weve eng101 ss15 parallelism misplaceddanglingmods peerreviewargument
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PARALLELISMMISPLACED & DANGLING MODIFIERS
PEER REVIEW ARGUMENT ANALYSIS
Eng 101 SS15
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What is Parallelism?
Using the same pattern of words to show that two
or more ideas have the same importance
Patterns fall into four areas:
Words and phrases
Forms
Clauses Lists
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Parallelism – Words & Phrases
Do not mix patterns with the –ing form (gerund) ofwords:
I like playing baseball, reading about sports, and
tacos.
I like playing baseball, reading about sports, and
eating tacos.
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Parallelism – Words & Phrases
Do not mix patterns of infinitive phrases.
Mary likes to shop, to read, and jogging.
Mary likes to shop, to read, and to jog.
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Parallelism – Words & Phrases
Balance parallel ideas presented as pairsEither…or neither…nor
not only…but also both…and whether…or
The teacher not only wants his students to keep quiet butalso to do the task.
The teacher wants his students not only to keep quiet butalso to do the task.
Thomas Edison was not only a prolific inventor but alsowas a successful entrepreneur.
Omit the second was
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Parallelism – Forms
Do not mix forms.The teacher said that he was a poor student because he
waited until the last minute to study for the exam,
completed his lab problems in a careless manner,
and his motivation was low.
The teacher said that he was a poor student because he
waited until the last minute to study for the exam,
completed his lab problems in a careless manner,and lacked motivation.
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Parallelism – Clauses
A parallel structure that begins with clauses must continueusing clauses.
The salesman expected that he would present his product
at the meeting, that there would be time for him to showhis slide presentation, and questions would be asked byprospective buyers.
The salesman expected that he would present his productat the meeting, that there would be time for him to showhis slide presentation, and that prospective buyers wouldask him questions.
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Parallelism – Clauses
Repeat function words to clarify parallels By, to, that, because
Our study revealed that left-handed students were
more likely to have trouble with classroom desksand rearranging desks for exam periods was useful.
Our study revealed that left-handed students weremore likely to have trouble with classroom desksand that rearranging desks for exam periods wasuseful.
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Parallelism – Lists
Be sure to keep all the elements in a list in the sameform.
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to find
word meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings,
and looking up irregular verbs.
The dictionary can be used for these purposes: to findword meanings, pronunciations, correct spellings,
and irregular verbs.
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Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers
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Misplaced & Dangling Modifiers
Modifiers are words that describe other words ina sentence
Modifiers should be near the words they modify
Linda saw the White House flying over Washington, D.C.
Flying over Washington, D.C., Linda saw the White House.
Trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off the path.
While I was trying to eat a hot dog, my bike swerved off
the path.
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Put limiting modifiers in front of the
words they modify Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly,just
These should appear in front of a verb only ifthey modify the verb
At first, I couldn’t even touch my toes, much less graspthem.
If they limit the meaning of some other word inthe sentence, they should be placed in front ofthat word.
The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.
The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.
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Put limiting modifiers in front of the
words they modify Limiting modifiers = only, even, almost, nearly, just
These should appear in front of a verb only if they
modify the verb
At first, I couldn’t even touch my toes, much less grasp them. If they limit the meaning of some other word in the
sentence, they should be placed in front of that word.
The cathedral almost took six centuries to complete.
The cathedral took almost six centuries to complete.
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Put limiting modifiers in front of the
words they modify If you just interview chemistry majors, your picture of the
student body’s response to the new grading policies will beincomplete.
We are only interviewing as opposed to any other options
If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student body’s response to the new grading policies will beincomplete.
We are only dealing with chemistry majors
If you interview just chemistry majors, your picture of the student body’s response to the new grading policies will beincomplete.
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Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at
a glance what they modify
The soccer player returned to the clinic where he had
undergone emergency surgery in 2004 in a limousine
sent by Adidas.
