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Chemistry
Chemistry
Part I. Words & Phrases 常用词汇
Basic Concepts and Terms of Theories基本概念基本理论
acid
n.酸
strong acid
强酸
weak acid
弱酸
acid radical
酸根
acid salt
酸式盐
acid-base indicator
酸碱指示剂
acidic oxide
酸性氧化物
acidify
vt.使酸化,使成酸 vi.变酸
acidity
/
n.酸性
activate
vt.活化,使活泼
activation energy
/
n.反应活化能
alkaline manganese cell
/碱性锰电池
alkaline solution
碱溶液
alkalinity
/
n.碱度
alkalinization
/n.碱化
allotrope
/
n.同素异形体
allotropic
//
a.同素异形体的
allotropy
//
n.同素异形现象
alloy
n.合金;vt.使成合金
alpha particle
(粒子
amorphous
//
a.无定型的
amphoteric oxide
//
两性氧化物
anion
/
阴离子
anode
//
n.阳极, 正极
anodic
//
a.阳极的
aqueous
//
a.水的,含水的
aqueous solution
水溶液
atom
//
n.原子
atomic group
//
原子团
atomic mass
原子质量
atomic nucleus
原子核
atomic number
原子序数
atomic structure
原子结构
atomic weight
原子量
auto-oxidation-reduction
自身氧化还原
Avogadro's constant
阿伏加德罗常数
Avogadro's number
阿伏加得罗常数
balance
//
n.天平,平衡;vt.使平衡,称
balance of chemical equation
化学方程式的配平
balanced chemical equation
已配平的化学方程式
base /beis/ n.碱
strong base
强碱
weak base
弱碱
battery
//
n.电池
beta particle
//
(离子
biatomic acid
/
二元酸
bivalent
/
adj.二价的
bond
//
n.键
bond energy
键能
bond enthalpy
//
键焓
bond length
键长
bond pair
成键电子对
chemical bond
化学键
bonding between molecules
分子间键
bonding electron
成键电子
bonding inside molecules
分子内键
buffer solution
/
缓冲溶液
catalysis
//
n.催化作用
catalyst
//
n.催化剂
cathode
//
n.阴极
cathode reaction
阴极反应
cation
//
n.阳离子
changing state
状态变化
charge
//
n.负荷
charge on ions
离子所带电荷
chemical change
化学变化
chemical combination
化合
chemical compound
化合物
chemical element
化学元素
chemical equation
化学方程式
chemical equilibrium
//
化学平衡
chemical formula
化学式
chemical nomenclature
/
化学命名法
chemical oxygen demand( COD )
化学需氧量
chemical property
化学性质
chemical reaction
化学反应
chemical stability
化学稳定性
chemical symbol
化学符号
chemical weight
化学式量
chemistry
/
n.化学
chrome plating
/
镀铬
collide
vi.碰撞, 抵触
colligative property
溶液的)依数性
collision theory
碰撞理论
column
//
n.纵行,族
combination
/
n.结合,化合,化合物
combination reaction
化合反应
combine
/
v.(使)联合, (使)结合
combustion
n.燃烧
complete combustion
完全燃烧
common
/
adj.常用的
common ion effect
同离子效应
compound
/
n.化合物
concept
n.概念
conduct
/
v.传导(电,热)
conduction in metals
金属的导电性
conductivity
/
n.传导性, 传导率
conductivity in ionic substances
离子化合物的导电性
conservation of mass
/
物质守恒
contravalence
/
n.共价
contravalency
n.共价
copper extraction and purification
铜的提炼和提纯
covalence
/
n.共价
covalency
n.=covalence共价
covalent
adj. 共价的
covalent bond
n.共价键
covalent compound
共价化合物
covalent property
共价性
covalent substances
共价化合物
crystal
/
n.晶体
crystalline
/
adj.水晶的
crystalline hydrate
结晶化合物
crystalline solid
结晶固体
crystallization
n.结晶
crystallize
/
v.结晶
cubic
adj.立方体的, 立方的
decomposition
/
n.分解
decomposition reaction
分解反应
dehydrate
/
v.脱水
dehydration
/
n.脱水
deionized water
/
去离子水
deliquescence
/
n.溶解, 潮解, 液化
deliquescent
//
adj.溶解的, 溶解性的
deliquescent substance
易潮解的物质
delocalized electron
/
离域电子
deoxidizer
n.脱氧剂,还原剂
diamond
/
n.金刚石
diatomic molecule
/
双原子分子
displacement
/
n. 取代, 置换
displacement reaction
置换反应
dissolution
n.分解
double bond
双键
double covalent bond
共价双键
double decomposition reaction
复分解反应
dry battery/cell
n.干电池
ductile
adj.易延展的, 柔软的
ductility in metals
/
金属的延展性
dynamic equilibrium
/ 动态平衡
electric current
/
电流
electrical property
/,/
电性质
electricity
/
n.电
electrochemical cell
//
化学电池
electrode
/
n.电极
electrolyse
/
v.电解
electrolysis
/
n.电解
electrolyte
/
n.电解, 电解液
electrolytic cell
/
电解池
electrolytical
/
adj.(=electrolytic)电解质的
electrolytically
/
adv. 以电解地
electrolyze
/
vt.电解, 用电分解
electrolyzer
n.电解剂
electron
/
n.电子
electron affinity
/
电子亲和力
electron configuration
/
电子排布式
electron dot structure
电子式
electron energy level
电子能级
electron pair
电子对
electron shell
电子层
core electron
内层电子
out-shell electron
外层电子
electronegativity
/
n.电负性
electronic/
adj电子的
electronic configuration
//
电子排列
electronic structure
电子结构
electroplate
vt.电镀;n.电镀物品
electrostatic attraction
静电吸引力
electrostatic force
静电力
electrovalent bond
/
电价键
element
n.元素
elementary substance
单质
end point
(滴定)终点
endothermic reaction/process /
吸热反应
energy
/
n.能源
energy crisis
能源危机
energy level
能级
energy sources
/
能源
enthalpy
/
n.焓
enthalpy of combustion
燃烧焓
enthalpy of formation
生成焓
enthalpy of reaction
化学反应焓
entropy
/
n.熵
enzyme
/
n.酶
enzyme reaction
//
酶反应
chemical equation
化学反应式
equilibrium
/
n.平衡
equilibrium constant
平衡常数
excited state
激发态
exothermic change/process
/
放热变化
exothermic reaction
放热反应
factors affecting rate of reaction
影响反应速度的因素
family
/
n.家族,族
finely ground particle
微粒
force between molecules
分子间力
formula
//
n.分子式
free electron
自由电子
fuel cell
燃料电池
fullerence
富勒烯
gamma ray
(射线
gas
n.气体
gaseous state
//
气态
giant covalent structure
巨型共价结构
give up(electrons)
失去(电子)
group
n.团体,组,团,基
half-cell
半反应电池
half-life
半衰期
half-reaction
半反应
Hall cell
电解槽
horizontal
adj.水平的
hydrogen bond
氢键
illustrate
/
v.说明;举例说明, 图解
immiscible
