war ac

8/10/2019 War AC

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/war-ac 1/5

Blake Debate Get Your War On – Aff EditionPostseason 2010

I affirm

The standard is net benefits

/Gary Woller , June 1997 (BYU Prof.), “An Overvie !y Gary "o##er$, A %oru& on t'e o#e of nviron&enta# t'i*s, +. 10/

A++ea#s to a priori moral priniples! su*' as environ&enta# +reservation, a#so often fail to akno"led#e that +u!#i* poliies inevita!#y entai# trade$off s amon# ompetin# %alues& -'us sin*e +o#i*y&aers *annot ustifyin'erent va#ue *onf#i*ts to t'e +u!#i* in any +'i#oso+'i*a# sense, an sin*e +u!#i* on#y enera# uian*e to et'i*a#

i#e&&as in +u!#i* affairs an o not t'e&se#ves suest a++ro+riate +u!#i* +o#i*ies, an at orst! the' reate are#imen of re#ulator' unreasonableness "hile failin# to ade(uatel' address the problem or atuall' makin#it "orse. %or ea&+#e! a moral obli#ation to +reserve t'e environ&ent b' no means implies the best "a', or anyay for t'at &atter ! to do so ! ust as t'ere is no a +riori reason to !e#ieve t'at any +o#i*y t'at *#ai&s to +reserve t'eenviron&ent i## a*tua##y o so. An' number of poliies mi#ht "ork! and others! althou#h see&in#y onsistent"ith the moral priniple! "ill fail utter#y. -'at eonto#oi*a# +rin*i+#es are an inaeuate !asis for environ&enta# +o#i*y is evient in t'e rat'er sinifi*ant irony t'at &ost for&s of

eonto#oi*a##y !ase environ&enta# #as an reu#ations ten to !e i&+#e&ente in a very uti#i tarian &anner !y street3#eve# enfor*e&ent offi*ia#s. 4oreover, inorin t'e re#evant *osts an !enefits ofenviron&enta# +o#i*y an t'eir attenant in*entive stru*tures *an, as a##ue to a!ove, a*tua##y or at *ross +ur+oses to environ&enta# +reservation. (-'ere eists an etensive #iterature on t'is as+e*t ofreu#atory enfor*e&ent an t'e often +erverse out3 *o&es of reu#atory +o#i*y. 5ee, for ea&+#e, A*er&an, 19617 Bartri+ an %enn, 19687 ains, 1968, 196:7 ains an -'o&as, 196:.) ven t'e &ost ie3'ar +reservationist/eonto#oist ou#, ; !e#ieve, !e trou!#e !y t'is out*o&e. -'e a!ove +oints are +er'a+s !est e+resse !y i*'ar %#at'&an, -'e nu&!er of va#ues ty+i*a##y invo#ve in +u!#i* +o#i*ye*isions, t'e !roa *ateories 'i*' &ust !e e&+#oye an a!ove a##, t'e s*o+e an *o&+#eity of t'e *onseuen*es to !e anti*i+ate &i#itate aainst reasonin so *on*#usive#y t'at t'ey enerate an

i&+erative to institute a s+e*ifi* +o#i*y. ;t is se#o& t'e *ase t'at on#y one +o#i*y i## &eet t'e *riteria of t'e +u!#i* interest (19<6, +. 12). ;t t'erefore fo##os t'at in a demora'!poli'makers ha%e an ethial dut' to establish a plausible link bet"een poli' alternati%es and the problemsthe' address! an t'e +u!#i* &ust !e reasona!#y assure t'at a +o#i*y i## a*tua##y o so&et'in a!out an eistin+ro!#e&7 t'is reuires t'e &eans3en #anuae an &et'oo#oy of uti#itarian et'i*s& Good intentions! loft'rhetori! and moral piet' are an insuffiient, t'ou' +er'a+s at ti&es a ne*essary, basis for publi poli' in ademora'

