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Water Issues in AustraliaForeign Studies BForeign Studies B5 December 2017
Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
• Causes of water shortage in Australia• Investigating water usage and water problemsInvestigating water usage and water problems
from the viewpoint of three important stake holders (利害関係者):holders (利害関係者):– 1.– 2.– 3.
(Who needs water?)
Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
• Causes of water shortage in Australia• Investigating water usage and water problemsInvestigating water usage and water problems
from the viewpoint of three important stake holders (利害関係者):holders (利害関係者):– 1. Agriculture (and other industries)– 2. Households (people)– 3. The Environment
Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
f h i li• Causes of water shortage in Australia• Investigating water usage and water problems g g g p
from the viewpoint of three important stake holders (利害関係者):( )
– 1. Agriculture (and other industries)– 2 Households (people)2. Households (people)– 3. The Environment (Our particular focus today is
Australia’s most important river system theAustralia s most important river system, the Murray Darling River Basin)
Part 1Part 1
Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1.
Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = )(Long periods of no rainfall __________)
2.3.44.
Water shortage
Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = drought)(Long periods of no rainfall drought)
2.3.44.
Water shortage
Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = drought)(Long periods of no rainfall drought)
2. Naturally dry environment3. Overuse of water resources4 Climate Change / Global Warming4. Climate Change / Global Warming
Water shortage
Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = drought)(Long periods of no rainfall drought)
2. Naturally dry environment3. Overuse of water resources4 Climate Change / Global Warming4. Climate Change / Global Warming
Water shortageHow to prepare for a future with limited water?How to prepare for a future with limited water?
Part 2Part 2
Part 2Part 2
• Who consumes water the most in Australia?• What patterns in water consumption can weWhat patterns in water consumption can we
see between 2000-2016?
1
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2004-05, ABS
2
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2013-14, ABS
3
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2015-16, ABS
Part 2Part 2
• Who consumes water the most in Australia?• What patterns in water consumption can weWhat patterns in water consumption can we
see between 2000-2016?
But note the differences by state/territory…4
Water Consumption for Agriculture by State/Territory
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2015-16, ABS
The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• What happens if the agriculture industry doesn’t have enough water?g
The Agricultural Industry5
g y
Water Affects Affects theWater Shortage/ Drought
regional economies
Affects the national economy
Decrease in crop
harvests
Affects employment
Affects export
partners
Affects farms & farmers
Affects related
businesses
Affects regional
security??farmers businesses security??
The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• Inefficient / Over-use of water
The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• Inefficient / Over-use of water– Irrigationg
The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• Inefficient / Over-use of water– Irrigationg
The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
ffi i / f• Inefficient / Over-use of water– Irrigation
• Solution:– Improving irrigation systems and methods (usingImproving irrigation systems and methods (using
technology)– Using reuse (grey) waterUsing reuse (grey) water– Researching ways to grow more food with less
waterwater– Changing crops
HouseholdsHouseholds
HouseholdsHouseholds
• Where do households use (waste) the most water?
6
HouseholdsHouseholds
• What happens if households don’t have enough water?g
HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:
HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions
Water Restrictions – Examples 7
Water RestrictionsWater Restrictions
HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)
Rainwater Tanks
Grey water (reuse water) systemsGrey water (reuse water) systems
Grey water (reuse water) systemsGrey water (reuse water) systems
Grey water (reuse water) systemsGrey water (reuse water) systems
8
SOURCES OF WATER FOR HOUSEHOLDS
4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010 (Water Conservation)
HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)Installation of water conservation devices– Installation of water conservation devices
Water Conservation Devices
9
HOUSEHOLDS WITH WATER CONSERVATION DEVICES
Source: ABS, 2007, Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices, March 2007 (cat. no. 4602.0).
4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010 (Water Conservation)
HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)Installation of water conservation devices– Installation of water conservation devices
– National water efficiency standards (indicate ffi i f h h ld li )water efficiency of household appliances)
Water Efficiency LabelsWater Efficiency Labels
Water Efficiency LabelsWater Efficiency Labels
HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)Installation of water conservation devices– Installation of water conservation devices
– National water efficiency standards (indicate ffi i f h h ld li )water efficiency of household appliances)
Collaboration between government, consumers and business/industry
The Environment
The Environment• What happens when a river suffers from a
“water shortage”?