adj.不溶的
immiscible liquid
互不相容的液体
immiscible with water
和水不混溶的
inactive gas
不活泼气体
incomplete
/
adj.不完全的
incomplete combustion
不完全燃烧
incomplete octet
//
八隅体
indicator
/
n.指示剂
inert
adj.无活动的, 惰性的, 迟钝的
inert gases
惰性气体
inertial
/
adj.不活泼的, 惯性的
inertly
/
adv.不活泼地, 无生气地
inertness
/
n.不活泼, 没有生气
inorganic chemistry
/
无机化学
insoluble
/ /
adj. 不溶解的
insoluble salt
不溶性盐
instability
/
n.不稳定性
instantaneous dipole
// 瞬时偶极
insulator
/
n.绝缘体
intermolecular
adj.分子间的
intramolecular
存在(或作用)于分子内的
ion
/
n.离子
ionic
/
adj.离子的
ionic bond
离子键
ionic bonding
离子键
ionic compound
离子化合物
ionic lattice
/
离子晶格
ionic property
离子化合物的性质
ionic solid
离子晶体
ionic structure
离子化合物的结构
ionicity
/
n.电离度;离子性
ionisation potential/energy
电离能
ionization
/
n.离子化, 电离
ionization equation
电离方程式
ionize
/
vt.使离子化;vi.电离
isomerism
//
n.同素异形体
isotope
/
n.同位素
kinetic energy
/
动能
kinetic theory
分子运动论
lattice
/
n.晶格
law of conservation of mass
质量守恒定律
law of definite proportion
定比定律
Le Chatelier's Principle
勒沙特列原理
Lewis structure
路易斯结构
light energy
光能
liquid state
液态
lone pairs
孤对电子
lose
v.失去
loss of electrons
失电子
main group element
主族元素
mass
n.质量
mass fraction
质量分数
mass fraction of solute
溶质的质量分数
mass number
质量数
conservation of mass
质量守恒
matter
/
n.物质
melt
/
v.融化,熔化
melting
//
adj.熔化的, 融化的, 溶解的
melting point
熔点
metal
/
n.金属
metal oxide
金属氧化物
metal structure
金属结构
metallic
a.金属的
metallic bonding
金属键
metallic element
金属元素
metallic solid
金属晶体
metalloid
/
n.准金属
miscible liquid
/
互溶液体
mixture
n.混合, 混合物, 混合剂
moisture
/
n.潮湿, 湿气
molecular covalent substance
共价物分子
molecular formula
分子式
molecular solid
分子晶体
molecule
//
n.分子
molten
v.熔化 adj.熔铸的
monatomic ion
单原子离子
monobasic
/
adj.一元碱的,单(价)碱的
monovalent
//
adj.单价的,
negative
adj. 负的, 阴性的;
negative pole
负极
network solid
原子晶体
neutralise(neutralize)
/
v.使中立, 中和
neutralization
n.中和
neutralization reaction
中和反应
neutron
n.中子
non-bonding pair
非成键电子对
non-electrolyte
非电解质
non-metallic element
非金属元素
non-polar compound
非极性化合物
non-polar covalent bond
非极性共价键
non-polar molecule
非极性分子
nuclear chain reaction
核链反应
nuclear charge
核电荷
nuclear equation
核等式
nuclear fission
核裂变
nuclear fusion
/
核聚变
nuclei
n.(pl.)原子核
nucleus
n.原子核
null valence, null valency
零价
octahedral arrangement
八电子稳定结构排布
octet rule
/
八电子稳定排布规则
orbit
n.轨道
orbital
adj.轨道的
outmost
adj.最外面的, 最远的
outmost electron shell
最外电子层
overall
/
adj.全部的, 全面的
oxidant
/
n.氧化剂
oxidation
n.氧化
oxidation number
氧化数
oxidation reaction
氧化反应
oxide
/
n.氧化物
oxidizable
/
adj.可氧化的
oxidization
n.氧化
oxidize
/
v.(使)氧化
oxidizer
n.氧化剂
oxidizing agent
氧化剂
partial oxidation
不完全氧化
particle
n.粒子
period
/
n.周期
periodic
/
adj.周期的
periodic table
/
周期表
periodic table of the elements
元素周期表
PH indicator
PH值指示剂
pH paper
pH试纸
PH value
酸碱值
Phenolphthalein
/
n.酚酞
Photochemical
//
adj.光化学的
photochemical reaction
光化学反应
photochemical smog
光化学烟雾
photosynthesis
/
n.光合作用
physical change
物理变化
physical property
物理性质
planar
adj.平面的
polar
adj.极性的
polar compound
极性化合物
polar covalent bond
极性共价键
polar force
极性力
polar molecule
极性分子
polarity
/
n.极性
polyatomic ion
多原子离子
polyatomic molecule
多原子分子
positive
adj.正的,阳的
potential energy
势能
pressure
n.压强
pressure and equilibrium reaction
压强与反应平衡
pressure and rate of reaction
压强与反应速度
preventing rust
防止生锈
product
n.产品, 产物
protium
/
n.氕
proton
n.质子
pure substance
纯净物
qualitative analysis
定性分析
quantitative analysis
定量分析
quantitative chemistry
定量化学
radiation
n.发散,放射,
radical
adj.根本的, 基本的
radioactive substance
放射性物质
radioactivity
/
n.放射能
rare gas
稀有气体
rate of reaction
反应速度
reactant
n.反应物
reaction
/
n.化学反应
reaction rate
反应速度
reactivity
n.反应性
reactivity of metal
金属的反应性
reagent
/
n. 反应物, 试剂
redox
n.氧化还原作用
redox reaction
氧化还原反应
redox reaction equation
氧化还原反应方程式
redox titration
氧化还原滴定
reduce
/
vt. 还原
reduced
/
adj.被还原的
reducer
n. 还原剂
reducible
/
adj.可还原的
reducing agent
还原剂
reductant
/
n.=reducing agent
reduction
/
n.还原作用
reduction potential
还原电势
reduction reaction
还原反应
relative atomic mass
相对原子质量
relative molecular mass
相对分子质量
reversible
adj.可逆的
reversible reaction
可逆反应
room temperature and pressure(r.t.p.)
通常状况
row
/
n.排,行
rust prevention
防止生锈
sacrificial
/
adj.牺牲的
sacrificial protection
牺牲阳极保护法
salt
/
n.食盐;盐
salt bridge
盐桥
salt of metals
金属盐
saturated solution
饱和溶液
saturation
n.饱和状态
semiconductor
/
n.半导体
semi-metal
n.准金属
shared pairs of electrons
共用电子对
sharing of electrons between two atoms
原子间电子共用
shell of electrons
电子层
shielding effect
/
屏蔽效应,屏蔽作用
single covalent bond
单键
solid
n. 固体
solid state
固态
solubility
/
n. 溶解性
solute
/
n. 溶质
solution
n.溶液
solution with electrolyte
含有电解质的溶剂
solvent
n.溶剂
spectator ion
/
n. 旁观离子,不参加反应的离子
spontaneous
/
adj.自发的, 自然产生的
spontaneous reaction
自发反应
stability of compounds to heat
化合物的热稳定性
standard enthalpy of formation
标准生成焓
standard enthalpy of reaction
标准反应生成焓
standard enthalpy of reduction potential
标准电极电位式
standard solution
标准溶液
standard temperature and pressure(s.t.p.)
