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PictetOCR01

本資料は、1949年8月12日のジュネーヴ条約（第Ⅰ条約）第12条第②項および第③項の解釈についての研究に必要な文書を収集した、個人的な整理資料である。ジュネーヴ第Ⅰ条約の第12条は、傷病者の治療における一切の差別を禁止している。特に第③項は、緊急な医療上の理由以外による治療優先度の設定禁止を明記したものであり、具体的には、トリアージを禁止したものと解釈される。この条項は、1949年の条約審議のときだけでなく、1977年の追加議定書審議のときにも議論の対象となったが、審議資料や審議後に作成された国際赤十字社の解説資料等から、審議参加者がトリアージの問題を十分な深さをもって理解しながら検討したとは考えられない。第③項についての国際赤十字社（ピクテ）の説明は、遠慮なく正直に言うならば、支離滅裂である。第③項適用の具体例には、戦場医療の実相からかけ離れたのどかな平和的風景が使われている。そして非常に厳しい実際の具体的状況を示された時は、治療の優先度を設定するか否か、どのような基準で分類するかは医療倫理や医師の良心の問題であって、条約を適用できないというような説明をしている。これは、赤十字条約の存在意義そのものを問われる説明である。条項の解釈に一定の幅はあるであろうが、ジュネーヴ条約の赤十字精神そのものを骨抜きにするような拡大解釈は許されるものではない。ピクテの説明の一部には、そのような風穴をあけることを助けるような働きをしている面がある。なぜそのようなことになったのか、概要は「赤十字と功利主義.doc」にまとめている（2007年8月28日版が最新ファイルであるが、未完成であり、引き続き作成作業中である）。このファイル内に収録している資料は、その基礎資料の一部である。OCRによる読み取りミスがあるので、論文作成等で各収録資料を引用文献とするときは、原資料を再確認する必要がある。個人的な整理資料なので、途中にコメントを記録しているが、全体を見たうえでの解釈や意見ではなく忘備メモにすぎない。全資料を検討した結果は、「赤十字と功利主義.doc」内でまとめていく予定である。

収録資料は、次の通りである；

1）　関係条項：1949年のジュネーヴ条約（GI, GII, GIII, GIV）、1977年の追加議定書（PI, PII）の関係条項

2) Report of the Interpretation, Revision and Extension of the Geneva Convention of July 7, 1929. ; Revision of the Geneva Convention of 1929; ANNEXE 1 Revised Text of Convention adopted by the Commission of Experts. (London, 1938) （1938年6月、第16回赤十字国際会議に提出された赤十字条約改正案）

3) Report on the Work of the Conference of Government Experts for the Study of the Conventions for the Protection of War Victims (Geneva, April 14-26, 1947) （1947年4月14日～26日開催の専門家会議の公式審議資料、ピクテ参加）

4）　DCG：FINAL RECORD OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE OF GENOVA OF 1949 （1949年8月12日のジュネーヴ条約草案の公式審議資料、ピクテ参加）Report of Committee Ⅰ to the Plenary Assembly for the Diplomatic Conference of Geneva

5) Analysis for the use of National Red Cross Societies　(ICRC1950)（ジュネーヴ条約解説の前身）

6）　COM：ジュネーヴ条約解説（解説Ⅰ；国際赤十字委員会1952年、ピクテが一部？または全部？を担当。榎本重治訳1957年｜解説Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ；ICRC1958-1960年、邦訳1970年代）Commentary［英文：http://www.icrc.org/eng Copyright © 2005 International Committee of the Red Cross］

7）　RCP：赤十字の諸原則（ジャン・ピクテ著1955年、井上益太郎訳1958年）Les Principes de la Croix-Rouge

8）　DCG77：OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE DIPLOMATIC CONFERENCE FOR THE PREPARATION OF TWO PROTOCOLS ADDITIONAL TO THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF AUGUST 12, 1949（1977年のジュネーヴ条約追加議定書草案の公式審議資料、ピクテ参加）

9）　FDMT：赤十字の基本原則（ジャン・ピクテ著1979年、井上忠男訳2006年）The fundamental principles of the Red Cross: Commentary by Jean Pictet

10）　DVOM：国際人道法の発展と諸原則（ジャン・ピクテ著1983年、井上忠男訳2000年）Developpement et principes du droit international humanitaire par Jean Pictet

11）　COM77：ジュネーヴ条約追加議定書解説（国際赤十字委員会1987年、ピクテは協力）Commentary［英文：http://www.icrc.org/eng］

12）　GWIEL：湾岸戦争と国際法及び英国法（ピーター・ロウ編集1983年）The Gulf War 1990-91 in international and English Law, Edited by Peter Rowe, 出版社: Routledge and Sweet & Maxwell (1993/12)

13）　LOWW：LAW OF WAR WORKSHOP DESKBOOK（米軍法務教育資料、2000年）INTERNATIONAL AND OPERATIONAL LAW DEPARTMENT THE JUDGE ADVOCATE GENERAL’S SCHOOL, U.S. ARMY、June 2000

14）　他：他の参考資料（辞書記述など）

■関係条項

（1949年8月12日のジュネーヴ条約、1977年の追加議定書）トリアージ禁止に直接関係する1949年及び1977年の条項、及び追加議定書の審議で参照された条項、及び歴史的推移の理解に必要な他の条約。

文書内リンク（各々、前半の関係条項のみ収録している）

■＜1864年　第一回赤十字條約＞

■＜1906年　第二回赤十字條約＞

■＜1929年　第三回赤十字條約：戦地軍隊に於ける傷者及病者の状態改善に関する條約＞

■＜1929年　第三回赤十字條約時：俘虜ノ待遇に関する條約＞

■＜1938年　赤十字条約（戦地傷病者条約）の改訂案＠ロンドン＞

■＜1947年　専門家作業部会（ICRCと15カ国が参加）の報告＞

■＜1948年　1949年第Ⅰ条約草案：ICRC作成のドラフト＞

■＜1948年　1949年第Ⅱ条約草案：ICRC作成のドラフト＞

■＜1948年　1949年第Ⅲ条約草案：ICRC作成のドラフト＞

■＜1948年　1949年第Ⅳ条約草案：ICRC作成のドラフト＞

■＜1949年 第Ⅰ条約：戦地にある軍隊の傷者及び病者の状態の改善に関する条約＞

■＜1949年 第Ⅱ条約：海上にある軍隊の傷者、病者及び難船者の状態の改善に関する条約＞

■＜1949年 第Ⅲ条約：捕虜の待遇に関する条約＞

■＜1949年 第Ⅳ条約：戦時における文民の保護に関する条約＞

■＜1977年第Ⅰ追加議定書草案：ICRC作成のドラフト＞

■＜1977年第Ⅱ追加議定書草案：ICRC作成のドラフト＞

■＜1977年 第Ⅰ追加議定書：国際的な武力紛争の犠牲者の保護に関する追加議定書＞

■＜1977年 第Ⅱ追加議定書：非国際的な武力紛争の犠牲者の保護に関する追加議定書＞

直接的な表現のある条項と関連条項（1949, 1977）

G-I

Article-12-Paragraph-2 (without any adverse distinction)

Article-12-Paragraph-3 (priority, only urgent medical reasons)

G-II

Article-12-Paragraph-2 (without any adverse distinction)

Article-12-Paragraph-3 (priority, only urgent medical reasons)

G-III

Article-16-Paragraph-2 (without any adverse distinction)

G-IV

Article -27- Paragraph-3 (without any adverse distinction)

Article -38- Paragraph-5 (benefit by any preferential treatment)

Article -50- Paragraph-5 (application of any preferential measures)

P-I

Article-10-Paragraph-2 (no distinction, other than medical ones)

Article-15-Paragraph-3 (priority, except on medical grounds)

P-II

Article-7-Paragraph-2 (no distinction, other than medical ones)

Article-9-Paragraph-2 (priority, except on medical grounds)

｛　コメント；　G-IV は直接関係のある記述はないが、児童に対する優遇（治療上の優遇を含む）を求める記述があり、その考え方や条文の審議が參考になるので調査対象とした。｝

草案条項との対比表（1949, 1977）

条約

草案（Draft）段階での条項

最終案条項

G-I

A-10-(2) (without any distinction)

A-12-(2) (without any adverse distinction)

