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TRANSCRIPT
CISG .
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(, )
* , [email protected]
** , [email protected]
72 2016. 12, pp. 81∼113.
2016. 11. 30. 2016. 12. 16. 2016. 12. 17.
82 72(2016. 12)
.
.
.
.1)
.
(Lloyd’s of London ; Corporation of Lloyd’s)
,2)
.
1906
(Marine Insurance Act 1906 : MIA)
, (MIA 66 4) (MIA 66 5
) .
. 2003
(International Hulls Clauses : IHC) .
4(
) 2() 4() 694( ), 5(
) 3() 1() 865( )-875(
)
MIA 66 1-3
19 . ,
1) , , : , 2011, p. 385.
2) 1877 Antwerp YAR
.
(Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., Lowndes & Rudolf: The Law of General Average and York-Antwerp Rules, 13th ed., London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2008, p. 48).
2016 YAR 83
YAR(York-Antwerp Rules)
YAR
.
(Comité Maritime International : CMI) 2016 5 6
42 YAR . (2016
YAR) 2004 YAR , 1994
YAR 1994
. 2004 YAR
2016 YAR BIMCO(The
Baltic and International Maritime Council)
YAR 2016 . ,
, ,
2016 YAR .
CMI
.
1860
(National
Association for the Promotion of Social Science) .
9 25
2 . 1862 4
126 .
.
1864 9 26 3
(International General Average Congress) 11
1864 York .
84 72(2016. 12)
. 1877 8 30
68
York 12
. 1877 YAR.
1989 (International Convention on Salvage 1989)3)
1990 (Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement ;
Lloyd’s Open Form(LOF))4) 1974 YAR
. 199034 CMI
1990(York-Antwerp Rules 1974 as amended 1990). 1994
1994 YAR
1994 12 31.
2004 5 31 6 4
2004 . 2004 12 31
. 2004 YAR
(International Chamber of Shipping : ICS)5)
3) 1989
,
() .
.
30%
(, “ ”, , 32 2, 2010,
p.207). 1990 LOF 1989
, . 1990
LOF 1995 , 2000 LOF (, “LOF 2000
”, , 29 1, 2007, p.21), 2000
LOF 2011 2011 LOF(Bizon, Karen, “Amendm
ents to Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF) and Lloyd’s Standard Salvage and Ar
bitration (LSSA) Clauses”, http://www.marine-salvage.com/documents/Amendments%20re%20LOF%2
02011.pdf(: 2016.12.1.)).
4) ,
,
(open) Lloyd's Open Form(LOF) .
5) ICS 1921 ,
. ICS
. (UNCTAD)
(IMO) .
2016 YAR 85
.6) 2004
YAR .
CMI 2012 10 40
2004 YAR 2012 YAR
.
3
. 2012 CMI 2004
YAR . 2012
(International Working Group : IWG)
YAR ,
YAR .
2016 CMI .7)
2012 IWG 2016
2013 3 15 ·,
, 2013 CMI
. YAR 1994 YAR
1994 YAR . YAR
, YAR 1994
(General, Introductory Rules, Lettered Rules and Numbered Rules)
.8)
CMI 2016 5 3∼6 42 YAR
2016 YAR . CMI
YAR
.
BIMCO 5 10 (Documentary Committee)
BIMCO
2016 YAR .9)
6) , “CMI , , 2004”,
, 48, 2004, p. 3 ; , “2004”, , 2004, p. 43.
7) , “(2012)(2004)”,
8) , “ (34),
”, , 516, 2016.8.29.(http://www.monthlymaritimekorea.com/news/articleView.htm
l?idxno=18281(: 2016.12.5.)).
9) Spencer, Jonathan S., York-Antwerp Rules 2016 and Guidelines, The Spencer Company, 2016, pp. 1∼2.
86 72(2016. 12)
2016 YAR .
.
2016 YAR 2004 YAR, 2004
YAR . 1994 YAR
CMI 2004 YAR
1994 YAR
.10) 1994 YAR
.
1994 YAR ,
2004 YAR 1994 YAR
.
< 1> 1994 YAR, 2004 YAR, 2016 YAR
10) Macdonal, John, “General Average-English and US Law and Practice, Against the Background of
the York-Antwerp Rules 1994”, 1 Mar 2001, http://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/53532/general
-average-english-and-us-law-and-practice-against-the-background-of-the-york-antwerp-rules-1994(
B( )
B 2
2016 YAR 87
E( )
E 2
G 4
2016 YAR 89
: , “York-Antwerp Rules 2016 ”, KP&I Circular, 2016.6.7.,
http://www.kpiclub.or.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=News_01&wr_id=486(: 2016.12.5.).
2016 YAR ,
, (),
,
. B(·) 2
3 , (b) ()(
) , .
.
.
