wendt preprint

8/9/2019 Wendt Preprint

1/31

!"#erei'n)* and )he /01"#e%a'(er *e'(t !"# %"&' ()*)# +,&-#./&)0,ay.o'( 012a## +,&-#./&)0 '1 2&,,#/')*3o(er' 4o2ere56'ty 54 a't7ro8oce'tr5c: co'4t5t1te( a'( or6a'5;e(


2/31

co'4t5t1te( a'( or6a'5;e( "'t7ro8oce'tr5c 4o2ere56'ty .567t 4ee. 'ece44aryS after a##: A7o e#4e: Dor .5##e''5a Qat1rea'( t7e 6o(4 Aere t7o167t to 7a2e ca14a# 8oAer4 a'( 41


3/31

t75'B Io( 54 'ece44ary to e%8#a5' Qat1reh4 co.8#e%5ty> Fet: 41c7 c7a##e'6e4 (o 'ot t7reate' t7e8r5'c58#e t7at /'-#.#&3,)0D t7e ca8ac5ty to (ec5(e t7e 'or. a'( e%ce8t5o' to 5t: .14t 'ece44ar5#y *5t7 re48ect to4o2ere56'ty: at#ea4t: a't7ro8oce'tr54. 54 taBe' to 3o(er' 4y4te.4 of r1#e are a


4/31

87e'o.e'o' of t7e C'5(e't5f5e( D#y5'6 E


5/31

4tate4Na## Te]!"of t7e.N7a2e


6/31

re8ort4>TcH754 #ea(5'6 ro#e of t7e 4tate (54t5'61547e4 CDE4 fro. ot7er a'o.a#5e4: 4c5e't5f5cre454ta'ce to A75c7 54 ty85ca##y e%8#a5'e( 4oc5o#o65ca##y>T_CDE (e'5a# a88ear4 to


7/31

a'( #ea2e e25(e'ceVTfSeco'(: 4tate4 4ee. ea6er to L4ec1r5t5;eM a## .a''er of t7reat4 to t7e5r4oc5et5e4 or t7e5r r1#e>TeSec1r5t5;at5o' ofte' e'a: (#79.&)0C > G#T 5.*=#T'.R 1'. >,*W] Qa'cy H1a'a: Lbo.5'6 to C'(er4ta'(P Er6a4. a'( t7e G854te.o#o6y of @6'ora'ce:M A08*)&* Te ^W]]Y`P TeYOWXWSa'( H1a'a: LH7e S8ec1#1. of @6'ora'ce:M A08*)&* WT ^W]]_`P TOTe>WT Dor t7e #atter 4ee e48ec5a##y ,o' *e4tr1.: LSoc5a# @'te##56e'ce a


8/31

4o2ere56' coerc5o' t7a' t7ro167 WW @' t754#5MWYH7e CDE co.8e#4 (ec545o'


9/31

o8e' t7e GH 8o445 \1t for 7er t7e 456'5f5ca'ce of t754 56'ora'ce 54 to e%e.8#5fy t7e8o4t.o(er' ;:97)&',/ ^daAre'ceP C'52er45ty [re44 of ga'4a4: W]]]`>Wa Ua Dor a 8ro2ocat52e cr5t5K1e of .et7o(o#o65ca#at7e54. 4ee 0o16#a4 [or8ora: L3et7o(o#o65ca# "t7e54.: 3et7o(o#o65ca# "6'o4t5c54.: a'( ,e#565o14 G%8er5e'ce:M?'9.,*< 1'. )"# !"#'.0 '1 ('7&*< B#"*-&'9. X_ ^W]]_`P caOac>


10/31

t7at (5a#o65ca# 8ote't5a# 54 to co'45(er t7e rea#5ty of t7e CDE 5t4e#f>WfDa5#1re to (o 4o .ere#yreaff5r.4 t7e CDE ta@' fore6ro1'(5'6 t7e rea#54t .o.e't 5' o1r a'a#y454 Ae .ea' 'ot to forec#o4e * 8.&'.& t7e8o4455r"#in' 1ur >'n"ranceE1r ar61.e't 54 t7at CDE 56'ora'ce 54 8o#5t5ca# rat7er t7a' 4c5e't5f5c> Ho .ot52ate t754ar61.e't: 7oAe2er: Ae f5r4t 'ee( to cr5t5K1e CDE L4Be8t5c54.M a4 4c5e'ce>XT

Sc5e'ce (er52e4 5t4a1t7or5ty fro. 5t4 c#a5. to (54co2er:


11/31

'o'e ?14t5f5e4 re?ect5o' of t7e GH 7y8ot7e454 ^GHU`> @'(ee(: t7ey (o 'ot co.e c#o4e>XW@t 54 ,')B'oA': 4c5e't5f5ca##y: t7at CDE4 are 'ot GH4: a'( to re?ect t7e GHU 54 t7erefore to r54B a Hy8e @@error 5' 4tat54t5c4: or re?ect5'6 a tr1e e%8#a'at5o'> Ef co1r4e: t754 (oe4 'ot .