A-10-(2) (priority only for urgent medical reasons)

A-12-(3) (priority, only urgent medical reasons)

G-II

A-11-(2) (without any distinction)

A-12-(2) (without any adverse distinction)

A-11-(3) (priority only for urgent medical reasons)

A-12-(3) (priority, only urgent medical reasons)

G-III

A-14-(2) (without discrimination)

A-16-(2) (without any adverse distinction)

G-IV

A-21 [Special measures in behalf of children]

A-25-(2) (without any difference)

A-27-(2) (enjoy preferential treatment, medical care)

A-35 []

A-46 [Chiledren]

A-27-(3) (without any adverse distinction)

A-38-(5) (benefit by any preferential treatment)

A-50-(5) (application of any preferential measures)

P-I

A-10-(2) (without any adverse distinction)

A-10-(2) (no distinction, other than medical ones)

A-15-(4) (priority to the treatment of nationals of that Power)

A-15-(3) (priority, except on medical grounds)

P-II

A-12-(2) (without any adverse distinction)

A-7-(2) (no distinction, other than medical ones)

A-15 (-)

A-9-(2) (priority, except on medical grounds)

｛　コメント；　差別禁止の強さは、日本語ではなく、条約正式言語のひとつである英語で判断する必要がある。邦訳は、微妙なニュアンスを表現しきれていないように思える。条約審議により「1949年草案；without any distinction」→「1949年条約及び1977年草案；without any adverse distinction」→「1977年条約；no distinction, other than medical ones」と変化したことがわかる。

また、治療の「priority」についての記述は、第１追加議定書草案では、「国籍による優先度差別をしない」という1929年以前の内容に退化したが、審議を経て1949年レベルの内容に修正された（戻された）ことがわかる。さらに、第２追加議定書草案には「priority」についての記述そのものもなかったが、審議を経て明記された。草案を作成したのはICRCであり、その基本的な姿勢に疑問を抱かせる部分である。

　G-Ⅲは、（健康な）捕虜の一般的処遇における差別を扱ったもので、医学的な治療のみを扱っているわけではない。待遇も治療も、英語は「treatment」なので、前後関係でどちらかを判断する必要がある。

1929年の条約時の表現

「they shall be treated with humanity and cared for medically, without distinction of nationality,」（戦地軍隊に於ける傷者及病者の状態改善に関する條約；1929年の第1條）

「Differences of treatment between prisoners are permissible only if such differences are based on the military rank, the state of physical or mental health, the professional abilities, or the sex of those who benefit from them.」（俘虜の待遇に関する條約；1929年の第4條）

　前者の「treated」は戦傷病者の治療のことであり、後者の「treatment」は（健康な）捕虜の処遇全体（治療も含む）のことである。1929年の条文で、将校である捕虜に対して将校にふさわしい待遇を与えることをジュネーヴ条約は禁止しないとした。将校が将校らしい扱いを受けないことは、将校にとっても兵士にとっても精神的に苦痛であることから、こうした差別に正当性を認めている。集団としての捕虜を整斉と管理する便宜上の理由により、ジュネーヴ条約は、健康人である捕虜の扱いについては軍隊社会の秩序を維持する慣行（不平等な人間関係）を認める立場をとったのである。これは、そのまま1949年の第Ⅲ条約第16条に引き継がれた。

しかし、この条項の継承においては、赤十字の平等精神に風穴をあけるものだとして警戒され、議論になっている。この健康な捕虜の一般的待遇における差別が、傷病者治療における差別へと不適切に拡大することを防止する必要性が強く認識された。

そこで、治療における平等を絶対に確保するため、1949年の第Ⅰ条約第12条第2項に加えて、屋上屋を重ねるように第12条第3項のトリアージ禁止条項が加えられた。それはちょうど、1949年の第Ⅲ条約第16条のカウンタとして挿入されたのである。つまり、健常人であり且つ軍人でもある捕虜の一般的処遇については、階級や職能、性別等による差別的扱いを認めるが、傷病者の治療においては、そのような優遇を一切認めない、万人の平等な扱いを要求するということを重ねて強調したのである。

また、軍人である捕虜については軍隊のしきたりによる差別的処遇を認めるが、軍人でない一般人については傷病者同様に、一切の差別を認めないと明記したのが、1949年の第Ⅳ条約第27条である。

一般的な処遇上の差別容認範囲と、治療上の差別容認範囲を比較することにより、治療上の差別禁止の要求がいかに強いものであるかが分かる。傷病兵の苦痛の除去に関して一切の差別をしないということは、赤十字精神の根幹的な部分である。

このように、無差別原則の徹底化を追求する一方で、風穴をあけるようなことも行われている。児童や妊産婦、乳幼児を抱えた母親に対する優遇条項である。1949年の第Ⅳ条約第38条と第50条には、明らかに医学的治療における優遇を求める記述がある。優遇がどの程度のものかは不明瞭であるが、生命に影響する場合は問題となる。生命という基本的人権については、年齢・性別を含めていかなる差別もしないのが民主主義の原則であるが、その原則から逸脱することになる。

このような弱者保護は、騎士道精神によるものである。興味深いことに、赤十字は、その保護すべき弱者に「老人」を入れたり、外したり、また保護すべき弱者に年齢制限を規定する一方で、老人は年齢を規定しないなど、かなりいい加減な扱いをしている。

たとえば、1949年の第Ⅳ条約-第14条には、「hospital and safety zones and localities so organized as to protect from the effects of war, wounded, sick and aged persons, children under fifteen, expectant mothers and mothers of children under seven」という記述があるが、何歳以上を老人とみなすかの規定はなく、また第Ⅳ条約-第38条では、「children under fifteen years, pregnant women and mothers of children under seven years shall benefit by any preferential treatment」と、第Ⅳ条約-第50条では、「any preferential measures in regard to food, medical care and protection against the effects of war which may have been adopted prior to the occupation in favour of children under fifteen years, expectant mothers, and mothers of children under seven years」と、老人は優遇対象から排除されている。

赤十字のいう人道主義とは一体何なのか、その本質が問われる。民主主義との関係、騎士道精神との関係、キリスト教との関係など整理する必要がある。｝

＜1864年　第一回赤十字條約＞

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 22 August 1864.

Art. 1. Ambulances and military hospitals shall be recognized as neutral, and as such, protected and respected by the belligerents as long as they accommodate wounded and sick.

Neutrality shall end if the said ambulances or hospitals should be held by a military force.

Art. 2. Hospital and ambulance personnel, including the quarter-master's staff, the medical, administrative and transport services, and the chaplains, shall have the benefit of the same neutrality when on duty, and while there remain any wounded to be brought in or assisted.

Art. 3. The persons designated in the preceding Article may, even after enemy occupation, continue to discharge their functions in the hospital or ambulance with which they serve, or may withdraw to rejoin the units to which they belong.

When in these circumstances they cease from their functions, such persons shall be delivered to the enemy outposts by the occupying forces.

Art. 4. The material of military hospitals being subject to the laws of war, the persons attached to such hospitals may take with them, on withdrawing, only the articles which are their own personal property.

Ambulances, on the contrary, under similar circumstances, shall retain their equipment.

Art. 5. Inhabitants of the country who bring help to the wounded shall be respected and shall remain free. Generals of the belligerent Powers shall make it their duty to notify the inhabitants of the appeal made to their humanity, and of the neutrality which humane conduct will confer.

The presence of any wounded combatant receiving shelter and care in a house shall ensure its protection. An inhabitant who has given shelter to the wounded shall be exempted from billeting and from a portion of such war contributions as may be levied.

Art. 6. Wounded or sick combatants, to whatever nation they may belong, shall be collected and cared for.

Commanders-in-Chief may hand over immediately to the enemy outposts enemy combatants wounded during an engagement, when circumstances allow and subject to the agreement of both parties.

Those who, after their recovery, are recognized as being unfit for further service, shall be repatriated.

The others may likewise be sent back, on condition that they shall not again, for the duration of hostilities, take up arms.

Evacuation parties, and the personnel conducting them, shall be considered as being absolutely neutral.

｛　コメント；　赤十字条約で最も重要とされている条項である。治療においては国籍による差別をしない、敵･味方の区別をしないことに重点が置かれている。1906年の第二回赤十字条約では、第1条に移動する。｝

Art. 7. A distinctive and uniform flag shall be adopted for hospitals, ambulances and evacuation parties. It should in all circumstances be accompanied by the national flag.