1994 YAR 2004 YAR
12 (2),
12
(3).
.
2016 YAR
12 , 12
.
2
(3).11)
.
2016 YAR E 4
3
2
.12)
“, , No.202, 2016, pp. 1∼2.
12) , 2016.6.7., .
2016 YAR 91
2. (G 4)
.
()
.
.
. 1994
.
.
.
.13)
.14) 1994 YAR G 4 ,
Bigham . , “
.” .
.
13) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., p. 208.
14) Comatra Ltd and Anr v. Various Underwriters(The Abt Rasha) [2000] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 575.
92 72(2016. 12)
.
City of Colombo 15)
,
.16)
Gibbs Nathaniel
()
.
. Gibbs Nathaniel
()
.
Gibbs Nathaniel
.
3
. Gibbs
Nathaniel
.
“
.
.
.
.” .17)
15) Ellerman Lines v. Gibbs Nathaniel(Canada)(The City of Colombo) (1986) 26. D.L.R. (4th) 161 ;
(1986) A.M.C.2217.
16) Buglass, L.J., Marine Insurance and General Average in the United States, 3rd ed., Centreville,
Md: Cornell Maritime Press, 1991, pp. 320∼321.
17) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., p. 209.
2016 YAR 93
.
.
1994
YAR G 3 .
. Bigham
()
.
G 3
4, Bigham
. 2016 YAR G
NSA(non-separation allowances) .
,
, YAR
. NSA
, NSA (cut off
point) .18)
F
G 3 . G 4 Bigham
( ) (
Bigham Cap) (G 3) (F)
.
.
ICS Bigham .
2016 YAR
Bigham F
, Bigham
.19)
18) , .
94 72(2016. 12)
3. ()
.
. (No Cure, No Pay)
.20) YAR
, YAR
.21)
.
. 1994 YAR (
) . 2004 YAR
( )
,
(LOF) (1989 ,
)
(
, LOF )
.22) (ICS)
2004 YAR .
(International Union of Marine Insurance : IUMI)23) LOF
2004 YAR .
2016 YAR (1994 YAR 2004 YAR ICS
IMUI )
20) Thomas, D. R., “Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement-A Descriptive and Analytical
Security”, LMCLQ, 1978, p. 276.
21) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., p. 551 ; Rose, F. D., Marine Insurance Law and Practice, LLP, 2004, p. 30 ; Gilman, J., et al., Arnould’s Law of Marine Insurance and Average,
17th ed., Sweet & Maxwell Ltd., 2008, p. 1189.
22) , “YAR ”, 64,
, 2010, pp. 115∼143.
23) 1874
. .
2016 YAR 95
, LOF
.24) ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
.
4. ( (b) ())
1994 YAR (a) ,
. 1994 YAR (c)
. , ,
.
1994 YAR (a)
(b) .
6 6
12 12
1 .
,
.25) 2016 YAR 1994 YAR
.
25) , 2016.6.7., .
96 72(2016. 12)
.
.
. , ,
.
.26)
Trade Green 27) 1994 YAR (b)
,
. 2016 YAR
.
6. ( (c))
1994 YAR (New for Old)
.
.
.
.
, .
.
26) , -1994·
, , 1995, p. 135.
27) Trade Green Shipping Inc v. Securitas Bremer Allgemeine Versicherungs AG (The Trade
Green)[2002] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 451.
2016 YAR 97
.
.
.
.28)
. CMI 1974 YAR
1994 YAR
. 1994 YAR 1974 YAR 1994
YAR .29)
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
12 1/2
.
4 2016 YAR
24 .30)
.
.
,
.
.
. 1994 YAR
(a)
.
30) , “2016-?-”, , 2016, p. 93.
98 72(2016. 12)
.
, ,
.
. 1994 (b)
(F)
. 1994 YAR (b)
. ,
.
.31)
Bijela 32) .
. 1985 11 Providence
.
Jamestown . Jamestown
.
New York
, , 535,000
. Jamestown
Chandra .33)
282,606
.
,
31) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., pp. 439∼442.
32) Marida Ltd. v. Oswal Steel (The Bijela) [1992] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 637 ; [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep.
411 ; [1994] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 1.
33) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., pp. 441∼442.
2016 YAR 99
.
,
1992 5 1974 YAR (b) ()
1974 YAR (b)
.
.
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
( (a)).
2004 YAR
. 1994 YAR34) (
(b)). , 2004 YAR
( )
. 2016 YAR ICS
1994 YAR .
8. ( (a) ())
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
.
,
.
2016 YAR
.
( (a) ()).35)
34) 1994 YAR (b) …
.
.
35) , 2016, op.cit., p. 93.