标准状况
state of matter
物质状态
state symbol
状态符号
substance
//
n.物质
surface area and rate of reaction
表面积和反应速度
surface catalyst
表面(活性)催化剂
suspension
n.悬浮液
symbol
n.符号, 记号, 象征
symbols for elements
元素符号
tetrahedral
adj.有四面的, 四面体的
tetrahedral arrangement
四面体排布
thermochemical equation
热化学方程式
titration /
n.滴定
transition
n.过渡
triatomic molecule
三原子分子
triple bond
三键
unpaired electron
不成对电子
unsaturated solution
不饱和溶液
UV radiation
UV放射
valence
n.(化合)价, 原子价
valence shell
价电子层
valence state
价态
valence(shell) electron
价电子层电子
valency
n.价,化合价
van der Waals' force
范德华力
vaporization
/
v.汽化,蒸发
vapour
/
n.蒸汽
vary
//
v.变化,改变
vertical
//
adj.垂直的
vibrate
//
v.(使)振动, (使)摇摆
viscosity
/
n.粘性
volatile
//
adj.挥发性的n. 挥发物
volatile compound
易挥发的化合物
volatility
/
n.挥发性
voltaic cell
伏打电池
VSEPR ( valence shell electron pair repulsion) theory
VSEPR理论
water-insoluble
/
不溶于水的
water-soluble
/
水溶的
zinc-carbon cell
锌碳电池
zwitterions
/
n.两性离子
Elements and their compounds元素及其化合物
acid rain
酸雨
activity
/
n.活动性,活泼性
activity series
活动顺序
aerial contamination
/,/空气污染
alkali
n.碱;adj.碱性的
alkali earth metal
碱土金属
alkali metal
碱金属
aluminium
n.铝;adj.铝的
aluminum chloride
三氯化铝
aluminum hydroxide
氢氧化铝
aluminum oxide
氧化铝
amalgam
/
n.汞齐,汞合金
ammonia
n.氨, 氨水
ammonium ion
铵离子
anhydride
/
n.酐
anhydrous
/
adj.无水的
anhydrous calcium chloride
无水氯化钙
anionic
/
n.阴离子的
anion
/
n.阴离子
antimony
/
n.锑
aqua fortis
/
n.硝酸
argon
n.氩
arsenic
/
n.砷, 砒霜
asbestos
/
n.石棉
astatine
n.砹(元素符号At)
autoignition
/
n.自动点火, 自燃
barium
/
n.钡
barium ion
钡离子
barium salts
钡盐
base
/
n.碱
basic oxide
碱性氧化物
basic salt
碱式盐
bauxite
n.铝土矿
beryllium
/
n.铍(元素符号Be)
bicarbonate
/
n.酸式碳酸盐
biodegradable
adj.生物所能分解的
bismuth
n.铋
bleach
v.漂白, 变白
bleacher
/
n.漂白者, 漂白剂
bleaching solution
漂白水
blast furnace
/
n.高炉
blue vitriol
/
胆矾,蓝矾
bluish
/
adj.带蓝色的
bluish green
蓝绿色
boiling point
沸点
boron
/
n.硼
brass
/
铜
brine
/
n.盐水
brittle
a.易碎的, 脆弱的
brittleness
/
n.脆
bromide ion
/
溴离子
bromine
/
n.溴
bronze
/
n.青铜
burned lime, quicklime, caustic lime
生石灰,氧化钙
caesium
//
n.铯
calcium
/
n.钙(元素符号Ca)
carbamide, urea
尿素,脲CO(NH2)2
carbon
//
n.碳(元素符号C)
carbon cycle
碳循环
carbon dioxide
/
二氧化碳
carbon monoxide
/
一氧化碳
carbonate ion
/
碳酸根离子
carbonic acid
/
碳酸
cast iron
生铁
caustic
//
adj.腐蚀性的,
caustic potash
苛性钾
caustic soda
苛性钠
ceramics
/
n.陶瓷
chalk
//
n.白垩
chlorate
/
n.氯酸盐
chloride
//
n.氯化物, 氯离子
chlorinate
//
v.氯化
chlorine
n.氯
chlorine water
氯水
chromium
/
n.铬
clay
/
n.粘土, 泥土, 陶土
coal
n.煤;v.加煤
cobalt
n.钴(符号为Co)
coke
/
n.焦碳
copper
//
n.铜
cryolite
n.冰晶石
cupric subcarbonate
碱式碳酸铜
cyanide
n.氰化物
deoxygenation
/
n.脱氧
deuterium
n.氚
diamond
/
n.金刚石
ferrous
/
adj.二价铁的
ferroferric oxide
四氧化三铁
ferric
/
adj.三价铁的
fixation of nitrogen
固氮
flame
/
n.火焰
flame test
焰色反应
flammable
/
adj.易燃的, 可燃性的
flammable gas
可燃性气体
fluoride
n.氟化物
fluorine
n.氟
francium
//
n.钫
gallium
n.镓
germanium
/
n.锗
gold
n.金adj.金的
group I
第一族
gypsum
/
n.石膏
halide ion
/
卤离子
halogen
n. 卤素
hard water
硬水
hardness
n.硬, 硬度
hardness of metals
金属的硬度
hardness of water
水的硬度
helium
n.氦(化学元素, 符号为He)
hematite
/
n.赤铁矿
hydrochloric acid
/
盐酸
hydrogen
/
n.氢
hydrogen chloride
氯化氢
hydrogen halide
卤化氢
hydrogen peroxide
/
过氧化氢
hydrosulphuric acid
/
氢硫酸
hydroxide
/
n.氢氧化物
hydroxide ion
氢氧根离子
iodide ion
碘离子
iodine
//n.碘, 碘酒
ion exchange
离子交换
iron
/
n.铁
iron nail
铁钉
iron(ll) ion
亚铁离子
iron(lll) ion
铁离子
kali salt
//
钾盐
krypton
/
n.氪
lanthanum
//
n.镧
lead
//
n.铅
less reactive metal
较不活泼的金属
lime
/
n.石灰
limestone
//
n.石灰石
lime water
石灰水
lithium
//
n.锂
magnesium
/
n.镁
magnetism
n.磁性
magnetite
/
n.磁铁矿
malleable
adj.有延展性的, 可锻的
malleability in metals
/
金属的延展性
manganese
/
n.锰(元素符号为Mn)
manganese dioxide
二氧化锰
manganese steel
锰钢
mantle
/
n.地幔
marble
/
n.大理石
mercury
/
n.水银, 汞
mild steel
低碳钢
mineral
n.矿物
more reactive metal
较活泼的金属
neon
/
n.氖
nickel
/
n.镍;vt.镀镍于
nickel-cadmium cell
镍镉蓄电池
nitrate
/
n.硝酸盐
nitric acid
/
硝酸
nitrifying bacteria
硝化细菌
nitrogen
/
n.氮
nitrogen cycle
氮循环
nitrogen dioxide
二氧化氮
nitrogen monoxide
一氧化氮
nitrosamine
//
n.亚硝胺
noble gas
稀有气体
normal saline
生理盐水
ore
/
矿
oxygenation
//
n.以氧气处理, 氧化
oxyhydrogen
/
adj.氢氧的
oxygen
/
n.氧气
ozone
/
n.臭氧
ozone layer
臭氧层
ozonosphere
n.臭氧层
permanganate
n.锰酸盐
phosphoric acid
/
n.磷酸
phosphorus
/
n.磷
yellow phosphorus
黄磷
white phosphorus
白磷
platinum
/
n.白金, 铂
platinum wire
铂丝
potassium
/
n.钾
potassium carbonate
碳酸钾
potassium permanganate
高锰酸钾
precious metal
贵金属
precipitate / n.沉淀
precipitation / n .沉淀
quartz
//
n.石英
radium / n.镭
radon / n.氡
rustless steel 不锈钢
scandium n.钪,元素符号为Sc
schist n.片岩
sediment // n.沉积岩
sedimentary rock / n.沉积岩
selenium // n.硒(元素符号 Se)
sewage treatment
/ 污水处理
shale n.页岩
silica gel
/ 硅胶
silicate
/n.硅酸盐
silicon
/ n.硅, 硅元素
silicon dioxide 二氧化硅
silver
// n.银
silver nitrate solution 硝酸银溶液
slaked lime 熟石灰
soda
n.苏打, 碳酸水
sodium
n. 钠
sodium carbonate 碳酸钠
sodium chloride 氯化钠
sodium hydroxide 氢氧化钠
sodium hypochlorite 次氯酸钠
softening water 软水
steel
/n.钢, 钢铁
sulfuric acid 硫酸
sulfurous acid
亚硫酸
sulphur
/n.硫磺
sulphur dioxide 二氧化硫
sulphur trioxide 三氧化硫
sulphuric acid 硫酸
tail water 废水
temporary hardness
// 暂时硬度
tin
/ n.锡, 马口铁;vt.涂锡于;
adj.锡制的
tip /tip / v.倾倒
titanium
n.钛
town gas n. 民用燃气,民用煤气
toxic
/ adj.有毒的, 中毒的
transition element
过渡元素
tritium
/ n.氚
tungsten
// n.钨
uranium
/n.铀
vanadium
/ n.钒
vanadium(v) oxide 五氧化二钒
water
/n.水
water cycle 水循环
water gas 水煤气
water of crystallization 水结晶
water pollutant 水污染物
water pollution 水污染
water softening 水软化
water treatment 水处理
xenon n.氙(惰性气体的一种,元素
符号Xe)
zincn.锌;vt.涂锌于
zinc block 锌块
phosphoric acid 磷酸
calcium dihydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢钙
sodium dihydrogen phosphate 磷酸二氢钠
sodium hydrogen phosphate 磷酸氢钠
sodium phosphate 磷酸钠
Organic Chemistry 有机化学
acetate / n.醋酸盐
acetic acid / 乙酸, 醋酸
acetic acid ( absolute acetic acid) 无水乙酸
acid derivative / 酸的衍生物
addition n.加,增加, 加法
addition polymer 加聚物
addition polymerization / 加聚反应
addition reaction 加成反应
alcohol n.乙醇
aldehyde / n.醛, 乙醛
alkane /链烷,烷烃
烯烃链烯
alkyne /.炔
alkyl group n.烷基, 烃基;
adj.烷基的, 烃基的
amide / n.氨基化合物
amine n.胺
amino acid 氨基酸
aromatic hydrocarbon / n. 芳香烃
asphalt / n.沥青
Aspirin / n.阿斯匹林(解热镇
痛药), 乙酰水杨酸
benzene / n.苯
bitumen/asphalt n.沥青
branched chain alkane 有支链烷烃
butadiene /n.丁二烯
butane n.丁烷
butene n.丁烯
carbohydrate /n.烃
carbon black 炭黑
carbonyl compound 羰基化合物
carbonaceous n.含碳的
carbonize v.炭化,焦化,使与碳
化合
carboxylic acid // n.羧酸
catalytic cracking /催化裂解
charcoal // n.炭,木炭
CFCs(chlorofluorocarbons) n.氯氟烃
Chloroform // n.氯仿;vt.用氯仿麻醉
chlorophyll / n.[生化]叶绿素
cis isomer / 顺式异构体
citric adj.柠檬的
citric acid 柠檬酸
coal /n.煤
coal tar, coal-tar oil 煤焦油
coal gas 煤气
condensation polymer 缩聚物
condensation reaction 缩聚反应
cracking n.裂化;裂解
cracking (catalytic) 催化裂化
cross link 交联
cross-linking adj.交联的
crude / adj.天然的, 未加工的
n.天然的物质
crude oil n.原油
crust of Earth 地壳
cycloalkane 环烷烃
diesel /n.柴油机
diesel fuel /oil, gas oil
柴油
diol / n.二醇
electrophilic addition 亲电加成反应
electrophile 亲电试剂
elimination reaction 消去反应
empirical formula 实验式
ester n.酯
esterification // n.酯化作用
ethane / n.乙烷
ethanoic acid 乙酸
ethanol (ethyl alcohol) n.乙醇, 酒精
ethane n.乙烯
fats and oils 脂肪和油
fatty/ adj.脂肪的
fatty acid 脂肪酸
fossil n.化石
fossil fuel 化石燃料
fraction n.馏分
fraction of crude oil 原油馏分
fractional distillation 分馏
fractionation / n.分别, 分馏法
free-radical reactions of alkenes 烷烃的自由基反应
functional group 官能团
gasoline n.汽油
general formula 通式
geometric isomer 几何异构体
glucose /
n.葡萄糖
glycerol // n.甘油, 丙三醇
glycerine n.甘油, 丙三醇
haloalkane 卤代烷烃
halogenation / n.卤化
halogenated hydrocarbon 卤代烃
hardening of oils 油的硬化
heptane / n.正庚烷
homologous series 同系物
hydrate / v.水合,水化
n.氢氧化物
hydrocarbon n.烃, 碳氢化合物
hydrogenation // n.加氢,氢化(作用)
hydrogenate v.氢化
hydrolysis / n.水解
isomer n.异构体
isomerism / n.异性
isomery / n.同分异物现象
kerosenen.煤油, 火油
ketone n.酮
lactose n.乳糖
lead free petrol 无铅汽油
linear adj.线的, 直线的,
线性的
lubricate / vt.润滑;v.加润滑油
lubricating oil n.润滑油
macromolecular n.高分子的
macromolecular substance 高分子物质
methane / n.甲烷, 沼气
methanoic acid 甲酸
methanol(methyl alcohol) n.甲醇
molecular formula 分子式
monomer n.单体
monosodium glutamate // 谷氨酸钠
naphtha 石脑油
natural fiber 天然纤维
natural gas 天然气
natural polymer 天然聚合物
nitration / n. 硝化
nucleophile 亲核试剂
nylon / n.尼龙
optical isomer 光化学异构
octane number,(O.N.) / 辛烷值
organic acid 有机酸
organic base 有机碱
organic chemistry 有机化学
organic chlorides 有机氯化物
organic compound 有机化合物
organic solvent 有机溶剂
Paracetamol n.药〉扑热息痛
paraffin wax 石蜡
pentane / n.戊烷
perspex / n.有机玻璃
pesticiden.杀虫剂
petrochemical industry 石油化学工业
petrol n.<英>汽油
(=<美>gasoline)
petrol with lead 含铅汽油
petroleum n.石油
petroleum gas 石油气
phenylamine n.苯胺(=aniline)
plastics n. 塑料
polyamide / n.聚酰胺
polyester / n.聚酯
polymer n.聚合体
polymerization n.聚合
polypeptide / n.[生化]多肽
polyunsaturated fatty acid 聚不饱和脂肪酸
polypropylene 聚丙烯
polystyrene 聚苯乙烯
polythene 聚乙烯
primary /adj.第一位的,原
来的
primary alcohol 一级醇,伯醇
primary amine 一级胺,伯胺
primary haloalkane 一级卤代烃,伯
卤代烃
propane n.丙烷
propanoic acid 丙酸
propanol / n.丙醇
protein n.蛋白质;
adj.蛋白质的
PVC 聚氯乙烯
refinery gas 石油气
reforming // v.重整
residue n.残余, 滓,
滤渣, 剩余物
salicylic adj.得自水杨酸
的, 水杨酸的
salicylic acid 水杨酸
saponification / n.皂化
saturated / adj.饱和的
saturated compound 饱和化合物
saturated fatty acid 饱和脂肪酸
saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃
secondary / adj.次要的,中
级的, 第二的
secondary alcohol 二级醇,仲醇
secondary amine 二级胺,仲胺
secondary haloalkane 二级卤代烃,
仲卤代烃
skeletal formula 键线式
space-filling model 比例模型
soap /n.肥皂
spectroscope /n.[物] 分光镜
starch // n.淀粉
stereoisomer / n.立体异构体
straight chain alkenes 直链烷烃
structural formula 结构式
structural isomers 结构异构体
structure and boiling point 结构和沸点
substitution reaction 取代反应
sulphonation / n.磺化
synthesis / n.综合, 合成
synthetic drug 合成毒品
synthetic fiber 合成纤维
synthetic rubber 合成橡胶
tertiary alcohol / 三级醇,叔醇
tertiary amine 三级胺,叔胺
tertiary haloalkane 三级卤代烃,
叔卤代烃
thermoplastic / adj.热塑性的;
n.热塑性塑料
thermosetting / adj.热硬化性的
thermosetting polymer 热固性聚合物
thermosoftening polymer 热塑性聚合物
trans isomer
反式异构体
triglyceride / n.甘油三酸酯
triol n.三元醇
(如甘油等)
unsaturated compound 不饱和化合物
unsaturated fatty acid 不饱和脂肪酸
unsaturated hydrocarbons 不饱和烃
vinegar n.醋
wax n.石蜡
Units in Calculation 计算
density / n.密度
gramn.克
gram atom 克原子
indicate 表示
joule // n.[物] 焦耳
Kelvin temperature scale // n.[物]绝对温标,
开氏温标
kilojoule // n.千焦
molar mass / 摩尔质量
molar volume 摩尔体积
molarity n.摩尔浓度
mole n.摩尔
number of moles 物质的量
percentage / n.百分数,
百分比
percentage composition 百分组成
relative atomic mass 相对原子质量
relative molecular mass 相对分子质量
stoichiometric equation / n.化学计算等式
stoichiometry 计量
unit n.(计量)单位,
基本单位
Experiments 实验
activated charcoal /活性炭
admix /v.掺和,混合
adsorption /n.吸附
agitate 搅拌
air leakage /漏气
alcohol burner 酒精灯
alcohol-water blend 酒精水溶液
analysis // n.分析, 分解
apparatus // n.器械, 设备,
仪器
apparatus(laboratory apparatus) n.实验仪器
arrangement /n.安排,装置
asbestos, asbestos .石棉
bake / v.烘干
balance /n.天平
balance scale // 天平标尺
balance pan arrest /天平托盘
balance rider /天平游码
balance indicator /天平指针
balance(table balance) 托盘天平
beaker /n.烧杯
blow hole 气孔
boiling flask 烧瓶
bottom product 残留产物
bubble / n.气泡
Bunsen burner 本生灯(即
煤气灯)
Bunsen flask 平底烧瓶
burette /n.滴定管
burette clamp 滴定管夹
burette stand 滴定管架
burn / v.燃烧
burn-up 燃烧,烧尽
bust // v.爆裂,打碎