An armlet may also be worn by personnel enjoying neutrality but its issue shall be left to the military authorities.

Both flag and armlet shall bear a red cross on a white ground.

Art. 8. The implementing of the present Convention shall be arranged by the Commanders-in-Chief of the belligerent armies following the instructions of their respective Governments and in accordance with the general principles set forth in this Convention.

Art. 9. The High Contracting Parties have agreed to communicate the present Convention with an invitation to accede thereto to Governments unable to appoint Plenipotentiaries to the International Conference at Geneva. The Protocol has accordingly been left open.

Art. 10. The present Convention shall be ratified and the ratifications exchanged at Berne, within the next four months, or sooner if possible.

In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the Convention and thereto affixed their seals.

Done at Geneva, this twenty-second day of August, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-four.

(Here follow signatures)

＜1906年　第二回赤十字條約＞

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 6 July 1906.

(List of Contracting Parties)

Being equally animated by the desire to lessen the inherent evils of warfare as far as is within their power, and wishing for this purpose to improve and supplement the provisions agreed upon at Geneva on 22 August 1864, for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded or sick in armies in the field,

Have decided to conclude a new convention to that effect, and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:

(Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries)

Who, after having communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed on the following:

CHAPTER I - THE SICK AND WOUNDED

Art. 1. Officers, soldiers, and other persons officially attached to armies, who are sick or wounded, shall be respected and cared for, without distinction of nationality, by the belligerent in whose power they are.

A belligerent, however, when compelled to leave his wounded in the hands of his adversary, shall leave with them, so far as military conditions permit, a portion of the personnel and ' matériel ' of his sanitary service to assist in caring for them.

Art. 2. Subject to the care that must be taken of them under the preceding Article, the sick and wounded of an army who fall into the power of the other belligerent become prisoners of war, and the general rules of international law in respect to prisoners become applicable to them.

The belligerents remain free, however, to mutually agree upon such clauses, by way of exception or favor, in relation to the wounded or sick as they may deem proper.

They shall especially have authority to agree:

1. To mutually return the sick and wounded left on the field of battle after an engagement.

2. To send back to their own country the sick and wounded who have recovered, or who are in a condition to be transported and whom they do not desire to retain as prisoners.

To send the sick and wounded of the enemy to a neutral state, with the consent of the latter and on condition that it shall charge itself with their internment until the close of hostilities.

Art. 3. After every engagement the belligerent who remains in possession of the field of battle shall take measures to search for the wounded and to protect the wounded and dead from robbery and ill treatment.

He will see that a careful examination is made of the bodies of the dead prior to their interment or incineration.

Art. 4. As soon as possible each belligerent shall forward to the authorities of their country or army the marks or military papers of identification found upon the bodies of the dead, together with a list of names of the sick and wounded taken in charge by him.

Belligerents will keep each other mutually advised of internments and transfers, together with admissions to hospitals and deaths which occur among the sick and wounded in their hands. They will collect all objects of personal use, valuables, letters, etc., which are found upon the field of battle, or have been left by the sick or wounded who have died in sanitary formations or other establishments, for transmission to persons in interest through the authorities of their own country.

Art. 5. Military authority may make an appeal to the charitable zeal of the inhabitants to receive and, under its supervision, to care for the sick and wounded of the armies, granting to persons responding to such appeals special protection and certain immunities.

CHAPTER II - SANITARY FORMATIONS AND ESTABLISHMENTS

Art. 6. Mobile sanitary formations (i.e., those which are intended to accompany armies in the field) and the fixed establishments belonging to the sanitary service shall be protected and respected by belligerents.

Art. 7. The protection due to sanitary formations and establishments ceases if they are used to commit acts injurious to the enemy.

Art. 8. A sanitary formation or establishment shall not be deprived of the protection accorded by Article 6 by

the fact:

1. That the personnel of a formation or establishment is armed and uses its arms in self defense or in defense of its sick and wounded.

2. That in the absence of armed hospital attendants, the formation is guarded by an armed detachment or by sentinels acting under competent orders.

3. That arms or cartridges, taken from the wounded and not yet turned over to the proper authorities, are found in the formation or establishment.

CHAPTER III - PERSONNEL

Art. 9. The personnel charged exclusively with the removal, transportation, and treatment of the sick and wounded, as well as with the administration of sanitary formations and establishments, and the chaplains attached to armies, shall be respected and protected under all circumstances. If they fall into the hands of the enemy they shall not be considered as prisoners of war.

These provisions apply to the guards of sanitary formations and establishments in the case provided for in section 2 of Article 8.

Art. 10. The personnel of volunteer aid societies, duly recognized and authorized by their own governments, who are employed in the sanitary formations and establishments of armies, are assimilated to the personnel contemplated in the preceding article, upon condition that the said personnel shall be subject to military laws and regulations.

Each state shall make known to the other, either in time of peace or at the opening, or during the progress of hostilities, and in any case before actual employment, the names of the societies which it has authorized to render assistance, under its responsibility, in the official sanitary service of its armies.

Art. 11. A recognized society of a neutral state can only lend the services of its sanitary personnel and formations to a belligerent with the prior consent of its own government and the authority of such belligerent. The belligerent who has accepted such assistance is required to notify the enemy before making any use thereof.

Art. 12. Persons described in Articles 9, 10, and 11 will continue in the exercise of their functions, under the direction of the enemy, after they have fallen into his power.

When their assistance is no longer indispensable they will be sent back to their army or country, within such period and by such route as may accord with military necessity. They will carry with them such effects, instruments, arms, and horses as are their private property.

Art. 13. While they remain in his power, the enemy will secure to the personnel mentioned in Article 9 the same pay and allowances to which persons of the same grade in his own army are entitled.

……（以下、省略）

｛　コメント；　｝

＜1929年　第三回赤十字條約＞

：戦地軍隊に於ける傷者及病者の状態改善に関する1929年の條約に、日本は調印し（Signature）、批准した(Ratification / Accession)。しかし、俘虜ノ待遇に関する1929年の条約に対しては、署名のみで批准しなかった。

Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field. Geneva, 27 July 1929.

Being equally animated by the desire to lessen, so far as lies in their power, the evils inseparable from war and desiring, for this purpose, to perfect and complete the provisions agreed to at Geneva on 22 August 1864, and 6 July 1906, for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armies in the field,

Have resolved to conclude a new Convention for that purpose and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:

(Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries)

Who, after having communicated to each other their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows.

CHAPTER I - WOUNDED AND SICK

Art. 1. Officers and soldiers and other persons officially attached to the armed forces who are wounded or sick shall be respected and protected in all circumstances; they shall be treated with humanity and cared for medically, without distinction of nationality, by the belligerent in whose power they may be.

Nevertheless, the belligerent who is compelled to abandon wounded or sick to the enemy, shall, as far as military exigencies permit, leave with them a portion of his medical personnel and material to help with their treatment.

｛　コメント；　赤十字条約で最も重要とされている条項である。治療においては国籍による差別をしない、敵･味方の区別をしないことに重点が置かれている。｝

Art. 2. Except as regards the treatment to be provided for them in virtue of the preceding Article, the wounded and sick of an army who fall into the hands of the enemy shall be prisoners of war, and the general provisions of international law concerning prisoners of war shall be applicable to them.

Belligerents shall, however, be free to prescribe, for the benefit of wounded or sick prisoners such arrangements as they may think fit beyond the limits of the existing obligations.

Art. 3. After each engagement the occupant of the field of battle shall take measures to search for the wounded and dead, and to protect them against pillage and maltreatment.

Whenever circumstances permit, a local armistice or a suspension of fire shall be arranged to permit the removal of the wounded remaining between the lines.

Art. 4. Belligerents shall communicate to each other reciprocally, as soon as possible, the names of the wounded, sick and dead, collected or discovered, together with any indications which may assist in their identification.

They shall establish and transmit to each other the certificates of death.

They shall likewise collect and transmit to each other all articles of a personal nature found on the field of battle or on the dead, especially one half of their identity discs, the other hall to remain attached to the body.

They shall ensure that the burial or cremation of the dead is preceded by a careful, and if possible medical, examination of the bodies, with a view to confirming death, establishing identity and enabling a report to be made.