100 72(2016. 12)
9. ( (a) ())
2016 YAR
. 2011 LOF
.36)
2016 YAR
()
. LOF
(Lloyd’s Standard Salvage and Arbitration Clause
: LSSA)37)
.38)
10. LOF
( (b))
LOF 1994 YAR
LOF .39) LOF
36) , “York-Antwerp Rules2016”,
, 2016.12.16., p. 9.
37) 2000 LOF ,
. 2000 LOF
.
LSSA (Lloyd’s Procedural Rules : LPR) (B
rice, G., Maritime Law of Salvage, 3rd ed., London: Sweet & Maxwell Ltd., 1999, p. 5).
LSSA LPR
(, “(L
OF) 2000”, 2000.9.8., http://kpiclub.or.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=News_01&wr_id=9&page
=(: 2016.12.1.).
39) , op.cit., p. 105.
2016 YAR 101
.
.
(
) . 1994 YAR (a)
. LOF
. “
”
.
.
1994 YAR YAR 2004 LOF
.40) LOF
LOF
.
LOF
,
. 2016 YAR
, , LOF
.41) , 2016 YAR ,
.
11. ()()
1924 YAR 2% .
( )
.
40) 1994 YAR (b) …
.
.
41) Spencer, Jonathan S., op.cit., pp. 5∼6.
102 72(2016. 12)
. ,
2%
(allowance)42)
.
.
.
1994 YAR
. ,
.
,
.
1994 2
. 1974 YAR
,
. 1994 YAR
. 1994 3 43)
.
2004 YAR (
) 2% .
2016 YAR 2004
YAR .44)
42) , ,
(allowance : ()/)
[ =x(/)].
43)
.
.
. 1994
YAR .
2016 YAR 103
12. ( (b))
1994 YAR 1974 YAR
7% , 2004
YAR CMI
. 2004 YAR CMI
(first class commercial bank)
.45)
1994 YAR 7% 2004 Y
AR CMI . CMI 2.5%
1994 YAR , 2016 YAR
12 ICE Libor(Intercontinental
4%.47) ICE Li
bor ICE Libor 4%
. 5% 1994 YAR 2004 YAR
.48)
13. ( (a), (b), (c))
1994 YAR
. , 2
44) , 2016, op.cit., p. 94.
45) 2004 YAR 2005 1 2015 12 4%
2016 2.5%.
46) 2016 1 4 ICE Libor(12) 1.16925%
2016 5.16925% (,
, p. 5) ; Spencer, Jonathan S., op.cit., p. 4.
47) , op.cit., p. 9.
48) , “, CMI 2016 ... ”, 2016.5.1., www.shi
ppingnewsnet.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=15782(: 2016.12.5.).
1994 YAR
.
YAR .
.
. (Association Internationale
de Dispacheurs Européens(AIDE), Association of European General Average Adjusters)
1985
,
, ,
.50)
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
.
, ·
, ,
90
.51)
49) , op.cit., p. 183.
50) Hudson, N. G. and Harvey, M. D., The York-Antwerp Rules: The Principles and Practice of Ge
neral Average Adjustment, 3rd ed., informa law from Routledge, 2010, pp. 237∼248.
51) , 2016, op.cit., pp. 94∼95.
2016 YAR 105
14. ()
2004 YAR
1
.
6 (a 1).
IUMI CMI 2004 YAR
. IUMI( )
.
. IUMI
YAR
,
.
.
2004 YAR , 20016
YAR 2004 YAR
1 . 6
.
.
YAR (Soft Law)
. (Hard Law)
(Common Law)
.
Hague , Hague-Visby , Hamburg , Rotterdam
. 1936 (USCOGSA 1936)
500 .52)
Rhine 53) .
.
.
.54)
, 1994 YAR
, 1974 YAR
. 1994 YAR 1974 YAR
(C).
. , 1994 YAR
(G
), (B). X
, (VIII) (
XII) .
52) , “Carmack v US COGSA(1)”, , 210, pp. 32∼52 ; , “Carmack v
US COGSA(2)”, , 211, pp. 33∼63.
53) IVR(International Association for the Rhine Vessels Register), Europa World Year Book 2003,
2003, pp. 1∼30.
54) , 2016.8.29., .
2016 YAR 107
3
. 1994
YAR 1974 YAR .
, , ,
, YAR 2016 . 2016 YAR
CMI .
, (Best
Ppractice) , . CMI
.
2016 YAR CMI 55) . CMI
. , (1) ( , ,
), (2) ( , YAR, , ,
, ), (3)( ,
, (
), (4)(
, , (5)
(surveyor) , (6) 2016 YAR( ( ) ,
( )) .56)
2016 YAR 2004 YAR
, 2016 YAR
1994 YAR . , (VI),
(IX), (XIV) 2016 YAR 2004 YAR
. 2016 YAR
,
.
108 72(2016. 12)
2016 YAR 1994 YAR
P&I (IG P&I Club) .