He had surgery in a limousine??? Traveling in a limousine sent by Adidas, the soccer
player returned to the clinic where he had undergone
emergency surgery in 2004
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Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at
a glance what they modify
There are many pictures of comedians who have
performed at Gavin’s on the walls.
The comedians are performing on the walls?
On the walls are many pictures of comedians whohave performed at Gavin’s.
The robber was described as a six-foot-tall man with a
heavy mustache weighing 170 pounds. That’s a heavy mustache!!!
The robber was described as a 170-pound, six-foot-tall
man with a heavy mustache.
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Place phrases and clauses so that readers can see at
a glance what they modify
A squinting modifier leads to ambiguity
The exchange students we met for coffee occasionally
questioned us about our latest slang.
Did they meet occasionally? Or did the questioninghappen occasionally?
The exchange students we occasionally met for coffee
questioned us about our latest slang. The exchange students we met for coffee questioned
us occasionally about our latest slang.
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Move awkwardly placed modifiers
A sentence should flow from subject to verb to
object without lengthy detours along with way
Upset by the bad call, a hot-tempered tennis
player who charged the umpire and tried to crackthe poor man's skull with a racket, the crowd
cheered Robbie.
Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie,
a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the
umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull
with a racket.
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Avoid awkward split infinitives
Infinitive = to plus base form of a verb (to think)
Split infinitive = modifier between to and verb (to
carefully balance, to completely understand)
When a long word or phrase appears betweenparts of the infinitive, result is usually awkward
The patient should try to if possible avoid going up and
down stairs. If possible, the patient should try to avoid going up and
down stairs.
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Dangling Modifiers
Modifier fails to refer logically to any word in thesentence
Understanding the need to create checks and
balances on power, the Constitution divided thegovernment into three branches.
The document understood the need for checks
and balances?
Understanding the need to create checks and
balances on power, the framers of the Constitution
divided the government into three branches.
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Where vs. When
April the first is known as All Fools’ Day ______
people play practical jokes on each other.
The pound _____ Bella found me is in Kittanning.
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Which Vs. That
Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.
Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit
forgiveness.
There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.
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Which Vs. That
Gems _____ sparkle often elicit forgiveness.
Restrictive Clause — That
A restrictive clause is just part of a sentence that youcan't get rid of because it specifically restricts some
other part of the sentence.
Here's an example: The words that sparkle restrict thekind of gems you're talking about. Without them, the
meaning of the sentence would change. Without them,you'd be saying that all gems elicit forgiveness, not justthe gems that sparkle. (And note that you don't needcommas around the words that sparkle.)
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Which Vs. That
Diamonds, _____ are expensive, often elicit forgiveness.
There was an earthquake in China, _____ is bad.
Nonrestrictive Clause — WhichA nonrestrictive clause is something that can be left off without
changing the meaning of the sentence. You can think of a
nonrestrictive clause as simply additional information.
Explanation: Diamonds are always expensive, so leaving out the words whichare expensive doesn't change the meaning of the sentence. (Also note that the
phrase is surrounded by commas. Nonrestrictive clauses are usually
surrounded by, or preceded by, commas.)
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ENG101_SS15
Peer review Argumentative analysis
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Discuss sample essays
Read essays
In groups, use rubric criteria to rank essays from
worst to best
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Jigsaw!
Each group will have at least one member who
knows the essay of Student Five, Student Six,
Student Seven
Discuss essays
Rank essays from least effective to most
effective…write on board
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Each body paragraph should…
* Give answer (How does this element contribute to the
narrative?)
* Explain answer
* Give specific examples supporting answer
* Explain how the examples support the answer and
contribute to the narrative
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Peer Review Argumentative
AnalysisOn peer review sheet, writeReviewed by: (insert your name)
Summary author: (peer’s name)
Exchange essays.
Read the essay and complete the peer review sheet.
Give both to author (your peer).
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For Monday…
Essay #4 Argument Analysis final copy due
All mulligans (narrative, comparative, causal) due
Be prepared for grammar review