They shall further ensure that the dead are honourably interred, that their graves are respected and marked so that they may always be found.

To this end, at the commencement of hostilities, they shall organize officially a graves registration service, to render eventual exhumations possible, and to ensure the identification of bodies whatever may be the subsequent site of the grave.

After the cessation of hostilities they shall exchange the list of graves and of dead interred in their cemeteries and elsewhere.

Art. 5. The military authorities may appeal to the charitable zeal of the inhabitants to collect and afford medical assistance under their direction to the wounded or sick of armies, and may accord to persons who have responded to this appeal special protection and certain facilities.

CHAPTER II - MEDICAL FORMATIONS AND ESTABLISHMENTS

Art. 6. Mobile medical formations, that is to say, those which are intended to accompany armies in the field, and the fixed establishments of the medical service shall be respected and protected by the belligerents.

Art. 7. The protection to which medical formations and establishments are entitled shall cease if they are made use of to commit acts harmful to the enemy.

Art. 8. The following conditions are not considered to be of such a nature as to deprive a medical formation or establishment of the protection guaranteed by Article 6:

1. That the personnel of the formation or establishment is armed, and that they use the arms in their own defence or in that of the sick and wounded in charge;

2. That in the absence of armed orderlies the formation or establishment is protected by a piquet or by sentries;

3. That small arms and ammunition taken from the wounded and sick, which have not yet been transferred to the proper service, are found in the formation or establishment;

4. That personnel and material of the veterinary service are found in the formation or establishment, without forming an integral part of the same.

CHAPTER III - PERSONNEL

Art. 9. The personnel engaged exclusively in the collection, transport and treatment of the wounded and sick, and in the administration of medical formations and establishments, and chaplains attached to armies, shall be respected and protected under all circumstances. If they fall into the hands of the enemy they shall not be treated as prisoners of war.

Soldiers specially trained to be employed, in case of necessity, as auxiliary nurses or stretcher-bearers for the collection, transport and treatment of the wounded and sick, and furnished with a proof of identity, shall enjoy the same treatment as the permanent medical personnel if they are taken prisoners while carrying out these functions.

Art. 10. The personnel of Voluntary Aid Societies, duly recognized and authorized by their Government, who may be employed on the same duties as those of the personnel mentioned in the rust paragraph of Article 9, are placed on the same footing as the personnel contemplated in that paragraph, provided that the personnel of such societies are subject to military law and regulations.

Each High Contracting Party shall notify to the other, either in time of peace or at the commencement of or during the course of hostilities, but in every case before actually employing them, the names of the societies which it has authorized, under its responsibility, to render assistance to the regular medical service of its armed forces.

Art. 11. A recognized society of a neutral country can only afford the assistance of its medical personnel and formations to a belligerent with the previous consent of its own Government and the authorization of the belligerent concerned.

The belligerent who accepts such assistance is bound to notify the enemy thereof before making any use of it.

Art. 12. The persons designated in Articles 9, 10 and 11 may not be retained after they have fallen into the hands of the enemy.

In the absence of an agreement to the contrary, they shall be sent back to the belligerent to which they belong as soon as a route for their return shall be open and military considerations permit.

Pending their return they shall continue to carry out their duties under the direction of the enemy; they shall preferably be engaged in the care of the wounded and sick of the belligerent to which they belong.

On their departure, they shall take with them the effects, instruments, arms and means of transport belonging to them.

Art. 13. Belligerents shall secure to the personnel mentioned in Articles 9, 10 and 11, while in their hands, the same food, the same lodging, the same allowances and the same pay as are granted to the corresponding personnel of their own armed forces.

At the outbreak of hostilities the belligerents will notify one another of the grades of their respective medical personnel.

……（以下、省略）

＜1929年　俘虜ノ待遇＞

：日本は調印のみで、批准寄託せず

Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929.

俘虜ノ待遇ニ關スル千九百二十九年七月二十七日のジュネーヴ條約（假譯）

Recognizing that, in the extreme event of a war, it will be the duty of every Power, to mitigate as far as possible, the inevitable rigours thereof and to alleviate the condition of prisoners of war;

Being desirous of developing the principles which have inspired the international conventions of The Hague, in particular the Convention concerning the Laws and Customs of War and the Regulations thereunto annexed,

Have resolved to conclude a Convention for that

purpose and have appointed as their Plenipotentiaries:

(Here follow the names of Plenipotentiaries)

Who, having communicated their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed is follows.

PART I - GENERAL PROVISIONS

Art. 1. The present Convention shall apply without prejudice to the stipulations of Part VII:

(1) To all persons referred to in Articles 1, 2 and 3 of the Regulations annexed to the Hague Convention (IV) of 18 October 1907, concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land, who are captured by the enemy.

(2) To all persons belonging to the armed forces of belligerents who are captured by the enemy in the course of operations of maritime or aerial war, subject to such exceptions (derogations) as the conditions of such capture render inevitable. Nevertheless these exceptions shall not infringe the fundamental principles of the present Convention; they shall cease from the moment when the captured persons shall have reached a prisoners of war camp.

Art. 2. Prisoners of war are in the power of the hostile Government, but not of the individuals or formation which captured them.

They shall at all times be humanely treated and protected, particularly against acts of violence, from insults and from public curiosity.

Measures of reprisal against them are forbidden.

Art. 3. Prisoners of war are entitled to respect for their persons and honour. Women shall be treated with all consideration due to their sex.

Prisoners retain their full civil capacity.

Art. 4. The detaining Power is required to provide for the maintenance of prisoners of war in its charge.

Differences of treatment between prisoners are permissible only if such differences are based on the military rank, the state of physical or mental health, the professional abilities, or the sex of those who benefit from them.

1929年　俘虜ノ待遇ニ關スル條約　第一編　總則

第四條　俘虜捕獲國ハ俘虜ヲ給養スルノ義務ヲ負フ

②　俘虜ノ待遇ノ差別ハ其ノ待遇ヲ受クル者ノ軍事的階級、肉體的又ハ精神的健康状態、職業的技能又ハ性ノ區別ニ基クニ非ザレバ不法トス

｛　コメント；　1949年のジュネーヴ条約（Ⅰ＆Ⅱ）第12条第3項（トリアージ禁止）及び第Ⅲ条約第16条の直接的なルーツとなる考え方が含まれている条項であろう。条約では、「treatment」は、「取り扱い（処遇）」の意味でつかわれる場合と、「治療」の意味でつかわれる場合がある。本第四條は、取り扱いの意味である。　1929年の段階で軍人である捕虜の処遇については、階級や職能、性別、医学的理由に基づく処遇上の差別を認める表現が出現した。1949年第Ⅲ条約第16条には、ほぼそのままの表現で引き継がれたが、1949年第Ⅰ＆Ⅱ条約第12条の「治療」についての記述では、医学的理由以外の差別が禁止されたと考えられる。｝

PART II - CAPTURE

Art. 5. Every prisoner of war is required to declare, if he is interrogated on the subject, his true names and rank, or his regimental number.

If he infringes this rule, he exposes himself to a restriction of the privileges accorded to prisoners of his category.

No pressure shall be exercised on prisoners to obtain information regarding the situation in their armed forces or their country. Prisoners who refuse to reply may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to unpleasantness or disadvantages of any kind whatsoever.

If, by reason of his physical or mental condition, a prisoner is incapable of stating his identity, he shall be handed over to the Medical Service.

Art. 6. All personal effects and articles in personal use -- except arms, horses, military equipment and military papers -- shall remain in the possession of prisoners of war, as well as their metal helmets and gas-masks.

Sums of money carried by prisoners may only be taken from them on the order of an officer and after the amount has been recorded. A receipt shall be given for them. Sums thus impounded shall be placed to the account of each prisoner.

Their identity tokens, badges of rank, decorations and articles of value may not be taken from prisoners.

PART III - CAPTIVITY

SECTION I - EVACUATION OF PRISONERS OF WAR

Art. 7. As soon as possible after their capture, prisoners of war shall be evacuated to depots sufficiently removed from the fighting zone for them to be out of danger.

Only prisoners who, by reason of their wounds or maladies, would run greater risks by being evacuated than by remaining may be kept temporarily in a dangerous zone.