BIMCO 2016 YAR
.57) 2016 YAR 1994 YAR
. , (BIMCO, ICS, IUMI, P&I
(IP&IG)) 2016 YAR
1994 YAR . 1974 YAR(
YAR 1974, as Amended 1990) .58)
.
.
,
,
. ,
.
, .
57) The London P&I Club, “P & I Circulars”, 21 July 2016, https://www.londonpandi.com/_common/
updateable/downloads/documents/5534.pdf(: 2016.1120.); The Standard Club Europe Ltd, “C
ircular“, 19 July 2016, http://www.standard-club.com/media/2215171/19-july-2016-standard-europe-ci
pdf(: 2016.12.5.).
58) Mitsui & Co Ltd and Others v. Beteiligungsgesellschaft LPG Tankerflotte GmbH & Co KG and
Another(The Longchamp)[2014] EWHC3445(Comm) ; Mitsui & Co. and Others v. Beteiligungsge
sellschaft LPG Tankerflotte GmbH & Co KG and Another(The Longchamp) [2016] EWCA Civ
708. 1974 1974 .
(, op.cit., p. 11).
2016 YAR 109
YAR ,
.
1994 YAR ·
. 2016 YAR
.
, ICS IUMI
.
2016 YAR
.
YAR
1994 YAR E 3 . 2016 YAR
(
), (
),
. LOF
()
. 1994 YAR
.
CMI
.
BIMCO
2016 YAR 2016 YAR
2004 YAR
.
2016 YAR .
110 72(2016. 12)
, “LOF 2000 ”,
29 1, , 2007.
www.shippingnewsnet.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=15782(:
afe24.com/report/2013/216.pdf(: 2016.12.5.).
, , 2010.
r.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=News_01&wr_id=9&page=(: 2016.12.1.).
____________________, “York-Antwerp Rules 2016 ”, KP&I Circular, 201
6.6.7., http://www.kpiclub.or.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=News_01&wr_ id=
486(: 2016.12.5.).
, ”, 516, 2016.8.29. http://www.monthlymaritim
ekorea.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=18281(: 2016.12.5.)
, , 2010.
, -1994·
“, , 48, 2004.
, “2004”, , 2004.
2016 YAR 111
, “2016-?-”,
, 2016.
____, “Carmack v US COGSA(1)”, , 210.
____, “Carmack v US COGSA(2)”, , 211.
Bizon, Karen, “Amendments to Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF) and
Lloyd’s Standard Salvage and Arbitration (LSSA) Clauses”, http://www.marine-salv
age.com/documents/Amendments%20re%20LOF%202011.pdf(: 2016.12.1.).
Brice, G., Maritime Law of Salvage, 3rd ed., London: Sweet & Maxwell Ltd., 1999.
Buglass, L.J., Marine Insurance and General Average in the United States, 3rd ed.,
Centreville, Md: Cornell Maritime Press, 1991.
CMI, “York-Antwerp Rules 2016”, http://www.comitemaritime.org/Uploads/Work%20I
n%20Progress/Rules%20of%20General%20Average/York-Antwerp%20Rules%20
2016%20(Final).pdf(: 2016.12.5.).
CMI, “Review-of-the-Rules-on-General-Average”, 2016, http://comitemaritime.org/Revie
w-of-the-Rules-on-General-Average/0,27140,114032,00.html(: 2016.12.5.)
Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., Lowndes & Rudolf: The Law of General Average and
York-Antwerp Rules, 13th ed., London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2008.
Gilman, J., et al., Arnould’s Law of Marine Insurance and Average, 17th ed., London:
Sweet & Maxwell Ltd., 2008.
Hudson, N. G. & Harvey, M. D., The York-Antwerp Rules: The Principles and Practice
of General Average Adjustment, 3rd ed., informa law from Routledge, 2010.
Macdonal, John, “General Average-English and US Law and Practice, Against the Backg
round of the York-Antwerp Rules 1994”, 01 Mar 2001, http://www.gard.no/web/
updates/content/53532/general-average-english-and-us-law-and-practice-against-the
Rose, F. D., Marine Insurance Law and Practice, LLP, 2004.
Spencer, Jonathan S., York-Antwerp Rules 2016 and Guidelines, The Spencer Company.
The London P&I Club, “P & I Circulars”, 21 July 2016, https://www.londonpandi.com/_
common/updateable/downloads/documents/5534.pdf(: 2016.11.20.).
media/2215171/19-july-2016-standard-europe-circular-general-average-york-antwer
016.12.5.).
Thomas, D. R., “Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement-A Descriptive and
Analytical Security”, LMCLQ, 1978.
