what is strabismus? “diplopia” - welch medical...

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Double Double Trouble: Post Postsurgical Strabismus surgical Strabismus Anya Trumler, MD Wilmer Pediatric Ophthalmology I have no financial interests to disclose. What is strabismus? What is strabismus? Misalignment of the Misalignment of the eyes Strabismus Double Can have double vision out of one eye Some patients only use t ti one eye at a time. DIPLOPIA DIPLOPIA Causes of Binocular Double Vision Infantile / Childhood onset Need for glasses Cranial nerve palsy Tendency for eye misalignment that decompensated Trauma Thyroid eye disease Loss or poor vision in one eye Postsurgical PostSurgical Strabismus Post Surgical Strabismus Anesthesia Cataract surgery Refractive surgery Retina Glaucoma

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Page 1: What is strabismus? “DIPLOPIA” - Welch Medical …infosuite.welch.jhmi.edu/WNBSP/sites/infosuite.welch.jhmi.edu.WNBSP... · Causes of Binocular Double Vision ... Double vision,

Double Double Trouble::PostPost‐‐surgical Strabismussurgical Strabismus

Anya Trumler, MD

Wilmer Pediatric Ophthalmology

I have no financial interests to disclose.

What is strabismus?What is strabismus?

• Misalignment of theMisalignment of the eyes

• Strabismus ≠Double– Can have double vision out of one eye

– Some patients only use t tione eye at a time.

“DIPLOPIA”DIPLOPIA

Causes of Binocular Double Vision

• Infantile / Childhood onset/• Need for glasses• Cranial nerve palsyp y• Tendency for eye misalignment that decompensated• Trauma• Thyroid eye disease• Loss or poor vision in one eye • Post‐surgical

Post‐Surgical StrabismusPost Surgical Strabismus• Anesthesia

• Cataract surgery

• Refractive surgery

• Retina

• Glaucoma 

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AnesthesiaAnesthesia

– Reported incidence of new onset diplopia after cataract surgery:

• Retrobulbar anesthesia:  1%  • Topical anesthesia:  0% – 0.2%

Yangüela J, Gómez‐Arnau JI, Martín‐Rodrigo JC, Andueza A, Gili P, Paredes B, Porras MC, González del Valle F, Arias A. Diplopia after cataract surgery: comparative results after topical or regional injection anesthesia. Ophthalmology. 2004 Apr;111(4):686‐92.

Retrobulbar BlockRetrobulbar Block

What is it about the block?What is it about the block?

• Needle injury to muscle?• Ischemia?

– Injection in perimusclar space causing compression• Neurogenic injury?• Neurogenic injury?• Toxic effect of the meds?

– Lidocaine– Marcaine– Hyaluronidase– Epinephrine– Epinephrine

i h b lb dl f h• A 1.5 inch retrobulbar needle from the inferiortemporal approach can reach any extraocular muscle.muscle.

• Incidence:– Inferior rectus > Superior rectus > all others

Capo H, Roth E, Johnson T, Munoz M, Siatokowski RM. Vertical strabismus after cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 1996; 103:918‐21.Guyton DL. Strabismus compliations of local anesthetics. Seminars in Ophthalmology. 2008; 23:298‐301.

Anesthetic AgentAnesthetic Agent

• All anesthetic agents directly injected into muscle areAll anesthetic agents directly injected into muscle are myotoxic– Bupivicaine (Marcaine) is most and Procaine least

– Hyaluronidase protective• Dispersive

• Initial paresis in in some followed by progressive segmental fibrosissegmental fibrosis.– Reversal of direction of diplopia.

HyaluronidaseHyaluronidase 

• Medication added to help spread the anesthetic

• In 2002 there was a shortage of Hyaluronidase  throughout worldworld

• In a single French hospital, 7205  cataract surgeries were performed under RB anesthesia between 2001 2003:performed under RB anesthesia between 2001‐2003:– 2001‐2002 – Wydase available

• 3582 patients – no diplopia– 2002 2003 – No Wydase available– 2002‐2003 – No Wydase available

• 3623 patients – 27 with diplopia (0.75%)

Hamada S, Devys JM, Xuan TH, Ganem S, Sahel JA, Héran F, Plaud B.  Role of hyaluronidase in diplopia after peribulbar anesthesia for cataract surgery. Ophthalmology. 2005 May;112(5):879‐82.Jehan FS, Hagan JC 3rd, Whittaker TJ, Subramanian M. Diplopia and ptosis following injection of local anesthesia without hyaluronidase. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Nov;27(11):1876‐9.