)ontention *+ A ,ost -antions World

..... -antions are one of three forei#n poli' tools

/Jesse /elms 1999 (f&r U5 5enator = >?7 ?'air of t'e %orein e#ations ?&te) “"'at 5an*tions +ie&i*$@ %orein Affairs o# 6 >o 1, +. On#ine/

Jefferson is ri't. There are, inee, three tools in forei#n poli'+ diploma'! santions! and "ar& Take a"a'santions and ho" an the 0nited -tates deal "ith terrorists! proliferators! and #enoidal ditators@ Ouro+tions ou# !e e&+ty ta# or senin in t'e &arines. Without santions! the 0nited -tates "ould be %irtuall'po"erless to influene e%ents absent "ar& -antions ma' not be perfet an t'ey are not a#ays t'e anser,but the' are often the onl' "eapon. Uni#atera# san*tions, in fa*t, are t'e #in*'+in of our non+ro#iferation +o#i*y.

A**orin to a re*ent#y e*#assifie ana#ysis !y t'e Ar&s ?ontro# an Cisar&a&ent Aen*y, Dt'e 'istory of U.5.3?'ina re#ations s'os t'at )hina has made speifi nonproliferation ommitments onl' under the threat orimposition of santions.D -hort of "ar , san*tions are t'e &ain #everae t'e Unite 5tates 'as over ?'ina

Te1t+ The 0nited -tates federal #o%ernment should remo%e all urrent and proposed eonomisantions to ahie%e forei#n poli' ob2eti%es

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)ontention 3+ )onstruti%e En#a#ement

a& It -ol%es

..... ,ositi%e en#a#ement %ia diploma' is ke' to peae

/P'i#i++e Ee Billon and ri* 4ihols 2057 (Asso*iate Professor at t'e University of Britis' ?o#u&!ia it' t'e Ce+art&ent ofGeora+'y an t'e Eiu ;nstitute for G#o!a# ;ssues) Dnin Fesour*e "arsF evenue 5'arin, *ono&i* 5an*tion, or 4i#itary;ntervention@D ;nternationa# Pea*eee+in o# 18 >o <, +. H183H82

,ositi%e inenti%es an address the linka#es bet"een resoures and "ars& at'er t'an seein to *urtai#revenue a**ess to !e##ierents, revenue *an !e &ae a**essi!#e to Ifor&er !e##ierents. -harin# resourere%enues, in ot'er ors, an 6bu' peae. -'is ty+e of +ositive in*entive en*o&+asses a !roa rane of o+tions.8esoures onstitute di%isible #oods! espeiall' in terms of re%enues and to a lesser de#ree in terms ofo"nership (es+e*ia##y if *onsierin state sovereinty), and are thus amenable to self$enforin# sharin#a#reements& Civisi!i#ity *an !e arrane a**orin to territoria#, oraniKationa#, or *o&&er*ia# *riteria& A rst optionis to simpl' lea%e the armed #roup in = at #east +artia# – ontrol of the territor' and resoures it is holdin#! fore1ample as part of a loal autonom' or seession a#reement or e%en as part of a santion re#ime, as in t'e*ase of t'e oi#3for3foo +rora& in ;ra. A seond option is to offer the armed #roup ne" resoure onessions!the ontrol of resoure businesses! or lurati%e #o%ernment positions o%erseein# resoure setors& A thirdoption is to establish a broad sharin# a#reement for resoures throu#h sal le#islation. ;n t'is rear, an'on:it settlement ould be onsidered as in%ol%in# a sharin# of resoure re%enues as lon# as opposin#parties are allo"ed to ha%e an input into #o%ernin#. oever, in t'is ana#ysis e *onsier on#y t'e *ases in'i*' natura# resour*es *onstitute a &aor Lnan*ia# stae in t'e *onMi*t an in 'i*' aree&ents 'a an i&+ortant

resour*e i&ension (a#t'ou' not a#ays in*or+orate into for&a# o*u&ents, see !e#o). These a#reements antake plae at %arious le%els! onernin# an entire rebel mo%ement as part of a omprehensi%e peaea#reement! or onl' re#ional units as part of a loal easere or defetion proess.