2016 YAR 113
ABSTRACT
according to the Application of YAR 2016
Nak-Hyun HAN · Byung-Kwon CHOI
shipowners andMarine insurerswhich followed the adoption of the YAR2004,
whichdidnot have the support of shipowners, andwhichwere very rarely used
in preference to the well-established and well understood YAR 1994. The
development and finalisation of the YAR 2016 is the product of an extensive
review undertaken by the IWG with input from the International Group,
international averageadjustingcommunity,NationalMaritimeLawAssociations,
the International Chamber of Shipping, BIMCO and IUMI amongst others. The
Groupclubswelcomeandsupport theadoptionof theYAR2016andrecommend
its incorporation inmembers’ future shipping contracts. TheClubwill be taking
steps to adopt logical changes to the 2017Rules. In themeantime, this circular
servesas confirmationClubcover extends toall shippingcontracts incorporating
YAR 2016. This study analyse the adjustment practice of general average
according to the application of YAR 2016.
Keywords : YAR 1994, YAR 2004, YAR 2016, General Average, Adjustment
Practice
.
.
.
,
.
( ) ,
(, )
* , [email protected]
** , [email protected]
72 2016. 12, pp. 81∼113.
2016. 11. 30. 2016. 12. 16. 2016. 12. 17.
82 72(2016. 12)
.
.
.
.1)
.
(Lloyd’s of London ; Corporation of Lloyd’s)
,2)
.
1906
(Marine Insurance Act 1906 : MIA)
, (MIA 66 4) (MIA 66 5
) .
. 2003
(International Hulls Clauses : IHC) .
4(
) 2() 4() 694( ), 5(
) 3() 1() 865( )-875(
)
MIA 66 1-3
19 . ,
1) , , : , 2011, p. 385.
2) 1877 Antwerp YAR
.
(Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., Lowndes & Rudolf: The Law of General Average and York-Antwerp Rules, 13th ed., London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2008, p. 48).
2016 YAR 83
YAR(York-Antwerp Rules)
YAR
.
(Comité Maritime International : CMI) 2016 5 6
42 YAR . (2016
YAR) 2004 YAR , 1994
YAR 1994
. 2004 YAR
2016 YAR BIMCO(The
Baltic and International Maritime Council)
YAR 2016 . ,
, ,
2016 YAR .
CMI
.
1860
(National
Association for the Promotion of Social Science) .
9 25
2 . 1862 4
126 .
.
1864 9 26 3
(International General Average Congress) 11
1864 York .
84 72(2016. 12)
. 1877 8 30
68
York 12
. 1877 YAR.
1989 (International Convention on Salvage 1989)3)
1990 (Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement ;
Lloyd’s Open Form(LOF))4) 1974 YAR
. 199034 CMI
1990(York-Antwerp Rules 1974 as amended 1990). 1994
1994 YAR
1994 12 31.
2004 5 31 6 4
2004 . 2004 12 31
. 2004 YAR
(International Chamber of Shipping : ICS)5)
3) 1989
,
() .
.
30%
(, “ ”, , 32 2, 2010,
p.207). 1990 LOF 1989
, . 1990
LOF 1995 , 2000 LOF (, “LOF 2000
”, , 29 1, 2007, p.21), 2000
LOF 2011 2011 LOF(Bizon, Karen, “Amendm
ents to Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement (LOF) and Lloyd’s Standard Salvage and Ar
bitration (LSSA) Clauses”, http://www.marine-salvage.com/documents/Amendments%20re%20LOF%2
02011.pdf(: 2016.12.1.)).
4) ,
,
(open) Lloyd's Open Form(LOF) .
5) ICS 1921 ,
. ICS
. (UNCTAD)
(IMO) .
2016 YAR 85
.6) 2004
YAR .
CMI 2012 10 40
2004 YAR 2012 YAR
.
3
. 2012 CMI 2004
YAR . 2012
(International Working Group : IWG)
YAR ,
YAR .
2016 CMI .7)
2012 IWG 2016
2013 3 15 ·,
, 2013 CMI
. YAR 1994 YAR
1994 YAR . YAR
, YAR 1994
(General, Introductory Rules, Lettered Rules and Numbered Rules)
.8)
CMI 2016 5 3∼6 42 YAR
2016 YAR . CMI
YAR
.
BIMCO 5 10 (Documentary Committee)
BIMCO
2016 YAR .9)
6) , “CMI , , 2004”,
, 48, 2004, p. 3 ; , “2004”, , 2004, p. 43.
7) , “(2012)(2004)”,
8) , “ (34),
”, , 516, 2016.8.29.(http://www.monthlymaritimekorea.com/news/articleView.htm
l?idxno=18281(: 2016.12.5.)).
9) Spencer, Jonathan S., York-Antwerp Rules 2016 and Guidelines, The Spencer Company, 2016, pp. 1∼2.
86 72(2016. 12)
2016 YAR .
.
