than 20 million transistors.

• More than 1 billion microprocessors are made each year.


61EEC 116, B. Baas 61

A State-of-the-art Wafer

• 300 mm diameter wafer

Source: IBM

62EEC 116, B. Baas 62

Wires

• Four levels of wires shown here

• Designers specify each layer and connections between layers

Source: IBM

63EEC 116, B. Baas 63

• Modern chips have up to 8 layers of wires

Chip Wires

Source: IBM

64EEC 116, B. Baas 64

Chip Wires

Source: IBM

65EEC 116, B. Baas 65

Memory Array

• Human hair on a 256 Kbit memory chip

Source: Helmut Föll

66EEC 116, B. Baas 66

Memory Array

• Human hair on a 4 Mbit memory chip

• Note DRAM trench capacitors


67EEC 116, B. Baas 67

Memory Array

• Red blood cells on a 1 Mbit memory chip


68EEC 116, B. Baas 68

Transistor Layout

• Drawing a transistor is this easy!

Source: Mike Lai

PMOS transistor

NMOS transistor

GATE

GATE

DRAIN

DRAIN SOURCE

SOURCE

vlsi design - uc davis ecebbaas/116/notes/lecture01.pdf · learn vlsi design well ... •i look at...

Documents