Week 4Week 4Week 4Week 4

Writing Correct and Appropriate Writing Correct and Appropriate SentencesSentences

3. Conclusion (结束语）• A concluding sentence may sum up what has been sai

d by restating the controlling idea.• It may also suggest a solution to the problem stated i

n the paragraph, or ask a question.• To say what is going to happen as a result of the situa

tion described in the body part is another way to end a paragraph.

• A paragraph may end naturally without a concluding sentence.

范例： 3. Conclusion ( 结束语）

Sample1: So, if parents really want their children to succe

ed in school, they need to pay attention to their children’s studies and encourage them.

Sample 2: Parents who want their children to do their bes

t in school must support and pay attention to them.

• III. Revising and Editing

Lecture 4Lecture 4Lecture 4Lecture 4

Writing Correct and Appropriate Writing Correct and Appropriate SentencesSentences

Part I: Types of Sentences

• 1. Classified according to function:

• Declarative Sentence Mary came home late last night.• Interrogative Sentence Did Mary come home late last night?• Imperative Sentence Don’t come home late last night.• Exclamatory Sentence How pretty the girl is!

Classified According to structure:• simple sentence; （简单句）• compound sentence; （并列句）• complex sentence ; （复合句）• compound-complex sentence （并列、复合句）

Simple sentences:S+V• He did not study.• He and his brother did not study .• He stepped off the stone and walked

towards the beach. • John and his wife went to town and bough

t some flowers yesterday* A simple sentence has only one subject and one verb. But the subje

ct may be compound, so is the verb.Try to avoid to use them more often in your academic writing.

Compound sentences:

• A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses. They are closely related and equally important in meaning ，and they are often rendered in coordination by a conjunction ， the semicolon ， or the comma together with a conjunction ．

* 至少包含两个主句，由一个并列连接词、一个连接副词或只有一个分号连接。并列句是非常基础句型。 不过最好节约使用并列连接句。相反，可使用同样意义的连接副词或更复杂的句型。

For example:• He was tired ,so he went to bed. (SV, so SV.)• He was tired, as a result, he went to bed. (SV, as a result, SV.)• He was stressed out; he could not take the pressure. (SV; SV.)• I was scared, yet I was also curious about the old lady. (yet) • George’s father is an American and his mother is a Canadia

n ． (SV and SV.)• Jack is short ， but his wife is tall ． (SV butSV.)

并列句连词的过渡 I Transitions I• 并列连词 连接副词 for (to indicate meaning) ----------- and in addition, furthermore, moreover neither, nor ----------- but however, on the other hand either, or otherwise yet nevertheless so as a result, therefore, thus

A complex sentence also has two or more clauses• but there must be at least one independent claus

e with one or more dependent clauses ， are only its elements ．

• The independent clause is called the main clause ，( 主句） while the dependent clause is called subordinate clauses ．（从句）

• The subordinate clause may be the subject ， object ， complement ， adverbial ， etc ． of the main clause ．

Complex Sentences:1 ） Suordinate adjective clauses: ( 形容词性 / 定语从句）Eg. The person who just called is my father.2) Suordinate adverbial clauses: （状语从句 )Eg. After you proofread, hand the paper in.3 ） Noun clauses ( 名词性从句 , 作动词的主语或宾语）Eg. I don’t know where I should put the comma. We know that we are excellent students. * 复合句式学术写作的首选句型，至少包括一个主句和一个从句。

从句给主句提供具体信息，主句的意思完整，而从句的意思则不完整。这意味着主句可以是完整的句子，而从句不一定是。

过渡 II Transitions II并列连词 连接副词 主从连词 for (to indicate meaning) ----------- because since so that

and in addition, just as…so furthermore, moreoveneither, nor ----------- -------but however, although on the other hand even though nevertheless whereas in contrast while

并列连词 连接副词 主从连词either, or otherwise -------- yet however although on the other hand even though nevertheless in contrast so as a result --------- therefore thus consequently

For example• The teacher was angry because Tom was late for c

lass a third time on that same day. (subordinate clause as adverbial)• Tom explained that he did not feel very well that d

ay ． (subordinate clause as object)• The reason was that he was ill that day ． (subordinate clause as complement)• It was finally clear that Tom went late for class be

cause of his illness ． (subordinate clause as subject)

A compound ,complex sentence: When one of the coordinated clauses in a compound s

entence has its own subordinate clause, the compound sentence is also a compound-complex one at the same time.

They watched television and enjoyed themselves a lot in making comments on it ， and I didn’t read a page for the whole night because their noise repeatedly interrupted me.

Compound-complex Sentences:1) Because he was sleepy, he put away his homewor

k, and he went to bed. 2) If it snows too heavily, the streets get slippery, and

the buses do not run.3 ） Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thin

king skills, and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric 一知半解的，” receives low marks.

分析 3) 的句子结构

主句： Shallow writing is indicative of weak critical-thinking skills. ( 简单句 )

and such writing, which is often described as “sophomoric ，” receives low marks. ( 并列句）、 ( 复合句）

从句： which is often described as “sophomoric （非限定定语从句）