2016 YAR 2004 YAR, 2004
YAR . 1994 YAR
CMI 2004 YAR
1994 YAR
.10) 1994 YAR
.
1994 YAR ,
2004 YAR 1994 YAR
.
< 1> 1994 YAR, 2004 YAR, 2016 YAR
10) Macdonal, John, “General Average-English and US Law and Practice, Against the Background of
the York-Antwerp Rules 1994”, 1 Mar 2001, http://www.gard.no/web/updates/content/53532/general
-average-english-and-us-law-and-practice-against-the-background-of-the-york-antwerp-rules-1994(
B( )
B 2
2016 YAR 87
E( )
E 2
G 4
2016 YAR 89
: , “York-Antwerp Rules 2016 ”, KP&I Circular, 2016.6.7.,
http://www.kpiclub.or.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=News_01&wr_id=486(: 2016.12.5.).
2016 YAR ,
, (),
,
. B(·) 2
3 , (b) ()(
) , .
.
.
1994 YAR 2004 YAR
12 (2),
12
(3).
.
2016 YAR
12 , 12
.
2
(3).11)
.
2016 YAR E 4
3
2
.12)
“, , No.202, 2016, pp. 1∼2.
12) , 2016.6.7., .
2016 YAR 91
2. (G 4)
.
()
.
.
. 1994
.
.
.
.13)
.14) 1994 YAR G 4 ,
Bigham . , “
.” .
.
13) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., p. 208.
14) Comatra Ltd and Anr v. Various Underwriters(The Abt Rasha) [2000] 2 Lloyd's Rep. 575.
92 72(2016. 12)
.
City of Colombo 15)
,
.16)
Gibbs Nathaniel
()
.
. Gibbs Nathaniel
()
.
Gibbs Nathaniel
.
3
. Gibbs
Nathaniel
.
“
.
.
.
.” .17)
15) Ellerman Lines v. Gibbs Nathaniel(Canada)(The City of Colombo) (1986) 26. D.L.R. (4th) 161 ;
(1986) A.M.C.2217.
16) Buglass, L.J., Marine Insurance and General Average in the United States, 3rd ed., Centreville,
Md: Cornell Maritime Press, 1991, pp. 320∼321.
17) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., p. 209.
2016 YAR 93
.
.
1994
YAR G 3 .
. Bigham
()
.
G 3
4, Bigham
. 2016 YAR G
NSA(non-separation allowances) .
,
, YAR
. NSA
, NSA (cut off
point) .18)
F
G 3 . G 4 Bigham
( ) (
Bigham Cap) (G 3) (F)
.
.
ICS Bigham .
2016 YAR
Bigham F
, Bigham
.19)
18) , .
94 72(2016. 12)
3. ()
.
. (No Cure, No Pay)
.20) YAR
, YAR
.21)
.
. 1994 YAR (
) . 2004 YAR
( )
,
(LOF) (1989 ,
)
(
, LOF )
.22) (ICS)
2004 YAR .
(International Union of Marine Insurance : IUMI)23) LOF
2004 YAR .
2016 YAR (1994 YAR 2004 YAR ICS
IMUI )
20) Thomas, D. R., “Lloyd’s Standard Form of Salvage Agreement-A Descriptive and Analytical
Security”, LMCLQ, 1978, p. 276.
21) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., p. 551 ; Rose, F. D., Marine Insurance Law and Practice, LLP, 2004, p. 30 ; Gilman, J., et al., Arnould’s Law of Marine Insurance and Average,
17th ed., Sweet & Maxwell Ltd., 2008, p. 1189.
22) , “YAR ”, 64,
, 2010, pp. 115∼143.
23) 1874
. .
2016 YAR 95
, LOF
.24) ,
,
,
,
, ,
,
.
4. ( (b) ())
1994 YAR (a) ,
. 1994 YAR (c)
. , ,
.
1994 YAR (a)
(b) .
6 6
12 12
1 .
,
.25) 2016 YAR 1994 YAR
.
25) , 2016.6.7., .
96 72(2016. 12)
.
.
. , ,
.
.26)
Trade Green 27) 1994 YAR (b)
,
. 2016 YAR
.
6. ( (c))
1994 YAR (New for Old)
.
.
.
.
, .
.
26) , -1994·
, , 1995, p. 135.
27) Trade Green Shipping Inc v. Securitas Bremer Allgemeine Versicherungs AG (The Trade
Green)[2002] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 451.
2016 YAR 97
.
.
.
.28)
. CMI 1974 YAR
1994 YAR
. 1994 YAR 1974 YAR 1994
YAR .29)
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
12 1/2
.
4 2016 YAR
24 .30)
.
.
,
.
.
. 1994 YAR
(a)
.
30) , “2016-?-”, , 2016, p. 93.
98 72(2016. 12)
.
, ,
.
