washback of a high stakes exam: the impact on teachers

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Washback of a High Stakes Language Test: The impact on teachers BAAL TEA SIG Pi# Building Conference Centre, Cambridge May 8, 2015

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Page 1: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

Washback  of  a  High  Stakes  Language  Test:    The  impact  on  teachers  

BAAL  TEA  SIG  Pi#  Building  Conference  Centre,  Cambridge  

May  8,  2015  

Page 2: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 

                   Posi?ve                                                                    Nega?ve                                                            

Page 3: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 1.  Washback  Literature  2.  Research  Ques?ons  3.  Context  of  study  4.  Methodology  5.  Results    6.  Conclusion  &  Implica?ons  

Page 4: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers
Page 5: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 Cheng  (1998a;  2004,  see  also  Cheng,  2008)        Context:      Hong  Kong  secondary  schools    Par:cipants:    244  teachers,  110  students    Test:        HKEA  (Hong  Kong  Examina?ons  Authority)  English  exam  Test  Change:    1)  Extra  integrated  component  

       2)  Increase  of  weight  for  oral  component    Methodology:    Ques?onnaires  (teacher/student)  

       Classroom  observa?on    Inten:ons:    To  encourage  interac?ve,  task-­‐based  learning  

Page 6: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 Cheng  (1998a;  2004,  see  also  Cheng,  2008)      

   Support:    Resources:      Books  aligned  to  exam  curriculum  

     Communica:on:      None  reported        Training:      None  reported  

   Results:    Posi:ve:        More  emphasis  on  oral  content,  especially  in  homework  

     Not  so  posi:ve:  Teacher  methodologies  unchanged  (high  teacher  talk)      Concluded:  ‘[High  stakes]  examina?ons  drive  teaching  in  the  direc?on  of  coaching  and  drilling  for  what  is  required  in  the  examina?on…a  change  in  the  examina?on  syllabus  itself  alone  is  highly  unlikely  to  realize  the  intended  goal.’  (2004:  164-­‐165)    

Page 7: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

Muñoz  and  Álvarez  (2010)        Context:      Colombia,  University  language  centre    Par:cipants:    14  teachers  (7  in  control,  7  in  experimental),  110  students    Test:        OAS  (Oral  Assessment  System)  -­‐  classroom-­‐based  assessment  Test  Change:    En?re  system  change    Methodology:    Surveys  (teacher/student)  

       Classroom  observa?on          External  evalua?ons  of  exams  

 Inten:ons:    To  improve  oral  educa?on  and  increase  communica?ve  ac?vi?es  

Page 8: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

Muñoz  and  Álvarez  (2010)      Support:    Resources:    mul?ple  scoring  scales,  set  of  tasks,  outlined  speaking

           standards,  a  guideline  document,  assessment  report  cards        (experimental  group  only)          Communica:on:      periodical  discussion  groups        Training:        30  hour  training  with  3  modules  

 Results:    Experimental:  rubrics  used  as  planned,  beder-­‐informed  students,  

             detailed  feedback  given  to  students            Control:      more  grammar-­‐based  teaching,  did  not  state  daily                objec?ves,  used  iden?cal  classroom/assessment  tasks        And…students  in  experimental  classes  had  significant  score  gains  in:        1)  communica:ve  effec:veness,  2)  grammar,  and  3)  pronuncia:on!  

 Concluded:  ‘Constant  guidance  and  support  over  ?me  are  essen?al  in  order  to  help  teachers  use  the  system  appropriately  and  therefore  create  posi?ve  washback’  (p.  33)  

Page 9: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 1.  How  did  the  teachers  perceive  the  new  exam?  

2.  How  was  support  perceived  by  the  teachers  in  the  prepara?on  and  examina?on  of  their  students?        (regarding  resources,  training,  and  communica?on)      

3.  What  was  the  reported  effects  of  the  new  speaking  test  to  teaching  prac?ces?  

     

Page 10: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

French  Ministry  of  Educa?on  

‘Inspecteurs’  

Teachers  

Page 11: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

10  min  prep                    5  min  oral                                            5  min    with  a  topic                            monologue                                      interview  

   

 Scoring  

–  3  column/4  band  scale  with  descriptors      ‘aligned’  to  CEFR  levels  

–  Teachers  =  examiners    –  Scores  combined  with  listening  and  wri?ng  (no  feedback)  

•  10/20  =  pass,  20/20  =  B2  

Topics  The  Forms  of  Power  Myths  and  Heroes  

Spaces  and  Exchanges  The  Idea  of  Progress  

Page 12: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 • 8  English  Teachers      •  3  schools  in  South-­‐West  France:    •  Ci?es  of  Toulouse,  Rodez,  Colomiers  •  1  public,  1  private,  1  technical  

 

 

Page 13: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 

– Teacher  Ques?onnaires  •  22  ques?ons  created  from  5  open-­‐ended  pilot  ques?ons  •  2  parts:    

–  Teaching  prac?ces  (mul?ple-­‐choice/open-­‐ended)  –  Percep?ons/beliefs  regarding  test  (Likert  agreement  1-­‐5)  

– Semi-­‐structured  Interviews  •  4  -­‐  7  preliminary  ques?ons  based  on  ques?onnaire  responses  •  Dura?on:  30  –  60  minutes  

– Classroom  observa?on  •  5  classes    

   

Page 14: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

Teacher4:  ‘When  we  do  oral  work,  now,  it  has  sense.  It  was  necessary  to  get  this          oral  test.’  