Prisoners shall not be unnecessarily exposed to danger while awaiting evacuation from a fighting zone.

The evacuation of prisoners on foot shall in normal circumstances be effected by stages of not more than 20 kilometres per day, unless the necessity for reaching water and food depôts requires longer stages.

Art. 8. Belligerents are required to notify each other of all captures of prisoners as soon as possible, through the intermediary of the Information Bureaux organised in accordance with Article 77. They are likewise required to inform each other of the official addresses to which letter from the prisoners' families may be addressed to the prisoners of war.

As soon as possible, every prisoner shall be enabled to correspond personally with his family, in accordance with the conditions prescribed in Article 36 and the following Articles.

As regards prisoners captured at sea, the provisions of the present article shall be observed as soon as possible after arrival in port.

SECTION II - PRISONERS OF WAR CAMPS

Art. 9. Prisoners of war may be interned in a town, fortress or other place, and may be required not to go beyond certain fixed limits. They may also be interned in fenced camps; they shall not be confined or imprisoned except as a measure indispensable for safety or health, and only so long as circumstances exist which necessitate such a measure.

Prisoners captured in districts which are unhealthy or whose climate is deleterious to persons coming from temperate climates shall be removed as soon as possible to a more favourable climate.

Belligerents shall as far as possible avoid bringing together in the same camp prisoners of different races or nationalities.

No prisoner may at any time be sent to an area where he would be exposed to the fire of the fighting zone, or be employed to render by his presence certain points or areas immune from bombardment.

CHAPTER 1 - Installation of camps

Art. 10. Prisoners of war shall be lodged in buildings or huts which afford all possible safeguards as regards hygiene and salubrity.

The premises must be entirely free from damp, and adequately heated and lighted. All precautions shall be taken against the danger of fire.

As regards dormitories, their total area, minimum cubic air space, fittings and bedding material, the conditions shall be the same as for the depot troops of the detaining Power.

CHAPTER 2 - Food and clothing of prisoners of war

Art. 11. The food ration of prisoners of war shall be equivalent in quantity and quality to that of the depot troops.

Prisoners shall also be afforded the means of preparing for themselves such additional articles of food as they may possess.

Sufficient drinking water shall be supplied to them. The use of tobacco shall be authorized. Prisoners may be employed in the kitchens.

All collective disciplinary measures affecting food are prohibited.

Art. 12. Clothing, underwear and footwear shall be supplied to prisoners of war by the detaining Power. The regular replacement and repair of such articles shall be assured. Workers shall also receive working kit wherever the nature of the work requires it.

In all camps, canteens shall be installed at which prisoners shall be able to procure, at the local market price, food commodities and ordinary articles.

The profits accruing to the administrations of the camps from the canteens shall be utilised for the benefit of the prisoners.

CHAPTER 3 - Hygiene in camps

Art. 13. Belligerents shall be required to take all necessary hygienic measures to ensure the cleanliness and salubrity of camps and to prevent epidemics.

Prisoners of war shall have for their use, day and night, conveniences which conform to the rules of hygiene and are maintained in a constant state of cleanliness.

In addition and without prejudice to the provision as far as possible of baths and shower-baths in the camps, the prisoners shall be provided with a sufficient quantity of water for their bodily cleanliness.

They shall have facilities for engaging in physical exercises and obtaining the benefit of being out of doors.

Art. 14. Each camp shall possess an infirmary, where prisoners of war shall receive attention of any kind of which they may be in need. If necessary, isolation establishments shall be reserved for patients suffering from infectious and contagious diseases.

The expenses of treatment, including those of temporary remedial apparatus, shall be borne by the detaining Power.

Belligerents shall be required to issue, on demand, to any prisoner treated, and official statement indicating the nature and duration of his illness and of the treatment received.

It shall be permissible for belligerents mutually to authorize each other, by means of special agreements, to retain in the camps doctors and medical orderlies for the purpose of caring for their prisoner compatriots.

Prisoners who have contracted a serious malady, or whose condition necessitates important surgical treatment, shall be admitted, at the expense of the detaining Power, to any military or civil institution qualified to treat them.

Art. 15. Medical inspections of prisoners of war shall be arranged at least once a month. Their object shall be the supervision of the general state of health and cleanliness, and the detection of infectious and contagious diseases. particularly tuberculosis and venereal complaints.

CHAPTER 4 - Intellectual and moral needs of prisoners of war

Art. 16. Prisoners of war shall be permitted complete freedom in the performance of their religious duties, including attendance at the services of their faith, on the sole condition that they comply with the routine and police regulations prescribed by the military authorities.

Ministers of religion, who are prisoners of war, whatever may be their denomination, shall be allowed freely to minister to their co-religionists.

Art. 17. Belligerents shall encourage as much as possible the organization of intellectual and sporting pursuits by the prisoners of war.

……（以下、省略）

ANNEX TO THE CONVENTION OF 27 JULY 1929, RELATIVE TO THE TREATMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR

Model draft agreement concerning the direct repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country of prisoners of war for reasons of health

I. Guiding Principles for Direct Repatriation or Accommodation in a Neutral Country

A. ' Guiding Principles for Direct Repatriation'

The following shall be repatriated directly:

1. Sick and wounded whose recovery within one year is not probable according to medical prognosis, whose condition requires treatment, and whose intellectual or bodily powers appear to have undergone a considerable diminution.

2. Incurable sick and wounded whose intellectual or bodily powers appear to have undergone a considerable diminution.

3. Convalescent sick and wounded, whose intellectual or bodily powers appear to have undergone a considerable diminution.

B. ' Guiding Principles for Accommodation in a Neutral Country. '

The following shall be accommodated in a neutral country:

1. Sick and wounded whose recovery is presumable within the period of one year, which it appears that such recovery would be more certain and more rapid if the sick and wounded were given the benefit of the resources offered by the neutral country than if their captivity, properly so called, were prolonged.

2. Prisoners of war whose intellectual or physical health appears, according to medical opinion, to be seriously threatened by continuance in captivity, while accommodation in a neutral country would probably diminish that risk.

C. ' Guiding Principles for the Repatriation of Prisoners in a Neutral Country. '

Prisoners of war who have been accommodated in a neutral country, and belong to the following categories, shall be repatriated:

1. Those whose state of health appears to be, or likely to become such that they would fall into the categories of those to be repatriated for reasons of health.

2. Those who are convalescent, whose intellectual or physical powers appear to have undergone a considerable diminution.

II. Special Principles for Direct Repatriation or Accommodation in a Neutral Country

A. ' Special Principles for Repatriation '

The following shall be repatriated:

1. All prisoners of war suffering the following effective or functional disabilities as the result of organic injuries: loss of a limb, paralysis, articular or other disabilities, when the defect is at least the loss of a foot or a hand, or the equivalent of the loss of a foot or a hand.

2. All wounded or injured prisoners of war whose condition is such as to render them invalids whose cure within a year cannot be medically foreseen.

3. All sick prisoners whose condition is such as to render them invalids whose cure within a year cannot be medically foreseen.

The following in particular belong to this category:

(a) Progressive tuberculosis of any organ which, according to medical prognosis, cannot be cured or at least considerably improved by treatment in a neutral country;

(b) Non-tubercular affections of the respiratory organs which are presumed to be incurable (in particular, strongly developed pulmonary emphysema, with or without bronchitis, bronchiectasis, serious asthma, gas poisoning, etc.):

(c) Grave chronic affections of the circulatory organs (for example: valvular affections with a tendency to compensatory troubles, relatively gave affections of the myocardium, pericardium or the vessels, in particular, aneurism of the larger vessels which cannot be operated on, etc.);

(d) Grave chronic affections of the digestive organs;

(e) Grave chronic affections of the urinary and sexual organs, in particular, for example: any case of chronic nephritis, confirmed by symptoms, and especially when cardiac and vascular deterioration already exists; the same applies to chronic pyelitis and cystitis, etc.;

(f) Grave chronic maladies of the central and peripheral nervous system; in particular grave neurasthenia and hysteria, any indisputable case of epilepsy, grave Basedow's disease, etc.;

(g) Blindness of both eyes, or of one eye when the vision of the other is less than 1 in spite of the use of corrective glasses. Diminution of visual acuteness in cases where it is impossible to restore it by correction to an acuteness of 1/2 in at least one eye. The other ocular affections falling within the present category (glaucoma, iritis, choroiditis, etc.);

(h) Total bilateral deafness, and total unilateral deafness in cases where the ear which is not completely deaf cannot hear ordinary speaking voice at a distance of one metre;

(i) Any indisputable case of mental affection;

(k) Grave cases of chronic poisoning by metals or other causes (lead poisoning, mercury poisoning, morphinism, cocainism, alcoholism, gas poisoning, etc.);

(l) Chronic affections of the locomotive organs (arthritis deformans, gout, or rheumatism with impairment, which can be ascertained clinically), provided that they are serious;

(m) Malignant growths, if they are not amenable to relatively mild operations without danger to the life of the person operated upon;

(n) All cases of malaria with appreciable organic deterioration (serious chronic enlargement of the liver or spleen, cachexy, etc.);

(o) Grave chronic cutaneous affections, when their nature does not constitute a medical reason for treatment in a neutral country;

(p) Serious avitaminosis (beri-beri, pellagra, chronic scurvy).

