water-soluble vitamins• overview of vitamin, type, definition and differences • pharmacokinetics •pharmacodynamics •deficiency ( popular diseases) •toxicity and side effects•dosage and form•summary

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Teamwork:

• Overview Of Vitamin, Type, Definition And

Differences

VITAMINS

Definition : organic molecules are essential for normal health and growth and they required in small amount .

- Form no structures- No mass

- it is a Greek word which means "vital for life"

- Deficiencies or excessive amount can be dangerous.

CLASSIFICATION • The main classification for vitamins is based on solubility.

1- WATER-SOLUBLE VITAMINS Vitamins that are not stored in the body and are easily excreted.

2- FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS any of type vitamins soluble in fats or fat solvents.

• DIFFERENCES

IMPORTANT TERMS• HYPOVITAMINOSIS is insufficiency of one or more essential vitamins

• HYPERVITAMINOSIS a condition of abnormally high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms.

• Pharmacokinetics of Water-soluble Vitamins

B1• Physiological amounts are absorbed by active

transport. If large doses are given orally, some amount of passive diffusion occurs. Small amounts are stored in the body tissues. It is rapidly excreted in the urine.

• Orally, IV, IM.

B2• It is well absorbed by active transport and

phosphorylation in the intestine. The body does not significantly store riboflavin. It is mainly excreted in the urine.

• Parentral or orally.

b3• The pharmacokinetics of niacinamide depend on dose,

species, gender, and route of administration.• Niacinamide is readily absorbed from all parts of the

gastrointestinal.• Peak serum concentrations are reached in humans within

one hour of oral ingestion of standard preparations.• Niacinamide is rapidly cleared from the circulation and

distributed in all tissues. It has a high hepatic excretion ratio and plasma clearance can be reduced in patients with hepatic insufficiency.

b5• It is quickly absorbed and excreted unchanged in

the urine. Very little amounts of pantothenic acid are stored in the body and most of it is excreted.

• Orally, IV, IM.

VIT B6• is absorbed well from the intestines. • It is oxidized in the body and excreted as

pyridoxic acid. Very small amounts only are stored in the body.

• IV injection, IM injection or Orally.

B12

• Cyanocobalamin and hydroxocobalamin are forms of vitamin B 12.

• Vitamin B-12 may be administered by mouth, in the nose or by IM , Subcutaneous injection  only with your health care professional's prescription

•  readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Although they are widely distributed to all tissues, stored in the body, tissues. Metabolites are excreted in the urine.

c•  It is rapidly absorbed from the GIT and widely

distributed in the body. Plasma concentration and total body store is related to daily uptake. It is excreted in the urine.The body stores upto to a maximum of 2.5 g.

• Pharmacodynamics of Water-soluble Vitamins

Vitamin B• It is known that nearly every vitamin of the B-

complex forms part of a co-enzyme essential for the metabolism of protein, carbohydrate or fatty acid.

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12)• Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods

including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products.

• For treatment of Pernicious anemia ( loss of gastric parietal cells, responsible, in part, for the absorption of vitamin B12 ) and for prevention and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency.

• Half life : 6 days

• It is needed for nerve cells and red blood cells, and to make DNA . Vitamin B12 also facilitates fat and carbohydrate metabolism and protein synthesis.

• Hemoglobin Synthesis• Vitamin B12 helps you create the heme portion of hemoglobin.

• Gene Methylation• the process of adding or removing methyl chemical groups

from your DNA. abnormal gene methylation leads to abnormal gene activity, and this can contribute to cancer .

• Myelin Production• Myelin surrounds and insulates each of your nerve cells,

helping electrical signals travel quickly through your nervous system.

Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C)• For treat vitamin C deficiency, scurvy, delayed

wound and bone healing, urine acidification, and in general as an antioxidant. It has also been suggested to be an effective antiviral agent.

• Half life : 16 days

• In the synthesis of collagen, ascorbic acid is required as a cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase.

• These two enzymes are responsible for the hydroxylation of the proline and lysine amino acids in collagen. Hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine are important for stabilizing collagen by cross-linking the propeptides in collagen.

• Ascorbic acid deficiency causes scurvy, a condition marked by degenerative changes in the capillaries, bone, and connective tissues. (Collagenous structures ) .

• Ascorbic acid is involved with the biologic oxidations and reductions used in cellular respiration.

• Deficiency And Popular Diseases Of Water-soluble Vitamins

Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

Effect of Deficiency: Occurs where rice is the only staple

Dry beriberi Weakness, nerve degeneration, poor arm/leg coordination, loss of

nerve transmission

Wet beriberi Edema, enlarge heart, heart failure (cardiac pathology, )

© 2008 Thomson - Wadsworth

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

Oral • Angular

Stomatitis• Cheliosis• Glossitis

Facial • Dermatitis of

nasolabial region.