calcination /n.煅烧
chromatography // n.层析法
clarification / n.澄清,净化
cleaning, wash n.洗涤
colorimeter /色度计
colorimetric analysis 色度分析
combustible gas // 可燃气体
combustion-supporting gas 助燃气体
common salt 食盐
condensation / n.冷凝
condense / v.(使)浓缩
condenser n.冷凝管
conditioner / n.调节者,
调节装置
connecting tube 导管
container 容器,贮存器
crucible pot // 坩埚
crucible tongs // 坩埚钳
crystalline hydrate 结晶水合物
crystallization // n.结晶
water of crystallization 结晶水
deaquation / / n.脱水(作用)
decant /v.轻轻倒出, 移
入其他容器
decanting /n.倾析
dehydration / n.脱水
deliquescence /n.潮解
delivery conduit // 导出管
detonating gas /爆鸣气
dilute /v.稀释;
adj. 稀释的
distil v.蒸馏
distill v.蒸馏
distillate / n.蒸馏液, 馏
出物, 馏分
distillation / n.蒸馏
drain // v.排出(水等);
消耗
dropper /n.滴管
dropping bottle 滴瓶
dry powder 干粉
drying agent 干燥剂
dull / v.使迟钝, 使
阴暗, 缓和
efflorescence, efflorescency / n.风化
evaporate // v.(使)蒸发,
消失
evaporation // n.蒸发
expel /v.排出
explosion / n.爆炸
explosion limit 爆炸极限
expulsion of water / 脱水
filter n.过滤器
v.过滤
filter liquor 滤液
filter off 滤出
filtrate n.滤液v.过滤
filter operation 过滤操作
filtrationv.产生,导致,造成
glass tube // 玻璃管
graduated flask // 量筒,量杯
gravimetric analysis n. 重量分析
heat /hi:t/ v.n.加热
ignition /n.灼烧;点火
spontaneous ignition 自燃
impurity /n.杂质
iron filings /铁屑
ladle /n.药匙,(长柄)勺
light green 浅绿色
lightning // n.点燃
litmus / n.石蕊
litmus paper 石蕊试纸
measuring cylinder /量筒
melting pot 坩埚
mix /miks/ v.混合
observation n.观察, 观测, [pl.] 观察资料(或报告)
operate // v.操作
operation /n.操作
pale /pl/ adj.苍白的, 暗淡的vi.变苍白, 失
色;vt.使变苍白, 使失色
pale green 浅绿色
pipette /n.吸液管
purity /. n.纯度
pure // adj.纯净的
reagent // n.试剂
reagent bottle 试剂瓶
release // v.放出,释放,排放
residue // n.残留物,残渣
retort n.曲颈甑, 曲颈瓶, 蒸器
sampling /n.取样
semi-permeable membrane /半透膜
separating mixtures 混合物分离
smog /n.烟雾
spectrophotometern.分光光度计
stirring rod / 搅拌棒
subduction /n.潜没
sublimate / v.升华; n. 升华物
sublimation / n.升华, 升华物
sublimation point 升华点
sublime / v.(使)升华
test for water 水的测试
test paper 试纸
test solution 试液
test tube 试管
titration n.滴定
titration curve 滴定曲线
titre n浓度测定, 滴定量
uniformity // n.均匀性
unknown solution 未知溶液
universal indicator 通用试剂
U-shape pipe U型管
vessel // n.容器,器皿
vigorously adv.剧烈
volatilization /n.挥发
voltage // n.电压
voltmeter n.伏特计
volume fraction // 体积分数
volumetric analysis 定体积分析
watch glass 表面皿
volumetric flask 容量瓶
weathering n.风化
weigh /wei/ v.称量
weight /weit/ n.砝码
wide neck flask 广口瓶
zero adjustment 零点调整
Part II. Related Sentences 相关句子
1.The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is referred to as the atomic number, or proton number, Z. The number of electrons in an electrically neutral atom is also equal to the atomic number, Z. 原子核内质子的数目即原子序数或称质子数,用Z表示。原子呈电中性,其电子数等于原子序数,等于质子数。
2.What is represented by the symbol AZX is an atomic species called a nuclide of the element X, having an atomic number Z and a mass number A. 符号AZX代表的是元素X的一种核素,其原子序数是Z,质量数为A。
3.It is read as " X having an atomic number Z and a mass number A." or " X with left subscript Z and (left) superscript A" 它读作“原子序数Z、质量数A的X元素”或“左下标为Z、坐上标为A的X元素”。
4.Isotopes of an element are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have the same atomic number but different mass numbers. As they are atoms of the same element, they still have the same chemical properties. 元素的同位素是指具有相同质子数不同中子数的原子。同一元素的同位素有相同的原子序数不同的质量数。因为它们只是同一元素的不同种原子,所以它们具有相同的化学性质。
5.An atom is the smallest particle unique to an element. 原子是元素组成的最小微粒。
6.Atoms have a dense central nucleus containing protons and neutrons, which much lighter electrons move rapidly around the nucleus. 原子内有高密度的原子核,核内包含质子与中子,核外质量轻得多的电子,它绕核作高速运动。
7.Protons are positively charged; neutrons are uncharged; and electrons are negatively charged. 质子带有正电荷,中子不带电荷,而电子带负电荷。
8.Atoms have equal numbers of protons and electrons, so have no net charge. Ions are charged. They can be formed by atoms losing or gaining electrons. Cations are positive ions; anions are negative ions. 由于原子内的质子数与电子数相同,所以原子不带电荷。原子得失电子形成各种离子,离子带电荷。阳离子是带正电荷的离子,阴离子是带负电荷的离子。
9.Elements with the same number of electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms are found to have similar chemical behaviour, e.g. Mg(2,8,2) and Ca(2,8,8,2) are metals which form 2+ ions. 我们发现,原子最外层电子数相同的原子具有相似的化学性质,例如镁(2,8,2)和钙(2,8,8,2)都属于金属,都能形成+2价的离子
10.When such elements are arranged in columns, we get the Periodic Table as we know it today. Elements in the same column are said to be in the same group. Elements in the same row are in the same period. 把这些元素按一个个纵行排列,我们就得到了我们现在所知的周期表。同一纵行里的元素称作同一族元素,同一横行的元素称作一个周期元素。
11.Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties, but elements in the same period have different chemical properties. 同一族元素的化学性质相似,但是同一周期的元素具有不同的化学性质。
12.The larger the circle the higher the energy level. Electrons in the same circle have approximately the same energy. 电子绕核运动越远,能级越高。同一层内的电子有相近的能量。
13.Electrons will fill the lowest energy levels first. Once a stable number of electrons is reached, the next level begins to be filled. 电子首先排满最低能级,只有达到了所需的电子数,才开始排下一级。
14.Electrons at the same electron energy level are also said to be in the same electron shell. 同一电子能级的电子被称作同一电子层的电子。
15.Atoms bond together to obtain a stable number of electrons in their outermost electron shell (the highest energy level that is occupied by electrons). The electrons in the outermost occupied shell are called valence electrons. H2 has been formed because the two H atoms share electrons. The atoms are said to be joined by a covalent bond. A covalent bond is formed between two atoms when the atoms share valence electrons. 原子的最外层达到稳定的电子数目从而使原子间成键(电子占据了原子的最高能级)。在原子最外层共用的电子被称作价电子。两个氢原子共用电子对形成氢分子。我们说这两个原子通过共价键而连接。两个原子共用价电子时就形成一个共价键。