Teacher3:  ‘They  dare  to  speak,  before  they  did  not.’    However…  Teacher4:  ‘They’re  not  stupid.  We  don’t  tell  them  this,  but  they  just  prepare  and    

     learn  them  by  heart—then  when  it  comes  to  the  ques?ons,        they  realise  their  level  is  not  very  good.’  

       

•  88%  of  the  teachers  agreed  that  the  Ministry  of  Educa?on  added  the  oral  to  change  English  teaching  in  secondary  schools.    

•  100%  of  teachers  agreed  that  the  test  was  ‘a  good  thing’  and  ‘important’    •  75%  of  the  teachers  felt  op?mis?c  about  their  prepara?on  of  the  students.  

Page 15: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 

Page 16: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

-­‐  Guidelines  about  using  ‘authen?c  documents’  in  class      -­‐  A  few  lines  of  instruc?ons  about  posi?ve  examining  

         -­‐  Aligned  to  the  CEFR  ‘B’  levels  

     T6:  ‘They  could  have  given  us  some  database…They  gave  us  nothing,  no  

 help.  They  said  to  do  it,  just  do  it.’    T4:  ‘[The  teachers]  don’t  always  agree.  Like,  all  have  different  ideas  with    

 the  book,  some  rely  on  it,  some?mes  not.’    

Page 17: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

T7:  ‘I  think  the  inspectors  should  talk  to  us,  and  have  mee?ngs,  like    with  the  Italian.  We  had  none.’  

 T2:  ‘When  we  asked  [the  inspector]  ques?ons,  he  said  he  didn’t  

 know.’  

T7:  ‘The  teachers  say  different  things—even  aoer  mee?ngs,  and    this  is  difficult  for  the  pupils  as  well.’  

Page 18: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

T2:  They  should  propose  us  some  training.  The  person  who  decided  the  oral  exam  did  that,  and  that  was  it.  They  don’t  decide  on  ways  of  doing  it.  They  passed  it  down  to  the  inspector,  the  director,  then  me.  I  would  have  liked  to  be  a  pupil—just  to  see  what  it  is  like.  Of  course  it  would  cost  a  lot,  and  take  ?me,  so  it  wasn’t  possible,  but  I  would  have  liked  that,  to  see  what  a  pupil  needs,  and  an  idea  of  the  organisa?on  of  the  exam.    

 

Page 19: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 •  Student  presenta?ons        (100%)  •  Speaking  tests            (88%)  •  Recorded  language  lab  work    (50%)  •   Group  work            (38%)  

•   Role-­‐play  ac?vi?es          (38%)  •   Self-­‐assessment          (25%)  •   Pair  work              (12%)  

   

Page 20: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 75%  of  teachers  agreed  that  the  school/Ministry  could  have  further  aided  them  [for  this  test]  in  training,  resources,  and/or  class  :me.    

– No  assessment  training    – Misinterpreted  instruc@ons  – ‘Easy  to  pass’  ra@ng  scale    – No  extra  class  @me  for  languages  

   

 

Page 21: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

 

 -­‐  Few  teachers  -­‐  Lidle  classroom  observa?on  -­‐  No  scores  -­‐  Not  longitudinal  

   

Page 22: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

     There  is  a  global  need!    Projects  in…      Assessment  Literacy  Training    (pre-­‐service  and  in-­‐service)  

-­‐  Learning-­‐oriented  assessment  design  (i.e.  projects  like  LOLA)  -­‐  Language  tes?ng  terminology  (i.e.  large  scale  ‘simple  anima?on’)  -­‐  Scale  familiarity  (CEFR  and  others)  -­‐  Examining  sessions  and  feedback  

Page 23: Washback of a high stakes exam: The impact on teachers

•  Bachman,  L.  F.,  &  Palmer,  A.  (2010;  2012).  Language  assessment  in  prac?ce.  •  Cheng,  L.  (1998).  The  washback  effect  of  public  examina?on  change  on  students’  percep?ons  and  

attudes  toward  their  English  learning.  Studies  in  educa@onal  evalua@on,  24(3),  279-­‐301.  •  Cheng,  L.,  &  Cur?s,  A.  (2012)  Test  impact  and  washback:  Implica?ons  for  teaching  and  learning.  

Cambridge  guide  to  second  language  assessment,  89-­‐95.  •  Council  of  Europe.  (2001).  Common  European  Framework  of  Reference  for  Languages:  Learning,  

teaching,  assessment.  Cambridge:  Cambridge  University  Press.  Green,  2013;    •  Lidle,  D.  (2009).  Language  learner  autonomy  and  the  European  language  poruolio:  Two  L2  English  

examples.  Language  teaching,  42(02),  222-­‐233.  •  Muñoz,  A.P.,  &  Álvarez  ,  M.E.  (2010).  Washback  of  an  oral  assessment  system  in  the  EFL  classroom.  

Language  Tes@ng,  27(1),  33-­‐49.  •  O’Sullivan,  B.  (2012).  Assessing  Speaking.  The  Cambridge  guide  to  second  language  assessment,  

234-­‐246.  •  Wall,  D.,  &  Alderson,  J.C.  (1993).  Examining  washback:  the  Sri  Lankan  impact  study.  Language  Tes@ng,  

10(1),  41-­‐69.    

References  

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Thank  you!