B. ' Special Principles for Accommodation in a Neutral Country. '

Prisoners of war shall be accommodated in a neutral country if they suffer from the following affections:

1. All forms of tuberculosis of any organ, if, according to present medical knowledge, they can be cured or their condition considerably improved by methods applicable in a neutral country(altitude, treatment in sanatoria, etc.).

2. All forms necessitating treatment of affections of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, genito-urinary, or nervous organs, of the organs of the senses, or of the locomotive or cutaneous functions, provided that such forms of affection do not belong to the categories necessitating direct repatriation, or that they are not acute maladies (properly so called) susceptible of complete cure. The affections referred to in this paragraph are such as admit, by the application of methods of treatment available in the neutral country, of really better chances of the patient's recovery than if he were treated in captivity.

Special consideration should be given to nervous troubles, the effective or determining causes of which are the effects of the war or of captivity, such as psychasthenia of prisoners of war or other analogous cases.

All duly established cases of this nature must be treated in neutral countries when their gravity or their consitutional character does not render them cases for direct repatriation.

Cases of psychasthenia of prisoners of war who are not cured after three months' sojourn in a neutral country, or which after that period are not manifestly on the way to complete recovery, shall be repatriated.

3. All cases of wounds or injuries or their consequences which offer better prospects of cure in a neutral country than in captivity, provided that such cases are neither such as justify direct repatriation, nor insignificant cases.

4. All duly established cases of malaria which do not show organic deterioration clinically ascertainable (chronic enlargement of the liver or spleen, cachexy, etc.), if sojourn in a neutral country offers particularly favourable prospects of final cure.

5. All cases of poisoning (in particular by gas, metals, or alkaloids) for which the prospects of cure in a neutral country are especially favourable.

The following are excluded from accommodation in a neutral country:

1. All cases of duly established mental affections.

2. All organic or functional nervous affections which are reputed to be incurable. (These two categories belong to those which entitle direct repatriation).

3. Grave chronic alcoholism.

4. All contagious affections during the period when they are transmissible (acute infectious diseases, primary and secondary (syphilis, trachoma, leprosy, etc.).

III. General Observations

The conditions stated above must, in a general way, be interpreted and applied in as broad a spirit as possible.

This breadth of interpretation must especially be applied in neuropathic or psychopathic cases caused or aggravated by the effects of war or captivity (psychasthenia of prisoners of war), and in cases of tuberculosis in all degrees.

It is obvious that camp doctors and mixed medical commissions may find themselves faced with many cases not mentioned amongst the examples given under Section II above, or with cases that cannot be assimilated to these examples. The above-mentioned examples are only given as typical examples; a similar list of surgical disabilities has not been drawn up because, apart from cases which are indisputable on account of their very nature (amputations), it is difficult to draw up a list of specified types; experience has shown that a list of such specified cases was not without inconvenience in practice.

Cases not conforming exactly with the examples quoted shall be determined in the spirit of the guiding principles given above.

＜1938年 改定案＞

Report of the Interpretation, Revision and Extension of the Geneva Convention of July 7, 1929. ; Revision of the Geneva Convention of 1929. ; ANNEXE 1 Revised Text of Convention adopted by the Commission of Experts. 1938

CHAPTER I - WOUNDED AND SICK

Article 1. Officers and soldiers and other persons officially attached to the armed forces who are wounded or sick shall be respected and protected in all circumstances; they shall be treated with humanity and cared for medically, without distinction of nationality, by the belligerent in whose power they may be.

②　Nevertheless, the belligerent who is compelled to abandon wounded or sick to the enemy, shall, as far as military exigencies permit, leave with them a portion of his medical personnel and material to help with their treatment.

＜1947年　専門家作業部会報告＞

Report on the Work of the Conference of Government Experts for the Study of the Conventions for the Protection of War Victims. Geneva, 14-26 April 1947

CHAPTER I - WOUNDED AND SICK

Article 1. Members of the Armed Forces and other persons officially attached to the said forces who are wounded or sick shall be respected in all circumstances; they shall be treated with humanity and cared for medically, without any distinction of nationality, race, religion or political opinion, by the belligerent in whose power they may be. Women shall be treated with the consideration due to their sex.

②　Nevertheless, the belligerent who is compelled to abandon wounded or sick to the enemy, shall, as far as military considerations permit, leave with them a part of his medical personnel and supplies to assist with their care.

＜1949年 第Ⅰ条約＞；G-I

Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12 August 1949.

戦地にある軍隊の傷者及び病者の状態の改善に関する千九百四十九年八月十二日のジュネーヴ条約（第一条約）　昭和二十八年十月二十一日　条約第二十三号

Preamble

The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the purpose of revising the Geneva Convention for the Relief of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field of July 27, 1929, have agreed as follows:

Chapter I. General Provisions

第一章　総則

Art. 1 - Respect for the Convention

Art. 1 The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present Convention in all circumstances.

第一条〔条約の尊重〕

　締約国は、すべての場合において、この条約を尊重し、且つ、この条約の尊重を確保することを約束する。

Art. 2 - Application of the Convention

Art. 2 In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.

The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.

Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof.

第二条〔条約の適用〕

　平時に実施すべき規定の外、この条約は、二以上の締約国の間に生ずるすべての宣言された戦争又はその他の武力紛争の場合について、当該締約国の一が戦争状態を承認するとしないとを問わず、適用する。

② 　この条約は、また、一締約国の領域の一部又は全部が占領されたすべての場合について、その占領が武力抵抗を受けると受けないとを問わず、適用する。

③ 　紛争当事国の一がこの条約の締約国でない場合にも、締約国たる諸国は、その相互の関係においては、この条約によって拘束されるものとする。更に、それらの諸国は、締約国でない紛争当事国がこの条約の規定を受諾し、且つ、適用するときは、その国との関係においても、この条約によって拘束されるものとする。

Art. 3 - Conflicts not of an international character

Art. 3. In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions:

(1) Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria.

To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:

(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;

(b) taking of hostages;

(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment;

(d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.

(2) The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.

An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.

The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.

The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the conflict.

第三条〔国際的性質を有しない紛争〕

締約国の一の領域内に生ずる国際的性質を有しない武力紛争の場合には、各紛争当事者は、少くとも次の規定を適用しなければならない。

(1) 　敵対行為に直接に参加しない者（武器を放棄した軍隊の構成員及び病気、負傷、抑留その他の事由により戦闘外に置かれた者を含む。）は、すべての場合において、人種、色、宗教若しくは信条、性別、門地若しくは貧富又はその他類似の基準による不利な差別をしないで人道的に待遇しなければならない。 　このため、次の行為は、前記の者については、いかなる場合にも、また、いかなる場所でも禁止する。

(a) 　生命及び身体に対する暴行、特に、あらゆる種類の殺人、傷害、虐待及び拷問

(b) 　人質

(c) 　個人の尊厳に対する侵害、特に、侮辱的で体面を汚す待遇

(d) 　正規に構成された裁判所で文明国民が不可欠と認めるすべての裁判上の保障を与えるものの裁判によらない判決の言渡及び刑の執行

(2) 　傷者及び病者（第二条約…傷者、病者及び難船者。）は、収容して看護しなければならない。

② 　赤十字国際委員会のような公平な人道的機関は、その役務を紛争当事者に提供することができる。

③ 　紛争当事者は、また、特別の協定によって、この条約の他の規定の全部又は一部を実施することに努めなければならない。

④ 　前記の規定の適用は、紛争当事者の法的地位に影響を及ぼすものではない。

Art. 4 - Application by neutral Powers

Art. 4. Neutral Powers shall apply by analogy the provisions of the present Convention to the wounded and sick, and to members of the medical personnel and to chaplains of the armed forces of the Parties to the conflict, received or interned in their territory, as well as to dead persons found.