And! This is empiriall' %erified

;<OA 4e"s 205= “*ono&i* ears O!tain Better esu#ts t'an 5an*tions, 5o&e +erts 5ay$ +. On#in /

Po#i*y&aers often vie e*ono&i* san*tions as an attra*tive &i#e o+tion !eteen oin not'in, or interveninire*t#y to *'ane an intra*ta!#e overn&entFs !e'avior. But so&eti&es pro%idin# the >arrot> of eonomire"ards! rather than the >stik> of eonomi santions! an be more effeti%e in persuadin# a #o%ernment tohan#e its poliies& OAFs Bi## oers taes a #oo at so&e a#ternatives to san*tions. Ce*#arin ar is usua##y t'e #ast resort for +o#i*y&aers +ressin a overn&ent to *'ane its +ra*ti*es. -'at is 'y t'ey often turn to san*tions to

+ressure a *ountryFs #eaers, as is t'e *ase *urrent#y it' ;ran, 'ere t'e Unite 5tates an ot'er estern nations ant -e'ran to a!anon its nu*#ear a&!itions. But -e Ga#en ?ar+enter of t 'e ?A-O ;nstitute in "as'inton says san*tions often o not or. D-'e'istori*a# re*or of san*tions, 'et'er uni#atera# or a 'o* or &u#ti#atera#, s'o t'at t'ey rare#y or,D ?ar+enter sai. D-'ey fai# &ore often t'an t'ey su**ee, an t'ey es+e*ia##y onFt or very often 'en t'eyFre tryin to et t'e taret rei&e to ive u+ on a 'i'

+riority +o#i*y.D But 'at *an so&eti&es or is t'e offer of e*ono&i* in*entives or rears. The 0nited -tates slapped santions on ,akistan after it arried out a

nulear test in *99=& -'e san*tions ere ai&e at sto++in a nu*#ear ar&s ra*e on t'e ;nian su!*ontinent&,akistanis resented the santions and found "a's to irum%ent them& etire Paistani 4aor Genera#Ja&s'e AyaK N'an 'eas t'e ;nstitute of eiona# 5tuies in ;s#a&a!a. D; as in t'e Cefense Prou*tion Civision'en you 'a t'ese san*tions,D 'e sai. D-'ey 'ave an effe*t, !ut not an i&&eiate effe*t, !e*ause t'ere is a#aysso&e!oy t'ere to se## t'e t'ins. But e i &anae to survive an survive +retty e##.D Washin#ton lifted thesantions after the -eptember **, 2001, terrorist atta*s on t'e Unite 5tates! in hopes of enlistin# ,akistan>shelp in the "ar on terrorism. 4i#itary an e*ono&i* ai f#oe in, and ,akistan be#an to ooperate in huntin#do"n e1tremists& 5an*tions e+ert Gary uf!auer at t'e Peterson ;nstitute for ;nternationa# *ono&i*s says t'e ne +o#i*y !etter serve U.5. interests. DPaistan 'as one a #ot, &ay!e not as &u*' as eFve ante, !ut it 'as one a #ot in

t'is !att#e aainst a#3aia an t'e +ro!#e&s oin on in Af'anistan,D uft!auer sai. DAn, if you *onsier t'e a#ternative, 'i*' is t'at e 'a a 'osti#e Paistan even toay, it' t'is insta!i#ity, t'ins are so &u*' !etter t'an t'ey ou# 'ave !een, if eF 'a a