Ocular

• Vascularization of cornea

ariboflavinosis

PELLAGRA

Dermatitis

Diarrhoea

Dementia

Death

Niacin (Vitamin B3)

Rash when exposed to sunlight

Deficient when Corn is the staple diet

B12 and folate Vitamin C

In both: Megaloblastic anemia  In folate: Nural tube defect

ScurvyDeficient for 20-40 days

• Toxicity And Side Effects Of Water-soluble

Vitamins

Introduction • Toxicity of water soluble vitamins is less than lipid

soluble

• Only four vitamins out of the nine water soluble can cause toxicity ( niacin (B3)-vitamin B6-folate-vitamine c )

• Most of them can reach toxic status through supplementations only B6 through the diet

Niacin • Facial flushing most common side effect it can happen

without the need of a high dose its characterized by redness of the face and itching with rapid heart rate

• Its caused by high prostaglandin (PGD2) synthesis

• Hepatotoxicity very rare

• Tolerable upper intake levels 35mg

Other side effects • Git disturbance's vomiting stomach pain

• Sever allergic reaction

• Worsened gill bladder and liver disease

Vitamin B6 • B6 toxicity will lead to damage of the sensory dorsal ganglia

and neurons causing a sensory neuropathy that will lead to

• Pain and extreme numbness of the extramtes cause lack of walking coordination

• Headache because of the nerves in the head

• Also sleep disturbance and mood changes • Upper intake level 100mg

Vitamin c• It can cause kidney stones • High levels cause increase iron absorption which

may lead to iron poisoning in hemochromatosis patients

• It can also cause vomiting and indigestion in the stomach

• Upper intake level 1800mg

Folate • Its not dangerous by itself

• Folate toxicity will mask vitamin B12 deficiency which is very dangerous

• May lead to permanent nerve damage

• Upper intake is 1000mg

• Also cause loss of appetite nausea sleep disturbance

• Dosage And Form Of Water-soluble

Vitamins

Vitamin B1, Thiamine:• Nutritional dose of Thiamine is 1.2 mg per day for

males and 1.1 mg per day for females.

• Form: Vitamin B1 can be found in multivitamins (including children's chewable and liquid drops), B complex vitamins, or it can be sold individually. It is available in a variety of forms, including tablets, soft gels, and lozenges. It may also be labeled as thiamine hydrochloride or thiamine mononitrate. In cases of severe deficiency, thiamine can be administered intravenously.

Vitamin B2, Riboflavin:• Riboflavin Recommendations• RDA Men: 1.3 mg/day• RDA Women: 1.1 mg/day• Form: Riboflavin is generally included in

multivitamins and B-complex vitamins. It also comes separately in 25 mg, 50 mg, and 100 mg tablets.

Vitamin B3, Niacin:• RDA Men: 16 NE/day• RDA Women: 14 NE/day• Upper level of 35 mg/day for adults• Form: Niacin is available as a tablet or capsule in

both regular and timed-release forms. The timed-release tablets and capsules may have fewer side effects than regular niacin. However, the timed-release versions are more likely to cause liver damage

Vitamin B6:• 1.3 mg per day is the recommended dose.• Form: Vitamin B6 supplements are available in

oral capsules or tablets (including sublingual and chewable tablets) and liquids

Biotin:• Adults: 30 μg/day• Form:tablet and capsule

Folic Acid:• The daily dose of this water soluble nutrient is

400 mcg per day.• During pregnancy, the dose is raised to 600 mcg

per day to ensure proper foetal development.• Form: taken by mouth

Vitamin B12, Cobalamin:

• The daily dose of cobalamin is 2.4 mcg per day.• Form: In addition to oral dietary supplements,

vitamin B12 is available in sublingual preparations as tablets or lozenges. These preparations are frequently marketed as having superior bioavailability, although evidence suggests no difference in efficacy between oral and sublingual forms

Vitamin C:• Adult males need to consume at least 90 mg per

day. For females, the dose is 75 mg.• Form: comes in the form of powder, chewable

tablets, or non-chewable tablets.

References :

• http://www.livestrong.com/article/317889-vitamin-b6-toxicity-symptoms/

• http://www.livestrong.com/article/454038-b-complex-vitamin-toxicity/

Summary :• vitamin, type, definition and differences

• pharmacokinetics •pharmacodynamics •deficiency ( popular diseases) •toxicity and side effects•dosage and form

• Thank you .