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Bupivicaine to treat esotropiaBupivicaine to treat esotropia

Pre‐injection 5 months post‐injection 1 1 year post‐injection 2Pre injection  5 months post injection 1          1 year post injection 2ET 25 ET 15 ET 11

Images pre (A) and post (B) injection of BupivicaineImages pre (A) and post (B) injection of Bupivicaine

Scott AB, Alexander DE, Miller JE.  Bupivacaine injection of eye muscles to treat strabismus.  Br J Ophthalmol 2007 91:146‐148.

Cataract SurgeryCataract Surgery

• 1,600,000 cataract surgeries performed in US each year.  • Incidence of complications:  0.1% to 6.8% 

• Risks:• Risks:– Endophthalmitis– Retinal Detachment

Cystoid Macular Edema– Cystoid Macular Edema– Posteriorly dislocated lens material– Suprachoroidal hemorrhage

I d i t l– Increased intraocular pressure– Loss of eye– Diplopia

H, Kersey JP, Oystreck DT, Cline RA, Lyons J. Diplopia following cataract surgery: a review of 150 patients.  Eye2008 22: 1057‐1064.

Cataract Surgery 1950’s ‐ 1970’s

– Patients left aphakic (no lens p (implant)

– High power glasses magnifyg p g g y• Create difference in image size

1980’s to present1980 s to present

– IOL’s and Phaco

– Increased patient expectationsexpectations

Diplopia is discussed– Diplopia is discussed more often in literature

Why would patients in today’s age get double vision?

• Retrobulbar anesthesia

• Patients with previous eye misalignment

• Monovision

MonovisionMonovision

Correct one eye to make distance sharp and the other y peye to make near vision sharp.– Contact lenses, cataract surgery, refractive surgery

f l d d– Benefit:  No glasses needed– Drawback:  Double vision, decreased depth perception

• 70% of patients developed diplopia two years after monovision

• 50% recovered 4 months after discontinuing monovision.

Pollard ZF, Greenberg MF, Bordenca M, Elliott J, Hsu V.  Strabimus precipitated by monovision. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 Sept;152(3):479‐82.

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Refractive SurgeryRefractive Surgery

• What should be included in the pre‐operativeWhat should be included in the pre operative evaluation?

• Does strabismus preclude a patient from• Does strabismus preclude a patient from refractive surgery?

C f f bi b d i h• Can some forms of strabismus be treated with refractive surgery?

Pre‐operative EvaluationPre operative Evaluation

• History of strabismus / diplopiay / p p• BCVA• Manifest Refraction• If hyperopic check cycloplegic refraction• Use a lensometer ‐make sure no prism• Cross Cover• Trial of contact lenses if not aiming for emmetropiaemmetropia

Kushner BJ, Kowal L. Diplopia after refractive surgery: occurrence and prevention.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Mar;121(3):315‐21.

Can refractive surgery correct an eye lmisalignment?

• In a study of 16 hyperopic esotropes and 12In a study of 16  hyperopic esotropes and 12 myopic exotropes.– Improved ocular alignment in all.p g– No patient experienced decompensation of strabismus or diplopia. 

• Why?  – The patients need for glasses is contributing to the eye misalignment.

Kirwan C, O'Keefe M, O'Mullane G, Sheehan C.  Refractive surgery in patients with accommodative and non‐accommodative strabismus ‐ one year prospective follow up.  Br J Ophthalmol. 2009 Nov 30

TreatmentTreatment

• If strabismus ‐ have them evaluated by aIf strabismus  have them evaluated by a strabismus specialist

• Under promise and over deliver ethos• Under‐promise and over‐deliver ethos

• Clear documentation of discussion and f ll l i i i iawareness of all relevant issues is imperative

Retinal DetachmentRetinal Detachment

• Diplopia is a well‐known complication of scleral p p pbuckling for retinal detachment. – 3‐20% for retrospective73% with transient diplopia in prospective– 73% with transient diplopia in prospective.