'osti#e Paistan.D Ei!ya is an ea&+#e 'ere t'e +ros+e*t of #ifte internationa# san*tions an resu&e *o&&er*ia# ties 'e#+e *'ane overn&ent !e'avior. ;nternationa# san*tions ere i&+ose on Ei!ya 'en it !e*a&e *#ear it as res+onsi!#e for t'e 1966!o&!in of Pan A& %#i't 108, 'i*' i##e 20 +eo+#e, an ot'er terrorist atta*s. "as'inton strent'ene t'ose san*tions in 199H. But Ei!ya eventua##y aree to &ae restitution +ay&ents to t'e re#atives of t'e vi*ti&s i##e in t'e Pan A& !o&!in an ot'er

atta*s. An! in 355?! @ib'an leader uammar Gaddafi also a#reed to to end his "eapons of mass destrutionpro#ram. Ei!yaFs a&!assaor to "as'inton A#i Aua#i says t'e "4C +rora& no #oner &ae sense in the fae ofthe prospet of ha%in# santions lifted& -'is as a +riority of the @ib'an #o%ernment, to et ri of t'esesan*tions,D 'e said. D>ot on#y !e*ause that in ai#y #ife e fe#t it, !ut !e*ause a#so of t'e +o#iti*a# *o&+#i*ations an..; t'in !ot' sies rea#iKe t'at "e>%e been able to ahie%e nothin# in 3C 'ears of hostile relations! but "e>%e been

able to ahie%e a lot in three or four 'ears of our ne" relations .D

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b& Its net benefiial

..... Eonomi freedom is ke' to reduin# t'rann'

/Canie# -. Gris"old January :, 205 (Asso*iate Cire*tor, ?enter for -rae Po#i*y 5tuies, ?ato ;nstitute) “-rain -yranny for%reeo& o O+en 4arets -i## t'e 5oi# for Ce&o*ra*y,$ ?A-O -AC POE;?Y A>AEY5;5 >o 2H, + 238/

Eonomi freedom an trae pro%ide a ounter"ei#ht to #o%ernmental po"er& A free market diffuses

eonomi deision makin# a&on &i##ions of +rou*ers an *onsu&ers rat'er than #eavin it in the hands of afe" entralied #o%ernment ators "ho *ou#, an often o, use that po"er to suppress or &arina#iKe +o#iti*a#opposition& 4i#ton %rie&an, t'e >o!e#3+riKe3innin e*ono&ist, note t'e *onne*tion !eteen e*ono&i* an +o#iti*a# freeo& in 'is 19H2 !oo, ?a+ita#is& an %reeo& iee as a &eans to t'e

en of +o#iti*a# freeo&, e*ono&i* arrane&ents are i&+ortant !e*ause of t'eir effe*t on t'e *on*entration or is+ersion of +oer. -'e in of e*ono&i* oraniKation t'at +rovies e*ono&i* freeo& ire*t#y,na&e#y *o&+etitive *a+ita#is&, a#so +ro3 &otes +o#iti*a# freeo& !e*ause it se+arates e*ono&i* +oer fro& +o#iti*a# +oer an in t'is ay ena!#es t'e one to offset t'e ot'er. -'is is+ersion of e*ono&i* *ontro#in turn, *reates s+a*e for nonovern&enta# oraniKations an +rivate3se*tor a#ternatives to +o#iti*a# #eaers'i+in s'ort, *ivi# so*iety. A t'rivin +rivate e*ono&y *reates sour*es of funin for non3stateinstitutions, 'i*' in turn *an +rovie ieas, i nf#uen*e, an #eaers'i+ outsie t'e eistin overn&ent. A &ore +#ura#isti* so*ia# an +o#iti*a# *u#ture reat#y en'an*es t'e +ros+e*ts for a &ore +#ura#isti* an