16.This representation of H2 is an example of an electron dot or Lewis Structure. Such a structure shows the arrangement of valence (outer) shell electrons within the molecule. 氢气的这种表示方法就是电子式或称路易斯结构。这种结构表明了分子内外层价电子的排布。
17.Helium does not form He2. The outer shell of a helium atom has the stable number of two electrons; it cannot accommodate any more. 氦原子不形成He2,氦原子的外层已排满了两个电子,不能再排入更多的电子。
18.In the H2 molecule, the two atoms are identical. They have equal attraction for the bonding electrons. The bond is a non-polar (or pure) covalent bond. 在H2分子里,两个原子相同。它们吸引成键电子的能力相同,这样的键是非极性(或纯)共价键。
19.In non-polar covalent bonds the bonding electrons are shared equally by the atoms. 在非极性键里,成键电子被原子均一地共享。
20.In polar covalent bonds the bonding electrons are shared unequally. 在极性键里,成键电子不是均匀分布。
21.In ionic bonds the bonding electrons are completely gained by one atom. 在离子键里,成键电子由一个原子全部获得。
22.Atoms of the same element form non-polar covalent bonds by equal sharing of bonding electrons. 非极性共价键内同一种元素的原子共享成键电子。
23.Atoms of different elements combine to form compounds. Bonding between atoms in a compound is either polar covalent or ionic. 不同元素原子化合形成化合物。化合物内的键不是极性键就是离子键。
24.Covalent bonds between atoms result in molecules. These bonds are intramolecular. 原子间通过共价键形成分子。共价键是属于分子内部的一种作用力。
25.Polar bonds can result in one side of a molecule having a slight positive electrical charge(δ+) ,while the other has a slight negative charge(δ–). Such molecules are called polar molecules. 极性键使得分子的一部分带有部分正电荷,另一部分带有部分负电荷。这种分子称作极性分子。
26.However, the polar bonds in a molecule may be arranged in such a way that the overall molecule does not have a positive side and a negative side. Such molecules are called non-polar molecules. 但是分子内的极性键可以被排布成整个分子不是部分正电荷,部分负电荷。这样的分子称作非极性分子。
27.Molecules with polar bonds can be non-polar if the centre of negative charge coincides with the centre of positive charge. 如果分子内负电荷中心与正电荷中心重合,极性键形成的分子就是非极性的。
28.Methane is a non-polar molecule because the centre of the positive charges on the four hydrogen atoms coincides with the carbon atom which is the centre of negative charge. 甲烷是一个非极性分子,因为四个氢原子的正电荷中心与碳原子的负电荷中心重合。
29.The physical properties of solids give information about both the nature of the particles and the forces between them. These physical properties are melting (and sublimation) point, electrical conductivity, solubility and hardness. 固体的物理性质表明了形成微粒的本质与微粒间的作用力。这些物理性质是熔点(升华温度),导电性,溶解性和硬度。
30.A solid melts when it turns into a liquid. A solid sublimes when it turns into a gas without going through a liquid state. The element ioldine sublimes. 固体融化时就形成液体。当一种固体不经过液态就变成气态,它发生了升华。单质碘发生升华。
31.Melting partially disrupts the forces between particles in a solid and allows particles to flow. Subliming completely disrupts the forces so that particles move independently of each other. 熔化时固体内部的微粒间作用力被部分破坏,使得微粒可以流动。升华则完全破坏了这种作用力,使得微粒可以相互之间自由地运动。
32.Solubility gives information about the polarity of particles in a solid and the strength of the bonds between them. Like dissolves like! 溶解性说明了固体内微粒间的极性与微粒间键的强弱。相似相溶。
33.A crystalline solid is made up of a lattice (regular arrangement) of particles held together by different attractive forces. The four main types of crystalline solids are molecular, ionic, metallic and network solids.晶体是由点阵微粒通过不同吸引力作用形成的。晶体的四大主要类型是:分子晶体,离子晶体,金属晶体和原子晶体。
34.Molecualr solids are made up of molecules or atoms with Van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds holding them together. 分子晶体由分子或原子通过范德华力或氢键形成。
35.Van der Waals forces are the weakest forces which hold particles together. They are easily broken. As these forces act between molecules, they are intermolecular bonds. 范德华力是把微粒连结在一起的最弱的一种力。它们很容易被破坏,因为这种作用力在分子间作用,是分子间的键。
36.Van der Waals are attractive forces between slightly polar molecules. With non-polar molecules, the moving electrons may be nearer to one side for an instant. At that moment, the molecule is polar and can affect another molecule. 范德华力是微极性分子间的吸引力。对于非极性分子,高速运动的电子会在瞬间移向一端,在那时刻,分子是极性的而且可以影响另一个分子。
37.The heavier the molecules the stronger the Van der Waals forces between them. Cl2 is smaller and lighter than Br2, which in turn is smaller and lighter than I2. 分子越重,分子间的范德华力越强。氯分子比溴分子小也轻,溴分子又比碘分子小而轻。
38.Molecular solids with weak Van der Waals forces between molecules: 分子晶体是分子通过分子间弱的范德华力形成:
have low melting points and some sublime (weak forces between molecules) 熔点低,部分升华(分子间弱作用力)
do not conduct electricity ( no charged particles) 不导电(没有带电荷的微粒)
dissolve in non-polar solvents (molecules are non-polar or slightly polar)溶于非极性溶剂(分子是非极性或弱极性)
are easily broken up and can often be cut with a knife ( weak forces between molecules).容易破碎用刀易切(分子内弱作用力)
39.Ionic solids with strong electrostatic attraction between ions: 离子晶体是离子通过强静电吸引力而形成:
have moderately high melting points( strong attraction between ions) 有较高的熔点(离子间强的吸引力)
do not conduct electricity in the solid state( ions held in rigid positions) 固态时不导电(离子被固定在晶格上)
do conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water( dissolved ions move freely) 熔化时或溶于水时能导电(溶解的离子能自由移动)
are more soluble in water than in non-polar solvents( ions are charged particles) 易溶于水,不溶于非极性溶剂(离子是带电荷的微粒)
shatter when hammered (bonds are strictly between neighbouring oppositely charged ions). 敲打易碎(相邻带电离子间的键)
40.Network solids with strong covalent bonding: 原子晶体由强共价键形成:
have very high melting points( strong network of bonds) 有很高的熔点( 强键形成网络)
do not dissolve in any solvent ( no solvent has attractive forces strong enough to break the covalent bonds). 不溶于任何溶剂(没有溶剂有足够强的吸引力可以破坏其中的共价键)。
do not conduct electricity( no charged particles) 不导电(无带电荷微粒)
are extremely hard and brittle( each covalent bond is strong and localised between two atoms). 极其坚固(每个共价键强而且固定于两个原子之间)
41. Metal atoms are packed close together in a lattice. Outer electrons from one atom can move freely to another atom. Metals can be described as a regular array of positive ions in a sea of mobile electrons.金属原子在晶格点阵里紧密堆积。一个原子的外层电子可以自由的运动到另一个原子。金属可以描述为阳离子有规则排布在自由移动电子的海洋中。
42.Metallic bonding results from the attraction of the nucleus of a metal atom for the outer electrons of all its closest neighbours. Because the force is not in any particular direction, metallic bonding is said to be non-directional.金属键即金属原子的核与它周围最近的金属原子的外层电子的吸引力,因为这种力没有任何特殊的方向,所以说金属键是无方向性的。
43.Metallic bonds are relatively strong and mercury is the only metal that is a liquid at room temperature. All other metals are solids. Metals have a wide range of melting points. 金属键相对来说是强的,水银是室温下唯一的液体,所有其他的金属是固体。金属有一个广泛的熔点范围。
44.Metals with relatively strong non-directional metallic bonding: 金属由较强的无方向性的金属键形成:
have fairly high MPs(strong bonds) 有相当高的熔点(强键)
conduct electricity in the solid and liquid states(electrons free to move) 固态液态时导电(电子自由移动)
conduct heat (electrons in heated section pass energy to neighbouring atoms) 导热(已受热区域的电子传递能量给邻近的原子)
are malleable ( bonds non-directional) 具有延展性(键无方向性)
do not dissolve in any solvent ( metallic bonds are too strong to be broken by the attraction of any solvent). 不溶于任何溶剂(金属键太强以致不可能被任何溶剂的吸引力而破坏)
45.Graphite is made up of sheets of covalently bonded carbon atoms. In a sheet, each carbon atom is bonded to three others in linked six-carbon rings. The atoms are all in the same plane. Weak Van der Waals forces hold the sheets together. 石墨由多层共价碳原子组成。每层中,每个碳原子与另外三个原子成键形成六圆环。所有这些原子都在同一个平面上,层与层之间通过范德华力而连接。
46.Each carbon atom uses three of its four outer electrons to form covalent bonds like those in diamond. Those bonds are strictly between the bonded atoms. The remaining electron is in another type of covalent bond and is free to move throughout the graphite network. 每个碳原子利用四个外层电子中的三个来形成共价键,就象金刚石一样。那些键在成键原子间稳定存在成键原子中。剩余的电子则参与另一种共价键,自由地运动在石墨中。
47.The atoms of the noble gas elements all have a stable number of elctrons in their outermst shells, so they tend to be unreactive. The stable number of electrons is two for helium and eight for all the other elements. 稀有气体单质的原子的外层电子都达到了稳定结构的数目,所以它们都趋于不活泼。氦的电子稳定数目是2,其他元素都是8。
48.Inorganic chemistry deals with the chemistry of all elements and compounds except for carbon compouns. However, the chemistry of some carbon compounds such as carbon dioxide and carbonates is regarded as inorganic chemistry. 无机化学是研究所有元素及其化合物,除碳的化合物。但是碳的化合物象二氧化碳和碳酸盐还属于无机化学。
49.A period is a row of elements across the Periodic Table. Period 2 is the row of elements from Li to Ne. Period 3 consists of the row of elements from Na to Ar. 一个周期是在周期表中每一横行的元素。第二周期是从锂到氖的一系列元素。第三周期是指从钠到氩的一系列元素。
50.Period 3 elements will be studied to illustrate how the properties of elements change with their position along a period. 我们将以第三周期元素来研究元素在一周期里随着位置的变化而发生性质的变化。
51.Across a period, the number of positively charged protons in the nuclei of the atoms increases. Similarly, the number of negatively charged electrons moving around the nuclei of the atoms increases across a period, but the additional electrons are all located in the same electron energy level or shell. 在一个周期里,原子的核电荷数和核外电子数递增,但是另外的电子都排布在同一电子能级或电子层中。
52.The properties of elements change across a period because the increasing attraction of the nucleus for outer shell electrons outweighs the forces of repulsion between the increasing number of electrons.在一个周期里随着核对外层电子的吸引力超过了电子之间的斥力的作用,元素的性质发生变化。
53.An element, ion or compound undergoes oxidation by gaining oxygen, or by losing electrons. 一种单质,离子或是化合物得氧,或是失电子,就发生了氧化反应。
54.In gaining oxygen, a substance loses electrons or a share of electrons. Losing electrons results in the charge on an atom or ion getting more positive. 一种物质得氧时会失去电子或是电子对偏移, 失去电子使得原子或离子所带电荷偏正。
55.The addition of oxygen to aluminium is an example of oxidation. The reaction is therefore an oxidation reaction. Alumiium is said to be have been oxidised. 铝得氧就是一个氧化反应的例子.既然这是一个氧化反应,所以说铝被氧化了。
56.Oxygen caused the aluminium to be oxidised. Oxygen is therefore an oxidant or oxidising agent. 氧气使得铝被氧化,所以说氧气是一种氧化剂。
57.Any reaction which results in the removal of oxygen from a compound or ion is called a reduction reaction. In the reaction below oxygen is removed form aluminium oxide by electrolysis to give aluminium. Aluminium oxide is said to have been reduced. 2Al2O3(s)→4Al(s)+3O2(g) 任何一个有化合物或离子失氧的反应就是一个还原反应.在下面的反应2Al2O3(s)→4Al(s)+3O2(g) 中,通过电解的方法氧化铝失氧形成铝,我们说,氧化铝被还原。
58.Oxidation can be regarded as the addition of oxygen to form an ion or compound. Reduction can be regarded as the removal of oxygen to form an element, ion or compound. 氧化反应可以看作是得氧形成离子或是化合物,还原反应则是失氧形成原子、离子或是化合物。
59.Oxidation can be regarded as the loss of electrons(increase in charge) from an atom in an element, ion or compound. Reduction can be regarded as the gain of electrons (decrease in charge) by an atom in an element, ion or compound. 氧化反应是从一种原子、离子或化合物中失去电子(电荷增大)的过程,还原反应是从一种原子、离子或化合物中得到电子(电荷减小)的过程.