ea' t7at CDE4 areGH4: e5t7er ^5'25t5'6 a Hy8e @ error`: C41a##y t7e f5r4t o


12/31

for.4P 6ro1'( trace4: e#ectroO.a6'et5c 5'terfere'ce A5t7 a5rcraft a'( .otor 2e75c#e4: 87oto6ra874a'( 25(eo4: a'( ra(ar 4567t5'64 #5Be t7e \e#65a' DOT_ ca4e> S1c7 a'o.a#5e4 ca''ot "#t7o167 a## o D5r4t: te4t5.o'y 47o1#( 'ot X_@' H75r(: 4o.e of t7e4e8eo8#e Aere Le%8ert A5t'e44e4M Nc525#5a' a'( .5#5tary 85#ot4: a5r traff5c co'tro##er4: a4tro'a1t4:a4tro'o.er4: a'( ot7er 4c5e't54t4> D5'a##y: 4o.e of t754 te4t5.o'y 54 corro @t (oe4 'otAarra't acce8ta'ce e5t7er: X_ [eter d58to': LH7e G854te.o#o6y of He4t5.o'y:M ()9:/ &, A&/)'.0 *,: I"&


13/31

?>) CanD) Be 9rueBI52e' t7e 5'co'c#1452e'e44 of t7e e.85r5ca# recor(: CDE 4Be8t5c54. 1#t5.ate#y re4t4 o' a'* 8.&'.& t7eoret5ca# co'25ct5o' t7at GH 2545tat5o' 54 5.8o445MSBe8t5c4 offer fo1r .a5' ar61.e't4 to t754 effect>

WE# *.# * doAer 48ee(4 5.8o4e a te.8ora# co'4tra5't o' GH 2545tat5o'P at >]]T 8erce't of #567t48ee(: or __:e_] .5#e4 8er 7o1rNa#rea(y far U567er 48ee(4: 5' t1r': 5.8o4e a co4tXa 35c7ae# broAe: !"# J6).*)#..#/).&*< K&1# Q#;*)#D 1Z[\-1^\\ ^ba. Xe St1art ga1ff.a': >) A'=# &, )"# +,&-#./# ^E%for(: CgP E%for( C'52er45ty [re44: Teec`>


14/31

a'( e'er6y co'4tra5'tP to a88ro%5.ate #567t 48ee( a 48ace4758 Ao1#( 'ee( to 14e.ore e'er6yt7a' 54 8re4e't#y co'41.e( 5' a' e't5re year o' Gart7>[7y45ca# co'4tra5't4 o' 5'terO4te##ar tra2e# are ofte' 4ee' a4 t7e 1#t5.ate rea4o' to re?ectt7e GHU: YT Ste87e' *e


15/31

8re4er2e>YYEr: GH4 .567t D5'a##y: e2e' 71.a'4 .567t 'ot #a'( o' t7e*75te Uo14e #aA'> @' t7e 8o81#ar 4c5e'ce f5ct5o' 47oA ()*. !.#RD t7e De(erat5o'

.a5'ta5'4 a8o#5cy of L'o'O5'terfere'ceM toAar( #oAer #5fe for.4S .567t 'ot rea# 48aceOfar5'6 71.a'4 a(o8t a45.5#ar 8o#5cyV *7ate2er t7e a'4Aer: (e


16/31

2n)hr"3"cen)rism and /01 >'n"rance"1t7or5tat52e 5'454te'ce o' B'oA5'6 t7e CDE o'#y t7ro167 56'ora'ce 54 'ece445tate(


17/31

.aBe4 5t4 41


18/31

a#Aay4 8ote't5a##y t7ere: e2e' A7e' 'ot act1a##y 5' force: 8er.a'e't#y co'ta.5'at5'6 t7e #aA> E't7e ot7er 7a'(: t7e 4tate of e%ce8t5o' a#4o McT@' 4ay5'6 t754 Sc7.5tt e.87a45;e4 4o2ere56'tyh4 o.'58ote'ce: 5f'ot to rea#5;e 5t4 5'te't5o'4 t7e' at #ea4t to (ec5(e t7e.> UoAe2er: e2e' Sc7.5t

t reco6'5;e4 t7at4o2ere56' (ec545o' 54 'ot #5tera##y a .5rac#e: cWH7reat4 ca' t7e' taBe tAo for.4:c] Sc7.5tt: I'


19/31

87y45ca# t7reat4 to #5fe a'( o'to#o65ca# t7reat4 to 5(e't5ty or 4oc5a# ^@' t754 re48ect 5t .atter4 6reat#y t7at H7ey .567t "'y e%ter5or5ty t7atreK15re( 41 State4 are e'a