re+resentative +o#iti*a# syste&. Private3 se*tor *or+orations, !ot' o&esti* an forein3one, *reate an a#ternate sour*e of ea#t', i nf#uen*e, an #eaers'i+. -'eo#oian an so*ia#t'iner 4i*'ae# >ova ientifie t'is as t'e “"ee -'eory,$ in 'i*' apitalist praties Fbrin# ontat "ith t'eieas an praties of the free soieties! #enerate the eonomi #ro"th that #i%es politial onfidene to arisin# middle lass! and raise u+ su**essfu# !usiness leaders "ho *o&e to represent a politial alternati%e tomilitar' or part' leaders. ;n s'ort, *a+ita#ist fir&s ee a e&o*rati* *a&e#s nose uner t'e aut'oritarian tent.$: Just as i&+ortant, e*ono&i* freeo& an o+enness en*ourae e&o*ra*y inire*t#y !y The faster #ro"th and#reater "ealth that aompan' trade +ro&ote e&o*ra*y !y reatin an e*ono&i*a##y independent andpolitiall' a"are middle lass& A sieable or o&inant middle lass means that more itiens an afford to beeduated and take an interest in publi affairs& As *itiKens a*uire assets an esta!#is' !usinesses an *areers in

t'e +rivate se*tor, t'ey +refer t'e *ontinuity an evo#utionary refor& of a e&o*rati* syste& to t'e s'ar+ turns ano**asiona# revo#utions of &ore aut'oritarian syste&s. ,eople "ho are allo"ed to suessfull' mana#e their dail'eonomi li%es in a re#ative#y free market *o&e to e+e*t and demand more freedom in t'e +o#iti*a# an so*ia#rea#&s.

And! T'rann' is the bi##est soure of human ri#hts abuses

/?'erif Bassiouni 199 (Cistinuis'e resear*' #a +rof e&eritus at Ce+au# Univ) “5ear*'in for Pea*e an A*'ievinJusti*e -'e >ee for A**ounta!i#ity$ Law and Contemporary Problems, o#. <9, >o. :, +. Jstor/

5in*e "or# "ar ;;, t'e nu&!er of *onf#i*ts of an internationa# *'ara*ter e*#ine as i t'eir 'ar&fu# i&+a*t, in *o&+arison to ot'er ty+es of *onf#i*ts 'ose 'ar&fu#

*onseuen*es in*rease. ;nee! the ourrene of *onf#i*ts of a non3internationa# *'ara*ter an purel' internal onflitshas dramatiall' inreased in number! intensit'! and %itimiation& ;n aition! t'rannial re#imes produeds'stemati and lar#e sale$%itimiation far e1eedin# (uantitati%el' and (ualitati%el' the harmful results#enerated b' all other t'pes of onflits. ?onf#i*ts of a non3internationa# *'ara*ter, +ure#y interna# *onf#i*ts, antyranni*a# rei&e vi*ti&iKation 'ave o**urre a## over t'e or#. That %itimiation has inluded #enoide! rimesa#ainst humanit'! and "ar rimes! alon# "ith, inter a#ia, etra3ui*ia# ee*utions, torture, an ar!itrary arrest anetention, a## of 'i*' *onstitute serious vio#ations of funa&enta# 'u&an ri'ts +rote*te !y internationa# 'u&anri'ts #a.8 Durin# the ourse of the t"entieth entur' it is estimated that *onf#i*ts of a non3internationa#*'ara*ter, interna# *onf#i*ts, an t'rannial re#ime %itimiation ha%e resulted in more than *75 million deaths&-'is is *o&+are it' an esti&ate 88 &i##ion &i#itary *asua#ties.< ;t is esti&ate t'at sin*e "or# "ar ;;, &ore t'an 2<0 *onf#i*ts of a non3internationa# *'ara*ter, interna# *onf#i*ts, an tyranni*a# rei&evi*ti&iKation 'ave o**urre. -'ese situations 'ave resu#te in an esti&ate 6H &i##ion *asua#ties.