第四条〔中立国による適用〕

　中立国は、その領域内に収容し、又は抑留した紛争当事国の軍隊の傷者、病者、衛生要員及び宗教要員並びにその領域内に収容した死者に対し、この条約の規定を準用しなければならない。

Art. 5 - Duration of application

Art. 5. For the protected persons who have fallen into the hands of the enemy, the present Convention shall apply until their final repatriation.

第五条〔条約の適用期間〕

　この条約によって保護される者で敵の権力内に陥ったものについては、この条約は、それらの者の送還が完全に終了する時まで適用があるものとする。

Art. 6 - Special agreements

Art. 6. In addition to the agreements expressly provided for in Articles 10, 15, 23, 28, 31, 36, 37 and 52, the High Contracting Parties may conclude other special agreements for all matters concerning which they may deem it suitable to make separate provision. No special agreement shall adversely affect the situation of the wounded and sick, of members of the medical personnel or of chaplains, as defined by the present Convention, nor restrict the rights which it confers upon them.

Wounded and sick, as well as medical personnel and chaplains, shall continue to have the benefit of such agreements as long as the Convention is applicable to them, except where express provisions to the contrary are contained in the aforesaid or in subsequent agreements, or where more favourable measures have been taken j with regard to them by one or other of the Parties to the conflict.

第六条〔特別協定〕

　締約国は、第十条、第十五条、第二十三条、第二十八条、第　三十一条、第三十六条、第三十七条及び第五十二条に明文で規定する協定の外、別個に規定を設けることを適当と認めるすべての事項について、他の特別協定を締結することができる。いかなる特別協定も、この条約で定める傷者、病者、衛　生要員及び宗教要員の地位に不利な影響を及ぼし、又はこの条約でそれらの者に与える権利を制限するものであってはならない。

② 　傷者、病者、衛生要員及び宗教要員は、この条約の適用を受ける間は、前記の協定の利益を引き続き享有する。但し、それらの協定に反対の明文規定がある場合又は紛争当事国の一方若しくは他方がそれらの者について一層有利な措置を執った場合は、この限りでない。

Art. 7 - Non-renunciation of rights

Art. 7. Wounded and sick, as well as members of the medical personnel and chaplains, may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured to them by the present Convention, and by the special agreements referred to in the foregoing Article, if such there be.

第七条〔権利の不放棄〕

　傷者、病者、衛生要員及び宗教要員（第二条約…傷者、病者、難船者、衛生要員及び宗教要員。第三条約…捕虜。第四条約…被保護者。）は、いかなる場合にも、この条約及び、前条に掲げる特別協定があるときは、その協定により保障される権利を部分的にも又は全面的にも放棄することができない。

Art. 8 - Protecting Powers

Art. 8. The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests of the Parties to the conflict. For this purpose, the Protecting Powers may appoint, apart from their diplomatic or consular staff, delegates from amongst their own nationals or the nationals of other neutral Powers. The said delegates shall be subject to the approval of the Power with which they are to carry out their duties.

The Parties to the conflict shall facilitate to the greatest extent possible, the task of the representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers.

The representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any case exceed their mission under the present Convention. They shall, in particular, take account of the imperative necessities of security of the State wherein they carry out their duties. Their activities shall only be restricted as an exceptional and temporary measure when this is rendered necessary by imperative military necessities.

第八条〔利益保護国〕

　この条約は、紛争当事国の利益の保護を任務とする利益保護国の協力により、及びその監視の下に適用されるものとする。このため、利益保護国は、その外交職員又は領事職員の外、自国の国民又は他の中立国の国民の中から代表を任命することができる。それらの代表は、任務を遂行すべき国の承認を得なければならない。

② 　紛争当事国は、利益保護国の代表者又は代表の職務の遂行をできる限り容易にしなければならない。

③ 　利益保護国の代表者又は代表は、いかなる場合にも、この条約に基く自己の使命の範囲をこえてはならない。それらの者は、特に、任務を遂行する国の安全上絶対的に必要なことには考慮を払わなければならない。それらの者の活動は、絶対的な軍事上の必要がある場合に限り、例外的且つ一時的措置として制限することができる。

Art. 9 - Activities of the International Committe of the Red Cross

Art. 9. The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of wounded and sick, medical personnel and chaplains, and for their relief.

第九条〔赤十字国際委員会の活動〕

　この条約の規定は、赤十字国際委員会その他の公平な人道的団体が傷者、病者、衛生要員及び宗教要員（第二条約…傷者、病者、難船者、衛生要員又は宗教要員。第三条約…捕虜。第四条約…文民。）の保護及び救済のため関係紛争当事国の同意を得て行う人道的活動を妨げるものではない。

Art. 10 - Substitutes for Protecting Powers

Art. 10. The High Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to an organization which offers all guarantees of impartiality and efficacy the duties incumbent on the Protecting Powers by virtue of the present Convention.

When wounded and sick, or medical personnel and chaplains do not benefit or cease to benefit, no matter for what reason, by the activities of a Protecting Power or of an organization provided for in the first paragraph above, the Detaining Power shall request a neutral State, or such an organization, to undertake the functions performed under the present Convention by a Protecting Power designated by the Parties to a conflict.

If protection cannot be arranged accordingly, the Detaining Power shall request or shall accept, subject to the provisions of this Article, the offer of the services of a humanitarian organization, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, to assume the humanitarian functions performed by Protecting Powers under the present Convention.

Any neutral Power, or any organization invited by the Power concerned or offering itself for these purposes, shall be required to act with a sense of responsibility towards the Party to the conflict on which persons protected by the present Convention depend, and shall be required to furnish sufficient assurances that it is in a position to undertake the appropriate functions and to discharge them impartially.

No derogation from the preceding provisions shall be made by special agreements between Powers one of which is restricted, even temporarily, in its freedom to negotiate with the other Power or its allies by reason of military events, more particularly where the whole, or a substantial part, of the territory of the said Power is occupied.

Whenever, in the present Convention, mention is made of a Protecting Power, such mention also applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the present Article.

第十条〔利益保護国の代理〕

　締約国は、公平及び有効性についてすべての保障をする団体に対し、いつでも、この条約に基く利益保護国の任務を委任することに同意することができる。

② 　傷者、病者、衛生要員及び宗教要員（第二条約…傷者、病者、難船者、衛生要員及び宗教要員。第三条約…捕虜。第四条約…被保護者。）が、理由のいかんを問わず、利益保護国若しくは前項に規定するいずれかの団体の活動による利益を受けない場合又はその利益を受けなくなった場合には、抑留国は、中立国又は同項に規定するいずれかの団体に対し、紛争当事国により指定された利益保護国がこの条約に基いて行う任務を引き受けるように要請しなければならない。

③ 　保護が前項により確保されなかったときは、抑留国は、赤十字国際委員会のような人道的団体に対し、利益保護国がこの条約に基いて行う人道的任務を引き受　けるように要請し、又は、本条の規定を留保して、その団体による役務の提供の申出を承諾しなければならない。

④ 　前記の目的のため当該国の要請を受け、又は役務の提供を申し出る中立国又は団体は、この条約によって保護される者が属する紛争当事国に対する責任を自覚して行動することを要求され、また、その任務を引き受けて公平にこれを果す能力があることについて充分な保障を与えることを要求されるものとする。

⑤ 　軍事的事件、特に、領域の全部又は主要な部分が占領されたことにより、一時的にでも相手国又はその同盟国と交渉する自由を制限された一国を含む諸国間の特別協定は、前記の規定とてい触するものであってはならない。

⑥ 　この条約において利益保護国とは、本条にいう団体をも意味するものとする。

Art. 11 - Conciliation procedure

Art. 11. In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected persons, particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties to the conflict as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of the present Convention, the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices with a view to settling the disagreement.