20/31

Ao1#( 4ee. cy'5ca##y to \eca14e 5t #ea2e4 87y45ca# trace4 5t ca'cY\eca14e t7e co'te.8orary ca8ac5ty toco..a'( 8o#5t5ca# #oya#ty a'( re4o1rce4 (e8e'(4 18o' 5t: t7e a441.8t5o' of a't7r

o8oce'tr54..14t "4 a co'(5t5o' oft7e5r oA' 4o2ere56'ty: t7erefore: UoA 54 t754 (o'eV So2ere56' (ec545o' 54 'o 7e#8: 45'ce .o(er' 4o2ere56'ty ca' o'#y5'4ta't5ate a' a't7ro8oce'tr5c .eta87y45c: 'ot 4te8 o1t45(e to (ec5(e t7e e%ce8t5o' to 5t> So 7ere.o(er' 4o2ere56'ty .14t 652e Aay to 6o2er'.e'ta#5ty: or a1t7or5tat52e 8roce(1re4 to .aBea't7ro8oce'tr54. LB'oA'M a4 fact> @' co'tra4t to 8a4t 8roce44e4 of 'or.a#5;at5o'

5' A75c7 t7e2545o'4 of 47a.a'4 or 4eer4 Aere taBe' to


21/31

4166e4t5o' 145'6 0err5(ah4 co'ce8t of L1'(ec5(a


22/31

c7aracter of t7e CDEh4 1'(ec5(a


23/31

" (5ffere't 8ro E'ce f5erce#y co'te4te(: t7e 'ot5o' t7at Io( ca' S5'ce Io( 54 'ot 8ote't5a##y a 4c5e't5f5c

o


24/31

4oc5o#o65ca# re454ta'ce to 4ee5'6 CDE4:


25/31

.o(er' 4o2ere56'h4 ca8ac5ty to (ec5(e 5t4 4tat14 a4 e%ce8t5o': t7e CDE ca''ot


26/31

E'e .567t (54t5'61547 at #ea4t fo1r 41c7 tec7'5K1e4P ^T` a1t7or5tat52e re8re4e'tat5o'4: #5Bet7e C>S> "5r Dorceh4 c#a5. t7at CDE4 are L'ot a 'at5o'a# 4ec1r5ty t7reat:M_at7e 8ortraya# of1fo#o6y a4 84e1(oO4c5e'ce: a'( t7e 4c5e'ce f5ct5o'a#5;at5o' of CDE4 5' t7e .e(5aS ^W` off5c5a#

5'K15r5e4: #5Be t7e Te_e bo'(o' ,e8ort: A75c7 7a2e t7e a88eara'ce of _f See 'ote TW a _e [eter Ia#54o': L,e.o25'6 g'oA#e(6e:M H.&)&7*< F,S9&.0 XT ^W]]Y`P WWeOYX> E' CDE 4ecrecy: 4ee e48ec5a##y0o#a': +5%/ *,: )"# G*)&',*< (#79.&)0 ()*)#S a'(: for t7e off5c5a# 25eA: Iera#(Ua5'e4: Lb@"h4 ,o#e 5' t7e St1(y ofCDE4: TeYaOTee]:M F,)#=#.&7*S a'( JacB \rat5c7: L3aB5'6 [o#5t5c4 ,ea4o'a


27/31

Resis)ance*e 7a2e ca##e( o1r4 a Lcr5t5ca#M t7eory: 5' t7at 5t re4t4 o' a 'or.at52e a441.8t5o' t7at t7e#5.5t4 of .o(er' r1#e 47o1#( @' t7e 8re4e't co'te%t t754 .ea'4 t7at71.a' H7eory .ay


28/31

5'2e4t56at5o'4 of 4e#ecte( ca4e4: of A75c7 t7e Dre'c7 acB'oA#e(6e Wc 8erce't a41'e%8#a5'e(>aXI52e' t7at 4ecrecy 54 o'#y a co't5'6e't feat1re of t7e CDE taH7e B5'( of re454ta'ce t7at ca' c'e4O6e58a'>fr> H7e Wc 8erce't f561re 54 co.8ara


29/31

5'te##56e't 8re4e'ce .567t @' t754 re48ect .5#5ta't CDEa6'o4t5c54. 54 aB5' to ot7er for.4 of re454ta'ce to 6o2er'.e'ta#5tyS 7oAe2er: A7erea44o2ere56'ty 7a4 fo1'( Aay4 of (ea#5'6 A5t7 t7e.: t7e CDE .ay re2ea# a' "c75##e47ee#> d5Be"c75##e4: t7e .o(er' 4o2ere56' 54 a Aarr5or A7o4e f1'ct5o' 54 to 8rotectN5' t754 ca4e: fro.t7reat4 to t7e 'or.> C'#5Be co'2e't5o'a# t7reat4: 7oAe2er: t7e CDE t7reate'4 71.a'4h ca8ac5ty to(ec5(e t7o4e t7reat4: a'( 4o ca''ot Ho A7at e%te't t7at Ao1#(


30/31

2u)h"rsD @")eK *e are 6ratef1# to a' 1'141a##y #ar6e '1.


31/31

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