The Environment• Increasingly more understanding and concern
about the health of rivers, and the effect of water shortages on the environment:g
The Environment• Increasingly more understanding and concern
about the health of rivers, and the effect of water shortages on the environment:g– Rivers can “die” (irreversible damage to river bed
chemistry)chemistry)– Increased salinity content
Aff fl d f– Affects flora and fauna
The Environment• Increasingly more understanding and concern
about the health of rivers, and the effect of water shortages on the environment:g– Rivers can “die” (irreversible damage to river bed
chemistry)chemistry)– Increased salinity content
Aff fl d f– Affects flora and fauna
Which of course also affects peopleWhich of course also affects people who use rivers and surrounding
areas for recreation, cultural purposes, business, etc
The Environment• Solution?
The Environment• Solution?
– “Returning” water to the environment through the Murray-Darling Basin Plan
The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray-Darling River Basin
• Most important & biggest river system• Australia’s most important food-producingAustralia s most important food producing
region (Australia’s “Food Bowl”)R h h 4 d 1 i• Runs through 4 states and 1 territory
10
11
Water Storage in the Murray-Darling Basin12
July 2000 to June 2006
From the Year Book Australia 2009 - 2010
The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray-Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray-Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
“Water Buy Back”
Type 1: The government (=tax payers) buys
13
Type 1: The government (=tax payers) buys water from farmers, irrigators, etc, and this water is returned to the environment.
Type 2: The government (=tax payers) fund projects to improve infrastructure (e.g. irrigation infrastructure) on farms. The water that is saved thanks to these projects is returned to the environment.
The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray-Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray-Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
But, there are problems…d ff h…different perspectives among the various
stakeholders
The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S
“It’s not enough! We need to return more water to the
environment ”• Environmentalists/States:• Farmers/Irrigators/States:
environment.”
“Whose water will be returned? How will it affect our businesses and
communities?”
The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S
“It’s not enough! We need to return more water to the
environment ”• Environmentalists/States:• Farmers/Irrigators/States:
environment.”
“Whose water will be returned? How will it affect our businesses and
communities?”
The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S
“It’s not enough! We need to return more water to the
environment ”• Environmentalists/States:• Farmers/Irrigators/States:
environment.”
“Whose water will be returned? How will it affect our businesses and
communities?”Recent research is suggesting that
some communities have been ti l ff t d b th Pl (negatively affected by the Plan (e.g.
increase in unemployment)
The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S• Environmentalists/States:
• Farmers/Irrigators/States: Is there a solution that will make everyone happy? Or will there always be a “loser”?y
Concluding thoughtsConcluding thoughts…
Selected References• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2015-2016
• Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government) 117 Years of Australian Rain
• Northern Basin Review: Technical Overview of the Socioeconomic Analysis – Interim Report, Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Australian
Government, October 2016
• ABS 4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010 (Water Conservation)
• ABS 4618.0 – Water Use On Australian Farms, 2013-2014
• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2013-2014
• ABS 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2012 (Environment, Water)
• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2012-13
• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2009-10
• Plain English Summary of the Proposed Basin Plan—including explanatory notes, November 2011, Murray-Darling Basin Authority,
Australian Government
• http://www.savewater.com.au/products/product-labelling; http://www.savewater.com.au/products/rebates-incentives
• ABS 4613 0 Australia’s Environment Issues and Trends 2007 (Esp Feature Article Water in Australia)• ABS 4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, 2007 (Esp. Feature Article: Water in Australia)
• ABS 4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, 2006
• ABS 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2003 (Esp. Environmental views and behaviour)
• ABS 4610 0 Water Account Australia 2004 05• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2004-05
• ABS 1301.0 Year Book Australia 2009-2010
• “Can Australia Overcome its Water Scarcity Problems?”, Colin Chartres and John Williams, Journal of Developments in Sustainable
Agriculture 1: 17-24 2006Agriculture 1: 17 24, 2006
• Australian Government, National Water Commission, http://www.nwc.gov.au
• www.environment.gov.au/water/australia/index.html