• Why?– Scarring of eye musclesScarring of eye muscles– Decreased vision post‐operatively– Macular not in same position– Large change in glasses prescription – buckle and/or oil

Sauer A, Bouyon M, Bourcier T, Speeg‐Schatz C.  Diplopia complicating scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachment J Fr Ophtalmol 2007 Oct;30(8):785‐9retinal detachment.  J Fr Ophtalmol. 2007 Oct;30(8):785 9.Kasbekar SA, Wong V, Young J, Stappler T, Durnian JM.  Strabismus following retinal detachment repair: a comparison between scleral buckling and vitrectomy procedures. Eye. 2011: 25:1202‐06.

Type of DiplopiaType of Diplopia

• Diplopia 0.5% ‐ 20% after retinal detachmentp op a 0.5% 0% a te et a detac e t– Hypertropia – 58%– Horizontal deviation – 17%– Torsional – 46%

• More common in those with a scleral buckle.

Cooper LL, Harrison S, Rosenbaum AL. Ocular torsion as a complication of scleral buckle procedures for retinal detachments.  J AAPOS. 1998 Oct;2(5):279‐84.

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Scleral BuckleScleral Buckle

www.avclinic.com/ScleralBuckle.jpg

TreatmentTreatment

• Time

• Prisms

• Blurring of second image

• Scleral buckle removal???

• Strabismus surgery

Santiago AP, Rosenbaum AL. Strabismus following scleral buckle. In: Rosenbaum AL, Santiago AP. (eds). Clinical Strabismus Management - Principles and Surgical Techniques, Chap. 28. WB Saunders Company: Philadelphia, 1999.

TreatmentTreatment

• Removal of buckle has minimal improvementRemoval of buckle has minimal improvement on strabismus.

• Re detachment rate of 4 33% for scleral• Re‐detachment rate of 4 – 33% for scleral buckle removal for various reasons. 

R d i i i i i i l i• Recommend minimizing tissue manipulation to perform strabismus surgery.

Wong V, Kasbekar S, Young J, Stappler T, Marsh I, Durnian JM. The effect of scleral exoplant removalon strabismus following retinal detachment repair.  J of APPOS. 2011;14:331‐333.

Goezinne F, Berendschot TJM, Van Daal EWM, Janssen LCH, Liem ATA, Lundqvist IJ, Hendriskse F, Heij EC.Diplopia was not predictable and not associated with buckle position after scleral buckling surgery for retinal detachment.  Retina. 2012;32 (8); 1514‐24.

GlaucomaGlaucoma

• DiplopiaDiplopia – Trabeculectomy

Glaucoma drainage device– Glaucoma drainage device

Glaucoma Drainage Devices

Molteno and Double Plate Molteno

BaerveldtMolteno 3

Krupin

Ahmed

Molteno 3

Type of ImplantType of Implant

• Highest incidence with Baerveldt and Krupin g est c de ce t ae e dt a d upglaucoma implant.– Largest plates.– Plates are tucked under rectus muscles

Frank JW, Perkins TW, Kushner BJ. Ocular motility defects in patients with the Krupin valve implant.  Ophthalmic Surg. 1995 May‐Jun;26(3):228‐32.westcoastglaucoma.com

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EtiologyEtiology• Space occupying effect from the plate.

I h i N i M l t• Ischemia, Necrosis or Muscle trauma.

• Poor vision causing sensory exotropia

• Scarring • Limits movement in the direction 

f f h lof action of the muscle.

Santiago AP, Rosenbaum AL.  Strabismus following glaucoma drainage device.  In: Rosenbaum AL, Santiago AP. (eds). Clinical Strabismus Management ‐ Principles and Surgical Techniques, Chap. 28. WB Saunders Company: Philadelphia, 1999.

Surgical TreatmentSurgical  Treatment

• Discussion between glaucoma and strabismusDiscussion between glaucoma and strabismus specialist.

• Treatment:• Treatment: – Complete removal scarring around implant.

Si d i f h i l l i h l f l– Size reduction of the implant plate is helpful.• In one study of 7 patients, it did not interfere with IOP controlcontrol.

– Strabismus surgery on the contralateral eye if mild restriction.restriction.

Diplopia after Eye SurgeryDiplopia after Eye Surgery

• Not as uncommon as we would likeNot as uncommon as we would like

• Try and identify those patients at risk

dif i l h i li i i k• Modify surgical techniques to limit risk.

Thanks and have a great evening!Thanks and have a great evening!