For this purpose, each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the invitation of one Party or on its own initiative, propose to the Parties to the conflict a meeting of their representatives, in particular of the authorities responsible for the wounded and sick, members of medical personnel and chaplains, possibly on neutral territory suitably chosen. The Parties to the conflict shall be bound to give effect to the proposals made to them for this purpose. The Protecting Powers may, if necessary, propose for approval by the Parties to the conflict, a person belonging to a neutral Power or delegated by the International Committee of the Red Cross, who shall be invited to take part in such a meeting

第十一条〔調停手続〕

　利益保護国は、この条約によって保護される者の利益のために望ましいと認める場合、特に、この条約の規定の適用又は解釈に関して紛争当事国の間に紛議がある場合には、その紛議を解決するために仲介をしなければならない。

② 　このため、各利益保護国は、紛争当事国の一の要請又は自国の発意により、紛争当事国に対し、それぞれの代表者、特に、傷者、病者、衛生要員及び宗教要員（第二条約…傷者、病者、難船者、衛生要員及び宗教要員。第三条約…捕虜。第四条約…被保護者。）について責任を負う当局ができれば適当に選ばれた中立の地域で会合するように提案することができる。紛争当事国は、自国に対するこのための提案に従わなければならない。利益保護国は、必要がある場合には、紛争当事国に対し、その承認を求めるため、中立国に属する者又は赤十字国際委員会の委任を受けた者で前記の会合に参加するように招請されるものの氏名を提出することができる。

Chapter II. Wounded and Sick

第二章　傷者及び病者

Art. 12 - Protection and care --------------[ G-I-A-12 ]

Art. 12. Members of the armed forces and other persons mentioned in the following Article, who are wounded or sick, shall be respected and protected in all circumstances.

They shall be treated humanely and cared for by the Party to the conflict in whose power they may be, without any adverse distinction founded on sex, race, nationality, religion, political opinions, or any other similar criteria. Any attempts upon their lives, or violence to their persons, shall be strictly prohibited; in particular, they shall not be murdered or exterminated, subjected to torture or to biological experiments; they shall not wilfully be left without medical assistance and care, nor shall conditions exposing them to contagion or infection be created.

Only urgent medical reasons will authorize priority in the order of treatment to be administered.

Women shall be treated with all consideration due to their sex. The Party to the conflict which is compelled to abandon wounded or sick to the enemy shall, as far as military considerations permit, leave with them a part of its medical personnel and material to assist in their care.

1949年第Ⅰ条約　第二章　傷者及び病者

第十二条　〔保護及び看護〕　

　次条に掲げる軍隊の構成員及びその他の者で、傷者又は病者であるものは、すべての場合において、尊重し、且つ、保護しなければならない。

②　それらの者をその権力内に有する紛争当事国は、それらの者を性別、人種、国籍、宗教、政治的意見又はその他類似の基準による差別をしないで人道的に待遇し、且つ、看護しなければならない。それらの者の生命又は身体に対する暴行は、厳重に禁止する。特に、それらの者は、殺害し、みな殺しにし、拷問に付し、又は生物学的実験に供してはならない。それらの者は、治療及び看護をしないで故意に遺棄してはならず、また、伝染又は感染の危険にさらしてはならない。

③　治療の順序における優先権は、緊急な医療上の理由がある場合に限り、認められる。

仏語：Seules des raisons d'urgence médicale autoriseront une priorité dans l'ordre des soins.

中文：只有医疗上之紧急理由，可予提前诊治。

④　女子は、女性に対して払うべきすべての考慮をもって待遇しなければならない。

⑤　紛争当事国は、傷者又は病者を敵側に遺棄することを余儀なくされた場合には、軍事上の事情が許す限り、それらの者の看護を援助するためにその衛生要員及び衛生材料の一部をそれらの者に残さなければならない。

｛　コメント；　英文の第12条第4項は、日本語訳では第4項と第5項に分かれている。もともと、条約の審議段階では、日本語訳のように分かれていた。｝

Art. 13 - Protected persons

Art. 13. The present Convention shall apply to the wounded and sick belonging to the following categories:

(1) Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict, as well as members of militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces.

(2) Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a Party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements, fulfil the following conditions:

(a) that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;

(b) that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;

(c) that of carrying arms openly;

(d) that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.

(3) Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a Government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power.

(4) Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as civil members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labour units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany.

(5) Members of crews, including masters, pilots and apprentices, of the merchant marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the conflict, who do not benefit by more favourable treatment under any other provisions in international law.

(6) Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy, spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.

第十三条〔保護される者〕

　この条約は、次の部類に属する傷者及び病者に適用する。

(1) 　紛争当事国の軍隊の構成員及びその軍隊の一部をなす民兵隊又は義勇隊の構成員

(2) 　紛争当事国に属するその他の民兵隊及び義勇隊の構成員（組織的抵抗運動団体の構成員を含む。）で、その領域が占領されているかどうかを問わず、その領域の内外で行動するもの。但し、それらの民兵隊又は義勇隊（組織的抵抗運動団体を含む。）は、次の条件を満たすものでなければならない。

(a) 部下について責任を負う一人の者が指揮していること。

(b) 遠方から認識することができる固着の特殊標章を有すること。

(c) 公然と武器を携行していること。

(d) 戦争の法規及び慣例に従って行動していること。

(3) 　正規の軍隊の構成員で、抑留国が承認していない政府又は当局に忠誠を誓ったもの

(4) 　実際には軍隊の構成員でないが軍隊に随伴する者、たとえば、文民たる軍用航空機の乗組員、従軍記者、需品供給者、労務隊員又は軍隊の福利機関の構成員等。但し、それらの者がその随伴する軍隊の認可を受けている場合に限る。

(5) 　紛争当事国の商船の乗組員（船長、水先人及び見習員を含む。）及び民間航空機の乗組員で、国際法の他のいかなる規定によっても一層有利な待遇の利益を享有することがないもの

(6) 　占領されていない領域の住民で、敵の接近に当り、正規の軍隊を編成する時日がなく、侵入する軍隊に抵抗するために自発的に武器を執るもの。但し、それらの者が公然と武器を携行し、且つ戦争の法規及び慣例を尊重する場合に限る。

Art. 14 - Status

Art. 14. Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the wounded and sick of a belligerent who fall into enemy hands shall be prisoners of war, and the provisions of international law concerning prisoners of war shall apply to them.

第十四条〔身分〕

　第十二条の規定に従うことを条件として、交戦国の傷者及び病者で敵の権力内に陥ったものは、捕虜となるものとし、また、捕虜に関する国際法の規定が、それらの者に適用される。

Art. 15 - Search for casualties. Evacuation

Art. 15. At all times, and particularly after an engagement, Parties to the conflict shall, without delay, take all possible measures to search for and collect the wounded and sick, to protect them against pillage and ill-treatment, to ensure their adequate care, and to search for the dead and prevent their being despoiled.

Whenever circumstances permit, an armistice or a suspension of fire shall be arranged, or local arrangements made, to permit the removal, exchange and transport of the wounded left on the battlefield.

Likewise, local arrangements may be concluded between Parties to the conflict for the removal or exchange of wounded and sick from a besieged or encircled area, and for the passage of medical and religious personnel and equipment on their way to that area.

第十五条〔死傷者の捜索、収容〕

　紛争当事国は、常に、特に交戦の後に、傷者及び病者を捜索し、及び収容し、それらの者をりゃく奪及び虐待から保護し、それらの者に充分な看護を確保し、並びに死者を捜索し、及び死者がはく奪を受けることを防止するため、遅滞なくすべての可能な措置を執らなければならない。

② 　事情が許すときは、いつでも、戦場に残された傷者の収容、交換及び輸送を可能にするため、休戦、戦闘停止又は現地取極について合意しなければならない。

③ 　同様に、攻囲され、又は包囲された地域にある傷者及び病者の収容又は交換並びにそれらの地域へ向う衛生要員、宗教要員及び衛生材料の通過に関し、紛争当事国相互間で現地取極を結ぶことができる。

Art. 16 - Recording and forwarding of information

Art. 16. Parties to the conflict shall record as soon as possible, in respect of each wounded, sick or dead person of the adverse Party falling into their hands, any particulars which may assist in his identification.

These records should if possible include:

(a) designation of the Power on which he depends;

(b) army, regimental, personal or s