. 1994 (b)
(F)
. 1994 YAR (b)
. ,
.
.31)
Bijela 32) .
. 1985 11 Providence
.
Jamestown . Jamestown
.
New York
, , 535,000
. Jamestown
Chandra .33)
282,606
.
,
31) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., pp. 439∼442.
32) Marida Ltd. v. Oswal Steel (The Bijela) [1992] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 637 ; [1993] 1 Lloyd’s Rep.
411 ; [1994] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 1.
33) Cooke. J. H. S. & Cornah, R. R., op.cit., pp. 441∼442.
2016 YAR 99
.
,
1992 5 1974 YAR (b) ()
1974 YAR (b)
.
.
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
( (a)).
2004 YAR
. 1994 YAR34) (
(b)). , 2004 YAR
( )
. 2016 YAR ICS
1994 YAR .
8. ( (a) ())
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
.
,
.
2016 YAR
.
( (a) ()).35)
34) 1994 YAR (b) …
.
.
35) , 2016, op.cit., p. 93.
100 72(2016. 12)
9. ( (a) ())
2016 YAR
. 2011 LOF
.36)
2016 YAR
()
. LOF
(Lloyd’s Standard Salvage and Arbitration Clause
: LSSA)37)
.38)
10. LOF
( (b))
LOF 1994 YAR
LOF .39) LOF
36) , “York-Antwerp Rules2016”,
, 2016.12.16., p. 9.
37) 2000 LOF ,
. 2000 LOF
.
LSSA (Lloyd’s Procedural Rules : LPR) (B
rice, G., Maritime Law of Salvage, 3rd ed., London: Sweet & Maxwell Ltd., 1999, p. 5).
LSSA LPR
(, “(L
OF) 2000”, 2000.9.8., http://kpiclub.or.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=News_01&wr_id=9&page
=(: 2016.12.1.).
39) , op.cit., p. 105.
2016 YAR 101
.
.
(
) . 1994 YAR (a)
. LOF
. “
”
.
.
1994 YAR YAR 2004 LOF
.40) LOF
LOF
.
LOF
,
. 2016 YAR
, , LOF
.41) , 2016 YAR ,
.
11. ()()
1924 YAR 2% .
( )
.
40) 1994 YAR (b) …
.
.
41) Spencer, Jonathan S., op.cit., pp. 5∼6.
102 72(2016. 12)
. ,
2%
(allowance)42)
.
.
.
1994 YAR
. ,
.
,
.
1994 2
. 1974 YAR
,
. 1994 YAR
. 1994 3 43)
.
2004 YAR (
) 2% .
2016 YAR 2004
YAR .44)
42) , ,
(allowance : ()/)
[ =x(/)].
43)
.
.
. 1994
YAR .
2016 YAR 103
12. ( (b))
1994 YAR 1974 YAR
7% , 2004
YAR CMI
. 2004 YAR CMI
(first class commercial bank)
.45)
1994 YAR 7% 2004 Y
AR CMI . CMI 2.5%
1994 YAR , 2016 YAR
12 ICE Libor(Intercontinental
4%.47) ICE Li
bor ICE Libor 4%
. 5% 1994 YAR 2004 YAR
.48)
13. ( (a), (b), (c))
1994 YAR
. , 2
44) , 2016, op.cit., p. 94.
45) 2004 YAR 2005 1 2015 12 4%
2016 2.5%.
46) 2016 1 4 ICE Libor(12) 1.16925%
2016 5.16925% (,
, p. 5) ; Spencer, Jonathan S., op.cit., p. 4.
47) , op.cit., p. 9.
48) , “, CMI 2016 ... ”, 2016.5.1., www.shi
ppingnewsnet.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=15782(: 2016.12.5.).
1994 YAR
.
YAR .
.
. (Association Internationale
de Dispacheurs Européens(AIDE), Association of European General Average Adjusters)
1985
,
, ,
.50)
1994 YAR, 2004 YAR
.
, ·
, ,
90
.51)
49) , op.cit., p. 183.
50) Hudson, N. G. and Harvey, M. D., The York-Antwerp Rules: The Principles and Practice of Ge
neral Average Adjustment, 3rd ed., informa law from Routledge, 2010, pp. 237∼248.
51) , 2016, op.cit., pp. 94∼95.
2016 YAR 105
14. ()
2004 YAR
1
.
6 (a 1).
IUMI CMI 2004 YAR
. IUMI( )
.
. IUMI
YAR
,
.
.
2004 YAR , 20016
YAR 2004 YAR
1 . 6
.
.
YAR (Soft Law)
. (Hard Law)
(Common Law)
.
Hague , Hague-Visby , Hamburg , Rotterdam
. 1936 (USCOGSA 1936)
500 .52)
Rhine 53) .
.
.