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)ontention ?+ War

A& It -ol%es

/P'i#i++e Ee Billon and ri* 4ihols 2057 (Asso*iate Professor at t'e University of Britis' ?o#u&!ia it' t'e Ce+art&ent ofGeora+'y an t'e Eiu ;nstitute for G#o!a# ;ssues) Dnin Fesour*e "arsF evenue 5'arin, *ono&i* 5an*tion, or 4i#itary;ntervention@D ;nternationa# Pea*eee+in o# 18 >o <, +. H183H82

Amon# the 3 armed onflits e1amined over t'e +erio 1969 = 200H, e1ternal militar' inter%ention "as the

most fre(uent! follo"ed b' re%enue sharin# and 04 santions& -o *onf#i*ts ere aresse t'rou' a## t'reety+es of instru&ents, an nine t'rou' to ty+es of initiatives. -o assess their potential effeti%eness in terms ofonflit settlement in #eneral! "e use three riteria+ effeti%e implementation! status of the onflit after one'ear! and status after fi%e 'ears& ;&+#e&entation su**ess re+resents t'e a*'ieve&ent of o+erationa# o!e*tives, s+e*ifi*a##y t'e institutiona#iKation of t'e aree&ent in t'e *ase of s'arin7 *urtai#&ent of trae in t'e *ase ofsan*tions7 an *ontro# of resour*e +rou*tion area in t'e *ase of &i#itary interventions. Effeti%eness has beenassessed throu#h a re%ie" of 04 situation reports and e1pert panel in%esti#ations! as "ell as think tank!i%il soiet' and press reports. As su*' t'ese assess&ents re&ain tentative an at ti&es su!e*tive. -'e one anfive year #as assess t'e i&&eia*y an sustaina!i#ity of a +otentia# effe*t on *onf#i*t ter&ination. "e o not aruet'at +ea*e is t'e resu#t of t'e i&+#e&entation of instru&ents, !ut si&+#y assess t'e o**urren*e of !ot' events. Wefind that amon# the different t'pes of instruments! those most suessfull' implemented "ere militar'inter%entions H=9 per ent and re%enue sharin# mehanisms H=? per ent! "hile santions "ere la##in# atC7 per ent (see -a!#e <).1 -'is resu#t is not sur+risin sin*e s'arin invo#ves i##in = if so&eti&es u+#i*itous =+arties7 &i#itary intervention is enera##y use 'en t'ere are reasona!#e *'an*es of su**ess, es+e*ia##y in t'e *aseof &i#itary interventions !y estern +oers7 an san*tions re+resent a #i&ite instru&ent of *oer*ion 'i*' 'as

furt'er&ore !een *riti*iKe for !ein +oor#y enfor*e an use as a efau#t +o#i*y o+tion. "'en

b& It>s net benefiial

-antions ause more dama#e than "ar 4ormand J Wilke 5*

Roger Normand & Christoph Wilcke (Wilcke completed his degree of Master of Philosophy at the Universityof Oxford in Modern Middle astern !t"dies in the s"mmer of #$$% Roger Normand is co'fo"nder andxec"tive irector of the Center for conomic and !ocial Rights (C!R)* a h"man rights gro"p thatadvocates against poverty and economic in+"stice ,oth at home and a,road) -ransnational .a/ &Contemporary Pro,lems 0all* #$$% Norm 1"man Rights* !anctions* and -errorist -hreats2 -he UnitedNations !anctions 3gainst 4ra5