60.Oxidation can also be regarded as an increase in the oxidation number of an atom in an element, ion or compound. 氧化反应中原子、离子或化合物中得原子的化合价升高。
61.Reduction can be regarded as a decrease (reduction) in the oxidation number of an atom in an element, ion or compound. 还原反应中原子、离子或化合物中得原子的化合价降低。
62.The extended definitions of oxidation and reduction are given below.氧化反应和还原反应的广义定义如下:
oxidation gaining oxygen losing electrons increase in oxidation number
reduction losing oxygen gaining electrons decrease in oxidation number
氧化反应 得氧
失电子
氧化数升高
还原反应 失氧
得电子
氧化数降低
63.Examples Working Out Oxidation Numbers 计算氧化数的例子
Example1 Find the oxidation number of Ca in CaSO4 算出硫酸钙中钙元素的氧化数
Applying the Rules 1. Is the atom in an element? No. 应用规则1,它是单质中的原子吗?不是
2. Is the atom in one of the groups listed in Rule 2? Yes, the atom is in Group 2. 它是规则2中的一种原子吗?是,它是第二族中的一种原子。
Answer: +2 oxidation number. 答案:氧化数是+2价。
64.If oxidation take place in a reaction , reduction must occur at the same time. Such a reactions known as an oxidation-reduction reaction or redox reaction. 如果一个反应中有氧化反应,同时必定有还原反应发生,像这样的反应称作氧化还原反应。
65.If an element forms a compound, it must have changed its oxidation number. The reaction must be an oxidation-reduction reaction. 如果一种单质形成一种化合物, 其氧化数一定变化,它必定是发生了氧化还原反应。
66.Under conditions of room temperature and pressure, sulfuric acid is neither an oxidant nor a reductant. Hydrochloric acid is a reductant (Cl( is oxidised to chlorine) while nitric acid is an oxidant (NO3( is reduced to various oxides of nitrogen, eg, brown NO2 gas) 常温常压下,硫酸既不是氧化剂也不是还原剂,浓盐酸是一种还原剂(氯离子被氧化成氯气)而硝酸是一种氧化剂(硝酸根离子被还原成氮的各种氧化物,例如二氧化氮气体)。
67.An atom is oxidised when it gains oxygen or loses electrons or when its oxidation number increases. 当它得氧或失电子或是其氧化数升高,该原子就是被氧化了。
68.An atom is reduced when it loses oxygen or gains electrons or when it oxidation number decreases. 当他失氧或是得电子或是其氧化数降低,该原子就是被还原了。
69.An oxidant or oxidising agent accepts electrons from another substance. A reductant or reducing agent donates electrons to another substance. 氧化剂从另一种物质获得电子,还原剂提供给另一种物质电子。
70.The solubility of the hydroxides increases as the elements get heavier. Magnesium hydroxide is less soluble than calcium hydroxide(limewater). 随着元素的质量增加, 氢氧化物的溶解度逐渐减小. 氢氧化镁的溶解度小于氢氧化钙(石灰水)。
71.Any solid that dissolves in water will give a clear solution. Light is able to pass through the solution in a test tube. A solution of common salt is colourless and clear, just like water. A solution of copper sulfate is blue and clear. 任何可溶于水的固体都可以得到一种澄清的溶液.光线可以通过试管内的溶液, 食盐溶液就象水一样是无色澄清的, 硫酸铜溶液是蓝色澄清的。
72.Some compounds are insoluble in water. They are powdery solids which prevent light passing through.有些化合物不溶于水,它们的粉末阻碍了光的通过。
73.An insoluble solid which forms when a raction occurs between ions which were in solution is called a precipitate(ppt). If the solid which forms is like broken-up jelly, then it described as a gelatinous precipitate. 当水溶液中离子之间反应生成了不溶的固体,这种不溶物称作沉淀. 如果这种固体形成胶状固体,我们称其为胶状沉淀。
74.The sodium ions Na+ were dissolved in the solution at the beginning of the reaction and are still there in solution at the end. So are the Cl- ions. These ions were not involved in the reaction. They do not need to be written in the equation for the reaction. Chemists call them spectator ions. 钠离子在反应初始是溶于水,反应结束时也溶于水,氯离子也是如此,这些粒子不包括在反应中,不需要在反应方程式中书写出它们,所以化学家称其为旁观离子,不参加反应的离子。
75.From now on, spectator ions will not be written in chemical equations. 从现在开始,不参加反应的离子不写在化学方程式中。
76.The percentage composition of a substance gives the mass of each component in 100 grams of that substance. 物质的百分组成给出100克那种物质中每一成分的质量。
77.The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest ratio of the different atoms present. 化合物的实验式给出了分子内不同原子的最简比。
78.As the formula for an ionic compound just states the ratio of atoms present, the formula is the empirical formula. 因为离子化合物的分子式只说明了所存在原子的比例,所以这个分子式是实验式。
79.The molecular formula gives the actual numbers of the different atoms present in a molecule. For example, the molecular formula for ethane C2H6 indicates that each molecule consists of 2 carbon atoms and 6 hydrogen atoms. 分子式给出一个分子内不同原子的实际数目,例如, 乙烷的分子式说明了每个分子含两个碳原子,六个氢原子。
80.The molecular formula of a compound can be found if its empirical formula and molar mass M are known. 如果一种化合物的实验式和分子量M已知,它的分子式就可以求得。
81.% composition gives the masses of different atoms in 100 g of a compound. The empirical formula gives the simplest ratio of atoms in the compound. The molecular formula gives the actual number of atoms in a moleucle. 化合物的百分组成给出了100克分子内不同原子的质量. 实验式给出了化合物内原子的最简比.分子式给出了分子内实际的原子数目。