.54)
, 1994 YAR
, 1974 YAR
. 1994 YAR 1974 YAR
(C).
. , 1994 YAR
(G
), (B). X
, (VIII) (
XII) .
52) , “Carmack v US COGSA(1)”, , 210, pp. 32∼52 ; , “Carmack v
US COGSA(2)”, , 211, pp. 33∼63.
53) IVR(International Association for the Rhine Vessels Register), Europa World Year Book 2003,
2003, pp. 1∼30.
54) , 2016.8.29., .
2016 YAR 107
3
. 1994
YAR 1974 YAR .
, , ,
, YAR 2016 . 2016 YAR
CMI .
, (Best
Ppractice) , . CMI
.
2016 YAR CMI 55) . CMI
. , (1) ( , ,
), (2) ( , YAR, , ,
, ), (3)( ,
, (
), (4)(
, , (5)
(surveyor) , (6) 2016 YAR( ( ) ,
( )) .56)
2016 YAR 2004 YAR
, 2016 YAR
1994 YAR . , (VI),
(IX), (XIV) 2016 YAR 2004 YAR
. 2016 YAR
,
.
108 72(2016. 12)
2016 YAR 1994 YAR
P&I (IG P&I Club) .
BIMCO 2016 YAR
.57) 2016 YAR 1994 YAR
. , (BIMCO, ICS, IUMI, P&I
(IP&IG)) 2016 YAR
1994 YAR . 1974 YAR(
YAR 1974, as Amended 1990) .58)
.
.
,
,
. ,
.
, .
57) The London P&I Club, “P & I Circulars”, 21 July 2016, https://www.londonpandi.com/_common/
updateable/downloads/documents/5534.pdf(: 2016.1120.); The Standard Club Europe Ltd, “C
ircular“, 19 July 2016, http://www.standard-club.com/media/2215171/19-july-2016-standard-europe-ci
pdf(: 2016.12.5.).
58) Mitsui & Co Ltd and Others v. Beteiligungsgesellschaft LPG Tankerflotte GmbH & Co KG and
Another(The Longchamp)[2014] EWHC3445(Comm) ; Mitsui & Co. and Others v. Beteiligungsge
sellschaft LPG Tankerflotte GmbH & Co KG and Another(The Longchamp) [2016] EWCA Civ
708. 1974 1974 .
(, op.cit., p. 11).
2016 YAR 109
YAR ,
.
1994 YAR ·
. 2016 YAR
.
, ICS IUMI
.
2016 YAR
.
YAR
1994 YAR E 3 . 2016 YAR
(
), (
),
. LOF
()
. 1994 YAR
.
CMI
.
BIMCO
2016 YAR 2016 YAR
2004 YAR
.
2016 YAR .
110 72(2016. 12)
, “LOF 2000 ”,
29 1, , 2007.
www.shippingnewsnet.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=15782(:
afe24.com/report/2013/216.pdf(: 2016.12.5.).
, , 2010.
r.kr/board/bbs/board.php?bo_table=News_01&wr_id=9&page=(: 2016.12.1.).
____________________, “York-Antwerp Rules 2016 ”, KP&I Circular, 201
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486(: 2016.12.5.).
, ”, 516, 2016.8.29. http://www.monthlymaritim
ekorea.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=18281(: 2016.12.5.)
, , 2010.
, -1994·
“, , 48, 2004.
, “2004”, , 2004.
2016 YAR 111
, “2016-?-”,
, 2016.
____, “Carmack v US COGSA(1)”, , 210.
____, “Carmack v US COGSA(2)”, , 211.
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Lloyd’s Standard Salvage and Arbitration (LSSA) Clauses”, http://www.marine-salv
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Centreville, Md: Cornell Maritime Press, 1991.
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2016 YAR 113
ABSTRACT
according to the Application of YAR 2016
Nak-Hyun HAN · Byung-Kwon CHOI
shipowners andMarine insurerswhich followed the adoption of the YAR2004,
whichdidnot have the support of shipowners, andwhichwere very rarely used
in preference to the well-established and well understood YAR 1994. The
development and finalisation of the YAR 2016 is the product of an extensive
review undertaken by the IWG with input from the International Group,
international averageadjustingcommunity,NationalMaritimeLawAssociations,
the International Chamber of Shipping, BIMCO and IUMI amongst others. The
Groupclubswelcomeandsupport theadoptionof theYAR2016andrecommend
its incorporation inmembers’ future shipping contracts. TheClubwill be taking
steps to adopt logical changes to the 2017Rules. In themeantime, this circular
servesas confirmationClubcover extends toall shippingcontracts incorporating
YAR 2016. This study analyse the adjustment practice of general average
according to the application of YAR 2016.
Keywords : YAR 1994, YAR 2004, YAR 2016, General Average, Adjustment
Practice