-'e first aru&ent is eit'er fa*tua##y ron or is a re&nant of t'e s'ort3#ive !e#ief after t'e en of t'e ?o# "ar t'att'e internationa# *o&&unity foun a for& of D+ea*ea!#e enfor*e&ent.D -tar%ation and epidemis durin# "arenera##y kill more people than #uns and bombs& -antions ha%e killed a far hi#her number of i%ilians in Ira(than the Allied bombin# ampai#n& n?7 Death! t'erefore, is the etre&e +otentia# harm f#oin from santions&The prospets of re#ainin# an ade(uate standard of li%in# after santions are muh "orse than thosefollo"in# the destrution aused b' "ar beause santions fore people to ad2ust to a life "ithout basipro%isions! rather than brid#e a temporar' emer#en'. -'is is not to arue in favor of ar, !ut rat'er to estroyt'e &yt' of Dve#vetD san*tions. 5an*tions are intene to 'ar& an i##. The #enerational effet of malnutrition andskill depletion makes them a partiularl' despiable tool of torture! throu#h "hih sufferin#! and not death!is the main #oal& The ar#ument that onerns for the #reater #ood "arrants the pre%enti%e inflition of harmthrou#h santions is simpl' illo#ial& It is absurd to %iolate KL?59M international norms and human ri#hts inorder to protet them& -uh ar#uments enoura#e impunit' for human ri#hts %iolations t'at so&e #eaers &ayenoy, an en*ourae a &enta#ity of retri!ution. If asked to hoose bet"een t"o ases of i%ilian harm! oneshould refuse on ethial #rounds beause the harm of santions is real.

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..... We must embrae "ar in order to ha%e an' hane at stoppin# it from ourin# in the future

/illman, 205 (Ja&es, ;nternationa##y renone +sy*'o#oist, 'as tau't at Ya#e, 5yra*use, an t'e University of ?'i*ao, A-erri!#e Eove of "ar, +. 138)

One sentene in one sene from one film! ,atton! sums up "hat this book tries to understand& The #eneral"alks the field after a battle& )hurned earth! burnt tanks! dead men& /e takes it up a d'in# offier! kisses him!sur%e's the ha%o! and sa's+ FGod help me I do lo%e it so& I lo%e it more than m' life&N We an ne%er pre%ent"ar or speak sensibl' of peae and disarmament unless "e enter this lo%e of "ar& 0nless "e mo%e ourima#inations into the martial state of soul! "e annot omprehend its pull. -'is &eans “oin to ar,$ an t'is !oo

ai&s to inu*t our &ins into &i#itary servi*e. "e are not oin to ar “in t'e na&e of +ea*e$ as e*eitfu# r'etori* so oftene*#ares, !ut rat'er for ars on sae to unerstan t'e &aness of its #ove. Our i%ilian disdain and paifisthorror$all the le#itimate and deep$felt a%ersion to e%er'thin# to do "ith the militar' and the "arrior$must beset aside& This is beause the first priniple of ps'holo#ial method holds that an' phenomenon to beunderstood must be s'mpathetiall' ima#ined& 4o s'ndrome an be trul' dislod#ed from its ursedondition unless "e first mo%e ima#ination into its heart. War is first of all a ps'holo#ial task! perhaps thefirst of all ps'holo#ial tasks beause it threatens 'our life and mine diretl'! and the e1istene of all li%in#bein#s& The bell tolls for thee! and all& 4othin# an esape the thermonulear ra#e! and if the burnin# and itsaftermath are unima#inable! their ause! "ar! is not& "ar is a#so a +sy*'o#oi*a# tas !e*ause +'i#oso+'y ant'eo#oy, t'e fie#s su++ose to o t'e 'eavy t'inin for our s+e*ies 'ave ne#e*te ars overriin i&+ortan*e. “"ar is t'e fat'er of a##,$ sai era*#itus at t'e !einnins of "estern t'ou't, 'i*' &&anue# Eevinas restates inre*ent "estern t'ou't as “!ein revea#s itse#f as ar.$ ;f it is +ri&oria# *o&+onent of !ein, t'en "ar fathers the%er' struture of e1istene and our thinkin# about it+ our ideas of the uni%erse! of reli#ion! of ethis "ar

determines the thou#ht patterns of Aristotles lo#i of opposites! Pants antinomies! Dar"ins naturalseletion! ar1s stru##le of lasses! and e%en Qreuds repression of the id b' the e#o and supere#o& Wethink in "arlike terms! feel oursel%es at "ar "ith oursel%es! and unkno"in#l' belie%e +reation, territoria#efense, *onuest an the interminable battle of opposin# fores are the #round rules of e1istene.

$ C

war ac

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